The Convict Bushranging Era in the Hunter Valley

The University of Newcastle
History Club
Department of History
STUDENT RESEARCH PAPERS
IN,
AUSTRALIAN HISTORY
Price : 50 cents
THE UNIVERSITY OF NEWCASTLE
HISTORY CLUB
DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY
STUDENT RESEARCH PAPERS
IN
AUSTRAL IAN HISTORY
No. 4
1979
P r i n t e d a t t h e U n i v e r s i t y o f Newcastle.
CONTENTS
MONUMENTAL SCULPTORS:
J . J . E D S T E I N AND H I S SONS 1855-1941
by T r a c e y E d s t e i n
PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED WITH T H E BU I L D I N G OF C H R I S T CHURCH CATHEDRAL,
NEWCASTLE 1 8 6 8 - 1 9 0 2
by Jane11 e P a u l i n g
S O C I A L I S M I N NEWCASTLE:
THE E L E C T I O N S O F 1885 AND 1895
by P a u l K i e m
THE CONVICT BUSHRANGING ERA I N T H E HUNTER VALLEY
by P a t H a m p t o n
Page 53
THE CONVICT BUSHRANGING ERA IN THE HUNTER VALLEY
PAT HAMPTON
SYNOPSIS
Bushranging began i n t h e Hunter Valley s h o r t l y a f t e r i t s e a r l y
s e t t l e m e n t , t h e e a r l i e s t bushrangers being runaways from t h e
penal s e t t l e m e n t a t Newcastle. Many assigned s e r v a n t s a l s o
absconded and joined t h e ranks of the bushrangers. Most o f
t h e runaways who took t o t h e bush were forced t o take up
bushranging i n o r d e r t o s u r v i v e . Over t h e years numerous gangs
formed and harassed t h e Valley s e t t l e r s but t h e i r c a r e e r s were
s h o r t - l i v e d . Most were captured o r k i l l e d ; a few managed t o evade
p u r s u i t and escape i n t o o t h e r d i s t r i c t s . The only gang which
was a t l a r g e f o r an extended p e r i o d o f time was t h e lJewboy1 Davis
gang t h a t t e r r o r i s e d t h e Valley i n 1839 and 1840. John Shea, a
member o f t h i s gang, was r e s p o n s i b l e f o r t h e only known case of
murder during the e a r l y convict bushranging e r a i n the Hunter
Valley, t h a t o f John Graham a t Scone i n December, 1840.
Shea and f i v e o t h e r members o f the 'Jewboyl gang were captured
w i t h i n twenty f o u r hours of Graham's murder and a l l s i x were
l a t e r hanged i n March, 1841. A f t e r t h e capture of t h i s gang,
l a r g e - s c a l e bushranging ceased i n t h e Hunter Valley f o r many y e a r s ,
u n t i l the r i s e o f t h e new 'breed' of bushrangers, the
' w i l d c o l o n i a l boys' o f t h e Gold Rush days.
"A man by t h e name o f Creig a c t u a l l y a s s e r t s t h a t when h e
made a s i m i l a r e f f o r t t o e x t r i c a t e himself from t h i s s t a t e
of bondage h e came t o a s p o t where h e beheld, l e a n i n g
a g a i n s t a t r e e , t h e s k e l e t o n of a man with a musket by h i s
s i d e , a l s o a g a i n s t t h e t r e e , and which he supposed t o be a
'bush ranger ' 1i k e h i m s e l f . Many a r e compelled from
hunger t o g i v e themselves up, and f r e q u e n t l y so s t a r v e d
( a r e they) t h a t t h e y can s c a r c e crawl upon t h e i r hands and
knees t o t h e happy spot of a dungeonIt.4
Apparently t h e l i k e l y f a t e t h a t awaited them f a i l e d t o d e t e r t h e conv i c t s from t a k i n g t o t h e bush and Major Morisset continued t o be plagued
by runaways.
In 1819 h e complained of numerous escapes, i n c l u d i n g one
p a r t y of seven who absconded from t h e limeburners1 camp on t h e 7 t h February,
1819 and began t o h a r a s s t h e s e t t l e r s a t P a t e r s o n l s p l a i n s .
Pursuing
s o l d i e r s e v e n t u a l l y caught up with t h i s group and i n t h e skirmish t h a t
followed one escapee was k i l l e d and four o t h e r s recaptured.'
