storia della smaltatura artistica

CHRONOLOGY
OF ARTISTIC
ENAMEL
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Mesopotamia: enamelled
ceramics.
5000 a.C.
Egypt: enamelled glass & ceramics
3000 a.C.
1800 a.C.
Mycenae: cradle of enamelled
metals (Fig. 1).
1600 a.C.
Dagger from the Acropolis of
Mycenae decorated with niellus, a
black mixture of copper, sulphur
and silver milled and applied with
the same technique as enamel.
1550 a.C.
Earliest blue vitreous paste from
Mycenae, earliest examples of
enamelling according to Higgins.
1425 a.C.
Kouklia enamelled rings (Cyprus).
Earliest real enamels with cloisonné
technique and no use of cement
(Fig. 3).
1300 a.C.
11941184 a.C.
1100 a.C.
Golden Sceptre of Kourion
(Cyprus) with cloisonné
enamels (Fig. 2)
753 a.C.
Barbarians meet and learn
enamelling in Europe.
700 a.C.
Red monochrome enamels in Celtic
Gaul.
600 a.C.
Witnesses of polychrome enamels
in Spain: Gadir Collar (Phoenician)
and pendant from the Carambolo
Treasure.
500 a.C.
Celtic enamelling: La Tène Era.
400 a.C.
Enamels from the Treasure of
Queen Amanishakheto in Nubia,
late Egyptian era.
Hammurabi Code, one of the
earliest law codes.
Trojan War (traditional date).
Foundation
(traditional
date).
of
and
30 a.C.
6-2 a.C.
Birth of Jesus Christ.
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Rome
legendary
Figure 1: Mycenae and Cyprus, the cradles of civilization.
Figure 2:
Golden Sceptre of Kourion, 11th century BC.
Figure 3:
Kouklia rings, 13th century BC.
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Findings of enamels on the Rhein
during the Flavian dynasty.
69-96
During the sojourn in Rome, Greek
writer Philostratus of Lemnus
writes that the Barbarians settled
on the coast of the Atlantic Ocean
apply
enamel
colours
on
incandescent bronze (champlevé
enamel).
240
Bronze Roman fibula found in the
Gauls (Vaison la Romaine, Fig. 4).
300
313
EDICT OF MILAN
Triumph of Christian culture
and art, with many religious
themes
acquiring
a
fundamental role in the next
centuries.
476
Fall of the
Empire.
Golden age of Byzantine art.
Creation of gospel covers, icons,
and other objects in cloisonné
enamel.
600
Theodoric the Great becomes
King
of
Italy
and
enriches
Constantine’s diadem with 24
enamel plates. The Iron Crown will
be worn by the Lombards since 589
under queen Theodolinda (Fig. 5).
493-526
Sutton Hoo Treasure from a
burial ship in England. Many
objects from this site are made in
the typical Roman-Barbarian or
Insular style, including a pair of
precious shoulder clasps (Fig. 6).
600-700
Charlemagne restores the Iron
Crown with the replacement of 21
damaged enamels.
800
Goldsmith Volvinius produces the
Altarpiece of St. Ambrose in
Milan with cloisonné enamels.
850
Western
Roman
On December 25, Charlemagne
is crowned Emperor of the Holy
Roman Empire.
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Figure 4 Roman fibula, champlevé
enamel, 3rd century.
Figure 5 Shoulder clasps found in a burial
ship in Sutton Hoo, England, 7th century.
Figure 6 The Iron Crown, produced between 350-800 AD. This is the diadem that
crowned many Ostrogoth, Lombard and Carolingian sovereigns.
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Triptychs
of
Martvili
and
Khakhuli in Georgia, cloisonné
enamel (Figure 7).
850
Venetian doge Pietro Orseolo I
commissions the creation of the
Pala d’Oro for the St. Mark
Cathedral. The cloisonné enamels
were
created
by
Byzantine
goldsmiths. The Pala d’Oro in this
time was smaller than today,
976
Trier and Limoges replace gold
with copper as the base for
enamelling. Copper was engraved
to contain enamel in the engravings
(Champlevé technique). (Fig.
10).
c. 1000
1099
Theophilus presbyter writes his
Diversarum artium schedula,
where he describes the methods to
build a kiln and the process to
apply and fire enamel.
