Concrete – Protection and repair of concrete

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"Gas quality"
CEN/AFNOR/WG 197
Date:
Doc. Number:
Assistant:
Marie BOURBIGOT
Direct line: + 33 (0)1 41 62 87 20
[email protected]
Your contact:
Sylvie FERNANDEZ
Direct line : + 33 (0)1 41 62 86 59
[email protected]
2010-12-29
N 230
GASQUAL DELIVERABLE APPROVED BY
CEN/BT WG 197 "GAS QUALITY"
D1.2 "Final WP1 report with methodology and results"
ÖThe deliverable D1.2 was presented to CEN/BT WG 197 members
commented, and approved on 2010-02-08/09 by the resolution 02/2010:
Resolution 02/2010 – Deliverable D.1.2 Final report on study by country
of appliances population (document N136)
BT WG197 accepts the deliverable with a number of comments listed in an
addendum presented in document N184. The document and the addendum will
be circulated to the sector forum gas for information and to the relevant
following CEN/TCs: 48, 49, 58, 62,106, 109, 131, 180, 234, 238, 299
ÖWith the following observations on the document:
CENBT WG197 Addendum to document N 136 Deliverable D1-2" Final
report on study by country of appliance population":
CENBTWG197 formulates the following observations on the document:
- It is appreciated that the information on the non-domestic market is very
limited, both with respect to the market size and the various combustion
systems in use post GAD. Especially the information gathered by phone
interview to trade associations are missing.
- Mandate M/400 did not envisage testing of non-domestic GAD-compliant
appliances. A consequence of this constraint on GASQUAL is that no detailed
information on the tolerance of these appliances to changes in gas quality will
be obtained in WP5. The results of this market study, however, suggest that the
size of this appliance population is substantial, yet detail is not readily available
on their sensitivity to gas quality changes.
- There is only partial knowledge of some types of burners and appliances, so
additional information shall be provided about the appliances included in the
sample of the testing programme. Gasqual has to bring very precise description
about appliances they propose to test, with additional information from
manufacturers.
-The restriction on pressure governor is not specific to France but to 2E+ gas
group.
-The term " air ratio control" is too general and in the segmentation precise
description has to be made (especially identifying those with feed back and no
feed back)
Association Française de Normalisation 11, rue Francis de Préssensé
http://www.afnor.fr SIRET 775 724 818 00205
F – 93 571 La Plaine Saint Denis cedex
GASQUAL.EU
ANSWER TO THE CALL FOR TENDER ON
GAS QUALITY- PHASE 1 OF THE MANDATE M/400
INVESTIGATIONS ON NEW ACCEPTABLE EU LIMITS FOR GAS QUALITY.
INFLUENCE ON THE PERFORMANCE OF NEW AND INSTALLED GAS APPLIANCES.
STUDY PROJECT
DELIVERABLE D1.2
Installation and Inspection Rules and Practices Study
GQWP1_08_D1.2_Final WP1 Report.pdf
Deliverable
N°
D1.2
Work
packag
e N°
WP1
Deliverable name
D1.2 Final WP1 report
methodology and results
with
Type
of
deliverable
Lead
participant
Limit date
of issue
Final
v2.0
BRG
ADVANTICA
GL
20.10.2009
Report
AUTHOR(S): MICHAEL DENISON-PENDER, MARCIN PAWESKA, TERRY WILLIAMS, LEN EASTELL
DATE: 20.10.2009
VERSION: CEN, AFNOR FINAL VERSION
Document Version Control:
Vers By
Status
Date
Comments
1.0
BRGC
Final Draft
15.08.2009
Final Draft to CEN
2.0
BRGC & GL
Final Report
20.10.2009
Final Report with:
More explanation on Methodology Section 1.2.1
Revised burner classification Fig. 2.2.2
Revised park by burner type Fig. 4.2252.1
Commercial boiler park & commentary Fig 9.1.2
Commercial cooker burner types Fig 9.3.3
Clarification & alignment with WP3 regarding
manufacturer adjustment to reflect country of
destination (gas group, ref gas, supply pressure)
Tables detailing appliance populations segmented
with country by country breakdown (Appendix D)
GASQUAL PROJECT, WORK PACKAGE 1, FINAL REPORT│BRG Consult for European Commission
2
Executive Summary
This report has been produced for review by CEN/BT/WG 197 to record the
conclusions of work completed by the GASQUAL consortium on Work
Package 1 (WP1) Market Study.
This is one of six work packages being undertaken by GASQUAL to provide
information for CEN in the production of a harmonised European Standard for
gas quality. WP1 has studied the current European market for domestic gas
appliances. Also, some studies have taken place regarding the European
market for commercial gas–fired equipment.
The primary objectives of the WP1 Market Study have been to develop a
classification to segment the gas appliance market, provide a country by
country analysis of the appliance populations in the market and to provide a
list of domestic gas appliance categories that should be considered in
GASQUAL WP4 for testing in WP5.
It was specifically requested that the appliance classification should relate to
the relevant EN classifications, and this BRGC has attempted to do.
However, the EN classifications do not necessarily segment the market
sufficiently to cover all the variables that need to be taken into
consideration. In most cases it has been necessary to sub-segment the EN
classifications in order to make sure that critical variables are not
overlooked.
The report sets out a “long list” of possible domestic appliance categories that
should at least be screened for their specific relevance to the test programme.
BRGC is not necessarily recommending that every one of the listed
appliances should be tested, but rather that each should be taken into
account during WP4. It may even be that there are further subsegmentations that need to be made. On the other hand it is likely that
some of the categories can be grouped together once it starts to become
clear exactly where the sensitivities lie.
It will be noted that in order to facilitate the analysis, the pre-agreed
“Levels” of segmentation are not necessarily taken in numerical order.
Similarly the vertical order of the categories reflects in part the need to group
certain categories together for the purposes of quantification (e.g. Low NOx
non-condensing boilers).
The final tables in Appendix D have been collated by GL from the data given
in the report. These tables detail appliance populations country by country in
an agreed segmentation for boilers, water heaters, cookers and space
heaters and these will be reflected in the final WP3 and WP4 reports such that
appliance populations, possible field adjustment and an overall risk
assessment will be presented as part of the final appliance selection for the
GASQUAL test programme.
3
GASQUAL PROJECT
WORK PACKAGE 1: MARKET STUDY
FINAL REPORT (REVISED VERSION)
BRG CONSULT
CP HOUSE
97-107 UXBRIDGE ROAD
EALING
LONDON W5 5TK
UNITED KINGDOM
4
DISCLAIMER
BRG accepts no liability for any material or
immaterial, direct or indirect damage resulting from the
use of this report or its content.
COPYRIGHT
Please note that the quantified data on the Boiler and Water Heater
markets are derived from sources that are the intellectual property
of BRG CONSULT.
The data on foodservice establishments presented in Fig. 9.3-1 are
the intellectual property of:
GIRA FOODSERVICE
18, avenue Marcel Anthonioz
BP 28
F - 01220 Divonne-les-Bains
Tel: +(33) 4 50 20 16 35
Fax: +(33) 4 50 20 29 28
5
1.1
OBJECTIVES AND SCOPE
CONTENTS
PART I: DEFINING THE PROJECT ................................................................................................................ 9
1
INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................................... 10
1.1
OBJECTIVES AND SCOPE .................................................................................................................... 10
1.11
Objectives..................................................................................................................................... 10
1,12
Scope ............................................................................................................................................ 12
1.2
OVERVIEW OF METHODOLOGY .......................................................................................................... 18
1.21
General Observations .................................................................................................................. 18
1.22
Boilers and Water Heaters ........................................................................................................... 20
1.23
Other Domestic Appliances......................................................................................................... 23
1.24
Commercial Appliances ............................................................................................................... 25
1.25
Results and Confidence Limits ..................................................................................................... 27
2.
CLASSIFICATIONS, DEFINITIONS AND TECHNICAL VARIABLES........................................... 30
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.41
2.42
2.43
2.44
2.45
OVERALL APPROACH ......................................................................................................................... 30
BURNERS ........................................................................................................................................... 32
FLUES ................................................................................................................................................ 36
APPLIANCES AND APPLIANCE SPECIFIC VARIABLES .......................................................................... 38
Boilers .......................................................................................................................................... 38
Water Heaters .............................................................................................................................. 46
Room Heaters and Gas Warm Air Systems .................................................................................. 48
Cookers ........................................................................................................................................ 50
Other Gas Appliances .................................................................................................................. 52
PART II: MARKET DATA................................................................................................................................ 54
3.
GAS APPLIANCE POPULATIONS: EU OVERVIEW....................................................................... 56
3.1
DOMESTIC APPLIANCE POPULATIONS ................................................................................................ 56
3.11
All Domestic Appliances .............................................................................................................. 56
3.12
Total Park by Member State......................................................................................................... 57
3.2
COMMERCIAL APPLIANCE POPULATIONS........................................................................................... 58
4.
DOMESTIC GAS BOILER MARKET.................................................................................................. 60
4.1
QUANTIFYING THE EU DOMESTIC GAS BOILER PARK BY COUNTRY ................................................. 60
4.11
Defining the Domestic Boiler Market .......................................................................................... 60
4.12
Methodology for Quantifying the Park......................................................................................... 61
4.2
TECHNICAL SEGMENTATION OF THE PARK ........................................................................................ 64
4.21
General Approach........................................................................................................................ 64
4.22
First Segmentation: Levels 1, 2 & 3............................................................................................. 78
4.226 Newer Technologies ................................................................................................................... 102
4.2262
Gas Heat Pumps.................................................................................................................... 103
4.3
FUTURE TRENDS .............................................................................................................................. 105
4.31
Drivers ....................................................................................................................................... 105
4.32
Technological Developments ..................................................................................................... 106
5.
DOMESTIC GAS WATER HEATERS .............................................................................................. 115
5.1
QUANTIFYING THE EU DOMESTIC GAS WATER HEATERS PARK BY COUNTRY................................ 115
5.11
Product Definitions .................................................................................................................... 115
5.12
Quantifying the Park of Gas Water Heaters .............................................................................. 117
5.2
TRENDS......................................................................................................................................... 121
6
GAS ROOM HEATERS AND DRY SYSTEM HEATING ................................................................ 123
6.1
PRODUCT DEFINITIONS .................................................................................................................... 123
6.2
MARKET DATA ................................................................................................................................ 123
6.21
Market Segments ........................................................................................................................ 123
6.22
UK .............................................................................................................................................. 127
6.3
BURNERS ......................................................................................................................................... 129
6
1.1
6.4
7.
SUPPLY ............................................................................................................................................ 130
DOMESTIC GAS COOKERS .............................................................................................................. 134
7.1
PRODUCT DEFINITIONS .................................................................................................................... 134
7.11
Cooker Types.............................................................................................................................. 134
7.12
Burner Types .............................................................................................................................. 137
7.2
QUANTIFYING THE DOMESTIC GAS COOKER PARK.......................................................................... 142
7.3
TRENDS............................................................................................................................................ 145
8.
OTHER DOMESTIC GAS APPLIANCES.......................................................................................... 146
9.
COMMERCIAL GAS APPLIANCES .................................................................................................. 148
9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4
9.41
9.42
COLLECTIVE AND COMMERCIAL BOILERS ....................................................................................... 148
COMMERCIAL WATER HEATERS ...................................................................................................... 152
COMMERCIAL CATERING EQUIPMENT ............................................................................................. 154
OTHER COMMERCIAL GAS APPLIANCES .......................................................................................... 158
Commercial Laundry Equipment ............................................................................................... 158
Non Domestic Space and Air Heaters ........................................................................................ 158
PART III: CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ........................................................................ 160
10
CONCLUSIONS: LISTING OF APPLIANCES TO BE CONSIDERED FOR TESTING............. 161
10.1
INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................ 161
10.2
DOMESTIC GAS BOILERS ................................................................................................................. 165
10.3
OTHER DOMESTIC GAS APPLIANCES ............................................................................................... 171
APPENDIX A ............................................................................................................................................... 181
SUPPLEMENTARY ANALYSES BY COUNTRY OF THE PARK OF BOILERS <70 KW INSTALLED
1993-2007 .......................................................................................................................................................... 181
APPENDIX B................................................................................................................................................ 190
SUPPLEMENTARY ANALYSES BY COUNTRY OF THE DOMESTIC WATER HEATERS
INSTALLED 1993-2007 ................................................................................................................................. 190
APPENDIX C................................................................................................................................................ 192
MAIN RANGES OF COMMERCIAL BOILERS AVAILABLE IN SELECTED MEMBER STATES 1997
........................................................................................................................................................................... 192
APPENDIX D ............................................................................................................................................... 213
APPLIANCE POPULATIONS, SEGMENTED AND COUNTRY BY COUNTRY.................................. 213
7
1.1
8
1.1
PART I: DEFINING THE PROJECT
9
1.1
1
INTRODUCTION
1.1
1.11
OBJECTIVES
This document contains the final report on:
-
PROJECT GASQUAL: WORK PACKAGE 1 MARKET STUDY.
The report has been prepared by the Contractor BRG CONSULT (BRGC)
in conjunction with the Project Leader for WP1 (GL-GROUP, previously
ADVANTICA).
The WP1 Market Study was launched at the outset of the GASQUAL
Project and was conducted over the first 6 months of the Project (January
to June 2009).
The original Proposal quotes the objectives of the Market Study as set out
in the Call for Tender:
“This work package shall give a view of the existing market of appliances
and its trend. It shall identify for all the countries included in the study the
types of appliances present on the market complying with Directive
90/396/EEC and certified to burn gases within the H group. […] This work
package shall include domestic and non-domestic appliances. […] This
work package shall give an estimate of the number of appliances in each
segment identified. For each type of appliances at least the trend i.e.
stable, growing or diminishing number of appliances in this segment and
an estimation of the size and composition by age of the installed appliance
population should be given unless more precise figures are available.”
Further on in the Proposal the deliverables of the WP1 Market Study are
summarized as follows:
“Final report on Study by Country of Appliance Populations
The report will at least include:
-
A description of the methodology used to realize this study public
documents used as sources will be included as annexes of this report.
-
The list of type of appliances identified with the motivation for
segmentation.
10
1.1
-
The tables of results by country with results of number of appliances in
the different technology segments.
Fig. 1.121-1 16 SELECTED EU COUNTRIES: DWELLINGS CONNECTED TO GAS
Country
TOTAL Dwellings
Connected to gas
Total
Total %
Austria
4 187
1 396
33%
Belgium
4 903
3 574
73%
Denmark
2 710
345
13%
France
31 455
11 010
35%
Germany
38 751
17 579
45%
Greece
5 619
31
1%
Ireland
1 369
525
42%
27 012
19,300
71%
5 271
744
14%
Spain
23 935
6 132
26%
UK
25 612
22 794
89%
Czech Republic
4 090
3 120
76%
Hungary
4 172
3 106
74%
13 000
7 100
55%
Romania
8 260
2 600
31%
Slovakia
1 899
1 466
77%
24 825
9 576
39%
TOTAL EU 16
countries
203 168
100 760
50%
TOTAL EU
227 993
110 336
48%
89%
91%
Italy
Portugal
Poland
Other EU Countries
% EU 16
11
1.1
-
The list of sources and organisations that have contributed to the
market study.
-
The list of publications that have been used for the market study (+
copy in annex).
-
The type of user i.e. domestic, non-domestic or both for each segment
of appliances.
-
An estimation of the size and composition by age of the installed
appliance population.
-
The forecasted evolution of the number of appliances for each
segment.
-
The accuracy of the data given.
-
A synthesis table grouping the information by technologies.
-
A highlight of the group(s) of countries/segments of appliances with
similar profile.”
1,12
SCOPE
1.121
Geographical Scope
In principle the study covers the current EU 27 with the exception of the
Netherlands (which only consumes L gas and therefore does not come
within the scope of the GASQUAL Project).
However the Call for Tender required the focus of the study to be on the
16 Member States that (always excluding the Netherlands) represent the
great majority of gas consumption in the EU:
-
Germany
-
UK
-
Italy
-
France
-
Spain
-
Belgium
-
Poland
-
Hungary
12
1.1
-
Czech Republic
-
Austria
-
Slovakia
-
Denmark
-
Finland
-
Ireland
-
Portugal
-
Greece.
In practice, of the above Member States, Finland has little relevance to the
study since there is virtually no gas distribution to households (only c.
35,000 dwellings are connected). The gas is used mainly for electricity
generation. It was therefore decided to substitute Romania (which has a
significant domestic gas network) for Finland.
Dwellings in the 16 selected Member States account for 89% of all EU
dwellings but 91% of dwelling connected to gas (Fig 1.121-1).
1.122
Appliance Scope
The Proposal sets out the appliance scope as follows:
“It is expected that that domestic boilers and water heaters will have
major relevance among gas burning appliances in the countries
considered. Therefore, it is suggested that the project will cover
extensively domestic boilers (below 70 kW) and water heaters. For these
products detailed analyses of the appliance population, annual markets
and forecasted evolution will be carried out.
