La visión de CONAGUA al 2030
Transcription
La visión de CONAGUA al 2030
Water Resources Research Center 2011 Annual Conference Salinity and Desalination in Baja California: Challenges and Solutions Ing. Adriana Rodriguez Subdirección General Técnica Gerencia de Ingeniería y Normas Técnicas Yuma, Arizona, April 26, 2001 International Treaty of 1944: Delivers to Mexico Establishes that: • “Of the Colorado River waters, whatever their source, there are assigned to Mexico a guaranteed volume of 1850.2 Mm3 per year”. • In cases of extraordinary drought or serious accident to the irrigation systems in the USA, this volume is reduced in the same proportion of reductions in the U.S. • When the water in the Colorado River is in excess of the needs of supply / consumption in the U.S., they are obligated to deliver to Mexico additional volumes of water from the Colorado River System for up to a total volume not exceeding 2096.9 Mm3. Quality of water delivered by USA to Mexico Issue • From the 1,850 Mm3 that USA deliver to Mexico, 172.7 Mm3 are delivered at Southern International Border (SIB) through Sanchez Mejorada Canal, and this water has high salt content Attention provided • To ensure that water that Mexico receives at SIB can be used, in 1997 a Binational Technical Group was formed. • Within this group the options to improve the water quality at SIB were discussed. • In March 1999, USA proposed to Mexico options in short, medium and long term to improve water quality at SIB • From 1999 to 2000 surplus in the Colorado River Basin were used and annual volumes up to 2,096.931 Mm3 were allocated Attention Provided • In 2002, USA installed devices for better regulation of the water delivered to Mexico at SIB. • The construction of the interconnecting canal to divert water from Yuma’s agricultural drainage to Wellton-Mohawk drainage during critical months (October to January), and dilute the water from the drainage with water from wells to maintain salinity levels of 1,200 ppm at SIB. The project was conducted in three phases: Construction of a branching structure and Wellton Mohawk diversion canal. Installation of variable speed pumps and electronic systems. Automated Control Center to operate the entire system. Current Status • The three phases were finished in 2007. • At a cost of 1.8 MDD the control center was concluded to operate pumps and valves. • In 2007, at a cost of 6MDD, the system of water management in the area of Yuma, Az., was finished, among other benefits allows the USBR automate some operations of the system at SIB. • In the critical months (October – January) the system operates and the goal is to deliver water to Mexico with 1,200 ppm daily average. • To achieve this, 8,000 acres-feet of water are used to dilute the water and comply with salinity. Next Steps • Although the actions allow an average salinity of 1,200 ppm. • Mexico remains its position before USA on the water that should be receiving must have the adequate quality all time to ensure its beneficial use. • Both governments should continue exploring actions to achieve a better quality of the water delivered to Mexico from Colorado River. • Formalize these actions and those necessary to ensure that Mexico keeps receiving water to beneficial use, through the signing of a joint report of principal engineers from IBWC. Background The low rainfall in Tijuana, Rosarito and Tecate, B.C., is a difficulty to satisfy the increasing demands of drinking water. That is why the search of secure sources and the water supply to cover the basic needs of the population have been a constant challenge. Currently, local sources are used and water is imported from Colorado River through Colorado River-Tijuana Aqueduct. Water Sources Tijuana/Rosarito Tecate Mexicali Presa Derivadora José M. Morelos San Luis Río Colorado Acueducto Río Colorado - Tijuana Canal Alimentador del Acueducto Mesa Arenosa ( 63 Pozos ) Ensenada Water Problems in Baja California • Overexploitation of aquifers leading to a notable decrease in the amount of available water, saline intrusion, desertification and deterioration of aquatic systems. • Contamination of groundwater by discharges mainly urban, industrial, agricultural and mining that cause poor water quality, eutrophication and deterioration of aquatic systems • Changing land use for agriculture, forestry and urban and industrial growth, through activities that change the environment such as deforestation, basins alteration, modification of natural vegetation, soil loss, engineering, pollution and fires. • Introduction of exotic species to water bodies and the subsequent displacement of native species and decreasing biodiversity Source: Programa Hídrico Visión 2030 del Organismo de Cuenca Península de Baja California Water Problems… • Of the total groundwater available in the Region, 60% is located in the Mexicali Valley and the “Mesa Arenosa”, San Luis Río Colorado, the first one for agricultural use and the second one to supply water to border cities from San Luis Rio Colorado to Tijuana. • However, irrigation efficiency is very low and there is a huge waste of water due among other causes, to rudimentary irrigation practices, poor maintenance of water infrastructure, leveling problems and inadequate water management at farm level. • Water losses by seepage in unlined canals with capacity up to 1 m3/s are 17 l/s/km and in canals with more capacity are 23 l/s/km. At farm level, efficiency is 71%, resulting in a total efficiency of 56% in the gravity conduction systems, which means that for every cubic meter diverted, almost half of water is lost. The Colorado River meets much of the water needs of seven states in the USA, two from Mexico and thirty-four American tribes. This represents a population of 30 million people, projected to reach 38 million by 2020. In the past 100 years, the total percentage of area affected by extreme droughts, in the U.S. has ranged from 14% a year on average, with a maximum of 65% in 1934. It is well