Climate Action – Time to Act (PDF 4 MB, accessible)

Climate Action – Time to Act
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Climate Action – Time to Act
1
DEAR READERS,
We know now that climate change is
happening – and it is mostly caused by
human action. Only if we systematically reduce greenhouse gas emissions
will it still be possible to keep climate
change within manageable limits.
In the least developed countries in
particular, climate change is posing a
threat to development achievements
and is making it more difficult to
achieve progress in the future. So our
goal is to limit global warming to a
maximum of two degrees. We can still
reach that goal – but only if all countries do their part, including developing
and emerging economies. They can
count on strong support from Germany
in that endeavour.
In November 2014, I hosted the first
donor conference for the Green Climate
Fund – our new key instrument for
international climate finance. The participating countries have now pledged
more than 10 billion US dollars – an
outstanding outcome and an encouraging sign of what can be done if the
world pulls together on climate finance.
We are already one of the largest donors
of international climate finance – funding used to assist developing countries
in their climate change mitigation
and adaptation efforts. In the past
ten years, the German government’s
contributions in this field have almost
quadrupled, reaching nearly two billion
euros in 2013. Some 90 per cent of this
funding comes from the budget of the
Development Ministry.
Now we need further bold steps. I will
work to ensure that we continue to live
up to our responsibility and exercise
our leadership in this field.
In the present brochure, you can find
out what we have already accomplished
and what we are working on. You can
support us in our work, because we
all share responsibility for our One
World.
Dr Gerd Müller,
Member of the German Parliament
Federal Minister for Economic Cooperation
and Development
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“CLIMATE ACTION IS ABSOLUTELY CRUCIAL
FOR THE SURVIVAL OF HUMANKIND.”
German Development Minister Gerd Müller
3
1
WHY SHOULD CLIMATE
ACTION BE PART OF
DEVELOPMENT POLICY? . . . . . . . . . 6
Background – Time to act . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
4
2
WHAT HAVE WE ACHIEVED
SO FAR? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
3
LOOKING AHEAD:
WHAT WILL HAPPEN
IN 2015 AND BEYOND? . . . . . . . . . . . 34
Energy and climate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Cities and climate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Water and climate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Agriculture and climate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Forests and climate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Climate risk management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Climate finance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
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1. Why should climate
action be part of
development policy?
...BECAUSE DEVELOPING COUN­
TRIES ARE SUFFERING PARTIC­
ULARLY BADLY FROM THE
IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE.
...BECAUSE IT PREVENTS
TROPICAL FORESTS FROM
BEING CUT DOWN.
...BECAUSE IT DOES NOT ONLY
MAKE A DIFFERENCE FOR THE
GLOBAL CLIMATE BUT ALSO
HELPS TO ERADICATE POVER­
TY, HUNGER AND DISEASE.
6
...BECAUSE IN THE LONG RUN,
CLIMATE ACTION TRIGGERS
ECONOMIC GROWTH.
...BECAUSE WE MUST NOT
LEAVE OUR GRANDCHILDREN
A DEVASTATED PLANET.
...BECAUSE AS AN INDUSTRI­
ALISED COUNTRY, WE HAVE
A SPECIAL RESPONSIBILITY.
...BECAUSE CLIMATE CHANGE
HITS THOSE HARDEST WHO
DID NOT CAUSE IT.
...BECAUSE IT IS NOT ONLY IN
GERMANY THAT A TRANSFOR­
MATION OF ENERGY SYSTEMS
IS NECESSARY AND POSSIBLE.
...BECAUSE CLIMATE CHANGE
DOES NOT STOP AT NATION­
AL BORDERS.
...BECAUSE THIS HELPS
ACHIEVE A WORLD WITHOUT
HUNGER, FOR CURRENT AND
FUTURE GENERATIONS.