Escapes
became even more numerous a f t e r t h e d i s c o v e r y of t h e inland r o u t e t o t h e
north and t h e Hunter V a l l e y through Boottee (Putty) and t h e Parsons Road
( t h e t r a c k through Wollomb i )
.
In 1821 Morisset r e p o r t e d i n c r e a s i n g
numbers o f d e s e r t i o n s 7 and complained t h a t "the m i l i t a r y and bush cons t a b l e s a t Newcastle have had a g r e a t d e a l of e x t r a d u t y i n t h e bush,
f o l l o w i n g runaways and bushrangers".
8
By 1825 numerous bands o f bushrangers were a t l a r g e i n t h e V a l l e y and
t h e i r numbers now included runaways from t h e new penal s e t t l e m e n t a t Port
Macquarie and a l s o assigned s e r v a n t s who had d e s e r t e d t h e i r p o s t s .
Men
from Captain P i k e ' s and Commander O g i l v i e l s Upper Hunter p r o p e r t i e s
joined t h e bushrangers and l a r g e armed p a r t i e s began t o t e r r o r i s e t h e
s e t t l e m e n t s , robbing and i l l - t r e a t i n g t h e s e t t l e r s and burning t h e i r
homes. 9
One p a r t i c u l a r l y d a r i n g gang was 'Jacob ' s Mob ' , shepherd P a t r i c k
R e i l y (or Reiby) and two o t h e r escapees from M r . V i c a r s J a c o b ' s p r o p e r t y
near Luskintyre, who were s a i d t o have been l a t e r joined by f i v e a s s i g n e d
s e r v a n t s from M r . Boughton's farm a t P a t e r s o n l s P l a i n s , one from M r . Cobb 's
and another from Newcastle.'O
Using h o r s e s s t o l e n from James Reid of
t h e gang, Lawrence C l e a r y , Aaron P r i c e , P a t r i c k C l i n c h and P a t r i c k R e i l y ,
a l l Jacobs men, were c a p t u r e d i n August, 1825 b u t escaped a g a i n , s t i l l
Mudie's men and a runaway from ~ e w c a s t 1 e . l ~A f t e r r e p r o v i s i o n i n g themselves
with h o r s e s and muskets s t o l e n from s e t t l e r s a t W a l l i s P l a i n s , t h e gang
c o n t i n u e d i t s a c t i v i t i e s f o r some weeks, l 3 evading v a r i o u s p u r s u i n g groups,
u n t i l October, 1825 when James Reid and two s o l d i e r s t r a p p e d t h e gang i n a
h u t a t Hexham.
During t h e e n c o u n t e r t h a t followed R e i l y was s h o t dead and
Price surrendered.
C l e a r y and C l i n c h escaped b u t were c a p t u r e d t h e n e x t
day, t o g e t h e r with a n o t h e r gang member by t h e name o f c a s s i d y . 1 4
A l l were
t r i e d i n t h e Supreme Court on 26th November, 1925 and s e n t e n c e d t o d e a t h .
Things were q u i e t i n t h e V a l l e y f o r a c o u p l e o f y e a r s a f t e r t h e c a p t u r e
o f 'Jacobs Mob ' , b u t e a r l y i n 1828 t h e A u s t r a l i a n newspaper r e p o r t e d t h a t a
g r e a t number o f bushrangers were a g a i n a t l a r g e i n t h e Hunter d i s t r i c t .
However, t h e crimes committed b y t h e s e b u s h r a n g e r s , a c c o r d i n g t o t h e news-
f i r e a r m s .16
offences1'
I n 1829 s i x men were s e n t e n c e d t o d e a t h f o r bushranging
a t t h e F i r s t Court o f Q u a r t e r S e s s i o n s a t Maitland i n August,
1829 and hanged a t Stockade H i l l , East M a i t l a n d .
Bushranging o u t r a g e s became widespread r i g h t throughout t h e colony i n
1830, i n c l u d i n g t h e Hunter V a l l e y .
The s i t u a t i o n became s o s e r i o u s t h a t t h e
Governor and t h e Council p a s s e d t h e extremely p u n i t i v e Bushrangers Act i n
A p r i l , 1830 which allowed any r e s i d e n t (with o r without a w a r r a n t ) t o
a r r e s t any p e r s o n s u s p e c t e d o f b e i n g a n escaped f e l o n o r o f c a r r y i n g
i l l e g a l firearms.
h e r innocence.
