Carplus: Annual survey of car clubs 2014/15 – London

Transcription

Carplus annual
survey of car clubs
2014/15
London
Prepared for Carplus by Steer Davies Gleave
Carplus Annual Survey
of Car Clubs 2014/15
Carplus
Report
April 2015
Our ref: 22734601
Prepared by:
Prepared for:
Steer Davies Gleave
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Carplus
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Steer Davies Gleave has prepared this work for Carplus. This work may only be used within the context
and scope of work for which Steer Davies Gleave was commissioned and may not be relied upon in part
or whole by any third party or be used for any other purpose. Any person choosing to use any part of
this work without the express and written permission of Steer Davies Gleave shall be deemed to confirm
their agreement to indemnify Steer Davies Gleave for all loss or damage resulting therefrom. Steer
Davies Gleave has prepared this work using professional practices and procedures using information
available to it at the time and as such any new information could alter the validity of the results and
conclusions made.
Contents
Foreword ...................................................................................................................................... i
The Carplus Annual Survey 2014/15 .............................................................................................ii
Executive Summary..................................................................................................................... iii
1
Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 6
2
Members’ Survey ............................................................................................................... 9
Impact of car clubs on car ownership ......................................................................................... 11
Impact of car clubs on car purchasing ........................................................................................ 13
Impact of car clubs on miles travelled ........................................................................................ 15
Mileage prior to joining a car club .............................................................................................. 16
Impact of car clubs on travel behaviour: new members ............................................................ 17
Impact of car clubs on travel behaviour: longer-term members ............................................... 18
Use of other shared mobility ...................................................................................................... 19
Profile of car club users .............................................................................................................. 20
How car club vehicles are used .................................................................................................. 21
Reasons for joining a car club: new members ............................................................................ 22
Joining a car club at ‘life change’ moments: new members ...................................................... 23
The experience of joining a car club: new members .................................................................. 24
Experiences of using electric and hybrid vehicles ...................................................................... 25
Preferences for types of vehicles................................................................................................ 26
3
Peer-to-Peer Members’ Survey ......................................................................................... 27
Impact of peer-to-peer car clubs on car ownership and purchasing ......................................... 28
Impact of peer-to-peer car clubs on miles travelled .................................................................. 29
Impact of peer-to-peer car clubs on travel behaviour ............................................................... 30
How peer-to-peer car clubs are used ......................................................................................... 31
4
Corporate Members’ Survey ............................................................................................. 32
How corporate members use car clubs ...................................................................................... 33
Impacts of corporate car club membership on travel behaviour ............................................... 34
Impacts of corporate car club membership on travel behaviour ............................................... 35
April 2015
5
Corporate Administrators’ Survey ..................................................................................... 36
Perceived benefits of joining a corporate car club ..................................................................... 37
Impacts of joining a corporate car club ...................................................................................... 38
6
Operators’ Survey............................................................................................................. 39
Characteristics of car club members .......................................................................................... 40
How car clubs are used ............................................................................................................... 41
How car clubs are used ............................................................................................................... 42
7
Emissions Analysis and Profiling ........................................................................................ 43
Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 43
Car club vehicle fleet profile ....................................................................................................... 44
Carbon savings ............................................................................................................................ 45
Safety .......................................................................................................................................... 46
Appendices
A
Detailed Tables and Figures
B
Survey Questionnaires
C
Emissions Analysis and Profiling
April 2015
Carplus Annual Survey of Car Clubs 2014/15 | Report
Foreword
London is the largest market in Europe for round-trip car clubs (known as car sharing outside
of the United Kingdom) and the second largest globally. Over the past decade, there has been
sustained growth in both car club membership and the geographical coverage of car clubs
across London. In spite of a difficult economic environment for growth, during 2014 further
progress has been made in terms of member numbers, network coverage and sector
innovation. Member numbers grew to almost 155,000 using a network of more than 2,300
cars across the capital1. It is estimated that 50% of Londoners now have access to a car club
car within five minutes’ walk of where they live. Several boroughs are now served by more
than one operator and free floating one-way models are expanding their coverage across the
City with the launch of DriveNow in December 2014.
Car clubs are no longer seen as an ‘alternative’ option, but rather a common sense approach
for getting from A to B that complements walking, cycling and public transport. Forward
thinking policies by City Hall, Transport for London (TfL) and Boroughs mixed with ambition
and entrepreneurship of private sector operators have given London a leadership position in
the global car club market. Importantly, car clubs continue to make a unique and significant
contribution to the achievement of TfL’s objectives on carbon reduction, improving air quality
and reducing private car dependence as part of promoting a broad range of sustainable
transport options.
TfL’s 2008 Car Club Strategy provided the framework for much of the progress achieved to
date. TfL and City Hall, in partnership with Carplus and the car club operators, are now
working collaboratively to ensure that, five years on, car clubs are given the renewed strategic
direction and support that will allow their identified potential to be realised. In order to kickstart the debate about future strategy for car clubs in London, Car-Lite London was launched
in the summer of 2014. Led by Zipcar, it set out a future vision for how the capital’s
development could embrace low-car living and working with the strategic expansion and
diversification of the car sharing sector.
As a result of Car-Lite, the London Car Club Coalition was formed, led by TfL and comprising
the existing and emerging operators and representation of the 33 London Boroughs as well as
Carplus. The Coalition’s mandate was to develop a new London Car Club Strategy set in the
context of London’s projected population of 10 million by 2020, it sets out the ambition of 1
million car club members in London by 2025 and a delivery plan to realise this ambition. A
draft strategy, identifying the challenges, opportunities and setting out an action plan, was
agreed by London Councils in December 2014, and in March 2015 the final strategy was
presented to the Transport and Environment Committee to be reviewed and approved.
In terms of innovation, the past year has seen an acceleration of the roll out of low emission
vehicles across London with the expansion of E-Car club in London and the continued
expansion of City Car Club’s hybrid fleet. Whilst financial and operational barriers do still exist
to widespread adoption of electric and hybrid vehicles as part of the car club fleet, the market
is committed to their adoption and progress has continued towards this goal2. The average
1
There are two membership figures quoted within this report. The total quoted here is from January
2015 whilst the figures included in Chapter 7 are from November 2014.
2
For further information see the Carplus guidance document – Electric Vehicles in Car Clubs (available
to members only).
April 2015 | i
carbon emissions of the car club fleets in London in 2014 are 31% lower than the national
average car. Whilst this figure is 1% higher than the London car club average for 2013 this
reflects the shift by London car clubs away from diesel to petrol vehicles which has accelerated
over the past year. Whilst petrol vehicles have slightly higher carbon emissions they have
significantly lower particulate and nitrogen oxide emissions – this is a positive change as air
quality remains a very significant issue in London.
The most exciting part of the car club story is what is still to be achieved. Market observers
such as Frost and Sullivan predict a further 10-fold rise in car club membership by 2020, based
on an expanding range of car sharing models. The rise of the sharing economy and new
models of car clubs such as peer to peer and flexible as well as evidence from countries such
as Germany, Austria and Switzerland, indicate significant untapped potential of car clubs to
reduce the impacts of car traffic, support active travel and facilitate modal integration.
The Carplus Annual Survey 2014/15
The Carplus Annual Survey is the most comprehensive dataset collected across the car club
sector on an annual basis since 2007. This year’s report presents data from round-trip
members and operators only. It is our hope that in future years we will be able to present data
on one way operations too. This report represents an expansion of the data collected in
previous years with the collection of data on journey purpose, use (and interest in using) EVs
and hybrid vehicles. It also includes a more detailed survey of corporate users and
administrators together with an expanded profile of the emissions of car club fleets.
Since its establishment, the Carplus Annual Surveys have highlighted the important and
growing role that car clubs play in improving air quality, reducing private car ownership and
congestion whilst also providing access to a car as a transport option when a journey cannot
be made by other modes. Year by year, the annual surveys build a comprehensive, robust and
impartial evidence base upon which policy and funding priorities can be based.
Alistair Kirkbride, Executive Director, April 2015
April 2015 | ii
Executive Summary
The Carplus Annual Survey 2014/15 was completed by over 2,600 round-trip car club users in
London, including individual members, corporate members and corporate administrators.
Fewer private cars on the road
For each car club vehicle, 8.6 cars have been removed from the road as a result of car club
members who have sold a car - that's 20,150 private cars removed from London’s streets.
Just under a third of car club members reported that they would have bought a private car if
they had not joined a car club meaning a deferred purchase of a further 46,500 cars, or 19.8
cars for each car club vehicle.
Lower levels of car ownership
Joining a car club car leads to lower levels of car ownership. Only 20% of long term members
now own a car, compared to almost half owning a car before joining a car club.
Fewer miles travelled by car
The annual average mileage driven by new members after joining a car club was 2,190 miles;
37% less than before joining.
Members reported a net reduction in miles driven of 1,617 miles a year representing an
annual carbon saving of 410kg CO2 (based on an average UK car).
Average annual mileage for car club members is 2,200 miles, less than half the London average
of 5,000 miles.
Greater use of public transport, more walking and cycling
After joining a car club, new members reduce their car use and increase use of sustainable
travel modes. Before joining a car club, 25% travel by car at least once a week, falling to 18%
after joining.
Car club members use public transport and walk and cycle more than the average Londoner.
Travel by Underground and train is more than double the London average, with bus use 25%
higher than average. Car club members are three times more likely than the average Londoner
to be regular cyclists.
A cleaner, safer fleet
Car clubs emit one tonne of carbon a year less than an average car for the same mileage and
carbon emissions of London club cars are on average a third lower than the typical private car.
Eight out of ten London car club vehicles are in the lowest three emission bands: A, B and C,
with half in band A. Car club cars are cleaner than the average private car: in the UK fleet the
majority of vehicles are in bands E to M.
Since 2013 all car club operators have moved away from diesel to petrol powered cars – diesel
cars account for less than half of the car club fleet – and average carbon emissions of London
car club cars are 16% lower than in 2011/12.
Car club cars are safer: 85% of the London fleet meet the NCAP 5+ Star or 5 Star standard.
April 2015 | iii
Car club members include a diverse range of people
Car club members reflect where car club provision is greatest with many drawn from
households in accessible inner suburbs. Based on Mosaic profiling3, many car club members
are ambitious young people in their 20s and 30s, known as Metropolitan High Flyers in the
Mosaic classification. One in four members is in this Mosaic group compared to only one in
ten of the London population. Members are also attracted from more diverse backgrounds
with 7.4% of members from the Crowded Kaleidoscope Mosaic group, which includes families
in social housing and 7% from the Flexible Workplace group, which is characterised by young
people starting out in industries such as local government.
Car clubs attract a young profile of members – 16% of UK members are aged 50+ years
compared to 46% of licence holders nationally. The market for car clubs is predominantly
amongst the 25-44 age group (70% of members, compared to 35% of national licence holders).
Men are more likely to join car clubs than women - 69% of car club members are men
compared to 54% of UK licence holders.
More efficient car use
Car club cars are used by more people with an average occupancy of 2.3 people compared to
1.6 people for private cars.
Car clubs are used for a wide range of purposes including personal business (30%), visiting
friends/family (29%), shopping (26%) and leisure (22%). Half of members were transporting
bulky objects on their most recent trip.
Car club cars are used as a part of a portfolio of transport modes with three quarters of
members using a car club vehicle 5 times a year or less. Two thirds of hires are for trips of 25
miles or less.
Improving accessibility
Car clubs provide access to a car without the cost of ownership. The two most popular reasons
for joining were to hire cars on a short-term basis (68%) and to make trips that can’t be made
by other modes (42%), such as when transporting bulky objects or journeys that are not
straightforward by public transport.
Approximately a third of new members had moved to a new area prior to joining a car club
and this was the most popular ‘main reason’ for joining a car club. The second most common
occurrence prior to joining a car club was a change of job/retirement (13%).
Importance of word of mouth
One in three members found out about a car club through word of mouth, one in four via the
internet and one in four saw a car club vehicle in the street.
New members were satisfied with the process of joining – nine out of ten stated that they
found the process ‘good’ or ‘very good’.
3
Mosaic is a geodemographic profiling tool which classified residential postcodes into one of 66 types, based on
demographics, attitudes and a wide range of other data from commercial and public statistics.
April 2015 | iv
Members welcome alternative vehicle technologies
Of those who had used an alternative vehicle, nine out of ten rated their experience of driving
a hybrid as ‘good’ or ‘very good’. Seven out of ten rated the EV driving experience as ‘good’ or
‘very good’. Electric vehicle charging infrastructure, however, was only rated as ‘good’ or ‘very
good’ by four out of ten users.
Amongst those who had not used an electric or hybrid vehicle, two thirds stated they are
‘interested’ or ‘very interested’ in using one.
Peer-to-peer car clubs achieve similar benefits
A survey of peer-to-peer car club members4 revealed similar results to the survey of traditional
round-trip members. Peer-to-peer members:

Make more regular use of sustainable travel modes and fewer car journeys than the
average Londoner;

Reduce their private car mileage after joining; and

Use peer-to-peer cars more efficiently (2.7 passengers per car based on the last journey
made) than the average private car (1.6 passengers).
The key behavioural difference is that peer-to-peer cars are used for longer: 50.4 hours
compared to 6.5 hours for round-trip car clubs.
Corporate members reduce private car use
Before joining a car club, 30% of corporate members in London used their own car for
business journeys at least once a week. This fell to 15% after joining.
22% of corporate members in London use car clubs at least once a week compared to 9% of
individual members.
Corporate car club membership provides financial benefits
Administrators of corporate car club accounts identified benefits that car clubs had brought to
their organisation. One in four identified the benefits of reduced business mileage claims and
reduced parking needs and one in five noted the reduced administrative burden of being car
clubs members.
A third of organisations had made a change to their business travel arrangements since joining
the car club. Around one in ten had replaced pool cars with use of car club cars and started to
actively discourage use of employees own cars (the grey fleet).
4
In a peer-to-peer car club, members can either rent out their own car(s), rent other people’s cars or
both.
April 2015 | v
1
Introduction
1.1
This is the eighth edition of the Carplus Annual Survey and covers the period December 2013
– November 2014. It has been administered by consultants Steer Davies Gleave on behalf of
Carplus.
1.2
The data collected from the Carplus Annual Survey is compiled into three reports covering:



1.3
London
England and Wales (excluding London); and
Scotland.
This report provides the results of the 2014/15 Carplus Annual Survey for London. All three
versions of the Annual Survey are available from Carplus. For more information, visit the
Carplus website: www.carplus.org.uk.
About Carplus
1.4
Carplus promotes car clubs and shared transport. We work for accessible shared mobility
including car clubs, 2+ car sharing, bike sharing and taxi sharing. Carplus believes that new
approaches to car use and ownership complement public transport, cycling and walking.
They contribute significantly to reducing congestion and the unwelcome environmental,
social and health costs of motoring today.
1.5
Carplus provides technical support, best practice guidance and practical advice to car club
operators, community groups, local authorities and transport authorities to assist in setting
up and developing car clubs. Carplus is also a resource centre on 2+ car sharing, bike, sharing
and the integration of shared mobility schemes.
The Carplus Annual Survey
1.6
Carplus is committed to a standardised data collection system to assess the impacts of car
clubs and inform development of car clubs in the UK. Since 2007, Carplus has worked with
car clubs to collect a range of data from car club members about their travel habits and use
of car clubs, through an online survey sent to all members of car clubs based in London.
1.7
The members’ survey was completed by members of round-trip car clubs, often referred to
as the traditional model of car clubs. In round-trip car clubs, cars are located at on-street
(provided by local authorities) or off-street bays (in private car parks and developments). At
the end of the hire period, users must return the car to bay they picked it up from. Members
of fixed one-way and floating one-way car clubs were not included in this year’s survey but it
is hoped that future annual surveys will incorporate these models of car club.
1.8
Table 1.1 summarises the surveys that were undertaken in 2014/15, topics covered and
number of respondents.
April 2015 | 6
Table 1.1: Carplus Annual Surveys 2014/15
Survey name
Respondents
Topics

Individual, private
members and new
members of ‘roundtrip’ car clubs.
Members’
Survey
Survey has specific
questions for:
members (members
for over six months)
new members
(member for less
than six months).