7
BACKGROUND
Time to act
8
Why should climate action be part of development policy? 9
Climate change is already posing a
threat to the development of the world’s
poorest countries and is making it
more difficult to achieve progress in the
future. Climate action and development
policy are thus inextricably linked. The
G7 summit in Elmau in June 2015 thus
constituted a breakthrough in the international climate debate. The world’s
seven leading industrialised nations,
the G7, committed themselves to decarbonising the world economy before
the end of this century. In other words,
countries – especially the industrialised
countries and emerging economies –
need to give up coal, oil and gas and
move to renewable energy sources. And
the poorest countries, which are particularly vulnerable, need our support
so that they will not repeat the mistakes
of the past in terms of relying exclusively on fossil fuels. In that way, we
will be able to limit global warming to
two degrees over pre-industrial levels.
TRANSFORMATIVE CHANGE
NEEDED
To that end, a far-reaching political,
economic and technological transformation is needed. Specifically, that will
mean using renewable energy sources
and using energy more efficiently. But
there are also other ways of slowing
down the rise in atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases, for
instance protecting forests and introducing innovations in the agricultural
sector. Even if we manage to limit global warming, many developing countries
will have to cope with those consequences of climate change that have
already become unavoidable. That is
why the Federal Ministry for Economic
Cooperation and Development (BMZ)
is providing support to these countries
as they try to adapt to the changed
situation. That support ranges from the
improvement of farming methods to
the efficient use of wastewater and all
the way to the drafting of emergency
plans for tropical cyclones.
THE G7 INITIATIVES
The BMZ played a major part in preparing the two G7 initiatives in this field
– insurance for poor people against the
impacts of climate change, and efforts
to expand the use of renewable energy
in Africa. By 2020, we want to increase
the number of people covered by climate risk insurance by 400 million.
Those who have contributed least to
climate change are the ones who are
particularly hard hit by its effects, be
it severe flooding, droughts or heavy
storms. The G7, in cooperation with the
African Union, want to install 10 gigawatts in renewable energy capacity in
Africa by 2020. This is roughly equivalent to the capacity of ten large coalfired power plants. African countries
have a lot of potential for renewable
energy: sun and wind power are available in abundance; and with prices for
photovoltaic and wind systems falling,
these technologies can compete with
plants fired by fossil fuels.
9
2. What have we
achieved so far?
The BMZ has already made a difference with its development policy
actions in the field of climate. On the following pages, you will find
a few examples of where we have made measurable progress.
A programme that has been co­financed by Germany has
given more than twelve million people access to clean
energy since 2005.
For details, turn to the chapter on energy and climate.
In the area of solar power, pioneering work has been done
within the framework of Moroccan­German cooperation.
One of the largest solar parks of the world is currently
being built in Morocco. It will provide climate­friendly
power for 1.3 million people.
In Mexico, the BMZ has been supporting a programme to
build over 38,000 energy­efficient homes.
For details, turn to the chapter on cities and climate.
The forest protection projects that Germany has support­
ed in the past five years alone will reduce carbon emis­
sions in the future by more than 7.5 million tonnes a year.
Since 2005, Germany has helped almost 200,000 small­
holders in Ethiopia to restore the fertility of about
180,000 hectares of degraded farmland and to adapt their
farming methods to climate change.
10
Over 16,000 Bolivian producers have increased their
yields and have become more resilient to climate change
thanks to irrigation facilities in their fields.
For details, turn to the chapter on agriculture and climate.
Treated wastewater now covers more than 20 per cent
of the water demand of the agricultural sector in Jordan.
This is reducing the pressure on water resources, which
has been increasing as a result of climate change.
For details, turn to the chapter on water and climate.
The “African Risk Capacity” drought insurance that
was set up with German support is working: in 2015,
the first money was disbursed to Niger, Senegal and
Mali – 26 million US dollars for 1.3 million people!
For details, turn to the chapter on climate risk management.