Cookers will also be subject to special attention due to the size of the
market.
Other appliances, including probably space heaters, new appliances
such as micro CHP and heat pumps and possibly less used technologies
such as gas washing machines, tumble dryers, etc will be considered less
extensively. Approximate population and market figures will be sought
through desk-top studies and contacts with manufacturers and trade
associations, in order to allow for an impact assessment.
13
1.1
Larger plants (e.g. commercial heating, commercial catering, commercial
laundry) will only be included if falling under the GAD. The market study
will not cover industrial plants like gas turbines and gas engines that do
not fall under the GAD.
Regarding the two latter product groups (other appliances and larger
plants) preliminary analyses and past experience suggest that the
availability of market data can be very limited and patchy, however, best
efforts will be made in order to reach a satisfactory picture of the relevant
markets, within the time and budget constraints outlined for the present
project.
As far as commercial products are concerned, approaching the relevant
manufacturing sectors and trade associations would establish which
appliances would be sensitive to any broadening of the gas quality bands.
Then relevant benchmark products will be identified for future testing (if
this is feasible). Industrial processes will be studied in theory only, as an
indication of where issues with gas quality variation may occur, but as
already mentioned they will not be part of the market study.
As regards boilers and water heaters, existing data will be used for
appliance classification such as that presented in the EC study on the
boiler directive (92/42) [4]. However, some additional work will need to be
carried out in order to include additional segmentation based on relevant
combustion parameters, such as possibly:
-
atmospheric vs. premix burner
-
air/gas ratio control
-
combustion control (e.g. Scot)
-
separate forced air burner (called jet burner in the BED report).
-
the share of boilers that are condensing / not condensing
-
power burners (fan premixed) or fan-assisted (fan in the exhaust)(in
case this plays a relevant role)
-
for the atmospheric burners: Percentage of "partially" premixed
(bunsen-type) and premixed (Cf. Polidoro and Worgas)
-
for the "jet burners": share of premixed and non-premixed
As it can be difficult and costly to get the detailed share by subcategory
and as in the case of this project a very high accuracy on all details of the
market is not necessary, some assumptions and models will be applied.
14
1.1
As regards other appliances, a possible list of types of appliances
identified could include:
-
Cookers (hobs and ovens)
-
Space heaters: (flued and unflued):
•
domestic gas fires - flue and flueless types (to include balanced flue
as well)
•
convector wall heaters - fan flued and natural draught types
•
warm air heaters - ducted and free-blowing types
•
radiant tube heaters - mainly commercial
•
decorative fuel effect fires - flue and flueless types
•
live fuel effect fires - flue and flueless types
-
Micro Combined Heat and Power appliances
-
Heat pumps
-
Washing machines (domestic)
-
Commercial laundry appliances
•
Dryers
•
Commercial catering (hobs and ovens).
For these products accurate market shares are not very relevant and the
efforts to get the data will be adjusted during the execution phase of the
project to the estimated amount of appliances that are installed. For that
reason the boilers, water heaters and cookers will have a higher priority.
In addition, the study will take into account the importance of national
market characteristics and the importance of those characteristics for the
gas quality influence, for example: power burners are (at least in
Germany) adjusted to CO2-maximum on site. So, for example, such a
category will be very sensitive to gas quality changes in Germany and
other countries.
In general for the appliances considered, the study must take account of
different technologies and installation requirements such as:
-
modulating/burner type
-
air/gas ratio control
-
gas exhaust (flued and unflued)
15
1.1
-
flame control device (sensor) and type
-
pressure control.”
In the report that follows:
-
-
domestic appliances are treated separately from (and in more detail
than) commercial appliances. Indeed domestic appliances form the
main focus of the study, since they are the only ones that are due to be
tested in WP5 of the Project. For domestic appliances, separate
chapters (see Part II) are presented for:
•
gas boilers (Section 4)
•
gas water heaters (Section 5)
•
gas room heaters (Section 6)
•
gas cookers (Section 7)
•
other domestic gas appliances (Section 8)
commercial products are all covered in Section 9.
Product definitions are set out in Section 2. During the early part of the
study a set of classifications were agreed (see Section 2), and BRGC has
attempted to follow these classifications while at the same time relating
them to the appliances and components actually found on the market.
Although not specifically required by the proposal, BRGC was requested
during the course of the study to relate the appliances and technical
variables to the EN classifications, and wherever relevant and possible this
has been done.
1.123
Market Scope
In terms of market quantification, the study is concerned more with the
park (population) of appliances than with annual sales data. The Proposal
states:
“For each of the segments we shall make an estimate of:
-
the composition by age for each country
-
the type of user (domestic / non-domestic)
-
the forecast evolution of the number of appliances by segment and
country”.
16
1.1
As already stated, the domestic and commercial markets have been
analysed separately. There are some instances (especially for boilers)
where the distinction between the two is not entirely clear cut, and the
criteria used are explained in Section 2.
17
1.2
1.2
OVERVIEW OF METHODOLOGY
1.21
GENERAL OBSERVATIONS
Before considering the methodologies employed for each of the appliance
families, it is worth making some general observations about the
processes of assembling the data required for the current project.
Although this part of Work Package 1 is called a “market study”, the
quantification required was not what a market research consultancy such
as BRGC would normally consider as “market data” (i.e. annual sales into
the market) but was in fact “park” or “population” data which is a very
different challenge.
There are only three possible approaches to assembling park data:
-
to conduct sample household ownership surveys
-
to construct models based on historical sales data
- to search for any existing data that might be available in the public
domain.
Conducting sample household studies was obviously way beyond the
budget available (even in one Member State, let alone 16). In any case to
obtain the technical details required would be impossible since the
householders would not know all the answers. In some countries there
are broad brush government statistics on the park of heating (e.g. by fuel
type and/or system type) but these nowhere near go into the technical
variables required, and often they are out of date there was a nice
exercise done by INSEE on the 1995 park in France). Such data can be
used for reality checks for the modelling.
The modelling approach does require having access to annual sales
data going back at least to 1992. Fortunately BRGC had been collecting
such data on domestic boilers and water heaters for the past 20 years,
and had already done part of the modelling work for its own forecasting
projects. BRGC also has some softer historical data on commercial
boilers, albeit not necessarily based strictly on the 70 kW threshold. For
room heaters, BAXI VALOR was able to supply similar data for the all
important UK market.
18
1.2
Even with the benefit of such historical sales data, it is not possible to plot
every variable by every other variable. For example BRGC had for
domestic boilers assembled over the years data by flue type and again by
functionality, but not for the two combined. Where no such historical data
exist, estimating the park becomes very difficult. It is not possible to
reconstruct such data where they do not already exist. This also means
that the “park” data that can be compiled to not necessarily conform
exactly to the classifications that best suit the GASQUAL Project (e.g.
conforming precisely to the EN classifications, or to the burner categories
that the GASQUAL Project ideally wishes to adopt.
Relevant existing park data tend to be few and far between:
-
some countries broad brush data on heating in the housing stock,
but not in anything like the detail required for the GASQUAL project.
However such data can provide a useful reality check.
-
for cookers BRGC did find existing broad data on ownership in most
countries, plus splits free standing/built-in for the largest countries
-
for “commercial” appliances very few data exist at all:
• for commercial boilers BRGC had been following the sales
trends based on rather soft industry data since 1997, which gave
some basis for estimating the park
• for commercial catering equipment BRGC was able to find
some data on appliances in Germany and Italy. Otherwise contacts
with CISA and EFCEM revealed that no market data are collected
by them or the other national associations. BRGC has however
been able to provide unique data (not so far available to EFCEM)
on the number of catering establishments per sector and
country, courtesy of GIRA FOOD SERVICE.
There were certain technical variables for which no historical sales data
had been assembled, e.g.:
-
for boilers, burner types, modulation and special combustion controls
- for cookers, critical burner categories (for hobs, ovens and grills).
To try to fill these gaps BRGC conducted personal interviews with key
component manufacturers.
19
1.2
1.22
BOILERS AND W ATER HEATERS
1.221
BRGC In-House Data
As far as boilers and water heaters are concerned, BRGC has been able
to draw on sales data that have been built-up over 20 years. In particular,
BRGC has a database of annual sales (in number of pieces) from 1990 to
2007, split as follows for gas boilers:
-
boilers:
•
wall hung gas
•• non condensing
•• condensing
•
floor standing gas
•• non condensing
•• condensing
•
jet burner boilers (includes oil and gas).
Supplementary analyses split the wall hung boiler markets between
“heating only” and “combis”. Additional segmentations (although based
of somewhat softer estimates) distinguish the above categories by
output (kWh) and flue type, and also showing the share on low NOx
models within non-condensing boilers
-
gas water heaters
•
instantaneous
•
storage
Supplementary analyses split these markets by output/capacity.
These data have formed the basis of BRGC’s annual multi-client
programme to which much of the European heating products industry
subscribes on a regular basis. The data, compiled mainly from research
with manufacturers, cross checked as relevant and critically against
industry association data, remain the intellectual property of BRGC. For
both boilers and water heaters, additional information is contained within
the texts and tables of BRGC’s past multi client reports, and reference has
been made to these as appropriate.
20
1.2
Some data based on the above BRGC sources are in the public domain,
including those presented in the 1996 EC BED study on the boiler directive
(92/42), and those presented in the EC EUP Eco Design Studies (Lots 1 &
2). However for this GASQUAL WP1 Market Study BRGC has gone back
to its original (now updated) data.
1.222
Other Sources Used
Even for boilers and water heaters, there are certain technical variables
that needed to be considered that have not been systematically covered
by BRGC’s past work, including:
-
burner types
-
modulation
-
the use of special combustion controls
-
pressure controls.
For burners in particular, initial segmentations were provided by Howard
Levinsky (GASUNIE) and Petra Nitschke-Kowsky (E.ON RUHRGAS)
In order to fill the remaining information gaps, BRGC conducted a series of
personal interviews with the relevant component suppliers, including:
-
burner manufacturers (BEKAERT, POLIDORO, WORGAS)
-
controls manufacturers (HONEYWELL, SIEMENS, SIT).
This research was supported by contacts with boiler and water heater
manufacturers (RIELLO, ARISTON, VAILLANT, BAXI, VIESSMANN,
BOSCH), some of who also completed matrices showing the technical
specifics or their current models.
21
1.2
1.223
Analytical Methodology
1.2231
Domestic Boilers
Although the main objective of the WP1 Market Study is to provide park
(population) data, for these appliances BRGC’s in-house data are mainly
in the form annual sales of pieces. Furthermore, independent existing
data on the park of appliances in most Member States is generally
incomplete, out of date or non-existent. None of available sources provide
the technical detail required for the present study. Thus there was a need
to convert BRGC’s historical sales data into park estimates. The fact that
BRGC’s sales data had been systematically collected on an annual basis
since 1990 was obviously a substantial advantage.
Even prior to becoming involved in the GAQUAL
already undertaken some work of this kind for
purposes. Indeed some simple park estimates were
BED report. Nonetheless a good deal of original
carried out for the present study.
project, BRGC had
its own forecasting
included in the 2006
work needed to be
This required a modeling approach that BRGC had already evolved for its
own park model (Fig. 1.2231-1).
Fig. 1.2231-1 METHODOLOGY FOR CALCULATING BOILER PARK DATA
The analysis did involve eliminating:
-
boilers installed pre-GAD (pre 1993)
-
boilers on L gas (especially in northern Germany)
-
boilers on LPG and town gas (but taking into account possible
conversions from LPG to natural gas).
22
1.2
1.2231
Domestic Water Heaters
A similar approach was used for water heaters, although here there is an
additional consideration in that some dwellings may use more than one
single point/secondary water heater. For this reason (rather than for
technical reasons) the analysis distinguishes “primary” and “secondary”
water heaters.
For instantaneous gas water heaters, it is particularly important to take out
the still large park of appliances running on LPG (notably in Spain and
Portugal) and to make some assumptions about conversion from LPG to
natural gas.
1.23
OTHER DOMESTIC APPLIANCES
For appliances other than boilers and water heaters, BRGC did not start
with the benefit of an in-house data resource, and all market information
had to be compiled from original research.
1.231
Cookers
The following sources have been used to conduct research on domestic
cookers:
-
telephone interviews with cooker manufacturers and personal
interviews with cooker burner manufacturers (SABAF and
CASTFUTURA)
-
EUROSTAT time series
-
IGU Database
-
gas usage/gas connection statistics
-
other:
•
BAK, 1997; CEREN, 1998; Dansk Naturgas, 1999; DETR, 1996;
Distrigas, 1999; Doxa S.p.A., 1998; EnergieNed, 1998; EVA, 1997;
Finergy/Sener, 1998; GasTec, 1996; GdF, 1999; IEC, 1996; ISR,
pers. comm., 1999; Konsumenverket, pers. comm., 1998; LEEP,
1996; PdM, pers. comm., 1998; Ruhrgas, 1999; Statistics Finland,
1998; VDEW, 1996; Wolf and Kronsteiner, 1995
•
STAT, INS, Statistics Denmark , INSEE, SB, Ruhrgas, Fyrogenis,
CSO, ISTAT, ISR
•
US FCS and US DoS, 1997; Ecofys, 1999; ISR, 1999
23
1.2
•
Environmental Change Institute, University of Oxford, Labelling
domestic ovens study
•
a programme of telephone interviews was conducted with industry
associations (Fig. 1.231-1).
Fig. 1.231-1 COOKER INDUSTRY ASSOCIATIONS CONTACTED
Country
1.232
Association
Website
Austria
FEEI
www.feei.at
Belgium
AGORIA
www.agoria.be
Belgium
Czech
Republic
Germany
FEE
www.feebel.be
CECED CZ
www.cecedcz.cz
ZVEI
www.zvei.org
Denmark
FEHA
www.feha.dk
Spain
ANFEL
www.anfel.org
Spain
FAPE
www.e-fape.com
France
GIFAM
www.gifam.fr
Greece
SVEIS
www.sveis.el
Hungary
CECED Magyarország
www.cecedhu.hu
Italy
ANIE
www.anie.it
Portugal
AGEFE
www.agefe.pt
Poland
CECED Polska
www.cecedpolska.pl
Slovakia
CECED Slovakia
www.cecedslovakia.sk
UK
AMDEA
www.amdea.org.uk
UK
TEHVA
www.beama.org.uk
Gas Fires and Room Heaters
For room heaters and gas fires, very little market monitoring of any sort is
conducted except in the UK and the Netherlands (the latter in any case
being excluded from the GASQUAL study). Consequently:
-
personal interviews were conducted with the gas fire manufacturers
VALOR and FABER
-
a telephone interview was conducted with ORANIER
24
1.2
-
1.233
discussions about burners for this products was included in the
interviews with the burner manufacturers mentioned in Section 1.212
above.
Other
The markets for other domestic appliances such as gas tumble driers and
gas washing machines are so small that there are no published data
available. BRGC has contacted manufacturers in order to obtain some
idea of the scale of these markets.
1.24
COMMERCIAL APPLIANCES
1.241
Boilers
The “commercial and collective” boiler markets are notoriously poorly
documented, and past studies conducted by BRGC have revealed that
even the market leaders in these sectors have made little attempt to
quantify these markets.
However BRGC has over the years attempted to keep track of the main
developments in this part of the boiler market, including estimates the
sales of boilers above the normally accepted output thresholds, as well as
estimates of the penetration of collective heating in the housing stock.
Thus it has been possible to use these data to estimate the scale of the
commercial and collective boiler stock based on in-house data, even if
these estimates are considerably “softer” than those for the domestic park.
1.242
Water Heaters
BRGC has treated all instantaneous gas water heaters as being
“domestic”. It is true that there is some “light commercial” use of these
products, but the appliances are the same as those in domestic use, so for
the practical purposes of the GASQUAL project, there is nothing to be
gained from any attempt to distinguish between the two market sectors.
As far as gas storage water heaters are concerned, BRGC regularly
collects sales data split between “up to 80 litres” and “>80 litres”, and the
makes the assumption that all appliances >80 litres are commercial.
However the EN classifications put the threshold at 70 kW but considering
and it is this threshold (equating to around 220 litres) that has been used
for the present report.
25
1.2
1.243
Commercial Cookers and Catering Equipment
Contacts with CISA/EFCEM revealed that very few data are collected on
commercial catering equipment markets, with figures available only on
Germany and Italy.
Under the circumstances, it was decided to undertake a modeling exercise
based on catering establishment data kindly made available to the
GASQUAL project on special terms by the market research company
GIRA FOODSERVICE. GIRA FOODSERVICE has a position in the food
service market similar to that enjoyed by BRGC in the heating sector.
Under the terms of the agreement, BRGC has undertaken not to place the
full raw GIRA data in the public domain.
In addition, telephone
Associations:
-
Europe, EFCEM
-
France, SYNEG
-
Germany, HKI
-
Italy, CECED Italia
-
Spain, FELAC
interviews
were
conducted
with
National
and with the catering equipment manufacturer FAGOR INDUSTRIAL.
