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Working Paper Nu- 251
SCCXAL ZMTER&DIATI~N
&ssonr
MI)WEWTH TRCUJSZfICW
from
FeraJa,
M. Kabtr
T.N. Krishnen
m n W a f o r bevelopmmt Studies
fhifuvananthapuram-635 6 : 1
demagraphl c
number. o+
t ~ - a n sti
i 0 i . t ~ prov j de a
1 e!bcsns
t c i d2-i~-
\
~ t o t e sin %rca:ia and !:o C t i ~ r ~ : t ~ r / e X 3
~ [~; c
~ :, i ~ t i e
They
~ . p o i n t Out
%tatus u.f
length
wi
0f
il:alra?.
a
a#: i r'lrfd:&ted by 1 e v c l c;s of m a r ta.t i ty rater;
l i f e oF i t s ppt!lati~j.inis murre a k i n t~
much highet-
tSk:3s%
~ueir~tries
w i t A t h a w as
t eve1 g a+ p e r capi ta incnme khan
romparable l e v e l s c+ irrnae. t h e
exceeds 7 0 years5 and + e m a : ~
life e x p e c t a n c y in
K.erala
e ~ p c z c t a n c y rjq
I i S r
Or t-hu
72
Y@aP-s
ic3aparecl .t:n 68 y e a r s SnZpbioa) indk2sd speaks n+ t h e lack a+
d i Scv.im.inati on uC ~e;rma~
a~
b l ciw-en
~ i
c ~ i ~ (k.he
j
k+ttw
5 ta 4
thcusand
i n l9Sy
.
arts
0-f
the
cotrntri as. V e r - y i c . ~ p r e sv ~e l g a i ns have
t h e bir.i-.i.! rate5
k h e t t ~ . $~
p ~i. t3dj,l t y
f i y u r ~of. 2: and kvtpn larar-
fin
Icmsi
anyq
er.rJoyed
~ j
~
b Y WGmerr i n KeraZe sec:?s:y. Ka:$a?a'sin-Fant ~ ~ o r t a l l trate
y
per
r,sir~
PC
75'
amanq d e w 1 0 p i
a1 set been made
I
rz
e d ~ l crig
i
+-st= ha\? ~;VE&L.IY
~-B~c:~.Ia
G:;
snale p a r t s ,
i n 16Sb'ei.
This
d~rli!')~)
Paper p r t r s c + n t e d e t i h e E I , C , A . E , R , - H a r w a r d
Workshapon ' T h e
future o f Health and D e v e l o p w e n t in f n d i a * , Ne*r Bslhi,
~ ~ ~ ~ a r y Z - S , 1 ? ? 2 , ~ ~ r + b c o 6ini t'Health
r~
and Human beveloprent
in I n d i a *,
~ f s r o Chen, Honfca Das G u p t a , T , # , K ~ i s h n a n
I E d l t t w s 1 , f 993,
2
in
birth
Jacer:n&J"
pcpul ation, t h s
r u r i ~ p a r ~to
d
b!
r1parI.i.
i
a
i grawtk! rate i
aver 2.: p e r c e n t
~(it-.Pr'd;d t h e
.
-Far'
pach
census
the . l a t e s t
re.i..i%c"iud
0.l:
K ~ : - r a k + , b a i n g - IY p e r c e n t
lndia.$j'ttts b ; ~ : ~ ? ~~je~rns
afa
to ihave
the
i_t:E
tbmad
statsi 1 i % : . ; a t i ~ i ~ ESF
its
puc~~~atson"'
I;araS:a S
PIE. p!"esenI:
Nav-rtmber
tiierqi ng
1 9 5 ~ 3 ~b y
Tuavdncore arid
C ~ c h $ t with
i
+he
iot.eer
e x i s t e ~ l an1
~ ~y
p r i n c ~ 1 . y state3
the M-xlsbai. d i s t r i c t .
Independence, A t t h e I t i m e a+ t h e
F:h-?.k-ic;t~ pr1.m- t c r
lc:6!i"aia
came ; i n k 0
state,
t h e Pdeelth i.kntug
in
0-F
rl.:led by
-fnraa+xunof
or: the p o p v ; l r m k i ~ rO( &
f these
regiuns d i ~ ~ s r - w~i dde l y 1 Tr-avdn~gre and l:urh.in having much I U W r
levels o+ r n ~ ~ . t & l . i t ay n. d :~ighet.- liqe expwtanrlcs theti7 in WalwhAr.
Melabkr
Zaqgell behind
'Trc:~arlcar.~'~ i l d
Gochin ' n u t
anXy in
the
pi*crvi slor! o-f health i r;$ra%tt-ur:ture but"a1 so i n tkrp c h m r ~ g e<rt
~ the
1n5t..il:ut:is3nisL, mcial,
ec?ailamli s t ~ u c t u r e * which .were
and
~ m p o r t a n t ?'OF t h l r j t i ' t m ~ f r j r m a t i u c ~
rhe
~ ~ i g f i i f i ~ Q*
a ! the
~ ~ Kcrala
~
m p e r f once
1.
31i
tke
$ d ~ t t!~af:
im~aIetnantatian uti tnS
the
p o l icies ;tnd p;"mgr4a?nrm+?s w f i l ch sucl-eedkd. i rr ttre pi-i n c e l t s t a t Pcj ~4
f ravanCWhe 3nCl
ttlaae w e r e
ii150
aimi 1 ar autCOmS5 but
dc~!Ir?.r~ed'djkla
~ i n much s p t o l - t ~ r btime harizan i n
I = [ ~ c ~ I J . F I i7~1-k an t y p r o d m a d
,
r'laiab:.at*-.f t i ~ ts t r j . 5 il.c?wprer;siun 0-f the t i m e f i o r ~ z a ht h a t prnvides
the p r ' ~ ~CO:"
, ~ *the c c ! r r t : . ? ~ ! r \ t i u ithat.
~
itl
possnble to athi c v e
health and d s r n o ~ r a p i ~ itrarrsi
t
t i a n s i n a' saclety i n t h e course of
1%
a sinqle qeneratic~ir~
HOW d ~ d
t!7e
health' tra:lsiiisn
.
t a k e piace I n
'KkralaT What
L
the social, .. instikcttion~l..araki:m~rrornic..+i3rces
.,that a i d e d
this - t r a n s + G & < i k ?
W h a t - w+as
t ~ e . r4o l e or- grovrirnment
in
i n i t i a t . i n g and su5t:alnxng the,;@
prue ses? What lessons d o they
pt-wide
C b r other
Skates ~ r :Tndj A?
e prupoae to answer t h e s e
questi~nsi n t h i s papet- Ln th'e c
x
3
t h e rhanges in the
health profile 04
Ksrala's
paf
ian and hope t h a t
the
eqperiences and Iessuns o f t h i s t P
rmatimn would a v o v i d e some
W S P ~
I
qui.daS i naz f c ~ r - i i l k ~ q r a t
k n{ h e a l t h
ijeyel l ~ p m c ? n . L
dl. t h
Sacfal I n t e r r e d a t d o n a n d Health Transition
incl ~ t u l ~ r , tir~!suoci al ,itrld >aha\,i aural. c:l.retnq<?.,; w h i c h p a ? - a 11<+I ttle
epidemi oh aql cal t r ' a n s i t i ;acr arsd mey di> r ? t ~ ~ : : ?
t:,:.~j
F ) ~ ' u ; ? BI ~
'I:.' t i " . )
'
H numberp
the
.
p
Q*
i stru$.ca had
pr'uvijing
yrjvw.?c~erth, i r i
p - . . c ? ~ ~ - !'t k
1~~
.dk n e
baa:kh
kc
dci:i-lSQ
cwitirai v o l c n+
the
f.1~d of
tm~u+tartcr=.04 srjciai arid p j l i ti i-.=:i c:~eng+s
2.r:
!:a
F : , E T ~ ~3 S + : ( I ? ~ F .U'JLL~,
t.h@
g i (~cc?
!:,i>e+ ' ~ ~ ' $ t i ? . i . rA<i (3';
pet"i.c3c!
%.ilk?
ep i demi a l 6qi +:<! ! tr7.ansi L 1 gn
y
kw-31 3
k 1 - 1p
~ - ~
i ~~5
t.fi
c:ta,r".e
a4166ter1')
,
f 9
a
t
i
gnr_r L - i :-
t h g ; ~ r e ~ ~ ab:er!jti
ilt
.a
f
i
kc
2r;cr
c::irder t r .
.[:hi
,
$ r h ~ ~ t % l tsvi d@r!ce ki;.ra
.tf,
:
L : C ~ I ? ~ L I I ? TUI"I
: ~ ~ w.j t p l
tl7t'
L
:
lv
a g ~ eupmerr
l
t
k ~ ~i _ ) t i t ~ ~ n q y.j ;
have
r>Ct
~:it? I
- 5 p ~ c 45 i.c*:iii.y
ik.5
bir,.;t.~:i
c!t8!
a3r!di. y;+u
ir l t : . ~ ~ d
on~ ~
o ft i
wws
1n.i t i d l 1y
.
+:t-$e@ p idelrii 01 ogi cal.
iri
and nekisviobral
~.?f
We shdl l
parts
those
' T v ? ~ a i ? c ~ t ' eI *P trli c r e r t t a ~ iwe
t ~ c ~ t . ~ ~ ~ ! , r jm
c !3~ pr *~~ ~.
Gnv.i~.~niilet?k 2?y ::mc.i.;AX
'
pirevai Z irrq a&!?,.
r,!.!:
anG
.-
env~~'anment
surn.sj intr_sfAmedlaPiclnifi
+-!I
i n.i r w 5 , t r u c t u r e . Such
a catnpar.,>atl.vea r ~y~
s ilr , nf heal ti)
.I
-
~4j-ftdj Q V a l a h a . ~
,
t
bil@
f : i ~x~r!;IZl
~
?+ UI"LS
in t h e Cach i!t s t a t e
d r ~ v s l a p ~ < ? nthere
ts
clc=.seiy :'olPawed t h e changes
b e c a t ~ s e"cV!:lrand
I
C ~ ~ ? ~ Q ~ U ~ ? Y I G."Q
:+>~AA~C : - ~
e v i d ~ ! n c r +r;..:,i:;enk.i,al
:
?.agen pI3.cs
=
scaci a:
i r.j
t
0f
piracerit
$fir- i ks upreztill.
7 r e k:..I.:ei?
l i ~ iecake
w i t h i n t h ~tbsn p r e u s i l xng
?
tim1e cadtn,Lr.y
c:~s
.
par tn;
f c~rmat.
urr 3 - F
t?te
$:
in same
e?
th~+
w e emf SL ~l+? ni~;+m a l y5.i s
t!.an;;itia:~fi fiu-cihaiz?:~ wul_!jl.d itat i-ra--;e
?
.
crrid6;r%t ~ i - l?..?1y
~ j
~ ~ i . : t ? t ~ * . c,?.LIJ
i
4~hs.h ~ i " a ~ i i . r - w
~ b
but f c i r
~:,II&
b!--!."?.~qi
~ 1 9adout:
rn,?k:e
a d r stf n c t i a n B e t w e e n
j , - ~ 1~ 1 ~7 ~, ~ ~' sin~c ~
e aW
~ ,d n
'
an
al
b wh 3.vi uu~--L
1
I h c t ? a vu4.w-d
i
a n v i ranmsnt w e rnsarr
tho
%ucia1 cocurx L i c n ~ , gcsirk??!*ning
the rs1a.ti anships
w t h l n and batriesr? t.he d ~ t ' . f e r e ~
c ce m m c r i ~ ~ t ias
~ s dekarr3fned by the
att'~scl:ur'+and kt?@gender- i;tS,ki tildes. k e re awar-l
behavi actual
anE1
a t t i t u d e s have b r ~ t d L c ? c k r e k t iu f l ~ r ?p::
j.
wi t f t
bshav,ial~ra:l
the
tt't2kt
r
i
~ a c i a land
t h f ? soci a1
iec*ding
~Pi.'imitcLd
to
irr~vrraiblesurial change%.
Throtaqh
what
:qe
a t t i i . u d e s under
:zr-fitad
have
.I~av,~.nrl:i3~-+z
.
~ ~ ' F : W I I I C ~ ~t.0
P ~
chanr:~
C t l e c.:;i..;tiny
trhr
aft
s r i i b a i
i n t e r mad r + k t i un '
' 5sc ! a1
s.LrleL
,
het~avifluval
artd
b~;ia.t#ic?uv~!.
envrrunment
s:ak? 5y511ex1 aar,cptabl e to a
Ickrcja
s u q r n ~ : - ~ ?oft
ti-rk
prjptdl;~t:I.~r!* h L h e c ~ k r r t ~ x ea+ hea1t.h
t - ~ ' a r t ~ : i t i r ~ r~e
i,
d ~ i l n
s a~r f a i ii'lteu-tneiihtioti :+a ~l*cterv+!t>ttons
at
a l ~ ~ ~ Ie nb rn~3ke t h e W e ~ t & ? . : , ~
hed.1.
rr th
cS1. f f e r e r r t 1 ~ ~ 1 1 a+
4 t h e suc.!ei:y by4 w,&
soci,aI,
drlij
S C C I ~ S ~e; n
~ ~ E P I ~ 01.1r'dI
VI
~
r
f
r?genVi%t . ~~ l l d n g et h e
E~u:,
f :: * .~~ t~j ~ ~' .kl r ~ hli
i
i ~ I + . P T V E ; : .i: ~t:rn~ s
r.urd.1.
d ~ * t ~~5
i i i ~$ - - i r * ~ '
del7.i @d, ac.*legit t o y
ex they the ;:.rad.i t j
1
c
l-2,
!
t t ~ d i k i ~ n a l .%c~i,i,71
5ncl
cat:cr?ri~>r-;aa*.i1211 ;E
sp~x++if
c>+
this
.jr,lt
aw-l ti ct! i ate4
.
04
r..1-4~3
W ~ Y ' P iXcku&I1y
h e a l t h c & r @ sy%tenl.
buhvilxaral relat iat7yihj.ps
impact
P
~ l " i i $ i " > g e ,L h t e i ,
w!$h
*clcept+re rrf
I
af
change% i n the
t t ? e ~ , cw w u
iir'l+lexn b a l i ti. 99
tr7r::
k:er.aik 1435 n c : ~ % s ; t ~i ~r ~r ttL 3 5,Fe
So#greater
access t u heal k h
a d d i tinrtai'
i::,vf~i Q T ~
r~$.