Any p e r s o n s o a r r e s t e d was t h e n o b l i g e d t o prove h i s o r
The Act s t i p u l a t e d t h e d e a t h p e n a l t y f o r any f e l o n
A t t h e i r t r i a l t h e Court r e f u s e d t o a c c e p t t h e p l e a s
of mitigating
circumstances o f f e r e d by t h e i r Council, M r . Roger Therry, 2 2 nor would it
t a k e i n t o account t h e p r i s d n e r s
'
evidence o f t h e a p p a l l i n g t r e a t m e n t t h e y
had r e c e i v e d , o r t h e i r previous good c h a r a c t e r s .
Even Hitchcock ' s
impassioned p l e a from t h e dock f o r an i n q u i r y i n t o t h e c o n d i t i o n s a t C a s t l e
Forbes f a i l e d t o i n f l u e n c e t h e Court.
Five o f t h e men, Hitchcock, Perry,
Poole, Ryan and R i l e y were sentenced t o d e a t h and Jones was s e n t t o Norfolk
Island f o r l i f e .
Hitchock and Poole were hanged a t Maitland on 1 9 t h December,
1833 and R i l e y , Perry and Ryan i n Sydney two days l a t e r . 23
A l l went t o t h e i r
d e a t h s with t h e "same e x p r e s s i o n s o f complaint" on t h e i r l i p s .
In t r u e o f f i c i a l f a s h i o n t h e a u t h o r i t i e s i n s i t i t u t e d a n enquiry i n t o
c o n d i t i o n s a t C a s t l e Forbes a f t e r t h e men had been hanged and t h i s r e s u l t e d
i n s t r o n g condemnation o f t h e t r e a t m e n t o f c o n v i c t s by Mudie and Larnack.
Mudie was dismissed from t h e magistracy, b u t , a s M r . Therry pointed o u t
"whatever may have been t h e r e p o r t , t h e f i v e p r i n c i p a l complainants who
graves".
24
Unfortunately t h e Bushrangers Act seems t o have claimed more innocent
v i c t i m s t h a n bushrangers, whose o u t r a g e s continued t o i n c r e a s e .
In t h e
l a t t e r p a r t o f 1830 a l a r g e , well-mounted group o f between twelve and
f i f t e e n began t o h a r a s s Hunter V a l l e y s e t t l e r s .
Two o f t h e gang were
wounded and c a p t u r e d by p o l i c e i n August, 1830 b u t were l a t e r rescued by
o t h e r gang members.
A t h i r d man by t h e name o f Daly was k i l l e d by a
shepherd a t Gummin plains2' b u t t h e remainder o f t h e gang escaped i n t o t h e
Bathurst a r e a where t h e y continued t o evade mounted p o l i c e and plunder t h e
settlers in that d i s t r i c t .
.
Bushranging continued t o i n c r e a s e i n t h e Hunter Valley and i n J u l y ,
1833 a n angry correspondent i n t h e Sydney Herald r e p o r t e d t h a t t h e Hunter
d i s t r i c t was overrun by bushrangers who were committing r o b b e r i e s d a i l y .
This w r i t e r t h e n went on t o complain b i t t e r l y about t h e i n e f f i c i e n c y o f t h e
p o l i c e i n t h e d i s t r i c t and t h e numerous escapes o f captured bushrangers
from t h e P a t r i c k s P l a i n s and Merton lock-ups .27
Although t h i s complainant
undoubtedly had good reason t o condemn t h e l e s s t h a n e f f e c t i v e performance
of t h e d i s t r i c t pol i c e , they n e v e r t h e l e s s had an extremely d i f f i c u l t t a s k .
Not o n l y d i d they have an extremely l a r g e a r e a t o p r o t e c t but they were
a l s o badly hampered by an i n s u f f i c i e n c y o f men and inadequate f a c i l i t i e s .
Even a f t e r t h e removal of t h e d i s t r i c t headquarters o f t h e Hunter River
Mounted Police t o J e r r y s P l a i n s i n March, 1833, 28 t h e p o l i c e s t i l l faced
g r e a t problems i n d e a l i n g with bushrangers.
Even those captured were d i f f i -
c u l t t o hold because most c o n s t a b l e s were e i t h e r badly armed o r not armed
at all.
Captain Williams of t h e N.S.W. Mounted Police complained t h a t one
bushranger named Beard had made repeated escapes from t h e same lock-up a t
Merton.