1.244
Other Sectors
No published data are available on other non domestic gas appliance
market, and BRGC has been obliged to conduct a pragmatic programme
of contacts within the relevant industries.
Phone interviews/visits with manufacturers and associations were
conducted, including:
-
GOGAS
-
ELVHIS
-
ICOM ENERG (via GL)
-
Kris de Wit (ARGB – KVBG) for Belgium.
26
1.2
1.25
RESULTS AND CONFIDENCE LIMITS
1.251
Domestic Boilers
With the detailed sales data series that come from the BRGC database
and reports, verified manufacturer market shares and modelling exercises,
BRGC has a strong belief that the information for domestic individual boiler
park is substantially accurate. However there are specific areas where
softer estimated has proved necessary:
-
Germany L-gas using boilers have been subtracted using proportional
rule (+/- 1.5% of boiler park)
-
the extent of Spanish dwellings converted from LPG to natural gas is
difficult to measure (+/- 1.5% of boiler park)
-
data on park of boilers installed before 1992 (and therefore eliminated
from the final figures as being pre-GAD) are less accurate than the
park data for period 1992-2007
-
for jet burner boilers (other than “units”) the oil/gas split is difficult to
estimate accurately and other reasons (+ /- 2% of boiler park)
-
the share of full modulation in heating only boilers, especially those
installed pre-2000.
Overall, BRGC considers its domestic boiler numbers to be accurate within
±5%.
1.252
Domestic Water Heaters
With the detailed sales data series that come from the BRGC database
and reports, complemented by manufacturer market shares and modelling
exercises BRG has strong believe that information for domestic water
heater park is fairly accurate. However there are specific areas where
relatively softer estimating has necessarily been applied:
-
the extent of Spanish and Portuguese dwellings converted from LPG to
natural gas is difficult to measure, especially since such estimating
needs to take into account conversions of existing water heaters, the
replacement of existing water heaters, and the displacement of water
heaters by combi boilers
27
1.2
-
for instantaneous gas water heaters, BRGC’s regular monitoring of the
market has not historically segmented sales by flue types or electronic
versus water activated modulation. However, BRGC is aware of the
broad patterns and trends, and believes that the estimates are
sufficiently reliable for the purposes of identifying appliances that justify
testing.
-
The share of products on LPG versus natural gas has been based on
BRG internal reports as well as any other data available from public
sources / discussions with manufacturers.
±8%
1.253
Domestic Cookers
This is not a market that BRGC has previously studied, and with little data
available from secondary sources on the park and sales, combined with a
fairly fragmented industry, it was impossible to quantify certain technical
characteristics, as outlined in INIG segmentation document
To better understand burner and combustion technology BRGC conducted
interviews with SABAF and CASTFUTURA, the largest OEM suppliers of
burners to cooker manufacturers (~30%- 40% of OEM market across EU).
BRGC also contacted number of large cooker manufacturers that produce
own burners.
Numbers on the total population of gas cookers are less accurate than
those for boilers and water heaters and include mixed electric/gas hobs
and mixed fuel free standing products. There are also softer estimates in
relation to LPG.
±10%
1.254
Domestic Gas Fires and Room Heaters
The extent and quality of the data available reflects to a large extent the
geographical characteristics of these markets.
The only two substantial markets in the EU are UK and the Netherlands,
and it is only in these countries that any systematic attempt is made to
monitor the markets. The Netherlands is of course excluded from the
GASQUAL project, although exports from the Netherlands of EN 613
products make up a significant part of the small continental EU H gas
market for such appliances.
28
1.2
For the UK market, BRGC is greatly obliged to VALOR FIRES (BAXI
GROUP) for the very substantial inputs they have provided. Some
quantified sales data were provided subject to a confidentiality undertaken.
While these data have been used as the basis for what BRGC believes
are substantially reliable park estimates, it is not possible to reveal the raw
sales data in this report.
For the much smaller (and wholly undocumented) Continental markets,
BRGC much appreciates the inputs from FABER, ORANIER as well as
ARGB-KVBG. However, with the possible exceptions of the room heaters
(ORANIER type) in Germany and the wall hung EN 613 convectors in
Hungary, the volumes are so small that it is not worth attempting to
quantify each Member State separately.
1.255
Other Domestic Products
Estimates of these very small markets are inevitably soft, but no amount of
analysis would come to any other conclusion than that these appliances
need to be covered by whatever policy the GASQUAL Project decides to
adopt towards very small niche markets.
1.256
Non-Domestic Markets
The non domestic markets form easily the most difficult part of WP1 from a
research point of view, and a great deal of soft estimating is involved:
-
for collective and commercial boilers, BRGC is confident that from its
historical research it is able to provide the best estimates that could be
made available within the budget, even if the strength of the data is
considerably lower than for domestic boilers
-
commercial water heaters are hardly an issue, apart from the large
storage models on which BRGC has some historical data on sales of
appliances >80 litres
-
for domestic catering equipment, access to the GIRA data provides a
basis for estimating that is not generally available to the catering
equipment industry. Even so, the estimates (except in Italy and
Germany) are based on the application of assumptions rather than on
direct market data. BRGC does not see any way of quantifying the
market for the listed catering appliances other than cookers within the
budget available
-
other space heating equipment markets are also very difficult to
quantify.
29
2.1
OVERALL APPROACH
2.
CLASSIFICATIONS, DEFINITIONS AND TECHNICAL VARIABLES
2.1
OVERALL APPROACH
During the early stages of the study a set of classifications were agreed as
the basis of the market analysis. It was also agreed that as far as possible
the analyses should be based on the EN classifications.
For the most part the technical variables on which the classifications are
based are product specific (see Section 2.4 below). However, some,
including:
-
burner types (see Section 2.2)
-
flue types (see Section 2.3)
apply to all or several product categories, and a specific set of
classifications is needed for each.
It should be note that the Proposal also requires the Market Study to take
into consideration the penetration of special heating controls. However,
since these are so far only fitted to boilers, coverage of them is confined to
the boiler analysis.
The agreed classifications are set out in Sections 2.2-2.4. In order to
arrive at a market analysis based on the agreed classifications, it has been
necessary:
-
to relate these classifications to the appliances and components that
are actually found on the market
-
to make the best use of the market data that is available.
30
Fig. 2.2-1 E.ON RUHRGAS CLASSIFICATION OF GAS BURNER FOR MARKET ANALYSIS /1
GASQUAL PROJECT, WORK PACKAGE 1, PRELIMINARY REPORT│BRG Consult for European Commission
31
2.2
2.2
BURNERS
BURNERS
The classification of gas burners was based on inputs from:
-
Petra Nitschke-Kowsky (E.ON Ruhrgas) who submitted the matrix
shown in Fig. 2.2-1
-
Howard Levinsky (GASUNIE).
In April 2009 the resulting basic classifications adopted were as shown in
Fig. 2.2-2 below (left hand column). These classification were used as the
basis for BRGC, research and analysis. However, since the first version of
this report was circulated in August 2009, it has been proposed that a
slightly different set of classifications for boiler burners. These basically
separate the original category “Partial Premix” into:
-
atmospheric
-
fan assisted.
These revised classifications also introduce some slightly different
terminologies. Fig. 2.2-2 attempts to reconcile the various different sets of
classifications:
32
2.2
BURNERS
Fig. 2.2-2 H. LEWINSKY & E.ON CLASSIFICATIONS OF GAS BURNERS FOR MARKET ANALYSIS
H. Levinsky
(adopted April
2009)
Non-premix
“Partial premix”
or
“Conventional”
E.ON Ruhrgas
Classifications
(ref Fig. 2.2-1)
Revised
Classifications
and Terminology
(October 2009)
Characteristics
Not included
Not included
Gas and air are not
mixed
prior
to
combustion
1,2,6,7
Atmospheric
(Natural Draught)
Partially Aerated
Fan
Assisted
Partially Aerated
Bunsen type: only part
of the air necessary for
combustion
goes
through the burner.
The rest goes round
the burner.
3,4,5,8,9*
Atmospheric
(Natural Draught)
Fully Aerated
Usually slightly overstoichiometric.
Often
flat/butterfly
wing
flame, rod cooled or
water cooled*
Premix burner
10
Fan Assisted Full
Premix
The air goes through
the burner.
Usually
fanned.
Jet
burner/Forced
air burner
13
Fan Assisted Non
Premix
(Jet
Burners)
Fan driven horizontal
flame. Gas version of
oil burner.
Atmospheric
premix
Note*: since the submission of the first version of this report in August
2009, BRGC has been advised that the water cooled ribbed burners
should be a sub-category of “partial premix” and not “atmospheric premix”.
This implies that they are not in fact slightly over-stoichiometriic as
suggested in Fig. 2.2-1.
Working to the above classifications, BRGC conducted personal interviews
with burner manufacturers. These revealed that:
-
“no premix” is not really a relevant category for the appliances under
study
-
the vast majority of appliances use partial premix Bunsen type burners,
which come in a variety of constructions (these are described in more
detail in the relevant parts of Section 2.4)
33
2.2
BURNERS
Fig. 2.2-1 E.ON RUHRGAS CLASSIFICATION OF GAS BURNER FOR MARKET ANALYSIS /2
34
2.2
BURNERS
-
atmospheric premix burners are used primarily in low NOx non
condensing boilers. Broadly speaking since the early 1990’s there has
been a progression from rod cooled to flat (butterfly-wing) flames
(OVO/OVAL type) to water cooled (for wall hung boilers).
As
mentioned above, BRGC has since been advised to include the ribbed
water cooled burners as a sub category of “partial premix” rather than
of “atmospheric premix”
-
fully premix burners are used in most condensing boilers (apart from
some SEDBUK B models in the UK and possibly some other, early,
condensing models, although this latter group may be largely in the
Netherlands and/or pre GAD)
-
gas jet burners may be fitted to “gas units” (jet burner boilers with
factory fitted gas burners), or (further down the distribution chain) to
“oil/gas boilers” which do not have the jet burner fitted n the factory.
The share of gas is difficult to quantify for the latter type since
manufacturers do not know which fuel type will eventually be used.
There is even a possibility of gas burners replacing oil burners later in
the life of the boiler.
35
2.3
2.3
FLUES
FLUES
Apart from condensing boilers with fully premix burners and jet burner
boilers, the EN classifications for domestic gas boilers are closely linked to
the flue type. The flue classifications follow these EN standards:
Fig. 2.3 BASIC CLASSIFICATIONS OF FLUES
Type
Description
Type A
Flueless (applies to some UK gas fires and some water
heaters).
Type B
Open flue: draws air for combustion from inside the
room, and usually evacuates the waste gasses through
the chimney or through a special outlet in the roof.
Type C
Room sealed: draws air for combustion from inside the
building. Two main types are fanned (C32 and C33
which gives greater flexibility in siting the boiler,
because up to 3 metres of flue can be used) or
balanced flue (C11 which needs the appliance to be
positioned near an outside wall). Used mainly in the
UK and for gas fires throughout Europe. Sometimes
for gas fires a longer version of the balance flue is
used, which it is reported does not fit easily with the
current test standards.
36
Fig. 2.41-1 CLASSIFICATION OF DOMESTIC BOILER BY TYPE /1
LEVEL 1
LEVEL 2
LEVEL 3
Sector /
Product Type
EN Standard
Product
LEVEL 4
System
LEVEL 5
Burner
Controls
Flue Sensor
Conventional
Modulation type
Heating only
Atmospheric
premixed
Wall-hung noncondensing
Flue Sensor
Air / Gas Control
Modulation type
Flue Sensor
Conventional
EN625
Combination
DOMESTIC
BOILER
Air / Gas Control
EN 297
BOILER
Type B
Air / Gas Control
Modulation type
Atmospheric
premixed
Flue Sensor
Air / Gas Control
Modulation type
Flue Sensor
Conventional
Modulation type
Heating only
Atmospheric
Premixed
Floor-standing noncondensing (Excl Jet
Burners)
Flue Sensor
Air / Gas Control
Modulation type
Flue Sensor
Conventional
EN625
Combination
Air / Gas Control
Air / Gas Control
Modulation type
Atmospheric
Premixed
Flue Sensor
Air / Gas Control
Modulation type
37
2.4
APPLIANCES AND APPLIANCE SPECIFIC VARIABLES
2.4
APPLIANCES AND APPLIANCE SPECIFIC VARIABLES
2.41
BOILERS
The agreed classifications for domestic boilers are summarized in Figs.
2.41-1, 2.41-2, 2.41.3 and 2.41.4.
38
LEVEL 1
LEVEL 2
LEVEL 3
Sector / Product Type
EN Standard
Product
LEVEL 4
System
LEVEL 5
Burner
Conventional
Heating Only
Fully premixed
Wall-hung NonCondensing
Conventional
EN625
Combination
DOMESTIC BOILER
Atmospheric
Premixed
Atmospheric
Premixed
Fully premixed
EN 483 BOILER
Type C
Conventional
Heating Only
Atmospheric
Premixed
Fully premixed
Floor-Standing
Non-Condensing
(Excl Jet Burners)
Conventional
EN625
Combination
Atmospheric
Premixed
Fully premixed
Controls
Flue Sensor
Air / Gas Control
Modulation type
Flue Sensor
Air / Gas Control
Modulation type
Flue Sensor
Air / Gas Control
Modulation type
Flue Sensor
Air / Gas Control
Modulation type
Flue Sensor
Air / Gas Control
Modulation type
Flue Sensor
Air / Gas Control
Modulation type
Flue Sensor
Air / Gas Control
Modulation type
Flue Sensor
Air / Gas Control
Modulation type
Flue Sensor
Air / Gas Control
Modulation type
Flue Sensor
Air / Gas Control
Modulation type
Flue Sensor
Air / Gas Control
Modulation type
Flue Sensor
Air / Gas Control
Modulation type
39
LEVEL 1
LEVEL 2
LEVEL 3
EN Standard
Product
LEVEL 4
System
Burner
Heating Only
Fully
Premixed
Wall Hung
EN 677 BOILERS
Condensing (equipped
with a premix burner)
DOMESTIC BOILER
Combination
EN625
Fully
Premixed
Heating Only
Fully
Premixed
Floor- Standing
Combination
EN625
EN 303-3 BOILERS
(equipped with forced
draught burners)
Jet burner
boiler noncondensing
Jet burner
boiler
condensing
Fully
Premixed
LEVEL 5
Controls
Flue Sensor
Air / Gas Control
Modulation type
Flue Sensor
Air / Gas Control
Modulation type
Flue Sensor
Air / Gas Control
Modulation type
Flue Sensor
Air / Gas Control
Modulation type
Flue Sensor
Heating Only
Jet Burner
Air / Gas Control
Modulation type
Flue Sensor
Heating Only
Jet Burner
Air / Gas Control
Modulation type
40
Fig. 2.41-4 CLASSIFICATION OF NON DOMESTIC BOILER BY TYPE /1
LEVEL 1
LEVEL 2
Sector / Product
Type
EN Standard
EN 656
Floor Standing (70-300kW)
NON DOMESTIC
BOILER
EN 13836
Floor Standing (300-1000kW)
EN 303-7 BOILER (equipped
with a forced draught
burners)
Levels 1 & 2: the main focus has been on domestic boilers, which BRGC
classifies as boilers that provide central heating for a single dwelling unit,
the great majority of which are <60 kW. It should be noted that those
classified as “commercial” boilers (Fig. 2.41.5) include both those used for
non-housing and those used for the collective heating of multi-dwelling
building. In practice, distinguishing between “domestic” and “commercial”
boilers is never absolutely precise in that:
-
different countries use different output levels as thresholds (e.g. Italy
35 kW, UK 44 kW, Germany 60 kW and France 70 kW). BRG,
following EN classification, made estimates which would take 70kW as
threshold for domestic products.
-
some boilers that are sold primarily for “domestic” use are also fitted in
small non-housing premises (“light commercial”)
-
in the “commercial” boiler market there is a growing trend towards
installing “cascades” of wall hung condensing boilers. Individually
these units may fall below the normally accepted output thresholds for
“commercial” boilers, but they are always installed in groups. It is
assumed that these are treated as domestic boilers in the EN
classification, but it may be worth considering whether a cascade
installation should be tested.
Level 3: while it has been argued that the distinction between “wall hung”
and “floor standing” boilers may not be critical to the GASQUAL project, in
reality the distinction is valid because of the different construction of
burners used for each category (especially with regard to low NOx models
using atmospheric premix burners or water cooled burners).
41
Level 4:
-
System: this classification relates to the sanitary hot water provision
function of the boiler:
•
combination boilers include only those with direct production of
instantaneous hot water, although some models may have
supplementary built-in storage tanks or pre-heat/“micro
accumulation” facilities. The great majority of combi boilers are wall
hung, but there are some floor standing combis sold, notably in the
UK. BRGC believes that this definition (used historically by BRGC
for its market analyses) corresponds to the EN 625 definitions
•
heating only boilers do not produced directly heated sanitary hot
water, but many (probably most) are connected to a hot water
cylinder that is indirectly heated using a secondary circuit.
