The Truth About Kids and Guns - Brady Campaign to Prevent Gun

Transcription

THE TRUTH ABOUT KIDS & GUNS
2703
How 2,703 children and teens
lost their lives to guns
CONTENTS
2
Foreword
14
Summary Of Vital Statistics, Part 2
3
A Note About Data Sources
15
Where Youth Gun Deaths Occur
4
Summary Of Vital Statistics
17
School Shootings
5
Youth Gun Deaths & Injuries
20
Household Gun Access & Storage
9
Youth At Risk
23
Changing Social Norms
11
State-Level Information
25
Appendix
13
County Gun Deaths
26
Endnotes
FOREWORD
Based on the most recent available data, in
2011 there were 2,703 child and teenage firearm
deaths in America. That’s seven of America’s
youth killed every day. These youth were shot
in different ways by varying intents—some were
murdered, some unintentionally shot themselves
or were unintentionally shot by another, and
others died by their own hand. All were tragic
and should lead to public outcry about the
continuous threat gun violence poses to our
nation’s youth.
This report provides a detailed breakdown of
data on children and guns, including 2011 fatal
injury, nonfatal injury, and violent death data, as
well as other relevant studies. We analyzed the
2,703 youth firearm deaths and 16,700 youth
firearm injuries, detailing trends, as well as where
and how these shootings occurred.
This is a public health crisis. These deaths are
preventable. Most parents bring a gun into
the home legally with no intent of doing harm.
Many think they’re doing their family a service
by offering protection. Yet it is these guns that
cause the majority of gun deaths and injuries.
A gun in the home is a significant risk factor for
homicide, suicide, and unintentional shootings.
The firearm is much more likely to harm a family
member, such as a child or teen, than to help
prevent or deter a crime. Ultimately, where there are
more guns, there are more gun deaths.
We at Brady are working hard to reduce gun death
and injury. The first step toward solving this public
health crisis is understanding the problem—
where, how, and why these deaths and injuries
occur. This report provides that overview.
I have met many families who have lost a son or
daughter to gun violence. Some of these parents
sent their children over to a friend’s house to
play, only for them to never return. Some of these
parents’ children were murdered due to senseless
gun violence. Others live with the knowledge that
their children ultimately took their lives with a gun
they kept in their home for protection or hunting.
The death of a child is tragic, a grief no parent
should have to live with, and a grief no parent can
ever truly forget. Read this report, spread the word,
and let’s work together to make this the safer nation
we all want and deserve.
7
children and
teens died every
day from guns
“This is a public health
crisis. These deaths
are preventable.”
Sincerely,
Dan Gross
President
Brady Center & Campaign to Prevent Gun Violence
2
A NOTE ABOUT DATA SOURCES
This report contains data on youth gun deaths
and injuries, as well as youth access to
firearms. The Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention’s (CDC) fatal injury data, nonfatal
injury data, and violent death data are included,
as well as data from relevant studies.
There are three sources within the CDC’s
National Center for Injury Prevention and
Control that provide relevant information about
gun death and injury to children:
Fatal data—“Death data come from a national
mortality database compiled by CDC’s National
Center for Health Statistics. This database
contains information from death certificates
filed in state vital-statistics offices and includes
causes of death reported by attending
physicians, medical examiners, and coroners.
It also includes demographic information about
decedents reported by funeral directors, who
obtain that information from family members
and other informants. Population data come
from the Bureau of the Census.” 1 At the time
of this report’s publication, 2011 is the most
current death data available.
Nonfatal data—The “Web-based Injury
Statistics Query and Reporting System
(WISQARS) Nonfatal provides data from the
National Electronic Injury Surveillance System
—All Injury Program (NEISS-AIP). This data is
intended for a broad audience—the public,
the media, public health practitioners and
researchers, and public health officials—to
increase their knowledge of nonfatal injury.
The NEISS-AIP data provides information
about what types of nonfatal injuries occur in
U.S. hospital emergency departments, how
common they are, who they affect, and what
causes them.” 2 The data is then weighted
based on population figures from the U.S.
Census Bureau. 2013 is the most current
data available. 2011 data has been analyzed
to ensure a complete data set (both fatal and
nonfatal data).
Violent death data—“The National Violent
Death Reporting System (NVDRS) provides
states and communities with a clearer
understanding of violent deaths to guide local
decisions about efforts to prevent violence
and track progress over time. NVDRS is
the only state-based surveillance (reporting)
system that pools data on violent deaths from
multiple sources into a usable, anonymous
database. These sources include state
and local medical examiner, coroner, law
enforcement, crime lab, and vital statistics
records.” 3 Violent death data for 2011 was
provided for 17 NVDRS states and, therefore,
is not nationally representative.
The CDC’s National Center for Injury Prevention
and Control’s data is the most reliable, as the
Center is the nation’s leading authority on
violence and injury, and tasked with providing
accurate information to help prevent violence
and injuries. Although it lags behind by more
than a year, the CDC’s data was analyzed
rather than media accounts since many firearm
fatalities, particularly suicides and unintentional
shootings, do not receive media coverage.
This can lead to underreporting. Furthermore,
certain geographic media outlets may report on
firearm fatalities more than others.
This report also includes several studies
and publications related to children and
gun violence. These studies have varying
methodologies, which can result in some
limitations to the data. However, the studies
were selected because they present
important, accurate information about
children and guns.
3
SUMMARY OF VITAL STATISTICS
IN 2011…
19,403
2,703
ND
2
CHILDREN AND
TEENS WERE SHOT
CHILDREN AND TEENS
WERE KILLED BY FIREARMS
FIREARMS WERE THE SECOND
LEADING CAUSE OF DEATH
FOR YOUTH AGES 1-19
4
YOUTH GUN DEATHS & INJURIES
The United States is home to approximately 300
million guns 1,2, and the accessibility of these
guns has a devastating impact on children.
Each year, the massive toll continues to rise. In 2011
alone, nearly 20,000 children and youth under the
age of 20 were killed or injured by firearms. That
means an average of 53 young people were shot
every day—two every hour.3
Firearms are one of the leading causes of death
among children and teens, and kill more kids than
cancer and heart disease. In 2011, 2,703 young
people, ages 0-19, were killed by gunfire in the
United States. More than half of these deaths, 61%
(1,651), were homicides, 32% (850) were suicides,
and 5% (140) were caused by unintentional gunfire
(see Figure 1). Approximately 16,700 more youth
suffered nonfatal injuries, many of which resulted in
serious lifelong consequences.4
The firearm mortality rate among children and teens
under the age of 20 increased slightly in 2011
to 3.17 deaths per 100,000 population, up from
3.13 in 2010.5 Still, the gun death rate is strikingly
lower than in 1993, when U.S. gun violence was
at its recorded peak. That year, annual gun deaths
among youth reached 5,751, with a corresponding
rate of 8.19.
