Chetco Estuary and Boat Basin Water Quality Monitoring

Chetco Estuary and Boat Basin Water Quality Monitoring
Executive Summary
The South Coast Watershed Council monitored the Chetco Estuary and Boat Basin to
determine oxygen conditions in the basins, effectiveness of the aerators in the Sport Boat
Basin and nutrient sources and their effects on algae growth.
Dissolved oxygen as low as 5.5 mg/L, was found in the most stagnant areas in late summer
2002 and spring 2003 near the bottom. Large diurnal oxygen and pH fluctuations are
expected because the algal cycle is promoted by high temperatures, abundant sunlight and
nutrients coming from several tributaries that drain into the basins.
To date, dissolved oxygen levels below the state standard were detected in May at or near
the bottom of the most stagnant areas. The effectiveness of the aerators in the Sport Boat
Basin in raising DO levels was not adequately evaluated with the sampling design that was
used.
Elevated phosphorus and biochemical oxygen demand that could result from the
decomposition of organic matter were monitored in the basin in August 2002. The highest
nitrate concentration was found in February 2003 in the Commercial Boat Basin, with the
highest values at the south end, probably influenced by the drainage of Buried Pipe and
Tuttle Creek. By May 2003, an algae bloom was consuming nutrients and the nitrate
concentration was lower at the south end of the Commercial Boat Basin. Also in May the
ocean was high in nitrates (0.24 mg/L) and phosphorus (0.07 mg/L) probably due to
upwelling. The relative load and duration of nitrates from ocean upwelling and from the
tributaries flowing into the basins is unknown, however as long as nitrates are the nutrient
limiting algae growth, both will contribute to algae blooms.
Tributaries flowing into the south end of the Commercial Boat Basin contributed a load of
8.1 kg/day of nitrogen compared to 0.5 kg/day from tributaries flowing into the Sport Boat
Basin in February. When phosphorus is available, these nitrate loads may enrich the basin
enough to provoke an early algae bloom.
Further sampling will help clarify the role that tides, diurnal, seasonal and inter-annual
variability play in determining the water quality in the estuary. Continuous sampling of
dissolved oxygen and pH will allow characterization of the peak magnitude and duration of
impairment during the summer months. Aerators can be evaluated by continuous dissolved
oxygen monitoring while they operating and while turned off. To better assess changes to
the N:P ratio during the algae bloom, chlorophyll a and nutrient (Total Kjedahl Nitrogen or
Orthophosphate) tests can be included.
To reduce the algae growth and improve the summer water quality in the basins,
alternatives include constructing “bioswales” on tributaries to absorb nutrients, and
improving the water circulation in the basins. An outreach/education program and pilot
projects to demonstrate the value of vegetated areas and wetlands may also improve the
water quality in the Chetco River Estuary and Boat Basin.
1
Executive Summary ........................................................................................................... 1
Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 3
Background ....................................................................................................................... 3
Methods ............................................................................................................................. 5
Results and Discussion ...................................................................................................... 9
Estuary and Boat Basins ................................................................................................ 9
Temperature, Salinity, Turbidity and pH ...................................................................... 9
Dissolved oxygen (DO) and Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD): ........................... 10
Total Phosphorus and Nitrate + Nitrite ...................................................................... 12
Tributaries to the Boat Basins ...................................................................................... 17
Temperature, conductivity, turbidity and pH: ............................................................. 17
Dissolved Oxygen (DO) and Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) ........................... 17
Total Phosphorus (TP) and Nitrate + Nitrite .............................................................. 17
Nutrient Loads .......................................................................................................... 20
Conclusions ..................................................................................................................... 21
Recommendations ........................................................................................................... 22
Acknowledgements .......................................................................................................... 23
References ...................................................................................................................... 23
Appendices ...................................................................................................................... 25
Appendix A: Notes from Birgit Knoblauch’s Interview of Jim Waldvogel, Sea Grant
Extension Agent ........................................................................................................... 25
Appendix B: Sampling Schedules and Comments on Sampling Conditions ................. 26
Appendix C: Detailed Sampling Methods ..................................................................... 32
Appendix D: Field Forms .............................................................................................. 34
Appendix E: Quality Assurance and Quality Control ..................................................... 35
Appendix F: The Manning Formula .............................................................................. 39
Appendix G: Temperature, Salinity, Dissolved Oxygen Profiles .................................... 40
Appendix H: Water Clarity and Wave Height ................................................................ 54
Appendix I: Flows and Nutrient Loads .......................................................................... 55
2
Introduction
This report presents the results of water quality monitoring in the Chetco Estuary and the
Port of Brookings-Harbor Sport Boat Basin (SBB) and Commercial Boat Basin (CBB)
from August 2002 to May 2003.
The major concerns in the Boat Basins are low dissolved oxygen levels, poor water
circulation, excessive summer algal growth, nutrient inputs and periodic fish mortality.
After conducting a study of the SBB in 1999, the Corps of Engineers recommended that
aerators be installed to improve circulation and improve oxygen levels. The Corps
measured nitrate concentrations of 0.68 and 0.20 mg/L from two tributaries flowing into the
basins, but in the Sport Boat Basin, nitrates were non-detectable (<0.05 mg/L) in October
1999.
The South Coast Watershed Council and OSU Extension Service initially developed a
monitoring plan to assess dissolved oxygen conditions in the SBB and determine if the
aerators were effective. The study was expanded after Russ Crabtree, Port of BrookingsHarbor Manager, suggested that the CBB had more severe DO, algae, and fish mortality
problems. Nutrient conditions and other water quality parameters were sampled from
tributaries flowing into the basins, the ocean, the Chetco River, and within the Sport and
Commercial Boat Basins.
This monitoring was intended to improve the understanding of water quality in the Chetco
Estuary for the Port of Brookings-Harbor and its users. Since estuaries are very diverse and
provide a unique habitat for aquatic species, it is important to address tidal, diurnal,
seasonal and inter-annual variability in water quality, as well as how algae respond to
nutrient inputs.
Background
Estuaries are transitional zones, where fresh and saltwater come together, providing a
highly productive habitat for many aquatic species. Density differences cause water to
stratify into a top layer of fresh, oxygenated water and a bottom layer of saltwater with less
oxygen. Dissolved oxygen is a fundamental requirement for maintaining aquatic life and is
increased by wave action, water circulation, and photosynthesis, but is decreased by
respiration and decomposition of organic matter. Less oxygen is dissolved at higher
temperatures and in saline water. Dissolved oxygen concentrations less than 5.0 mg/L
create hypoxia that leads to biological stress of aquatic organisms. Death may result from
anoxia if dissolved oxygen levels drop below 2.0 mg/L.
Masses of anchovies spawn in the ocean and move into estuaries to feed (Appendix A). The
timing depends on ocean conditions (particularly upwelling nutrients) and their
reproductive cycle, often between June and August. In the summer, phytoplankton bloom
in the presence of warm temperatures, sunlight, and nutrients. Zooplankton feed on
phytoplankton, and in turn, anchovies feed on zooplankton. Because anchovies school in
masses, they need adequate dissolved oxygen to survive. Their masses can create hypoxia
and even anoxia, causing mortality within 24 hours (Waldvogel, 2002, pers. comm.).
Anchovies usually feed in the surface, but freshwater is lethal, so if freshwater flows
3
increase once they are in the Boat Basins, they may be trapped. Oxygen levels are also
affected by the diurnal cycle of phytoplankton and algae, water temperature, wind
conditions, and wave action. During 2001, there were two episodes of anchovy mortality in
the Port of Brookings-Harbor and elsewhere along the coast (Waldvogel, 2002, pers.
comm.).
The transition between spring and summer ocean conditions, from southwest winds and
rains to northwest
winds and clear days,
may be quantified based
on an average date of
April 6th (Data and plot
by Robert Emmett,
cited by Logerwell et
al., 2003). In 2001, the
onset of wind-induced
upwelling was
unusually early. It is
likely that oceanderived nutrients not
only fueled an
abundance of
anchovies, but also fed high algal biomass in the Boat Basins.
Nutrients play an important role within an estuary. Estuaries are generally rich in nutrients,
which are required for production the base of the food web that supports aquatic species.
Excessive nutrients result in increased algal growth, decomposition of organic matter,
reduced oxygen and ultimately eutrophication. Anoxic conditions in the benthos can cause
release of phosphorus normally bound up in bottom sediments (http://www.epa.gov).
Algal growth is optimal when the ratio between Nitrogen and Phosphorus (N:P) is between
10:1 and 16:1. Whichever nutrient is more limited determines whether algae respond to
additional nutrient inputs. Small additions of the limited nutrient can cause large increases
in algae production. Most Oregon rivers are phosphorus limited (reference), but in estuaries
nitrogen is more typically limiting to algal production (Howarth and Marino, 2006).
Estuaries tend to be nitrate limited, but can be phosphate limited in cases of excessive
nitrate input.
4
Methods
Chetco River Estuary and Boat Basin were sampled in 2002 on August 2nd, September 9th,
September 17th (tributaries only), October 17th (basin only) and in 2003 on February 26th
and May 21st.
Chetco Estuary/Boast Basin Study
August 2002-May 2003
Chetco River near Brookings USGS gage
100000
Discharge, cfs
10000
Daily Avg
1000
Samples
100
8M
ay
13
-F
eb
13
-M
ar
10
-A
pr
16
-J
an
24
-O
ct
21
-N
ov
19
-D
ec
29
-A
ug
26
-S
ep
1Au
g
10
Sample sites included eight estuary and boat basin sites, as well as five tributaries flowing
into the basins (Table 1). Sites BH005 and BH006 were identified as established by the
Army Corps of Engineers for their 1999 samples. Water quality parameters included
temperature, conductivity/ salinity, pH, turbidity, dissolved oxygen (DO), biochemical
oxygen demand (BOD), nitrate + nitrite and total phosphorus. Secchi disk readings for
water clarity were recorded daily in the Sport Boat Basin during September and October.