documented that the allocation of Colorado River water to the basin States took place during the wettest period (between 1905 and 1925), in a period of 400 years. Recently, the western U.S. has suffered a sustained drought, 30-40% of the region is subjected to a severe drought since 1999, and the Colorado River has had, between 2000 and 2004, the five-year low flow rate ever recorded. In addition, States of the southwestern U.S. are experiencing one of the fastest growth rates in the country and generate a social demand, economic and environmental resources, with the resulting legal disputes. A small portion of the Colorado River basin (15%) provides most of its volume (85%). Estimates show that with global warming and increased evaporation, runoff reduction reached 30% during the twenty-first century. Under these conditions, and taking into account the planned withdrawals, it could only meet the needs specified in the Colorado River Compact for 6075% of the time between now and 2025. Some studies estimate that by 2050, average moisture conditions in the southwestern U.S. could match those seen in the 50s, such changes would be due to rising temperatures. Most scenarios of Colorado River flow at Lees Ferry indicate that, in 20 years, the runoff could be insufficient to meet current demand of water resources. Recent experience suggests that conditions are now 'critical' in that basin. The variability and climate change, coupled with increasing pressure because of the effect of development, will cause unprecedented scale droughts unknown for the institutions of the region and exacerbate conflicts among water users. Source: El cambio climático y el agua. Documento Técnico VI del Grupo Intergubernamental de Expertos sobre Cambio Climático US-Mexico Cooperation Actions With the vision of managing the watershed integrally, within the IBWC it was formed in 2008 a core group and four working groups with representatives of federal, state and NGOs in Mexico and the US. Main Objectives of Mexico • Meet current water needs, and future for urban uses, agriculture and environment in the US-Mexico border • Assess current weather conditions, and future condition of scarcity. • Developing new sources and increase storage capacity. • Binational investment programs for water conservation and environmental improvement. Main Objectives of the US • Addressing current needs of water quantity and quality and in the future urban use, agriculture and environment of US and Mexico • Implement procedures to better manage water scarcity. • Evaluate potential water exchange US-Mexico of new sources produced by the development of infrastructure, improvements or other projects. 15 • Assess potential impact of climate change on Colorado River. Identified Projects in the Working Groups • Lining of 75 Km from the ID014 main network, with an approximate cost of 680 MDP, with this project about 46 hm3/year will be recovered. This volume is not compromised. • Identification of sites to construct desalination plants at Rosarito and Puerto Peñasco. • Establishment of five priority areas of conservation and map of water needs for the environment, considering the boundary sector, riparian and Colorado River Delta. • Aquifer monitoring, shortage and drought plans, annual and multiannual storage in Mexico and USA, modeling the whole Colorado River System, operational storage. Importance of Desalination Desalination is an alternative of solution because is technically and economically feasible. • In 2002 there were 171 desalination plants – Installed capacity 781 l/s • In 2006 there were 435 registered desalination plants – Installed capacity 3,600 l/s – This represents 5 times more. The main process in Mexico is reverse osmosis with 76% of the plants From the total capacity, 45% is for seawater and 42% for brackish water The State with more desalination plants is Quintana Roo with 79 plants, followed by Baja California Sur with 71. 64% of the deslination plant are privately owned, mainly for tourism In 2006, the biggest municipal Desalination Plant began to operate in Los Cabos, South Baja California, with a Capacity of 200 l/s The desalination plant in Los Cabos is the first one in Mexico to supply drinking water to a community of 40 thousand inhabitants, which has made desalination in Mexico to be an option for reducing the lack of water to supply basic needs of the population. Source: Comisión Nacional del Agua. Octubre 2009 Rosarito, B.C. • Capacity 2,190 l/s; 1,195 in the first stage, (it is estimated a required investment of 1,300 MDP, it is expected the participation of USA in its construction). La Misión, B.C. • Capacity 250 l/s, the basic engineering study is been conducted. It is expected to supply the urban zone located north of Ensenada and the south of Playas de Rosarito. Ensenada, B.C. • Capacity 250 l/s, in bidding, it is expected to begin its constructions shortly with a period of 18 months. Puerto Peñasco, Son. • Capacity in a first stage 4,700 l/s. It is an initiative of the State of Arizona, it is expected that the water would be used for municipal and agricultural uses. Ground of IBWC Power Plant South Bay USA Mexico Rosarito Desalination Plant Desalination Plant La Mision Desalination Plant Ensenada Binational Desalination Plant in Rosarito, B.C. It is under analysis to build a Binational Desalination Plant in Playas de Rosarito, BC, with a capacity of 1,095 l/s at an initial stage to 2.190 l/s as final capacity. The volume of desalinated water would be shared between Mexico and the United States. Currently, San Diego County Water Authority is financing the Feasibility Study and the Preliminary Design of the Plant . The activities in which we work are: • • • • • • Data collection Field visits to possible sites for the plant Tour through various routes for water delivery Energy requirements Water demand projections for Mexico and the US Requirements and Environmental Permitting Conclusions of the first stage • • The project is