Figure 1: 2011 gun deaths by intent, ages 0-19
61%
Homicide
(1,651)
2,703
children and
teens were killed
by guns in 2011
32%
Suicide
(850)
5%
Unintentional
Shooting
(140)
For every child killed by a firearm,
six others were injured
5
Figure 2: Age-adjusted rates of youth (0-19)
firearm-related deaths, 1981-2011
9
Rates fell sharply throughout the late 1990s and
early 2000s. But the pace of decline has since
slowed, and over the past decade, the gun death
rate among children and teens has remained
relatively unchanged (Figure 2).6
There has been progress, but gun violence remains
unacceptably high among America’s youth. Figure
3 charts the leading causes of death among youth
ages 1-19, and provides a revealing look at the
impact of guns on these young lives.
7
6
Rate
The firearm homicide rate among children and
teens (0-19) has followed a similar pattern,
decreasing 63% since its 1993 peak (5.16 and
1.93, respectively). Despite a slower downward
trend in recent years, the rate in 2011 was 1.93,
the lowest in twenty-six years. In contrast, the rate
of suicide by firearm increased among youth ages
0-19 in 2011. Although there have been modest
decreases over the past decade, firearm suicide
rates rose 15% in 2011, from 0.86 to 0.99. The
rate of unintentional gun deaths (0-19) also showed
a slight increase in 2011, rising from 0.16 to 0.17
(Figure 2).7
8
5
4
Total
3
Homicide
2
Suicide
1
0
Unintentional
1981 1983 1985 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011
Year
Figure 3: Leading causes of death, ages 1-19
No. of deaths
0
Unintentional Injury
1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000 6,000 7,000
136
Homicide 1,644
Suicide 850
Firearm-related
Cancer
Birth Defects
Heart Disease
6
• As Figure 3 shows, compared to many other
causes of death, the number of firearmrelated deaths among children and teens is
disproportionately high. In 2011, firearm-related
injuries were the second most common cause of
death for children and teens ages 1-19.
• Homicide was the second leading cause of death
among children and teens in 2011, as shown
in Figure 3. Firearms were used in 1,644 youth
homicides (1-19) or roughly 69% (see Figures 3
and 4).
Figure 4: Homicide and suicide by mechanism
69%
31%
All others
Homicide
(1-19)
41%
59%
All others
Suicide
(1-19)
• As Figure 3 shows, suicide ranked as the third
leading cause of death among youth ages 1-19 in
2011. And, of the 2,089 youth (1-19) who died by
suicide, 850 or 41% used a firearm (see Figures 3
and 4). However, suicide had the greatest impact
on youth ages 10-19. (There were only 5 recorded
suicide deaths under the age of 10 in 2011.) In
2011, suicide was the second leading cause of
death among youth ages 10-19.
7
• Despite occurring less frequently, unintentional
gun deaths have a disparate impact on young
people. In 2011, 24% of all unintentional gun
deaths occurred among youth under age 20.
As Figure 5 shows, unintentional firearm deaths
make up a significant share of total firearmrelated deaths for children and youth—especially
when compared to older populations. Thirty-four
percent of gun deaths among children under
age 5 were unintentional, compared with less
than 2% of adults ages 20 and over.8 And the
impact could even be higher than records show.
Evidence suggests that unintentional gun deaths
are routinely undercounted among children.9
This finding can have important implications for
prevention.
In 2011, only motor vehicle accidents were responsible
for more deaths (4,297) than guns among children and
teens. However, if current trends continue, gun deaths
are likely to exceed deaths from car accidents.10 Over
the past decades, a concerted effort has succeeded in
dramatically reducing traffic fatalities.
The same can be done for gun violence. If the
disastrous consequences on children, families, and
entire communities are to be curtailed, gun violence
prevention should be given the same attention and
scale of resources as that of other prominent health
issues, including motor vehicle accidents. Widespread
access to guns and the subsequent lethal hazards
warrant this focus.
Figure 5: Unintentional firearm deaths as a percentage of overall
gun deaths, by age
Age
Total Population
(0-85+)
Total Firearm
Deaths
Total Unintentional
Firearm Deaths
Unintentional Firearm
Deaths as a Percent
of the Total
32,346
591
1.83%
Children 0-4
86
29
33.72%
Children 5-9
73
16*
21.92%
Children 10-14
238
29
12.19%
Children 15-19
2,306
66
2.86%
29,643
451
1.52%
20-85+
* Rates based on 20 or fewer deaths may be unstable.
8
YOUTH AT RISK
Age
Older teens are more likely to die from firearmrelated injuries than younger age groups. As Figure
6 shows, a young person’s risk of being killed by a
gun is highest between the ages of 15 and 19, based
on five-year data. In 2011, 2,306 teens in this age
group lost their lives to gunfire (10.65 per 100,000
population). Among 10-14 year olds, firearms were
responsible for 238 deaths; for children ages 0-9,
there were 159 gun deaths in 2011.2
This same pattern holds true for suicides and
unintentional gun deaths, and is particularly
pronounced for homicides. In 2011, the firearm
suicide rate was 3.50 among 15-19 year olds and
0.44 for youth ages 10-14. The unintentional gun
death rate for youth ages 15-19 was 0.30 in 2011.
The second highest rate was among 10-14 year olds
(0.14), followed closely by children ages 0-9 at 0.11.
Figure 6: A youth’s risk of being killed by a gun, five-year data
4,000
Total killed
Children of all ages, races, and genders are
affected by gun violence. However, the risk of gun
death and injury varies greatly among young people,
with certain subgroups of the population bearing
a disproportionate share of the burden. Following
well-established trends, boys, older teens, and Black
youth were all at particularly high risk for firearm
death in 2011.1
3,000
2,000
1,000
0
<1
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Age
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
Children of all ages,
races, and genders
are affected by gun
violence.