Estuary and basin sites were sampled from a boat by lowering a bridge bucket to the
desired depth. Nutrient, DO, BOD, turbidity and pH samples were taken at mid-depth,
except for DO and BOD sampled from the bottom at the more isolated, stagnant sites
during September, October and February. Tributaries emerging from pipes were sampled
by hand. Sampling schedules and comments on conditions during sampling are included in
Appendix B. Sampling and field parameter testing details are provided in Appendix C, and
field forms in Appendix D.
Temperature, salinity and DO were profiled during three runs/day with YSI DO and salinity
meters every 0.5 meter in depth. DO meter readings on profiles were systematically higher
5
than Winkler titrations from grab samples (Appendix E). Therefore only one set of DO
profiles is presented to illustrate changes with depth and tidal cycle.
Samples were collected from tributaries flowing into the Boat Basins on 9/17/02 during a
“first flush” storm. All samples were collected between 11:45 and 13:10.
September 17, 2002 Cumulative Rainfall
Brookings AgriMet Station
0.8
Precipitation, inches
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0:00
2:00
4:00
6:00
8:00 10:00 12:00 14:00 16:00 18:00 20:00 22:00
0:00
Nutrient samples collected in August and September 2002, were analyzed by Neilson
Research Corporation (Environmental Testing Laboratory), whereas samples collected in
October, February and May were analyzed by Watershed Council staff at the City of Gold
Beach Public Works Department laboratory facility. Samples from this project were among
the first to be tested by the Watershed Council, and include a mix of high quality, unknown
quality and poor quality results (Appendix E). October results for total phosphorus are
suspect, with poor precision due to an issue with reproducibility on the Spectrophotometer
that was later remedied. For nitrate+nitrite, low range concentrations reported in February
have poor precision, but it is probable that differences between the ocean and boat basin are
real. Anions present in estuarine samples can cause interference and incomplete recovery
nitrate+nitrite. One Boat Basin sample was spiked during the watershed council analysis,
and resulted in complete recovery.
To calculate nutrient loads, tributary flows were estimated by timing the filling of a bucket
of known volume. When flows were too high for the bucket method, flow height, pipe
slope and diameter was measured to calculate flows by the Manning equation (Grant &
Dawson, 1997). A and R are obtained from tables using the coefficient between flow height
and pipe diameter (Appendix F).
Q=ARS
n
Q = flow rate
A = cross sectional area of flow
R = hydraulic radius (cross sectional area divided by the wetted perimeter)
S = slope of the hydraulic gradient
n = Manning coefficient of roughness dependent upon material of conduit
6
7
Table 1. Sampling Sites and Location
#
1
3
4
5
6
Site Name
BH005
(from Corps of Engineers 1999 report)
BH006
(from Corps of Engineers 1999 report)
Donovan
Buried Pipe
Tuttle Creek
Parking Lot
7
8
Sport Boat Basin North (SBB-N)
Sport Boat Basin South (SBB-S)
9
Commercial Boat Basin North (CBB-N)
2
10 Commercial Boat Basin Mid (CBB-M)
11 Commercial Boat Basin South (CBB-S)
12 Entrance / Opening
13 Chetco River
14 Chetco / Ocean
Location
Northern SBB pipe, next to ramp
Purpose
Check WQ and nutrients, Corps study
showed high nitrogen
Southern SBB pipe, next to ramp Check WQ and nutrients, Corps study
showed high phosphates
Pipe at barge slip area
Check WQ and nutrients
Pipe at the SE end of the CBB
Check for nutrients
Pipe at the SW end of the CBB
Check for nutrients
Pipes from the SE parking area Check for turbidities and nutrients at first
that drain into the CBB
storm event
Between the four aerators
Look at aerators effectiveness
South of the SBB docks, west For comparing with SBB-N
from Eureka Fisheries
Open place near the shrimp Check WQ and nutrients and to compare
processing facility
with CBB-S
At the end of Commercial dock G Check WQ and nutrients and to compare
with CBB-S
Between Buried Pipes and Tuttle Check WQ and nutrients and influences by
Creek
southern pipes
The port entrance
Check WQ from the ports outflow
Middle of the stream, next to the To compare with WQ of basins
fish processing area
Between the jetties
To compare with WQ of basins
8
Results and Discussion
Estuary and Boat Basins
Temperature, Salinity, Turbidity and pH
Salinity and temperature profiles from August 2nd and September 9th revealed a high salt content
with no distinct halocline or thermocline and therefore indicate that the estuary is dominated by
ocean water during low river flow (Appendix G). Temperatures were only 1–2 °C (2–4 °F)
warmer on top than at the bottom and salinity differences were around 4 ppt in August and even
less in September. In contrast, during high winter flows on the Chetco River, stratification is
common. As flows decrease, the fresh water layer becomes thinner until it mixes completely.
Stratification resulted in an increase of up to 5 °C (9 °F) in temperature and up to 22 ppt in
salinity.
During each of the three daily profile runs (Appendix G), temperatures at the “river” site were
less than or equal to 16 °C (61 °F). This is consistent with a longitudinal survey of the estuary
on the afternoon of 8/3/01, showing temperatures at 1 foot depth declining from 20.6 °C near
the Harbor water intake to 15.3 °C at the Boat Basin entrance (Kocher and Cavenass, 2001,
pers. comm.). The survey was conducted during the Low High to High Low ebb tide while
mainstem Chetco temperatures were increasing.
In 2004, continuous recording thermometers were deployed in the Chetco River upstream of the
estuary. Figure x
illustrates maximum
and minimum
temperatures for each
day. At the furthest
downstream site, the
7-day average of daily
maxima was 77.4°F
(25.2°C). Minimum
temperatures did not
decline below 64°F
(17.8°C) for most of
the summer, thus
creating a relatively
inhospitable
environment for
juvenile salmonid
rearing.
Water clarity at the SBB-S during September and October seem to be influenced by the wave
height, with higher visibility occurring during periods of lower wave height (Appendix H). need
to test this statement statistically. The “ocean” site was more turbid than the river during
February and May sampling events, and was also richer in nutrients. Because Chetco River
runoff is mixing at the “ocean” site, it is uncertain whether the higher turbidity results from
turbulence at the mouth or from wind-induced upwelling of nutrients from deep water ocean
sources. In May, after a long period of decreasing flow, higher nitrate concentrations in the
ocean probably indicate upwelling (consistent with the timing shown in Figure 1). Nutrient
9
availability in late spring allows the growth of phytoplankton which results in higher basin
turbidity.
During late summer/fall, pH values ranged from 8.2 - 8.7, and in February, declined to 7.5 – 8.0,
which is a normal response to the pH of rainfall (Table 1). Discuss why elevated pH may be
harmful to aquatic organisms. Violations of the state standard at 8.5 were detected mostly in the
summer in the afternoon.
Dissolved oxygen (DO) and Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD):
DO was highest (10.6 – 13.2 mg/L) in late summer, presumably due to higher temperatures,
salinities and more algal photosynthesis. The Ocean and Chetco River sites always had the
highest DO, due to their greater wave action and better water circulation. In summer, lower
ocean swells may reduce circulation, which together with higher temperatures and adequate
nutrient input can enhance algae, increasing diurnal DO fluctuations.
September and February sampling events had lower DO values in the morning and higher
towards the afternoon, which is a normal diurnal fluctuation. Natural fluctuations of oxygen
occur due to daily cycles in photosynthesis and respiration. Oxygen is higher in the afternoon
during photosynthesis and lower in the early morning after oxygen-consuming activities have
been going on for more than eight hours (Maryland Department of Natural Resources, 2003).
May samples had high DO in the morning and lower DO towards the afternoon, following a low
tide.