Combination boilers were the main drivers of the development of
continuous modulation.
-
Burners (see also Section 2.2 above): with a few exceptions, the
patterns of burner use are fairly straightforward:
•
non condensing boilers (other than low NOx models) use
conventional partial premix Bunsen type burners (mainly bladed for
wall hung and tubular for floor standing). Most wall hung non
condensing Low NOx boilers use water cooled bladed burners. It is
understood that this type of burner should be included as a
subcategory of atmospheric partial premix rather than atmospheric
fully premix
•
non condensing low NOx models use some form of atmospheric
premix burner (generally with rods or “oval” types for floor standing).
There are also mesh/matrix type burners. As mentioned above,
most wall hung low NOx boilers have water cooled rib type burners,
but there are some with rod or mesh type cooling
•
condensing boilers (apart from some SEDBUK B models in the UK
and maybe some very early condensing boilers elsewhere) use
fanned premix burners. There are some non condensing boilers
with fan assisted burners (e.g. ECOFLAM, IMAR and BALTUR in
Italy and some VIESSMANN boilers in Germany) but it is not clear
whether these should be classified as fanned premix or fan assisted
partial premix.
Flue types: Type A is not relevant to boilers. The overall trend for wall
hung non condensing boilers has been away from Type B towards
Type C. Within Type C, balanced flues (C11) are found mainly in the
UK, but the trend has been away from theses towards fanned flues
(C31). In can be assumed that all condensing boilers use Type C
flues, especially designed for condensing use.
42
Level 5:
-
Modulation: this is a poorly documented area. Modulation (and in
particular continuous modulation) was introduced above all as a means
of reducing the water content of wall hung combi boilers, and the great
majority of combis are now continuously modulating. There may be
some low priced models still in the park that are step modulating. The
penetration of modulation in heating only boilers (and especially floor
standing models) was slower, but today almost all heating only boilers
sold are continuously modulating (the few open vented cast iron boilers
still sold in the UK may be exceptions)
-
Special combustion controls: these included flame signal gas
adaptors (e.g. SCOT and SIETHERM PRO), and flue sensor adaptors.
In practice such supplementary controls are fitted only to a small
number of condensing wall hung boilers
-
the proposal also requires air/gas ratio controls to be covered.
However BRGC understands that pneumatic air/gas ratio controls are
the standard modulating controls that are sold by HONEYWELL and
SIT. These are not designed to broaden the range of gasses that can
be used, but rather they need to be set for the gasses that are used in
each country/region in which the boiler is to be sold. There are also
electronic air/gas ratio controls but BRGC’s understanding that even
where these are fitted the boiler needs to be adapted to the quality of
gas used. Since the circulation of the original version of this report it
has been pointed out (by the UK representative on the CEN 197
Committee) that both for boilers and water heaters there are many
GAD compliant appliances that are still in use that do not have air/gas
controls but have simple controls consisting of an appliance governor
or throttle
-
the proposal also mentions pressure controls. Pressure governors
are fitted as standard to the modulating controls supplied by SIT and
HONEYWELL; also there are special restrictions on how they are used
in France.
43
44
Fig. 2.42-1 DOMESTIC WATER HEATER CLASSIFICATIONS
LEVEL 1
LEVEL 2
LEVEL 3
LEVEL 4
LEVEL 5
EN Standards
Condensation
Flue
Controls
EN26 Instantaneous
Non-Condensing
Type B
Type C
Type B
Type C
Type B
Type C
Modulation type
DOMESTIC WATER
HEATER
Condensing
EN89 Storage
Non-Condensing
Modulation type
Modulation type
Modulation type
Modulation type
Modulation type
Fig. 2.42-2 NON-DOMESTIC WATER HEATER CLASSIFICATION
LEVEL 1
LEVEL 2
Sector
Product Type
EN Standard
NON DOMESTIC
WATER HEATER
EN89
Storage
45
2.42
WATER HEATERS
The categories of gas water heater covered are shown in Fig. 2.42-1 and
Fig. 2.42-2.
It is assumed that all instantaneous gas water heaters are for domestic
use. In general those <10 litres per minute are single point and are not
necessarily the primary source of sanitary hot water for the dwelling
(although they may be, especially in Spain and Portugal). Models of 10+
litres per minute are generally multi-point and therefore are often the
primary source of hot water for the dwelling. One challenge is to estimate
the substantial proportion of instantaneous gas water heaters, again
especially in Spain and Portugal, that use LPG rather than H Gas. Also, it
is known that many of those originally using LPG have been converted to
H gas when the gas network arrived, and this is probably an ongoing
process. This has resulted in the need for some rather “soft” estimating.
For gas storage water heaters, BRGC has in the past generally assumed
that those up to 80 litres capacity are for domestic use and those >80 litres
are for commercial use. There is a significant usage of such appliances in
“light commercial premises that need a plentiful supply of hot water such
as hairdressers and restaurants. However, the EN classification gives the
threshold at 70 kW, which is thought to be closer to a 220 litre capacity.
For the GASQUAL project BRGC has adopted this threshold.
In instantaneous gas water heaters, most appliances have water activated
modulation. Some of the premium models are continuously modulating
(electronic) but the precise share of these is difficult to quantify.
46
Fig. 2.43-1 EN CLASSIFICATIONS FOR DOMESTIC SPACE AND AIR HEATERS
LEVEL 1
Sector
Product
Type
LEVEL 2
EN Standard
EN 613 (including BS7977-1)
Independent space heaters without fan
EN 1266
Independent space heaters with fan
SPACE
HEATERS
EN 509
Fuel effect
EN 14438
Gas-fired insets for heating more than one room
EN 13278
Open fronted independent space heaters
DOMESTIC
EN 14829
Flue-less space heaters
AIR
HEATERS
EN 778
Forced convection air heaters <70kW
EN 1319
Forced convection with fan assisted burner
<70kW
EN 1196
Condensing air heaters
47
2.43
ROOM HEATERS AND GAS W ARM AIR SYSTEMS
The EN classifications for this family of appliances are shown in Fig. 2.43-1.
The descriptions given for each category are those provided in a listing
submitted by AFNOR. However, some further explanation about the product
actually tested under some of these EN categories may be helpful,
especially in relating the EN numbers to the UK’s SBGI classifications which
form the basis of BRGC’s statistical analysis of the very large UK market (for
gas fires the only other substantial market is the Netherlands which is
excluded because it is based on L gas):
- EN 613 (independent space heaters without fan) covers most balanced and
open flue gas fires and room heaters, including glass fronted “live fuel effect
fires” sold in continental Europe, wall hung convectors (e.g. in Hungary and
SBGI “wall heaters” in the UK), floor standing room heaters (e.g. ORANIER
type in Germany). In the UK, the majority of “radiant convectors” (SBGI,
mainly old style ceramic gas fires) and “live fuel effect fires” (SBGI “inset
living flame”, “outset living flame” and “balanced flue”) are installed in
builders openings rather than having a directly fitted flue as required by EN
613. For this reason they are tested under BS7977-1, which nonetheless
comes within the auspices of the GAD). On the Continent, it seems that
almost all gas fires and room heaters are tested under EN 613
- EN 1266 (independent space heaters with fan) probably covers the relatively
small market for fanned flue products (mainly continental). This Standard
does not seem to be used in the UK, where most of the fanned flue products
come under EN 13278. BRG still researches market for EN 1266
- EN 509 (fuel effect): this is very much a UK product, classified by SBGI as
“decorative gas fires”. These open fronted gas fires have more of a
decorative than a heating function, and products tested under EN 509 are
not allowed to claim any efficiency levels
- EN 14438 (gas fired insets for heating more than one room). Logically this
would include models such the FABER PELGRIM KOMPAKT and SELECT
models, but few are sold outside the Netherlands, and it seems that these
products are tested mainly under EN 613
- EN 13278 (open fronted independent space heaters): includes SBGI “fanned
flue” (mainly live fuel effect fires)
- EN 14829 (flueless space heaters) applies mainly in the UK (SBGI “flueless
fires”). These products claim 100% efficiency but need a catalytic converter
to process the waste gasses.
- EN 788: (forced convection air heaters <70 kW). This is used in the UK for
open flue gas warm air systems (whole dwelling)
- EN 1319: (forced convection air heaters <70 kW with fan assisted burner).
This is used in the UK for room sealed gas warm air systems (whole
dwelling).
48
Fig. 2.44-1 DOMESTIC COOKER CLASSIFICATIONS
LEVEL 1
LEVEL 2
LEVEL 3
Sector /
Product
Type
EN Standard
Product
Freestanding cookers
DOMESTIC
COOKER
EN 30-1-1,3,4
Gas cooking appliances
Hotplates
Others gas cooking
appliances
EN 30-1-2 and EN 30-2-2
Forced Convection ovens
and/or grills
Ovens/grills
Fig. 2.44-2 NON-DOMESTIC COOKER CLASSIFICATIONS
LEVEL 1
LEVEL 2
LEVEL 3
Sector
Product Type
EN Standard
Open burners and wok
burners EN 203-2-1
Chargrills EN 203-2-10
Pasta cookers EN 203-2-11
Ovens EN 203-2-2
NON DOMESTIC
CATERING
EQUIPMENT
EN 203-1 & EN 2032-1 to 11
Boiling pans EN 203-2-3
Fryers EN 203-2-4
Hot water heaters for
beverage EN 203-2-6
Salamanders and
rotisseries EN 203-2-7
Brat pans and paella
cookers EN 203-2-8
Solid tops, warming plates
and griddles EN 203-2-9
49
2.44
COOKERS
The EN Classifications (Fig. 2.44-1) for domestic gas cookers are:
-
domestic cookers: EN30-1-1, 3,4 & EN 30-2-1
-
forced-convection ovens and/or grills.
In practice, available data on this market are so thin that it has only been
possible to quantify all EN 30 appliances together, giving the split
between:
-
built-in
-
free standing.
This split is relevant since built-in ovens (being generally smaller) are likely
to be more sensitive to gas quality. Some reference is made in the report
to the distinctions between high level (open) grills and grills built into the
oven cavity. Within the latter, the trend towards ovens designed for use of
the grill with the oven door closed is also relevant.
As far as burners are concerned, all cooker burners (for hob, oven and
grill) “take air from outside” and are therefore classified as partial premix
Bunsen type. There are some sub-categories for hob burners:
-
fricative vs. ring (ring more stable but more expensive)
-
single vs. double or triple ring. Multiple ring are likely to be more
sensitive to gas quality.
50
Fig. 2.45-1 OTHER DOMESTIC GAS APPLIANCES
LEVEL 1
LEVEL 2
EN Standard
EN 12752-1 & EN 12752-2
Tumble dryers <20kW
EN 1458-1 & EN 1458-2
Tumble dryers <6kW
DOMESTIC
OTHER
EN 12309-1 & 2
Heat Pump
EN 12244-1 & EN 12244-2
Washing machine
No EN number for
Micro CHP yet
51
2.45
OTHER GAS APPLIANCES
The markets for other gas appliances (see Fig. 2.45-1) are either very
small or very difficult to quantify or both. There are particular difficulties in
quantifying the non-domestic/commercial market, and these are all
covered in a single section of the report (Section 9).
52
Fig. 2.45-2 OTHER NON DOMESTIC GAS APPLIANCES /1
LEVEL 1
Sector
LEVEL 2
Product Type
EN Standard
EN 525 Direct forced
convection <300kW
EN 621 Forced convection air
heaters <300kW
EN 1020 Indirect forced
convection <300kW
AIR HEATER
EN 1196 Condensing air
heaters
NON DOMESTIC
EN 12669 Air heaters for green
house applications
EN 416-1 &EN 416-2 Overhead
radiant-tube heaters
EN 777-1 to 4 Overhead
radiant-system heaters
RADIANT HEATER
EN 419-1 & EN 419-2 Overhead
luminous radiant heaters
Fig. 2.45-2 OTHER NON DOMESTIC GAS APPLIANCES /2
LEVEL 1
LEVEL 2
EN Standard
NON DOMESTIC
OTHER
EN 12244-1 &EN 12244-2
Commercial laundry
appliances (Washing
machines)
no EN number
Micro CHP
53
PART II: MARKET DATA
54
Fig 3.11-2 TOTAL PARK 2007 FOR DOMESTIC GAS APPLIANCES* IN 16 SELECTED EU COUNTRIES
Country
I. Boiler
II. Water Heater
III. Cookers
United Kingdom
21 434
1 184
10 843
Italy
13 116
3 174
24 445
France
9 000
2 950
Spain
4 342
Germany
IV. Space heaters
Other
Total
***
45 427
***
***
40 736
12 866
***
***
24 816
7 913
3 980
***
***
16 234
8 140
2 217
2 168
829
***
13 354
Poland
1 466
2 179
7 191
***
***
10 836
Hungary
1 495
848
2 600
3 500
***
8 443
Czech Republic
1 568
467
2 451
***
***
4 485
Belgium
1 870
1 386
600
250
***
4 106
Portugal
198
3 115
***
***
***
3 314
Slovak Republic
633
193
1 290
***
***
2 117
Romania
1 556
214
***
***
***
1 770
Austria
701
195
539
***
***
1 434
Ireland
613
36
***
***
***
649
Denmark
329
9
96
5
***
439
Greece
115
22
30
***
***
167
Total
66 577
26 103
69 098
16 550
***
178 327
(1)
11 966
* all numbers in (‘000). The figures refer to the total park, including appliances installed pre 1993. Subsequent analyses refer mainly to the post 1992 (GAD) park.
*** BRG expects these markets to be relatively small.
(1): Number includes 480,000 ducted gas warm air systems.
55
3.1
DOMESTIC APPLIANCE POPULATIONS
3.
GAS APPLIANCE POPULATIONS: EU OVERVIEW
3.1
3.11
ALL DOMESTIC APPLIANCES
The total estimated park of domestic H-gas using appliances gas across
the 16 EU Member States specifically covered by the study is around
178.3 million (Fig. 3.11-1). It is estimated that this figure represents close
to 95% of domestic H-gas appliances installed in the EU. BRGC’s
analysis has attempted to exclude L-Gas consuming appliances (this has
involved excluding the Netherlands from the project) and also appliance on
LPG. The analysis, presented in later parts of report also attempts to
exclude all appliances still in use but installed pre-1993. Fig. 3.11-1
includes total park of appliances as of the end of 2007.
Fig. 3.11-1 TOTAL PARK OF GAS USING APPLIANCES IN 2007
TOTAL PARK 2007* : 178 327
9%
37%
39%
15%
I. Boiler
II. Water Heater
III. Cookers
IV. Space heaters
* all numbers ‘(000)
56
3.1
Fig. 3.11-1 clearly illustrates the relative importance of boilers and cookers,
which between them account for 76% of the total park. There is also park of
radiant heaters in UK in Fig. 3.11-1 included in others. Fig. 3.11-1 does not
include the “others category which is too small to show up. “other”
appliances include:
3.12
-
washing machines
-
tumble driers
-
heat pumps
-
micro-CHP.
TOTAL PARK BY MEMBER STATE
Fig. 3.12-1 shows that the top 6 countries (UK, Italy, France, Spain,
Germany and Poland) together account for 85% of the park of appliances
in the 16 countries covered. The UK is easily the largest market for boilers
(UK, Italy, France and Germany account for 78% of the gas boiler park)
and space heaters (UK >70%), while Italy is clear leader in gas cookers
(Italy, France, UK and Poland account for >80%).
In terms of trends:
-
in most of the larger markets the domestic boiler park is nearing
saturation, but trends favour wall hung against floor standing and there
is a rapid move towards condensing which should accelerate if and
when the EUP Eco-Design proposals are implemented. There is still
scope for enlarging the park in countries where the gas networks are
still being extended, but for climatic and other reasons such growth in
the uptake of gas central heating may be limited (Spain, Portugal,
Greece). In Eastern Europe much will depend on policy towards
district heating. The domestic boiler park could even be eroded in
some of the larger markets if policy swings towards district heating
(local CHP) or back towards collective heating (starting in Italy)
-
the gas water heater market is now largely a replacement market, with
the park generally declining in favor of combi boilers and other
solutions linked to central heating. Against this, there may be some
scope for the H-gas park to gain share from LPG, notably in Spain and
Portugal
-
the gas fires/room heater markets are probably loosing share both to
central heating and to electricity, and in some cases (e.g. EN 509 in the
UK) to solid fuel. EUP process has started, which could against
products such as EN 509. There is an argument that increasingly well
insulated houses may shift from central to room heating (+ perhaps
solar for water heating) but this is marginal so far
57
3.2
-
3.2
COMMERCIAL APPLIANCE POPULATIONS
the gas cookers population is now losing to electricity because of the
technological advances that have been made on the electrical side.
The trend is towards built-in appliances
Quantifying the populations of commercial appliances has, as anticipated,
proved to be extremely difficult. This is largely because few such markets
are statistically monitored by the industries involved.