9
The firearm homicide rate was 6.62 for youth ages
15-19, compared with 0.52 for 10-14 year olds and
0.27 for children under age 10.3
Figure 7: Firearm death rates by intent, race, and sex
BY RACE
Gender
8
Young males had consistently higher rates of
firearm-related deaths than young females, and the
disparities increased with age. For children ages 0-9,
the firearm death rate for males was 1.6 times higher
than that of females (0.48 and 0.30, respectively);
for youth ages 10-14, the rate was 3.7 times higher
among males (1.78 and 0.48, respectively); and,
among 15-19 year olds, males were 7.3 times more
likely than females to die of firearm-related injuries
(18.36 and 2.52, respectively).4
7
As Figure 7 shows, gender differences were also
found for both firearm homicide and suicide deaths in
2011. The firearm homicide rate for males under age
20 was 3.20, compared with 0.60 for females of the
same population. Similarly, young males were more
likely to die of firearm suicide than young females.
The rate for males ages 10-19 was 3.39 in 2011,
compared with 0.45 for females.5
Race
In 2011, the gun death rate was highest among
Black children and teens (7.80), followed by American
Indians/Alaska Natives (2.48), Whites (2.32), and
6.92
Homicide deaths (0-19)
6
Rate
BY SEX
Suicide deaths (10-19)
5
4
3.20 3.39
3
1 .95
0
2.32
2.26
2
White
1.04
Black
.98
American
Indian/Alaska
Native
.60 .45
.43 .52
Asian/Pacific
Islander
Male
Female
Asians/Pacific Islanders (0.70). As shown in Figure 7,
the firearm homicide rate was also highest for Black
youth at 6.92. American Indians/Alaska Natives had
the second highest rate (0.98), followed by Whites
(0.95). The rate was lowest among Asians/Pacific
Islanders at 0.43. In contrast, American Indians/Alaska
Natives and Whites had the highest firearm suicide
rates among youth 10-19 in 2011, at 2.32 and 2.26,
respectively. Rates for other groups were 1.04 for
Blacks and 0.52 for Asians/Pacific Islanders.6
10
STATE-LEVEL INFORMATION
Youth gun deaths happen all across the
country, in every region and state, but one
obvious trend emerges when analyzing
these deaths: where there are more guns,
there are more gun deaths.
Figures 8 and 9 show two maps of the
United States. In Figure 8, each state is
grouped based on five-year age-adjusted
firearm mortality rates per 100,000
population (ages 0-19).1 Figure 9 shows
Figure 8: Five-year age-adjusted firearm
death rate (0-19)
states grouped by the percentage of adults
with a household firearm. The percentages
come from a 2005 study published in
Pediatrics that detailed the estimated
prevalence of household firearms.2
Figure 9: Adults with household firearms (%)
Over 4.50
Over 55%
3.71 to 4.5
45-55%
3.0 to 3.70
40-44.9%
2.0 to 2.99
30-39.9%
1.99 and under
Under 30%
Rates based on fewer than
10 deaths have been suppressed
11
On average, the states with the higher gun
ownership rates have the higher rates of gun death,
while the states with the lower gun ownership rates
have the lower rates of gun death. Wyoming has
the highest percentage of adults with household
firearms, 62.8%, far above the national average of
32.6%. Wyoming also has one of the highest fiveyear youth firearm mortality rates with a rate of 5.18,
far above the five-year national average of 3.29. At
the low end of the spectrum, 11.3% of New Jersey
adults have a household firearm; New Jersey’s fiveyear average youth firearm mortality rate was 2.14.
That more guns result in more gun deaths holds
true across youth firearm deaths for all intents:
homicides, suicides, and unintentional shootings.
Figure 10 shows the states with the highest firearm
death rates for each intent. As seen in Figure 10,
the states that top these lists—Louisiana (45.6%),
Wyoming (62.8%), and Mississippi (54.3%)—all
have a high percentage of adults with household
firearms, far above the national average. States with
lower percentages of adults with household firearms
are largely absent (except for outliers Illinois and
Maryland). From coast to coast, higher levels of gun
ownership are a significant risk factor for all types of
youth gun deaths.
Figure 10: States with the highest five-year age-adjusted
firearm death rates, 0-19
Homicide
5.49
Louisiana
Illinois
Missouri
Maryland
Alabama
3.62
3.50
3.29
3.02
Suicide
3.97
3.61
Wyoming
Alaska
Montana
Idaho
South Dakota
3.15
2.75
2.37
Unintentional
Mississippi
Louisiana
South Carolina
Arkansas
Alabama
Percentage of adults
with household firearms
Over 55%
45-55%
0.99
0.52
0.46
0.38*
0.35
40-44.9%
30-39.9%
Under 30%
* Rates based on 20 or fewer
deaths may be unstable
12
COUNTY GUN DEATHS
Figure 11 shows data from a study published in 2010
that compared adolescent firearm deaths for all U.S.
counties, ranging from the most urban to the most
rural. This data included all adolescent (ages 0-19)
gun deaths from 1999 through 2006. The authors
included a breakdown of firearm homicide, firearm
suicide, and unintentional firearm crude death rates
(per 100,000) for 10 county classifications.1 As Figure
11 shows, there is virtually no difference between the
overall crude youth firearm death rates in the most
urban counties (classification 0) when compared with
the most rural counties (classification 9)—4.64 and
4.04, respectively.
It is only when looking specifically at the manner
of death that variations across the rural-urban
continuum are revealed. Adolescents in the most
urban counties are at a much greater risk of firearm
homicides than their counterparts in the most rural
counties, 3.83 versus 0.78. The opposite is true
for suicides and unintentional shootings, where
adolescents in rural counties are at a much greater
risk: 0.70 versus 2.75 for suicides and 0.11 versus
0.51 for unintentional shootings.
Figure 11: Crude firearm death rates (0-19) according
to rural-urban continuum code
5
All
4
3
Homicide
Rate
Adolescents in big urban counties are just as
likely to die by firearms as adolescents in small
rural counties.
2
1
Suicide
Unintentional
0
0
1
MORE URBAN
4.64
overall youth firearm
mortality rate for the
most urban counties
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
MORE RURAL
4.04
overall youth firearm
mortality rate for the
most rural counties
13
SUMMARY OF VITAL STATISTICS, PART 2
1.7
76
87
82
MILLION CHILDREN LIVE IN
A HOME WITH AN UNLOCKED,
LOADED GUN
PERCENT OF CHILDREN AGES 5-14
KNOW WHERE FIREARMS ARE KEPT
IN THE HOME
PERCENT OF FIREARM DEATHS OF
CHILDREN UNDER 10 TAKE PLACE
IN A HOME
PERCENT OF FIREARM SUICIDES AMONG YOUTH
UNDER 18 USED A FIREARM BELONGING TO A
FAMILY MEMBER, USUALLY A PARENT
14
WHERE YOUTH GUN DEATHS OCCUR
Children are exposed to gun violence at
disturbingly high rates1—at school, on street
corners, in movie theaters, and shopping
malls. Yet the place where guns pose the
greatest risk to children is the home. Children are
more likely to be killed by a gun in a home than
anywhere else.