29
Early i n 1833 another gang of f i f t e e n bushrangers plundered t h e s t a t i o n s
o f Messrs . Wyndham, Blaxland, Bett ington, Jones and others3'
and i n May two
men robbed t h e p r o p e r t i e s of Messrs. Harper, McLeod and Dutton and t h a t of
Mrs. Hunt (Molly Morgan) a t Anvil Creek.
This indignant lady complained
b i t t e r l y t h a t by t h e time t h e p o l i c e a r r i v e d on t h e scene, t h e bushrangers
had had t i m e t o g e t well away "whether t o t h e n o r t h , south, e a s t o r west
she l e f t it t o t h e i r b e t t e r judgment t o determine". 31
On t h e 10th December,
1833 M r . L e s l i e Duguid and two mounted policemen d i d manage t o c a p t u r e t h r e e
bushrangers who had attempted t o rob M r . Duguid's p r o p e r t y a t Lochinvar, b u t
t h e Sydney Herald's r e p o r t on t h i s i n c i d e n t went on t o advise t h a t "reports
from Hunter's River s t a t e t h a t numbers o f runaways a r e prowling about i n
every d i r e c t i o n i n search o f plunder1'.
3L
The Lake ~ a c ~ u a r di ies t r i c t a l s o had i t s s h a r e of problems with bushrangers.
It was a wild and lawless a r e a , frequented by unruly cedar c u t t e r s
and c a t t l e t h i e v e s .
Runaway c o n v i c t s a l s o made t h e i r way i n t o t h e d i s t r i c t ,
t o e s t a b l i s h with any c e r t a i n t y whether t h e y were i n f a c t r e s p o n s i b l e f o r
a l l o f t h e o u t r a g e s t h a t occurred d u r i n g t h i s p e r i o d .
*
It was n o t u n t i l
l a t e 1840 t h a t t h e contemporary p r e s s began t o publish any d e t a i l e d
accounts o f t h e g a n g ' s a c t i v i t i e s . 41
In December, 1840 t h e Sydney Herald
pub1 i s h e d t h e following r e p o r t from i t s W i l liams River correspondent :
"The bushrangers who were a t Newcastle l a t e l y and more
r e c e n t l y a t P i l c h e r s Farm on t h e Hunter have p a i d u s a v i s i t ...
and now.. .have l e f t t h e d i s t r i c t f o r a b o l d dash elsewhere.
On 29th November D r . McKinlay was b a i l e d up ... The l e a d e r
was formerly an a s s i g n e d s e r v a n t t o Edward Sparke Esq. and
a n o t h e r (named Shea) a n assigned s e r v a n t t o M r . Coad; t h e
t h i r d , I b e l i e v e a Jew named ~ a v i s ! a~ very wary, determined
f e l l o w . They " b a i l e d up" M r Chapman and h i s men b u t t h e y
took only two s a d d l e s , s a d d l e bags, b r i d l e s , t e a , s u g a r ,
brandy e t c and t h e y caught two mares when Robert C h i t t y ,
one o f M r Chapman' s men j o i n e d them. . . They t h e n went on
robbing p e o p l e on t h e highway.. . t h e y met a man o f M r Lord's
of whom they took a h o r s e and 11 s h i l l i n g s . m e n they met
a M r H a r r i s o n from Namoi whose horse t h e y took. They t h e n
proceeded t o M r Walker's a t Brookfield, from whom they took
£37.. . A f t e r robbing t h e s t a t i o n o f M r Timothy Nolan, on whom
t h e y had a g r e a t "down", they f i x e d a s a d d l e on h i s back,
flogged him and took £5, a h o r s e and a gold watch. .The
Dungog postman chancing t o come along t h e y " a i l e d him up". . .
They t h e n made f o r t h e P a t t e r s o n and i n t h e a f t e r n o o n robbed
M r J o n e s ' S e t t l e r s A r m s ...'They then c r o s s e d t h e r i v e r and
have n o t s i n c e been heard of."43
.
Other newspaper r e p o r t s followed, c o n t a i n i n g accounts o f many o t h e r
robberies i n the d i s t r i c t .