feasible. • There are potential sites to construct the Plant. • There is enough energy available to the Plant. CFE would allow the use of its intake and its discharge for brine disposal. • • The water demand of Mexico and USA is higher than expected, even higher than 2,190 l/s. It is required to develop more alternatives to convey product water. Complicated Permitting. Potential Sites to construct the plant Coastal Route Inland Route Corridor 2000 Rosarito Beach Desalination Site Environmental Potential routes to convey product water Next Steps • The scope of work of the project is being revised to better define the objectives of it. • It is expected to develop the necessary information to decide whether to continue the project or not. • • Additional partners are being sought to fund the project. We continue working within the Joint Cooperation Process. For CONAGUA, the project is very important, in 2011, has scheduled 250,000 dollars to: Through IBWC support the development of the second phase. Analyze the effects of the desalination project in Tijuana, B.C. - San Diego Ca region. Challenges: Legal Framework Because of the pressure that the implementation of desalination processes will involve in our country, due the scarcity of freshwater, is crucial, to have clear rules, both handling and management of the facilities and the quality to be met by the products and waste products of the same, with the goal to comply two basic objectives, increase the water supply and not contaminate. • The LAN defines concession as the title given by CONAGUA for exploitation, operation and use of the national waters, and their inherent public assets, to individuals or legal entities of public and private, except allocation titles. (Art. 15 Fracc. III) • And states that grant is not required for the extraction of marine internal waters and territorial sea, for exploitation or use, except those that are intended to desalination, which will be awarded. (Art. 17). • It also states that the public works necessaries, that allow to supply, treatment and desalination, whose implementation affects two or more states, are federal competence through CONAGUA. (Art. 96 BIS 2, Fracc. IV) Proposal • Draft NOM-000-CNA-0000, Drinking Water – that will establish the specifications to be met by desalination plants of seawater and brackish water for human use. Objective • To establish the specifications to be met by desalinations facilities of seawater, brackish water for human use, and wastewater discharges. Application Field • The specifications will be mandatory for all public and private facilities, whose purpose is the desalination of seawater or brackish water, whatever the procedure use for this purpose; are also subject, water resources thus obtain, which are integrated – in the case of seawater desalination – to the hydrological cycle, together with freshwater, and renewable groundwater. • The use of techniques for obtaining non-renewable resources such as water desalination should be considered after considering all possible ways to save on all water-consuming sectors. • The quality of water obtained by the desalination methods is suitable for any human consumption, supply and agricultural irrigation.. • Only some very specific industrial processes require special treatments. • At present, desalination is in some countries one of their main sources of water with a large number of desalination plants with a fully satisfactory performance. • In Mexico, the most used process for water desalination is reverse osmosis, with 76% of the plants according the inventory, and most of them are running for the hotel industry • The desalination plant in Los Cabos is the first one in Mexico to supply drinking water to a community of 40 thousand inhabitants, which has made desalination in Mexico to be an option for reducing the lack of water to supply basic needs of the population. • It is expected that in the medium term, desalination is also an option to apply to different uses of human consumption, such as agricultural irrigation of crops with high commercial value. • Should not be denied the environmental impact associated with desalination plants, the most important are brine discharge, the chemicals used and the CO2 and NOx generation caused by energy consumption. • Before it, and finally, proper legislation can minimize these impacts, as opposed to the environmental impact of a permanent nature, derived from these large hydraulic works. Next Steps However progress will be necessary to continue working on the actions that allow: • • • • • Generate new sources of water that would increase water supply and reduce pressure on the hydrological system. Explore US investment schemes in infrastructure in exchange of water by specific time, which are of interest and benefit for both countries. Solve technical, legal, economic, environmental, social, political issues associated with the project. Review and approve jointly cooperation projects in the framework of the IBWC. Involved all affected (federal, state, users, legislators, among others) Final Message The Governments of Mexico and the US have been characterized by: The great capability of jointly provide efforts to strengthen policies to protect the environment and natural resources sustainably; The willingness to cooperate in the search for joint actions to improve environmental quality and optimize the quality of life of people in the border region shared by both countries. Opportunities for collaboration and the importance of strengthening cooperation through initiatives on priority issues of common interest. The willingness to promote new mechanisms for dialogue and agreements leading to the strengthening their relations of friendship and mutual productive action; The desire of the National Water Commission is that the binational collaborative effort, is considered as an international example globally, in terms of integrated water management by basin. 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