Chetco Boat Basin Dissolved Oxygen with Tidal Cycles
8
13.5
Ocean
7
18:50
6
CBB-M
11.5
River SBB-N
7:27
10.5
5
SBB-S
4
3
12:30
9.5
Tide (ft)
Dissolved Oxygen (mg/L)
12.5
2
8.5
1
08 Tide
7.5
6.5
4:48
08.02.02
0
7:12
9:36
12:00
14:24
16:48
19:12
-1
21:36
Time of Day
10
Chetco Boat Basin Dissolved Oxygen with Tidal Cycles
13.5
8
13:59
7
6
11.5
5
10.5
4
Ocean
River
9.5
8.5
7.5
6.5
4:48
Ocean
Entrance
SBB-S
SBB-S CBB-M
CBB-S
CBB-N
SBB-N
CBB-N
CBB-M
7:55
7:12
3
Entrance
SBB-N
CBB-N
SBB-S
9:36
12:00
2
CBB-S
1
09.09.02
20:28
0
SBB-N
CBB-S
Tide (ft)
Dissolved Oxygen (mg/L)
12.5
14:24
16:48
19:12
09 Tide
-1
21:36
Time of Day
Note: bottom samples are red circled
Chetco Boat Basin Dissolved Oxygen with Tidal Cycles
13.5
8
7
7:30
6
River
11.5
SBB-S
SBB-N
10.5
CBB-N
CBB-M
CBB-S
5
Ocean
SBB-N
CBB-S
9.5
SBB-N
4
CBB-S
Tide (ft)
Dissolved Oxygen (mg/L)
12.5
3
Ocean
2
8.5
SBB-N
1
CBB-S
7.5
0
15:05
6.5
4:48
7:12
9:36
12:00
14:24
16:48
19:12
02.26.03
02 Tide
-1
21:36
Time of Day
Note: bottom samples are red circled
11
Chetco Boat Basin Dissolved Oxygen with Tidal Cycles
13.5
8
River
7
11.5
10.5
18:32
5
SBB-N
SBB-N
CBB-S
9.5
CBB-M
SBB-S
4
CBB-S
8.5
SBB-N
Ocean
7.5
3
CBB-N
SBB-N
CBB-S
6.5
6
CBB-N
Tide (ft)
Dissolved Oxygen (mg/L)
12.5
2
SBB-N CBB-S
Ocean
CBB-S
1
SBB-S
5.5
0
SBB-N
05.21.03
05 Tide
11:16
4.5
4:48
7:12
9:36
12:00
14:24
16:48
19:12
-1
21:36
Time of Day
Note: bottom samples are red circled
Low DO can appear after low tides in the bottom of the most stagnant areas (SBB-N & CBB-S),
especially when low wave heights and well-established halocline limit water mixing or
exchange. In May, the lowest DO levels (5.5 mg/L) in the SBB-N and CBB-S near the bottom
were less than the estuarine standard of 6.5 mg/L. In October there was no difference in DO
between mid and bottom samples in these same areas, probably because of large swells that
allowed better water mixing and circulation in the basins.
DO differences near (SBB-N) and away from the aerators (SBB-S) are difficult to attribute to
the aerators, since the ocean has more influence on DO levels at the second site. More strategic
sampling, with the aerators in this area turned on and off is needed to assess their effectiveness
in raising dissolved oxygen in the Sport Boat Basin.
Increased organic material from decaying algae is present in the summer. This extra organic
matter has to be decomposed by microorganisms, increasing their population and activity, and
thus creating an additional pressure on DO, and therefore raising the BOD. In August BOD
levels were between 2.4 – 4.9 mg/L, while in fall and winter all BODs were < 1.1 mg/L. The
origin of the elevated BOD, whether created in the basins by algae production (autochthonous)
and/or imported to the basin from the ocean (allochthonous) is unknown. Monitoring BOD in
basins and at different ocean sites during the summer could provide sufficient information
understand the origin of the organic matter.
Total Phosphorus and Nitrate + Nitrite
Total phosphorus (TP) was highest in late summer and fall and lowest in the spring (Table 1). In
August and September, TP was mainly present in the CBB, increasing towards the CBB-S,
where more algal mats had accumulated. High TP values on August 2nd in the Chetco River
(0.09 mg/L) are considerably higher than July and September values measured by DEQ at
Chetco River at second bridge (0.01 mg/L). Tidal exchange between the Boat Basins with high
12
TP and organic matter and the Chetco River, could account for the difference. Alternatively, it is
possible that the August River sample was contaminated with bottom sediments. The highest
ocean TP was measured in May (0.07 mg/L) and is likely influenced by ocean upwelling.
Phosphates in Estuary and Basin
0.14
0.12
SBB-N
mg/L
0.1
SBB-S
CBB-N
0.08
CBB-M
0.06
CBB-S
River
0.04
Ocean
0.02
0
Aug
Sep
Oct
Feb
May
Date
The highest nitrates were detected in February in the CBB. Tributaries at “Buried Pipe” and
Tuttle Creek were likely sources, since the ocean was an order of magnitude less (0.10 mg/L),
and nitrates increased from the north to the south end of the basin.
Nitrates in Estuary and Basin
0.3
0.25
SBB-N
SBB-S
mg/L
0.2
CBB-N
0.15
CBB-M
CBB-S
0.1
River
Ocean
0.05
0
Aug
Sep
Oct
Feb
May
Date
Note: Non-detected values are plotted as 0 mg/L
13
Also in February, nitrates in the SBB were similar to the ocean, and only half the concentrations
measured in the CBB. In May, the ocean had the highest nitrate concentrations, more than
double those found in the CBB. The pattern in the CBB is reversed, with the lowest values at
CBB-S not only furthest away from the ocean influence, but also where the highest densities of
algal mats were observed. Accumulation of algal mats appears to be a physical as well as a
biological process, resulting from onshore winds and obstacles to surface circulation within the
Boat Basins.
Nitrate + nitrite was less than the detection limit (0.05 mg/L) in September and remained low in
August and October (0.05 – 0.08 mg/L). It is suspected that algae are using all available nitrate
in the basin during the summer and fall (reference).
14
2/26/200
10/17/2002
3
9/9/2002
8/2/2002
Corps
Table 1. WQ Results from the Chetco Basin and Estuary
Site
North Sport Basin
Chetco River
North Sport Basin
South Sport Basin
Composite Sport
Commercial Basin
Composite Commercial
Basin Opening
Chetco River
Ocean
North Sport Basin
North Sport Basin
South Sport Basin
South Sport Basin
Commercial Basin North
Commercial Basin North
Commercial Basin Mid
Commercial Basin Mid
Commercial Basin South
Commercial Basin South
Basin Opening
Chetco River
Ocean
North Sport Basin
North Sport Basin
Commercial Basin Mid
Commercial Basin Mid
Commercial Basin nr
Buried
North Sport Basin
North Sport Basin
North Sport Basin
Time
Depth
(m)
Temp
(C)
Temp
(F)
Salinity
(ppt)
pH
Turb
(NTU)
DO
(mg/L)
DO%
Sat
BOD
(mg/L)
13.5
13.6
56
56
19
19
8.5
8.4
2
2
11.2
10.6
107
101
2.9
3.0
13.6*
56
19
8.5
2
11.9
114
4.9
10:34
10:59
10:50
11:52
12:05
8:25
8:45
9:12
11:40
7:30
10:37
7:45
10:30
8:15
8:25
8:40
9:35
9:52
9:58
11:15
11:30
11:53
16:20
16:10
16:55
16:45
2.5
2.5
2.3
2.0
2.0
3.3
1.3
13.3
13.4
56
56
19
19
8.4
8.3
1
2
3.0
1.5
3.9
1.25
3.4
1.9
3.8
1.2
2.4
1.6
3.35
3.5
1.25
3
1.5
3
1.6
3.2
13.7*
12.3
13.0
12.9
13.2
12.8
12.6
12.9
13.1
13.2
13.0
13.0
13.4
13.0
11.0
10.9
11.1
10.9
57
54
55
55
56
55
55
55
56
56
55
55
56
55
52
52
52
52
20
26
26
25
25
27
27
25
23
23
23
27
28
27
29
31
30
31
8.5
8.3
<1
2.2
8.2
2.5
8.2
4.5
8.4
2.4
8.3
2.8
8.5
8.7
8.6
3.4
2.7
1.5
3.2
17:23
8:15
10:43
10:47
1.5
2.25
2.2
4.4
11.1
10.1
9.8
10.5
52
50
50
51
30
26
26
4.2
4.3
2.1
Nitrates
(mg/L)
ND
ND
0.060
ND
0.120
0.07
11.3
107
2.4
0.090
0.06
13.2
8.5
7.3
8.6
9.0
8.5
8.1
8.7
7.7
8.6
7.3
9.3
9.6
9.5
9.1
9.1
8.9
8.9
126
97
84
99
104
99
94
98
87
98
83
108
114
111
3.6
0.8
1.0
0.8
0.7
1.1
0.8
0.9
1.0
0.9
0.6
1.2
0.9
1.1
0.7
ND
ND
0.08
ND
ND
ND
0.060
ND
0.060
ND
0.500
ND
ND
ND
<0.05
ND
ND
0.05
82
80
80
1.1
0.060
0.06
0.070
0.08
9.4
10.8
8.0
83
95
71
0.5
0.3
0.4
0.014
0.08
3.1
7.9
Total P
(mg/L)
0.05
0.05
15
5/21/2003
North Sport Basin
South Sport Basin
Commercial Basin North
Commercial Basin Mid
Commercial Basin South
Commercial Basin South
Commercial Basin South
Commercial Basin South
Basin Opening
Chetco River
Chetco River
Ocean
Ocean
North Sport Basin
North Sport Basin
North Sport Basin
North Sport Basin
North Sport Basin
North Sport Basin
South Sport Basin
South Sport Basin
Commercial Basin N
Commercial Basin N
Commercial Basin Mid
Commercial Basin S
Commercial Basin S
Commercial Basin S
Commercial Basin S
Commercial Basin S
Basin Opening
Chetco River
Ocean
Ocean
*not measured, estimated
15:37
11:06
12:03
11:50
9:05
11:34
11:40
16:11
10:10
15:20
16:58
9:55
16:48
8:14
8:16
11:07
11:12
14:45
14:48
10:50
10:55
11:56
11:59
12:12
8:40
8:43
12:27
16:27
16:32
9:25
13:29
9:45
15:40
3
1.75
2
1.5
2.25
1.75
3.5
2.7
2.5
2
1.2
3.5
2.5
1.25
2.5
1.25
2.5
2
4
1.12
2.2
1.75
3.5
1.4
1.5
3
1.4
2
4
2.6
1
1.75
3.25
10.1
9.3
9.4
9.4
9.9
9.8
10.5
10.0
8.6
9.0
9.5
9.6
13.6
12.3
13.8
11.6
11.8
11.4
13.6
11.7
12.9
11.4
13.9
13.7
11.8
14.0
11.5
11.4
12.0
14.8
10.9
10.5
50
49
49
49
50
50
51
50
47
48
49
49
56
54
57
53
53
53
56
53
55
53
57
57
53
57
53
53
54
59
52
51
25
27
25
23
23
7.8
7.8
7.8
2.1
2.0
2.5
7.6
2.1
27
28
7.8
2.0
7.5
8.0
1.7
3.2
27
4
11
5
17
20
20
5
18
13
18
8
6
13
7
21
20
12
1
19
25
8.1
1
8.0
1.4
8.0
1.8
8.1
1.4
7.8
2
8.1
8.7
7.6
2.8
1
4.0
10.1
11.2
10.7
10.7
10.0
10.6
8.0
10.2
97
97
93
93
88
93
71
90
0.5
0.5
0.2
0.2
0.4
0.3
0.6
0.1
11.8
101
0.3
9.4
10.7
10.3
8.1
10.4
7.2
7.4
5.5
10.0
6.2
8.2
6.5
9.7
10.0
6.7
9.4
7.1
7.3
82
101
81
103
74
78
58
99
64
84
67
97
99
67
95
74
76
12.8
8.4
7.1
125
86
75
0.023
0.021
0.019
0.10
0.17
0.20
0.018
0.25
0.4
0.006
0.028
0.08
0.10
0.4
0.03
0.13
0.3
0.4
0.02
0.10
0.4
0.3
0.02
0.08
0.5
0.4
0.01
0.07
<0.05
0.24
16
Tributaries to the Boat Basins
Temperature, conductivity, turbidity and pH:
Temperatures from all tributaries draining water into the boat basins ranged from 10-16 °C (50-60
°F), with the lowest values in February, corresponding to the cool season (Table 2).