'
4
~ ~ u c i 1ab ln v i r ~ n r n ~ nin
t
c:-AB*CE?
an
Weaterr! necli c i n e and
I
f'iw
#r
%ocial.
equivalent to
r:~f':51
t7t~e1' U ~ J
AS
h~!--~;+v~csu.!~'i~!
ilq:.rti+:c.toer=;,
t
artrculaeion a4
~ T U ~ . J ~ C
441153
Y
f;-t@r~::f3r-e,
tr~p
selei-:P,ive 5 s ~ : . r i 4 . ? l
ii
!I
t i . 1 ~
r . 9hlclilght d b a ~ tw i t h ~ u k d i 5 t u ~ b l n ~
.;uc:'?
cX ant!
.;.YI~:.:
e
C*?C L;l.i
t h e :!@!?U+>.'CS
;lr;Vkt-ri%~~~Pnk.
i vttermecl~w.k i EN?
oF .s.
OF.
~ i ~ k l ? l ( / ~ .w
~ d~
1nli:LCl,ly these
s~c1a1
h
h
r
?
kt1il't
about ef t h ~ r b y
ti b e b r o u g h t
&r?liqh?-.enc+d
p u b l i ~& ~ , l ~ u
c~r.
l -r ~ yr v ~ 6 p o r rI-IQ
r f f:c)
<:hat,
ovtcorn@%fur t h e
v i r ~ r i m ~ ~ 4- .~2~~tA C ~ \ ~ C > ~ J It!jQ~ f ; ~ B ihs&:en
!
sfic~e'iy. Sul-t!
pn~?.lu2
Y:-.;
F ~ T S 1Vi ng
~ ~
the
the 19th.
vs'tani tpra't: wan so powelp+ctl
~.m:xi?t+b.r,
4 " bcsrnmuci k : i . e s ,
not
present
e.1cauhere
coasun i t i eu
.
a
,Frhr;.,rr?
5
,
1
1
T'l'leu*e w ~ i aJ
~ ~ t
t h e ~k.i~?t,~>i~.t:.t\~+~>~i+'
s u t l - - d ~ , - v5ii on5
'ftrI+t!'r~il'-
'untot.!i:h;abIe'
cLas:ii, and t h e i r r j . g t t t s p efiLiti5aiank5
s t a n d i r i g wet--a
d k h t ~ : t - f r t i r i ~ 3i r c a r l rrrgl
conlblfrad *.i
i:;l
b u l wevk
*he
% zc.
+ sr'qd
kfie p t - a c k j L e i ,
V A ~ ~ U ' : Ji ~1 ~ l ~ ~ : er.f?d,::?!::ted
' ; p ~
pc-t
actep t.~ili':E:
y,
aq+.;..l
rlsi.
at>-?
c a s k s c ~ cety
i
anij
j. ts
6c~j::il :,oc.i
Fja:ages
pt..i.ay.:ii.\p
3.
6.C:
1y
a:;.;ht"~d
nudar'r~ or wf+.s?.erLn med b c i n e .
i n i - i i i a t e d +?-=in t h e
the
all
. Fi3r.
~ Q W K ? r~;
made thein aware c3-f
+up t t j e i r; we1 l -.fiefng.
to
pr'~val35
. i%
th&:.sa pt-'~!:lss~,ir-es w i t h i n
c a t
power
a!-td
devslopcae~-htsi r ! P ? e a l k h
it?
B P C X ~ . i~n k t l . e ~ ~ , ? l a d i a t , i ~ n
LS"Li. cei3tui-r
%,iy r l l 4: i eance
I s m i ts
structures.
Sc?r
begai'r ta
cnkr: t I oncd above
T h e t*leaIL h
t9e
~VI+
tias.ical l v
w s t e ~=,ad drrl;,ir,%es
tl*,l;e
a 1.
cl assas 'huward s
L s ~ t i5ecdiAc u + t h e
t h e Z nwar castes
%DL:j.
irast:;armrcc:, ii&!manbs
w?.?an t h e cFlangcd:.~. irl t h e suci a1 e n v i r-anment
rr:cpand
t;.tei~!i.r<&l
c i ~ i ~ 3.nny
g
K h i X e t h e r e meas!.st-es were
h e a i l h ccwt? try t h e
h ~ at lh sv$it.:.ai
d a y e l ~ p r a ~tr i
s : s ~ t c safid
LtpFser-
qkki s Z eve;
a%sume 5c~:lme.~t'n~tnr-.l:anceby
,
t'tr_.al
,t.1?
$ 4 [~
g ~ ' . i + r ~ l m e i.I~ . t )
process@<; a r i y i =ial:.c?t%
at
accsaa t!n
&lq:ak.!
C'r+eid3tion$i
t.Vl~3
cfi~-~c:i?v.na{jw k t.Pi
d.~.l~lri
t~cl-in;lio ~ i r ,u-f ,tthe
a,ktitubs.,;
:+eut-d iis ~
~.n~?der
J y ! :?q pn+w ~~';trttc%~i!'-s.
ear :y
i.c.?kei-?ileili;:$-?.an was
L>-~~EJ
i?rid ket'tavi uurha-l L : F B & ~ ' \ ~ E ~
cl-raflgegi ic.ii~~al.cliiave Lk~ccn ~ o y ~ ; i j . - j . : ~~~
j . 5. :- '+~~F L T - C ~t.~:!
~B
r
5*t.y,!-ka:
r i g i d c.-
s t r e > v q b*r.rnj.e~--aqaii-~z-i;t%a
~ r i l yg,
y
miial
c,!is<:c>ln$5a ~ % o c:3?,G3!:?
f
h i i kr":
au+:or.;sil?gusi ; j i u i~51
w t i ~ c h m i y h z hdvi3
En
2Wrd
;;.;$xhe~:*.d
c!f W Q ~ : ~ . . Y ~ ( - Imedi r:i, ~ ? ebok a:r So
.:LI~
mj t.3i n Lht;.
arnr:rng
ndF ac~i.>derr't
r,eckur had
al lijwad
7-tle
tu
by t.irF:
cctntr 8.5"; rig
'i"rava!*i:~r"~e
a n d Yalab3r- ao*ald
i.ridizete
;?fi*
puwetP+ul s k c i &i aird ?=as
te
wasenct?
j,sjstres lierri
id haw ::he
pr.e?dEr!c=%~ ~ x -
crf m t : l wl. i nterrrtcdi a.tP r7n i n t h e two Tegi c n s rhk~,u:
$.sd i. n
ma+-kcdly dk-Ff6;:ring G u t c c ~ ~ n e s'F'i-$e
,
a m X y % i ~~ u t . r l d alsia ~ F W W
wha r,
was
i arjorte.nt ~ s . 5 the
&rid
rlece5szr.y
+ : ~ p ; : ~ r ' g p y i ~ $ : ~:.:.Iti~i:.i~j,
~
ei?u1.i"~on~;\t:;t~'?:
Y
+
$ a5kee.- .i lig
.
r?wrt~dr'in[j
t.hat.
dr;
haaS,th
trans: ciap.atat 5 nrr ,
J
t
,
~
~
f:Clijf?
~ in~par'.-ban,k
?
j , ~ ' ; a nl-t(nb&?r0 4
.
I
i.q t h e tiea'Lk.Fr pt-agParnfi1P i n ' r ~ & ~ a i ' r i : ~
ifi
fa:
i?l"e3!%
$3~'
$..?4e5Ut:CeSs
spread5 ng
\rar:c i fiat?.~ r - !
age$ n5.k t i m a 1 I-.pr.:s
w i Lh
heal t i . 1 cave
5
the
,
.
a k t i t uries o.i t h e
fiopLiS.at i r;.:?
~ 1 t ' ~dvl inl:,r e c r e s s
-
.
2
r
~~~~~~~I
educakiail
L n 51c)w
rja~lr betweer1
&
&
t
~:!~T?JCJY&SS9 ;
a r ~ dqt2.+"clr..ta!
j
t,:.i.~c:,
1.:;1.6.:!
i n a t ion;
bf?lc!J
i17e
s i : i ~ @ G eo-F
eJcarnpie
n c
,n
c
;achieve much
3
arid
S~I~IX I
iri
[+,I! c\n
~ i y f i ~ l i i . ~ lc. ?i ,~r ~ i : . ~ i
sac 1,. w .I
hwateiies
these
:i rt.t~r.n\&Cl
i a':..i 91)
r,al
,.. i y r e x i
IYtcil &j,ljar
ted
surzral
1.t:
i r ~ t e r ' r t w r j i a t ~ : > r~i
~
i. r . i . ~ e ~ d c tdl ~
i S~ ;~
4rva
YEkli'k+
tin
Erjtisth
R C ~
I i~ B
OBI :L -pfi>:
i;lr(nw and c i v ~ l i a n
d c c l r l a t ~ n nw a s
j.ntrucSuced I n
a f t d i t s d i n c u v ~ ? r ~ . y ,G L A ~I C ca~11r-f
~ r g g r ~ ~ - = r aid
other*
1 . 1and
,
insans
tu
uthfir t h ~ ~ iirly i n d
a
"rl?ere+art~,
i3ujec.t l c s r \ r 3
. khe
Ti?@ papular
to pieariir. t h e
diseke
H~ndw. b e l i ~ f
~ r i d c i u s s , eli
was carr~~iberet=i
S 1 . t t i 1 e .:4 >
t o vwrcanati un came qrcm aimuct a l l c w s t e ~ ,
I
in
pa.,.rt:.icuIar
++-om
IF
qan?paahthf
i
r:orr%k f tltl:@c: &hi;; t q ~ p ~ rzaz+te
'
E.I 2 * ~ Q L"'
5
s m a l l . - p a x .racc~.natir;~r~
a%t r i ilut.ed smai l pox i.o t h e w r at.h afjflariamman, an i n c a r n a t i o n of
f i ~ 1 n d e s~~~
3
Malaher. '!he Fr!tlsh authovi&ias w a r e a l w a y s
I r t
their impact csn
po$-t~~la:r.iuns.T h ~ r ~ e f a r efsmalll7ax
,
l8B2
I;db
% t t ~
i
re+<.
c;r;s,
c i ~ ~ i e r artd
'a
tqel db@.~.I'
r
ir;rc,Ziei?
*prvavninen.ts in Ls.1..iri.t ni k h a 'a.rl dsr;lng oF ens
cortserr~edw i k t ~t i l e s p t - ~ a c i
arrd
t?
2 d ~ j ~ :iattn
st:.r"it:~riij
i n Yrctvwnco~.eand
a
K~PC!i rli 39
ano
? 1 0 ~ the
t n e c a n i . . t k z x t ~ rt?gpl-qocles
~~
tn
pvmuvodedby
t
i
ii-rbrmec:iation
.
~i-~ange?%
tJrl, t h e a.Ll+t@iiiih & ~ i c ,
!
and t i l e 51i3w
t
cf 'i s>:hr!v~r"t.$..:li.lLi
C % ? ; ~ & ?*$ S
f
and
k
i
towar-?%h e a l t !
r_ruv. a r ! a l v s i s
indicate
r
i r ? t s g r a t x fig
in
~ r * a h ~ i r ? and
s
Nki'f:,
%bey
whil
n ~ otn l y fsrfatid t h e
very p i n n a c i e
t!:.T t . 3 ~
r : . i c t ~ c s r + ? t - r h yb v t
and
c T-
1 saclay:+
Inf lucnck!
The
2.~111
CF ?icaE&i:,t%r'
on thia 1 r : s k n e c
"
h
f r 1:) :t
... ..
4 vacci nsto=.
ttpoi~: dl st r i ' r i
lnaked d a m
observed
w ; ~ e i l i. n
F p
Q+
%*3~:3l?kf
rest
=
Silp~lr.
iF t ~ ~ ~ d of
~ l l t
t
j
:
*
i;3t c:*$ 2 i$?>-: t
en i n Q s r iar-
fi nq i ~rnsei-f:
i
u+
t ~ )
li?,~:3 C A ! ~ &
I fEi5I !.I?TOWB
.j,
y;?~xr"
tsn ic murE1 wt3lijp)rv~d
v a c c l natur
conlpeny i tk; tile
t h e :tar?d!.c3ros
+rid
i - ~ f i t r - i ~ki h e e h a v i our* a-F t h e
$01 1olc.inq q*-rci+n: -
vact j, n a h Z I - i t
.~
l 1k ilp s
r*agc.i::; Gq
L4-1c:::s Y-
w5ru a i s a
pr!
s
t:l~5
r.as2e n 5
i83t35k *
n a k i v k 04
?
111 gh
ca%r,e~ ~ P F J Y * ! ~t>g
~ K ~ , I L C ~ Ct h i ~ . ~? a q~4Jv 3 kt*+ ~ ~ + z , t i . da,L
L ar s: ' a d ,' , ?.Fie
~a~cfrl~~%
I,: ~'l14rayya)
!~.,
I
T
i c
u.F . 3 1 ~ ? 1 ' ' k , , I Q C T wk:! + n ~ f
want aC C t n e :-c~ad :;acr,c 2iT 3E yards. U t h e r inskartces i.'tav@ i>eel:
t i *
I-
bruugfit
to ~y
by s;r~rai v a c r l r ~ s l ' t a ~t s
hsl
ESt!Ce
~ l i ~ ~ tt
?i3< ki ~ i k t ?! '~. i l . ~ ~p f - ~ ~ i r Ut +% a
Y~F?SP
p
arms
-1i
~ d c ~ ~ ; J ! ~ a t u>r 'Es
C#MfllL!hlk~~
i:ai'jJ;!
clrfnpai~y.
F "
;t'!to
Iro
y o j r t i m 5ut
t.:.?;..;lny
w i t h l fL?@
f:ht?
in
,tire
,
iinpaens.
YW":.::Z
~.d-rolev?.ccin;.t,io
'fhndgh
fi320?-5
,
urugvanrae
b4-@
t
,
I
.
,
+,Fie
the
T h i yys:
k { . ( ~ . ) k i g $ h I f 1 ?!?G
Y tipeakad
~
7
0
C-F
i=rf
t h ~
~.dcjt
PC-, r'pf {nz~if t.13 i
ijpyjcr.
vatcinat!? t ~ a s -?2 e 1 3 w t i w m 4 . ~ ~
C i2
a ~ t P S if n
Thus
mos"c+
3!h~i~~\'f.? reprsrt
. & j - r * ; r t p j e ~ - F ' ! A ~ ~ CS_i':~-y
C
:
CI:?