Peer-to-Peer
Survey
Corporate
Members’
Survey
Individual, private
members of ‘peerto-peer’ car club.
Members can either
rent out their own
car(s), rent other
people’s cars or
both.
Individual car club
members whose
membership is
provided through
their employer.















Corporate
Administrators’
Survey
Employees
responsible for
administrating car
club corporate
accounts




Number of
respondents 2014/15
The last car club journey you made:
purpose, number passengers, luggage
Use of and experiences of using electric
and hybrid vehicles and charging
infrastructure
Satisfaction with car clubs
Car mileage travelled using car club cars
and private cars
Influence of car clubs on car ownership
choices and miles travelled
Use of other modes of transport
Use of other shared mobility options
Reasons for joining a car club (new
members only)
Personal circumstances when joining a
car club (new members only)
London: 2,241
England & Wales
(excluding London):
1,324
The last car club journey you made:
purpose, number passengers, luggage
Car mileage travelled using car club cars
and private cars
Influence of car clubs on car ownership
choices and miles travelled
Use of other modes of transport
Use of other shared mobility options
Reasons for joining a car club
Personal circumstances when joining a
car club
England (including
London), Wales and
Scotland: 84
Frequency of car club use
Modes of travel used for work-related
trips before and after joining a car club
Types of car club vehicles used
Impacts of joining a car club on workrelated travel behaviour
Changes in policies or business travel
arrangements
London: 301
England & Wales
(excluding London):
653
Scotland: 90
Business sector and number of
employees;
Number of car club members in the
organisation
Perceived benefits of joining a car club
Business mileage travelled using car club
cars
Whether travel plans or other green
travel policies are in place
Types of travel policies and any changes
since joining the car club
England (including
London), Wales and
Scotland: 84
Scotland: 604
April 2015 | 7
Survey name
Operators’
Survey
Respondents
Car club operators
Topics





Gender profile of members
Age profile of members
Number of hires per member per year
Miles travelled per hire
Emission profiles of vehicle fleet
Number of
respondents 2014/15
Information provided
for Great Britain
operations by:
City Car Club
Co-wheels
E-car club
Enterprise CarShare
Hertz 24/7
Zipcar.
Structure of this report
1.9
Following this introduction, the report is structured as follows:
Section 2 contains the results of the members’ and new members’ survey for individual,
private members in London;
Section 3 contains a summary of the peer-to-peer members’ survey results for Great
Britain;
Section 4 contains the results of the corporate members’ survey for London;
Section 5 contains the results of the corporate administrators’ survey for Great Britain;
Section 6 contains the results of the operators’ survey for Great Britain; and
Section 7 contains the emissions analysis and profiling of the Great Britain car club fleet.
1.10
The results of the members’ and new members’ survey and the corporate members’ survey
are London specific. The results of the peer-to-peer, corporate administrators’ and operators’
surveys are not disaggregated by reporting region given the sample size; the results
represent the responses of the Great Britain sample.
April 2015 | 8
2
Members’ Survey
Introduction
2.1
This section provides the results of the surveys completed by 2,241 individual round-trip car
club members in London. Separate reports are available containing the results of the surveys
completed by members in England & Wales and Scotland. Please visit the Carplus website at
www.carplus.org.uk for more information.
2.2
The survey was completed by 1,906 members and 335 new members of car clubs who joined
from July 2014. New members who joined after July 2014 were asked slightly different
questions relating to their recent experience of joining a car club. A full set of survey questions
is contained in Appendix B.
2.3
Appendix A contains all of the data collected as part of the survey. This section contains the
key findings, including headline results and key trends (showing comparisons with previous
annual surveys) for the following topics:













2.4
Impact of car clubs on car ownership;
Impact of car clubs on car purchasing;
Impact of car clubs on miles travelled;
Impact of car clubs on travel behaviour: members;
Impact of car clubs on travel behaviour: new members;
Use of other shared mobility;
Profile of car club users;
How car club vehicles are used;
Reasons for joining a car club: new members;
Joining a car club at “life change” moments: new members;
The experience of joining a car club: new members;
Experiences of using electric and hybrid vehicles; and
Preferences for types of vehicles.
All data presented are for 2014/15 unless otherwise stated.
Home locations of survey respondents
2.5
The map overleaf shows the home postcodes of survey respondents. Almost a quarter of all
respondents were based in Camden, Wandsworth or Lambeth with each of those boroughs
accounting for 8% of survey responses. Of the Outer London boroughs, Ealing and Haringey
had the greatest number of respondents accounting for 5% and 4% of the sample respectively.
2.6
Overall, 64% of responses were received from members in Inner London boroughs and 36%
from members in Outer London boroughs.
April 2015 | 9
London respondents - home locations
April 2015 | 10
Impact of car clubs on car ownership
Headlines
Car ownership amongst new members falls after joining

46% of new members owned at least one car before joining, falling to just
28% afterwards, as shown in the graph below.
Car ownership remains low amongst longer term members
Trends
2.7

Longer-term members have lower levels of car ownership. 48% of longerterm members owned at least one car before joining, falling to just 20%
afterwards. Longer-term members are those who have been members for at
least six months – many have been members for a number of years.

13% of longer-term members stated that they had sold or disposed of a car
in the 12 months prior to completing the survey. Of these, one in three
stated that their car club membership was either the main reason or a
major factor in their decision to sell or dispose of their car.
Car clubs continue to reduce car ownership
As shown in the table below, the change in car ownership of new members has
followed a similar trend since 2011/12.
Year
Owned at least one car
Change (+/- % point)
Before
After
2011/12
46%
29%
-17%
2012/13
46%
31%
-15%
2013/14
42%
27%
-15%
2014/15
46%
28%
-18%
Car ownership before and after joining a car club
100%
90%
3%
9%
16%
4%
10%
21%
80%
70%
6%
37%
32%
60%
3 cars or more
50%
2 cars
40%
30%
80%
72%
No cars
54%
52%
1 car
20%
10%
0%
Before
Members
After
Before
After
New Members
The infographic overleaf uses annual survey results to illustrate how car club cars remove
private cars from London’s roads.
April 2015 | 11
April 2015 | 12
Impact of car clubs on car purchasing
Headlines
Trends
2.8
Car clubs reduce the need to purchase a private car

30% of new and longer-term members would have bought a private car if
they had not joined a car club. Longer term members were slightly more
likely to state that they would have bought a private car (31%) compared
to new members (28%). The graph below shows the results for members,
new members and overall.

As shown in the second table, 64% of longer-term members stated that,
as a consequence of joining a car club, their household would be less
likely to buy a car in the next few years.
Car clubs help to defer future car purchase by members
As shown in the table below, results from the 2014/15 survey are consistent
with results from previous years, with car clubs reducing the likelihood of
purchasing a car.
Members (overall) for whom joining a car club has made it less likely
that they will buy a car in the next few years
Year
2011/12
62%
2012/13
66%
2013/14
61%
2014/15
62%
Intention to buy a private car
Members
31%
New Members
28%
47%
25%
All
30%
45%
25%
45%
0%
50%
No
Yes
24%
100%
Don't know
Likelihood of buying a private car in the next few years
Do you think that joining the car club
has made it more or less likely that you
will buy a car in the next few years?
Members
New members
All
More likely
8%
12%
8%
Less likely
64%
50%
62%
No effect
24%
30%
25%
Don’t know
4%
9%
5%
100%
100%
100%
Total
The infographic overleaf uses annual survey results to illustrate how car clubs contribute to a
reduction in the number of private cars purchased in London.
April 2015 | 13
April 2015 | 14
Impact of car clubs on miles travelled
Headlines
Trends
Car clubs reduce annual car mileage travelled

The net average change in annual car mileage reported after joining was a
decrease of 1,617 miles.

This net change is derived from estimated changes in mileage provided by
the 31% of longer-term members who reported a decrease in their mileage
after joining a car club and the 21% who reported an increase. Members
who increase mileage may have joined in order to make trips by car that
they could not otherwise make, hence an increase in mileage.

The distribution of change is shown in the graph below; the average
increase in annual mileage was 795 miles whilst the average decrease was
3,393 miles. This represents a carbon saving of 410kg CO2/annum (UK
average car).

55% of all longer-term members’ households travelled 500 miles or fewer in
car club vehicles in the 12 months prior to completing the survey.

Based on data provided by operators, the average annual mileage in car
club cars per member in the UK was 347 miles. This is notably lower than
survey members’ average estimate of 1,080 miles.

The estimated average annual mileage travelled by members (in their
primary household car) is 1,110 miles – this average includes members who
travelled no miles and excludes one outlier. When added to the estimated
miles travelled in car club cars, the annual average is 2,190 miles. This is
substantially lower than the London average of 5,029 miles driven per year
among households with at least one full driving licence holder (National
Travel Survey).

It should be noted that many people do not accurately record private car or
car club mileage and are likely to have provided estimated responses.
Average household mileage of car club members remains low

The average annual household mileage in any vehicle of 2,190 miles is
similar to 2013/14 (2,165 miles).
Miles per year
Average change in longer-term members’ annual mileage following joining a car club
1500
1000
500
0
-500
-1000
-1500
-2000
-2500
-3000
-3500
-4000
795
-1617
-3393
Increase
Decrease
Net
April 2015 | 15
Mileage prior to joining a car club
Headlines Car clubs attract people who drive low mileage

Annual average mileage after joining a car club was 2,190 miles; 37% less than
before joining.

Amongst new members, only 23% travelled more than 6,000 miles in any
vehicle in the 12 months prior to joining a car club. This is shown in the graph
below. Average annual mileage prior to joining a car club as estimated by new
members was 3,490 miles; 31% less than the London average of 5,029 miles
(National Travel Survey).

This suggests that car clubs attract low mileage drivers – who further reduce
their household mileage on joining the car club.
A growing proportion of new members drive low mileage before joining
Trends

Since 2012/13, there has been an increased proportion of new members
driving fewer than 6,000 miles in the 12 months prior to joining.
Proportion of new members in London who drove fewer than 6,000 miles in
any vehicles in the 12 months before joining
2012/13
68%
2013/14
70%
2014/15
75%
New members’ mileage in any vehicle in the 12 months prior to joining
40%
32%
30%
20%
13%
6%
6%
6%
2%
3%
3%
Don't know
7%
20,001-25,000
5%
15,001-20,000
9%
9%
10%
10,001-15,000
8,001-10,000
6,001-8,000
4,001-6,000
2,001-4,000
1,001-2,000
501-1,000
1-500
0
0%
April 2015 | 16
Impact of car clubs on travel behaviour: new members
Headlines
New members travel by private car less after joining

After joining a car club, new members reduce their car use. Before joining a
car club, 25% travel by private car at least once a week, falling to 18% after
joining
New members increase their use of sustainable travel

New members tended to already be frequent users of sustainable travel
modes.

The proportion of members walking, cycling and using the Underground at
least once a week also increased after joining a car club.
New members use the Underground and rail more often and cars less often
than the average Londoner
Trends

After joining the car club 71% of new members travel by Underground at
least once a week, compared to 36% of Londoners. Weekly rail use is also
higher at 69% compared to 57% of Londoners.

18% use a private car at least once a week, compared to 36% of Londoners.
New members continue to reduce car driver trips after joining

The reduction in frequency of car driver trips and increase in the proportion
of new members reporting walking, cycling and using the Underground
following joining a car club are consistent with 2013/14 results.
Proportion of new members using transport modes at least once a week after joining a car
club compared with before (percentage point change)5
Walking
6%
Underground
3%
Bus
-1%
Train
<-1%
Bicycle
1%
Taxi
Car driver (private)
5
-2%
-7%
The data from which these numbers are derived can be found in Appendix A.
April 2015 | 17
Impact of car clubs on travel behaviour: longer-term members
Headlines
Car club members make frequent use of sustainable travel modes

Trends
Car club members make more use of public transport and less use of private
cars than the average Londoner as shown in the graph below.

75% travel by Underground / tram at least once a week compared to
36% of London’s population (London Travel Demand Survey (LTDS)
2013/14);

72% travel by bus at least once a week compared to 57% of the London
population; and

37% travel by train at least once a week, more than twice the London
average of 16%.

Approximately a third of members are regular cyclists: 28% cycle at least
once a week, nearly three times the London average of 10%.

Longer-term members frequently walk for 20 minutes or more: 56% make
such journeys three or more times a week and 25% at least once a week.
The annual survey asks about frequency of walking for 20 minutes or more
so comparison with LTDS data, where walking refers to walks of at least 5
minutes, is not possible whether or not as part of trips using other modes.

Car club members still use cars (74% had made a trip as a car driver in the
last month) but less regularly than the London population (15% of members
travel by private car at least once a week compared to 36% of Londoners).
Higher use of sustainable travel by members since 2007
Frequency of mode use among longer-term members has remained consistent
with higher than average frequency of travel by all sustainable travel modes
since the survey began in 2007.
Proportion of members using transport modes at least once a week compared with average
Londoner (percentage point difference, 2014/15 survey)6
Underground
39%
Bus
15%
Train
21%
Bicycle
18%
Taxi
6
12%
-21%
The data from which these numbers are derived can be found in Appendix A.
April 2015 | 18
Use of other shared mobility
Headlines
Trends
Car club members also use other shared mobility modes

The graph below shows that 72% of members use round-trip car hire at
least once a year.

More London members (both new and longer-term members) make
weekly use of cycle hire and 2+ car-sharing (i.e. giving or receiving a lift in
a private vehicle) than other forms of shared transport.