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ENERGY
and climate
12
Wind park near Zafarana, Egypt
What have we achieved so far? 13
Demand for energy is growing –
especially in developing countries
and emerging economies. The energy
sector accounts for 35 per cent of global
greenhouse gas emissions. The challenge for development cooperation is
to give more people access to energy
while simultaneously protecting the
environment and the global climate.
In the long term, that can only be done
by moving to low-carbon energy generation methods.
Germany is supporting its partner
countries in making that move. The
BMZ has programmes to support
the use of renewable energy and the
improvement of energy efficiency. To
that end, Germany is helping countries
create the best possible environment:
new legislation, changed tax rates, the
establishment of energy agencies and
education campaigns are all helping
to put in place the political basis for
change. The BMZ is providing knowledge and capital to assist with such
efforts. In 2014, agreements were
concluded for energy projects with a
volume of almost three billion euros.
“ACHIEVING SUSTAINABLE
ENERGY FOR ALL IS NOT ONLY
POSSIBLE, BUT NECESSARY –
IT IS THE GOLDEN THREAD THAT
CONNECTS DEVELOPMENT,
SOCIAL INCLUSION AND
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION.”
BAN KI-MOON, SECRETARY-GENERAL
OF THE UNITED NATIONS
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14 What have we achieved so far?
CLIMATE-FRIENDLY
ENERGY FROM DEEP
WITHIN THE EARTH
View of Olkaria geothermal power
station, Kenya
PROJECT EXAMPLE
East Africa
In East Africa, the future of power generation lies under the surface of the Earth.
In suitable places, one only has to drill just
under 1,000 metres deep in order to find
water that is 200 degrees hot. If that water
is brought to the surface, the steam can be
used to drive the turbines of a power plant.
The potential in the region is huge, but
exploratory drilling is expensive and not
always successful.
14
That is why a Facility was set up under
German development cooperation to
finance geological studies and exploratory
drilling, reducing the financial risk for
investors.
Demand for funding from the Facility has
been huge. It is already financing the first
few projects in Kenya and Ethiopia, and
plans are under way for further projects.
What have we achieved so far? 15
PROJECT EXAMPLE
Worldwide
There are 1.3 billion people in the world
who either cannot afford electricity or
have no access to it. In order to give them
better access to energy, a programme
has been financed by Germany and other
donors since 2005.
By the end of 2013, more than 12 million
people had gained access to electricity or
to energy-efficient stoves through that
programme. This is making a difference
for people and for the climate: a single
energy-efficient stove saves about half a
tonne of carbon dioxide emissions per year
compared to an open fire; an electric light
can save 0.15 tonnes on average.
In total, the programme had helped to
save almost 1.4 million tonnes of carbon
emissions by the end of 2013. That is
equivalent to the annual greenhouse gas
emissions of about 700,000 cars.
ACCESS TO ENERGY FOR
MILLIONS OF PEOPLE
Construction of a fuel-saving stove
in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
15
CITIES
and climate
16
A street in Dhaka, Bangladesh
What have we achieved so far? 17
Towns and cities are driving global
warming. Some 70 per cent of global
carbon dioxide emissions originate
in cities – mainly as a result of traffic,
heating, industrial production, energy
generation, and water supply and waste
management.
The majority of the world’s population
is already living in cities. It is projected
that, by 2050, more than two thirds
of humankind will be living in cities.
PROJECT EXAMPLE
Mexico
Their high population density makes
towns and cities an ideal starting point
for effective action against climate
change. Low-emission transport systems, energy-efficient buildings and
well-managed waste disposal systems
can help cities to reduce pressure on
natural resources and lower greenhouse
gas emissions on a major scale. That is
why the BMZ is working closely with its
partners to make urban development
sustainable and climate-friendly.
LIVING BETTER WITH
LESS ENERGY
EcoCasas in Mexico
Demand for housing is great in Mexico
– the population is growing quickly and
people want better homes. Energy consumption in this emerging economy is also
rising constantly. With a view to limiting
energy use, the Mexican government is
supporting an energy-efficient residential
construction programme. Germany is
contributing to this programme, which is
mainly benefiting poor families.