M r . Henry Cohcn o f t h e Black Creek Inn,
M r . C l o s e ' s stockman, M r . Crawford o f Brown Muir, M r . and Mrs. Davis o f
Glenmore t o g e t h e r with M r . David Dunlop, t h e p o l i c e m a g i s t r a t e , who was
a v i s i t o r a t t h e time and t h e Prendegast P u b l i c House were a l l robbed on
t h e same day and t h e gang a l s o flogged a M r . Macdougall who was p r e s e n t a t
t h e Prendegast Inn because "he had been very fond of f l o g g i n g w h i l s t o v e r s e e r o f a c h a i n gang".
The gang t h e n went on t o plunder t h e Red House Inn
on t h e Maitland Road and M r . G a r r e t t ' s s t a t i o n ;
o n t h e f o l l o w i n g morning
Captain Horsley was robbed a t Woodbery near Hexham.
On t h e a f t e r n o o n of
t h e same day t h e gang were s i g h t e d n e a r t h e township o f Scone and by 6 a.m.
t h e next day t h e y had c a r r i e d o u t y e t a n o t h e r robbery a t M r . Dangar's
p r o p e r t y a t D u r a n v i l l e and had e n t e r e d t h e v i l l a g e o f Scone.
44
The long r e i g n of t h e 'Jewboy' gang owed much t o t h e f r i e n d s h i p and
a s s i s t a n c e o f many a s s i g n e d s e r v a n t s and t i c k e t - o f - l e a v e men i n t h e Hunter
Valley.
The gang members' flamboyant d r e s s and behaviour, t h e i r h a b i t of
meting out f l o g g i n g s t o t h o s e who had i l l - t r e a t e d c o n v i c t s , t h e i r l i g h t *
h e a r t e d t i l t i n g a t a u t h o r i t y and t h e i r h a b i t of s h a r i n g t h e ' s p o i l s ' made
them h e r o e s i n t h e eyes o f many o f t h e i r f e l l o w c o n v i c t s who gave them a
g r e a t d e a l o f h e l p and k e p t them p o s t e d concerning p o l i c e movements.
The
degree of f r i e n d s h i p and u n d e r s t a n d i n g between t h e gang and many o f t h e
twenty s i x men, mostly c o n v i c t s , who were p r e s e n t d u r i n g t h e robbery o f
Cohen's Black Creek Inn was s o obvious t h a t Mr. E . D . Day l a t e r c a n c e l l e d
t h e t i c k e t s - o f - l e a v e o f two o f t h e s e s p e c t a t o r s .
48
A f t e r t h e c a p t u r e of t h e 'Jewboy' gang, l a r g e - s c a l e bushranging i n
t h e Hunter Valley v i r t u a l l y c e a s e d f o r many y e a r s .
There were some minor
i n c i d e n t s w i t h i n t h e n e x t couple o f y e a r s , b u t n o t h i n g on t h e s c a l e o f t h e
Davis g a n g ' s a c t i v i t i e s .
Henry S t e e l e and C h a r l e s Vaut, a s s i g n e d s e r v a n t s
t o M r . George Furber o f Maitland and s u s p e c t e d accomplices o f e a r l i e r bushr a n g e r s , attempted t o rob t h e Reverend and Mrs. John Garvan o f Hull
H i l l n e a r Maitland on 25th February, 1841, b u t , when t h e reverend.gentleman
r e s i s t e d , they h a s t i l y r e t r e a t e d t o t h e i r q u a r t e r s where t h e y were a r r e s t e d
t h e n e x t day, t o be l a t e r s e n t e n c e d t o penal s e r v i t u d e f o r l i f e .
January, 1842 William Gunn and John South, a s s o c i a t e s o f t h e 'Jewboy' gang,
were c a p t u r e d w h i l e a t t e m p t i n g t o rob t h e Northern Mail n e a r Scone.
The e a r l y i s s u e s of t h e Mait l a n d Mercury newspaper i n 1843 c o n t a i n e d
a number o f r e p o r t s concerning b u s h r a n g e r s , b u t t h e s e r e l a t e d o n l y t o minor
i n c i d e n t s o r t o t h e c a p t u r e of b u s h r a n g e r s , two o f whom (Keating and Crow)
were apprehended by Constable Moss a t B i s h o p ' s Bridge on 3rd February,
1 8 4 3 5 ~w h i l e a n o t h e r by t h e name o f William McCarthy, a n escapee from
Edward S p a r k e ' s p r o p e r t y was brought i n t o C a s s i l i s s i x days l a t e r .
FOOTNOTES
1.