A reasonably high proportion (6%) of car club members use cycle hire
(most likely to be Santander Cycles, though this wasn’t specified) at least
once a week. However, less than half of car club members stated that
they use cycle hire at least once a year.

Around 10% use 2+ car-sharing at least once a week (giving or receiving a
lift in a private vehicle)

Just under half of members stated that they car-share informally
(borrowing a car from a friend or relative) at least once a year with a
small proportion (less than 5%) stating that they do this at least once a
week.
Use of shared mobility modes remains similar to last year

Members’ use of other shared mobility modes is similar to that reported
in 2013/14, which was the first time this question was asked.
Use of other shared mobility modes (all members)
Informal car-sharing
3% 10%
Traditional car hire
24%
12%
2+ car-sharing 2% 7%
57%
24%
Cycle hire 3%3% 9%
Peer-to-peer
28%
18%
3%
0%
10%
20%
3 or more times per week
At least once per month
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
1-2 times per week
At least once per year
April 2015 | 19
Profile of car club users
Headlines
Car club members include a diverse range of people
Based on analysis of members’ postcodes using Mosaic7 the characteristics of
London car club members are shown in the table below and include:
Trends

Young professionals in their 20s and 30s (Metropolitan High-Flyers - 25%).

Prosperous households in accessible inner suburbs (Uptown Elite – 15%).

Professional people in central London (Penthouse Chic - 12%).

Other Mosaic types include multi-cultural households (Crowded
Kaleidoscope - 7.4%) and self-starting young people working in the
service sector (Flexible Workforce - 7.0%).
New version of Mosaic: similar group profile

A new version of Mosaic was used to profile members in 2014/15. The
most common types in 2013/14 were similar: Urban Cool, Bright Young
Things, Global Power Brokers, Crash Pad Professionals and Multicultural
Towers.
Mosaic profile of London car club members: key types
Type
% of London
members
% of London
population
Description
Metropolitan
High-Flyers
25%
9.4%
Young professionals in their 20 and 30s renting in inner
London boroughs.
Uptown Elite
15%
8.3%
Established home owners living in accessible inner
suburbs where they enjoy the attractions of city life.
Penthouse
Chic
12%
3.4%
Singletons living in flats in prestige central locations with
high incomes and outgoings.
World-Class
Wealth
10%
4.5%
Global high flyers and privileged families living luxurious
lifestyles.
Crowded
Kaleidoscope
7.4%
9.5%
Multi-cultural households with children renting social flats
in over-crowded conditions.
Flexible
Workforce
7.0%
8.7%
Self-starting young renters ready to move to follow
worthwhile incomes in service sector.
Inner City
Stalwarts
6.8%
5.8%
Longer-term renters of inner city social flats who have
witnessed many changes.
New
Foundations
1.9%
0.8%
Couples with middle incomes living in newly built flats in
both inner and outer London, many with children.
Central Pulse
1.7%
0.9%
Young graduates starting out, often living in rented flats in
lower income parts of inner London boroughs.
7
Mosaic is a geodemographic profiling tool which classified residential postcodes into one of 66 Types,
based on demographics, attitudes and a wide range of other data from commercial and public statistics.
April 2015 | 20
How car club vehicles are used
Headlines
Car club cars in London are used more efficiently than private cars

Car club cars have an average occupancy of 2.3 people (based on the last car
club journey made by respondents) compared to 1.6 for private cars (LTDS,
2013/14). This is shown in the first table below.
Car clubs enable members to get around with large items

49% reported that they were transporting bulky objects on their most recent
trip.
Car clubs are not generally used for commuting

As shown in the second table below, personal business (30%), visiting
friends/family (29%), shopping (26%) and leisure (22%) are the most popular
car club journey purposes. Just over 1% use car clubs for commuting.
Respondents could choose more than one journey purpose for this question.

Compared to journey purposes reported in the London Travel Demand
Survey, fewer car club journeys are made for education and commuting
purposes.

A separate survey was completed by corporate members of car clubs who
use car clubs as part of their work.
Top journey purposes remain unchanged
Trends

The top four journey purposes (shopping, personal business, visiting friends
and family and leisure) remain the same as in 2013/14, which was the first
time the question was asked.
Average vehicle occupancy
London car club members
(based on last trip made in a car club car)
London population
(based on annual private car trips from LTDS)
2.3
1.6
Comparison of journey purposes
Annual survey
(based on last trip made)
London population
(based on annual trips
from LTDS)
30% personal business
26% shopping
27%
Visiting friends/family
29%
N/A
Leisure
22%
29%
Business
8%
7%
Education
3%
8%
Commuting
1%
15%
Purpose
Shopping and personal business
April 2015 | 21
Reasons for joining a car club: new members
Headlines
Trends
Members join car clubs to improve accessibility

The graph below shows that the two most popular reasons for joining
were to hire cars on a short-term basis (68%) and to make trips that can’t
be made by other modes (42%).

Only 14% joined because they had sold or disposed of a vehicle. Members
in London join car clubs to increase their travel options, not always as a
direct replacement for private car travel. Members already tend to be
regular users of sustainable travel modes, and joining a car club is an
addition to a range of travel options already used.

Respondents could choose more than one reason for joining. Other
reasons provided in free text responses included to be able to make multimodal journeys e.g. a train from London to Manchester and having a car
available at the other end, and to put off buying a private car.
Increased impact of personal finances on members’ decision making

The top two reasons that new members join a car club are the same as in
2013/14. In 2014/15 more respondents chose “to reduce travel
expenditure” as a reason for joining (+3% points on 2013/14) and fewer
respondents chose “it was recommended to me” (-9% points on 2013/14),
suggesting an increase in the impact of personal finances on members’
decision making.
New members’ reasons for joining a car club
Hire cars on short-term basis
68%
Make trips I can't by other modes
42%
Reduce travel expenditure
19%
Choice of vehicles
16%
It was recommended to me
16%
I sold/disposed of a vehicle
14%
To be environmentally friendly
14%
Problems parking locally
8%
Other
6%
Reduce car use
5%
None of the above
1%
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90%100%
April 2015 | 22
Joining a car club at ‘life change’ moments: new members
Headlines
Many car club members join when moving to a new area

Approximately a third of new members had moved to a new area prior to
joining a car club and this was a popular ‘main reason’ for joining a car
club, as shown in the graph below.

The second most common change in recent circumstances was changing
jobs/retiring (13%), as shown in the table.
Moving to new area and changing jobs are key life events
Trends

As in previous years, moving to a new area and changing jobs/retiring
remain the common ‘life events’ occurring prior to car club membership.
Respondents were first asked to state whether they had experienced a “life change” moment,
then they were asked to state whether it was a factor in their decision to join a car club.
Changes in personal circumstances when joining
Change
%
Moved to a new area
30%
Changed jobs/retired
13%
Change in family circumstances
9%
Other
7%
Change in financial circumstances
6%
Respondent left home for the first time
3%
Respondent’s child started at new school
2%
Influence of change in personal circumstances on decision to join a car club
Other
45%
I moved to a new area
27%
39%
Family circumstances changed
30%
28%
24%
I changed jobs/retired
24%
20%
I left home for the first time
22%
22%
My child(ren) started at a new
school
13%
Financial circumstances changed
10%
0%
25%
20%
20%
Main reason
14%
20%
21%
18%
22%
25%
40%
40%
60%
Major factor
80%
100%
Minor factor
April 2015 | 23
The experience of joining a car club: new members
Headlines
Word of mouth, the internet and seeing cars on-street encourage members
to join

As shown in the graph below, 37% of new members discovered their car
club through word of mouth, highlighting the importance of an operator’s
reputation in its ability to attract new members.

25% found out via the internet and 25% saw a car club vehicle in the
street, highlighting the importance of visible branding of car club cars in
attracting new members.
New members are satisfied with the joining process

Car clubs are achieving high levels of satisfaction amongst new members
with 92% stating that they found the joining process ‘good’ or ‘very good’
and 89% stating that the quality of information they received before and
during their initial bookings was ‘good’ or ‘very good’.
Satisfaction with car clubs remains high
Trends

Satisfaction with the joining process and quality of information received
has remained consistently high with between 89%-95% of members
rating these factors as ‘good; or ‘very good’ in the last 3 years.
How new members found out about their car club
Word of mouth
37%
Internet search engine
25%
Seeing a car club vehicle on-street
25%
Referred by a friend
12%
Car club operator's website
9%
Other
7%
Social media
6%
Email
4%
Leaflet
3%
Outdoor advertising
3%
Through my employer
1%
Attended promotional event
1%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
Perception of the joining process and information received
Rating
Joining process
Quality of information received
before and during early bookings
Very good
Good
Average
Poor
Very poor
60%
32%
7%
1%
1%
59%
30%
10%
1%
<1%
April 2015 | 24
Experiences of using electric and hybrid vehicles
Headlines
Members rate hybrids higher than Electric Vehicles (EVs)

As shown in the graph below, 86% have had a ‘good’ or ‘very good’
experience of a hybrid in contrast to 66% of those who have tried an
electric vehicle (EV). This may be influenced by experience of using EV
charging infrastructure, which just 38% rated as ‘good’ or ‘very good’. 4%
of members had driven an electric car club vehicle and 21% a hybrid.
EVs are a curiosity; hybrids are convenient

‘I was curious to try an electric vehicle’ was the most popular reason for
choosing an EV (57% of members), compared to 34% who stated this for
hybrids. Hybrid users were more likely to state that ‘it was the closest
vehicle available to me’, perhaps reflecting greater availability of hybrids 4% of London car club cars are hybrids whilst only 0.5% are EVs.
Members continue to be receptive to new technologies
Trends

As in 2013/14, car club members expressed a willingness to try new
vehicle technologies. Experience of hybrids in London is often more
positive than EVs – possibly due to difficulties using EV charging points.
Reasons for choosing an electric or hybrid vehicle
Reason
Electric
Hybrid
It was the closest vehicle available to me
32%
65%
I was curious to try an electric/hybrid vehicle
57%
34%
It is more environmentally friendly
39%
33%
The size/type of vehicle
18%
34%
I prefer driving electric/hybrid vehicles
24%
22%
It was the only option
19%
26%
I did not realise it was an electric/hybrid vehicle when booking
10%
18%
4%
3%
Other
8
Experience of using an electric or hybrid vehicle
EV charging infrastructure
17%
EVs
21%
40%
Hybrids
36%
26%
65%
0%
Very good
12% 14%
20% 6% 9%
21% 11%
50%
Good
Average
100%
Poor
Very poor
8
The most common ‘other’ reason amongst electric car users was that it was the cheapest option whilst
for hybrid users it was the vehicle’s automatic transmission.
April 2015 | 25
Preferences for types of vehicles
Headlines
Members are interested in using alternative vehicles

Amongst members who have not used an electric or hybrid vehicle, two
thirds stated they are ‘interested’ or ‘very interested’ in using one.

Car club members are open to driving different types of vehicle - 35%
have no preference.
Electric vehicles and plug-in hybrids are least preferred by members

The graph below shows that, amongst members who do have a
preference, hybrids are the most popular (29% prefer these), followed by
petrol (25%) and diesel (22%). Electric vehicles (20%) and plug-in hybrids
(12%) are least preferred, though only a small number of members had
experience of using these upon which to base their preference.

This was a new question in the 2014/15 survey.
Vehicle preference
Hybrid
29%
Petrol
25%
Diesel
22%
Electric
20%
Plug-in Hybrid
12%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
Respondents could choose more than one option.
April 2015 | 26
3
Peer-to-Peer Members’ Survey
Introduction
3.1
A peer-to-peer car club allows car owners to make better use of their under-utilised vehicles
by renting them out to other local drivers. This model can work well particularly in locations
where there is not seen to be sufficient density of users to support a round-trip car club.
3.2
A survey of easyCar club members, containing similar questions to the round-trip member
survey, was completed by 84 members.
3.3
As there was no peer-to-peer survey in 2013/14, the following sections provide comparisons
between peer-to-peer members and round-trip members, rather than trends.
3.4
Where comparisons are made it is with the London round-trip car club members or, for
comparison with the general population, the London Travel Demand Survey since the majority
of peer-to-peer car club members reside in London.
3.5
The peer-to-peer survey was only issued to members who rent cars, not those who rent them
out to others.
April 2015 | 27
Impact of peer-to-peer car clubs on car ownership and purchasing
Headlines
Peer-to-peer car clubs attract people who don’t own a car

Most members (69%) did not own a car before joining and this figure rose
to 80% after joining, as shown in the graph below.
Peer-to-peer members less likely to buy a car

When asked if they were more or less likely to buy a car in future, 56%
stated that they were less likely compared to 15% who stated that they
were more likely.

15% of members stated that they would have bought a private car if they
had not joined the car club.

20% of members stated that they had sold or disposed of a car in the 12
months prior to joining the car club, though only one respondent stated
that joining the peer-to-peer car club was the main reason for selling their
car.
Peer-to-peer has similar car ownership impact as to round-trip
Comparison
 The profile of car ownership amongst peer-to-peer members after joining
with rounda peer-to-peer car club is very similar to round-trip members. Prior to
trip members
joining, peer-to-peer members are less likely to own a car with 30%
owning one or more cars compared with 48% of round-trip car club
members.
Number of cars owned before and after joining
100%
7%
90%
80%
4%
16%
23%
70%
60%
2 cars
50%
1 car
40%
30%
80%
No cars
69%
20%
10%
0%
Before
After
April 2015 | 28
Impact of peer-to-peer car clubs on miles travelled
Headlines
Peer-to-peer car clubs reduce annual car mileage travelled
Comparison
with roundtrip members

On average, peer-to-peer members reduced their annual car mileage
travelled by 662 miles, after joining a peer-to-peer car club.

For those who increased their mileage (25%) the average increase in
annual mileage was 1,119 miles. For those who decreased their mileage
(15%) the average decrease was 3,538 miles. Therefore the net change in
annual car mileage travelled after joining was a decrease of 662 miles.

Peer-to-peer members’ average mileage in peer-to-peer car club cars was
1,280 miles. Average mileage in household cars was 1,230 miles giving an
estimated average annual mileage of 2,510 miles, only slightly higher than
round-trip members in London (2,190 miles).

Although the average increase and decrease in annual mileage amongst
peer-to-peer members was broadly similar to round-trip members, the
net change was different at a reduction of approximately 660 miles
(compared with -1,600 for round-trip members in London). This is due to
some large decreases in mileage amongst round-trip members. A peer-topeer survey was not carried out in 2013/14.
Peer-to-peer members’ change in annual mileage after joining a car club
2000
1119
Miles per year
1000
0
-662
-1000
-2000
-3000
-3538
-4000
Increase
Decrease
Net
April 2015 | 29
Impact of peer-to-peer car clubs on travel behaviour
Headlines
Peer-to-peer members use sustainable travel modes regularly

Peer-to-peer car club members make more use of public transport and
less use of private cars than the average Londoner as shown in the graph
below.