BRGC tentatively estimates the following total populations (16 countries
1993-2007 installations):
Product
Boilers >70
kW
Gas Storage
Water Heaters
>70 kW
Catering
Equipment
Other (mainly
radiant & air
heaters)
‘000 pieces
863
241
[1,872 catering
establishments]
2.5-3.5 million
58
3.2
59
4.1
QUANTIFYING THE EU DOMESTIC GAS BOILER PARK BY COUNTRY
4.
DOMESTIC GAS BOILER MARKET
4.1
4.11
DEFINING THE DOMESTIC BOILER MARKET
BRGC defines the domestic boiler market as being the market for boilers
below 70 kW. In general these provide central heating for a single dwelling
unit, whether this be:
-
an individual house (detached, semi-detached or terraced)
-
a single apartment within an apartment building.
The definition does not include collective heating for dwellings (i.e. where
one boiler or group of boilers heats more than one dwelling unit). Boilers
for the collective and block heating of apartments are grouped by BRGC
together with commercial boilers (for non housing) classified as “collective
and commercial boilers”, including the elements of cascade systems (see
Section 9).
Within the German definitions, BRGC’s definition of individual (or
autonomous) domestic central heating includes:
-
all Etagenheizung in apartment buildings
-
Zentralheizung in 1 and 2 dwelling houses (assuming that each
dwelling in a 2 dwelling house has its own boiler), but not in apartment
buildings.
Most such “domestic” boilers are likely to be under 70 kW (in practice the
great majority are <35 kW). Thus the domestic gas boiler park can broadly
be quantified in terms of the number of dwellings on autonomous H-gas
central heating.
However not all such boilers are domestic. There is a “light commercial”
market. However, BRGC has not attempt to separate out the light
commercial market where the appliances used are the same as those in
the autonomous domestic market.
60
4.1
4.12
METHODOLOGY FOR QUANTIFYING THE PARK
The requirements of the GASQUAL Market Study within WP1 are for
quantifying the park (population) of domestic boilers rather than the annual
sales figures. This BRGC has attempted to do this for base year 2007.
Since, as explained below, estimating the national park of boilers by the
required technical segmentations, BRGC has undertaken the exercise for
the 16 Member States that make up close to 98% of the EU gas boiler
park (excluding the Netherlands which is omitted from the study because
of its use of L gas). Perhaps surprisingly given its importance within the
overall energy consumption in each country, data on the park of domestic
heating available in the public domain are scarce, intermittent and
incomplete in terms of the segmentations required for the current project.
Some data have appeared during the period under review. In France
there was a significant INSEE studying 1996. In Italy useful overview data
from DOXA were made available to BRGC by SNAM, but none have been
forthcoming since 1995. In Germany some data is prepared by the
Chimney Sweepers Association, but we have never seen these presented
in a useful format. GfK is known to monitor the market in UK and
Germany, but these data are not in the public domain and would be
beyond the budget of this project.
In view of the above, the only methodology available is:
-
to use whatever incomplete data that is available as a reality check
-
to calculate the park on the basis of BRGC’s unique database of
annual boiler sales from 1990-2007.
It is this exercise (herein referred to as “BRGC Park Model”) that has been
carried out by BRGC for the 16 selected countries (in order of size of park
these are UK, Italy, France, Spain, Germany, Belgium, Poland, Hungary,
Czech Republic, Austria, Ireland. Slovakia, Denmark, Greece, Romania).
The historical sales data which form the basis of the modeling exercise are
based primarily on information received from boiler manufacturers,
crossed checked against total market estimates and incorporating
estimates for non-responding manufacturers. The data have been
collected from the industry in different ways according to the technical
variables involved:
-
actual returns of individual manufacturers’ sales for boiler types:
•
wall hung non condensing
•
wall hung condensing
•
floor standing gas non condensing (excluding jet burner)
•
floor standing gas condensing (excluding jet burner)
61
•
-
jet burner boilers:
••
gas “units”
••
oil/gas boilers (for these it is not possible to tell what
proportion will eventually be gas as opposed to oil
because the burner is not fitted by the manufacturer.
BRGC has assumed the share of gas to be 15%)
consensus of opinion on annual trends in the shares of:
•
combi vs. heating only
•
flue types (Type B vs. Type C)
•
low NOx models within the non-condensing boiler categories
•
sales by output (kWh)
•
other variables that are not so relevant to the current study share as
heat exchanger materials and ignition types.
It is stressed that the above inputs to the “BRGC Park Model” are drawn
from BRGC’s ongoing multi client research programme and remain the
intellectual property of BRGC.
This leaves some technical variables on which data have not been
systematically collected over the years, and for which BRGC has been
obliged to conduct research specifically for the present study:
-
segmentation by burner types
-
the penetration of special combustion controls
-
trends in modulation (fixed flame vs. step modulation vs. continuous
modulation).
62
63
4.2
TECHNICAL SEGMENTATION OF THE PARK
4.2
4.21
GENERAL APPROACH
4.211
Industry Characteristics
BRGC’s remit for WP1 is to segment the EU park of domestic gas boilers
according to certain technical variables that have been agreed within the
Consortium (based largely on EN classifications) during the early part of
the project.
However in order to arrive at the analysis required it is necessary to go
through the stage of relating these defined parameters to what is
physically out there in the market and boiler park. The main objective of
the WP1 Market Study is to support the selection of appliances to be
tested. This implies evaluating the relative importance of each of the
technical variables and identifying clusters of products or models types
that match these variables. This in turn should facilitate the selection of
models for testing that can confidently be considered as technically
representative of these clusters.
A step towards clustering the types and models of boilers in the EU park is
to identify specific or shared characteristics (historical and current) of
national markets and of boiler manufacturers. It is the manufacturers and
their component suppliers who have driven the technological
developments that have created today’s product segments, but the
patterns of technological development have differed between different
parts of the European boiler industry. To make the market analysis more
manageable, BRGC has divided the industry into a number of different
categories of manufacturer within each of which there are likely to be
shared characteristics. Because of the numerous acquisitions that have
taken place over the years, several of the larger holding companies in the
industry have subsidiaries that fall into different groupings.
A summary of market shares per product categories across the 16
countries can be found in Fig. 4.211-1 to Fig. 4.211-4 while Figs 4.211-5 to
4.211-11 provide more detail on the structure and evolution of each of the
main industry groupings. These Figs. make reference to the burner
categories submitted by EON RUHRGAS (see Fig. 2.2-1). It should be
noted that for analytical purposes the French, Italian and Spanish wall
hung boiler manufacturers have many shared characteristics, and could
effectively be merged into one grouping. BRGC has not prepared a Fig.
for the east European industry yet all. Amongst the manufacturers with gas
boiler that are based in the newer Member States in Eastern Europe
ranges are:
64
4.2
-
PROTHERM (VAILLANT via SAUNIER DUVAL) manufacturing mainly
wall hung boilers in Slovakia
-
ATTACK, manufacturing gas and solid fuel boilers in Slovakia
-
VIADRUS (ZDB) in the Czech Republic whose main strength is in solid
fuel boilers but which also offers wall hung and floor standing gas
boilers
-
DAKON (BOSCH) in the Czech Republic which is strong in solid fuel
but also in gas boilers.
Although the groupings in the Figs. 4.211-1 to 11 do not form part of the
final analysis required for WP1, they will be referred to in the chapters that
follow as a convenient way of explaining the technical evolution of the EU
boiler market.
Fig. 4.211-1 WALL HUNG CONDENSING SHARES: 16 COUNTRIES 1993-2007
HOLDING (1)
COMPANY / BRAND NAME
VAILLANT GROUP
VAILLANT (2)
19%
WORCESTER
10%
BUDERUS
7%
JUNKERS
4%
BAXI
BAXI HEATING UK
8%
ISG
IDEAL
8%
VIESSMANN
VIESSMANN
7%
BOSCH
Park Share 1993-2007
Other
35%
* Includes GLOW WORM and S-DUVAL
Note: (1) based on 2008 ownerships. (2) includes SAUNIER DUVAL and GLOW WORM
Fig. 4.211-2 WALL HUNG NON-CONDENSING SHARES: 16 COUNTRIES 1993-2007
HOLDING
VAILLANT
8%
SAUNIER DUVAL
7%
JUNKERS
6%
WORCESTER
4%
ELM LEBLANC
3%
BAXI
BAXI
5%
ARISTON
CHAFFOTEAUX ET MAURY
4%
IMMERFIN
IMMERGAS
4%
RIELLO
BERETTA
3%
ISG
IDEAL
3%
Others
54%
VAILLANT GROUP
BOSCH
65
4.2
Fig. 4.211-3 FLOOR STANDING NON-CONDENSING SHARES: 16 COUNTRIES 1993-2007
HOLDING
BAXI
7%
POTTERTON
3%
BAXI FRANCE
2%
BAXI HEATING UK
4%
VIESSMANN
6%
VAILLANT
6%
GLOW-WORM
4%
BOSCH
BUDERUS
6%
ISG
IDEAL
3%
REMEHA
DE DIETRICH
3%
CENTROTEC
WOLF
2%
Other
53%
BAXI
VIESSMANN
VAILLANT GROUP
Fig. 4.211-4 FLOOR STANDING CONDENSING SHARES: 16 COUNTRIES 1993-2007
HOLDING
BAXI HEATING UK
12%
BAXI FRANCE
2%
VIESSMANN
VIESSMANN
6%
ISG
IDEAL
4%
BOSCH
WORCESTER
3%
VAILLANT GROUP
VAILLANT
3%
BAXI
Others
69%
BRGC believes it is important to point out that the supply of boilers has
become very international, certainly since the GAD came into force in
1992. While there are still national peculiarities, BRGC believes that these
are few enough to allow all the significant ones to have been identified in
the analysis that follows.
The above comments are particularly relevant to new newer member
states that joined the EU after the GAD came into force. While it might be
argued that the study should only consider boilers installed in these
countries post-accession, in practice the vast majority of gas boilers
installed in these countries since 1993 were either manufactured in
existing Member States or in local subsidiaries of holdings based in
existing Member States.
66
4.2
Fig. 4.211-5 EU BOILER INDUSTRY: STATUS AND EVOLUTION OF THE GERMAN THERMEN SECTOR
Structural Overview
Sector comprises the two German companies with an instantaneous gas water heater/lightweight wall hung boiler ("Thermen") ancestry. Both have subsequently expanded by
acquiring boiler manufactures that have different ancestries. Note that the market shares given below refer only to the VAILLANT and JUNKERS (including BOSCH and VULCANO)
brands, not to the total group sales.
Holding
VAILLANT
BOSCH
Brand/Range
VAILLANT
JUNKERS/BOSCH/VULCANO
Historical Perspective
Up to the mid 1990’s (when condensing boilers started to gain share in Germany), wall hung boiler supply to the German market was effectively shared between two producers,
VAILLANT and BOSCH THERMOTEKNIK (JUNKERS brand) selling "Thermen" type boilers under DIN 3368. These two also dominated instantaneous gas water heater production. There
was a clear distinction (both in terms of DIN standards and in terms of installers) between the “Thermen” sector (wall hung boilers and instantaneous gas water heaters) and the
“Heizkessel” sector (floor standing boilers, both dedicated gas and jet burner oil and gas). VAILLANT and JUNKERS currently hold some 75% of the German non-condensing wall hung
boiler market, but face much stronger competition in the condensing sector, where their combined share is <30%. VAILLANT and JUNKERS both export wall hung boilers all over
Europe. They also sell floor standing gas boilers in Germany (VAILANT more than JUNKERS) but exports of these products is limited. Both produce their boilers in Germany, but have
moved their instantaneous gas water heater production abroad (BOSCH to Portugal and Turkey and VAILLANT to Spain).
Technical Characteristics
Overview
The two “Thermen” producers were slow to develop suitable condensing boilers, and it was the accelerating uptake of condensing oilers from the mid 1990’s
that opened the door to the Heizkessel producers (and to some importers) to challenge the wall hung duopoly of VAILLANT and JUNKERS. The German Thermen
wall hung boilers were generally considered more sophisticated than the French and Italian types. We believe that VAILLANT and BOSCH produce some of their
own burners, and all products were sold as “low temperature” (Niedertemperatur). The Germans pushed low NOx in non condensing boilers, and most non
condensing burners are classified as premix (but not fan assisted). After a slow start the two manufacturers have seen their sales move increasingly towards
condensing. In Germany for wall hung boilers the proportion of there sales taken by condensing boilers grew. Internationally, VAILLANT and JUNKERS have sold
wall hung boilers produced in Germany, but with less emphasis on the low temperature and low NOx aspects. Both companies also in the 1990's introduced
lower priced lines to compete with the French and Italian (VAILLANT with the "Euroline" TURBOBLOCK and JUNKERS with the NOVATHERM produced in it
Portuguese VULCANO plant. There may also have been some JUNKERS imports from Turkey.
Burner types
Non condensing
wall hung (German
market)
Non condensing
wall hung
(international)
Condensing wall
hung
Floor standing gas
non condensing
Floor standing gas
condensing
Jet burner
BRGC’s recollection is that by the mid 1990’s these German wall hung boilers were increasingly sold as “low NOx" and “premix” (but were not fan assisted).
The EON chart suggests that all non-condensing wall hung boilers would use the rib type, but that the German boilers would have progressed from 6 through to
9, while the French, Italian and Spanish products would have remained mainly with type 6. For low NOx VAILLANT has its own water cooled burner, but BOSCH
is thought to source from POLIDORO. Both in Germany and internationally the combis will have been fully modulating, and today the heating only models are as
well.
6-9, but probably with a higher proportion remaining longer on 6. Combis (and now heating only) fully modulating (possible that the BOSCH NOVATHERM was
step modulating).
Both in Germany and internationally, the condensing boilers are fitted with the fan assisted premix type 11 (modulating). VAILLANT has one model using type
12 with flue sensors. BOSCH reportedly decided against special combustion controls.
VAILLANT more important than JUNKERS, with concentration on German market (therefore low temperature). VAILLANT is thought to have opted for the rod
cooled low NOx burner.
VAILLANT more important than JUNKERS, with concentration on German market. Condensing models used fully premix burners.
Not in VAILLANT or JUNKERS/BOSCH ranges.
67
4.2
Fig. 4.211-6 EU BOILER INDUSTRY: STATUS AND EVOLUTION OF THE FRENCH WALL HUNG SECTOR
Structural Overview
Sector comprises the three French companies (all of whom have now been acquired by foreign boiler manufacturers) with an instantaneous gas water heater/lightweight wall hung
boiler ancestry. Together with the two German "Thermen" companies, these three French manufacturers effectively created the European lightweight wall hung boiler (and especially
the combi boiler) market. Also included in this group is a fourth French wall hung boiler manufacturer, FRISQUET. FRISQUET has a much smaller international presence than the other
three, and has rather distinctive models with an exclusive type of burner.
Holding
VAILLANT
BOSCH
MTS
FRISQUET
Brand/Range
SAUNIER DUVAL
ELM LEBLANC
CHATTOTEAUX ET MAURY
FRISQUET
French wall hung boiler manufacturers: the French non-condensing wall hung boiler market has long been dominated by 4 indigenous producers:
- SAUNIER DUVAL (now owned by VAILLANT)
- CHAFFOTEAUX ET MAURY (now owned by MTS/ARISTON and rebranded simply as "CHAFFOTEAUX")
- ELM LEBLANC (now owned by BOSCH)
- FRISQUET.
The first three were amongst the pioneers of the mass market combi boilers, and made a large contribution to the development of that market not only in France, but also in the UK,
Italy and Spain. Indeed, the Italian and Spanish industries are thought largely to have followed the French (even though the Germans were also active on their markets). The French
(and subsequently the Italian) wall hung boilers were generally perceived as being less sophisticated than the German ones. The main French wall hung boiler manufacturers sell a
limited range of floor standing boilers. FRISQUET stands out from the other three in that it has special models that are very little sold outside France. FRISQUET offers a range of
relatively high priced copper wall hung boilers with pre-heat cylinders and special burners. It has recently launched a condensing range.
Overview
With the exception of FRISQUET, French wall hung boiler producers emerged from the instantaneous gas water heater industry. Both in
France and internationally they were largely responsible (from the 1980's), developing a mass market for wall hung combi boilers that were
probably less sophisticated than the German models. Until recently the products were fixed water temperature non condensing. They
followed the Italians into combis with storage, and since the late 1990s they have pioneered the "micro accumulation" concept. Over the past
few years (probably partly as a defensive measure against anticipated Eco-Design recommendations), an increasing proportion of their boilers
are offered (and tested) as "low temperature" boilers. It is thought that the great majority of their non condensing models use copper heat
exchangers. As condensing boilers gained ground internationally they have all introduced condensing models. The share of condensing is now
growing rapidly in France (24% in 2007).
Burner types
Non condensing wall hung
Mainly Type 6. SAUNIER DUVAL is thought to produce many of its own burners, and CHAFFOTEAUX used to do so prior to its acquisition by
MTS
Condensing wall hung
Both in France and internationally, the condensing boilers are fitted with the fan assisted premix (type No. 10).
Floor standing gas non condensing
Very limited involvement.