Specific conductivity ranged from 70 to 1511 and was highest in BH006 and Buried Pipe
tributaries. The pipe at BH006 is corroded, and drains not only a large parking area, but also a boat
cleaning station, explaining the variability in dissolved minerals. The outlet of the “Buried Pipe” is
under saltwater at most tides.
Turbidity ranged from 1 to 535 NTU and was highest during the “first flush” storm runoff from
pipes draining the parking lots and during the highest flows in BH005, Donovan Creek, Buried Pipe
and Tuttle Creek. On days with no storm runoff, the highest turbidities usually occurred in BH006
and Donovan Creek, but the limited flows from these tributaries are unlikely to have much effect on
turbidity in the boat basins.
pH values were between 7.0 and 8.4 and BH006 always had the highest pH. This pH range is
similar to that found in the Chetco River. pH tended to decline in the winter, and increase during
summer sampling runs.
Dissolved Oxygen (DO) and Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD)
DO ranged between 9.0 mg/L and 10.8 mg/L, with the lowest values recorded in BH006. There are
no clear seasonal changes, but late summer and fall DO samples had around 98% saturation
whereas February samples were lower and ranged from 89-96% saturation.
BOD was highest in BH006 in August (5.8 mg/L) and September (9.5 mg/L), while BODs in all the
other tributaries were less than 1.2 mg/L. This indicates more biological activity or potential
contaminants in this pipe, but since its flow is small, it is probably not a major influence on the
SBB. In February all BOD samples were < 0.7 mg/L, comparable to the Chetco River sample (0.3
mg/L).
Total Phosphorus (TP) and Nitrate + Nitrite
Total phosphorus contributions from all of the tributaries were low during most of the sampling
events. During the “first flush” of the rainy season on September 17th, TP was elevated to between
0.17 and 0.36 mg/L. In August and September, all sites had values averaging approximately 0.06
mg/L, except for non-detectable levels in Donovan Creek. February TP levels were < 0.04 mg/L
and May levels were < 0.02 mg/L at all sites.
Nitrate+nitrite concentrations were consistently high (1.0 – 2.1 mg/L) on Buried Pipe and Tuttle
Creek, especially during sample events in August, February and May. Buried Pipe and Tuttle Creek
also have the highest flows (see next section). One sample from the Buried Pipe, collected during
the “first flush” storm, was mixed with estuarine water (of high conductivity). Nitrate was nondetected in this sample.
17
Total Phosphorus in Pipes
0.40
0.35
0.30
BH005
mg/L
0.25
BH006
0.20
Donovan
Buried
0.15
Tuttle
0.10
0.05
0.00
8.02.02
9.09.02
9.17.02
2.26.03
5.21.03
Date
Note: Non-detected values are plotted as 0 mg/L
Nitrates in Pipes
2.50
2.00
mg/L
BH005
1.50
BH006
Donovan
Buried
1.00
Tuttle
0.50
0.00
8.02.02
9.09.02
9.17.02
2.26.03
5.21.03
Date
Note: Non-detected values are plotted as 0 mg/L
18
Table 2. WQ Results from Tributaries to the Boat Basins
5/21/2003
2/26/2003
10/17 9/17/2002
9/9/2002
8/2/2002
Corps
Site
BH005
BH006
BH005
BH006
Donovan Creek
Buried Pipe
Tuttle Creek
BH005
BH006
Donovan Creek
Buried Pipe
Tuttle Creek
BH005
BH006
Donovan Creek
Buried Pipe
Tuttle Creek
SE Parking Lot
Buried Pipe
BH005
BH006
Donovan Creek
Buried Pipe
Tuttle Creek
BH005
BH006
Donovan Creek
Buried Pipe
Tuttle Creek
* estimated
** Average value
Time
Flow,
gpm
12:40
12:00
7:57
13:23
8:47
7:18
7:50
8:48
9:55
11:43
12:50
12:40
13:00
13:10
11:45
12:30
75
0.4
200*
56*
150
44
0.2
44
33
43
200*
30
300*
200*
500*
20**
17:30
13:55
14:25
8:45
15:23
9:25
11:11
12:14
9:25
12:41
8:14
175
1.1
334
372
638
164
1
147
107
270
Temp
(C)
Temp
(F)
14.5
15.8
13.7
15.5
13.1
13.4
12.6
13.5
13.0
13.5
58
60
57
60
56
56
55
56
55
56
12.6
11.3
12.3
10.9
12.1
10.0
12.6
15.1
12.5
12.9
11.4
55
52
54
52
54
50
55
59
55
55
53
Cond.
73
650
98
70
147
1511
133
216
169
94
97
100
16,800
107
130**
110
499
109
107
71
110
533
111
101
97
pH
7.7
8.2
7.4
7.4
7.5
7.7
8.4
7.7
7.8
7.9
7.1
7.9
7.1
6.9
7.0
7.5
8.3
7.5
7.7
7.6
Turb. NTU
4
32
9
2.5
1
4.4
31
10
3.0
1.6
161
58
103
92
118
40-535
4
2.9
8
4
1.6
1.4
2.6
35
5
1.4
1.1
DO
(mg/L)
DO%
Sat
BOD
(mg/L)
10.2
9.2
10.3
99
91
99
0.7
5.8
0.5
10.5
10.3
9.7
10.3
10.3
10.2
99
98
91
98
97
97
1.2
0.3
9.5
1.1
0.2
0.2
10.4
9.5
10.5
10.3
10.8
10.3
9.0
10.2
10.0
10.7
94
89
95
96
95
127
116
125
123
128
0.2
0.7
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.4
1.6
0.2
0.1
0.2
Total P
(mg/L)
Nitrates
(mg/L)
0.04
0.16
0.05
0.17
ND
0.08
ND
0.15
ND
ND
0.06
0.07
0.20
0.31
0.18
0.17
0.36
0.33
0.68
0.20
0.83
0.30
0.72
1.16
1.00
ND
0.41
0.39
0.67
0.68
0.16
0.11
0.36
ND
0.21
0.16
<0.05
0.02
0.04
0.02
<0.01
0.01
0.01
0.02
0.01
<0.01
0.01
0.94
0.54
0.05
0.71
2.10
1.10
0.78
0.08
0.68
1.20
0.84
19
Nutrient Loads
Table 3. Nutrient Loads from All Tributaries
Sampling
Date
08.02.02
09.09.02
09.17.02
02.26.03
05.21.03
Total
Phosphorus
(g/day)
45
63
1919
87
28
Total
Phosphorus
(lbs/day)
0.1
0.1
4.2
0.2
0.1
Nitrate
(g/day)
2298
375
1397
9892
3183
The highest nitrate load was found
in February (9.9 kg/day) which
might enrich the basin enough to
provoke an early algae bloom,
especially since the tributaries with
the highest loads enter the most
stagnant area in the CBB-S.
lbs of
Urea/day
11
2
7
47
15
Nitrate loads decrease
towards the summer and
generally total phosphorus
loads only increase during
high runoff events (Table 3).
Phosphorus Loads in Pipes
1200
1000
BH005
800
g/day
In February the CBB-S pipes
contributed 8.1 kg/day and the
SBB pipes only 0.5 kg/day. Flows
and loads are tabulated by tributary
in Appendix I.
Nitrate
(lbs/day)
5.1
0.8
3.1
21.8
7.0
BH006
600
Donovan
Buried
400
Tuttle
200
0
8.02.02
9.09.02
9.17.02
Date
Nitrate Loads in Pipes
4500
4000
3500
BH005
g/day
3000
BH006
2500
Donovan
2000
Buried
1500
Tuttle
1000
500
0
8.02.02
9.09.02
9.17.02
Date
2.26.03
5.21.03
2.26.03
5.21.03
Conclusions
In spring, as water temperature and sun light increase, algae began to grow and use nutrients. The
highest nitrates were detected in February in the Commercial Boat Basin. Tributaries at “Buried
Pipe” and Tuttle Creek were likely sources, since the ocean was an order of magnitude less (0.10
mg/L), and nitrates increased from the north to the south end of the basin. Evidently, nitrogen loads
from the tributaries, particularly Buried Pipe and Tuttle Creek, are available prior to the average
onset of wind-induced ocean upwelling. These nutrients may prolong the period of algae production
in the early spring, as well as later into the summer. During years with later or weaker upwelling
than in 2002 or 2003, the relative importance of these sources of nitrate would be greater,
particularly in the Commercial Boat Basin.