76% travel by Underground / Tram at least once a week compared to
36% of the London population (LTDS 2013/14);
65% travel by bus at least once a week compared to 57% of the
London population; and
33% travel by train at least once a week, approximately twice the
London average of 16%.

Over a third of members are regular cyclists: 40% use a bicycle at least
once a week, which is four times greater than the London average.

Members frequently walk for 20 minutes or more: 51% make such
journeys three or more times a week and 24% one to two times a week.

39% of peer-to-peer members also belong to another car club.
Peer-to-peer members also use other shared mobility modes
Comparison
with roundtrip members

76% of members use round-trip car hire at least once a year.

More members make weekly use of cycle hire than other forms of shared
transport.

Peer-to-peer members’ use of transport modes is broadly similar to
round-trip members although the former are more likely to use a bicycle
at least once a week whilst the latter are more likely to make frequent
use of the bus.
Proportion of peer-to-peer members using transport modes at least once a week compared
with average Londoner (percentage point difference)
Underground
40%
Bus
8%
Train
17%
Bicycle
30%
Taxi
11%
-22%
April 2015 | 30
How peer-to-peer car clubs are used
Headlines
Peer-to-peer cars are used more efficiently than private cars

Peer-to-peer cars have an average occupancy of 2.7 people (based on the
last peer-to-peer car club journey made by respondents) compared to 2.3
for round-trip car club cars in London and 1.6 for private cars (LTDS,
2013/14), as shown in the first table below.
Peer-to-peer cars enable members to get around with large items

42% reported that they were transporting bulky objects on their most
recent trip. If they had not been able to use a car club vehicle, 34% would
not have made the journey at all.
Peer-to-peer cars are used for non-work journeys

As shown in the second table below, visiting friends/family (51%), leisure
(36%) and personal business (19%) are the most popular purposes.
Members joined a peer-to-peer car club to make journeys they can’t make
by other modes

The two most popular reasons for joining were to hire cars on a shortterm basis (79%) and to make trips I can’t make by other modes (67%).
Peer-to-peer journey car clubs are used for leisure journeys
Comparison
 Peer-to-peer cars are more likely to be used for visiting friends/family,
with roundleisure and business than round-trip cars which are most likely to be used
trip members
for personal business.

As with round-trip car club cars, peer-to-peer cars are used more
efficiently than the average private car.
Average vehicle occupancy
Peer-to-peer car club members
London car club members (roundtrip)
London population (LTDS)
2.7
2.3
1.6
Comparison of journey purposes
Annual survey
(last journey)
LTDS
(annual trips)
51%
N/A
Leisure
36%
29%
19% personal business
13% shopping
27%
Business
18%
7%
Education
2%
8%
-
15%
Purpose
Shopping and personal business
Commuting
April 2015 | 31
4
Corporate Members’ Survey
4.1
The corporate members’ survey was completed by respondents who are members of a car
club through their employer. Often the membership is paid for by the employer and the car
club cars are used as pool cars for work-related journeys during the working day. As such, they
are a different user group from individual private members so a separate corporate members’
survey was issued to them (although some respondents may also hold an individual, private
membership). Car club operators were responsible for identifying corporate members and
ensuring the survey was sent to the appropriate respondents.
4.2
Corporate membership is not available to all members (it is only offered by operators in
certain locations). Adoption of sustainable travel policies may have an influence on take-up of
corporate car club membership. The survey is therefore not representative of all businesses,
only those who are corporate car club members.
4.3
This section contains the results of the corporate members’ survey in London (301
respondents).
April 2015 | 32
How corporate members use car clubs
Headlines
Trends
Corporate members use car clubs more frequently than individual members

The table below shows that 22% of corporate members use car clubs at least
once a week compared to 9% of individual members.

84% of corporate members use a car most often with 15% using a van most
often, a swing towards car use of 5% points in comparison to last year. 2% of
respondents did not answer this question.

Corporate members are satisfied with their car club operator with 92% stating
that their operator is ‘good’ or ‘very good’.
Satisfaction remains high

As shown in the pie chart below, with 92% of members rating their car club
as ‘good’ or ‘very good’, satisfaction is slightly higher than in 2013/14 (90%),
though the proportion stating ‘very good’ is lower this year (55% compared
to 60% last year).

With 22% using the car club at least once a week, frequency of use is the
same as in 2013/14.
Frequency of car club use: corporate members and individual members
Frequency of using a car club
Corporate members
Individual members
3 or more times a week
6%
2%
1-2 times a week
16%
7%
At least once a month
45%
40%
At least once a year
31%
37%
No trips made
-
7%
Don’t know
-
6%
No response
2%
-
Average
6%
Good
37%
Poor
1%
No response
1%
Very Good
55%
April 2015 | 33
Impacts of corporate car club membership on travel behaviour
Headlines
Corporate members reduce their private car use after joining a car club

Before joining a car club, 30% used their own car for business journeys at
least once a week. This fell to 15% after joining, as shown in the graph below.

Public transport remains the mode of travel that members used most
frequently, though regular public transport use fell slightly (62% used public
transport at least once a week, falling to 55% after joining).

The frequency of regular cycle use remained the same.
Reducing frequency of private car use remains the greatest impact
Trends

As with the 2013/14 survey, the impact of corporate membership on
frequency of private car use was the greatest impact identified; last year 34%
use their own car at least once a week before joining, falling to 13% after.

The reduction in frequency of traditional car rental use was less pronounced
in this year’s survey compared to 2013/14.
Use of modes, at least once a week, before and after joining the car club
70%
60%
50%
40%
62%
30%
55%
47%
20%
44%
30%
22% 22%
Walk
Cycle
Taxi
Before
After
1%
Other
After
After
1%
After
Before
8%
Before
After
Own Car Company Employer Traditional Public
Car
Car
Rental Transport
After
1%
Before
2%
After
4%
Before
4%
After
3%
Before
5%
Before
After
Before
0%
22%
12%
After
15%
Before
10%
Car
club
April 2015 | 34
Impacts of corporate car club membership on travel behaviour
Headlines
Corporate members make more work-related trips after joining

21% of members make more work-related trips since joining whilst 8% make
fewer trips, as shown in the first graph below. Many members will have
joined the car club because they had a need to make car trips during the
working day. Car clubs enable such trips to be made without the need to
commute by car – 10% stated they now travel to work by car less often.

2 in 5 corporate members stated that they have started to use car clubs for
private (non- work-related) trips in addition to work trips since joining.

Over a third stated that they had sold or disposed of a car since joining.
A minority of employers use car clubs as part of initiatives to reduce car use

Trends
10% of members stated their employer actively discourages employees from
using their own cars: 7% had replaced pool cars with car club cars.
Less influence of corporate car clubs on car club use for personal trips

Compared to the 2013/14 survey, members were less likely to state that they
now use a car club for private (non-work related) trips (51% in 2013/14).
Influence on travel behaviour
I now use a car club for
private trips
39%
It has not changed my habits
35%
I have sold/disposed of my car
35%
I make more work-related trips
21%
I travel to work by car less
often
10%
I make fewer work-related trips
8%
0%
20%
% of respondents
40%
Influence on business travel arrangements
Employees discouraged
from using own cars
10%
Pool cars have been
replaced by club cars
7%
Number of company cars
has reduced
6%
Other changes have been
made to travel policy
4%
Mileage allowance rates
have been reduced
3%
0%
10%
% of respondents
20%
April 2015 | 35
5
Corporate Administrators’ Survey
Introduction
5.1
In addition to understanding the views of corporate members, a survey of employees who are
responsible for administering their organisation’s corporate membership was also carried out.
The survey was designed to find out more about how and why corporate members use car
clubs, the perceived benefits of membership and how membership is related to other travel
policies at the organisation.
5.2
The corporate administrator survey was completed by representatives from 84 organisations
across Great Britain (England and Wales, Scotland and London) and the results for Great
Britain are reported in this section.
Respondent profile
5.3
Responses were received from 84 organisations, of which 65% were in the private sector, 24%
in the public sector and 11% from the third sector as shown below. 63% of the responding
organisations were from London, 30% from England & Wales (outside London) and 6% from
Scotland with one unspecified.
Third sector
11%
Public
sector
24%
Private
sector
65%
5.4
Half the sample had fewer than 10 employees whilst 23% had between 11-49 employees.
There was a small number of very large employers (13%) with over 1,000 employees.
5.5
18% of responding organisations had a travel plan and 36% had a travel policy covering travel
during the working day. 37% of organisations also provided prepay public transport tickets,
17% provided pool bikes, 13% company leased cars, 19% pool cars and 2% provided cars
through a “salary sacrifice” scheme. 27% of organisations provided no benefits.
April 2015 | 36
Perceived benefits of joining a corporate car club
Headlines
Trends
Organisations with corporate membership identify financial benefits

71% identified at least one financial benefit from corporate car club
membership and 68% identified at least one other type of benefit.

The first graph below shows that a reduction in business mileage claims
was the most popular financial benefit, identified by 26%, followed by
reduced parking required (23%) and reduced admin burden (19%).

The most commonly stated other benefit was enhanced staff mobility
(39%) followed by improved employee satisfaction (33%) and reduced
CO2 emissions (21%), as shown in the second graph.

Reduced expenditure on taxis was the main “other” benefit cited.
Importance of parking benefits is greater than in 2013/14

Compared to 2013/14, a higher proportion of respondents identified
‘reduced parking required’ as a benefit.
Financial benefits9 and other benefits
36%
39%
Enhanced staff mobility
28%
Employee satisfaction
27%
26%
Fewer mileage claims
15%
Less parking required
23%
14%
Reduced CO2 emissions
21%
Deferred car purchase
19%
Less admin
19%
Less mileage
12%
14%
Other
15%
12%
5%
Risk management
0%
9
33%
24%
2013/14
2014/15
8%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
Money saved through deferred car purchase was not an option in the 2013/14 survey
April 2015 | 37
Impacts of joining a corporate car club
Headlines
Trends
Car clubs used to replace pool cars and discourage grey fleet use

One in three organisations had made a change to their business travel
arrangements since joining the car club as shown below. This includes
14% who replaced pool cars with use of car club cars and 10% who
actively discourage use of employees’ own cars (the grey fleet).

On average, 36% of organisations’ car mileage was travelled by car club
car. Larger employers were more likely to rely on grey fleet than smaller
employers (46% and 24% of mileage respectively). 89% estimated the
mileage figures with 11% providing responses based on data collected.

One in three organisations stated that they collect data on grey fleet
mileage consumption and one in three collect car club mileage data. Just
under half (48%) stated that they collect no car mileage data.
Larger organisations more likely to collect business mileage data

Smaller organisations continue to be less likely to collect data on mileage
for business-related car travel compared to large organisations.
Changes made as a result of joining a car club
Change
%
Pool cars replaced with
car club
Detail/Examples
5.614%
Total reduction of 19 pool cars across 12 organisations.
Use of own cars actively
discouraged
10%
For one organisation, use of an employee’s own car must be approved
by a Director whilst use car club use does not require approval. This
created a "path of least resistance/hassle" in favour of car club cars.
Company cars reduced
4%
No detail provided.
Other
4%
Use of vans to replace contract delivery runs, reduced use of taxis.
Mileage allowance
reduced
2%
From 60p to 45p a mile.
From engine-size based to 45p a mile
Average proportion of car business miles travelled by type of car and employer size
4%
Taxi
Pool car
12%
Fewer than 50 employees
15%
4%
Traditional car
hire
More than 50 employees
7%
15%
Car club
41%
Grey Fleet
46%
24%
0%
10%
20%
30%
% of miles travelled
46%
40%
50%
April 2015 | 38
6
Operators’ Survey
Introduction
6.1
This section contains the information provided by car club operators about their service. Each
car club operator provided details of their vehicle fleet, membership numbers and
characteristics of members and data regarding use of car clubs by their members such as
mileage travelled. The data was collected across England, Wales, Scotland and London by
means of a self-completion questionnaire.
6.2
London remains the UK’s primary market for car clubs with approximately four in five car club
members residing in London. With 81% of members, London’s dominance of the market is less
than in 2012/13 when 84% of members were in London. The remaining members are in
England & Wales (15%) and Scotland (4%).
6.3
Data about NOX, CO2 and PM10 emissions of car club fleets were collected separately through
the emissions analysis and profiling process and is reported in section 7.
6.4
Peer-to-peer operator easyCar provided a partial response to the operator survey, providing
detail on the number of members, age and gender profile and average length of hire. Member
numbers, age and gender profiles are included in the overall operator dataset reported in this
section, but average duration of hire is reported separately.
6.5
Information on the average distance per hire, average hires per active member, distribution of
hires and total mileage was not provided by easyCar.
April 2015 | 39
Characteristics of car club members
Headlines
Car clubs attract a young profile of members

The first graph below shows that there are fewer car club members aged
50+ years old compared to the profile of licence holders nationally. The
market for car clubs is predominantly amongst the 25-44 age group.
Men are more likely to join car clubs than women

Trends
69% of car club members are men compared to 54% of UK licence holders
who are men, as shown in the second graph.
Members are getting older

Members aged 35+ increased from 46% in 2010/11 to 56% in 2014/15.
Age profile of members (2010/11 – 2014/15)
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
3%
3%
4%
8%
28%
4%
4%
6%
9%
4%
4%
6%
9%
4%
4%
6%
10%
5%
4%
7%
9%
27%
9%
29%
30%
31%
31%
10%
11%
23%
19%
6%
3%
22%
16%
6%
3%
24%
60+
55 to 59
50 to 54
45 to 49
35 to 44
30 to 34
23%
23%
18%
17%
16%
6%
5%
5%
20%
8%
7%
5%
3%
25 to 29
21 to 24
Under 21
Not specified
2010/11 2011/12 2012/13 2013/14 2014/15 National
Licence
Holders
Gender profile of members (2010/11 – 2014/15)
100%
90%
80%
31%
31%
32%
30%
31%
46%
70%
Female
60%
50%
Male
40%
30%
69%
67%
61%
67%
69%
54%
20%
Not
specified
10%
0%
7%
3%
2%
2010/11 2011/12 2012/13 2013/14 2014/15 National
Licence
Holders
April 2015 | 40
How car clubs are used
Headlines
Trends
Round-trip car club members typically make short trips

The average duration of hire for round-trip car clubs is 6.5 hours and the
average distance travelled per hire 34.1 miles, as shown in the table
below.

The average duration of hire of peer-to-peer car club trips (50.4 hours) is
almost eight times greater than round-trip car clubs (6.5 hours). It appears
that peer-to-peer car club members are more likely to hire a car for a
weekend trip, whereas round-trip members may hire a car for a few
hours. This may be related to the pricing of peer-to-peer car clubs which
can be set by owner-members to attract longer term hires.

Members are making more trips: the number of hires per member
continues to increase and with this the implied miles per member per
year. Members now make an average of 10.6 hires a year compared to 6.7
hires a year in 2011/12.