~IU?
er_ji.:.cictia afld becstne empioyeer;
E ~ p & ; r i . i ~ @ ~ ~ 6 j~ ~ .:! 1 5 e , .
varci T . I S . ~ X ~t y
t ? eaiisa
~
3
4
OS$.L C ' & ! - ! ~ ~ C . F _
ACSFP~:
ATE
~ ~ - & l r r t z ?kl i l l a . € J ~ * ' *
to ;>weir c3r,tes? +spec<a l l y
campany ?awns, tcrnir
the
2!
they
7
i n t u ~ r r , r a b u s ~ , dto
t'h9 IZ~.S~C?tr.ir?rarCl?y,
ir't
r~+acl'l.adan
I
requestk?
a ~ : it l:~r!'-l;
P?~P'F+
tn
taker7
~ l p p ohi t
crrr $:?.rest?
requec,,i:%.
r?-avancor*a, cn L!.rs 0thkhen v,*lcrznr:!tiui-r gas
G m l l o w d a d ~ f r ' e r e i ~pats.
t
.irtttactcerf i n :.81.3, 5
$ 5 t
meabet-% ot
nand,
~
the R a y a l f a m i l y w h i c h goi: j.nuct.tlasec f i r s i t , t h u g fx:!ttfnq at r e s t
strutlts
ail
ana
reservations
iiLs
I3Fb
~ e x t a21
UBE+UI,~BIS.'~'
g u v ~ r n m e n tr ~ + f i c i a l . anc!
_ ; t h e inmatesaaC p r i s m s acre i r ~ ~ c ~ l a t e d .
Sz r;ce gavw-nmennt efi;pl ayees at t h & t time Came e x CI UP^ YBI
Y 4rom the
Slhi s
~rpi)ar castes,
I met-
cartes
cstabl i shmenks,
by trie gavernrncmt.
Brahmin
a v e r r ~ m etheir
I ~t hIe e a r l y
vaccinatiins
aiaong
hawever-,
.ICi'om
ysars,
v ~ ~ e r n t ; l e ra1
j 50
~ ~ i 6 ; .
them,
""'
wppclintud
appc3i nteci much
1a t w
V Z L L R ~ ~ O t~o O OVQt-COtY$&
Thuq
prucess
the
mi ssionary
ktie
La?er lawev caste vaccinirrPcr!z wers
* t i )
i\rus.I,r~t w ~ f n ~ i l a
ai?cl
resistance
the lower castlu.
recei ved
I fat
to
v & r c i n a t i o n . ?'he Lipper c a s t e s :
u b j ~ c t i ~ nto
s amallpa:<
rtz~:l.E.crsd
ta varr-inate
artiuf: tnabled
very
the
s-F social
i n t e r m e d i a t l u r ~ i n Traw~anrore, which hok: lnta arcaunt t h e -sor-i,-.l.
c a g t e consideratiara s u b s t a n t lal l y
spread of vaccinatian at a much faSW pace.
re1 a gicus
and
Anather
means
o+
social
irzarrnediatinn
vacrrnation campulsury ta scPnuR chzdren,
by t h e Tr-avancore Mahara jeh
i n 1878 nrade
was
h c l ped
by
A prnu1,anatiun
vacci nat i an
the
making
2s
$~i~b
csmpui sorv
for a1 E students i n a!,1 s c h n o l a lnduding those r e c e i v i n g 2rantin-aid f r u m tlw stake. ( I 3 > Mbst o+ %he grnn t -l n-ai d schau! rs wst-e
under t h e rn&nagerncnt sf the ClhrisJLIL h mi ssi anari es w i t h smkl?.dei?t:;
drawn fromt the hickward c a s t a s . Y t h the expar?sion in srhot31
enralment which TP-avancui-e ~ i t n e s z H I I n t h e subsequent ifecaoes,
tlA>
a greater
p t - u p a r t i on
sf
h i 1d f en
were b r t ~ ~ l g hunder
t
protect f on against smal I. pox. Ln %labar vaccination w a % made
sornpulsrry i n 8 8 7 9 in " ~i 1 governmot; .and aidad schools i n which
English is t a u g h t , . , l t S % and it w&sl:xterrded ta a1 1 schools a r , l y
(1hl
t i u t , Ma1 aharimd a sl Ewer r a t e of
sckcrrvl
three years later'.
,
ertrol ment ( i 7 t arid the nuntb~1.r c i C h i l dren bruugh): srrrder the
caveraga
of
t h e p r c j p h y l a c t i c dn~ained v e f y
law. Mareoqer,
chi &dren of t h e
un'tuuct'Lz.b1e cake9
r.~fltai
nad al must who1 1. y
autside t h e educationai system.
and Health caregY n t e r m ~ ~aiti j. on
In the
ire:. a'kev
+QV.
rnea!ar.rr.$.!Y Lr7kb:eil
4~:~t.jor.rrraans
. F L L ~ i ik iP.5
,&YG
.
-
:
i
s
I
I
.
p o s s i l . 1 ~ ?.n ' i a . ~ v a t ! t : ; l b
* ~y~ ki?:.
:
.;pve&cl
T.il.1
-!<!-i
..
$.i.:
C;-F
2. imt?.egr'l~i;i?
r,larnK:~-\
t?:~
far tt.'!i5
Ha+>
4.t;k~v.cu~t:
C u t - ~ i 7L iF ~ ' . ~ E R
i4nd
~caac:.n
v - : i c ~ l : ~ v . : ~ Y . : l apmgja:paame,
n
4r;iifqlLre?-.
4-m:; t-ect-~,.:i.::trtsn;:.
d t -
wcn*refl
'k.c~ !:.!i+
hF1~lt i ?
I! 7 5 t - . 3 r 1 ~ ~
SZC::::II-~C$
hcai %."I car:? cjystcL!m.
t h e pravl ~i C ~t F 3f
i
%
,
thk!
0 . 6 %c~(r,%..rlo
ed~r~d.S.:.iufi.
r!cs v
" * r~ ~ - . : - i a i
,:!ujs?r>rni? (;a+ ,!:.he 13~:,i?ec-a3.E-lo.,;p.i.t.aZ i n f & S ,
a t f : ~ s r \ t . i ~ i,+fi%
?r~ p a i d
:
:
!
'
j
ttre i%;x3.t!.:
heeari,r;
wt-,i,.::t.i
ptr.~fe:..~:;..i:;)~"15;~
LV;
care a+ r~r,~mt:r:,
Wi.k.l-liv
i.4
year n-f:
opening, a X.ying--in haspts: N a s ita!:"r(:hfied ts it. l f i iEIt3'7, c x w
medi ciii 5
ar!d a husp ta3
-fur- w ~ i - t ~ e ; H~ W E
a s t s k t l i s h e d af
Qui I a n - I
W E ~ ' G 6 j 1~3:ecl i ~ n d s ! ~ ..!:?-;e
rrhavge a,t: a ,i:eia<tXc:
it5
-
ptl ysfc:i an,
the
3;.nat-a
:
:
t.lzrs;ipi. tax
afid rvaGi
i .kri.l was s a ~ ~ \ r a t , ~:.or;)
d
V:il!~:
I
c
ir>tO
'
?a
;.
i on ' ,.
'tl-t~.:
'!"rddvkr~~~t-c+T
q ~oTf Ir I~UrYwas
~~T.
*
Iqai t" wor~~errw z s .
women m f t h b 9
9
3.
.
in t i t
T
rr:i:itci? itta); ei-I
% a .tnu ~~~~I,t!+jaii
a):: ani:l
of the i.>;i.gha%?:cdeta? ancj
188&-87,
i rtCepeitilet?k
&i7
Zsnwnk
'
e? ,ti) r r?duce el g t - t ~
women +.a u i ~ e w - g a':r.a.C r ? i . fig as mi. d - - , w iV G =-. ,. ""' The ctsni c s
1n 13~39
rg
0.f
, y j rlq.-l.r7
r:v--oprr.'n,t.i u t t e++ thrt-
e r j t a b l i s;hti:ep!t *i.l-i?
young N e i t-
I
r eguZ ar
k.i~r'c+f.e)r-e
b@ gen:rr-a?.1. y
traf ;-Ii rig .- n
mi d-ni + m r y
was
Victoria ,Si.!.bilL+e Zlcsdi.i:a.! S c c ~ u i at- i
In
a1:tencl
ui:,i~t'i t h t i r : : ~
t.ise*i~l
"
"I
' ?'ram
s . h rt.ed ask
:834, s i v
ti:p
N~~ii-
iz?2@,t ~ ~ xea vacs
i
i n a t o r 5 cov.l c: L?E; t r a n~ w P r ~ l ! larrtonq Eraneij.I-is and
Trre smployinerrt:
. ~ nkhe heal 1:h
o
a
i
sfinn 1eri ts
s w r \ llt&%
b y uFper
t:sstes tu t h e
1
the
~ e p o tra d f r-t
-terni*..i~.
pl-ryss.dan~:a n d cril~ed* bF~cu!ale ~ . 4 ' i ~ ! ! t S
the health r a r e
a
i
Supers [email protected]: uC
"tha
1.989 t h a t
wernktm i. ng m + t h e
i
syr.kmn. 5 r cllrs)
ai'xi C h i ldrsn 's kf-tuspi.tai
Nanar.1
p r u p ~ ~ rco!'~
?i
c ~ farahcrai n warr~en, a;rrorlq
whu:n %he PT+.)UCILCQQ
w ( ~ t ? she
t
. ~ ? : r a n g a %d~i ,a ,ettqht
hornen
and r,hilc?rren 5
3na ai s~ rrjrotW*t@at h a t
r-hj.ldren'o
i
t
belarir+
I n the
rel .t e t
i+xceptietnaXl;r high,
<
2
<xu1
r i l ling t u t a k e up ttre i - i s k of
wotircn war.:
ha~pikal. at
F-C+G>IG~GWKC~
Triva.nriram.
*
rZO>
I
hese
measut-es
hei p e d ta rwLse ir3s ir.2.i 1 l s s : i . ~ o n a+ rf-!!c h e a l t h cwre
aqai n
+ari 1 i ti @bz
iin
the s t a t e .
$ @ m a i @ v a t x i nwtor- was r@c=ru.i
teci
I"ru~l
irn
and Narnpoath i r i
also
{KeraZa hbhmi i
vaccinat~ong i v e n
underga
r@+used to
qut
t t b u g h i t was w l c i e l y
by
*el>,Wumen
admitted
{P
F.nawi= t9ci.f:
wurnen wu~Ld r-w? LEG 1 . r ~
f ~ o mthese c G m m u r ? s t t e s
t p : ~t
i
w5cq.e rbale
~ n p a l l e n t c ; wer-@ zleici a&tl:!.Ctud. 'Ile + F r ~ r :warnan'+:
.
r > i r s p i k a l was
establ f shed k~y t h e P e e e l Irii .c;s;.nrl In L&X i c : u t i r) f 999 ~trrd :~i.tlv In
L 9 W 3 tCt?@
gguver'tlmen t apenr?d ha sf^ i
kd s
st
f o r women a P.
PwZ ghat, F.I~wever, tl-:e Fa%g h a t Iwrpi tal.
rls~
EYBY an i n r ~ n ral
i ccns3 dcratians. .
(27.1
Ca.1. ictknk.
was cl u s e d
.:~l\c!
d r ~ ~ r1in
+
I
I
Educatr'on and ~ o c i d l Intersediatfon
Educzh,t,it)n, b e s i d e s aekr,g
aGaut rrrar?ges
?.
n
a( c c t l v : = ?j.nstu'cttne>nt
th=: scsei 2 1 anb : b ~ + h r ; v
c~trt-a
i
1 at% k
xi? b ~ i n q l n g
C~.tr~!.lat; ncrt
wnl y
tr#ardi
health a r ~ d madii=.i.ne;!t-I.'!: i r ! u-~wu'ali.r a . ! . a + . . ~ i ! n : 3M . ~ . J : I ~ L ~ I
spcist;j, .had aisci o nsa.iot- P C X G z r ! ~ r l d i r ~ : ~ .~.mitt:ririq
lly
ttte eoc~dl,
i
! grotes.;s,
n
- 4
tlk?
c.:hen~e:c:!
a t Pa1, j.i~da or; r h.2
prrsor!s percolated down i.0 khr Less in-Forec:d
ai~ir:it!?ry
+?ii~\~+f~fibC!
ite?.anbyc b e
.hodels Tor khc rest Of :be SUCL t?y. i'he ~ToWC:I n E adu.sat i3!>
r:~adei t prrssibia + o r i'r.avzir:r-,~rstn t r a i n a ~r;u.t--?i~:leri%
number rl!
medicax &nu pa--.?;n~;ld<~:akf?';!'b!lnr;sl.
witboti2: nhorn
sspan+;;;io,lit ii-t
heal-kh care a r ~ d .ti?+?~ r ~ c . i . ailh k e r - m c d i at i fan pr rdrass w e u L d r ! ~ itr a * v V k
i-+a
."
beer! posc;!'.L?I@. Ibis i.rn.:;l mcss;t
r i i ~ & . r d r ~ t , h l l ' a l j. i r
alsalwkf?tra t%ere was'"ur1fider4b;e
6 ~ C h Imedical) wucsv'ir.".
a+
+enales
integrated
1rnfY9ved
2.rlta
at
1
ZPl
a
I r-,
:-tpid
k l ? ~c C d ~ (34
e
w~ji:rlnt?:'=!~~+
t'r~c',
d ~ f f i ~ : u l tiyn pracurirtq .f~!:!mlles
i ' r ~ v a r 1 ~ e?
r 3 r w i w r t i t h e ~ C ~ L I CUR~ ~ I
vab,
t h e wsderpr. hec%
t h f:arE
waman
wEre .;ucce~;sfuli y
C ~ Y S ~ E I : ~ ~ ~
anar y3iinii;l
r : ~5.:'
edticalri,or? i, n
tnc; %i;tl
a3.
intermediwlna~ pvcresm i: rmtr! G
be war- thwf.;i h k t u m w k e
d i srti nr,t r qr? b ~ t w s e c t 4~huilX1rl! ~ . G I J wluct7ti m i ? . FCSY'i a - % ? a f ~ c -?.'*
~ ,Y
~ r tyi
Nampacthiri B ~ a h i n n.';
l
t h e d n i r ~ a r : + , 6 u g ) e r L ar c a s t e h ~ tbh c i r
-- and
traditional a r r ~ n q e t n ~+ur
~ ~ ti .i ~E ~ ~ . s ktheit~ t ~ ~rt?.i.kJren.
~
hi^&^
A at i ..:r?
mai e
*retrrtei-I*
wsr- 3
G; 1 + s r l el ~ ~ k l 7 d4:r 3
i1
1y
F L $ L ~ c . ~x~OI?