Algae production depends on temperature, sunlight, and nutrients. For phytoplankton, the optimal
ratio between nitrogen and phosphorus is 16:1, and for ephemeral macroalgae is x:x (reference).
Understanding the changing abundance of these nutrients and which of them limits algal
production, may be used manage and reduce the algal biomass. Assuming that nitrogen is at least as
high as the nitrate+nitrite concentration (which ignores any particulate or organic fractions), an N:P
ratio may be calculated for the Boat Basins during the growth season. In February, N:P in the
Commercial Boat Basin increased from 8 to 11 to 14, from the site closest to the ocean to the south
end near the tributaries. This seems to indicate that reducing the nitrogen contribution from the
tributaries could result in a less optimal N:P ratio, and reduce the algal biomass.
Nutrient inputs may be encouraging algae production in the basins which exacerbates diurnal
fluctuations in DO and pH and increases BOD values after algae decomposes. This study detected
dissolved oxygen levels as low as 5.5 mg/L near the bottom of the north end of the Sport Boat Basin
and 6.5 mg/L at the south end of the Commercial Boat Basin.. These lower DO sites are furthest
from the Boat Basin entrance, and are more stagnant. The lowest levels were detected during May
when the aerators are turned off. Although these levels violate the state standard for estuarine
waters, they are not as low as expected. Corps of Engineers profiles (1999) in the north end of the
Sport Boat Basin measured 4.5 mg/L at the north end of the Sport Boat Basin at the of August. At
this time, they also detected dissolved oxygen as low as 4.7 mg/L in the Chetco River. However,
due to complex relations among time of day, tidal cycle, and season, the minimum value and
duration of DO impairment is yet to be determined. Grab samples in the summer were only
collected at one time of day, in the top and bottom layers. In order to fully evaluate the effect of
algae growth on dissolved oxygen, 24-hour diurnal cycles need to be recorded at different tidal
stages. Continuous recording dissolved oxygen, temperature, and salinity sensors may be deployed
over 24-hour periods, at intervals through the spring-fall.
pH exceeding the state standard of 8.5 was detected at the river site in September and May. Peak pH
values tend to occur later in the afternoon than our samples. Continuous recording pH sensors
would be needed to determine the duration of pH impairment. Tributaries to the boat basins are
lower in pH.
The effectiveness of the aerators in the Sport Boat Basin in raising DO levels was not adequately
evaluated with the sampling design that was used. The two sites selected to be closer and further
away from the aerators, SBB-N and SBB-S, differed in the degree of tidal influence on their oxygen
levels.
Knowing that large masses of schooling fish such as sardines, anchovies, and herring periodically
move into the Boat Basin changes ones perspective about adequate dissolved oxygen levels. Diurnal
21
fluctuations in dissolved oxygen and pH have not been adequately examined. The highest density of
algal biomass, where the most extreme fluctuations may be expected is associated with the location
of the highest nitrate loads from tributaries. Dissolved oxygen stress renders some proportion of the
Boat Basin stressful during current conditions, and it is clear that this proportion may expand
rapidly when the wrong combination of waves, water temperature, fish density, and fresh water
flow is present. In addition, continuous dissolved oxygen measurements on other South Coast
estuaries have shown that morning fog extends the period of respiration, which allows dissolved
oxygen to continue to decline for a longer period of time.
Recommendations
Estuary processes are complex making them difficult to analyze for water quality, because of their
tidal, diurnal, seasonal and inter-annual variability. Additional monitoring during different spring
upwelling conditions will better clarify the variability in nutrient sources and dissolved oxygen
response.
The maximum diurnal range for dissolved oxygen in other South Coast estuaries tends to occur in
the mid- to late summer months. Continuous recording sensors will provide critical information on
the duration of dissolved oxygen stress from algae respiration. BOD grab samples are also helpful
for comparing ocean, river, and Boat Basin conditions. Grab samples for nutrients in north, midand south positions within the Commercial Boat Basin were particularly useful. Chlorophyll a
samples would provide another check on the trophic state of the Boat Basins, and track
phytoplankton abundance with tributary and ocean nutrient inputs.
DO profiles should be measured in the SBB-N in summer in order to evaluate the effectiveness of
the aerators. The profiles may be measured between two aerators from the dock, while operating
and when they are turned off. - discuss the results of this effort in 2003
Abundance, growth rates, and diversity of aquatic species supported by the estuary could be tracked
along with dissolved oxygen stress and algal density. ODFW could be involved in these
evaluations.
Excessive algae growth in the Port of Brookings-Harbor is a chronic summer problem that affects
not only aquatic species, but also commercial and recreational activities. The algae problem will
vary in intensity from year to year, but activities to diminish nitrate loads will need to be ongoing.
Among the factors that could be addressed (water temperature, sunlight, or nutrients), nitrate
reduction appears to have the best chance of success. Improving vegetative uptake of nitrate, as well
as reducing fertilizer additions within the watersheds of Buried Pipe and Tuttle Creek should be
pursued.
Opportunities for increasing the contact time between water and riparian or wetland vegetation
should be assessed. Bioswales can reduce the nutrient load in the water by filtration through
wetland plants and conversion of nutrients to both gaseous forms (that are then lost in the
atmosphere). Bioswales accomplish this by aerating and increasing the residence time of the water
so that plants and microorganisms may transform nutrients to other forms before they reach the
estuary. . An outreach/education program and pilot projects to demonstrate the value of vegetated
areas and wetlands could be developed to reduce the contribution of nitrates from the watersheds.
the program could also build awareness of the boundaries of the watersheds affecting the boat basin,
and provide incentives for using alternatives to fertilization.
22
Creating better connectivity between the basins, the river and ocean will help to improve
circulation, as well as dissolved oxygen conditions in the basin. Alternatives to the current basin
entrance have been proposed to reduce the effects of ocean swell on the docks and boat.
Assessments of these alternative configurations should consider potential effects on algal biomass,
dissolved oxygen and conditions leading to fish mortality. In 2001, fish mortality had serious
economic, as well as ecological effects on the Port (Crabtree, 2002, pers.comm.).
Acknowledgements
This Water Quality Monitoring project was conducted primarily by Cindy Myers (South Coast
Watershed Council), Frank Burris (Oregon State University Extension Service) and Birgit
Knoblauch (Experience
International Trainee). Funding
was obtained from the Port of
Brookings-Harbor, EPA Rural
Sustainability Grant, Oregon
Watershed Enhancement Board,
Chetco Watershed Council,
Oregon State University Sea Grant
and Cal-Ore Enhancement.
Experience International and
Siskiyou National Forest were
responsible for creating the
internship that allowed the South
Coast Watershed Council to
benefit from Birgit’s enthusiastic
and capable presence. We
appreciate the contributions of
Dick Laskey, Chetco Watershed Council, for providing his boat and fuel for sampling, and
recording daily Secchi disk measurements for the study. Sampling would not have been possible
without the help of our volunteers: David de Lucca, Andy Gross, Liesl Coleman, Aaron Fitch, Kai
Druzdzel, Matt Swanson, Morgan Kocher, and employees of the Port of Brookings-Harbor.
References
Grant D. & Dawson B. 1997. Isco Open Channel Flow Measurement Handbook. Fifth Edition.
Lincoln: Isco, Inc.
Howarth, R.W., and R. Marino. 2006. Nitrogen as the limiting nutrient for eutrophication in coastal
marine ecosystems: Evolving views over three decades, Limnol. Oceanogr., 51(1, part 2), 364–376.
Maryland Department of Natural Resources. 2003. Dissolved Oxygen in Coastal Bays.
http://www.dnr.state.md.us/coastalbays/res_protect/pubs/oxygen_report.pdf
NOAA. 2003. National Buoy Data Center. Station 46027. St. Georges. Historical Data.
http://seaboard.ndbc.noaa.gov/station_page.phtml?station=46027
Oregon Coastal Atlas. 2003. Chetco River Estuary.
http://www.coastalatlas.net/learn/settings/estuary/estuary.asp?es=20
23
US Army Corps of Engineers. 2000. Port of Brookings/Harbor, Oregon. Sport Boat Basin.
Evaluation of Aeration System Application. Copy of Study.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 2003. Mid-Atlantic Integrated Assessment.
Estuaries. http://www.epa.gov/maia/html/estuaries.html
Waldvogel, Jim. 2003. Anchovies in Oregon and California Estuaries, Agriculture & Natural
Resources. Sea Grant Extension. Crescent City. CA. Personal Communication.
24
Appendices
Appendix A: Notes from Birgit Knoblauch’s Interview of Jim Waldvogel, Sea
Grant Extension Agent
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
There are great masses of anchovies in the Ocean. They come into estuaries depending on ocean
conditions (currents and food) and their reproductive cycle, this occurs often between June and
August.
Anchovies are everywhere, only a small amount comes into the harbors to feed, or sea lions and
seals chase them into the basins.
They usually spawn off shore and not in the harbors
In summer, higher temperatures create more algae (phytoplankton) and with a further input of
nutrients and sun light they bloom, which attracts more zooplankton that feeds on algae.