While there is no nationwide data on where
firearm deaths occur, the National Violent Death
Reporting System (NVDRS) is able to provide data
from 17 states for 2011. Although incomplete,
NVDRS data offers a better understanding of how
and why these deaths occur and informs efforts
aimed at prevention. In 2011, 60% of all youth
gun deaths (0-19) occurred in an apartment or
at a house. The next most common location was
a street or highway (19%), followed by a motor
vehicle, parking lot, or public garage (7%). As
Figure 12 shows, this pattern held true for children
of all ages. Among youth ages 15-19, 55% of gun
deaths occurred in or around a home in 2011.
The proportion was even greater for younger age
groups. Eighty-seven percent of firearm-related
deaths among children under age 10 took place
in a home; 82% for youth ages 10-14.2
Figure 12: Firearm deaths by age and location
Home/Apartment/Driveway/Yard
13%
All others
18%
Ages
0-9
87%
Ages
10-14
45%
Ages
15-19
55%
82%
Children are
more likely to be
killed by a gun
in a home than
anywhere else.
15
When homicides, suicides, and unintentional
gun deaths are examined separately, further
evidence of gun-related dangers in the home
are revealed (see Figure 13). Unintentional
shootings had the highest proportion of deaths
occurring in the home, with 85% in 2011.
Most of these deaths occurred when children
were playing with a loaded gun. In the case of
suicides among children and teens, eight out
of ten (82%) took place in a home, with natural
areas (e.g., countryside, forest) the next most
common location (5%). For youth homicides,
the percentage occurring at home dips to
43%—yet it is still the most common location
for a child to be killed.3
Figure 13: Youth killed in a home, by intent
4 out of 10 firearm homicides
take place in a home
8 out of 10 firearm suicides
take place in a home
9 out of 10 unintentional shooting
fatalities take place in a home
16
SCHOOL SHOOTINGS
Names like Columbine and Sandy Hook have
become etched in our collective memories.
Although children die every day from gun violence,
there is something especially horrible and shocking
about these tragic acts. Schools are supposed to
be safe havens where children can learn, grow,
and achieve. Each new tragic event elicits national
attention, around-the-clock media coverage,
and a fresh examination of why they take place.
Discussions focus on topics like bullying and
mental illness. But there is another question which
we frequently fail to address: where did the guns
come from?
Studies have shown that the majority of guns used
in school shootings came from the shooters’ home
or from a friend or family member.1,2 A 2002 study
by the U.S. Secret Service and U.S. Department
of Education, which looked at 37 targeted school
shooting incidents, found that over two-thirds
(68%) of the attackers had acquired the gun(s)
from their own home or that of a relative.3,4 The
Safe School Initiative was a collaborative effort by
the two agencies to study school shootings and
to determine what could be done to prevent future
incidents. The examination demonstrated hardly any
similarities amongst the attackers—aside from the
origin of the weapons they used.
Figure 14: Selected school shootings from the Safe School
Initiative where gun was taken from home
Heritage High School
Westside Middle School
Location: Conyers, Georgia
Location: Jonesboro, Arkansas
Date: May 1999
Date: March 1998
Summary: Six students injured.
Summary: One teacher and four students
killed. Nine students and one teacher injured.
Source of Gun: Took guns from his home.
Source of Gun: Took guns from grandfather’s
house.
Heath High School
Bethel Regional High School
Location: West Paducah, Kentucky
Location: Bethel, Alaska
Date: December 1997
Date: February 1997
Summary: Three students killed. Five
students injured.
Summary: One student killed. School
principal killed. 2 students injured.
Source of Gun: Took guns from his
parents, and from a friend’s home.
Source of Gun: Took a shotgun from
his home.
17
In addition, the study revealed that 61% of
attackers used a handgun, 49% used a rifle or
shotgun, and nearly half (46%) had more than
one weapon with them at the time of the attack.
The study also found that 59% of attackers had
some experience with a gun prior to the attack.
Similarly, a study looking more broadly at schoolassociated violent deaths over a seven-year
period (July 1, 1992 to June 30, 1999) found
that 61% of the guns used could be traced
back to either the perpetrator’s home or a friend
or relative.5,6 It was determined that, of the
218 student perpetrators of school-associated
homicide or suicide, 56% used a firearm. The
vast majority of perpetrators were found to be
male, with a median age of 16. Twenty-seven
percent turned the gun on themselves, 69%
committed a homicide, and 4% carried out
a homicide-suicide. The majority of the guns
used in both homicide and suicide came from
either the perpetrator’s home or from a friend
or family member—77% for suicide and 51%
for homicide. The study also revealed that guns
involved in multiple-victim incidents were more
likely to have come from the home than those
used in single-victim incidents.7
Figure 15: Selected recent school shootings where gun was
taken from home
Reynolds High School
Berrendo Middle School
Location: Troutdale, Oregon
Location: Roswell, New Mexico
Date: June 2014
Date: January 2014
Summary: One classmate killed. One
teacher injured. Shooter took his own life.
Summary: Two students injured.
Source of Gun: Took a rifle and a pistol from
his home.
Source of Gun: Took a shotgun from
his home.
Sparks Middle School
Taft Union High School
Location: Sparks, Nevada
Location: Taft, California
Date: October 2013
Date: January 2013
Summary: One teacher killed. Two
students injured. Shooter took his own life.
Summary: One classmate injured.
Source of Gun: Took father’s pistol.
Source of Gun: Took his brother’s
shotgun.
Chardon High School
Millard South High School
Location: Chardon, Ohio
Location: Omaha, Nebraska
Date: February 2012
Date: January 2011
Summary: Three students killed. Three
students injured.
Summary: Assistant principal killed.
Principal and school nurse injured.
Shooter took his own life.
Source of Gun: Took his uncle's pistol.
Source of Gun: Took father’s gun.
18
The real surprise, perhaps, is that these tragedies
don’t occur more regularly. Studies have shown that
weapon carrying is common among American youth
and that many claim to have easy access to guns.