:
in
,."3
1,ri
'Matts' {centres c i F rcl gicturs X~;*i"i..rur,l.lsr~?
, $e;aale.; were y r i
!,!: .?
i n r j t r u c t i u r l w l L h 5 r i t t . ~ u ~ v: : , .~ 1 1 11:3filwr4 ~ S C I V W ~ ' \ C &i ~c a r r r i n q i n arb'
511 : . r :
and in % ~ - ~ t l..:~uEI.~P''~I&,I~.
r
3%-P L S ~ ~ T . ~ tO~ J~ J
' i~41~i.':d!.~i_il6
WE:t"G L : Y + ~ Y ' ~ :
- :t f,f L
t h e centres r d b r s qhkr ;c;a..r,-tin). a i t ~ c r t e dt c r 1 - h ~Ppl:.,!tks. In spi r
; +a:'
the h i g h rc~t.ssof- 1 r.taracy'"' +.!\at: $ ! Y . E V A ~l e d a11i0ncj tkck,
t!t i:k .:
were ' t h e mci$+L e
n . in i
*;x,:P:IF'~~'~:L
and
~~I ~e~=lk
'(4
medi ca? prae*tice$. T h a ef +E?.:.c~-. Qurvh35aT
s r h a r l i np cumes nut. f rarr,
t h e c u r r . j . c t r ! ~ ~;*)cI.~,
?
:
f-r?to i:%m
* * ! ~ . ( : I % ~ ( ~ F ~ % Vk~
I ? , k i ~ b i,3.89&irorm
exgtsr,~c4 ta f ur~:&.l
slAoroali ng and t u
situptior1 itsol$. (-1) C!?ll d e ~ s n
b e t t e r sducdted m o d e ~ sI ) ,k e t s c h s r e
acly gatfier awareness or1
matters, adcfi as P~PSOI'IWL ~ I Y ~ ~ PbI ~Ek t i t i 5 . i : I ttrri anal a;r.rangemer?La
11 i ka CQ~HPU;SSY-Y v2.z1=2na t ian . uf S C ~ I U C CP
~ ~ i i dren
a 1 - z ~grs.fftta1
~
ly
it
"
.
L 3 - a
.#
*
weakerkad ths
.:mi
5'l
ance
tct
W a t ~ r ~heel?
t
t h care.
Plladsrfi
halC
Q+
t h e rzineteentt!
introduction
practices. :3 2 1
e d u c a t i o n and
ar
tt?e
canbi t i o n &
Br-i. L i ~ h system
""'
7 he
the chancjes
t~y
ac.hl ~vernsnt
p l a i n s under.
a+ t h e
L f ? e spreap2 nF
seral'ld h a l f of t h e
T!r-avancr,l~g wps
.
tirat Travanrsre ' 5
arsnamy urlderwnt
The t j ~ a n t h0.f: p!antations irc
t h e h i l l s under
ayrlcult:ure i n t:he
f ~ \ ~ o ~ i i - & br :1~8i r l d i t i ~ l n d w r ~ u q hbty t h e g l o b a l
b a ~ r n , an4 the
t . ~ ~ a rref.ulrinfz
~ ~ y qra.dt1n.r:
irse
adm~.ni
s t r a t a $e
uf
Eurupeair c a p i ta? , thee n w p a n e i ~ na+ ta!l;in~;r-ci
al
f
+;I@
.L;.l?ekraels
cacria rrn
t h e Ji%Seit-enreswlden@d i n kt7e
t h c - X86&9'5.
^$.rr3lrr
r e t l t u ~ yahcl
Trsvancore %#an w a r t o a k Yaianar in
century.
I
I
~iltrodt,d:ed ~ a t i . Ksra1,a
~
iii
secIuratlan was
trade
ownership riqhts lo
the
Sircar tenarts, s l u n i - i - i c a . n t ly al t e ~ bthe ~ s o n u r n l c condl tiuns i n
:he s t a t e and u-aisecl t h e d@m;kr.rd iur. ec1ti.catec.t lahaur
Carze. T!lw
al l o w e d
state
.;i gni 4j uarrk pub1
i r= ! ~nves-l-meniin education,
way u S starllny a nurnbar o f qovernment s ~ h n o i s , b u t etsc
pnly hy
*
v
cb
t-tot
o f G e r 4 i n g Inbsral s;rr;rnL.-irr-aid
I
to p r i v a , t & s k i 1 ~ 0 1 ~ .
I
heig
tho
Kalatiar
Sn
lsfiive system
thtz pt-ogress
a+ !.and
u C , education w a s
re~atidns'"~
and
'
by
sts:_:..ed
tha
ae;
~>cwcr-+:yantl
* v to which the r a t - g u body of tenants sart aguxculkcfit-aE
wers here subjected t m . . '"" Tu-i:, . +k\o major cmstrairtt ir!
S ema
bar arose .Fv~>rnthe ci~:Legatiisna f t h e firinanctftg w+' elsnernrtat-.j
Hus 1
:ation
ta khe l u c a l Fued boards, 's6'
systsm o f grant-in-aid
unli
i lntrnduccd as early
as lsSd t, p r o m o t e elern~ntarr;e d u ~ a t l c i f
a1
t h e VPY-nacular-. P G t~h e p o l icv Mas ka C~rirtg t h e f nd.;gerrn~s
scbuol s
i ncl ucli ng
atkachod
system.
to
t37>
khd~
r h s PidsZ i m
ilumErQLi5
The i mpusi ti on csf
payment o.F grants PW
s ~ r , t lB
r e / i g i D L ~ S schacrl E, { t r r e Prsdtras~s~ii
rncrsdias
f eea was
C ~ Q O
.;3r ~c 3 D 1
rlnder
the
q ? - s r ( k - ~n-->it!
made a. candi t f a n f'w
a.oQ l a,-ge nutnber
a a i -
the
puot-
p e o p l e were thus prcc.ludw? f r ' c r n t smcting t h e i r c h l l d r ~ nto schcmi.
Ciieo, t h e s f schoalr remained under t h e i r
were untrained
m d
trwo'i t i ma?. m a ~ t e r aw ' t ! ~
<x-t
unqcid. X-FlEd as t@acher%.
I '>
than
WE?.@
t.. !I&? e x parts$..;in L 1
p i :i i .
L
C3
,
i.1.:
j, 7
+i?,*:: <:t?i
p e a t i o r l r i act I v l t i trs u+ ctir .L t ~ r i ~ : :%
.' i I 11-3-k,hj4.;skci,?l.i
gmflue~cad the social i ; l t e r i f f ~ $ ~ a ; . :$~-EIC<?S&
!on
i:, ~ri~,..+f!i:.y-~~
\.a,:'-
Hitsian wha opened
ci.11); y ~ + ~ iy
hlike
wkjere
end
i n Travancnre
pt-utected b y
!enforced
k
fiurr;??zr- rJc
!,IQ
:*?I
'-~T;~C~Q?.~.
r r a s t . 5 = . p . i ~ ~ . ~ ;i-l=yg+
t : k a -m
:+
k.+rjts.rrlsd
5
,
.
j.2,
.
,
h
r u l s trdb,ick~ p'tr"c\tsn+:~r;
-kt!-. 6 h ! ' t t r v
bf schot~l going aqe, 'a"'
DFOfiOting
Y
L
-'\
ir:,?.~
iitkte
:
c)? k t ~ e rrbt?if&e~*& ~f
tVir+
r ; t ~ ~ s : ~ j r . ' \ ~ i tH
. i q~ $ F t . y t~ ~ ~?r : , l ~ ~ , ? ~. i +
ri r ~
f e e ~ul edi~caf.,i
or?
F
k~;lc.
t : i ~ri
1, : i r
1 L?
,
:.!:*?
Travanc~regcwernaerlt ais!:! t6sqar-rt::, ~ : m c i x i rage F ~ w r x i e i e.du:+e.?Li.s~?::r:
t h e secc>nd ha1
+
o.$
n i nc+tparlth -
Tp
.
-f: 3. , '!i:'';tIi : ~ t ~ t . - r r t : i r i . ! 5
'..
Hampuutktirzes drcrn~ n::..t.~!r~a~r~g
'k;,tt~~:c?~si::t~i~~o:!.ij.
I P I : . . ~ : ~;>*y
~
~ . F Y Y ~ ? ~ ~~:~-,i.:i
,-~Y~
.P '
6.3% 5 4 t h e gj.1-1s
~ . s;c,i.laal
f
r
~
~
~
i
&\*;,;I:-
~
~
?
iil;adq?$r
m
rn
~:.~:?~I:+CJ!,J.?-T~;~
:./:
Ffalabar-,' 4''
socfal i n t e r f i ~ e d i i ~ t l a flt,
l,
e>e
";rl;vcs.~?~~p-~
anq:cai-icr;n.:.
t h e gg~vrvnrnent . e i ded the srx.2. n l i n r.~arrn--+'
- "r. 1' Q;+ gr O C R r j 3
-. , e L ,*
5-4+62??::2
Ai'tlu;'c%
C?c
t h ~
-*
, I
j,
?!
m
ij
C
-"
$
.".
,-.
_'.I
r=
u
.pL
.A
'S
5
L
f2
Q
.I*.
-'>
--:
.?
-9
>:-
L
i3
.A
--!
3
L
-
C
'.A
9
1*.
C:
a-
-
p'I:
;fi
-L
-7.:
9
6
+
$
-2
dl
li:
r.
d
5
4'
3
.-I
%
*
4
+L.
3
G
C
-m
*I.'J
C
C
6
5
k3
cl
27
k
>.
S
3j
5
-
-L.
.rr
a
'3
>
*-E
,.
I.+
iJ
ilr
L
'3
%
d3
8
u>
rl
:$
4
-
3j
C
&'
>
111
<J
:. J
i
F
..
3 s s ~ t i a t i g na+ the l ~ ~ e L~:S+:~?S
r
rsn
then! a sense 01. se?.i;
'3Ocial
depl-5. va"L C:IL
school5
CCFV~'
I L ~ C + I . ! C G d.vd tt!+cAs -:!?et:+
. i k w a ~ . ei
?
I1ound their
Lhc? c ~ i * s ~ j ~ < > ~ ?i rs ~? -~ - ~i ~. ~~ ~, .~ L l ~ ~
+i.::fi
5
cast.? skatur;
+; rnajcf-
5%
igic
F ! - P ~ 253
1 4 :
c,+{A@
;r;?.fi3
a*{'Tri~+:.rF
sbst+clu
~ s f ii r f i ~ v , f
ta
ttiei-r
(haterial and saci al ~ x d v a r ~ c e ~ ~ a n k .
f sr
The c 1 emuur
'elites among t h e Eahavi+.is, i 7
.
signed by 1317h Exfrave~z, z ~ . r i c . t t : l * . r:?~?
demanding
srhoei a
"rhcs
and
Nadras Mt?-dical C a l l e g e , bura:
State
aa fie
Bervi ce trn
Ezhavas
was
tf ~ a . ~ ?P!LX~IL?~L;~?.
i
41
~ Q Gi;
ic=
Hedxclne
irt
::a se?:?.;?:.;
aifiplilyinent j.n
ii;-..cl
F"~.llp~~.,~
+2..m>%-
C d 7 t
fro!;!t.i?a
the P?y~.~t-~r?
'I ~ - s v a r ~ t c u r~Ysi-Ii
e
cai
:
r hi,
wc'-iti.rlgs
tkrs
P ( ~ c :ei=l
c Q ~
6iv'car(Fi~~er'r,mar7'i:~
pcb"s
tu
:,ir:en+~ate
C ~ B ~ E CL C ~.i.~
S C T.$?.I
. Q.:-+B.
iiy
?
to Lhe
a ~ i p or.b.i::rl,z~'~'~k
i
r.:?
denied
@ere i n s p i r e d
t
t11+?~
I c + < ~ J ~ ~ > t * .of
r-hj.~
Ut-.F'*
.i
3 p p i ~ltalt3rrt.
thei T
Dc-.Palpc~. waa a
Incidentally,
~
a d m i s r ~ n nub: Exhavas
f iW
f r urn
i t i :id..1-
l~i>ar~ga
Lain9
I-IHW
s.!;!Wa+:(:Ofi%
I.iSc:.
a:!~ t c a c h ~ v l g s ~11f 54-i
Narayans. Guru, 3 spiv.il;t~aE, :.~*:,aclk+:.l:- arid :L!. ~i.>,::,:ia:i.
t-e.l:or.r~(~:r'
E~eZlcti'rgi.nq
t o t h e ?*am$.. :.cut;!lri~r!i t y L">u.t trnx i.+~-sal,
X 3, ir esp ~;rr::+: t:pd. $r j. % ; ~ r , ~ ' f ~ n &
Guru was f u l ? . y &wa.t.c c z f t h e j.!npiri-': -?.nc;?3.; edt~~:,lstisnno4:
?or'
tcdnonti~ advanr;emarit, b u t 5 . 1 ~-+GI-.
~
ch;-:..nginr$ -kt\$> a.acial ar"td
behavf ouval i?ktituGe+: ?.:r.iward.; ? i ~ at.17
l
.
,
i
I n an a d d r e s y
t o - t n e Pi!Iayas, he
rtikc'~ t % 3 5
are of m e caste, '!'here i 5
dwn5
t s c i ~:a%.<ti;?
m t ~ i mi::he;ii
~
in p o 5 i t : i o n r 8 0 ~ ~
ntay
:
hyglene;
uthevs
be
may
i ? ~ c 6 ? pkh't~
t
IJPB r ~ ? d
b~ e?x$:@f:)dinanrt w ~ a l t h ,sb:rcatir_?n &:;.-I
.. .,
<:ihi;.;.t::
,
i2.i:
diffet.~efiea arnany nje:n f?>:r&ptt t t ~ ? % e
dire ilet?d o+ weat f:rt &n\l 6?di~i:,~si.
n i - ! , r h f . 5 ~t w i >
i m p o r t a ~ i t is
h y g i e n k w i k i Gul I. u w "
This cjtatemsnt
not
o n l y the
9-F
.
5 ~ 4 ~ ~C j ,5t : k k ? ~ ?~
.
casites i n
raise funds .From
F>t,tl+kyat.i
~
a r e 1.rb
i-tavu i:n
is gained
be acqrrired.
waaltt-:
ant3
3 r i 1 4 a r - ~ y a r [jt;?-u
i~
c;..:irte.;c;.er:tie,JIv r e p r e 5 s r i t ; s t i
r e l a t i onship5 &ekv*sen 6
the Lower
i
~ Z C J ;:&?..i=t~
t 4P $
b u t al su c a n t a i nkcl t h e
u+
,A+
&iucatiu~rq,
.