Anchovies feed on zooplankton that is mainly available in the summer. They form masses and hang
out in harbors mainly to feed.
Anchovies need big amounts of oxygen to survive and since they hang out in masses, they can
create hypoxia and even anoxia and die within 24 hours.
Fresh water also kills anchovies within 24 hours.
The major reasons of anchovy die offs are:
o High populations of anchovies come into the basin to feed and create too much pressure on
the oxygen
o Phytoplankton cycle (creating extremer diurnal DO fluctuations, due to higher temperatures
and higher photosynthesis or respiration)
o Temperatures and specific wind conditions (higher temperatures hold less oxygen and winds
have great influence in temperatures and wave action)
o Fresh water
There have been two anchovy die offs in the Port of Brookings-Harbor in 2001
Anchovies usually feed in the surface, this can cause a problem if the sweet water is present and
traps them in the basins. They have no place to escape in the shallow water and consume all the
oxygen around them.
There is a “normal” phytoplankton cycle in estuaries, which is necessary and important for the
organisms that live in them. It is normal to have a certain algae growth and the extreme diurnal
fluctuations of DO in summer. It is normal to have an algae die off after the summer.
Ones anchovies die, this normal cycle is altered for at least 2 months. With the decaying anchovies,
a great amount of hydrogen sulfide is produced which can even corrode boat paint. The nutrient
input from the decaying mass rises, having different effects in the WQ and on estuary organisms.
This “disturbance” or alteration of the normal cycle has evidently no effect on the phytoplankton cycle
and WQ of the next year.
Comments on DO and BOD data:
High DO in August because of more photosynthesis by algae or because of increased boat activity in
the summer (they are moving and stirring up the water, acting like aerators)
DO drop in September and October since algae are dieing off
BODs are affected by the nutrient cycle. (I say: high BOD maybe because of nutrients and optimum
temperature conditions for microorganisms. They get more active in this period and use up more
oxygen)
Comments on aerators:
They might create more oxygen for the fish
They might create more algae instead of decreasing
25
Appendix B: Sampling Schedules and Comments on Sampling Conditions
Sampling Schedule 08.02.02
Site Name
7:00 - 10:00
SBB-N
Profile
SBB-S
Profile
Other SBB
Other SBB
Port entrance
Profile, pH, Turb
CBB
Profile
Other CBB-N
Other CBB-M
Other CBB-S
Chetco River
Chetco Ocean
Profile, DO, BOD pH,
Turb
Profile, DO, BOD, pH,
Turb
BH006
15:00 – 18:00
Profile
Profile
Profile
Profile
Profile
Profile
Profile
Profile
Nutrients
Profile
Profile
Nutrients
Profile
Profile
DO, BOD, pH, Turb, ¼
nutrients
¼ nutrients
¼ nutrients
¼ nutrients
Flow, temp, pH, turb,
cond, DO, BOD,
nutrients
Flow, temp, pH, turb,
cond, DO, BOD,
nutrients
Buried Pipe
Tuttle Creek
13:00 – 15:00
Flow, temp, pH, turb, cond, DO,
BOD, nutrients
Flow, temp, pH, turb, cond, DO,
BOD, nutrients
BH005
Donavan
10:00 – 13:00
DO, BOD, pH, Turb, ¼
nutrients
DO, BOD, pH, Turb, ¼
nutrients
¼ nutrients
¼ nutrients
Flow, temp, pH, turb,
cond, DO, BOD,
nutrients
26
Sampling Schedule 09.09.02
Location
SBB-N
SBB-S
7:00 - 8:00
Prof., temp, DO,
BOD, pH & turb
Prof., temp, DO,
BOD, pH & turb
8:00 – 9:30
CBB between 2
southern pipes
CBB by shrimp
Profiles, DO, temp
Chetco River
Chetco Ocean
Tuttle Creek
Profiles, DO, temp
Profiles, DO, temp
Profiles, DO, temp
Profiles, DO, temp
Profiles, DO, temp
13:00 – 15:30
Profiles, DO,
temp
Profiles, DO,
temp
Profiles, DO,
temp
Profiles, DO,
temp
Profiles, DO,
temp
Profiles, DO,
temp
Profiles, DO,
temp
Profiles, DO,
temp
15:30 – 18:00
Nutrient
Nutrient
Nutrient
Nutrient
Nutrient
Nutrient
Nutrient
Nutrient
Flow, temp, pH,
turb, cond, DO,
BOD, nutrients
Buried Pipe
Donovan
Profiles, DO, temp
Prof., temp, DO,
BOD, pH & turb
Prof., temp, DO,
BOD, pH & turb
Prof., temp, DO,
BOD, pH & turb
Port entrance
BH006
10:30 – 13:00
Profiles, DO, temp
Prof., temp, DO,
BOD, pH & turb
Prof., temp, DO,
BOD, pH & turb
Prof., temp, DO,
BOD, pH & turb
CBB-M
BH005
9:30 – 10:30
Flow, temp, pH,
turb, cond, DO,
BOD, nutrients
Flow, temp, pH,
turb, cond, DO,
BOD, nutrients
Flow, temp, pH,
turb, cond, DO,
BOD, nutrients
Flow, temp, pH,
turb, cond, DO,
BOD, nutrients
27
Sampling Schedule 02.26.03
Location
7:30 - 9:00
SBB-N
Profile, DO & BOD bottom
SBB-S
Profile
Port entrance
Profile, pH, turb
CBB-N
Profile
CBB-M
Profile
CBB-S
Profile, DO & BOD bottom
Chetco River
Profile
Profile
Prof., DO & BOD mid, pH, turb,
nutrients
Chetco Ocean
Prof., DO & BOD mid, pH,
turb, nutrients
Profile
Profile, DO mid
BH006
Profile, DO & BOD bottom
Profile
Profile
Profile
Profile
Profile, DO & BOD bottom
Flow, temp, pH, turb, cond,
DO, BOD, nutrients
Flow, temp, pH, turb, cond, DO,
BOD, nutrients
Buried Pipe
Tuttle Creek
14:30 – 17:30
Flow, temp, pH, turb, cond, DO,
BOD, nutrients
Flow, temp, pH, turb, cond, DO,
BOD, nutrients
BH005
Donovan
9:00 – 13:30
Prof., DO & BOD mid + bottom, pH,
turb, nutrients
Prof., DO & BOD mid, pH, turb,
nutrients
Profile
Prof., DO & BOD mid, pH, turb,
nutrients
Prof., DO & BOD mid, pH, turb,
nutrients
Prof., DO & BOD mid + bottom, pH,
turb, nutrients
Flow, temp, pH, turb, cond,
DO, BOD, nutrients
28
Sampling Schedule 05.21.03
Location
SBB-N
Frank + Birgit
7:30 - 9:00
Profile, DO & BOD mid, DO
bottom
SBB-S
Profile
CBB-N
Profile
CBB-M
Profile
CBB-S
Profile, DO & BOD mid, DO
bottom
Chetco River
Profile
Chetco Ocean
Port entrance
Prof., DO & BOD mid, pH,
turb, nutrients
Profile, pH, turb
BH005
BH006
Pipe @ Donovan
Birgit +Liesl + Kai
14:30 – 17:30
Profile, DO & BOD mid, DO
bottom
Profile
Profile, DO mid
Profile
Flow, temp, pH, turb, cond,
DO, BOD nutrients
Flow, temp, pH, turb, cond,
DO, BOD nutrients
Profile
Profile
Profile
Profile
Profile, DO & BOD mid, DO
bottom
Profile
Flow, temp, pH, turb, cond,
DO, BOD nutrients
Flow, temp, pH, turb, cond,
DO, BOD nutrients / other
nutrients next to pipe
Buried Pipe
Pipe @Tuttle
Frank + Cindy
9:00 – 13:30
Prof., DO & BOD mid +
bottom, pH, turb, nutrients
Prof., DO & BOD mid, pH,
turb, nutrients
Prof., DO & BOD mid, pH,
turb, nutrients
Prof., DO & BOD mid, pH,
turb, nutrients
Prof., DO & BOD mid +
bottom, pH, turb, nutrients
Prof., DO & BOD mid, pH,
turb, nutrients
Flow, temp, pH, turb, cond,
DO, BOD nutrients / nutrient
at RV Park
29
Comments on 08.02.02 sampling schedule:
Tides: 1:23 1.6ft; 7:27 4.3ft; 12:30 2.9ft; 18:50 6.5ft
Wave height: 6.4ft – 12.0ft (NOAA St. Georges Buoy. Crescent City. USA. 2003)
9 nutrient samples were taken for Total Phosphorus, Orthophosphate and Nitrate +
Nitrite, having composite samples for the SBB and CBB from 4 different sites in each
basin.
- 9 DO, 9 BOD, 11 pH & turbidity samples were taken.
- 3 diurnal profiles
Total bottles needed: 8 nutrient (acid washed 500 ml nalgene), 18 BOD, 8 – 11 bottles (nalgene
or good washed recycle bottles) for pH and turbidity
-
Sampling was in the following order: SBB-N, SBB-S, Entrance, River, Ocean and CBB.
Comments on 09.09.02 sampling schedule:
Tides: 1:25 7.2ft; 7:55 0ft; 13:59 7.4ft; 20:28 0.4ft
Wave height: 2.1ft – 3.3ft
12 nutrient samples were taken for Total Phosphorus and Nitrate + Nitrite. No composite
samples were taken, since more individual analysis was necessary in order to see were
the nutrients are coming from and where they are more concentrated. Nutrient samples
at the evening??