The average duration of round-trip car club hire has decreased from 6.8
hours in 2011/12 to 6.5 hours in 2014/15. The average distance per hire
has reduced to a lesser extent from 34.5 miles in 2011/12 to 34.1 in
2014/15.
Vehicle usage
Model
Round-trip
car clubs
Measure
2011/12
2012/13
2013/14
2014/15
Average duration of hire
6.8 hours
6.7 hours
6.2 hours
6.5 hours
Average distance per hire
34.5 miles
37.8 miles
34.9 miles
34.1 miles
Average number of hires per active
member
6.7 hires
8.2 hires
9.2 hires
10.6 hires
237 miles
305 miles
316 miles
347 miles
-
-
-
50.4 hours
Implied miles per member per year
Peer-to-peer
car clubs
(for round
trips)
10
Average duration of hire
10
Calculated as average duration of hire multiplied by average distance per hire.
April 2015 | 41
How car clubs are used
Headlines
Trends
Car club vehicles provide for occasional and low mileage use

The first graph below shows that 75% of members use a car club vehicle
fewer than 6 times a year though there is a small group of members (6%)
who make more than 20 car club trips a year.

Two thirds of hires are for trips of 25 miles or less, as shown in the second
graph. However, 16% of trips are over 51 miles which means that the
average trip length is 34.1 miles.
Little change in miles travelled per hire

The profile of miles travelled per hire is almost identical to that observed
in 2013/14, though there is a slightly higher proportion of hires that are
less than five miles in 2014/15 (17%) than in 2013/14 (15%).

The number of members who made no hires in the 12 month reporting
period is slightly higher this year (31%) than last year (29%).
Number of hires per member, per year
50%
44%
30%
31%
20%
11%
10%
Unknown
100+
51 to 100
26 to 50
21 to 25
6 to 10
1 to 5
None
0%
16 to 20
5% 3%
2% 3% 1% <1% <1%
11 to 15
% of hires
40%
Miles travelled per hire
20%
17%
10%
10%
7%
9%
8%
100+
15%
14%
51 to 100
20%
26 to 50
21 to 25
16 to 20
11 to 15
6 to 10
0%
0 to 5
% of hires
30%
April 2015 | 42
7
Emissions Analysis and Profiling
Introduction
7.1
The following section reports on the emissions profiles of the national car club operators in
London. It is based on a comprehensive set of emissions data that has been collected about UK
car clubs. The data has been independently verified by Gfleet Services Ltd using vehicle
registration marks (VRM) and published datasets from the DVLA (Driver and Vehicle Licensing
Agency), VCA (Vehicle Certification Agency) and vehicle manufacturers which enables the
production of fuller and more accurate profiling (including NOX and Particulate PM10).
7.2
All car club operators were requested to provide the vehicle registration marks of the vehicles
operational on the 1st November 2014, and the clubs were also asked to provide vehicle
mileage for the period 1st June 2014 to 31st October 2014 (5 months). All six of the UK
national car club operators supplied this data although, as last year, one was not able to
provide accurate mileage data. The VRM data was then submitted to CarweB and a full
performance and environmental data set was obtained for each vehicle based on the data
held by the DVLA and the manufacturer. Where the air quality emission data (Nitrogen Oxides
NOX and Particulate PM10) was not available from CarweB the data was obtained from the VCA
published emission figures for the year and model of vehicle.
7.3
The vehicles’ safety performance in the European New Car Assessment Programme (NCAP)
was also established. The data presented in the following section relates to the fleets of the
five car club operators with vehicles in London. All data is anonymous to protect the identity of
the car club operators.
April 2015 | 43
Car club vehicle fleet profile
Headlines
The London car club vehicle fleet is cleaner than the UK private car fleet

Most London car club vehicles (80%) are in the lowest three emission
bands (A, B and C) with the greatest proportion (39%) in Band A. In the UK
fleet the largest proportion of vehicles (17%) is in Band G (151-165 g/km).

In November 2014 the average carbon emissions of a London club car was
31% lower than the 2013 UK average car.
London car club fleet is 100% Euro 5 or 6 compliant

Trends
99% of London car club cars are Euro 5 compliant with 1% Euro 6
compliant. Vehicles achieving EU Emissions Standard Euro 6 emit the
lowest amount of toxic emissions. 24 car club cars are low emission cars
(Euro 5 or 6 cars emitting less than 75g CO2/km) exempt from the
congestion charge.
More petrol, fewer diesel cars

In 2013 the fleet was 60% diesel and 35% petrol. In 2014 that had shifted
to 47% diesel and 49% petrol with hybrid and electric vehicles down from
4.8% to 4.5% (although there were more cars in these categories than in
previous years). Unlike in previous years, in 2014, the emissions data for
2014 shown below includes “zero emission” vehicles.

Carbon emissions of London car club cars are 16% lower than in 2011.
Comparison of London Car Club VED Band Profile with UK Fleet
DfT UK Fleet 2013
London Car Club Fleet
Percentage of fleet
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M No
Data
Carbon emission band
Fuel Type and Carbon Emissions
Diesel
Electric
Petrol
Petrol/Electric
Average CO2 g/km
47%
<1%
49%
4%
108.3
Average Carbon Emissions of London Car Clubs
2011
2012
2013
2014
London Car Clubs
129.6
110.1
107.3
108.3
UK Car Fleet
162.8
160.1
157.0
No data
April 2015 | 44
Carbon savings
Headlines
Carbon emissions of car club cars are lower – by one tonne per car each year



Trends
Car clubs in London save 2,480 tonnes of carbon dioxide each year (about
1 tonne/car) on driven mileage alone without considering the impact of
modal change by members (increased walking, cycling and use of public
transport).
Based on data provided by operators, the car club fleet emits an
estimated 5,500 tonnes of carbon dioxide in a year.
Assuming the same annual mileage was driven by the average UK car, the
total CO2e emissions would have been 7,980 tonnes.
Carbon savings increasing

In 2013/14 the average carbon saving was 2,262 tonnes, slightly lower
than the saving identified in 2014/15 of 2,480.
Carbon emissions and mileage of the London car club fleet
Total car club miles
Jun-Oct
kg CO2
Jun-Oct
Annual
mileage
Average annual
mileage/car
Annual
kg CO2
9,938,104
2,078,201
26,105,195
11,311
5,507,185
April 2015 | 45
Safety
Headlines
Trends
Car club cars are safer

85% of the London fleet meet the NCAP 5+ Star or 5 Star standard and
13% the acceptable NCAP 4+ Star standard. NCAP is European New Car
Assessment Programme covering vehicle safety in terms of occupant
safety and pedestrian protection. NCAP 5+ is the highest safety rating.

The NCAP profile of the car club fleet is shown in the figure below.
Change in NCAP assessment means fewer cars achieve 5 Star rating
Following an upgrading of the NCAP assessment, a smaller proportion of the
car club fleet achieves NCAP 5+ or 5 Star (85% compared to 99% under the
previous assessment). This is due to the rapid growth of the Vauxhall Corsa
fleet which achieved NCAP 4+ Star when assessed in 2014 (the older model’s
pre-2009 assessment was 5 Star). Further detail is provided in Appendix C.
NCAP profile of the London car club fleet
3+ Star
2%
4+ Star
13%
5 Star
10%
5+ Star
75%
April 2015 | 46
Appendices
April 2015 | 47
A Detailed Tables and Figures
Respondents’ home locations
Table A.1: Respondents’ home locations: all members
Borough
Number of respondents
% of respondents
Camden
188
8
Wandsworth
176
8
Lambeth
173
8
Tower Hamlets
141
6
Southwark
134
6
Islington
133
6
Hackney
124
6
Kensington & Chelsea
123
5
Westminster
121
5
Ealing
110
5
Lewisham
91
4
Haringey
86
4
Richmond upon Thames
74
3
Hammersmith & Fulham
74
3
Brent
56
2
Greenwich
54
2
Newham
51
2
Merton
39
2
Hounslow
38
2
Waltham Forest
33
1
Barnet
31
1
None provided
30
1
City of London
28
1
Bromley
20
1
Croydon
19
1
Enfield
18
1
Kingston upon Thames
17
1
Sutton
14
1
Hillingdon
12
1
Redbridge
10
0
April 2015 |
Borough
Number of respondents
% of respondents
Barking & Dagenham
10
0
Harrow
7
0
Havering
4
0
Bexley
2
0
Total
1,294
100%
Impact of car clubs on car ownership
Figure A.1: Car ownership before and after joining a car club: all members
100%
90%
4%
10%
3%
9%
16%
6%
21%
80%
70%
37%
32%
60%
3 cars or more
50%
2 cars
40%
80%
30%
1 car
72%
No cars
54%
52%
20%
10%
0%
Before
After
Before
Members
After
New Members
Table A.2: Sold or disposed of a car in the last twelve months: members
Number
%
Yes
244
13%
No
1608
84%
Not Answered
54
3%
Total
1906
100%
April 2015 |
Impact of car clubs on car purchasing
Figure A.2: Would have bought a private car if hadn’t joined a car club: all members
Members
31%
New Members
45%
28%
All
47%
30%
0%
24%
25%
45%
20%
40%
Yes
25%
60%
No
80%
Don't know
100%
Figure A.3: Likelihood of buying a private car in the future: all members
Members
8%
New Members
All
24%
12%
8%
0%
64%
30%
4%
50%
25%
9%
62%
20%
40%
More likely
No effect
60%
Less likely
5%
80%
100%
Don't know
April 2015 |
Impact of car clubs on miles travelled
Figure A.4: Estimated household mileage by primary household car and car club cars:
members11
60%
Car Club Car
Primary Household Car
49%
50%
40%
30%
20%
1%
1% 2%
<1% <1% <1%<1%
>25,000
1%
20,001-25,000
2,001-4,000
1,001-2,000
501-1,000
2%
15,001-20,000
2%
11%
10,001-15,000
6%
12%
8,001-10,000
11%
10%10%
8%
5%
1%
0
0%
6%
1-500
10%
18%
6,001-8,000
20%
4,001-6,000
23%
Figure A.5: Change in household mileage since joining the car club: members
100%
90%
21%
21%
21%
36%
34%
33%
80%
70%
60%
No change
50%
Decreased
40%
30%
Increased
Don't know
29%
28%
31%
8%
6%
14%
12%
3%
3%
2012/13
2013/14
2014/15
No response
20%
10%
0%
11
Mileage for primary household car excludes respondents who had sold/disposed of a car in the
previous 12 months.
April 2015 |
Figure A.6: Average change in annual mileage since joining the car club: members
1500
795
1000
500
Miles per year
0
-500
-1000
-1500
-1617
-2000
-2500
-3000
-3500
-3393
-4000
Increase
Decrease
Net
Figure A.7: Estimated household mileage by primary household car in 12 months prior to
joining: new members
40%
32%
30%
20%
13%
6%
6%
6%
2%
3%
3%
Don't know
7%
20,001-25,000
5%
15,001-20,000
9%
9%
10%
10,001-15,000
8,001-10,000
6,001-8,000
4,001-6,000
2,001-4,000
1,001-2,000
501-1,000
1-500
0
0%
April 2015 |
Impact of car clubs on travel behaviour: longer-term members
Figure A.8: Frequency of travel by mode: members
Walking
56%
Underground
25%
53%
Bus
22%
49%
Train
25%
Bicycle
21%
8% 7%
11%
13%
Taxi 4% 12%
12%
Coach
19%
4%4%
42%
6%
17%
49%
6%
39%
28%
12% 5%
5%
35%
7%
26%
40%
5%
4% 4%
4% 3%
88%
Car passenger 3%10%
4%
19%
36%
Motorbike 3%
Car driver (car club)
16%
23%
12%
8%
11%
19%
37%
25%
8%
7% 6%
63%
7%
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
3 or more times per week 1-2 times per week
No trips made
Don't know
Impact of car clubs on travel behaviour: new members
Figure A.9: Frequency of travel by mode before joining: new members
Underground
51%
16%
13% 4%5% 11%
Walking
45%
26%
10% 3%5% 11%
Bus
47%
23%
11% 4% 6% 10%
Train
26%
14%
Bicycle
14%
6% 10%
16%
10%
Car passenger
Taxi
6% 13%
7%
11%
15%
15%
15%
44%
16%
29%
Motorbike
Coach
28%
31%
17%
79%
3%4%
21%
15%
31%
20%
6% 11%
17%
18%
12%
14%
13%
16%
56%
14%
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
No trips made
Don't know
April 2015 |
Figure A.10: Frequency of travel by mode after joining: new members
Underground
56%
Walking
49%
Bus
46%
Train
Car passenger
Taxi
16%
6%
13%
5% 12%
8% 10%
10% 3% 10%
13%
14% 4%4% 9%
32%
14%
13%
36%
31%
5% 15%
5% 9%
43%
18%
19%
34%
21%
38%
22%
Motorbike
Coach
28%
11%
16%
Car driver (car club) 3%7%
13% 3%3%10%
23%
27%
Bicycle
15%
12%
17%
13%
16%
13%
16%
82%
5%
10%
13%
23%
57%
13%
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
No trips made
Don't know
Use of other shared mobility
Figure A.11: Use of other shared mobility modes: all members
Informal car-sharing
3% 10%
Traditional car hire
24%
12%
2+ car-sharing 2% 7%
57%
24%
Cycle hire 3%3% 9%
Peer-to-peer
28%
18%
3%
0%
10%
20%
3 or more times per week
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
1-2 times per week
April 2015 |
How car club vehicles are used
Figure A.12: Journey purposes: all members
Personal business
30%
29%
Shopping
26%
Leisure
22%
Moving house
9%
Business
8%
Education
3%
Commuting
1%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
Reasons for joining a car club: new members
Figure A.13: Reasons for joining a car club: new members
Hire cars on short-term basis
68%
Make trips I can't by other modes
42%
Reduce travel expenditure
19%
Choice of vehicles
16%
It was recommended to me
16%
I sold/disposed of a vehicle
14%
14%
Problems parking locally
8%
Other
6%
Reduce car use
5%
None of the above
1%
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90%100%
April 2015 |
Joining a car club at ‘life change’ moments: new members
Figure A.14: Influence of change in personal circumstances on decision to join a car club:
new members
Other
45%
27%
39%
Family circumstances changed
30%
28%
24%
I changed jobs/retired
24%
20%
22%
22%
My child(ren) started at a new
school
13%
Financial circumstances changed
10%
0%
25%
20%
14%
20%
21%
18%
22%
25%
40%
20%
Main reason
40%
60%
Major factor
80%
100%
Minor factor
The experience of joining a car club: new members
Figure A.15: Perception of the joining process: new members
Poor
<1%
Very Poor
<1%
Average
7%
Good
32%
Very Good
60%
April 2015 |
Figure A.16: Perception of the quality of information received before and during early
bookings: new members
Poor Very Poor
<1%
1%
Average
10%
Good
30%
Very Good
59%
Figure A.17: How new members found out about their car club
Word of mouth
37%
25%
Seeing a car club vehicle on-street
25%
Referred by a friend
12%
Car club operator's website
9%
Other
7%
Social media
6%
Email
4%
Leaflet
3%
Outdoor advertising
3%
Through my employer
1%
Attended promotional event
1%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
April 2015 |
Experiences of using electric and hybrid vehicles
Figure A.18: Experience of using an electric/hybrid vehicle: all members
EV charging infrastructure
17%
EVs
21%
36%
40%
Hybrids
26%
65%
0%
Very good
12% 14%
20% 6% 9%
21% 11%
50%
Good
Average
100%
Poor
Very poor
Preferences for types of vehicles
Figure A.19: Vehicle preference: all members
Hybrid
29%
Petrol
25%
Diesel
22%
Electric
20%
Plug-in Hybrid
12%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
April 2015 |
B Survey Questionnaires
Members’ Survey
Corporate Members’ Survey
Corporate Administrators’ Survey
Operators’ Survey
April 2015 |
ANNUAL SURVEY OF CAR CLUB MEMBERS 2014/15
Intro page
It would be great if you could take a few minutes to answer the following questions. This
information will help Carplus – the national organisation for shared mobility - and our funding
partners, Transport for London and the Department for Transport, to gain a better understanding of
how car clubs influence travel patterns, and may help in gaining support for putting more car club
cars on the street in the future.
In return for completing the survey, you will be entered into a prize draw for a chance to win the
following prize(s)