The 2013 Youth Risk Behavior Survey, a nationally
representative sample of students in grades nine
through twelve, found that one in twenty high school
students had carried a gun in the previous thirty
days; 9% of boys and 2% of girls.8 Five percent
of students reported carrying a weapon, such as
a gun, knife, or club, on school property in the
preceding thirty days. And over a million students
reported being injured or threatened with a weapon
on school property over the last year.
The ease with which young people are able
to access guns is deeply troubling. In a 2002
nationally representative survey of adolescents in
grades 7 through 12, 24% reported having easy
access to a gun in the home.9 Among those, 63%
declared the availability of a shotgun, followed by
a rifle (61%), handgun (57%), or other gun (16%).
Access to a gun was highest among adolescents
who are White, who live with two parents, and
who have a mother with at least a high school
degree. It is also important to note that the
perceived in-home availability of guns was only
slightly lower than that of alcohol (24% and 29%,
respectively).10 In a survey of 7th and 10th graders
in inner city schools in Boston and Milwaukee, 42%
reported they could get a gun if they wanted one.11
Seventeen percent of adolescents reported already
having carried a concealed gun, the majority citing
the need for protection or self-defense as their
reasons.12 More recently, a study found that 17%
of children and young people at risk for suicide say
there’s a gun in their home.13
If school shootings and other violent incidents at
schools are to be stopped, the effort must begin at
home. It starts with parents, who need to recognize
the risks of guns in the home and who need to make
safer choices about gun access and storage.
Over
1,000,000
high school students are injured
or threatened each year with a
weapon at school.
19
HOUSEHOLD GUN ACCESS & STORAGE
The majority of youth gun deaths take place in a
home, or with a gun from the home, because so
many youth live in homes where they have unsafe
access to firearms.1,2
Figure 16 shows by state the estimated percentage of
loaded and unlocked household firearms among adults
with a child under 18, as well as the estimated number of
youth living with a loaded, unlocked firearm (ages 0-17).
Figure 16: Estimated percent of loaded and unlocked household firearms among adults with a child under 18;
Estimated number of children (0-17) living with unlocked and loaded firearms
Alabama
7.3% / 76,110
Alaska
Arkansas
Montana
Delaware
6.6% / 40,500
Pennsylvania
6.4% / 11,700
Idaho
5.1% / 7,540
Georgia
4.9% / 104,700
Mississippi
2.0% / 54,500
Colorado
1.9% / 17,820
1.9% / 49,560
Maryland
1.8% / 20,820
Minnesota
1.8% / 19,770
Washington
4.7% / 36,780
Arizona
2.1% / 11,910
2.0% / 2,890
Michigan
5.2% / 17,030
Wyoming
Utah
6.6% / 12,380
1.8% / 24,790
4.4% / 67,980
Nebraska
Louisiana
4.4% / 54,630
North Dakota
Oklahoma
4.4% / 40,560
Vermont
1.5% / 1,660
4.4% / 42,200
Iowa
1.4% / 10,080
South Carolina
Kentucky
4.3% / 37,460
Ohio
Texas
4.2% / 199,670
Wisconsin
New Mexico
4.0% / 16,190
Indiana
3.8% / 51,410
North Carolina
3.8% / 82,110
Tennessee
Florida
West Virginia
3.5% / 43,370
3.0% / 35,180
% / No.
Oregon
3.0% / 26,550
% = Estimated percent of loaded and
unlocked household firearms among
adults with a child under 18
Virginia
Nevada
Kansas
South Dakota
2.9% / 49,210
2.6% / 14,560
2.4% / 16,330
No. = Estimated number of children
(0-17) living with unlocked and
loaded firearms
1.4% / 33,610
1.3% / 14,940
1.1% / 2,530
California
1.0% / 84,440
Illinois
1.0% / 28,650
New York
1.0% / 52,430
Hawaii
Missouri
1.6% / 2,880
New Hampshire
Maine
3.2% / 128,860
3.1% / 10,690
1.7% / 7,170
Rhode Island
Connecticut
New Jersey
Massachusetts
0.9% / 2,260
0.6% / 1,650
0.6% / 1,950
0.5% / 3,390
0.5% / 7,710
0.3% / 4,880
2.3% / 6,000
20
Nationwide, approximately 1.7 million youth live in
a home with an unlocked, loaded gun.3
A nationally representative study published in
2000 found that 43% of homes with children
and firearms have at least 1 unlocked firearm in
their home, and 9% have at least 1 unlocked and
loaded firearm in their home.4 Furthermore, a 2006
study found that storage practices become more
dangerous as children move into their adolescent
years (ages 13-17), meaning firearms are more
likely to be unlocked.5
Not only do some parents store firearms unsafely,
many also underestimate the knowledge their
children have about firearms in the home. A study
in 2002 conducted interviews with parents and
children (ages 5-14) in homes with firearms (see
Figure 17). The study found that 3 out of 4 (76%)
of the children knew where these firearms were
stored, but many of their parents didn’t realize this.
Of the parents who reported that their child did not
know the storage location of the household’s guns,
39% were contradicted by their child’s report.6
If children come across a gun, they are likely to
handle or play with it. In the same study, 1 out of 3
(36%) children indicated that they had handled the
household gun.
Figure 17: Child knowledge and handling of guns in the
home versus parental beliefs
76%
39%
36%
22%
of children ages 5-14 know
where firearms are kept
in the home.
of children 5-14 have handled
a household firearm.
of parents who reported that their
children did not know the storage location
of household guns were contradicted by
their children's reports.
of parents who reported that their
children had never handled a
household gun were contradicted
by their children's reports.
21
1,700,000
In this instance, 22% of the parents who indicated
that their child had never handled a household
gun were contradicted by their child’s report.7 A
separate Pediatrics study tracked what 64 boys
between the ages of 8 and 12 (placed into 29
groups) did when they encountered a real gun. 76%
of the groups handled the firearm and in 48% of the
groups, one or more of the boys pulled the trigger.