- 24 DO, 18 BOD, 13 pH & turbidity samples were taken
- 3 diurnal profiles
Total bottles needed: 36 – 42 BOD, 12 nutrient and 10 – 13 pH & turbidity
-
Maintained the same sampling order. DO, BOD, nutrient, pH and turbidity samples from the
basins were handed out in the SBB-S dock as quick as possible.
Mid and bottom DO and BOD samples were taken in the most stagnant areas as well as other
DO for checking the DO meter
Comments on 02.26.02 sampling schedule:
Tides: 1:34 3.4ft; 7:30 6.7ft; 15:05 –0.2ft; 21:54 5.2ft
Wave height: 6.7ft – 9.8ft
- 12 nutrient samples were taken, sites were the same as 09.09.02
- 19 DO, 18 BOD, 13 pH & turbidity samples were taken
- 3 diurnal profiles
Total bottles needed: 24 – 27 BOD, 12 nutrient and 10 – 13 pH &turbidity
Maintained the same sampling order.
Mid and bottom DO and BOD samples were taken in the most stagnant areas. Ocean was
sampled at high tide and the river at low tide to isolate them from each others influence.
Comments on 05.21.02 sampling schedule:
Tides: 3:55 6.8ft; 11:16 -0.5ft; 18:32 5.7ft; 23:27 3.6ft
Wave height:
30
- 12 nutrient samples were taken
- 19 DO, 16 BOD, 13 pH & turbidity sample were taken
- 3 diurnal profiles
Total bottles needed were same as in February
The same sampling order and most of the February sampling schedule was maintained.
31
Appendix C: Detailed Sampling Methods
The samples for the first 4 parameters were collected in one nalgene bottle at mid depth (with
the help of a bridge bucket) in the basins and from a big bucket while measuring flows from the
pipes. Bottles were previously washed and rinsed with distilled water. The probes were rinsed
with distilled water after each measurement. In the August and February sampling, conductivity
samples were kept to measure them in the laboratory.
In the basin samples, temperature and in some cases salinity was measured in the bridge
bucket with the meters used for profiles.
Temperature:
Using YSI conductivity meter, calibrated by DEQ and proved in the lab
Swirling probe in the sample and taking lowest stabilized reading.
Conductivity:
Using YSI conductivity meter, calibrated by DEQ and proved in the lab
Swirling probe in the sample and rounding the reading
Turbidity:
Using a turbidity meter, calibrated with field standards in the morning before sampling
Swirling sample to suspend all particles and pour into veil until mark, put oil to cover scratches
and measure in the meter
pH:
Using Orion pH meter, calibrated with 7 and 10 buffer in the morning before sampling, rinsing
probe with DI water between standards, storing probes in tap water between samples
100 ml of the sample were used to rinse the probe swirling for 30 seconds and then dumping
them. Another 100 ml were used, adding ISA (ionic strength adjustor) and swirling the probes
for 30 seconds. The probes were suspended in the sample water until a stable reading (no
more than 3 digit changes in 1 minute) was reached
DO, BOD
Sampled at mid depth with the bridge bucket in the basins and from the bucket to measure flow
in the pipes. August and September samples for DO and BOD were processed only with
powder pillows (manganuos sulfate, potassium iodide azide, sulfamic acid) other DO samples
from the basins were processed with powder pillows in the boat and then sometimes with
chemicals in the van. All other BOD samples were processed only with liquid chemicals.
September, October and February samples of DO and BOD were taken in the most stagnant
areas in the basins at mid and bottom depths.
BOD samples were capped and put into a cooler while DO samples were processed in the van
with the first 2 chemicals. The sample was shaken until everything was well dissolved. Once the
sample settled half way it was shaken again and after the second settle the third chemical was
added, shaking again to dissolve good all the particles. 203 ml of this sample were titrated with
a previously standardized sodium hydroxide, swirling the sample with a magnetic stirrer while
adding the titrant until a pale color was reached. Then 2 droppers of starch were added turning
the sample blue in order to see the ending point of the titration (clear color of the sample). The
volume of the used titrant equals mg/L of DO. BOD samples were incubated at 20 °C for 5 days
and then titrated in the laboratory.
32
Nutrients:
Nutrients were sampled in previously acid washed and rinsed (with deionized water) nalgene
bottles or in new disposable bottles provided by Neilsons Laboratories in September. In August
one bottle was designated for Total Phosphorus and Orthophosphate and one for Nitrate +
Nitrite. The Orthophosphate sample was filtered with a manual vacuum pump. In all other
sampling events only Total Phosphorus and Nitrate + Nitrate was sampled, using the same
bottle and not filtering the sample in the field.
Basin samples were taken at mid depth rinsing good the bridge bucket between sites with
distilled water. Pipe samples were taken directly from their outlet into the designated bottles. All
nutrient samples were acidified with 14 - 17 drops of concentrated sulfuric acid in 500 ml of
sample and then put into a cooler.
Nutrients were analyzed twice by Neilsons Research Corporation and then by the Watershed
Council at the waste water treatment laboratory in Gold Beach using in both cases the cadmium
reduction method for nitrates and the digestion method for phosphates (for more detailed
explanation see standard methods).
Results for Orthophosphates were not included in this report since they were only sampled in
August and the test had some interference.
Profiles:
Diurnal profiles of DO, temperature and salinity were taken at 8 sites (SBB-N, SBB-S, CBB-N,
CBB-M, CBB-S, port entrance, Chetco River and ocean) in three runs with a boat, using an YSI
DO meter and a model 33 salinity meter. Both meters were calibrated in the morning and in
most of the cases the DO meter was calibrated before each profile. Their probes had around 7
m cords that were taped every half a meter with brown and every meter with yellow duck tape.
A weight was attached at the end of the probes, to give them a more vertical drop and to notice
when the bottom was reached. The probes were lowered every half a meter doing small vertical
movements to get more accurate readings. The stabilized readings were recorded in a profile
field form (appendix 3). Salinities in August were compensated for temperature, while all other
salinities were taken while having the temperature switch at 20 C. Temperature was taken with
the YSI DO meter, which had been tested previously with other thermometers and DO was
taken in % saturation. After each sampling event the probes had to be soaked in tap and
distilled water. The DO meter probe membrane had to be changed especially after its intensive
use in salt water. In the first two sampling events the probe was giving unstable or unreliable
readings compared to the titrated DO grabs (Graphs 34 – 39).
33
Appendix D: Field Forms
34
Appendix E: Quality Assurance and Quality Control
Watershed Council Laboratory Results
Data Quality Levels are assigned as discussed in Quality Assurance Project Plan,
following ODEQ recommendations
Prop DQL is Proposed, pending review by DEQ
Nitrate+Nitrite Lab QA/QC
Sample
Date
Prop
DQL
Spike Recovery %
Interference?
Accuracy
Precision
Col
Eff
QC
Comments
R²
08/02/2002
09/09/2002
09/17/2002
10/17/2002
Nielson Commercial Lab
Nielson Commercial Lab
Nielson Commercial Lab
E
E
E
E
A
No spikes
02/26/2003
05/21/2003
C
A
C
A
A
A
B
A
A
A
120% on which sample?
Spike 102% Boat Basin
Dups poor on low range
samples
Total Phosphorus Lab QA/QC
Sample
Date
Prop
DQL
Spike Recovery %
Interference?