Zipcar: 2 prizes of £250 driving credit and 200 prizes £20 driving credit

City Car Club: £52 driving credit

Hertz 24/7: £100 free driving credit

Co-Wheels: £50 driving credit

E-car: £50 driving credit

Community car clubs: TBC
You must enter your membership number if you want to enter the prize draw. The survey closes on
5th January 2015.
Survey responses will be kept confidential to each individual’s car club operator, Carplus and our
survey partners, Steer Davies Gleave. The survey results will be used for research purposes only, as
authorised by Carplus.
For further information, contact Kate Gifford, Carplus on 0113 373 1757.
Many thanks.
PAGE 1
1. What is your car club membership number?
FREE TEXT BOX
2. Where do you live?
London
Barking &
Dagenham
Hammersmith &
Fulham
Barnet
Haringey
Bexley
Harrow
Brent
Havering
Bromley
Hillingdon
Richmond upon
Thames
Camden
Hounslow
Southwark
City of London
Islington
Sutton
Croydon
Kensington &
Chelsea
Tower Hamlets
Ealing
Enfield
Greenwich
Kingston upon
Thames
Lambeth
Hackney
Lewisham
Merton
Newham
Redbridge
Waltham Forest
Wandsworth
Westminster
Don’t know
England (outside London)
Bedfordshire
Essex
Northamptonshire
Berkshire
Gloucestershire
Northumberland
Buckinghamshire
Greater Manchester
North Yorkshire
Bristol
Hampshire & Isle of
Wight
Nottinghamshire
Cambridgeshire
Cheshire
Cornwall
Cumbria
Derbyshire
Devon
Dorset
Durham
East Yorkshire
Herefordshire
Hertfordshire
Kent
Lancashire
Leicestershire
Lincolnshire
Merseyside
Norfolk
Oxfordshire
Rutland
Shropshire
Somerset
South Yorkshire
Staffordshire
Suffolk
Surrey
Sussex
Tees Valley
West Yorkshire
Tyne & Wear
Wiltshire
Warwickshire
Worcestershire
West Midlands
Other
Don’t know
Wales
Blaenau Gwent
Flintshire
Powys
Bridgend
Gwynedd
Rhondda Cynon Taff
Caerphilly
Isle of Anglesey
Swansea
Cardiff
Merthyr Tydfil
The Vale of Glamorgan
Carmarthenshire
Monmouthshire
Torfaen
Ceredigion
Neath Port Talbot
Wrexham
Conwy
Newport
Don’t know
Denbighshire
Pembrokeshire
Scotland
Aberdeen
Edinburgh
Orkney
Aberdeenshire
Falkirk
Perth and Kinross
Angus
Fife
Renfrewshire
Argyll and Bute
Glasgow
Scottish Borders
Clackmannanshire
Highland
Shetland
Dumfries and Galloway
Inverclyde
South Ayrshire
Dundee
Midlothian
South Lanarkshire
East Ayrshire
Moray
Stirling
East Dunbartonshire
Na h-Eileanan Siar
West Dunbartonshire
East Lothian
North Ayrshire
West Lothian
East Renfrewshire
North Lanarkshire
Don’t know
What is your home postcode?
FREE TEXT BOX
Please tell us about the last journey you made using a car club
1) What was the purpose of the journey? Choose all that apply

Commuting (your journey to/from work)

Business (a work-related trip that is not your commute)

Education (including doing the school run)

Shopping

Personal business (e.g., going to the bank, hairdresser’s, dentist etc.) or giving
a lift


Leisure (e.g. going swimming or to the cinema)
2) How many other people were you travelling with?

Adults
(0-5)

Children (under 16 years)
(0-5)
3) Were you carrying any large items of luggage or shopping?

Yes

No
4) Have you ever used…?
Yes
No
Don’t know
Electric car club vehicle
DIRECT to Q5
DIRECT to Q7
DIRECT to Q7
Hybrid (diesel/petrolelectric) car club vehicle
DIRECT to Q5
DIRECT to Q7
DIRECT to Q7
5) Why did you choose to use an electric or hybrid car club vehicle? (tick all that apply)

It was the closest available vehicle to me

It is more environmentally friendly

I was curious to try an electric/hybrid vehicle

The size / type of the vehicle

It was the only option

I did not realise it was an electric/hybrid vehicle when booking

I prefer driving electric/hybrid vehicles

Other (please state)
6) Please rate your experience of driving an electric or hybrid car club vehicle on the
scale below.

1 very poor
2
3
4
5 very good
6a) If you used an electric vehicle, please rate your experience of using the charging
points for an electric car club vehicle on the scale below.

1 very poor
2
3
4
5 very good
(GO TO Q9)
7) Please rate your interest in using electric car club vehicles
1 not at all interested
2
3
4
5 very interested
8) Please rate your interest in using hybrid car club vehicles
1 not at all interested
2
3
4
5 very interested
9) Thinking about the car club trips that you currently make, what type of vehicle
would you generally prefer to use?

Electric

Plug-in hybrid

Non plug-in hybrid

Petrol

Diesel

No preference
10) In the last 12 months, how often have you used the following?
3 or
more
times
per week
Informal car sharing
(borrowing a car from a
friend or relative)
Ride sharing
(giving or receiving a lift in a
private vehicle)
Cycle hire
(e.g. Barclays Cycle Hire)
Peer to peer car clubs
(where you can lend out
your own vehicle or borrow
vehicles belonging to
members)
Traditional car rental
1-2
times
per
week
Less than
that but at
least 1 per
month
Less than
that but
at least 1
per year
Never
Don’t
Know
PAGE 2
11) Which year did you join the car club?
2014 (go to Q12)
2008 (go to Q13)
2002 (go to Q13)
2013 (go to Q13)
2007 (go to Q13)
2001 (go to Q13)
2012 (go to Q13)
2006 (go to Q13)
2000 (go to Q13)
2011 (go to Q13)
2005 (go to Q13)
1999 (go to Q13)
2010 (go to Q13)
2004 (go to Q13)
2009 (go to Q13)
2003 (go to Q13)
12) If response is 2014 – ask “which month in 2014?”
January (go to Q13)
February (go to Q13)
March (go to Q13)
April (go to Q13)
May (go to Q13)
June (go to Q13)
July (go to Q13)
August (go to joiners survey questions)
September (go to joiners survey questions)
October (go to joiners survey questions)
November (go to joiners survey questions)
December (go to joiners survey questions)
13) What is your overall satisfaction with the current service?
Very Good Good Average Poor Very Poor
14) How many cars did your household own before joining the car club?
(please include lease cars or company cars where appropriate)
0
1
2
3
4
5 or more
15) How many cars does your household own now?
0
1
2
3
4
5 or more
16) What was the approximate mileage driven by your household in car club vehicles in
the past 12 months?
Zero
4,001-6,000
20,001-25,000
1-500
6,001-8,000
25,000+ (Please specify)
501-1,000
8,001-10,000
Don't know
1,001-2,000
10,001-15,000
2,001-4,000
15,001-20,000
PAGE 3
17) For your primary household car i.e. the one your household drives most often, what
was the approximate mileage driven in the last 12 months?

Zero

1-500

501-1,000

1,001-2000

2,001-4,000

4,001-6,000

6,001-8,000

8,001-10,000

10,001-15,000

15,001-20,000

20,001-25,000


Don't know
18) If you have entered 25,000+ in any of the boxes above, please can you give an
estimate of the total mileage your household has driven in the last 12 months.
FREE TEXT BOX
19) Have you sold or otherwise disposed of a vehicle and in the past 12 months which
you have not replaced?
I
Yes (DIRECT to 20 and 21)
I
No (DIRECT to 22)
20) Please tell us how many miles you drove in that car in the past 12 months, before
you sold / disposed of it?
Not Applicable
2,001-4,000
15,001-20,000
Zero
4,001-6,000
20,001-25,000
1-500
6,001-8,000
501—1,000
8,001-10,000
Don't know
1,001-2000
10,001-15,000
21) When you sold / disposed of your car, was the car club:
Main reason
Major factor
Minor factor
Not a factor
22) How has your household's annual car driver mileage changed since joining the car
club?
Increased (DIRECT TO 23)
No change (DIRECT TO 24)
Don’t know (DIRECT TO 24)
Decreased (DIRECT TO 24)
23) If your household’s annual car driver mileage has changed since joining the club,
please provide an estimate of the CHANGE in mileage (i.e. the amount of increase or
decrease).
Not Applicable
2,001-4,000
15,001-20,000
Zero
4,001-6,000
20,001-25,000
1-500
6,001-8,000
501-1,000
8,001-10,000
Don't know
1,001-2000
10,001-15,000
24) If you hadn’t joined the car club, would your household have bought a private car?
Yes
No
Don't know
25) Do you think that joining the car club has made it more or less likely that your
household will buy a car (or another car) in the next few years?
More likely
Less likely
No effect
Don't know
PAGE 4
26) Did you make any trips as a car driver in the last month (in your own car and in car
club vehicles / hire cars)?
Yes No Don't know
27) Typically, how often do you make a trip by each of these types of transport?
(please count a return journey as 2 trips)
3 or more
times per
week
Bus
Coach
Train
Underground, metro
or other tram
Car driver
(private car)
Car driver
(car club car)
Car passenger
(either private or
car club vehicle)
Taxi or minicab
Bicycle
Walking (for 20
minutes or more
without stopping)
Motorbike
GO TO PAGE 7 and 8
1-2 times
per week
Less than
that but
at least 1
per month
Less than
that but
at least 1
per year
No trips
made
Don't
Know
Joiners’ survey questions
PAGE 5
J1 What is your overall satisfaction with the process of joining the car club?
Very good
Good
Average
Poor
Very poor
J2 How good was the information that you received before and during your early bookings?
Very good
Good
Average
Poor
Very poor
J3 How did you find out about the car club?

Word of mouth

Referred by a friend (promotional referral offer)

Through my employer

Car club operator’s website


Email

Social Media

Saw a car club car in the street

Outdoor advertising

Leaflet

Attended a promotional event

Other (FREE TEXT BOX)
J4 How many cars did your household own before joining the car club?
0
1
2
3
4
5 or more
J5 How many cars does your household own now?
0
1
2
3
4
or more
J6 If you hadn’t joined the car club, would your household have bought a private car?
Yes
No
Don't know
J7 Do you think that joining the car club has made it more or less likely that your
household will buy a car (or another car) in the next few years?
More likely
Less likely
No effect
Don't know
J8 For any cars that your household owned or used in the 12 months before joining the car
club (including rental cars or employer provided pool cars) what was the approximate
mileage travelled?
Not Applicable
Zero
1-500
501-1,000
6,001-8,000
20,001-25,000
1,001-2000
8,001-10,000
2,001-4,000
10,001-15,000
Don't know
4,001-6,000
15,001-20,000
PAGE 6
J9 In the month before joining the car club, did you make any trips as a car driver?
Yes
No
J10 Typically, how often do you make a trip by each of these types of transport? (please count a
return journey as 2 trips)
3 or more
times per
week
1-2 times
per week
Less than
that but at
least 1 per
month
Less than
that but at
least 1 per
year
No trips
made
Don't Know
Bus
Coach
Train
Underground, metro or
other tram
Car driver
(private car)
Car driver
(car club car)
Car passenger (either
private or car club
vehicle)
Taxi or minicab
Bicycle
Walking (for 20
minutes or more
without stopping)
Motorbike
J 11 Before you joined the car club, typically how often did you make a trip by each of
these types of transport? (please count a return journey as 2 trips)
3 or
more
times
per
week
Bus
Coach
Train
Underground, metro or
other tram
Car driver (private car )
1-2 times
per week
Less than
that but at
least 1 per
month
Less than
that but at
least 1 per
year
No trips
made
Don't Know
Car driver (car club car)
Car passenger (either
private or car club
vehicle)
Taxi or minicab
Bicycle
Walking (for 20 minutes
or more without
stopping)
Motorbike
J12 Why did you join a car club? (Tick all that apply)
•
To reduce the amount I spend on travel
•
To hire cars on a short term basis
•
To reduce my car use
•
•
I had to sell / dispose of my own car
•
I had problems parking my own car where I live
•
To make trips that I cannot make using other modes
•
Somebody recommended it to me
•
To have a greater choice of vehicle types
•
None of the above
Other FREE TEXT BOX
J13 At the time of joining the car club, had you recently experienced any of the following?
(Tick all that apply)
J13b How did this lifestyle change influence your
decision to join the car club?
Tick
I changed jobs / retired
I had a change in family
circumstances (e.g. I had
children / got divorced)
(e.g. to start University)
My children left home
My children started at a new
Main reason
Major factor
Minor factor
Not a factor
school
I had a change in financial
circumstances (e.g.
redundancy)
A life event other than the
above
No particular lifestyle change
Other (FREE TEXT BOX)
GO to Page 7 and 8
PAGE 7
Up to 3 questions to be provided by operators. Some operators may not provide any
questions so this page won’t be needed.
City Car Club:
Would you pay an additional charge for a vehicle without livery/City Car Club
branded stickers?
Yes
No
If you have used a car club van during your membership, would a smaller van have
met your needs for the journey?
No, Yes, Maybe. Didn’t hire a van
Zipcar
No questions
Co-Wheels
Co-Wheels is a Social Enterprise. Please tell us whether this has had a positive
impact on your decision to become a member?
Yes
No
Co-wheels aims to support car clubs in less commercially viable locations. Has this
outlook had an impact on car club provision in the area that you live?
Yes
No
Do you consider it to be an advantage having a social enterprise operating at a
national level?
Yes
No
E-car
No questions
Hertz 24/7
No questions
Community car clubs
No questions
PAGE 8
Carplus is compiling case studies of car club members to understand more about the
people who use car clubs. If you are willing to be contacted about this, please insert
your name and email address in the box below
Name
EMAIL ADDRESS BOX WITH FORMAT CHECKER
Thank you for your time and help with this survey.
The prize draws are only open to members of the relevant clubs, completing the survey
by 5th January 2015. The winners will be selected at random from all fully completed
survey responses for each club. Car club membership number is required in order to
deliver the prize. The prize winner’s car club accounts will be automatically credited
with the driving credits. Prize winners will be notified within 28 days of the closing date
by email. The draws will be undertaken by each car club operator, using an independent
person. Prize winners’ names will not be publicised.
Carplus Annual Survey: business user survey
Please take a few minutes to answer the following questions In return for completing the
survey, you will be entered into a prize draw, with the winner receiving a Kindle Fire (you
must enter your membership number if you want to enter the prize draw). The survey closes
on 5th January 2015
This information will help Carplus – the national organisation for shared mobility - and our
funding partners, Department for Transport, Transport for London and Transport Scotland,
to gain a better understanding of how car clubs influence travel patterns, and may help in
gaining support for putting more car club cars on the street in the future.
Survey responses will be kept confidential to each individual’s car club operator, Carplus
and our survey partners, Steer Davies Gleave. The survey results will be used for research
purposes only, as authorised by Carplus.
For further information, contact Kate Gifford at Carplus on 0113 373 1757
1. In which location do you primarily use the car club service?
I
 LAs
I
London
 boroughs
I
Scotland
 LAs
I
Wales
 LAs
2. What is your overall satisfaction level with the car club you use for work-related
travel? (Choose one)
 Very Good
 Good
 Average
 Poor
 Very Poor
3. On average, how often do you use a car club vehicle for work-related trips?
(Choose one)
 3 or more times a week
 1-2 times a week
 Less than that but at least once a month
 Less than that but at least once a year
4. Please tell us how you travelled for work-related trips before and after joining
the car club.
Before
3 or
more
times a
week
1-2 times
a week
After
Less
than
that
but at
least
once a
month
Less
than
that
but at
least
once a
year
Neve 3 or more1-2
Less
r
times a times a than
week
week that
but at
least
once a
month
Less
Nev
than
er
that
but at
least
once a
year
Used my own
car