The f i r s t known bushranger i n New South Wales was "Black C a e s a r t t ,
a F i r s t F l e e t c o n v i c t who absconded from t h e Sydney s e t t l e m e n t
i n May, 1789. R . Ward & J . Robertson, Such Was L i f c , 1969.
Sydney, p.225.
2.
Bigge, J . T . , Report, Evidence, B.T. Box 1 , p.480/Quoted
Dawn i n t h e Valley, 1972, Sydney, pp.3&311.
3.
Wood, op. c i t . , p . 5 .
4.
S l a t e r , J . , "An Account o f t h e Manners and Employment of Convicts",
27th A p r i l , 1819, F a c s i m i l e Copy, G . E . I n g l e t o n (Ed),
True P a t r i o t s A l l , 1965, Sydney, p.81.
5.
C o l o n i a l S e c r e t a r y ' s I n - L e t t e r s , Bundles 13-15, Newcastle 1819-21,
M o r i s s e t , 4th January, 1819 e t seq./Quoted i n Wood, op. c i t . ,
pp.5E311.
6.
These were probably t h e f o u r men (William Geary, William Rowlands,
Moses Watson and C h a r l e s Connor) l i s t e d on t h e Newcastle
Punishment Record f o r 25th March, 1819, who were sentenced t o
100 l a s h e s each f o r running away, p l u n d e r i n g and t h r e a t e n i n g
t h e l i v e s o f t h e s e t t l e r s and r e s i s t i n g a p a r t y s e n t a f t e r them.
Bonwick T r a n s c r i p t s Box 12, pp.291-300/Quoted i n Turner, J.W.,
Newcastle a s a Convict S e t t l e m e n t : ?he Evidence Before J . T . Bigge
i n 1819-1821, 1973, Newcastle, p .234.
7.
C o l o n i a l S e c r e t a r y ' s I n - L e t t e r s , Bundles 25-27, Newcastle, 1825, 4/1812,/
Quoted i n Wood, op. c i t ., pp.166311.
8.
Bigge, J .T. Report, Evidence, B .T. Box 25, p p . 5 4 3 7 - 8 / ~ u o t e d i n Wood,
op. c i t . , pp.166311.
9.
Wood, op. c i t . , p.82.
10.
The A u s t r a l i a n , 4th August, 1825.
11.
I b i d . , 21st J u l y , 1825.
12.
I b i d . , 11th August, 1825.
13.
According t o E . C . Close t h e gang committed 8 o r 9 house r o b b e r i e s ,
1 rape, a t t a c k e d D r . Radfordts house, burned down M r . R e i d ' s home,
p l u s committing numerous o t h e r a c t s o f d e s t r u c t i o n d u r i n g t h i s
period.
S i r Thos. B r i s b a n e t s L e t t e r Book, Vol.1, pp.195-7/Quoted i n Wood,
op. c i t . , pp.846318.
14.
The A u s t r a l i a n , 13th October, 1825.
15.
H i s t o r i c a l Records o f A u s t r a l i a , S e r i e s 1, Vo1.12, 12th December,
1825, p.86.
16.
'Ihe A u s t r a l i a n , 14th March, 1828.
i n W.A.
Wood,
G
18.
Bloomfield, W . A . G . ,
Cessnock, 1824-1954, Cessnock, p.19.
19.
Callaghan, T . , Acts and Ordinances o f t h e Governor and Council of
New South Wales. and Acts o f Parliament Enacted f o r and A m l i e d
t o t h e Colony, 1844, Sydney, pp.504-5.
L I
20.
H a r r i s , A . , (An Emigrant Mechanic), S e t t l e r s and C o n v i c t s , 1954,
C a r l t o n , V i c t o r i a , pp. 79-81.
21.
Boxall, G . , The S t o r y of t h e A u s f r a l i a n Bushrangers, 1974, London,
pp.52-3.
22.
M r . Therry was r e t a i n e d t o d e f e n d t h e p r i s o n e r s b y a n anonymous
b e n e f a c t o r i n Sydney.
Therry, R . , Reminiscences o f T h i r t y Years Residence i n New South
Wales and V i c t o r i a , 1863, London, p.167.
23.
Sydney G a z e t t e , December, 1833/Quoted i n I n g l e t o n , op. c i t . ,
pp.149-50.
24.
Therry, op. c i t . , pp.167-9.
25.