The programme is intended to mobilise a
total of half a billion US dollars in private
investment, to be used to build more than
38,000 energy-efficient houses.
17
WATER
and climate
18
Hand-dug well in a
dry riverbed, Kenya
What have we achieved so far? 19
Extreme events related to climate
change are particularly frequent with
regard to water: heavy rainfall and
floods on the one hand and drought on
the other, melting glaciers and sinking
water tables. Thus, most of the costs of
climate change adaptation efforts are
related to water, for instance for the
construction of dikes, wells, desalination plants and water pipes. On average,
the BMZ is providing 350 million euros
for this every year.
PROJECT EXAMPLE
Jordan
Jordan is one of the most arid countries in
the world. The scarcity of water is further
exacerbated by climate change and by
refugee flows adding to the number
of people who need water. Germany is
supporting Jordanian farmers in making
use of treated wastewater for irrigation
purposes. Farmers there now use treated
wastewater to meet more than one
fifth of their needs – a figure that is still
growing. The BMZ is also encouraging
the establishment of water user groups
in which farmers get together to arrange
the distribution of water. More than
two thirds of the agricultural land in the
Jordan Valley is now being managed more
efficiently as a result of this approach.
Energy efficiency is another aspect that
is being addressed. Pumping stations
have been modernised, cutting energy
consumption by a third.
TAPPING ALTERNATIVES,
BOOSTING EFFICIENCY
Wastewater treatment plant
in Madaba, Jordan
19
AGRICULTURE
and climate
20
Coffee cultivation in Embu, Kenya
What have we achieved so far? 21
Agriculture and climate change are
connected in two ways. Extreme
weather events such as drought and
heavy rain take a toll on harvests.
Agriculture, in turn, produces
greenhouse gas emissions – through
the cutting down of forests, factory
farming and production methods such
as growing rice in paddy fields, which
is a source of high levels of greenhouse
gas emissions.
“
Thus, a sustainable climate policy has
to weigh many different factors and
always needs to help reduce poverty
and hunger.
The BMZ is working for climate-smart
agriculture. For instance, productivity
can be enhanced by choosing crops
wisely, changing crop rotation patterns
and using efficient irrigation techniques
without using any additional (forest)
land or increasing greenhouse gas
emissions.
PRACTITIONER ON THE GROUND
ANNE GLÄSER,
MOROCCO
FINDING OUT WHAT REALLY WORKS
”
“In Morocco, climate change poses a threat to the livelihoods of many
families and to the country’s biodiversity. Many people here make their
living from agriculture or tourism,” says Anne Gläser.
She has seen for herself that adaptation to climate change is a matter
of survival. As a trainee, she helped set up a regional observation and
monitoring system for climate change adaptation. “It is important to
find out which adaptation measures really work,” she says.
21
PROJECT EXAMPLE
Bolivia
Most people in Bolivia’s arid regions
depend on agriculture for their livelihoods.
As a result of climate change, it is to be
expected that these regions will find themselves with even less water and that the
growing season will become shorter.
The BMZ is supporting the Bolivian
government in helping farmers in these
22
IMPROVED IRRIGATION
Bolivian farmer in a wheat field
regions adapt to climate change. Among
other things, new irrigation facilities and
rainwater reservoirs are being built.
So far, a total of about 20,000 hectares
of land has already been newly irrigated,
benefiting 16,000 smallholder farmers.
The irrigation facilities are helping family
farms to increase production while saving
water.
This strategy has proven successful.
Cooperatives in the south-eastern part
of the country are now marketing their
surplus harvests, which has enabled
them to increase their incomes by up to
300 per cent.
23
FORESTS
and climate
24
Rainforest in Brazil
What have we achieved so far? 25
Forests have a major influence on
the climate. They produce oxygen,
serve as carbon sinks, store water, and
regulate temperatures and rainfall.
Yet some 13 million hectares of forest
are destroyed every year – mainly in
tropical areas.