1100
Venetian doge Ordelafo Falier
expands the Pala d’Oro in St.
Mark with new enamels (Fig. 8).
1105
Great medieval schools are fonde:
Mosan (Liegi, Namur), Rhenish
(Cologne) and Limosine (Limoges)
and the Silos school (Spain).
11001200
Nicholas
of
Verdun (Mosan
school) creates the Altarpiece of
Klosterneuburg (Austria).
1181
Nicholas of Verdun creates the
Reliquary of the Three Kings in
the Cologne Cathedral (Fig.9).
1200
Venetian doge Pietro Zani
installs some Byzantine
enamels stolen from
Constantinople.
1209
Introduction of enamel to China.
First Crusade in Palestine.
12711368
Yuan Dinasty in China
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Figure7
Detail from the Triptych of Khakhuli
(1.47 x 2.02 m), Georgia, 8th-9th
century.
Figure 8 St. Michael,
added to the Pala d’Oro
by Ordelaffo Falier.
Figure 10
Examples of
cloisonné from
Limoges: pastoral,
pyxis and reliquary.
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Figure 9 Prophet
Amos from the
Reliquary of the
Three Kings in
Cologne.
Chalice of Pope Nicholas IV,
created by goldsmith Guccio di
Mannaia. The first example known
of Champlevé Basse-Taille (Fig.
11).
12881292
Goldsmith Ugolino di Vieri
creates the Reliquary of the
Orvieto Cathedral in Basse-taille
enamel (Fig. 12).
1337
Venetian Doge Andrea Dandolo
restores the Pala d’Oro, whose
enamelled icons are re-arranged.
The work is commissioned to
Venetian goldsmith Giovanni Paolo
Boninsegna.
1342
Golden age of Chinese enamel.
13681644
Ming Dynasty in China.
French enameller Jean Fouquet
learns and spreads the painted
enamel technique, learned from
Italian artist Filarete. His famous
self-portrait is the first enamel
created with this technique ever
found.
The master “Pretendu-Monvaerni”,
work of Limoges, created many
wonderful painted enamels.
14801500
1492
First work by Nardon Pénicaud,
founder of a famous family of
Limosine enamellers.
1503
Earliest examples of grisaille
technique.
1530
French enameller Léonard
Limosin becomes the valet of the
King and painter-enameller for the
Court (Fig. 14).
1548
Posthumous publication of the
Treatise on Painting by
Leonardo da Vinci, where the
painter exalts enamelling on
copper for its combination of
beauty as in painting and durability
as in sculpture.
1542
Discovery of America.
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Figure 11 Chalice of Nicholas IV by Guccio di Figure 12 Reliquary of the Orvieto
Mannaia, c. 1290.
Cathedral by Ugolino di Vieri (1339).
Figure 13 The famous self-portrait of Jean
Fouquet (1454)
Figura 14 Palatine Count Jean Philippe
by Léonard Limosin, 1550.
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Italian
goldsmith
Benvenuto
Cellini creates the Salt-Cellar of
Francis I of France, ronde-bosse
enamel technique on gold (Fig.
15).
1543
Publication of the “Treatises on
the goldsmith’s art and on
sculpture” by Benvenuto Cellini.
1568
Hirata School in Japan, famous
for the production of katana swords
with enameled guards (tsuba).
1620
Jean Toutin opens his workshop in
Bois (France). Earliest enamel
miniatures will spread in Paris and
Geneva.
1632
Activity of Jean I Petitot, Swiss
enameller
renowned
for
his
miniatures (Fig. 17).
1650
Battersea (England): first factory
for the production of enamel
objects
with
transfer
printing
technique. TECHNICAL ENAMEL
BEGINS.
1750
Orthodox archbishop of Rostov
founds an atelier of enamel
miniature: it’s the origin of the
FINIFT technique.
1760
1789
English enameller Henry Bone
becomes
the
official
painterenameller at the court of George III
and his sucessors George IV and
William IV. His career is based
primarily on miniature copies of
works from the past (Rubens,
Raphael, Titian) according to the
taste of the time.
French Revolution.
1801
1805
Napoleone Bonaparte crowns
himself “king of Italy” wearing
the Iron Crown, 1000 years
after Charlemagne.