On h i s deathbed Daly claimed t h a t t h e two wounded bushrangers who had
been r e s c u e d had l a t e r d i e d and been b u r i e d i n t h e bush by o t h e r
gang members, Wood, op . c i t . , p .241.
26.
H i s t o r i c a l Records of A u s t r a l i a , S e r i e s I , Vo1.15, 5 t h October, 1830,
pp. 769-770.
27.
Sydney. Herald, 1 8 t h J u l y , 1833.
28.
Wood, op. c i t . , p . 304.
29.
C o l o n i a l S e c r e t a r y ' s I n - L e t t e r s , Naval f, M i l i t a r y (Mounted P o l i c e )
Maitland, 1833, 4/2199/2/Quoted i n Wood, op. c i t . , pp.3046335.
30.
Sydney Herald, 9 t h March, 1833.
31.
I b i d . , 1 1 t h May, 1833.
32.
I b i d . , 6 t h J a n u a r y , 1834.
33.
C o l o n i a l S e c r e t a r y ' s I n - L e t t e r s , Simpson 6 t h August, 1828, Quoted i n
Clouton, K.H., R e i d ' s Mistake, 1967, Sydney, p . 5 8 .
34.
I t i s p o s s i b l e t h a t t h i s was t h e legendary MacDonald who was t h e l e a d e r
o f a gang of bushrangers and c a t t l e t h i e v e s who o p e r a t e d i n t h e
Namoi d i s t r i c t between 1832 and 1834. P o l i c e s e a r c h p a r t i e s had
been a c t i v e i n t h e gang's u s u a l h a u n t s f o r some t i m e . Macdonald
was a l s o a n e x c e l l e n t bushman and was known t o make f r e q u e n t
t r i p s t o t h e Sydney a r e a . He and a n o t h e r bushranger named
Lynch were l a t e r k i l l e d by two stockmen a t S i r John Jamieson's
s t a t i o n i n t h e Liverpool P l a i n s d i s t r i c t i n October o r November,
1834, Wood, op. c i t , p.224.
.
,
Page 69
B I B L IOGRAPHY
Primary Source M a t e r i a l
Monographs
Callaghan, T . ,
Act and Ordinances o f t h e Governor and Council o f New
South Wales, and Acts o f Parliament Enacted f o r and
Applied t o t h e Colony, 1844, Sydney.
Cunningham, P . ,
Two Years i n New South Wales, A S e r i e s o f L e t t e r s ,
Vo1.2, 1827, London.
H a r r i s , A , , (An
S e t t l e r s and Convicts ( F i r s t p u b l i s h e d 1847, London)
Emigrant Mechanic) 1954, C a r l t o n , V i c t o r i a .
,
H i s t o r i c a l Records of A u s t r a l i a , S e r i e s I , Vols .12615.
'Qngleton,
G .E.
(Ed .) , T r u e P a t r i o t s A l l , 1965, Sydney.
Therry, R . ,
T u r n e r , J . W.
Reminiscences of T h i r t y Years Residence i n New South
Wales and V i c t o r i a , 1863, London.
(Ed .) , Newcastle a s a Convict S e t t l e m e n t : The Evidence Before
J . T . Bigge i n 1819-1821, 1973, Newcastle.
Newspapers
Maitland Mercury, 1843.
Sydney Herald, 1833, 1834, 1840.
The A u s t r a l i a n , 1825, 1828, 1829, 1830, 1840, 1841.
Secondary Source M a t e r i a l
Monographs
Abbott, J .H.M.,
Bloomfield, W . A . G . ,
Newcastle Packets and t h e Hunter V a l l e y , 1942, Sydney.
Cessnock, 1824-1954, 1954, Cessnock.
Boxall, G . ,
The S t o r y o f t h e A u s t r a l i a n Bushrangers ( F i r s t p u b l i s h e d
1899) , F a c s i m i l e E d i t i o n 1974, London.
Clouton, K.H.,
R e i d ' s Mistake, 1967, Sydney.
Levi J . S . &
B e r m a n , G.F . J . ,
A u s t r a l i a n Genesis, Jewish Convicts and S e t t l e r s , 17881850, 1974, Adelaide.
Mendham, R . ,
The D i c t i o n a r y o f A u s t r a l i a n Bushrangers, 1975, Melbourne.
Ward, R . $
Robertson, J . ,
Such Was L i f e , 1969, Sydney.