Even prior gun safety education had no helpful
impact. Over 90% of the boys who handled the gun
or pulled the trigger had previously received gun
safety instruction.8 Kids are curious, and if they find
a gun many cannot resist the temptation to handle
or play with it.
children live with
unlocked, loaded guns
It is clear that unsafe access to firearms in the home
leads to youth gun deaths and injuries. A study of
the National Violent Injury Statistics System (NVISS)
looking at suicide data for a two-year period (20012002), found that in 82% of firearm suicides among
youth (under 18), where the firearm owner was
known, young people used a firearm belonging to
a family member, usually a parent. When storage
status was noted, about two-thirds of the firearms
had been stored unlocked.9 A separate study found
that in both suicide attempts and unintentional
injuries involving youth (ages 0-19), more than 75%
of the guns used came from the residence of the
victim, a relative, or a friend.10
American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) Statement on Firearm Storage
According to the American Academy of Pediatrics, the absence of guns from children’s homes and
communities is the most reliable and effective way to prevent firearm-related injuries in children and
adolescents. However, for parents who choose to own firearms, safe gun storage (guns unloaded and
locked, ammunition locked separately) can reduce unintentional injury and suicide risk for children and
adolescents.
22
CHANGING SOCIAL NORMS
As these numbers illustrate, unsafe
access to guns by children has tragic
consequences. Even more tragic is the fact
that many or most of these deaths or injuries
could have been prevented. Legislation to keep
guns out of the hands of dangerous people is
critical to reducing gun death and injury, but
stronger laws alone are not sufficient to solve
our nation’s gun violence problem. Most of the
guns behind these tragedies are not purchased
or owned with the intent of causing harm. They
are a part of the 300 million guns already in
homes across the country, guns that are owned
for hunting, target shooting, collection, or
protection.
A simple truth is that too many tragedies occur
because proper weight has not been given to the
risks that come with gun ownership. There is a
cultural narrative that emphasizes the protective
and recreational benefits of guns, while virtually
ignoring the possible and very real dangers.
Educating the public about the relative risks and
benefits of gun ownership has the potential to
change social norms without jeopardizing the
rights of law-abiding gun owners.
Patterns of irresponsible behavior can be
shifted. Public awareness and education
campaigns have been successful in curtailing
risky behavior in other areas, such as tobacco
use and drunk driving (“Friends don’t let friends
drive drunk.”), changing habits that were once
considered not only acceptable but glamorous
a generation ago. A similar approach can be
successful in shifting dangerous attitudes and
behaviors around guns.
To prevent gun deaths and injuries,
education programs and campaigns can
inspire law-abiding individuals to make
safer choices around gun ownership and
access. Two efforts to educate parents have
already demonstrated success.
ASK (Asking Saves Kids)
The ASK Campaign was launched in 2000 in partnership with the
American Academy of Pediatrics. ASK is based on the fact that
more than one-third of homes with children have a gun, many stored
unlocked or loaded.1,2
ASK inspires parents to begin asking if there are guns where their children play. Using mass
media and grassroots efforts to make parents aware of the dangers associated with unsafely
stored guns in other homes, the ASK Campaign attempts to spark a chain reaction of key
attitude and behavior changes, including peer-to-peer intolerance of unsafe behavior. The goal
is to encourage parents to store guns safely or remove them altogether, greatly diminishing or
eliminating the possibility that those guns will cause an accident, murder, or suicide.
According to national polling, in the first three years of the campaign, ASK successfully
inspired more than 19 million parents to begin asking if there were guns where their
children play. Further, 93% of parents, including those who choose to own guns, said they
would be comfortable being asked this question. To create awareness of the message, ASK
has partnered with numerous leading national organizations, including education, healthcare,
and law enforcement groups.
For more information, please visit www.askingsaveskids.org.
23
Towards a Safer Nation
Suicide-Proof Your Home
The Suicide-Proof Your Home Initiative
is a comprehensive public information
campaign that focuses on suicide
prevention by restricting access to lethal means. This approach is based on research
by the Harvard Injury Control Research Center, which shows that the method a
person uses to attempt suicide plays a key role in whether that person lives or dies.3
While about 85% of suicide attempts with a firearm are fatal, many of the widely used
suicide attempt methods, such as overdose and cutting, have fatality rates below
5%.4 Since 9 out of 10 of those who survive suicide attempts do not ultimately die by
suicide, restricting access to lethal means such as firearms, particularly in the home,
is crucial to lowering suicide rates and saving lives.5
Suicide-Proof Your Home was developed in partnership with the Rhode Island
Department of Health under a Garrett Lee Smith Suicide Prevention Grant from the
Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). The SuicideProof Your Home Initiative offers parents simple steps they can take to keep guns
and medicine away from their children. Partnerships with local public health and
community organizations help get the message to parents.
Although gun violence can be a very divisive
issue, there is common ground. We can all
agree that children shouldn’t die from guns.
While many parents appreciate the responsibility
that comes with owning a firearm, others do
not. Changing social norms can immediately
improve the safety of America’s children and
lead to long-term shifts in the way Americans
think about guns in homes across the country.
Education and knowledge of the risks to children
are crucial to making this happen. The first step
is getting the conversation started on how to
keep kids safe.
The Suicide-Proof Your Home Initiative has proven effective in influencing attitudes
and behaviors. In a phone survey conducted after the pilot Suicide-Proof Your
Home program, 95% of parents who had heard about the campaign said it was
important to suicide-proof their homes. Nearly 50% had already made changes or
were considering making changes around the home to make their homes safer.
For more information, please visit www.suicideproof.org.