Used a
company car










Used a pool
car owned by
my employer










Traditional
car rental










Public
transport










Walk










Cycle










Taxi




















Use a car
club car
Other (please
specify)





5. What type of car club vehicle do you use most often?
 Car
 Van
6. Has joining the car club changed your own habits in any of the following ways?
(Tick all that apply)
 I travel to work by car less often
 I make more work-related trips
 I make fewer work-related trips
 I now use a car club for private (non work-related) trips
 I have sold or disposed of my own car
 It has not changed my habits
7. Has your organisation made any changes to its business travel arrangements or
policies since joining the car club?
I
Yes, pool cars have been replaced by car club cars
I
Yes, the number of company cars has been reduced
I
Yes, car mileage allowance rates have been reduced
I
Yes, employees are actively discouraged from using their own cars
I
No changes to travel policies
I
Yes, other changes to travel policies (please state)
I
Don’t know
8. To enter the prize for a chance to win a Kindle Fire, enter your car club
membership number here (FREE TEXT BOX)
Business Survey: questions for administrators
Please take a few minutes to answer the following questions. In return for completing the survey,
you will be entered into a prize draw, with the winner receiving a Kindle Fire.
This information will help Carplus – the national organisation for shared mobility - and our funding
partners, Department for Transport, Transport for London and Transport Scotland, to gain a better
understanding of how organisations use car clubs.
Survey responses will be kept confidential to each individual’s car club operator, Carplus and our
survey partners, Steer Davies Gleave. The survey results will be used for research purposes only, as
authorised by Carplus.
For further information, contact Kate Gifford, Carplus on 0113 373 1757. The survey closes on 5th
January 2015.
Note: If your organisation has multiple sites, please answer only for the main location where car
club cars are available to employees.
1. Where is your organisation based?
I
 LAs
I
London
 boroughs
I
Scotland
 LAs
I
Wales
 LAs
2. Which sector is your organisation in?
I
Private sector
I
Public sector
I
Third sector
I
Registered social landlord
3. How many staff are employed at your organisation? (at the location where car club cars
are available to employees)
I
FREE TEXT
4. How many employees have joined the car club at your organisation?
I
FREE TEXT
5. Please indicate whether your organisation collects the following information about car
mileage travelled by employees on work-related trips?
I
Grey fleet (employees’ own cars) mileage
I
Car club car mileage
I
Pool car (owned by your organisation) mileage
I
None of these
I
Don’t know
6. Does your organisation provide any of the following for employees to use when making
work-related trips? (please tick all that apply):
I
Pool cars
I
Company / leased cars
I
Salary Sacrifice Cars
I
Pool bikes
I
Pre-paid or advance public transport ticket (e.g. Oyster card)
I
Other FREE TEXT BOX
7. Please provide details about the proportion of car mileage travelled by staff at your
organisation in the following ways. Please ensure the total figure adds up to 100%
(sliders)
I
Grey fleet (employees’ own cars)
I
Car club car
I
Traditional hire car
I
Pool car (owned by your organisation)
I
Taxi
7a Are the figures provided in question 7a:

An approximate estimate

Based on data collected
8. Does your organisation have
I
a Travel Plan (sometimes known as a Transport Strategy / Green Transport Plan?)
I
a travel policy for work-related travel during the working day
9. Has your organisation made any changes to its business travel arrangements or policies
since joining the car club?
a) Yes, pool cars have been replaced by car club cars (go to 9a)
b) Yes, the number of company cars has been reduced (go to 9a)
c) Yes, car mileage allowance rates have been reduced (go to 9a)
d) Yes, employees are actively discouraged from using their own cars (go to 9a)
e) No changes to travel policies
f) Yes, other changes to travel policies (please state) (go to 9a)
g) Don’t know
9a
For a) and b) only: How many pool cars / company cars did you have before and after
joining? FREE TEXT BOX
For c): Please describe the reduction (what was the rate before and after joining the
car club?) FREE TEXT BOX
For d): Please describe how employees are actively discouraged from using the own
cars? FREE TEXT BOX
For f) Please describe these changes. FREE TEXT BOX
10. Has your organisation gained any of the following financial savings as a result of joining
the car club?

Reduction in the overall amount claimed by staff for business mileage using private
vehicles

Reduced administrative burden of mileage claims

Reduction in the number of parking spaces required

Money saved on the deferred purchase of new vehicles

Money saved on motoring costs (relating to insurance, tax, servicing, fuel etc.)