Accuracy
Precision
QC
Comments
R²
08/02/2002
09/09/2002
09/17/2002
10/17/2002
C
C
E
B
No spikes
02/26/2003
E
E
E
B
05/21/2003
A
A
A
A
spiked non-Boat Basin
101% Tuttle, 105%
CBB-N
Nielson Commercial Lab
Nielson Commercial Lab
Nielson Commercial Lab
Test tube cuvette not
reproducible
Dups on same day, diff run have
DQL=A
Corps (1999) commented that nitrate limit of detection was high due to interference of other anions
35
Titration vs DO meter, Sep 9, 2002
DO meter, % saturation
160
R2 = 0.6504
150
140
130
120
110
100
90
80
80
90
100
110
120
130
Titration, % saturation
DO meter vrs titration, Sep 9, 2003
180
% Saturation
160
140
120
100
DO meter
80
Titration
60
Sites
36
Titration vs DO meter, Feb 26, 2003
DO meter, % saturation
110
105
R2 = 0.6224
100
95
90
85
80
80
90
100
110
Titration, % saturation
DO meter vrs titration, Feb 26, 2003
110
105
% Saturation
100
95
90
85
80
75
70
DO meter
65
Titration
60
Sites
37
Titration vs DO meter, May 21, 2003
DO meter, % saturation
120
R2 = 0.8323
115
110
105
100
95
90
85
80
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
Titration, % saturation
DO meter vrs titration, May 21, 2003
130
120
% Saturation
110
100
90
80
70
DO meter
60
Titration
50
Sites
38
Appendix F: The Manning Formula
39
Appendix G: Temperature, Salinity, Dissolved Oxygen Profiles
Temperatures 1st run Aug 2, 2002
16
Temperature (C)
15
SBB N
SBB S
CBB
Entrance
River
Ocean
14
13
12
0.5
2.0
3.5
5.0
6.5
Depth (m)
Temperatures 2nd run Aug 2, 2002
16
Temperature (C)
15
SBB N
SBB S
CBB
Entrance
River
Ocean
14
13
12
0.5
2.0
3.5
5.0
Depth (m)
40
Temperatures 3rd run Aug 2, 2002
16
Temperature (C)
15
SBB N
SBB S
CBB
Entrance
River
Ocean
14
13
12
0.5
2.0
3.5
5.0
Depth (m)
Salinities 1st run Aug 2, 2002
40
Salinity (ppt)
35
SBB N
SBB S
CBB
Entrance
River
Ocean
30
25
20
15
0.5
2.0
3.5
5.0
6.5
Depth (m)
41
Salinities 2nd run Aug 2, 2002
30
28
SBB N
SBB S
CBB
Entrance
River
Ocean
Salinity (ppt)
26
24
22
20
18
0.5
2.0
3.5
5.0
Depth (m)
Salinities 3rd run Aug 2, 2002
30.0
28.0
SBB N
SBB S
CBB
Entrance
River
Ocean
Salinity (ppt)
26.0
24.0
22.0
20.0
18.0
0.5
2.0
3.5
5.0
6.5
Depth (m)
42
Temperatures 1st run Sep 9, 2002
16
Temperature (C)
15
SBB N
SBB S
CBB N
CBB M
CBB S
Entrance
River
Ocean
14
13
12
11
10
0.5
2.0
3.5
5.0
6.5
Depth (m)
Temperatures 2nd run Sep 9, 2002
16
Temperature (C)
15
SBB N
SBB S
CBB N
CBB M
CBB S
Entrance
River
Ocean
14
13
12
11
10
0.5
2.0
3.5
5.0
6.5
Depth (m)
43
Temperatures 3rd run Sep 9, 2002
16
Temperature (C)
15
SBB N
SBB S
CBB N
CBB M
CBB S
Entrance
River
Ocean
14
13
12
11
10
0.5
2.0
3.5
5.0
Depth (m)
Salinitities 1st run Sep 9, 2002
32.0
30.0
SBB N
SBB S
CBB N
CBB M
CBB S
Entrance
River
Ocean
Salinity (ppt)
28.0
26.0
24.0
22.0
20.0
0.5
2.0
3.5
5.0
6.5
Depth (m)
44
Salinitities 2nd run Sep 9, 2002
32.0
30.0
SBB N
SBB S
CBB N
CBB M
CBB S
Entrance
River
Ocean
Salinity (ppt)
28.0
26.0
24.0
22.0
20.0
0.5
2.0
3.5
5.0
6.5
Depth (m)
Salinitities 3rd run Sep 9, 2002
32.0
30.0
SBB N
SBB S
CBB N
CBB M
CBB S
Entrance
River
Ocean
Salinity (ppt)
28.0
26.0
24.0
22.0
20.0
0.5
2.0
3.5
5.0
Depth (m)
45
Temperatures 1st run Feb 26, 2003
12
Temperature (C)
11
SBB N
SBB S
CBB N
CBB M
CBB S
Entrance
River
Ocean
10
9
8
7
6
0.5
2.0
3.5
5.0
6.5
Depth (m)
Temperatures 2nd run Feb 26, 2003
12
Temperature (C)
11
SBB N
SBB S
CBB N
CBB M
CBB S
Entrance
River
Ocean
10
9
8
7
6
0.5
2.0
3.5
5.0
Depth (m)
46
Temperatures 3rd run Feb 2, 2003
12
Temperature (C)
11
SBB N
SBB S
CBB N
CBB M
CBB S
Entrance
River
Ocean
10
9
8
7
6
0.5
2.0
3.5
5.0
Depth (m)
Salinity 1st run Feb 26, 2003
30.0
Salinity (ppm)
25.0
SBB N
SBB S
CBB N
CBB M
CBB S
Entrance
River
Ocean
20.0
15.0
10.0
5.0
0.0
0.5
2.0
3.5
5.0
6.5
Depth (m)
47
Salinity 2nd run Feb 26, 2003
30
Salinity (ppm)
25
SBB N
SBB S
CBB N
CBB M
CBB S
Entrance
River
Ocean
20
15
10
5
0
0.5
2.0
3.5
5.0
Depth (m)
Salinity 3rd run Feb 2, 2003
30
Salinity (ppm)
25
SBB N
SBB S
CBB N
CBB M
CBB S
Entrance
River
Ocean
20
15
10
5
0
0.5
2.0
3.5
5.0
Depth (m)
48
Temperatures 1st run May 21, 2003
16
Temperature (C)
15
SBB N
14
SBB S
13
CBB N
12
CBB M
CBB S
11
Entrance
10
River
Ocean
9
8
0.5
2.0
3.5
5.0
Depth (m)
Temperatures 2nd run May 21, 2003
16
Temperature (C)
15
SBB N
14
SBB S
13
CBB N
12
CBB M
CBB S
11
Entrance
10
River
Ocean
9
8
0.5
2.0
3.5
5.0
Depth (m)
49
Temperatures 3rd run May 21, 2003
16
Temperature (C)
15
14
SBB N
13
SBB S
CBB N
12
CBB S
Entrance
11
River
10
Ocean
9
8
0.5
2.0
3.5
5.0
6.5
Depth (m)
Salinity 1st run May 21, 2003
30
Salinity (ppm)
25
SBB N
SBB S
20
CBB N
CBB M
15
CBB S
Entrance
10
River
5
Ocean
0
0.5
2.0
3.5
5.0
Depth (m)
50
Salinity 2nd run May 21, 2003
30
Salinity (ppm)
25
SBB N
SBB S
20
CBB N
CBB M
15
CBB S
Entrance
10
River
5
Ocean
0
0.5
2.0
3.5
5.0
Depth (m)
Salinity 3rd run May 21, 2003
30
25
Salinity (ppm)
SBB N
20
SBB S
CBB N
15
CBB S
Entrance
10
River
Ocean
5
0
0.5
2.0
3.5
5.0
6.5
Depth (m)
51
Dissolved Oxygen 1st run May 21, 2003
14.0
13.0
SBB N
12.0
SBB S
mg/L
11.0
CBB N
10.0
CBB M
9.0
CBB S
8.0
Entrance
River
7.0
Ocean
6.0
5.0
0.5
2.0
3.5
5.0
Depth (m)
Dissolved Oxygen 2nd run May 21, 2003
14.0
13.0
SBB N
12.0
SBB S
mg/L
11.0
CBB N
10.0
CBB M
9.0
CBB S
8.0
Entrance
River
7.0
Ocean
6.0
5.0
0.5
2.0
3.5
5.0
Depth (m)
52
Dissolved Oxygen 3rd run May 21, 2003
14.0
13.0
mg/L
12.0
SBB N
11.0
SBB S
10.0
CBB N
CBB S
9.0
Entrance
8.0
River
7.0
Ocean
6.0
5.0
0.5
2.0
3.5
5.0
6.5
Depth (m)
53
Appendix H: Water Clarity and Wave Height
Wave Height vs Secchi Disk in Sport Boat Basin in
September 2002
4.00
Wave Height (m)
3.50
3.00
2.50
2.00
1.50
1.00
0.50
0.00
9/1
9/4
9/7
9/11
9/14
9/17
9/21
9/24
9/27
Date
Wave Height
Secchi Disk
Source: NOAA National Data Buoy Center. St. Georges 46027
Wave Height vs Secchi Disk in Sport Boat Basin in
October 2002
4.50
Wave Height (m)
4.00
3.50
3.00
2.50
2.00
1.50
1.00
0.50
0.00
10/1
10/4
10/8
10/11
10/15 10/18
10/21
10/25 10/28
10/31
Date
Wave Height
Secchi Disk
Source: NOAA National Data Buoy Center. St. Georges 46027
54
09.09.02
BH005
BH006
Donovan Creek
Buried Pipe
Tuttle Creek
Total
09.17.02
BH005
BH006
Donovan Creek
Buried Pipe
Tuttle Creek
SE parking lot
Total
02.26.03
Pipe Name
BH005
BH006
Donovan Creek
Buried Pipe
Tuttle Creek
Total
BH005
BH006
Donovan Creek
Buried Pipe
Tuttle Creek
Total
05.21.03
08.02.02
Appendix I: Flows and Nutrient Loads
BH005
BH006
Donovan Creek
Buried Pipe
Tuttle Creek
Total
Flow gpm
direct
Manning
measuremt.
est.
75
0.4
200
56
150
44
0.2
44
33
43
200
30
300
200
500
98
175
1.1
334
372
638
164
1.0
147
107
270
Total
Phosphorus
0.0500
0.170
ND
0.0800
ND
Nitrate
+
Nitrite
0.830
0.300
0.720
1.16
1.00
Loads
P
N
g/day g/day
20
340
0.4
1
0
785
24
354
0
818
45 2298
Urea
lbs/day
2
0
4
2
4
11
N:P
ratio
17
2
15
15
0.150
ND
ND
0.0600
0.0700
ND
0.410
0.390
0.670
0.680
36
0
0
11
16
63
0
0
93
122
159
374
0
0
0
1
1
2
0.200
0.310
0.180
0.170
0.360
0.160
0.110
0.360
ND
0.210
218
51
295
185
982
188
1919
175
18
589
0
573
43
1398
1
0
3
0
3
0
7
0.8
0.4
2.0
0.02
0.04
0.02
0.004
0.01
0.54
0.05
0.71
2.10
1.10
20
0
35
8
24
87
516
0
1286
4261
3828
9891
2
0
6
20
18
47
26
37
533
160
114
0.01
0.02
0.01
0.004
0.01
0.78
0.08
0.68
1.20
0.84
10
0
6
2
9
27
696
0
546
699
1242
3183
3
0
3
3
6
15
70
4
91
350
138
117
11
10
6
0.6
0.2
0.7
rough estimate
55