24
APPENDIX
State-level data: percent of adults with household firearms, 2007-2011 youth firearms deaths (0-19), five-year age-adjusted firearm death rates (0-19)
State
Any Household,
Firearm
2007-2011
Deaths
Five-year AgeAdjusted Rate
State
Any Household,
Firearm
2007-2011
Deaths
Five-year AgeAdjusted Rate
Alabama
57.2%
316
4.72
Nebraska
42.1%
70
2.72
Alaska
60.6%
69
6.57
Nevada
31.5%
148
4.15
Arizona
36.2%
339
3.74
New Hampshire
30.5%
17*
0.90*
Arkansas
58.3%
159
3.98
New Jersey
11.3%
255
2.14
California
19.5%
1938
3.51
New Mexico
39.6%
147
4.97
Colorado
34.5%
181
2.69
New York
18.1%
519
1.93
Connecticut
16.2%
68
1.36
North Carolina
40.8%
433
3.34
Delaware
26.7%
43
3.37
North Dakota
54.3%
29
3.07
Florida
26.0%
810
3.36
Ohio
32.1%
479
2.94
Georgia
41.0%
514
3.68
Oklahoma
44.6%
232
4.45
Hawaii
9.7%
-
-
Oregon
39.8%
93
1.86
Idaho
56.8%
85
3.68
Pennsylvania
36.5%
606
3.41
Illinois
19.7%
778
4.27
Rhode Island
13.3%
22
1.39
Indiana
39.0%
291
3.11
South Carolina
45.0%
274
4.26
Iowa
44.0%
81
1.88
South Dakota
59.9%
34
2.98
Kansas
43.7%
131
3.23
Tennessee
46.4%
329
3.84
Kentucky
48.0%
187
3.21
Texas
35.9%
1117
3.02
Louisiana
45.6%
478
7.45
Utah
45.3%
91
2.07
Maine
41.1%
25
1.43
Vermont
45.5%
18*
1.99*
Maryland
22.1%
321
3.98
Virginia
35.9%
333
3.07
Massachusetts
12.8%
132
1.44
Washington
36.2%
204
2.25
Michigan
40.3%
564
3.84
West Virginia
57.9%
66
2.84
Minnesota
44.7%
146
1.99
Wisconsin
44.3%
192
2.42
Mississippi
54.3%
234
5.30
Wyoming
62.8%
39
5.18
Missouri
45.4%
437
5.22
National
32.6%
14,258
3.29
Montana
61.4%
63
4.76
- State-level rates and counts based on fewer than 10 deaths are suppressed
* Rates based on 20 or fewer deaths may be unstable
25
ENDNOTES
Summary of Vital Statistics
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National
Centers for Injury Prevention and Control. Web-based
Injury Statistics Query and Reporting System (WISQARS)
[online]. (2005) {cited 2014 Sept. 21}. Available from:
www.cdc.gov/injury/wisqars. Calculations by the Brady
Center to Prevent Gun Violence.
Center for Health Statistics. Underlying Cause of Death
Files 1999-2011 on CDC WONDER Online Database,
released 2014. Data are from the Multiple Case of Death
Files, 1999-2011, as compiled from data provided
by the 57 vital statistics jurisdictions through the Vital
Statistics Cooperative Program. Accessed at http://
wonder.cdc.gov/ucd-icd10.html on Oct 2, 2014 12:43:42
PM. Calculations by the Brady Center to Prevent Gun
Violence.
Summary of Vital Statistics, Part 2
Okoro, C. A., Nelson, D. E., Mercy, J. A., Balluz, L. S.,
Crosby, A. E., & Mokdad, A. H. (2005). Prevalence of
Household Firearms and Firearm-Storage Practices in
the 50 States and the District of Columbia: Findings From
the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, 2002.
Pediatrics, 116(3), 370-376.
Baxley, F., & Miller, M. (2006). Parental Misperceptions
About Children and Firearms. Archives of Pediatrics and
Adolescent Medicine, 160(5), 542-547.
Harvard Injury Control Research Center & Suicide
Prevention Resource Center. (2007). Youth Suicide:
Findings From a Pilot for the National Violent Death
Reporting System. Retrieved from http://www.sprc.org/
library_resources/items/youth-suicide-findings-pilotnational-violent-death-reporting-system
Endnotes for Figures
Figure 1: 2011 gun deaths by intent, ages 0-19
Figure 2: Age-adjusted rates of youth (0-19) firearmrelated deaths, 1981-2011
Figure 3: Leading causes of death, ages 1-19
Figure 4: Homicide and suicide by mechanism
Figure 5: Unintentional firearm deaths as a
percentage of overall gun deaths, by age
Center to Prevent Gun Violence. The chart was adapted
from the Children’s Safety Network (April, 2014) and
updated to include 2011 data.
Figure 6: A youth’s risk of being killed by a gun, fiveyear data
Figure 7: Firearm death rates by intent, race, and sex
26
Figure 8: Five-year age-adjusted firearm death rate
(0-19)
Figure 9: Adults with household firearms (%)
Pediatrics, 116(3), 370-376.
Figure 10: States with highest five-year age-adjusted
firearm death rates, 0-19
[online]. (2005) {cited 2014 Oct. 6}. Available from:
Figure 11: Crude firearm death rates (0-19) according
to rural-urban continuum code
Nance, M. L., Carr, B. G., Kallan, M. J., Branas, C. C., &
Wiebe, D. J. (2010). Variation in Pediatric and Adolescent
Firearm Mortality Rates in Rural and Urban US Counties.
Pediatrics, 125(6), 1112-1118.
Figure 12: Firearm deaths by age and location
Figure 13: Youth killed in a home, by intent
Figure 14: Selected school shootings from the Safe
School Initiative where gun was taken from home
This information was obtained through an investigation by
the Brady Center to Prevent Gun Violence that included
an examination of media reports, court documents, and
relevant studies.
Figure 15: Selected recent school shootings where
gun was taken from home
This information was obtained through an investigation by
the Brady Center to Prevent Gun Violence that included
an examination of media reports, court documents, and
relevant studies.
Figure 16: Estimated percent of loaded and unlocked
household firearms among adults with a child under
18; Estimated number of children (0-17) living with
unlocked and loaded firearms
Pediatrics, 116(3), 370-376.
Figure 17: Child knowledge and handling of guns in
the home versus parental beliefs
A Note About Data Sources
Center for Injury Prevention and Control. (2014,
September 2). Web-based Injury Statistics Query and
Reporting System (WISQARS™) Fatal Injury Help.
Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/injury/wisqars/fatal_
help/faq.html
1
Center for Injury Prevention and Control. (2007, March
21). Data Sources for WISQARS™ Nonfatal. Retrieved
from http://www.cdc.gov/ncipc/wisqars/nonfatal/
datasources.htm
2
Center for Injury Prevention and Control. (2014, August
29). National Violent Death Reporting System. Retrieved
from http://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/nvdrs/
3
27
Youth Gun Deaths & Injuries
Youth At Risk
Where Youth Gun Deaths Occur
Wellford, C.F., Pepper, J.V. & Petrie, C.V. (2004). Firearms
and Violence: A Critical Review. Washington, D.C.: The
National Academies Press.
1
1
1
Estimates show that there are between 270 million and
310 million guns in the United States.
2
[online]. (2005) {cited 2014 Sept. 21}. Available from
3
4
Ibid.
5
All rates are age-adjusted except where noted.
6
7
Ibid.
8
Ibid.
Barber, C. & Hemenway, D. (2011). Too Many or Too
Few Unintentional Firearm Deaths in Official U.S. Mortality
Data? Accident Analysis & Prevention, 43(3), 724-731.
9
10
2
Ibid.
3
Ibid.