11. Has your organisation gained any other benefits?
I
Reduced CO2 emissions
I
Reduced overall levels of business mileage
I
Enhanced mobility of staff
I
Improved employee satisfaction
I
Risk management benefits (e.g. through improved health and safety for staff when
travelling for work)
I
Reduced reputational risk/responsibility for grey fleet vehicles
I
12. The Energy Savings Trust offers a free “grey fleet review” service which reviews your
organisation’s arrangements for managing the use of vehicles owned by your staff for
business journeys. If you are interested in taking part, please provide an email address
below. Your email address will be passed on to the EST who will contact you.
EMAIL BOX WITH FORMAT-CHECKER
Carplus is compiling case studies of car club members to understand more about the
people and organisations who use car clubs. If you are willing to be contacted about this,
please insert your email address in the box below
EMAIL BOX WITH FORMAT-CHECKER
To enter the prize draw for the chance to win a Kindle Fire, please enter your car club
membership number.
Operator Survey 2014
th
Please complete the form below and return to [email protected] by Monday 15 December 2014.
1. How many members do you have as at end November 2014?
Members
Number of members
Individual
Corporate*
Total
2. How many members hired a car in the previous 12 months as at end of November 2014?
Number of members
Members who hired a car in last year
3. Where do car club members live?
Member location
Number of members
London
England and Wales (outside London)
Scotland
Total
4. What is the gender split of members?
Gender
Number of members
Male
Female
Total
5. How many members are there in each age band, as at end of November 2014?
Age
Number of members
Under 21
Carplus, Ebor Court, Skinner Street, Leeds LS1 4ND
www.carplus.org.uk
21 to 24
25 to 29
30 to 34
35 to 44
45 to 49
50 to 54
55 to 59
60 or over
Total
6. What is the mean average distance travelled per hire (in miles)?
Distance in miles (to 2 decimal places)
Mean average distance travelled per hire
7. What is the average length of hire period (in hours)?
Time in hours (to 2 decimal places)
Average length of hire
8. What is the average number of hires per member per year (for those who have hired a car in the
last 12 months)?
Number of hires (to 2 decimal places)
Average hires per ‘active’ member
www.carplus.org.uk
9. What is the distribution of number of hires per member per year (last year to end November
2014)?
Hires in last 12 months
Number of members
None
1 to 5
6 to 10
11 to 15
16 to 20
21 to 25
26 to 50
51 to 100
100 plus
Total
10. What is the distribution of mileage travelled per hire (last year to end November 2014)
Mileage
Number of hires in last year
0 to 5
6 to 10
11 to 15
16 to 20
21 to 25
26 to 50
51 to 100
100+
Total
www.carplus.org.uk
C Emissions Analysis and Profiling
Introduction
The following section reports on the emissions profiles of the national car club operators in
London. It is based on a comprehensive set of emissions data that has been collected about
UK car clubs. The data has been independently verified by Gfleet Services Ltd using vehicle
registration marks (VRM) and published datasets from the DVLA (Driver and Vehicle Licensing
Agency), VCA (Vehicle Certification Agency) and vehicle manufacturers which has enabled the
production of more complete and accurate profiling (including NOX and Particulate PM10).
All car club operators were requested to provide the vehicle registration marks of the vehicles
operational on the 1st November 2014, and the clubs were also asked to provide vehicle
mileage for the period 1st June 2014 to 31st October 2014 (5 months). All six of the UK
national car club operators supplied this data although, as last year, one was not able to
provide accurate mileage data. The VRM data was then submitted to CarweB and a full
performance and environmental data set was obtained for each vehicle based on the data
held by the DVLA and the manufacturer. Where the air quality emission data (Nitrogen Oxides
NOX and Particulate PM10) was not available from CarweB the data was obtained from the VCA
published emission figures for the year and model of vehicle.
The vehicle’s safety performance in the European New Car Assessment Programme (NCAP)
was also established. The data presented in the following section relates to the fleets of the
five car club operators with vehicles in London. All data is anonymous to protect the identity
of the car club operators.
Carbon Emission Profile - Cars
When a car is registered with the DVLA its carbon emissions, as measured in grams of carbon
dioxide per kilometre (gCO2/km or g/km), must be submitted. The data is supplied by the
manufacturer and may vary within a model range depending on the vehicle specification.
Since 2001 the carbon emission data has been used to determine the Vehicle Excise Duty
(VED) payable on a car. For that purpose the emissions have been broken down into 13 bands
from Band A (<= 100 g/km) to Band M (over 255 g/km). No duty is payable on a Band A car
while on a Band M car the duty is £500/annum.
Cars with carbon emissions under 75 g/km and meeting the Euro 5 or Euro 6 emission
standards are currently exempt from the London Congestion Charge. On 1st November 2014
there were 24 London car club cars qualifying for exemption, up from eight in 2013; seven
Vauxhall Ampera plug-in petrol/electric series hybrids (27 g/km), one Chevrolet Volt plug-in
hybrid (27 g/km), five Toyota Yaris petrol/electric hybrids (75 g/km) and 11 electric vehicles
(EVs) which have zero emissions.
April 2015 |
To achieve a reduction in UK transport carbon dioxide emissions commercial fleet operators
are encouraged to select vehicles under 100 g/km (Band A). Carplus accreditation requires
that car club operators use vehicles that are less than four years old (for full accreditation) and
less than eight years (for basic accreditation). This is to ensure that the best quality, lowest
emission vehicles are made available to car club members. All of the major car club operators
are currently accredited with Carplus.
The table below shows the number and proportion of car club cars in London in each VED
emission band.
Table C.1: Car club car emission bands
CO2 emission band (gCO2/km)
Number
%
Band A
<=100
940
39.4%
Band B
101-110
310
13.0%
Band C
111-120
651
27.3%
Band D
121-130
431
18.0%
Band E
131-140
54
2.3%
Band F
141-150
2
0.1%
Band G
151-165
Band H
166-175
Band I
176-185
Band J
186-200
Band K
201-225
Band L
226-255
Band M
256+
No data available
Total
2,388
The graph overleaf shows the profile of the London car club fleet in relation to the UK fleet
data12. Clearly most London car club vehicles (80%) are in the lowest three emission bands: A,
B and C with the greatest proportion (39%) in Band A. In the UK fleet the largest proportion of
vehicles is in Band G (151-165 g/km).
12
DfT Statistics: Table VEH0206. Licensed cars by CO2 emission band, Great Britain, April 2014. Next
Update April 2015.
April 2015 |
Figure C.1: Comparison of London car club VED band profile with UK Fleet13
DfT UK Fleet 2013
Percentage of fleet
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
Carbon emission band
M No
Data
The low carbon distribution is reflected in the London car club fleet average carbon emission
which is shown in the table below.
Table C.2: Average carbon emission of London car club fleet (gCO2/km)
14
2011/12
2012/13
2013/14
2014/15
London car club fleet
129.6
110.1
107.3
108.3
UK car fleet
162.8
160.1
157.0
No data
In November 2014 London car club cars’ emissions were on average 31% lower than the
2013/14 UK average car but 1% higher than the London car club average for 2013/14 even
though the zero emission electric vehicle fleet was not included in the 2013/14 average. This
small increase would seem to be due to a shift by London car clubs away from diesel vehicles
to petrol vehicles with slightly higher carbon emissions but significantly lower particulate and
nitrogen oxide emissions; this is a positive change as air quality remains a very significant issue
in London.
There is some variation in the carbon profiles of the five clubs operating in London as can be
seen in the bar graph overleaf.
13
“ND” = No data available.
14
Includes “zero emission” electric vehicles.
April 2015 |
Figure C.2: London car club carbon profiles
100%
Percentage of Fleet
75%
141 – 150
131 - 140
121 – 130
50%
111 - 120
101 – 110
<= 100
25%
0%
Club 1
Club 2
Club 3
Club 4
Club 5
The highest emission vehicles were two 150 g/km Kia Rio hatchbacks. There were 330 petrol
powered Vauxhall Corsa which have carbon emissions of 129 g/km. These vehicles contributed
to the small increase in average carbon emissions. In addition there were 54 VW Touran and
Vauxhall Zafira seven seat MPVs which are diesel powered but have emissions of 134 g/km.
In terms of the fuels used, clubs in London also show different strategies but since 2013 all
have moved away from diesel to petrol powered cars. In 2013 the fleet was 60% diesel and
35% petrol, but in 2014 that had shifted to 47% diesel and 49% petrol with the overall
percentage of hybrid and electric vehicles down from 4.8% to 4.5% (although there were more
cars in these categories than in previous years).
Table C.3: London car club fuel profiles and emissions
Club 1
Club 2
Club 3
Club 4
Club 5
London
car club
average
Diesel
56%
3%
50%
14%
0%
46.9%
Electric
0%
0%
5%
0%
100%
0.5%
Petrol
44%
74%
45%
71%
0%
48.6%
Petrol/Electric
0%
23%
0%
14%
0%
4.0%
Average CO2 g/km
109.7
104.5
106.8
91.7
0.0
108.3
Highest CO2 g/km
134.0
134.0
150.0
120.0
0.0
150.0
Fuel type and carbon
emissions
It is of note that there is no specific combination of fuel types that results in low carbon
emissions; in the London fleets it is down to the model of cars selected. In 2014/15 the
electric vehicles have been included in the overall average, which reverses the position in
2013/14 when electric vehicles (EVs) were excluded from the average. EVs are rated as zero
emission at point of use but their actual carbon impact will depend on the source of the
electrical energy used to charge the vehicle. The VCA/DVLA reports electric vehicle energy
efficiency as miles/kWh. Performance ranges from 3.6 miles/kWh (2011 Nissan Leaf) to 4.9
miles/kWh (2011 Peugeot iOn and Citroen C-Zero). The Defra UK grid emission factor for 2014
was 494 gCO2e/kWh and (assuming a 21% reduction in the real-world performance of the
vehicles) 2014 EV carbon emissions range from 76 g/km (iOn/C-Zero) to 103 g/km (Leaf).
April 2015 |
Carbon Emissions - Vans
There is no equivalent carbon banding scheme in place for vans and the car banding is not
applicable as it does not reflect the wide range in size and load carrying capability of vans.
What would be a very poor emission for a car derived van such as a Ford Fiesta might be
excellent for a 3.5 tonne Ford Transit Luton van and any ranking should also take account of
Light Commercial Vehicle (LCV) size category. Published carbon emission data (g/km) is
available for most vans registered since 2009 but was not obligatory until 2010, nine years
after cars.
In 2014 there were 388 vans available to car club members in London. They included VW
Crafters, VW Caddys, VW Transporter T28s and Peugeot Experts. All were diesel powered.
The VW Transporter has published carbon emissions of 198 g/km and the VW Caddy 136
g/km.
Air Quality – Cars
As well as carbon dioxide emissions, internal combustion engines (ICE) also produce a range of
other gases, many of which are known toxins, and these also impact on local air quality. The
toxic emissions are regulated by the Euro standards. The principal pollutants of concern in the
UK’s towns and cities are NOX (Nitrogen oxides and in particular Nitrogen dioxide, NO2) and
PM10 (particulates under 10 microns) and their output is measured in milligrams per kilometre
(mg/km).
There are many areas of the country where levels of one or both of these two pollutants
exceed EU maximum permissible limits and local authorities have had to declare an Air Quality
Management Area (AQMA). All the authorities within the M25 have declared AQMAs. Air
pollution can have a significant adverse impact on public health and it is estimated that in
2008 up to 30,000 people across the UK suffered premature deaths due, at least in part, to
poor air quality15. This is clearly many more premature deaths than the number that occur as
a direct result of road traffic collisions. A study commissioned by the London Mayor’s Office
on the impact of fine particulate emissions (PM2.5 - under 2.5 microns) suggested that in
London 4,300 deaths/annum could be partially attributed to poor air quality16.
The Euro emission standards for diesel and petrol cars are not the same and for any given
standard the diesel vehicle is permitted to be more polluting. For example in 2014, with the
introduction of Euro 6, new diesel cars were required to achieve the same NOX emission
standard that Euro 4 petrol cars were required to meet in 2005.
Concern over the large number of very small (under 2.5 microns) but low mass particles being
produced by modern direct injection engines has led to the introduction in 2011 of a limit to
the number of particles (PN) per kilometre (Euro 5b) for both fuel types. Particulates can cross
from the lungs into the blood and are implicated in coronary disease, stroke and low birth
weight.
15
Air quality: A follow up report - Environmental Audit Committee, October 2011.
16
Report on estimation of mortality impacts of particulate air pollution in London, June 2010
April 2015 |
As can be seen in the figure below the London car club fleet is now 100% Euro 5 or Euro 6
compliant, an improvement on 2013 when a very small proportion were still Euro 4 compliant.
Figure C.3: Euro emission profile of London car club fleet
100%
Percentage of fleet
75%
EURO 5
50%
EURO 6
25%
0%
Club 1
Club 2
Club 3
Club 4
Club 5
EURO 6
1%
EURO 5
99%
April 2015 |
The table below shows the impact on air quality emissions of vehicle fuel. Clubs 2 and 5 have
predominantly petrol or petrol/electric fleet so their average NOX emissions are low.
Petrol/electric hybrids in particular have very low NOX emissions; typically under 10 mg/km.
The majority diesel fleets (Clubs 1 and 3) have higher NOX emissions but there has been a
substantial reduction in the number and proportion of diesel vehicles since the previous
assessment in 2014; e.g. Club 1 has shifted over the three years of this survey from 100%
diesel in 2012 to 56% diesel in 2014.
Table C.4: Impact of London car club fuel profiles on emissions
Club 1
Club 2
Club 3
Club 4
Club 5
London
car club
average
Diesel
56%
3%
50%
14%
0%
46.9%
Electric
0%
0%
5%
0%
100%
0.5%
Petrol
44%
74%
45%
71%
0%
48.6%
Petrol/Electric Hybrid
0%
23%
0%
14%
0%
4.0%
Average NOX mg/km
88.5
18.5
86.4
39.3
0
76.7
Maximum NOX mg/km
162
139
152
116
0
162.0
Average PM10 mg/km
0.1
0.0
0.3
0.0
0
0.1
Maximum PM10 mg/km
1.0
0.0
0.8
0.3
0
1.0
Fuel type/air quality
Overall the combined average emission data of car club fleets in London (NOX mg/km = 76.7,
PM10 mg/km = 0.1) meets the minimum requirements of the Euro 5 diesel standard (NOX
mg/km = 180, PM10 mg/km = 5.0).
Air Quality – Vans
All the car club vans available in London met the current Euro 5 air quality emission standard.
However, unlike the car fleet, the van fleet is 100% diesel and there are no electric or petrol
models available to car club members. The range of petrol and electric vans is limited but
there are a small and medium vans available in the market, e.g. Nissan e-NV200.
As yet manufacturers have not been obliged to publish van air quality emissions data (NOX and
PM10) and with no vehicle specific data no further analysis of van emissions can be carried out.
Therefore it is only possible to comment that the current fleet of vans available to club
members in London meets the current Euro 5 standard which will be superseded by Euro 6 in
September 2016 for new models and for all new vans a year later (some early Euro 6 models
are currently available both in the car club fleet and the wider car market).
Mileage and Carbon Emissions – Cars
All but one commercial car club operator provided mileage data for the period 1st June 2014
to 31st October 2014 (5 months). This represents the mileage driven in that period by the cars
on the fleet as at 1st November; it does not identify mileage from vehicles that have been
removed over the period. This data was then annualised (based on the age of the vehicle) to
give an estimated annual mileage for the whole fleet as shown in the table overleaf.
The mileage was also used in conjunction with the published carbon emissions of the vehicle
in g/km to estimate actual carbon emissions. The established Defra/EST methodology of
uplifting the published carbon emission figure by 21% to reflect “real-world” operation and
then multiplying this by the distance driven was used. The uplift has been increased from the
April 2015 |
15% used in 2013/14 because the variance between published data and actual data has been
increasing year-on-year. In 2001 the difference was 7% but by 2013 it had risen to 30%. In
2014/15 the Defra/EST uplift factor was adjusted to accommodate this17.
Table C.5: London car club fleet annual mileage and CO2 emissions
Car club
Miles
Jun-Oct
kg CO2
Jun-Oct
Annual
mileage
Average annual
mileage/car
Annual
kg CO2
Club 1
8,910,373
1,880,039
23,385,086
12,340
4,974,928
Club 2
942,258
183,516
2,513,498
6,563
497,293
Club 3
68,349
14,646
163,167
8,158
34,964
Club 4
No Data
Club 5
17,124
0
43,444
4,344
0
Total
9,938,104
2,078,201
26,105,195
11,311
5,507,185
It is estimated that the London car club fleet of cars as at 1st November 2014 produces an
estimated 5,500 tonnes of carbon dioxide in a year (excluding the Club 4 fleet).
Assuming the same annual mileage was driven by the average UK car (which in 2013/14 had
average emissions, including 21% uplift, of 190 g/km) the total CO2e emissions would have
been 7,980 tonnes. Car club operations in London therefore represent a saving of 2,480
tonnes (31%) or about 1 tonne/car. This saving does not take into account those arising from
any modal changes made by car club members.
Safety Assessment
Advances in vehicle safety are in part responsible for the year on year reduction in the number
of fatalities on UK roads. Passive safety features such as seat belts and air bags assist in the
survivability of collisions while active features such as Electronic Traction Control help drivers
avoid the accident.
In coming years a range of new active features will become standard on new cars: e.g.

Autonomous Emergency Braking; forward facing radar detects a possible collision and
stops or slows the car.

Lane Support Systems; warns driver of lane wander (often also linked to a blind spot
warning system to detect vehicles in the blind spot).

Driver Drowsiness Detection; detects driver behaviour typical of tiredness and warns all
occupants.

Secondary Collision Brake Assistance; tries to prevent or mitigate secondary impacts
following a collision when the vehicle may still be in motion but the occupants
unconscious.

Pre-Crash Systems; detects driver collision avoidance and prepares vehicle systems for an
impact, for example by tensioning seat belts pulling passengers back into seats.
17
From Laboratory to Road, 2013, Mock, German, Bandivadekar, Riemersma, Ligterink, and Lambrecht.
ICCT.
April 2015 |

Adaptive Forward Lighting; one set of lights “look” around the corner while additional
lights will come on in tight urban manoeuvres.
All new cars must meet minimum construction standards but the actual behaviour of a car in a
collision is dependent on how well those mandatory standards have been integrated. The
European New Car Assessment Programme (NCAP) was introduced in 1996 and has been
independently testing cars to see how well they perform in collisions designed to represent
the more frequent real-world events; head-on, side impact, pole impact and rear impact.
Since February 2009 all new Euro NCAP test results have been reported as a single overall
rating that covers Adult Occupant Protection, Child Occupant Protection, Pedestrian
Protection and Safety Assist. The new post-2009 assessment incorporates all previous tests
and adds a set of Rear Impact (Whiplash) tests. In addition, the availability of Electronic
Stability Control (ESC), speed limitation devices and other collision avoidance technology is
considered.
The pie chart below shows the NCAP profile of the London car club fleet. Since last year the
data set has been upgraded to reflect the post-2009 testing. Where a vehicle has achieved a
rating since 2009 it is indicated with a “+” sign; e.g. 5+ Star. While 85% of the London fleet
meet the NCAP 5+ Star or 5 Star standard and 13% the acceptable NCAP 4+ Star standard
(these are almost all 2014 Vauxhall Corsa cars) it was of note that 2% were NCAP 3+ Star.
Figure C.4: NCAP profile of the London car club fleet
3+ Star
2%
4+ Star
13%
5 Star
10%
5+ Star
75%
The 3+ Star vehicles were all 2012/2013 Toyota Aygo models (also sold as the Citroen C1 and
the Peugeot 107). When the new model Aygo/C1/107 was tested in 2012 it was downgraded
from a 4 Star vehicle (2005 model) to a 3+ Star vehicle. In 2014 a re-test of the latest model of
Aygo resulted in it being upgraded to a NCAP 4+ Star vehicle. In addition the new (2014) model
Vauxhall Corsa is a 4+ Star vehicle and there are 320 of those on the fleet (the earlier model
was 5 Star). A significant proportion of vehicles in the UK fleet would not meet the NCAP 3 Star
standard.
April 2015 |
Summary of Findings
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Overall the car club fleets in London offer members vehicles that are low carbon, meet or
exceed the current (Euro 5) air quality standards and offer a high level of safety (NCAP
rating).
Almost all club cars are in the lowest three VED emission bands: A, B and C with the
largest proportion of car club cars in Band A (39.4%). In the UK car fleet the largest
proportion of vehicles (17%) are in band G (151-165 g/km).
The average carbon emission of the car club fleets in London in 2014/15 is 31% lower than
the 2013 UK average car and 16% lower than the car club fleet average reported in
2011/12.
Car clubs in London are saving about 2,480 tonnes of carbon dioxide each year on driven
mileage alone without considering the impact of modal change by members (increased
walking, cycling and use of public transport).
The car club fleet in London is 100% Euro 5 (or Euro 6) compliant and there has been a
sustained move away from diesel powered vehicles although they still make up 47% of the
car fleet and 100% of the van fleet.
Clubs must continue to balance climate change (low carbon, fuel efficient), public health
(low toxic emissions; notably nitrogen oxides and particulates) and whole life costs
(depreciation or lease, insurance, maintenance and repairs) when selecting new cars.
In 2014/15 there were 11 electric cars and 96 petrol electric hybrids, including some plugin hybrids, available to car club members in London. This will have introduced many
members to these new technologies without them incurring a personal financial risk.
Vehicle safety is good but as in 2013/14 could be improved by restricting purchases of
new cars to NCAP 5+ Star vehicles. Vans are now being safety tested by NCAP and the
NCAP safety rating should also be considered when procuring vans.
April 2015 |
Control Sheet
Document Title
Carplus Annual Survey of Car Clubs 2014/15
Document Type
Report
Client Contract/Project No.
SDG Project/Proposal No.
22734601
Issue history
Issue No.
Date
Details
1.0
26 February 2015
First draft to client
2.0
30 March 2015
Second draft to client
3.0
24 April 2015
Final
Review
Originator
Ian Bewick, Steer Davies Gleave
Other Contributors
Jennie Rothera, Matthew Clark, Chris Endacott (Gfleet Services)
Reviewed by
Matthew Clark
Distribution
Client
Steer Davies Gleave
U:\Leeds\PROJECTS\227\3\46\01\Work\04 Reporting\London\Carplus Annual Survey of Car Clubs 2014_London_Final1.docx
Control Sheet
steerdaviesgleave.com

Carplus: Annual survey of car clubs 2014/15 – London

Transcription

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