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Figure 15 Salt cellar of Francis I, Benvenuto Cellini, 1543
Figure 16
Jane Needham, miniature of Jean I Petitot, 17th
century
Figure 17
Guard for katana sword, Hirata School,
Japan, 18th century
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Manufacture
Nationale
des
Porcelaines de Sèvres. Painted
enamel is reborn in Limoges with
Renaissance-style works.
1823
Rapid decay of enamel portrait.
1839
Kaji Tsunekichi is recognized as
official enameller by the Feudal
lord of Owari. His School in
Nagoya spreads cloisonné enamel
in Japan (Fig. 18).
18551860
Publication
of
L’émail
peintres by Claudius Popelin.
des
1866
Carl Fabergé creates the first
Fabergé Egg as an Easter present
from tsar Alexander III of Russia
to his wife. His wonderful Eggs (Fig.
19) will make him famous as the
jeweller of the tsars.
1885
Influence of artistic movements on
enamelling (Art Déco – Art
Nouveau).
1896
1861
19141918
Death
of
Giuseppe
Guidi,
enameller of Gabriele D’Annunzio,
aged 50.
1931
Edward Winter (U.S.A.) begins a
large
scale
artistic
enamel
production.
1934
The Ligugé monastery (France)
opens a new enamel workshop.
Their work will inspire the founders
of the Studio del Campo.
1945
Inauguration of the first workshop
of Egino Weinert, one of the main
artists from Germany in the 20th
century with his works created for
the great Popes of the last century
(Fig. 20).
1951
Invention
daguerreotype.
of
the
The
Kingdom
of
Sardinia
declares the creation of the
Kingdom of Italy.
War World I.
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Figura 18
Piatto in cloisonné giapponese,
atelier di Kaji Tsunekichi.
Figura 19
Uovo Fabergé dei Dodici Monogrammi,
1896.
Für den Rechtshänder ein folgenschwerer Schicksalsschlag für sein
weiteres Tun und Handeln als Goldschmied und Maler. Nach seiner
Rückkehr in das Kloster Münsterschwarzach, gestattete ihm der Abt,
dass er eine Goldschmiedearbeit nach eigenem Wunsch herstellen
durfte. Egino entschied sich für eine PAX- Tafel.
In der Mitte der Tafel befindet sich ein Rauchquarz. Er stellt Jesus dar,
umringt von seinen 12 Aposteln.
Figura 20
“Paxtafel” (Tavola della Pace) di Egino
Weinert, 1946.
Die Pax-Tafel war die erste Arbeit, die Weinert nach dem Unfall nur mit
einer Hand fertigte. Behindert durch zeitweise große Schmerzen an der
noch weichen Wunde, konnte er sie dennoch ohne fremde Hilfe
anfertigen. Sie gehört zu den schönsten und Die Pax-Tafel befindet
sich im Kloster Münsterschwarzach.
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Institute of Art F. Mengaroni in
Pesaro becomes a furnace of
talents in enamel art such as Bucci,
Bastianelli, Jacomucci, Baldassarri,
Sparaventi, Cinciarini and Verzolini.
1952
Giuseppe
Calonaci
founds
S.I.V.A., a factory of enamel art on
steel.
1955
Virgilio Bari, Lidia Lanfranconi,
Bianca
Tuninetto
and
Euclide
Chiambretti found the Studio del
Campo and open their first
workshop
independent
of
the
Artistic Community.
1956
The Gabriele Atelier by Gertrud
Rittmann-Fischer
becomes
the
CREATIV-KREISINTERNATIONAL as a non-profit
club
with
artistic-humanitarian
purposes.
1966
Jean Zamora, disciple of Jean
Betourné, receives the title of best
artisan-artist of France.
1976
Mario Maré (1921-1993) publishes
his enamel handbook “Lo smalto a
fuoco sui metalli”.
1981
First Exposition
Italy.
of
C.K.I.
in
1989
1995
Death of Paolo de Poli, aged 91.
1996
Inauguration of the Old Mill
Museum in the Himmerod Abbey.
1997
Miranda Rognoni is the first
President of CKI Italy. She will hold
the title until her death, 10 years
later, side-by-side with co-founder
Gertrud.
1999
First Exposition of C.K.I. in Italy.
Attilio Compagnoni is the new
President of CKI Italy.
2011
Caduta del Muro di Berlino
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