,E
h..
:~X.~.::EII,.G::"~C~?~;.
i
h
Themost
"IWtr
~ , - , i q f i i + i ~ ~ t3>2 +f ..t G ! ? t E ? n t :
2
w i k h r ' i ~k ! ? e i r
,
~(rb:..
T?:u
0 ~~
. i : k y+
e - A : , l ~ a t ~ ~and
n
heel t l ~
t f - a . t ~ g.?.uI\/
, t h e d e v e i cprien:.
Ea;>a-i--? h:anmur;i t y
uqar? to
con:muriity tu e c t a b l i s t ~ crl.zac>ic+
It
r ~ a tan?y'
was
-
c
Eehavih!i; 114ho h~yicln to
.Fdr azcssE 5 3 :,dhcat,i ui 1 ,
aqi L a t e
n l a a tile P'i~lavas, a cotrrfivnlty
hktai. t1-1 a r d pgb 1 i c
5-F:
4:he
serv i.z s , but
erstwt?ike a g r w t i i .
18V# +or ~ p e n i i i q a
wwera made t n
eactas. When ppopaawJ. 3
m-gwr~i5.2 ane
szkve
nleGlc?Z
w s r ~ far
Ful.ayasS~ilkc.~;.cVtabI.ss;: i f
t h e Genet-a1 H ~ ; ~ p i t & !at
?I r. .L varcirum, t h s 3*~r;~ba+'pI-!ysiczar? ub.~ecstedtilue: '! i iiiln ' t Ih: rik it
advlsalrrle to put up sh&r nspecially
a6
LL
n5.gtlk Keep
brahfi:j,i>$; A
.
curlsi di'!v%ticn.jm
4-
~ 1 . i L.i~tldrxt
~
Kottarak4:si-a,
:
:a*'
J
.
lerj
t
a
a
r
r~il
5 e ~ : - j . ~ 2 y:
{ J ~ W C C ' S Et?rt
~~
a i
tha; v.
huwave:r
?
q a . 5 ;?st 8a.i Y'L; ot. the I q3c-51i t y .For
IT%.
road i.eadl(:y ?-u t h s Irn+q'ritwl.
~ r . o f . eti? 4 . h ~ :-3?vt+r
r r r r l ~ r 'L, j n 15tJ3 :
oc s h e l t w - f a r the P u . ! a y & ~W
r n ~ d i s i n edrjutring
~
%uspi.k3r.l . at
isr.anr:l
p ~ @ ~ C ! ?ilq
i k lb&ck;q&r*A cast-as "aL.",&ckeC ~.ri
kt1 very
s t G i r ~ y khe
4r1
3 , . Saatt~?l,a ~ ( i e d i c d l .e ~ a ~ g ~ l iafs k
2
1
t%@ l o c r a l j t y !
SCLZ~UTS~
rSf
caste
f ~ t - F2dlayics
GC r e q ~ . e a tt
:.rInnnsuorr, ':'?wre S.5
ficj
bad M a $ .sv i z" +.-am
Tne Dm-bar ?-'l~y-.r;
i z i dr!
"
Y e s p i c a t fsF
b 4 . ! 4 $ - e * - ~ R .fur ~ I - I ~ I T I ,
a b a a v y s h o w e r - , t . b ~ ym&y r.aoairs i ~ c b e ra * L ~ s E .
u'eqilest t h e creatip;7 af' a t - . ! r t p ~ r a ; . + yCsdfsn shed on 13.
si7=i+ Li
13 1
: n i s was f j . ~ l ai
l y agreed +:a i n i894.
and tturing
I1
-
)
r
r
i
5
7"
B u t the s t a k e a+ e:.a;.:ai.r~ d i d n a k cnangs m a t v r - i , ~ yl l.
the
war it
Ttltere .'is ketai
h General
~
p1ar.s
,
Pul ayas ~f
UL Lout' &;id
Irarina,*t!nu01a , aut?ut-17%:
c.F
In i*JB5,
'TP j. vandr urn,
sulni t t e d a petition @ Q ?,he gsvernment seeking admi3sian to ?ha
Gener-at ~n~~ital,'""' I n tile %an@y ~ a .rD r . Y a r d l a y mwotea* the
dare need
gf admi
Haspit.aL,
was f i i 1 5 . I i y
ttlnp Pulaya women i n Irne Wcs~en'ser?d Chi larrrr?'s
4 disused k i t c h e n S a r t h w - removed froa t h e mait! tqsrds
r s r ~ v e r t e d.inti.i
ward
+fir t h e m .
<as:
1n I?%,
Vrs.
*oanneo, t h ~S ~ p e r t n k e n d ~ nrtqafV.bd
~2~
t h 8 t kherl
w@W20
beds resk?rvt?c! f orq ! P L I ~ & ~ w Gx n .tt?a Genet-a1 Hospj. tal , L% i!3tq mer! and
I583
f o r women.
In 1311, M r . G o G f ~ ~ d nPillai, 5 N a i r , but
v e p r e s e n t ~ n gt h e Puf ayas i n +he l e g i s l a t l v @ c ~ u n c ~olf t h e state,
Mary
the upen1r:cj
w n d e d
be
bmthren.
8~~plka
ini
A r t l cul a t j
tmprov~fient
3
y
3.i i
!
the
aatter
yrciiilde?
w e _ r r ~aqlr~?eCJ t~ and
sc?ch ?-jar(?A as
peotts X n
i
.ic!:!r. thaib*
nt,iur!j.iltq
t i -
n e x t ye&iw
@ J ~ + Yy
ts; hays i n p & t : e r r t l'actli tie5
""
u~f. pub1 ic
wn
i. n
F
Ftirtl~er. be a:sa &t*g!~edFa*- t h z
t h e state w a s rbpartect
4~ t h e P u l a y a e ?
Ebr.
C ~ P ' S G ~ ~ S -;?'XI
TS
to
abie
Trteae
""
I";!:~t;z-,
as
mppclintn~ent of ?a: oyar,
wculd
hcc d-l.
c;..fopecidi
b1~partanl hospitals ir? Li:e
Rh%y
t n e i'uiayas 8?d
practice o f ' c t " r f ' r s w l n i ~;r;uditina%at
mndetnned t h e
6-ar
deilrarlrlg
t h z :?~?a':.
th svetem t i f POLK$!
a
! kc
5:jbmi sjsi 03
tl, t h o gaverbnmenI: was a e.egul.rtr ct~~r,ni'.Ac,+
arlri
F.r&??;tat'.
i aZ ti
. ~ a m ~ ! L . t l " r i ~ d t ~ c )F!r l .la!-qta
irumber uf Memorials u ~ t z , : ~ i ~ t t ?tc!
a ti:(:?
'!'p'aver-.ccrt-e yov~;r-ntnen.'. by tFi@
dli+ere..r:t I n c a i i t i r : + ~p r a y e d f s r t!le r~s*:a!'~l~sr.nrt?lnl:
nt
'people from
hospitals.
(971
I'?ast
8;-
PS~nciria1,~
SUCF!
6inul ta.r~aous c;stat;l j si?mei~?u-F szi:,3n18
initlahive
came
subrnit:pd
towa-d~ t
twsnt ie t h
century
&?d
?.he :??di.~c~i.t~cl
1
frcrm
prayers
+c;r
tile
riocai k ~ l ; . : &nd
t.?,f?
~ e t - b ;
m i jdLe
ths
c-6
,
Mem~ri#:a
d3zsdo
-.rje~urlr'?
cf
~ e l ~ Q
the
+
cairwurt r. iib +:.ln!qui
ry
x r?ta .-::llch s p ~ c i ic
21 ~ p f i d r l +I,, 25;.- 5 , isel Inc?ivi.r.;ua.l I c t k a r s and
teleg:-an5
bi seasecj as
.Ec?t-
P t . i . i t ~ ~filt?izter)
sarki~~
i~fn@u;i.**i..e
inter-vc-nti ~n wore ~ . c n t9 3 - 1 tile ~ i u t 6 r ' ~ a C09
; . pi d e n l i c s - Such i et k t ? 5
~
included tanrpl a l n l s aaotii: tile b ; - g a c t i an a F t l l ~1 oczal r-svsr:~;! afif
addrsssed
tu
tlrt.? G ~ w . c r
medical. autharitfes i , c~ ~ . : e c l c i ~ r y#-he spll-sar! u.: upidcwir5. < 71F -rl 5.; :L Pi
popular actions date tsar;k t ~ anaarlg; a retitl.try jn *,t?isp a r k u-f tire
caun'tr); and thus; %hay p r s c e d e d %ha rucbiZis;atian uf- the per1pl.e i r 1 ~ stmilat. causes by any p ~i ill c a l fnavament. an the aeiier nand, tee
L
pafiticdl
mb~@mefit~
cn~tlcl
draw
011
this
e ~ p @ r i e n i = ~f u r '
articiiating public dkmnnds.
fn
cantrast, +:he
ecmrlomw nn6
o o c l e i y u(:
Nal sbar recr~ai-ed
afmost static +ar m u 3 t a-?:
t h e parxud d u r i n ~tile B r i t i s h rule, T?t;
age-old
restrictiurls i.npassd
frozen by t h e
pt-e+ail;iig
Oti
t h e untcuurt~allrcaste5 ~@rfkained
land tsnure
sysrerir. The C e c ' l s c ~ s R a p o r k
veal" f . W L noted :"IAh.Diatrlcic ra~taifi-5 .2745!G32
Ct?cj~*t~rnans, the tnernber~ e.T l-qhich cast9 P Y P n e a r t v a . j w + + y s .iat-m
+a!
the
sarvarits ratairled f a r
C l w 1a n d , arid crr~l .to i t %
0~wni:r-
pephaps
i u
+w*n naw
rel:~al
~
i
--buuqht
i
ilhservati3n.j w e r e
kQ
a r e in -Fact a t t a c h M t a
ii:nq t.erc.5, Thsy
,sd:
r e v E u.rtt,i l
TPCFEI~
1 y--
s i ~ i Z like
cattle!".
r
tw[3
~tlfi~hit:1g~?C
d
ever\
made.
decade5
A a b . ~ l r a ) . , appor;~k.ed b?;
e f l q ~ l i r ein$-.# tFin cnndi t .i
arc
tAr*ge
d f t8i'
fi&l'lrar=5rsvsr.;rrr;e3t
tf!s Parmctlama~i n the iI"i:aflrdxs
trf
ut3s
4nrJ
r f i n ~
It I% t r r ~ st h z t tile Z h ~ r u m afitr-'urc,ya +arm w i v a n t is in sarw cases still L Q U K E ~ upon as c .:m~-T
uf 5: tlve 3 r d 1s Sjt3rPrc?tirnac, ar:=:: lea8<eacur :.a a i ? ~ t h * r -i a ~ bowner
as ii Servefit by hi?: QWF-! ! P C & ~ L P ~t &- !' >- ~ $?a1aha? i mied much behi nd
preai d m c y
r ~ l s e r v e ain
591C!:
-
'
cuntjmt:jo!lc+ r>r'
these c a s t e s . 'ThaugS,r d+?:.marsGf; wet- s n;ade rincier :=.he iid&::~rjvai
Movpzifient from tiia 27Ja-s i w r tmpr3vi ng t h e i r cundi t i a ~ s ,t ~ i + i r
Tr'avantrerc
IOhL
bt2rc3)llRe
ti'ra ~ i u r i . j l h
irrborovrrlg
:lh~kt~=.rI = : I I I142t3r.
~
b-be
a a
aPd
ucananic
j i i r t i a t i u n ui- lava
rfsarns i n
no ~ o r t d u r , t h w s f W P , , that
;?ei?!.tti
~ u r 3 heyonii th+ r'eac:h a+ thesa
195c by t h e K e r - a h a gng&rnno;:t.
access
.3rl?-i
k t was
peaple in Malabar,
l 4 ~ s t ~hie1
alth
cave
=iy%t~~ir
bagi~'~rririy,
r24 14thm ccr;t:~ry, XL w a s
the
Br!.?:ish
;and
iater
ir!
$ i p s " &
!ajar
1
4
-
intraduced i n M a l a b a r . by
*I'cravancore and
became appareqt saon t h a t Ynl abar
in
rmts
Gacf.?ln,
However, 5 . t
l a ~ g i n gbehind Phase !dative
-!+heset d i + i ~ r i ? f l t i i i l wsre
~
sidhstantia; at t h e kime 04 t h e ~avmationof t h e K e r a S a stat^, * 6 2 )
4% inti1cated
abavt.,
tktura wsre m a
d i f +erences betweet?.
T r svancore and R a i an?? & n * h e i r . soci a: approaches tls ili;a?t;~cars.
L3.atss
health
tare
kxpanston.
jalrl'
Travanrnr a, by r'ecf-rqnising ti?@
1 1 m i t a t %D ~ Zof t h e eYi sting riosial
to rnadz+Fy f t s policies a ~ d pra!y-arn~9
'rhrouqh soczai. interm~biwtion w n i f e flalabas + i r i l e G to m a & - e 5ucfi
e n v i r o n m e f i t , was
ahla
,
intwmeaiation cutti d ~ ~ a*!..I!.
r,
outcomes b e t weer! b hesu t . w o
4
vehicie
t3f
in,;rastt-uctuv-e
There*w;;,
ti^..): CHih!<<w
ir
i e p s ~ ~ k aLc i k i
zi?qu.ir-.I+
t v 2
.
d e v ~ ? , o p , l i ~ ! - ! rdi,F+t?imhicl
5~~,
,
-
i ! :
~r
4
1:.kii*!
1.f:
eax i S
ia
f i k r i % f ! t ~ 4i
i
l
!?edl-f-h
:ii"\t+?~.*t:~eJi.
at:j. csri b ~ i : r ~ i t i ~ ! : . ! e
ti3.
a l cu bri>ughz"r. !. nt;:
rrjianii. We attrh:ib u t @ thasc
me,
?J%j;:.j
b if
h~&.i^!.?r t : . r ' d l i s . T ~ : : ~ ' ~ . ; j , : : .l:>!-?Lp,
i~:.?!~
it
infrasty,uckure
;: rl t!-!rs.
-:.- Q:*:EI.