The BMZ’s efforts in the forest sector
focus on harmonising forest conservation and sustainable forest use.
“
The BMZ is supporting programmes
of this kind in more than 30 countries
and regions. The fundamental idea is
that forests are valuable and whoever
protects them should receive something
in return. That is why governments
and local people get paid for conserving
forests, engaging in reforestation efforts
and managing forests responsibly.
The German government has already
invested half a billion euros in programmes of this type.
PRACTITIONER ON THE GROUND
BENJAMIN KORFF,
INDONESIA
YOU HAVE TO KNOW THE FOREST
IN ORDER TO PROTECT IT.
”
Benjamin Korff, a development advisor, is working with local
partners in Borneo to help them draw up a forest inventory. He trains
forestry agency staff and local NGO staff on how to use geographical
information systems and satellite images. This gives them a chance
to assess forest damage and the level of deforestation.
“Maps are a powerful illustration of where land use patterns need to
change,” says Korff.
25
26 What have we achieved so far?
GROWING UNDERSTANDING OF “GREEN”
FORESTRY
Children in Indonesia
PROJECT EXAMPLE
Indonesia
Indonesia has vast rainforests. However,
every year more than one million hectares
of rainforest is being cut down to make
way for mining and plantations.
Together with the Indonesian Ministry
of Environment and Forestry, the BMZ
launched a programme to help bring
about a new way of thinking by highlighting the role of forests for a green economy.
26
It comprises training for forestry agency
staff and activities for the establishment
of district forest offices modelled on the
German system, as well as investments in
forest conservation and climate action.
In the Indonesian part of Borneo, as
many as 250,000 hectares of forest
have now been put under climate-smart
management.
Fields where there used
to be rainforest, Colombia
27
CLIMATE RISK
MANAGEMENT
28
Flooded street, Bangladesh
What have we achieved so far? 29
Extreme weather events cause enormous damage. And we are observing
an increase in such events as a result of
climate change. So it is vital to identify
risks at an early point, minimise them
and respond to disasters effectively.
The BMZ is working for comprehensive
climate risk management systems. It
is supporting the development of risk
analyses and of responses to reduce the
risks that have been identified. Examples include new zoning plans and
changed building codes, early warning
systems and emergency plans.
Furthermore, a comprehensive system of climate risk management must
include the development of insurance
to cover the remaining risk faced by
stakeholders.
PRACTITIONER ON THE GROUND
DEPESH CHAKALAMURIYIL,
BANGLADESH
“
MORE RESILIENCE TO NATURAL DISASTER
”
“Natural disasters are part of daily life in this country,” says Depesh
Chakalamuriyil, staff member of a project in Bangladesh.
“We are helping people to prepare for emergencies and better cope with
them. Farmers are regularly affected by flooding, soil salinisation and
cyclones.”
The project in Bangladesh provides advice to farmers in the southern part of the country on how to adapt farming methods and helps
them tap alternative sources of income.
29
PROJECT EXAMPLE
Africa
30
African countries are particularly threatened by droughts, a risk which is set to
worsen in the wake of climate change.
A single lost harvest can mean a threat
to people’s livelihoods, especially for
smallholders.
EMERGENCY
INSURANCE
People working in a field in northern Kenya
Germany is therefore contributing
50 million euros to the development of an
African insurance company. If there is a
drought, this insurance pays out funding
for an emergency programme agreed
beforehand with the country in question.
The insurance also gives governments incentives to prepare for future droughts and
thus mitigate their economic impact.
All African Union member states can take
out insurance from this company. Kenya,
Mauritania, Niger and Senegal already
acquired policies in 2014.
Other insurance products, including coverage against flooding, are to follow.
31
CLIMATE FINANCE
32
Green Climate Fund donor conference,
Berlin, November 2014
What have we achieved so far? 33
Many developing countries and emerging economies require financial support
in order to reduce their greenhouse gas
emissions and adapt to climate change. In
the past few years, the German government has quadrupled its funding for related programmes, bringing it to almost
two billion euros in 2013. This means
that Germany is the world’s second largest donor in the field of climate action.