Floor standing gas condensing
Jet burner
Not supplied
68
4.2
Fig. 4.211-7 EU BOILER INDUSTRY: STATUS AND EVOLUTION OF THE ITALIAN WALL HUNG SECTOR
Structural Overview
In terms of the number of producers/assemblers, Italy has the largest and most fragmented gas boiler industry in Europe, with dozens of mainly family owned companies. These are
grouped around a relatively small number of component manufacturers, including WORGAS and POLIDORO in burners, SIT and now BERTELLI in controls, GIANNONI in heat exchangers
etc. There is only space below to list a few of the largest boiler manufacturers. It should be noted that BRGC has not attempted to analysis separately the Italian floor standing gas
boiler industry since it overlaps to a large extent with the wall hung industry. Much of the now declining floor standing boiler industry was dependent on the few manufacturers that
maintained their own foundries (FERROLI, SIME, BIASI, IDEAL CLIMA and GRUPPO IMAR).
Holding
Brand/Range
RIELLO
BERETTA/SYLBER/VOLKERA
RIELLO/THERMITAL
IMMERFIN
MTS
IMMERGAS/ALPHA/HYDROTHERM
ARISTON
& others
BAXI
FERROLI
BIASI
BAXI
FERROLI/FER/
STARCLIMA
BIASI/SAVIO
After the Italian wall hung boiler market had been pioneered mainly by the French and Germans, and encouraged by rapid gasification in the early 1990’s, a large and fragmented
Italian wall hung boiler industry developed, led by BERETTA/RIELLO, but with IMMERGAS, FERROLI, MTS etc growing rapidly. Italy became Europe’s largest wall hung boiler market,
with sales consistently running at close to one million pieces a year. There were said at one time to be over 100 producers (or more accurately assemblers).
The Italians have developed a substantial export business, and are present in almost every EU market. In particular they were very active in the UK, but have lost ground since the
switch to condensing in 2005.
Many of the Italians offer floor standing gas boilers (notably RIELLO, FERROLI, IMMERGAS, SIME etc. These are both steel, cast iron and copper, with the last named type being close
to a floor standing combi.
It should be noted that there are some Italian wall hung boiler producers whose products diverge from the normal patterns in using fan assisted premix burners for non condensing
boilers (ECOFLAM, IMAR and BALTUR).
Overview
The industry grew (mostly in the North Eastern quarter of the country) based on a few major component suppliers, of which WORGAS and
POLIDORO were dominant in burners, supplying, it is thought, overwhelmingly type 6 burners to the Italian industry. The main product was
the (relatively simple) non-condensing combi. The Italians did pioneer the combi with a 40 litre storage tank, but sales stagnated at around
10% of the market. As in France (and for the same reasons), the Italian manufacturers have recently moved rapidly towards presenting their
boilers as “low temperature”. Most of the Italians now offer condensing models. The condensing market is now developing quite rapidly after
a slow start, accounting for some 20% of sales in 2007. One specific of the Italian market is that many wall hung boilers are installed on
balconies. Perhaps 20% of sales of wall hung boilers in Italy are of models specifically designed for such siting, but it is reported that other
models are also installed on balconies.
Burner types
Non condensing wall hung
Overwhelmingly Type 6 supplied by WORGAS and POLIDORO. ECOFLAM, IMAR and BALTUR closer to Type 10, even for non-condensing.
Both in Italy and internationally, the condensing boilers are fitted with the fan assisted premix type No. 10). Pioneered by the Dutch
BEKAERT, these premix burners are now offered by both WORGAS and POLIDORO.
Two main types: cast iron and copper (the latter with integrated hot water production). Probably mainly Type No. 1.
Jet burner
Limited involvement (e.g. RIELLO, FERROLI, SIME).
Cast iron wall hung (UK)
SIME & FERROLI had models (outsourced?)
69
4.2
Fig. 4.211-8 EU BOILER INDUSTRY: STATUS AND EVOLUTION OF THE IBERIAN WALL HUNG SECTOR
Structural Overview
There are four significant Spanish producers of wall hung boilers. Two of these, ROCA (now owned by BAXI) and COINTRA (now owned by FERROLI) were originally supplying the very
large instantaneous gas water heater market. ROCA CALEFACCION (previously) part of the ROCA bathroom group), was initially a radiator and then a floor standing boiler producer,
which established a wall hung boiler plant in 1995. MANAUT was originally a radiator specialist. The floor standing gas boiler market is very small and is dominated by ROCA (Spanish
production) and FERROLI (importing from Italy). The Portuguese market is still very small. BOSCH has its VULCANO instantaneous gas water heater plant there, which produces some
low cost wall hung boilers.
Holding
MCC
BAXI
FERROLI
MANAUT
Brand/Range
FAGOR
BAXI ROCA
COINTRA
MANAUT
The Spanish wall hung boiler market was developed mainly by the French, Germans and then the Italian manufacturers. The early Spanish manufacturers emerged from the very
large instantaneous gas water heater sector:
• in the 1980’s the only Spanish producer of wall hung gas boilers was the water heater and domestic appliance producer COINTRA (quite recently acquired by FERROLI)
• once gasification started the water heater and domestic appliance co-operative MCC (FAGOR) brand also entered with wall hung boilers. VAILANT established its instantaneous gas
water heater production in Spain in partnership with MCC
• in Portugal the VULCANO instantaneous gas water heater factory, having been acquired by BOSCH, started producing a very simple and low cost wall hung boiler for the very price
sensitive Spanish contract market (NOVATHERM). BOSCH already had a low priced range or the Spanish market (NECKAR) part of which may have been imported from its Turkish joint
venture
• ROCA (whose heating business was later acquired by BAXI) was not in instantaneous gas water heaters, but had a long standing range of (mainly oil fired) floor standing boilers.
They started by importing CHAFFOTEAUX wall hung boilers, but went into production in its own right in 1995, based on technology supplied by the Italian INTERKLIM (which went out of
business at the end of 1995)
• the radiator manufacturer MANAUT also started to assemble wall hung boilers.
There have been few exports outside Spain and Portugal.
Technologically the Spanish industry has closely followed that of Italy. Condensing boilers have still hardly made any impact. One
Overview
important consideration is possibility that there are still wall hung gas boilers in use that are run of LPG. For example in 1996 some
20% of the wall hung boilers sold were LPG models (in the same year some 60% of instantaneous gas water heaters sold were LPG).
Burner types
Non condensing wall hung.
Overwhelmingly Type 6 supplied by WORGAS and POLIDORO. Generally a very low priced market.
Condensing boilers are still hardly seen in Iberia.
Very little floor standing gas (mainly ROCA/BAXI)
Minimal involvement.
Jet burner
Limited involvement (e.g. ROCA/BAXI).
70
4.2
Fig. 4.211-9 EU BOILER INDUSTRY: STATUS AND EVOLUTION OF THE BENELUX WALL HUNG AND FLOOR STANDING SECTOR
Structural Overview
The Dutch effectively pioneered the condensing boiler (mainly loft sited wall hung) in the EU, and there is a significant and sophisticated condensing oriented industry comprising
manufacturers such as NEFIT, REMEHA, INTERGAS, ATAG, AWB, etc. The Netherlands market is of course excluded from the GASQUAL project, but Dutch condensing boilers are found
in other EU countries, most notably NEFIT boilers in Germany. In Belgium the largest wall hung boiler factory, that of RADSON, was closed in 2000 following the acquisition by BOSCH.
The two main boiler producers are now SAINT ROCH COUVIN (mainly floor standing) and ACV (strongest in floor standing using its tank-in-tank hot water system, but now also in wall
hung condensing.
Holding
BOSCH
BOSCH
REMEHA
ATAG
ACV
ENERTECH
Brand/Range
RADSON
NEFIT
REMEHA/BROAG/OERTLI
ATAG
ACV
ST ROCH COUVIN/ZAGEL HELD
Although the Netherlands are not included in the GASQUAL project, the Benelux industry needs to be taken into account. After the French stopped supporting condensing boilers in
1989, it was the Dutch who were the main champions of such boilers, and the presence of Dutch manufacturers is felt in other EU countries, most notably NEFIT which supplied, and
then was acquired by, BUDERUS, which itself joined the BOSCH Group. REMEHA acquired the French DE DIETRICH. From Belgium, RADSON was the first main supplier of condensing
boilers to BOSCH/JUNKERS. Although the Belgian plant was closed in 2000, there are still many RADSON produced boilers in use in Belgium and Germany. SAINT ROCH COUVAIN is
strongest in floor standing cast iron boilers, supplying mainly the Belgian market (the ZAGEL HELD brand is exported to France). ACV is a leader in floor standing boilers and now
imports condensing wall hung boilers into Belgium. It is best known for its stainless steel "tank-in-tank" hot water systems, and it has an international position in commercial boilers.
Overview
The Dutch industry is of interest since it has long been the technological pace setter in wall hung condensing boilers.
BEKAERT (previously known as FURIGAS), pioneered and for a long time dominated the supply of premix burners for
condensing boilers. Now it competes in this field with POLIDORO and WORGAS in Italy. In Belgium RADSON was producing
condensing wall hung boilers with aluminium heat exchangers up to 2000. SAINT ROCH is mainly in cast iron floor standing
boilers.
Burner types
Non condensing wall hung (Belgium & international)
6-9.
The condensing boilers are fitted with the fan assisted premix (type No. 10).
SAINT ROCH COUVIN probably has significant stock of Type 1 in Belgium.
REMEHA significant in this sector.
Jet burner
ACV.
71
4.2
Fig. 4.211-10 EU BOILER INDUSTRY: STATUS AND EVOLUTION OF THE GERMAN HEIZKESSEL SECTOR
Structural Overview
Prior to the GAD the German Heizkessel industry was seen as being quite distinct from the Thermen industry, with different DIN standards and a different installer trade (Heizungsbauer). The sector was dominated
by VIESSMANN and BUDERUS, with BRÖTJE third. WOLF grew during the 1990's through aggressive pricing and marketing, which probably hastened the demise of some smaller players. WEISHAUPT is best known
as a jet burner manufacturer, but also sold "units" and since about 2000 wall hung condensing boilers produced in Switzerland.
Holding
Brand/Ra
nge
VIESSMANN
BOSCH
CENTROTECH
BAXI
WEISHAUPT
VIESSMANN
BUDERUS/SIEGER
WOLF
BRÖTJE
WEISHAUPT
The German Heizessel industry, selling mainly floor standing boilers under DIN 4702, which by the time of unification was led by:
• VIESSMANN (which was always seen as highly individualist with its bimetal heat exchangers and its introduction in the mid 1990’s of its Matrix gas burner). VIESSMANN also has a floor standing boiler factory in
France, of which much of the output is exported to German
• BUDERUS (now owned by BOSCH), which moved into wall hung condensing boilers through being supplied by, and the acquiring, the Dutch market leader NEFIT. BUDERUS sells largely through its integrated
distribution network, but it has a second brand, SIEGER, which targets the wholesaler trade
• BRÖTJE (now owned by BAXI). For a long time BRÖTJE had its own distribution network, but this has now been sold and the company has a special (but not exclusive) relationship with GC GRUPPE
• WOLF (CENTROTECH) which in the 1990’s was seen as something of an interloper with its aggressive pricing policies
• MHG (MAN) which was previously EWFE, which market had been an early pioneer of condensing boilers in Germany
• WEISHAUPT is leader in jet burners, but also produces some floor stand "units" and now condensing wall hung boilers
• FRÖLING, which is probably best known as leader in solid fuel boilers in Germany, but which also produces gas and oil boilers
• ROTEX (DAIKIN) in condensing floor standing boilers
There were other brands, such as SBS and SCHÄFFER which have now disappeared. Up to the time of unification the Heizkessel industry was treated as a different sector from the Thermen industry, with different
DIN standards and a separate installer trade (Heizungsbauer). However during the 1990's, and especially after condensing boilers started to gain a significant share, the Heizkessel producers started to introduce wall
hung gas boilers (although these were still classified as "Heizkessel"). By the end of the 1990's the distinctions were becoming blurred, with the Heizungsbauer moving into the territory of the "Gaz -und Wasser
Installaturen" and vice versa. This process was probably encouraged by mergers and by the overriding of the DIN standards by CE standards. It is important to note that VAILLANT, though classified as a "Thermen"
producer, has long had an important position in the German floor standing gas boiler market (not jet burner).
Overview
Although the German industry, until the mid 1990's, was slow to move into condensing boilers, the product range was relatively sophisticated, reflecting the need to conform to
the requirements of the Blauer Engel and in some cases to the Hamburger Forderprogram. All products have since the 1980's sold in Germany as “low temperature”
(Niedertemperatur). The Germans pushed low NOx in non condensing boilers, and most non condensing burners are classified as atmospheric premix. After a slow start the
German manufacturers have seen their sales move increasingly towards condensing. In Germany for floor standing gas boilers (excluding jet burner) the proportion of their sales
taken by condensing boilers grew from 4% in 1996 to 11% in 2000 and to 47% in 2007 (although the overall market size in 2007 was 83% lower than in 1996). For jet burner
boilers, BRGC's 2008 report suggests that all gas units were non condensing, while 40% of oil units were condensing.
Burner types
Non condensing wall
hung (German market)
Non condensing wall
hung (international)
Floor standing gas non
condensing
Floor standing gas
condensing
The non-condensing wall hung boilers launched by the "Heizkessel" industry during the 1990's were seen more as Heizkessel than as Thermen. The VIESSMANN range began to
use the "Matrix" ceramic mesh burner. It is not clear whether the other Heizkessel wall hung boilers used burners in the range 1-5 or 6-9 (probably mainly 9: water cooled). By
the mid 1990’s these German wall hung "Heizkessel" were increasingly sold as “low NOx".
6-9, but probably with a higher proportion remaining longer on 6.
Both in Germany and internationally, the condensing boilers are fitted with the fan assisted premix (mainly type No. 10, but WEISHAUPT and some VIESSMANN products use the
Scot system, and some BRÖTJE boilers use the SIETHERM PRO (i.e type 12).
By the mid 1990’s these German floor standing boilers were increasingly sold as “low NOx". The VIESSMANN range began to use the "Matrix" ceramic mesh burner. While
VAILLANT (from the Thermen sector) was using cooling rods, it is thought that most of the other Heizkessel manufacturers were using "butterfly-wing" flame burners such as the
BEKAERT OVAL, the POLIDORO OVO and the WORGAS low NOx equivalent. This type of burner is thought to be highly sensitive to gas quality.
Use fanned premix burners (Type 10).
72
4.2
Fig. 4.211-11 EU BOILER INDUSTRY: STATUS AND EVOLUTION OF THE UK BOILER SECTOR
Structural Overview
The UK boiler industry has been shaped by the previous dominance of open vented cast iron products that are not found in continental Europe. There were four leading brands of such boilers, of
which two (BAXI and POTTERTON) now have a joint ownership. GLOW WORM is now part of VAILLANT and IDEAL is owned by ISG (previously known as CARADON). By contrast WORCESTER (now
owned by BOSCH) was never in cast iron, but moved from its oil-fired base into combis.
Holding
BOSCH
VAILLANT
BAXI
ISG
GLEN DIMPLEX
WORCEST
GLOW
IDEAL/KEST
Brand/Range
BAXI/POTTERTON
HALSTEAD
ER
WORM
ON
The UK has an industry that developed primarily through supplying the cast iron open vented gas boilers (wall hung, floor standing and back boiler units) that are unique to the UK market and that
reflect the previous Water Bye Laws that forbade more than 15 litres of hot water to be stored under mains pressure. The emergence of the combi boiler since the late 1970's, the repeal of the Bye
Law in 1989, and the revisions to Part L in 2005 have more or less killed sales of these products, but the park remains large. The four UK cast iron producers:
• POTTERTON MYSON (BAXI)
• BAXI (dominant in back boiler units)
• IDEAL (ISG)
• GLOW-WORM (VAILLANT)
have all moved into lightweight wall hung boilers (especially combis, including some floor standing combis) and now condensing boilers. These are partly home produced and partly imported. However
it was WORCESTER, coming from the oil fired sector, that was the first UK producer to start seriously to challenge the flood of imported combis.
Although sales have fallen to a residual level, some 36% of the UK park of domestic gas boilers is still made up of relatively simple open vented cast
iron boilers. These are not connected directly to the pressurised mains water supplied, but the sanitary hot water is fed from an open tank in the loft,
and there is also an open header tank rather than an expansion vessel such as would be found in a sealed system. There are three main categories of
such products: cast iron wall hung, floor standing atmospheric gas, and back boiler units (BBU). The last named category is a boiler set under the
chimney with an open gas fire in front (typically used in social housing). The products are not efficient but they are simple and long lived. Initially
Overview
most had open or balanced (short horizontal) flues, but room sealed fanned flues gained ground rapidly from the late 1980's. There are no condensing
versions, so when the revised Part L regulations came into force in 2005, sales of this type of boiler almost ceased. From the late 1970's, the cast iron
wall hung boilers were increasingly challenged by sealed system lightweight wall hung boiler, and especially by combis. The share of condensing
boilers grew steadily, especially in the subsidised social sector. They then took off when it was decided to revise the Part L Building Regulations, and
the UK market is now overwhelmingly for condensing boilers (although a law preventing the continuous running of pumps means that most UK
condensing boilers run at well above the optimum return temperature).