~ ~ F ? C
51
Pziirl
tilt
ee
taneuub;:
tha
rrh y
fft&
-y
.
heax t:tc
i!..,
widrly
~ ? v e n t : &t ; l j
17@C:o?+i~~i:it'~
.teqa
7
+&cJ:nmc
5:.
j53r
ddiffeiPent=es i n -;;.tic oL2uj~?r:.k.j.tv~z i n uxpandil-13 >~oia'ic:~i
rtsre;
tw, t:c the
f l i ; t + r : ~ P s ; a:7~$chr-c+e7 7:c:s
:iimikai:j.or;s .I.mpo~~;?d
61y
;..hi,::
approach adopted to r:!?ain heC?i
t.i.1 y w :>isnr~i.'!l,
,,
P b J e r t i v ~ s ; of
a
respor:i4'iibility
cjf:
.
i
m i 1i+ary
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1 ;.;
,t
2
l'lc54
f a c i l i t i t ; ~ were
S
t
:
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,
the
aricJ ;sl-cjPect
t i me.
rwc!i c ~l
the 3. r!d; 3 r 1
wastrrri
i~i$~d,i,!ik~,'/,
.i:yi.~?
ags(i.ll,,c,
t*~~ij.r,q
ant$ ' r ~ ! r l v e r t - r m e ~ t
~irir*lc.i.~:ai.i.i;'i;~filt.+..;.nl-.s,
c.isr:gA:,i:.lcre!:i
l'l-te?
S ~ r v 'ce
i as
tnade ~ ~ i . i l i ~ . j . b : i e ~ + e r e c ~ * f i ? t ~ e r sp + F
wkra
t:k~
t r ~ e i r ~ t r dill!
ct:lcxnf r--y at +,IY
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t.lr:.:~-~i?
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$af- vI:.t..,i,np!?,r-(:,o:$$+, t,.ak.n~-, t h e
fafF+il.y, *,hi2 l a r t d l n r d s , t h s
bf f i tl
1
,
r
.F
Cumpa:-ty cr.ii-!s.t.:
5 -tc!te.ci
Zndi a
as
5
and ci v i l I. &;'I p+?:-:!;o:ifia:
t h e i n fk - t i a u s cii s e a r ~ e
East
U r - It i s:.:
ai7d p!-c;tet:tf~r.s
~3-f
Cu1~fl:i.d.i~ L ~ . I € ? ' ~
I r ! i t i a l l y , t h e t i > l ~ r : j . : ! l g r - , r \ ~ -u +; i j s
the 5 t r a t e g i e s
Ili&%:i.
rndluly b r i . t b c
W I . J C ~ . + i ~ i ~ i l . x i i r i ? , ! &&:?i ~ > i . ~ ~ r + : i ~ > i i : i :i J. h ~ t ' l
~ a k cria",
i
an was i nt?-ucjuc.erl;i .?
?/aibat-
and eni;auraiJemaut.s.; w p r - e a+;. craa + ,:!
prart~ced
::r~i-,,i_w-l.lar;~
'
j
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53t3cki1.9UX
'
r.f&wrie
I: :-<'rl; r!.atl ives ~ lc-i r=iurce::sS'ul i y
~ / w c c f n a ~ ; . ~ ~ ~ . ~{.'It
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?,he
-
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~ : ! bg GUi7 $5
one
j . 5 ~South
three
& 6 6 j . ~ t a l ? t,
military,
dated
t;ro~,.
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aiad
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iii
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$:ha c , a r c r c ~ t : i ,ts&I- tnS e s t h a t ~;ur*qeur\s
stre? swl+
kt+: Il3dia hy
k h ~ k >he
t;fiofl
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i
p w ~ v l i e y e d t l . ~ = < % k > r ; , ;ir?~::l
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FLV- j-itaC;iBiiS t~
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- r s
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the
;.s;~lar:e:> wi.thi,n ti?^
s u b ~ e ~ t. s ~ i'; a LLes6inqj w h i c h is
q i 3 ~ 3 ~ :; n ~ c l j , c : + k ~
b)'
if319
d ~ s y r e r ~ a z i rw
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fne P!a;?b;raja?~
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5
c ! ~spet!\?d*.r*y
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was opgneti
pub1 I : 3
plat;
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ttirf e:.cpa..nr;ie n I n
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was
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aid
u4 i n r : . I i ~ f d ~ i ; i i;ye!ie.-a:i%y
s
ru aeccnrc
%a ever t ~ e y:!!a!; c'.e%zr~
it. 1% is her.re the abviaus d u t y
n*: t h e xka,ka "to kb,a-rdet- i t s d w i st ar7i:~ .i17 iL:il dj. rezlri
" r.,& 45
how rnr!r:rl
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th'k k:erai'a
PiaI abau.
Stz'ce,
p~jpulat.inn,
il. K
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hdOp
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cmmunity w i t h i n wh!.i:h
ri t ~ r the r a t e
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of Eurnpcan
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~
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iristrustians ~ e t - e ac;hi?r-eri ::o tstu 1 c.t l y
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6ti 11 i7ernairlrd
t h e 3. east: deva!,c p r r l iI:i. ,;t:r i;: !-, .i r i
matter of: edur:wtannsl
W i kh
af 187 1, t h e
inassi r?q
;+he ~ : t : . ~ k $ .,, a ?.iw
9.nd h~al.Crr. C . ~ u : . i l i ? : ~ e r ; .
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e:.c.ten.l;iun cis 0:?lp t n ~ , ~ i t . qyl = c+duc&;.t:
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t h l.5 p e l i c y b z c a m ~a r'uai I t y
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r F i : a u r - 5 .jr;clrney, t h e a + - ~ ~ ~ < i - ~ t a g e ~
a rrbupie
r?f k h e gc+vernrer?t.Fr..a!n 3he
1378 kl.za-1: " X2: i-.
iri
t4i.qhltesa ' wsv~?k-i+~cfiet';'t,ti
til PYcrvide
the
atlcE 4.t
Skate
?iadl'!<?.cja F:au9
8:i.p- I*,
=iLated
::ti5
:;k anteinsj>:: w;is
1
'
gover.t~~?sn-l:
ancl
:ir
::.eqxr.t,c:!:!ri,r':t: ct.l:f'irer
z;.itofrfimy "ihat
at1 va
':'be P<;;II.~~ i-a.lal3
l : ~ y%.h&
,
t pc <;a:-,e
arid
r4i k;:-i
krte
y ~ i i ~ ~ r , ~?r*,gtvanrrye
.~,:,
k?:.:~je:--.ier!crErl
~~!rrll.ua
?.he : ; j , c ~ r ~ t : i , ~ ~ i , ~ii +, , c~ ~~i : ,c ~ ~j . 0+ j~;:i , i t~, :~?~,~~- ~ ~ v ~
'I'r,avhn~av 5 h u ~ q e ; t a gi
r a! mr:a<sGris & QI"- E+~;~Z-!K,.J,~:
i LC(,:&rr#
br~dge2-,.; k ~ u c ~ x i ~d3+
se
In 1Ut.2--13,
heai.th
,.'
w e i v In.2;E
tl-la C P I ; ~ + U T ~ : T T I
CsliTr c e n k
tc'?wr:
cent:
period.
in :
L
(-34
d;ffeirentisl
"w
c
a?$:$ @,.3s? gfi:r1€?9V-1E33flq
r.enpec.l: i wf.?:F, I:,,,
2 per
C 7 2 1
; ! ~ ~ u
li;
t ~ r ~t tn .e s p e c t i v ~ J y . By
the:<.;e
-Faqcrres
Plai nnar-
&.:id
4*m-{
'$:.hest?e s p e n ~ l lt ,u r ' w :rlet.e
:,PS?
o.F ~ P l e r,,evet,!~sr;l9.i'
:
in
i
t
-
tae errd a+
0
.ti.i~
% $0
1
k
9
. ir
P h ia
fit.%t.i = q ~ a r k ~s*f~ .t.i.hi~ CWICGP.Y*
~it?<~i+
; : ;F ,~~~ -L:~ + G ~ >
@ ~ p e r ; z < j - t o . r ~ + ?Gi'!
< ; gtj~-ii:atlgr?
r-ayancore a n d 1qal abal
w l d+i)+:?d Cu,r,!:l?+~_.r~. : T : - a v ; ~ r ~ c f ie
l ~ {.,jas;
s p e r i c i j !7q
i&@ininl of Health Ps~s~nneI-;,
-i-k!~z
,;not have t@en p c ~ s ~
3u+$iriel-,t nurnSct- +
i . :-?n
~ l 'I'r-.&?va!.lc:..:!r.e
i ~
k.?(.it
.Rf?S&renc~ had Ei.l,ysad
,
&ages
af health
persontic.1,
i rt.tgl-fiicci j.
COP pal*amled.icr?l
i864, cxle
haspi t a t
to
I
:
:
~ ~ : P V ~ . C F + " ~
3.nd q
p t - i v a t e meclical
-
medical a S $ i cers I n the.
V a l F 5.,
~ s Q a tW.t i stied A.
.b.fie
c '?. <I
'
l
? ock1.l.
r_:~-kijtaki~:rt
LP.:,~
j. Q ~ E ?i nkci
L ~ L ?
c;.L,;:,r<:c+~!
+A
Agei?e;t
.
i
~ t a r ' t c d' k c
- w e t
j,i',:jt:i.titt.ec:!
?..hc:,-
Stake
Lo '"'-..
i
:
i?diil
i \"'!
'7.7
I'leal T , t i perr=,onnei
uisi c.?i"!e~;-).'
%X1 e t y
to
~raed?,
s:ifi.
tt-3.i
1
r
l
R ?ssi rnrr wev-ki
L I ~ ~ Z ! -C
' Ire
i
c>t7
4.~1.kL i $ i % - .
{:i.:sl - ~ t sJfir.1
3
:
i?wJi c a j . (I:c>l1aqjs
u\,ts >;t.a<: ~2 5. r ! ~ . ki
pelr!scsrlfieb .
'
GL+!IG~~I
t,:72
was
.
41 i t l ~ h brer7r.h hr;sy>.lt a J .r+
'.placed !.incjer t h e
i 7'1 i
4Jy&K?L-*ii''l-.
-
rdedi e a l Sc\ior:jl
L+
~36~i1'1atl5"s;t.
A'li
:
Nadrs.:
ear:!y as l g c , Z ,
if+
tsi'uvj.da 6cjr'-
.
p!.arc:.
, :
3, !?
4:i'le
t n .tr'ai n
i.qi3.s
$t!t-,
' '
!N
I
The s t a t e was nn?. t l , ~ ea n l v
'fn Travanckre,
F4k.
r i k a 4 - ,*e,fLL
" - , , - , '1 r i
,
:i5
.
f$?m;?.Lk? ; ? > @ 3 k . ; f ?
.
i1-.~ct;t:t:u~l~5,~~n+.,,
3
1
t h e Mebi::al , s c h ~ c j l at
rubnrdi t l a L e , .
o n ar.uca5c;,
I
in f 9BZ; t u trai r l sendl c[at&$;
~
3t.j.
&t~i:tl,
j. ~;hti>~I
j. f-i I.<i':!'-'
tr;,ir! i1~3spj.ta.l.as.;,i.stiv:te;,
'had
,
5
C o ; n y l ~ ~ i l l l r ? i : . clas:;..;.
's
zo~seqi~ei?-c:
to
,
,
I
t ' ~ : i . i . ! +:I$
?
LSI-,C? W { . , L : . ~ L !
V=~.P*~LY+~
i eS, d & 4 5 ,
men i r a i r.,fid j, 9 t i s c + i?&r.';+s i a { & * c <;:t;l
~
< 77 1
.
job<.:., m i ; . i ~ , j , - f . ~ + r ;i,>d
~j,
~
tr E
-X' 1 i mmsdira],
' h n r p i t ~ l ~But
.
it was
adml ssi r r ~of
at
i~e;dl,k.t~
:
f
deve].(.>f>ifrei.lf:,*tt.i~:oh ,jr::ct i ,ve
early as
1aial
bs@n n'lacje
i n t h e sac j.
f
prsrr.z:eytt.:pL
4
Ii
-perronnsl
~ : ; - , ~ : l c l ~ - ~ . ~ j . ~ j.r:
:rr-k
:
,
G~~.-IT:
Ma;&;;v
p.;*~
thube
ut~c?
bra~ited
6 ,I
M
tl.lg w i , : u l
g+
i3
:
1
7 1 ~
~ + i ),
~ u4
1 . 7. 'i'i?;? s;?si-'t'.ags
c;+
~ b qa
3 p m i cyt
h d
a;,ld t h s
.
$ 2
,
.
1 ' 7 ? , ? , and:
.
to
v.p rrli+d~c.+l qr,che:;sf c!r; !?ac; to qo
if&'?dz L:s:I. B c I L ; C &x~G.'! I.!&%< ? ~ i 3 I?E?C~
~ $ f OT
Hg;r=+Y6
rsl;.,)
2r-62
Sy,r'sslg
.
.
to t ; , k : ~ !
.
ar-ass
3
<:ai $ichoi,iJ
I"!&
ddijs
p , ; - k ~ i 1: j. s!-+ed = l L
j, CL&?
rnei!~ca~
:ner'%oq:reT.
w a r a : x ! t u friut.ing klrnes:.
c;ka~,1'3 jn&i
i r ! s + k i a " . l t ti cl-ts !.t
."iie af + g r t e d
?.i+
:
c
t*::
' Y ' c ~ z ~ A
t hSe ~ 'l n e t j . i , i : ~ i $?I?Y;-SCIWICL-,
,
c
f o!. ' ~ p jcl~rrij,
bur i.. ' , '14"y
1 9 1 9 M~i.1a ~ a rI-is$ crnl q 24 mi, dwf. ves and'
r ~ n i v i n LV?P
a pt-iJtjcam&\e
was i-ik&rS;:d
nridwives
hospi tai s
i ) s i ~ i l ~ l t . r gtlr3
.
L
ta Lraxr?
bci~-aeiwI
?
khs ir,c!~cjc;naud
irk
local:
the
S t a g e s in Health t r a n s i t i n n
thk*: .P?t.16+al
kt?
The i;iar:t+ c1.F
rimaF!;x? . i i 1 1 1 nas
r y ~ i ; t u c . t t f .!:erXmc?nti d
Tr-civartrarr? w'ld tqalabar. P y t h e b e g i ! - ~ r ~ zu"l
n ~t h e secur~ci Jecacle OF
t-he 2i?tl.i cb.en"LLtrg i i ~ k l'ch
,
hr_lcarii@spc:.
and
4 y
~,ZCF?;;%.~ @ tg
o l a s e ~ ? ~ :i n Travai.~cur.s. X n ! ? & l a h ~ w this was
.+
I.
& + ~ : F Y ' i c ' ~ E . ! ~ E ? I ~ ~ ~ ? Y > !c1G 1
. ~
sot r>,:k
tct
a:
ht!