4
Ibid.
5
Ibid.
6
Ibid.
State-Level Information
1
Pediatrics, 116(3), 370-376.
2
County Gun Deaths
Nance, M. L., Carr, B. G., Kallan, M. J., Branas, C. C., &
Wiebe, D. J. (2010). Variation in Pediatric and Adolescent
Firearm Mortality Rates in Rural and Urban US Counties.
Pediatrics, 125(6), 1112-1118.
1
Finkelbor, D., Turner, H., Ormrod, R., Hamby, S. &
Kracke, K. (October 2009). Children’s Exposure to
Violence: a Comprehensive National Survey. Juvenile
Justice Bulletin. Retrieved from https://www.ncjrs.gov/
pdffiles1/ojjdp/227744.pdf
2
3
Ibid.
School Shootings
Vossekuil, B., Fein, R.A., Reddy, M., Borum, R., &
Modzeleski, W. (2002). The Final Report and Findings of
the Safe School Initiative: Implications for the Prevention
of School Attacks in the United States. Retrieved from
http://www.secretservice.gov/ntac/ssi_final_report.pdf
1
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).
(2003). Source of Firearms Used by Students in SchoolAssociated Violent Deaths—United States, 1992-1999.
MMWR Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 59(9), 273.
2
“An incident of targeted school violence was defined as
any incident where (i) a current student or former student
attacked someone at his or her school with lethal means
(e.g., a gun or knife); and, (ii) where the student attacker
purposefully chose his or her school as the location of the
attack.”
3
28
Vossekuil, B., Fein, R.A., Reddy, M., Borum, R., &
Modzeleski, W. (2002). The Final Report and Findings of
the Safe School Initiative: Implications for the Prevention
of School Attacks in the United States. Retrieved from
http://www.secretservice.gov/ntac/ssi_final_report.pdf
4
“A school-associated violent death event was defined as
a firearm-related homicide or suicide in which the homicide
perpetrator or the suicide victim was an elementary or
secondary school student and the fatal injury occurred
during July 1, 1992–June 30, 1999, either 1) on the
campus of a functioning public or private elementary or
secondary school in the United States, 2) while the victim
was on the way to or from regular sessions at such a
school, or 3) while the victim was attending or traveling to
or from an official school-sponsored event.”
5
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).
(2003). Source of Firearms Used by Students in Schoolassociated Violent Deaths—United States, 1992-1999.
MMWR Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 59(9), 273.
6
7
Ibid.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2013).
Youth Risk Behavior Survey. Available at: www.cdc.gov/
yrbs. Accessed on [September 25, 2014]. Calculations by
the Brady Center to Prevent Gun Violence.
8
Swahn, M.H., Hammig, B.J., & Ikeda, R.M. (2002).
Prevalence of Youth Access to Alcohol or a Gun in the
Home. Injury Prevention: Journal of the International
Society for Child and Adolescent Injury Prevention, 8(3),
227-230.
9
10
Ibid.
Hemenway, D., Prothrow-Stith, D., Bergstein, J.M.,
Ander, R., & Kennedy, B.P. (1996). Gun Carrying Among
Adolescents. Law and Contemporary Problems, 59(1),
39-53.
11
12
Ibid.
Bridge, J.A., Teach, S.J., Stanley, I.H., Wharff, E.A. Pao,
M., & Horowitz, L.M. (2013, May). Access to Firearms
Among Patients Screening Positive for Suicide Risk in
Pediatric Emergency Departments. Abstract presented
at the meeting of the Pediatric Academic Societies (PAS),
Washington, D.C.
13
Household Gun Access & Storage
Unsafe access refers to any guns stored outside of
the American Academy of Pediatrics’ recommendations
on safe firearm storage: “guns unloaded and locked,
ammunition locked separately.”
1
Council on Injury, Violence, and Poison Prevention
Executive Committee. (2012). Firearm-Related Injuries
Affecting the Pediatric Population. Pediatrics, 130(5),
1416-1423.
2
Pediatrics, 116(3), 370-376.
3
Johnson, R. M., Miller, M., Vriniotis, M., Azrael, D., &
Hemenway, D. (2006). Are Household Firearms Stored
Less Safely in Homes with Adolescents? Analysis of
a National Random Sample of Parents. Archives of
Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, 160(8), 788-792.
5
6
7
Ibid.
Jackman, G. A., Farah, M. M., Kellerman, A. L., & Simon,
H. K. (2001). Seeing Is Believing: What Do Boys Do When
They Find a Real Gun? Pediatrics, 107(6), 1247-1250.
8
Harvard Injury Control Research Center & Suicide
Prevention Resource Center. (2007). Youth Suicide:
Findings From a Pilot for the National Violent Death
Reporting System. Retrieved from http://www.sprc.org/
library_resources/items/youth-suicide-findings-pilotnational-violent-death-reporting-system
9
Grossman, D. C., Reay, D. T., & Baker, S. A. (1999). Selfinflicted and Unintentional Firearm Injuries Among Children
and Adolescents: the Source of the Firearm. Archives of
Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, 153(8), 875-878.
10
Schuster, M. A., Franke, T. M., Bastian, A. M., Sor, S., &
Halfon, N. (2000). Firearm Storage Patterns in US Homes
With Children. American Journal of Public Health, 90(4),
588-594.
4
29
Changing Social Norms
Appendix:
Johnson, R. M., Coyne-Beasley, T., & Runyan, C. W.
(2004). Firearm Ownership and Storage Practices, U.S.
Households, 1992–2002: A Systematic Review. American
Journal of Preventive Medicine, 27(2), 173-182.
Pediatrics, 116(3), 370-376.
1
Schuster, M. A., Franke, T. M., Bastian, A. M., Sor, S., &
Halfon, N. (2000). Firearm Storage Patterns in US Homes
With Children. American Journal of Public Health, 90(4),
588-594.
2
Harvard Injury Control Research Center. (2014). Means
Matter. Retrieved from http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/
means-matter/
3
Vyrostek, S. B., Annest, J. L., & Ryan, G. W. (2004,
September 3). Surveillance for Fatal and Nonfatal Injuries
—United States, 2001. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.
gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/ss5307a1.htm
4
Owens, D., Horrocks, J., & House, A. (2002). Fatal and
Non-fatal Repetition of Self-harm: Systematic Review.
British Journal of Psychiatry, 181, 193-199.
5
30
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The Truth About Kids and Guns - Brady Campaign to Prevent Gun

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