Some 90 per cent of German funding
in this area comes from the budget
of the Development Ministry (BMZ).
Support is provided mainly to specific
projects in the BMZ’s partner countries.
Some of the money goes to multilateral
institutions and funds, to help finance
their large-scale climate programmes.
Among other things, the BMZ is actively involved in establishing the Green
Climate Fund (GCF), the key instrument
for future international climate finance.
German bilateral climate finance
by region (2013)
18.0% Latin America/Caribbean
For the Fund’s initial capitalisation,
Germany pledged 750 million euros.
And in 2015, Chancellor Merkel made a
commitment that the German government would double its international
climate finance between 2014 and 2020.
Assistance for developing countries
– that is, for example, funding for the
construction of dikes, forest conservation, training for farmers and the use of
renewable energy – is to rise from about
two billion euros to four billion euros.
Private investment plays a significant
role in global climate action. The German government therefore provides
targeted incentives for investment in
green technologies, thus mobilising additional funding from the private sector.
International climate finance
German expenditure since 2005
1,975
2013
1,664
2012
1,563
2011
1,431
2010
20.5% Global and
regional funding
1,062
2009
881
2008
31.0% Africa
648
2007
515
2006
471
2005
30.5% Asia/Middle
East/South-Eastern Europe
0
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
Millions of euros
33
3. Looking ahead:
What will happen
in 2015 and beyond?
2015 will be an important year for international climate policy.
We are making good progress towards adopting a new, globally
binding climate agreement in Paris in December. However, up
until then, and also beyond that point, we will have to meet a
variety of challenges.
This is what it comes down to:
All countries need to pull together and jointly reduce
greenhouse gas emissions.
Germany needs to continue to act as a champion for
climate action.
The goal of a global transformation of the energy system
and of climate­smart development must be embraced
internationally.
Climate action and poverty reduction need to go hand
in hand.
Ambitious targets require strong financial support.
From 2020, an annual 100 billion US dollars must be
available for climate action.
Policymakers and the private sector need to work
together closely.
34
Children at a well in Angola
FACTS AT A GLANCE
BMZ funding for climate projects
worldwide
36
The boundaries shown on this map do not
represent a statement on the legal status of
any territories or borders. (As at: July 2015)
This map shows all countries in which the
BMZ funded bilateral mitigation and adaptation projects between 2011 and 2013.
Total funding from 2011 to 2013
(German budget funds only)
< 10 million euros
10 to 20 million euros
20 to 50 million euros
50 to 100 million euros
> 100 million euros
< 10 million euros
Cooperation with Pacific island states that
are particularly vulnerable to climate change
50 to 100 million euros
Cooperation with Caribbean countries that
are particularly vulnerable to climate change
3
PUBLISHED BY THE
Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development
(BMZ), Division for Public Relations; Digital Communications
and Visitors‘ Service
EDITED BY THE
BMZ, Special Unit “Climate” and Division for Public Relations,
Digital Communications and Visitors’ Service
DESIGN AND LAYOUT
Atelier Hauer + Dörfler GmbH, Berlin
PRINTED BY
Bonifatius Druck, Paderborn
The original document was printed on FSC-certified paper.
PHOTOS
Panos Pictures/VISUM/Qilai Shen; GIZ: Jörg Böthling, Robert
Heine, Ralf Rühmeier, Michael Tsegaye, Horst M. Vogel;
Photothek.net: Michael Gottschalk, Ute Grabowsky, Thomas
Imo, Thomas Koehler, Thomas Trutschel; picture alliance/
AP Photo; Anne Gläser; Press and Information Office of the
Federal Government/Bernd Kühler; Depesh Chakalamuriyil;
Dwi Oblo; KfW/Klaus Veigel; IRIN/Ann Weru
AS AT
April 2015
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