SCt
~ B ~ E ~ I * " J /~L 2I ~5-kc? TTJA~(I,P
t
.ft'3~rf i f ' r ~
b ~ ~ ~ . ~ dawr
q h t
t e
k r ~&c:c:.e$ci t u heal t t r
f.Yc?a'~r 4 2 k h
I
,
k
c:Is~~?$
ar,l?revad
anlj
1 ri? urtsed j. at i o
rm p ~ - < : C k > 5 5 tcr Fei!
demand r ; I T r ~ v a n ~ ~ t -U~ mcre
? .
art-:i V P
u!izkr'i&4'?t7
&IS l
pcib L ir i w a . t~
:h
r.drG
<i
&tf
Popula&
pr+a!'-diu&P wa8
p ~ p u i a rj j ~ ; * r t i ~ ' l . & ? + k t : 1 l ! ' ~ ~ ' h h i ~ ~
rai".?s
s ; g , ~ .<.ic:ani-Z
f
y
.
!7fi+
'li7uS
the selurtd s k a q a oJ; heai Lt-6 L : - & I I E ~.
~i
i OF^ L y LhG
y e a r s a+ kt-le.: 192~3'5, ';'ha n>or..t'.;rl.i,t:y F ' Q c ~ I R ~ : ' ~ : : T J ~ ~ t h d
Travricurt. en+:erad
beqinniny
sct,c~nclk t a q t ~
sk.a~e i n
m.arJ~?p~35.:328 t4y t h e
:'realti>b r a i ~ s jC.. F.;n
,
w%j. ,=ti
a ~ h i e v ~ r n ~ ~ nuf
k t lkl t ~ ei:t-st
~ , s w t . h rjevul a::l:nant
irrfractt-uctur-G, aF+auvrd wc:r:esc- tu heslttt
+.r-ai neb
gocsn niamber n+
b c t h sex as.
< 77%
t-i-.spects
3PQ
Malabar-
medl cal
til
ail
c ~ s ~ m c ! ~ i t i eand
u=.~
J paraaer;i c.r.c pst-slon;.~e: f rarrc
!A<;xJ~~w
~ + b r i : r ~ ? ' ~ F ~ V L ~ T I C:rt
U ~ US
~ ! I E 9r'Ep.3r'ztlIx<~;~%
*-firf.h+
of "Lid
Sk2cifniX
%?age CJC
~I:PsE!
t h s kl2dttI
t ?r~i r st
~
In Travanccrre, t
ptlase l. set ~ : . d af;ciut t i : - ~ w : : I i , - ~ . I - i ye5t-s
, wt-~rsrc
the primary smphas:i.s was un ?s~!i.irJL;:;;.jt.ri> l i , k t-rs:cst:Lth fr.r~~r~+~sJ~ru@t;t.:t'-~
and i n c u r a t i v e medicj.r?e, 4u:ic?+.;?i: r \ w a %+b::or,..{ pnsr.:e t.f g u r r . 5%
yearis whi ~h recognj. sc?d l;l-,e :i nlpur- :;wts:?i:0 . k ~ir.ev;+:nl:.i V G ir;e:'emnrss, *F'?!ei
f ' i r s t phase was b d s i r a l 1y
Cat-#.,
but ~ : r e a t i n gal: 'ktta ::s;:.~nq+
social IriCerm~r=liatiurn. 'the
1% year(;;i,.btdt a
t c
i
t t ~ l ~ c;hl
t
i 3.
h e a l I:;,
a+
I
F , ) ~ . E u : , ~ c : c ? ! - ~ ~ L ~ I L ! ~tii~?~,;?
+I$
4Lifc:mc3~:y
:;+k?cur)d
rupplsntc;i?tad b y p!.ib:?ic, he;,j,lh
I n r ~ n t r a 5 t , Mala.bar.
e:;yar!s.i o n i r , i
?. K.IA:~F~.y-.eo!-i.;r.:ked
~ ~ ~ c ~ ; : + G~I .i ~ ~;,,a
, , ~~ ~vc-: ~c :~~~~ ~~ .~~ ; ~ [r~ e; ? .xt :m
. i ; ?~~ - ~ ~ ~ c ~
tiiC\~F.!
v e r y k,ris?f
Iirr~!ger f .,- ~ -~:i\;iiiiii:
,,+~
:!ac:.ting
iaver
,
?ic:bC:mi"l~:l at;aa:i?
redbred the d i ' " 3 r i a r i t i e s i n k : ~ s : i l t t - t
r.;,c at,;:;iut. 2%
y e a r s wh:c::l:
i : ~ ~ - i : r ~ ; : ~ ~ ~ ) : r c : ~AfikOllB
t : ! , t t ~ ~t :h a
h:'
three
.
r q i o r ? ~ .1% wdei ~ s t i n l a t e c l !:.hibt -:,l.rL?
; , -, . , A ,; ~ ~a.
,
2. t.
: t.ia3, at:\z.r
Has t w i clr as; tcigh 2% i t: w , i s . i n 'T1-av;.rrlc~r~~
,- :'.::~~.!~i
I ? at t . j i e -L1 lnt;
uf
its i ~ t t e g ~ - a t i o n ' ~ ~ ' t h e ?..ai-t$::~:~:r;:tti?r-q~:di r i .a],), ~ u - e q . i . i j r \ c : y d l . E : ! * ~ j : - !
::p> ,
.
gera2a i n t h e l a t e 14'88s*
~ h ~ r :?'lr,.lz~:w?''
a
was enabbe~i .?o ,~l..l:'i
,
f h e other two reqiun~;.in
almost
"ie ihealki-t ti'-arrs-:tricr!r
s k i 1 1 z c n t i n ~ i r ~ qj. , ~ i ~ ; i ~ * - x t a~r - er r"rv
~ af d ~ i i l a f ? i ? . + -
together,
This
Kerala, which is
irhir-d pPcass+ ig:
led expansion ~i tihe pr-ivatr: iical! : :?
The
broad1y
wi " c t
W,E! pat: t ern
~t t e r a t u ~ e an ~ i ? d6 e ~ o~
. i o g i cai.
"
authors s t a t e t h a t
that accompanaes
canrentraked
,d.1spL aced
j
h
~;%-r'-fer-:;;
in sa:rgn y
n thr,? +Sis",pl
or1 i n f e t t b o u r s
by non--camnuni :i;?e.>
t h e yuunyer
.
-
i
!-
,J.A~i a
t.:-,z
i=v.znc.:
6s
tronsitinn
dirl
~ C ; Jc,:i-
inut-k+,i .: t y .w?ri i ;:f?
I S
f+~~!.~::~t.~~~el.y
j i . s e , : , ! r p ~ , ; u i ' l i ~ r ? .tt..eret-ry t~~cC1;{:.> ije
L rr! d i
sce>ci
i ;I -i ur ie s
<it:iF.bur:e,+cipiik:!
, s!-.c!
and
ri
~
L?!J~I
: it;c?iL
d:js;:~?.:+<jes
$:;!,if .:!+ 5
.
t o t h e :r>lde?r- .;!~rc!tr(>c~~.l'he ?.li,lr'd ilj.r-sc?itr;:
chenge f ram a h e a l t (.I 9 ic t iivc? c!Qraa o~:l:..t*ri by ri~cjt-,ta
l i t-:,: t !:.I
marbidlly
- a ~ ~ e c k ,
.& : * .L
t . i ~ c+:he~rc?;+.,
i. r~
put-tul
~ : t m - t 17.; ? b e ?
#antai i lness, Sr;csrld,
Worn
cj-C
care r-ystetr,,
Keraia expericni~e, walls
agrees
%--anr;iL i.ui5
.?ti@ ki.3.i.yd + J i i c i , + ~i ? T t-he h e a l <:,%
ttie
not
pir-csi:~s~;i,iv\a~+iI:+ c j y
.ial.! ow
%?ti1s
tz2?fd ; 5 e b
ron&.omp: atw!
:
i a !:lie+
ei-!~i
N\I+:-F
>lea:tr:
p a t t ~ r ' : ~ . I-!-\ c*.
cli.Ffrkr-ences
T.n
Kerfi1a
arose
f ~ u m the
+act
that
thara
wss
an p r ' e v s n t i v e and public health measu1'8~
and greater cancentratinn on curnative apprudch w i t h t h e result
t h a t murb1clit.s; v a l a k s d to water and a i l r - ~ c r n ainbactinns s t i l l
d ~ mni a t e t h e heal tir pi r:tw--e'"' ' 7'hs ifihpSemant:ati~n cr.F public
h ~ e l t hmaasurps began in t h e sixarr~2a t a y e , h u t t h e pragress has
generalry less
beer? t a r d y .
enlphasls
A very kagh praportian o f the marbidity i n Kst-ala can
be t r a c e d to t h e :LacC.: n* p r a t e c t a d water 5 u p p i y m d the abs;ence
6-f: proper toilet: .Facilities w i t h i n
huusshalds, A s + a r b a c k ac
i 8 U 1 , L4.i.l.:l,fanl L,oqari arrrpl~aslz@rlf r t ~ sr a l e af palluted wa't;c;7rb ~ u ~ p l y
i n promotifig cholera among t h e p n v w t y steicI:e~-ePloplahs ~f
e o r r d u c t ~ c i by t h e
1948 i n Travancnr5:.?found t h a k o n l y
~ a i e t b a r ' ~ ~A ' .survey
Public: Health
in
I.# per cent r1.F hauc-;ks had
depar*tnte!nt
anl y 49 pFr c e n t had pr.atac:ted w e ~ l a . ' ~ ~Even
*
in 1985, cmly 9 [email protected] o-f rural h b u s s h a l d ~arrd' 48 p2rcen.l: of
~ t r b a a housetla3ds had access to p r a t e c t c d tap w a r
and, be
p e r c e n - t in r u ~ ~ w land 27 p e r c e n t i n ct-ban areas dkd n o t nave
tailkt faciiitSes i n t h e i r aausehalds.
Zatv-ins5 and that
ConcLuriont Lessons from Kerala
What
rt;l.evant
arus
for the
Ksr'al a ' s heal i:h t r a n s f t i an? A r e t ~ s y
current health sltusti~n in ather states i n
1. @%sunsof.
India? fs 'Cfitl! c u n c ~ p ta+ sacl&L
in the p r e s e n t s o c i a l r a r r t e x t ?
i . ~ ~ t e r m a d i & t i or'alevant:,
n
rlr.
u~wiui
I n raising these q u e s l t i w : ~ sw e at3
aware that the ecunamic and suctial cclndi t i a n % i n mask $:.;tate?s i n
lrtdf a now are prrnbabl y d i f f w e n t f ros ttre r s n d i tiunc, t 3 a t
prevailed f n Travencclro in t t ~ @
nnbnetaenttr c e n t u r y , Wawarer, "i-less
questions may s k i 1 1 appear v e r y p u r t i nerit f UP. Real t h devel.opmant
in some o f t h e must backbard statas in India. Many ~f t h e +artae8s
involved in Kerala's h e a l k t 1 t r a n s i t i c r n , such as the availablL?ty
of h e a l t h i n f r d s t r u ~ = ~ . r et,h e emph&ms on ma.l:ar.nat and chi31
hsalth
e t c . are already krruwn, Our a e ' t a l y ~ i sa+ t h e histnrlcal
@vaZutXan af
Kerala's health
trans+ormsti~n, apart {ran
,
=fov-chu
1
the
1
LC&@.
k n c 3 ~ 1 . 1. ' j . n d i r - ~ y $ ,~: l ~ + ? ~ : ~ ~ - ~ ~ ~ L . rj ~- f. ~ :w, + .Lin!~:~,,,'-,.
? ~ ~ (1 ,,.*: 1 k
+1+5
hf
ici %
t
i
pr
?
Areess i mpl 1 us
,
u(JiL-laeE:C
1L t i c
.
,;
,
-
.
implies &c.nf+si; "(3 .;iia:i:i.ly
r t h e meiFs p h y ~ cal
r
precj.*-lncc? ci.5
1
i'locatianal acc:sss w a n
.!
ti y
t..,
IF.
->
<!r
I
S ~ C I L~ al
:
.
L
~ ~ C C ~
adso
S S
i.)
t4i.i
.'
'4. .I- 1
:
~ I : C : P ~ jS ~
i!~!;,li:?~
i : e V e a5 iLi;>pfiSht:it
f e ~ s ll i i y ,
tsre
:
P ~:j:>i..::, i .-.42
i. c.
(3 LAt~4.
i.o
kji'ii iu
c, :c f:, i. <> T I
,.
/'economicstnd aoei a] accscI;s r:t~c,=,rr,$l;
,r v,i.aj,j
~i t:i.h
C I . I ~ Y ~ < ~j" 5
~?S
! t h e b a s i c social e r i v i r o r i z i ~ n t . i
mI.>ei:
~ : ; t . ~ . - ~s.n
. p - : 1:rif:jj.ij
c>vii>r~
/ lwcational access, i et al c 2 r - l ~rii:r:vi;c;i c i t i i r j 5 9 i~a!. er:r.:~?ri<,es
, i5
[beyond t h e m a j o t V i . t y a+ t , i i r i , i - :
eiI,i t ,I?
{ , h e Uai,.+.
;,
/an r u r a l -urbar~ r l i s , t t - i b u t j , u n
t i p i j , j l:!-:
1
;
r..,a:-,~ii q,<...- ii ' .j ' jc-c.
4 "
Th%?kerala e:<~ty-j,i?r,c:e
aT25i.1 ~ic?r,~(,;fi~;~k:~-~a~i:~??~
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peyrt'lologi caJ, chanye.
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the
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one
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rr~ains";reaca nf
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the
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ti72
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t ~ a ~ ' r ' l ~ > vf' : i~; wt P l < ?
tt'(:,I,J,j.+%t,i~3n
a f health cata.e. i r a v a r ~ c u f e o~~ccresded
i n i:r~~tik:.k~rlg
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P b e r- a p i d!
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ai
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rzn measur ss
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t h e atnphasls!
t h e inPensl-l:ica.tiai7
of l
a2 so rr'lwscled to ~ ' a4e
i I. .it e ~ " z ? ~Iyt"ve1E wi :tFr i n a shurt:
period US time.
a9 +or.tr; d r . e
rnajnv
Arauthar
[ : ~ r ~ v eJ. VE
nt
A
f1td3.rect +ar~di:rg
1i i
n ~ o r b r d i t y and mortality
a f f e c t e d by
pr g p e r
I
!
t ,
rates, 1
t h e l a r k o-? such m a n s
to%1 at:
f a c ; 1 ? k i 9s.