Burner types
These products are produced by BAXI, ISG and VAILLANT's GLOW-WORM. WORCESTER used to outsource some but never had a significant share in
Cast iron open vented boilers.
these products. It is understood that these boilers typically use a "box burner", which functionally is closely related to burner Type 1 (or type 6, but
with only 1 rib). It is thought that these burners were all on/off rather than modulating.
The great majority of lightweight wall hung boilers sold in the UK over the past 20 years are combis, but heating only "system" boilers (i.e. sealed
system) and up to a few years ago "fabricated" open vented boilers were also sold. The UK manufacturers covered by this analysis mostly produced
their own boilers, but following a spate of mergers these manufacturers increased the proportion of such products that they imported (BAXI
Non condensing lightweight wall hung
manufactures at it POTTERTON plant as well as importing from its ex-OCEAN Italian plant, ISG manufactures itself and now also owns the UK producer
KESTON as well as importing some combis from SAVIO in Italy, VAILLANT's GLOW-WORM produces but may also import from its parent company,
which has a significant share of the UK market in its own right). The burners are probably mainly Type 6. Sales of non condensing boilers are now at a
low level.
Since 2005 the market is overwhelmingly for condensing boilers (mainly combis but also some heating only, both "system" and open vented). Again
the UK producers rely on a mix of UK production and imports. These use Type 10 burners.
The old style cast iron boilers are covered above. There are some floor standing combis in the park (e.g. WORCESTER).
These are mostly cast iron. Type 10 burners.
Jet burner
There are some gas units sold. Since 2007 these are mainly condensing.
73
4.2
4.212
Classification of Domestic Gas Boiler Park
The form of classification that was agreed early on in the project is as set
out in Section 2.4. While BRGC was reasonably comfortable within
segmenting the park by each variable separately, to do so in a linear
manner (i.e. each variable by each variable) is a daunting task, especially
since it is necessary to go back further than most people in the industry
remember or have readily accessible records.
It is worth noting that one of the difficulties of focusing on EN
classifications is that it gives a high priority to flue types as against
combustion and burner types. In reality the type of burner is fundamentally
linked to the Product Type (Level 2), whereas the system type (at least for
wall hung boilers) and flue types tend to emerge as variants within a family
of models.
It will also be seen that jet (forced air) boilers are shown as a separate
category within Level 2 rather than within Level 3 because of the special
difficulties of segmenting this sector.
During the 1990’s, the penetration of continuous modulation (in Level 4)
was liked primarily to the system type, with modulation having been
developed primarily as a solution for wall hung combis. Similarly the still
very low penetration of special combustion controls and sensors is entirely
within the wall hung condensing sector.
74
4.2
Fig. 4.221-1 1993-2007 TOTAL PARK DOMESTIC BOILERS* 16 EU COUNTRIES DIVIDED BY AGE OF APPLIANCE AND EN STANDARDS
16 EU COUNTRIES (‘000 boilers)
LEVEL 2- EN Standard*
1993-1997
1998-2002
2003-2007
TOTAL PARK ‘93-07
TOTAL PARK %
share ‘93-’07
EN 483- Boiler Type C
5 629
12 103
12 113
29 844
51%
EN 297- Boiler Type B
6 199
7 327
5 116
18 641
32%
EN 677- Boiler Condensing
equipped with premixed
burner (1)
484
1 564
7 600
9 648
16%
EN 303-3 Boilers equipped
with forced draught burner
315
336
218
869
1%
12 627
21 329
25 047
59 003
100%
Grand Total
Note (1): The park numbers in this row refer to all gas condensing boilers <70 kW (except jet burner), and may include
some that do not have fully premix burners, including c. 1.5 million SEDBUK B boilers in the UK and maybe some older
condensing boilers elsewhere.
75
4.2
Fig.4.222-1 TOTAL PARK (INCL. PRE 1993) OF INDIVIDUAL GAS BOILERS 2007 (EU excl. NL, Luxembourg, Malta & Cyprus)
Country
UK
Park 2007 ('000
boilers)
Total
%
Total
Dwellings
('000)
% of Dwelling
Stock on
Individual Gas
Dwellings Connected
to Gas
'000
%
Comments
21 434
32.1%
25 612
83.7%
22 794
89.0%
Individual gas central heating prevalent where gas available. Gasification starting in Northern Ireland
8 140
12.2%
38 751
21.0%
17 579
45.4%
Significant use of collective heating in ABL and district heating (esp. NBL)
13 116
19.6%
27 012
45.8%
19 300
71.4%
Uptake of autonomous gas CH high. Some scope for increased penetration in Centre & South
France
9 000
13.5%
31 455
28.6%
11 010
35.0%
Gas central heating has strong competition from dry electric
Poland
1 466
2.2%
13 000
11.3%
7 100
54.6%
Large district heating infrastructure.
Spain
4 342
6.5%
23 935
18.1%
6 132
25.6%
Gasification started in 1990's. Uptake strongest in urban centres & new build, excl. South.
Belgium
1 870
2.8%
4 903
38.1%
3 574
72.9%
Limited gas supply in Walloon region.
Czech Republic
1 568
2.3%
4 090
38.3%
3 120
76.3%
Large district heating infrastructure.
Hungary
1 495
2.2%
4 172
35.8%
3 540
84.9%
Significant DH network (esp.Budapest). Wall convectors also significant.
Slovakia
633
0.9%
3 798
16.7%
1 466
38.6%
Significant DH network .
Austria
701
1.0%
4 187
16.7%
1 396
33.3%
Strong competition from DH and biomass
Portugal
198
0.3%
5 271
3.8%
744
14.1%
Gasification has started but CH uptake very low.
Ireland
613
0.9%
1 369
44.8%
575
42.0%
Gasification expanding. Combis not favoured.
Denmark
329
0.5%
2 710
12.1%
345
12.7%
Very strong district heating infrastructure.
Greece
115
0.2%
5 619
2.0%
31
0.6%
Germany
Italy
Romania
Gasification developing.
1 556
2.3%
8 260
18.8%
2 600
31.5%
66 576
99.6%
203 168
32.4%
100 760
48.0%
Lithuania
87
0.1%
1 313
6.6%
1 090
83.0%
Latvia
46
0.1%
1 035
4.4%
869
84.0%
Estonia
19
0.0%
633
3.0%
500
79.0%
Slovenia
62
0.1%
796
7.8%
105
13.2%
Sweden
18
0.0%
5 158
0.3%
52
1.0%
Very limited domestic gas supply. District heating and heat pumps prevail.
Bulgaria
30
0.0%
3 738
0.8%
37
1.0%
Limited gas supply.
262
0.4%
12 673
2.1%
2 653
20.9%
Total
66 838
100.0%
215 841
30.6%
103 413
47.9%
Selected Countries %
99.6%
Sub Total: Selected Countries
Sub Total: Other Countries
94.1%
District heating dominates, but households have attempted to switch to gas if allowed.
97.4%
76
4.2
FIG. 4.22-2 PARK OF DOMESTIC GAS BOILERS 1993-2007 AND PRE 1993* BY COUNTRY (16 COUNTRIES)
Country
Gas Wall Hung
Condensing
Pre
1993Total
1993
2007
Gas Wall Hung NonCond.
Pre
1993Total
1993
2007
Gas Floor Stand. Non
Cond
Pre
1993Total
1993
2007
Gas Floor Stand. Cond
Pre
1993
19932007
Total
JB gas
Pre
1993
19932007
Total
Total
Pre
1993
19932007
Total
Austria
6
237
243
13
305
317
46
70
116
1
20
21
3
1
4
68
633
701
Belgium
0
275
275
106
834
940
151
444
595
0
7
7
29
24
53
287
1 583
1 870
Czech
Republic
0
66
66
0
898
898
102
476
578
0
11
11
6
9
15
107
1 460
1 568
Denmark
0
143
143
41
126
166
8
9
17
0
2
2
0
1
2
49
280
329
France
2
404
406
293
5 956
6 248
907
1 028
1 935
0
35
35
99
277
376
1 300
7 700
9 000
27
2 097
2 123
233
2 666
2 899
901
1 348
2 249
6
76
82
495
291
787
1 662
6 479
8 140
Greece
0
3
3
0
93
93
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
18
19
0
115
115
Hungary
0
25
25
0
970
970
133
363
497
0
2
2
1
0
1
134
1 361
1 495
Ireland
0
32
32
7
540
548
11
22
33
0
0
0
0
0
0
18
594
613
Italy
0
668
668
0
10 418
10 418
628
993
1 621
0
49
49
221
140
361
849
12 268
13 116
Poland
0
103
103
0
1 030
1 030
18
198
216
0
7
7
47
63
110
65
1 401
1 466
Portugal
0
1
1
0
182
182
0
11
12
0
0
0
1
3
4
2
197
198
Romania
0
31
31
16
1 403
1 419
3
56
59
0
1
1
18
28
46
37
1 519
1 556
Slovak
Republic
0
46
46
0
238
238
7
338
345
0
4
4
0
0
0
7
626
633
Spain
0
15
15
0
4 229
4 229
2
75
77
0
0
0
8
12
20
10
4 332
4 342
United
Kingdom
18
5 206
5 224
53
11 488
11 541
2 909
1 677
4 586
0
82
82
0
1
1
2 980
18 454
21 434
TOTAL
52
9 351
9 404
761
41 375
42 136
5 827
7 110
12 937
7
297
304
928
869
1 797
7 575
59 002
Germany
66
*all numbers in ‘000
77
4.2
4.22
FIRST SEGMENTATION: LEVELS 1, 2 & 3
Please note that more detailed estimates of technical segmentations per
country can be found in Appendix A of this report.
4.221
Overview
Fig. 4.221-1 summarizes the scale of the EU (16 country boiler) park
according to Classification Levels 1 (all boilers) and 2 (EN Standards). Of
the totals:
4.222
-
for jet gas burner boilers (EN 303-3) Germany and France make up
almost 70% of the park
-
for EN 677 (in the absence of the condensing dominated Netherlands)
the UK (thanks to the recent Part L revisions) and Germany (where the
significant uptake of condensing boilers started in the early 1990’s)
make up almost 80% of the park, but the penetration of condensing
boilers is now accelerating in other countries
-
the trend towards room sealed flues (EN 438) and away from open
flues (EN 297) has been seen across all countries, with Italy and Spain
switching fastest towards room sealed.
Levels 1 to 3: Total Domestic Boiler Park
The relative share of the gas boiler park held by each country depends of
course to a large extent on population and numbers of households, but
also on the penetration of such factors as (see Fig. 4.222-1):
-
the penetration of central heating (partly related to latitude and climate)
-
gasification and the household penetration of mains gas
-
the existence and uptake of heating systems other than autonomous
gas boilers.
The numbers in Fig. 4.222-1 are for the total park of domestic gas boilers
in 2007, including those that remain from before the GAD (pre 1993). Fig.
4.222-2 shows separately by country the park of domestic boilers by type
installed in 1993-2007.
An understanding of these factors is important for the forecasting of trends
required for WP1 (see Section 4.3).
Areas that are difficult to treat within the analysis required for WP1 are:
78
4.2
-
boilers installed before 1992 (especially floor standing and jet burner
boilers in Germany and open vented cast iron boilers in the UK)
-
boilers that are on L gas in northern Germany and Belgium
-
boilers on originally LPG that have been converted to natural gas
(especially in Spain, but impossible to quantify: but this is a much
bigger issue for water heaters).
Wall Hung vs. Floor Standing
Although it has been suggested that the distinction between wall hung and
floor standing boilers may not be inherently significant to the GASQUAL
project, it is almost impossible to achieve the other segmentations that are
required for the project without first making this split:
-
almost all statistical data available on the boiler market (including the
all important BRGC database) are segmented in this way
-
the historical development of burners for non-condensing boilers has
been different for wall hung and floor standing, with some of the
burners that are likely to be most sensitive to gas quality being specific
to floor standing boilers
-
wall hung boilers have historically moved more rapidly to room sealed
flues (EN 483) than have floor standing.
-
because within the domestic gas boiler market there has been a very
clear and prolonged trend in favor of wall hung (which has this has
even accelerated in recent years), most of the recent product
development efforts have gone into wall hung, and there is now a
reluctance to invest in improving floor standing models. This also
means that the floor standing park is ageing. Since the majority of floor
standing gas boilers have cast iron heat exchangers, the tend to be
long lived, and indeed there may be a significant park of such boilers
that pre-date the 1992 threshold.
Wall hung boilers now account for some 86% of the total gas post 1993
boiler park, and indeed they hold a majority share in all countries.
79
4.2
The UK as a Special Case
From the bald analysis it emerges that the UK is the largest market for
both wall hung and floor standing gas boilers (excluding jet burner
boilers). However, it must be noted that a substantial part of the UK park
of both types is made up of the cast iron open vented models that are
exclusive to the UK (and on a very small scale, Ireland) and which were a
requirement of the old Water Bye-Laws which up to 1989 forbade the
storage of more than 15 lires of hot water under mains pressure. Sealed
systems came in with the combis (which did not need to hold as much as
15 litres. Although the Bye Laws were revised in 1989, a substantial
demand for these open vented boilers continued right up to the Part L
revisions of 2005. Since then sales of these products have effectively
died. The relative importance of these UK specific models is illustrated in
Figs. 4.222-3 and 4.222-4. These products (which can also be found in
Ireland) have different burner types (“box burners”) and also are mostly
on/off rather than modulating.
If the UK cast iron wall hung boilers are excluded, the most import markets
for “lightweight” wall hung boilers (Fig. 4.222-5) are UK, Italy, France
Germany and Spain, which between them account for 83% of the 16
country park of such boilers.
Other peculiarities of the UK market are:
-
the presence of floor standing combi boilers. This is a niche market
that is difficult to quantify since manufacturers have always been
reluctant to provide separate sales figures for these models
-
the presence of lower spec. SEDBUK B rated condensing boilers.
These above reflect an effort to offer the lowest priced boilers that
could conform to the revised Part L requirements introduced in April
2005. It is thought that some or all of these do not have full premix
burners. BRGC calculates that there are some 1.5 million of these
boilers in use in the UK.
Floor Standing Boilers
Floor standing boilers account for some 20% of the total 16 country
domestic gas boilers park excluding jet burner boilers. However, since
30% of the floor standing park is pre-1992, in the 1993-2007 park the
share of floor standing is only 13% (or 14% if gas jet burner boilers are
included).
80
4.2
Apart from the UK, the most significant floor standing gas boiler parks are
in Germany and (some way behind) France. Indeed, if jet burner boilers
are added to the totals (Fig. 4.222-6) Germany accounts for an estimated
21% of the 16 country floor standing gas boiler park (partly reflecting the
once obligatory existence of basements in 1 and 2 family houses), and this
is important to note because of the relatively high share of non-condensing
low temperature and low NOx floor standing boilers (and more recently the
increasing share of condensing floor standing boilers) in order to meet the
Blaue Engel requirements.
The French floor standing boiler manufacturers (especially DE DIETRICH)
have long been conscious of German standards, but the penetration of low
NOx models is lower in France.
In the UK, as already shown, a large part of the park of floor standing gas
boilers is made up of the old cast iron open vented boilers and of back
boiler units. There is also an identifiable park of floor standing combis.
In Italy, the floor standing market comprises mainly conventional cast iron
models but there are steel gas boilers as well as copper models that are
effectively combis.
81
4.2
Fig. 4.222-3 UK SPECIFIC BOILER MODEL PARK 1993-2007*
TOTAL PARK in UK
LEVEL 3 Product*
Wall Hung
Floor Standing
Model
TOTAL
1993-2007
1993-1997
1998-2002
2003-2007
%
Cast Iron
1535
1807
1589
4931
30%
Lightweight
2119
3668
5976
11763
70%
TOTAL ('000)
3654
5475
7565
16694
100%
Back Boilers
549
376
109
1034
59%
Conventional
337
283
105
725
41%
TOTAL ('000)
886
659
214
1759
100%
Fig. 4.222-4 UK SPECIFIC BOILER MODEL SALES TRENDS 1993-2007*
LEVEL 3
Product*
Type
Floor Standing
Wall Hung
Total
1993
1997
2003
2007
Back Boilers
150
96
39
1
Conventional
85
70
50
19
Cast Iron
278
339
296
8
Lightweight
368
550
1 140
1 609
881
1 055
1 526
1 638
Fig. 4.222-5 LIGHTWEIGHT WALL HUNG BOILER PARK 1993-2007 IN 16 COUNTRIES*
Country*
Park "lightweight"
Wall Hung boilers 19932007
Share in 16 EU Countries
United Kingdom
11 764
26%
Italy
11 086
24%
France
6 360
14%
Spain
4 245
9%
Germany
4 763
10%
Others
7 580
17%
Total
45 798
100%
Fig. 4.222-6 FLOOR STANDING PARK 1993-2007 IN 16 COUNTRIES*
Country*
France
Germany
United Kingdom
Total
Floor Standing 1993-2007 Park
Jet Burner as part
Floor Standing Park excluding
of Floor Standing
Jet Burner
16%
14%
21%
20%
21%
24%
8 275
7 407
*all numbers (‘000)
82
4.2
Fig. 4.224-1 SHARE OF NON-CONDENSING AND CONDENSING BOILER PARK 1993-2007* IN
SELECTED 16 EU COUNTRIES
Fig. 4.224-2 CONDENSING / NON-CONDENSING SALES TRENDS 1993-2007* IN SELECTED 16
EU COUNTRIES
83
4.2
4.224
Non-Condensing vs. Condensing
Given that the Netherlands (easily the most important pioneer of
condensing boilers) is excluded from the study, the condensing boiler park
is relatively young, and the condensing share in 1993-2007 park,
excluding jet burners is 17% (Fig. 4.224-1) by no means reflects their
current share of sales (48% in the same 16 countries in 2007: see Fig.