.
15
tha
r7r.i-k
inpartanre
nql. y 1n
t.l-,e pocrrest:
(3$
r&tiue~x
rtg
htrra er-e musit
as s a f e d r i r i k i n g
water and
@#pc?r"j~'i
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T ~ ~ E T " + : + + # ~ 'the
T.~+
hea1e:z noukd r'lot, only t.urn nut
nea5uv.r
I
is
t u a, must.
cast-affect-ive IiaaXth
in t h e long rur. but: ~ ~ r t a ladl s o go a I e n g way as an antiv-
povef t y measure.
Fj
ly,
.(:cH..
17&?21
t,k? .irar!5.i L l
promate
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health
in.Frastt-uckc~!~~e~
13
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educaiivn aria h h r ~ ca r ! y p!-orssE, o$ k:t+sl-c?,trhar"lsitisr!*+u~.tli.i
!D+
i ncnmp E ete wi t*hou?', i q j r a vg*:.ii+~i~;?t-!
;:.s i: ri educa'L.t nr! , E . : E ~ : I . P
-31
eultur8.l ant!
415
Faci 1 1 kc:tp5 t h e ty.ai r i i R($
persci!i1i.3. jrorn w:kkhihi
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IJril;=tnp1iJyinent e.nd GeqaI apinent
Pal i r y t A Case 5ek16'f 9 5 : Sc-.iecked Zssues M i t h R ~ . F e r c ~ c teo
Im:er-alii.,i!'4ew
''r'c~rl:,S.373:,
I",S.lr:.FAr~.rt.nika.r
a i ~ dC.F''.Sc.:man, Heaith
5ta.l.us o i b:era: as The: F a ~ & d ~ i :o-t
c E:~ui~smi
c Pas kwardness and
Heal +.:?
3r.rv&?.
r:lp~!ent l T i r
2,"ennkr'e t b;jr Develapmant
Studies,19Y4: , !lurti I4sq ,Ful i Lical A w a - e : . r ? e s s as a Fwc Car i n
Aczs,s9i i.~i
i x k v C i F r i ~ $ Ltl7 $i-jcrr'vir:8%, c i ; c: i and POL1t i c a l
7
l.rr;.a&
i 9 , Zdi.,
5,
C >:a.
P'y[!ri5 pp, 43 7--42[,.
,
1951 ) 9
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6,
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~
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l#,)if!-:UF,ti:,fi t!?i.s d i s g d . l i ~3 5 a 5 6 3 ~ ! ! i : ' : ~ i 1 l r n ~ f ? ~ ? : e + s t r ; ~ t i m
0.F
t!?e o~t:l..ilev.0-i ICtrc~r J G ~
tempt t o
. . i ebb, upon a\-Iy s t#:AS,
con tr:rl tha coci? $;aaf i ;: 24s .i a ci: .: a X e z , ~ -t.!~an.',fi~p~.
I t 1%
w i t h the g ? - e a t ~ sdi
t f C L C ~ ~ L L V,aficj t h a t t g c ~i in compa~sti
$eIy
F e w cA;ses P.i.r.zy r:&n bc? act to S L ~ L ~ I T(i.: ~ V E ~ k
I u C:L 8 j ~ C ~ ~ t i ( '3' n .
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rrSF t f : I~
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in
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I'lalebarnoted:
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. i t u b e i3pefmated
on Wrir^! k:2~119 - ~ & T f ~ ll' d
y i I n9 L uetsk i a i "Ihey P-arnmal'lo cnn%zder able
.it l f i ~ ~ ~ - r j i = < > '. ISeput- k on '4ac r J. r l a k . l. al? L ri
' T ~ E Plaslir a s Presi iJencV,
.For t k e '{ear 2L?';'4--'?5ri G ~ v e r i r n r e r i k . opF. !blarlraa,16~7b)? * h
S
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ob
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into t h @ t;t;a.k.-.r.:~ s#rpvin::e & r - { ~ thrt>y w s r , e appuln.cc>d ~ i + r ~ , c i . i : i ~ a l i \ ? . \ l ~ . ~
?:c~ v a c z i n d t a ' t h e Fin. :I. l
t r i bc!a ;ir!r:l
i ; j ~ to~achaCa1
es, S a g ? , i:uver.
F i l e t\iunkkier 1Y76c?:I, j.cj&Q 2 n d :97:,2.,, <b;:p+-.kll,<+ $ t , a i >k~u v ~ h ~ u c ? $ , ,
Tr'ivandv-ixm) ,. I i r :I. a kc? ,nanrlerh, +;ILK f nb>,?:.c:rrs misr+e app~:!;~4 h t a r i .9'!"12rn
ammilg
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Filfalirr)s zfig
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t i r t i r ~ n - i n s J:c?
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r j a i ~ i i > a kammg
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6~?1i?,
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14.
Fur d s t w i 1s on 'the t::xps.r!~;, GI) ir l t . ? ! ~ ~ " ~ ~ t n l t : ! ~if+ i ~ ? A c ~ I o c ; P :
; :;ki.~ij
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53i::.ii1
Ecnnomi c Cklafic?e i n I<:sv.
3.2.a
7
Cj~jci & I
Yic i $?I?, ~ : t
1
4
Number.
19-76, y:~p
21:1+..45,
t i
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s
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Edui2at.i~ c ' ) I n P:;eraia Nor-i.::i !-!q F a p e r idur!tbav
I U I , C1-?iA~'tr'~
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Dev@lapman!: G t u c : i e s , T r i va;'rdrurn, !.(?$ji5y lL'*t:::Mlqif::t\a~l
l - i - : & ~ i + l . ; < ~ , t Y' ~
Sari a Ecanoini c F~ci:.gr-+i i n ElSrii:<xt: j, c?na]. Cevel j~rneil~.
I J'he Cast?
af H i net e e r ~ k i l Cer-itu r ;i T ~ ~ a i ; i ~ . r b a c atr;si.
r k YICI F a i ~ s r P4\icrn(rrer' i!383
Centre fer I.SsveLapitien'l: S S , i . l ~ i e a : b'c.-'?~-a;?di*t.~~~,
:j.934.
.
,
,
,
.
-6
"
,
,
15.
Report un Pub1 i c I r i s k i l - u c t i or1 x
t h e Year 387?-GB,
I
3.SIE11)
16.
R e p a r t u n F:'ubl i c Xnatruct i g n
ip
t h e Year 1RU2-83,
IMadracj, L 8 B Y j ,
c.2
.
'Y hk?
Vlauras P r m i d c m :..y .Form
I
Iq;xcjras F " i - k : , ~ i~ i e i t i : y . ; . L I T
<:aver
k-i 1e
Nucnh+t,
T'ri v i l n 9 r n ~ i m.i
,
5&9,
I G69,
IKev.&Is
A r c k i vest
15s: at E
F't-urn IB99! fsrilal e2i w ~ ? r ' ~adml
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In 7
a s e p a r a r e c l a s e ~ 2 . 5 : ; t a t - t ~ d +c;r t t - - a ~ . i l i n g
6afia22
C F Z I I I J J ~ L ~ I I ~ ~ ! : " 'Xr?
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ti?? I
9 : T,he I4011y
Crc~Scj A
prnug oi.
3~4i.s~
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M.~.s;;;.:.slrtarkbfi
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s e ~ v i c e sarkd 5 : I
we% ;;tap'terl a clayi.ij +ar t t a i n f n g
tl;rrS8% a+ I BCAI ar"L
1:.
(:ipe .. M G P Q ~ ' t~
on 'She Hdai n i s t r w t ; on
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t a ~ i t h t-ne .I r n a n c i a l
Rarrk~s;wsmy Nut-laliar-, 1 ~ n e . jr_:iP&rd
~
I n Mckr
help
4
f rum
S i r.
2'3i?l.
Annual
Re"lu.rr.ts a+ C h @ L l . d r i k-laspit;.Ls and r)ispenc,ar:sc i n
t h e Madras P r e s l d e n ~ yfor- tag vsar f 3a9, 4 Madrar, IYIm. 1
Coklsr F i l e
h!urntler
tr j, vanclc.ual) ,
2198,
l.B?il.,
!Ic:ercaia S t a t e
&rchivt>s
t,:lcps
t&mpoeth i r i
Air
5~ham/ Th ? y y an
PulayandChw man
H U S ~~~ ~ J k o p L a h
h r i ot,ians
ALL
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y-.-
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r
~ o u r c e : Census u i India, P4.lllj
l W l , tea, X X V T
Iravancare
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iGalcutta, 4: l f .jd E'~!i;3 r ~ h ~ r - 19
s , i B ;, AL5*_3 s i i ? ~ , ~<.CJ.Pa;~xkkar
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y
commrarinity i i k e
ours, where i h e w c q m t t 4 :
?*ati~!t~t&I.*E
Fie%<s
t n a r ! a trir'ie,
every c t ~ i i Q
I":%%ts r:&;.,ip t..o t;rll7i:;?
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end every cl?ii.c] rpefl:ov@:)+r..j!3 a'tp:t:. ~ $ ~ c r )g--?7:4
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~ ar:bic>n!.
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T1?e v i s i o n of
future gr@a%neesjCar t h e ci-ri1 5 x h , uGsiuu'.ed b y ti-;e t t ; : ~ c : k
cloud Q+ pv- rati it. pskc~tr2v. :' , v
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'Z'!IS Th;, r-d
T w r 04
H i s Exceilency I,a?-zi i : r t t p t k x ' ! . i r3,C,i.i,
i n $:.he Madras
~ t ' e a i d ~ n c ~ :€!<F.raz.tr
frc::;in
the t-laera-3
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rPlarjras,
.35. 4 d q u t a t i a n
%,
Superintendent, Guvet-i-.rn~r~kE
9 ; .
124.
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r ~ f ti"r<.
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f -?sG l , : c d - L . ~ : i ~ i : l . u b i n g k l i @ pzymant
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on civi: Dispenr;arj.es i r r i'kw Pladras P r e s ~ d e n c yfur t h e ' f e ~ l
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See, Ourre~?t F i l a hitsinbq~?,?r 425
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71, Raseb an s t a t i s t i c s c:i:,l, leatecl .Frurrt ' t . 2 ~ ntunj. r:lpa.l k n t r v ~ ~+:,P.K+
!
s a n tory
~
carnini ssi ans:i- e5.t i ruzt.t.::+;.-!
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2 5 8 ~ G W:I. ,EL98
live bir-thn f z r t h e yearIC7ER-21.
~ ~ e , i , o t t a l ' fvfiiil
tl~d
Sanitary C ~ r n m i ~ t i i ~kc,
1 1 ~ ~
ij;~v~-~iM?nk
d ,a t e d ';'--1:--2921
1
Travancore L~qi.
51 et iVU::
i
5, .
P T ? s ~ : Arr94
# ~ ~,~ , LVGJ.
NO. % 1.
pp. 236-238,
ficrmr.di r:y
ttle v j t,al
~ , c i . t:;ri i 2:s c,~r:qi..i-k~ " y
conducted a l a f ~ gwi kt: .k:.lr? CU~IS;LA!;;(3.; .?':?4i5
the !:.V,Infi, ~ a c ;c!r"r:l.y
127 p e r
IBi3B l i e i
t
?,s.L., ce:istr.j i;d
fndi.a,
9941,
V o l , X X V , Travancur.+>.?,
Park 5 , i7^r-:.vdr:-ju-urin,1$42:? p 419TZ!.
.
.
'
7%
United Nations, riCetI f i :
79.
T. N. I C r i shrjafi,
!
Factors, (Tvivanctrum,
82.
Wi1.1.j.Wn Loqatl, f.*;aJ.ahar,:f697,Ret:~~.),~ri.~~t
; ~ y&i.3.i7
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ant!
Eii~~~atiiinaL
Year
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1
1--r-.--.-....JIICIIIeL-I-..-,*..rr*I--"-.
I
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-
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22. qa
2 Z A74
2~.
.;G
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4.7 * Ei?I
rr.
19iw
4
1921
1735
1951
1956-37
If ,BP
hi* $I
1960-61
Y4,aC
3.17.98
144-l i ?
14.2 .i' 1
taf..ri'r%
78-fiL3
3970-7 1
1900-8 1
ZP?O-Ul
I----,-- --.I-IC-I-IPICIII-C---LL.LL""LLL.
..l*..C.-.C3.".
j, 2 , F+
7~;
19M
..
4'7.rlS3
' 7 6 . BQ
89 55
92-42
rn
II-.CI.L--lLL.LLLL...LLL-L-----.-
* B o v t . 3 . n ~ t ' f . t u t f a n ~o n l y
efifilrce:l , Reports on +he Crdtrti nr s L r a t i m is+ Travwncnr e +or
war i GUS year s
2. Clnnual Returns a+ t h e Oivv d
iio~;;pitalsand Dispensarir-s
i n t h e Madras t"~asidsi-~;f +cr- ' J Z Y ~ ~ U9Q&iL'9
E
3 . United n a t i o n s , 1975, FUVE~~L-:~ilr?eaple+ymank arkd
Davelsprn~nt Pallcy-, Nerwycrk, Chap*. X .
4, Statis;tr cc +nr P l a o n i nq
Pij83
State Planninq Yuard,
T r i vandrum,
' 5 , Economic Revi aw
I Y?? 'Litate r"'l anni l-tg 3uar d
T r i vandrum,
,
,
,
,
,
..
General and
:I:tffrt3k
la31e Ts
kortaiity F';aJ-,c;s, Travancera a.rnd malabar
Tn+ant. 3 n r t a l I j: y Y a k 1
p e r J,flEU Ifve 5irthS
darreval Wortal It y K a t e
pet- iflGb3 nupuLa1:r on
NciTe:
7 t" & ~ ~
Data
iiri
culun!i?%2
4
4ur
i856-57
1888
r-pl a t e
7 ~ l ~ ~ t " * . - ~ill > ~ t l ) .
Source: 1. U n r k r - r ~t x { . a t i ~ ! i e ' ~ P ~ ~ e t - tCyF n ~ m p l ~ p m ~ nand
t
Uevelrspment
F i ~ i c y , :!,r\$ 7 d , Chapt, X .
Sarnp 1 a Weai s t r a : j. of1 I~:F:I~GAI
A Itm--al, An:tue f, i'<epoPt sl
f o r the Y'aar~JC477, 29K5, 1 9 8 7 aficl lt98S, Dapar-tment
0 4 Ecunami cc: astd Stat i st i cs
Favsv naerril OF Eerr'ilia.
K-
2.
,
,
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