4.224-2). The condensing share of floor standing boilers is much lower.
Basically the increased penetration of the condensing technology has
coincided with the rapid decline in floor standing boiler sales.
The penetration and pace of growth of condensing has varied markedly
between countries (Fig. 4.224-3), and this has been linked to a large
extent to legislation and incentives. After the Netherlands had shown the
way in the 1980’s:
-
Germany saw a shift in emphasis from non-condensing low
temperature/low NOx to condensing progressively after unification as
the demands of the Blaue Engel and the Hamburg Forderprogramme
intensified (though much of the early demand for condensing came
from the NBL armed with newly converted Deutsch Marks)
-
in the UK the big switch to condensing came rapidly and suddenly with
the revisions to the Part L Building Regulation in 2005. However there
are doubts about the energy saving effectiveness of this move since it
appears that many condensing boilers are factory set to run at 75o C
-
Denmark took much the same line as the UK and has now gone
entirely to condensing. However the boiler market is small because of
the massive penetration of district heating
-
Austria largely followed the Swiss LRV’92 provisions
-
other countries have been slower to take up condensing, but
penetration is now growing significantly in Italy and France.
The uptake of condensing is likely to accelerate if the current EUP EcoDesign recommendations are implemented, but the consultation process is
proving tough.
84
4.2
Fig. 4.224-3 TOTAL OF CONDENSING AND NON CONDENSING BOILERS* BY COUNTRY IN ’93’07 PARK.
Country
Condensing
Non-Condensing
Total
United Kingdom
5 288
13 165
18 453
Italy
716
11 411
12 128
France
439
6 984
7 423
2 173
4 014
6 187
Spain
15
4 304
4 320
Belgium
282
1 277
1 559
Romania
32
1 459
1 491
Czech Republic
77
1 375
1 453
Hungary
27
1 333
1 360
Poland
111
1 227
1 338
Austria
256
375
631
Slovak Republic
50
576
626
Ireland
32
563
594
Denmark
145
134
279
Portugal
1
193
194
Greece
3
94
97
9 648
48 486
58 134
Germany
Total
The subsequent analyses assume (based on research conducted for the GASQUAL
project) that all condensing boilers have Type C flues and premix burners. However
BRGC has been informed at a late stage in the project that:
-
there are some condensing boilers installed with Type B flues
-
SEDBUK B condensing boilers in the UK do not have fully premix burners.
85
4.2
4.225
Level 4: Burner Classification
4.2251
Identification of Burners Within Each Classification
The basic burner classifications adopted for the study emerged from a
submission by RUHRGAS/EON (as already shown in Fig. 2.21) and a
subsequent presentation from GASUNIE which led to the adoption of five
basic categories of burners:
-
no premix (not relevant to the appliances covered by this study)
-
atmospheric partial premix (Bunsen type), also known as “atmospheric
partially aerated burners”. Since the completion of the market study it
has been proposed that this category be split between “natural
draught” and “fan assisted”
-
atmospheric fully premix, also known as “atmospheric (natural draught)
fully aerated burners”
-
fan assisted full premix
-
jet burner, also known as “fan assisted non premix burners”.
On this basis BRGC conducted an exercise aimed at relating the adopted
classifications to burners actually on the market. This proved especially
important since it quickly became apparent that the key to analyzing the
burner penetration within the park was to talk to the burner manufacturers
themselves. This outcome of this analysis is summarized in Fig. 4.2251-1.
Of course the burners mentioned in this matrix are also for products other
than boilers, but the matrices are placed here because boilers are the only
product category using more than just Bunsen type burners.
As far as boilers are concerned, the key findings are:
-
that almost all conventional boilers (non-condensing boilers that are
not specifically sold as “low NOx”) use partially premix/conventional
Bunsen type burners:
•
for wall hung boilers these are usually bladed construction.
Identified exceptions are:
•• FRISQUET in France whose non condensing boilers use the
company’s own tubular construction (4 tubes) burners, believed
to be fan assisted
•• certain Italian manufacturers (ECOFLAM, GRUPO IMAR and
BALTUR) who are thought to use fanned premix burners in non
condensing boilers
86
4.2
•• the UK-specific cast iron wall hung boilers. Historically all of
these used a multi-bladed Bunsen type burner but with a single
injector for the whole burner (“box burners”) and nonmodulating. This is in contrast with the typical Italian bladed
Bunsen burner which has an injector/venturi for each blade.
Towards the end AEROMATRIX came out with a fanned premix
for the UK cast iron boilers of boiler that was fitted to e.g. the
POTTERTON PRIMA. It is thought that it was also taken up by
BAXI and CARADON and maybe GLOW WORM
•
for floor standing boilers, these are generally tubular construction.
Identified exceptions are:
•• UK back burner units and possibly some old open vented cast
floor standing boilers that use the same type of single injector
multi bladed burners as the wall hung cast iron models
87
4.2
Fig. 4.2251-1 BURNER CLASSIFICATIONS OF MANUFACTURERS BY TYPE /1
WORGAS Classifications
Main category
Round Burners
Sub-category
H. Levinsky Classifications
Non-premixed
Partially premixed/
Atmospheric premix
conventional
("Bunsen" type)
–
X
Traditional
X
Low NOx and CO
Tubular Burners
Yellow flame (also
oval burners)
X
X
"Elite" & other fan
assisted
Bladed burners
Traditional & Low
noise
Low NOx and CO
Premix burners
Lean-premixed/ fully
premixed
X
X
X
Fiber
X
Cylindrical metal
X
Flat
X
88
4.2
Fig. 4.2251-1 BURNER CLASSIFICATIONS OF MANUFACTURERS BY TYPE /2
POLIDORO Classifications
Main category
Round Burners
Sub-category
Non-premixed
Partially premixed/
conventional
Atmospheric premix
("Bunsen" type)
MULTIGAS C51,
C65, C120, C160,
C220
Burners for Log Fire
Places and Space
Heaters
Tubular burners
X
X
MULTIGAS Tubular
burners for boilers
and stoves
X
X
OVO low Nox/CO
emmissions.
Bladed burners
Premix burners
premixed
X
NP model burners
X
BNOx model burners
(water cooled) [1]
X
SEMIPREMIX
(cylindrical)
X
PREMIX (cylindrical)
X
Note [1]: The POLIDORO water cooled bladed burners (and the similar VAILLANT burners) were included under “atmospheric premix” in the first version of
this report. BRGC has since been advised that these burners should be considered as “partial premix”. However this does present some problems in
quantifying the market by the agreed burner classifications since BRGC’s historical sales data segment the wall hung non condensing boiler market between
“conventional” and “low NOx”, and not specifically by burner type.
89
4.2
Fig. 4.2251-1 BURNERS CLASSIFICATIONS OF MANUFACTURER BY TYPE /3
BEKAERT/FURIGAS Classifications
Main category
Sub-category
Non-premixed
Partially premixed/
Atmospheric premix
conventional
("Bunsen" type)
premixed
FURINIT (round or
flat)
X
ACONIT (flat)
X
DUONIT
X
Cylindrical premix
burners
FURIPAT
X
Tubular burner
OVAL
Premix burners with
BEKNIT material.
X
90
4.2
-
that non-condensing low NOx models represent the most complex
group of boilers as far as burner types are concerned. In general these
use burners that may be classified as “atmospheric premix”, but many
different types have been tried:
•
for wall hung:
•• today the most used solution is the most widely used solution is
the water cooled bladed burner.
As an OEM supplier
POLIDORO has the exclusive rights to this type (BNOx range).
However VAILLANT has its own version. These water cooled
burners should not strictly speaking be classified as
“atmospheric premix” but for statistical reasons it has been
necessary to group together all the non-condensing low NOx
wall hung boilers
•• there are also flattened “butterfly-wing flame” versions
(WORGAS has one) but the uptake has been very low for wall
hung
•• it may be that some of the solutions tried for floor standing gas
boilers (see below) have also been incorporated into the
“Heizkessel” type wall hung boilers launched when the German
Heizkessel manufacturers first tried to break into the wall hung
market. This may include the VIESSMANN Matrix burner
•
for floor standing a great variety of burners have been used,
generally with the objective of flattening the flame. These include:
•• tubular burners with cooling rods. These were introduced in the
late 1980’s/early 1990’s as German Heizkessel manufacturers
(which at that time were hesitant about going down the
condensing route) sought ways of conforming to the Blaue
Engel NOx emission requirements (at that time set at 70 ppm).
The rod technology proved adequate for 70 ppm, but when the
Swiss and the Hamburg Forderprogram set the limit at 40 ppm,
something new was required. For this reason rod cooling,
though still fitted to some boilers, is now seen as an old
technology.
•• various types of ceramic of fibre mesh solutions.
VIESSMANN Matrix burner fits into this category
The
91
4.2
•• butterfly-wing flame tubular burners (e.g. POLIDORO OVO,
BECKAERT OVAL and WORGAS Low NOx butterfly wing).
These are thought to have been widely adopted by the German
Heizkessel manufacturers, while VAILLANT tended to favour the
rod technology. Burner manufacturers suggest that this type
has a low operating range and could be very sensitive to
changes in gas quality (when the pressure drops, the flame can
touch burner surface, giving rise to cracks or flashbacks with the
flaming turning inside the burner and starting a fire). These
burners are still on the market, but demand for the floor standing
boilers that take these has for the types of boilers to which they
are fitted is plummeting. It is reported that the main demand is
now coming from Eastern Europe
•• burners that can be fan assisted (e.g. WORGAS ELITE)
-
that almost all condensing boilers use fanned fully premix burners,
which can be:
•
cylindrical steel (e.g. BEKAERT FURIPAT, WORGAS Cylindrical
Metal Premix, POLIDORO PREMIX)
•
flat metal (e.g. WORGAS BISCOTTI)
•
fibre in various shapes, including cylindrical, flat or conical (e.g
BEKAERT FURINIT and WORGAS TEXI).
The fans are not supplied by the burner manufacturers, but are
sourced separately (EBM appears to be the dominant supplier) and are
fitted by the boiler manufacturer.
It is understood that some condensing boilers are not fitted with full
premix burners. These are mainly:
•• some or all of the SEDBUK B boilers in the UK, of which BRGC
estimates around 1.5 million are in use in the UK. It should be
noted that the UK representative on CEN Committee 197 has
raised the possibility of other “specials” in the UK, mentioning in
particular the GLOW-WORM ENERGY SAVER (which existed in
both condensing and non-condensing, but is now discontinued) and
the GLOW-WORM FLEXICOM (condensing boiler currently
available in both sealed system and open vented versions which is
said to have a very high port loading)
•• possibly some early condensing boiler models. However it is
thought that most of these are either in the Netherlands (not
included in this study), or are pre-GAD.
92
4.2
4.2252
Park by Type of Burner
As suggested above, the available historical sales data required to make
estimates of the park of boilers do not necessarily cooespond exactly to
the agreed burner classifications.
Based on applying the above
observations to the BRGC database numbers, Fig. 4.2252-1 sets out the
estimates of the 16 country park by type of burner to the extent that the
available information allows. Please note that:
-
“conventional” includes all atmospheric partial premix burners except:
•
water cooled burners for wall hung non condensing low NOx
boilers. These are included under low NOx wall hung. It is difficult
to estimate what percentage of the park of these boilers have water
cooled bladed burners, but it is certainly the great majority.
Assuming it is about 90%, then a further 4,150 boilers would be
transferred to the “conventional” category
•
some or all of the SEDBUK, which are included under “fan assisted
premix and other condensing”. It is possible that up to 1.5 million of
these are not full premix, but it is not quite clear whether or not they
should be added to any “atmospheric partial premix” total
•
any older condensing boilers that do not have full premix burners.
These are also included under “fan assisted premix and other
condensing”. BRGC has no basis for estimating the park of these,
but believes it is very small given that the Netherlands and all pre
GAD boilers are excluded
Thus it is possible that a comprehensive “atmospheric partial premix”
category might encompass a park of up to 45.6 million boilers.
Fig. 4.2252-1 ESTIMATION OF THE 1993-2007 BOILER PARK BY LEVEL 4: BURNER TYPE
LEVEL 4 – BURNER
(‘000 pieces)
TOTAL PARK 1993-2007
1993199820031997
2002
2007
Conventional
9 614
16 726
13 602
619
1 675
7 845
2 079
2 591
3 381
Fan assisted premix &
other condensing
- SEDBUK B
- non condensing
Low NOx (wall hung)
Low NOx (floor
standing)
Jet Burner (inc.
condensing)
Total
TOTAL
PARK ‘93-07
TOTAL PARK % shares
‘93-’07
39 942
71%
8 240
14%
1 500
400
3%
<1%
4605
8%
1694
3%
315
336
218
869
1%
12 627
21 328
25 047
59 003
100%
93
4.2
4.2253
Heating Only vs. Combi
In this analysis:
-
“combi” refers to boilers incorporating directly heated sanitary hot
water, and tested under EN 625, including:
•
combi boilers supplying instantaneous sanitary hot water only
Fig. 4.2253-1 16 COUNTRY PARK OF BOILER BY WATER HEATING FUNCTION
LEVEL 2- EN Standards
LEVEL 3 - Product
PARK 1993-2007*
Gas Floor Standing
EN 625- Boilers with sanitary water
246
Gas Wall Hung
38 082
Gas Floor Standing
NON EN 625- Boilers with sanitary water
7 161
Gas Wall Hung
12 644
JB gas
869
Total
59 003
Fig. 4.2253-2 HEATING ONLY AND COMBI BOILER SHARES IN TOTAL 1993-2007 PARK, (16
COUNTRIES)
Country
EN 625- Boilers with
sanitary water
Heating only boilers
Total Park 1993-2007
United Kingdom
10 533
7 921
18 454
Italy
10 969
1 299
12 268
France
5 780
1 919
7 700
Spain
4 189
142
4 332
Germany
1 783
4 695
6 479
Romania
1 315
204
1 519
Belgium
966
617
1 583
Poland
758
644
1 401
Hungary
681
680
1 361
Czech Republic
803
657
1 460
Ireland
57
537
594
Austria
191
441
633
Slovak Republic
133
494
626
5
275
280
33
82
115
Denmark
Greece
Portugal
Total
132
65
197
38 328
20 674
59 003
94
4.2
-
•
combi boilers with instantaneous hot water production
supplemented by a built-in storage cylinder (typically 40 litres)
•
combi boilers incorporating a pre-heat arrangement (including the
French “micro-accumulation” models).
heating only boilers do not provide directly heated sanitary hot water,
but more often than not they are connected to some form of indirect
water heating, including:
•
a separate hot water cylinder:
•• on the continent these are all under mains pressure
•• in the UK many are fed from a loft tank rather than directly from
the mains (classically single walled copper cylinders). Although
the Water Byelaw preventing more than 15 litres being store
under mains pressure was rescinded in 1989, such open vented
systems have continued to be installed, albeit with a declining
share of the market
•
a cylinder that is supplied along with the boiler. This includes the
relatively new wall hung condensing boilers that are positioned on
top of a floor standing cylinder
•
some models with built-in indirect water heating (e.g. the ACV-type
tank-in-tank systems or the French “bain-marie” models).
In general combis are wall hung, but there are some floor standing
models, e.g.: WORCESTER HIGHFLOW and BAXI POWERMAX) and
possibly the copper floor standing boilers in Italy (e.g. FERROLI
TANTAQUA NF). However it is not sure that any of these are tested under
EN 625.
Within the Member States covered by this project:
-
the majority of 1993-2007 domestic boiler park, including floor standing
and jet burner boilers (65% of the current park) are combis (Figs.
4.2253-1 and 4.2253-2), obviously this share is the result of wall hung
combis uptake (within wall hung 1993-2007 park share of combis is
75%).
-
the major exceptions to this pattern are:
95
4.2
-
•
Germany and Austria, which have long been less enthusiastic about
the concept of combs than the rest of Europe. Of the total 19932007 park of wall hung boilers in these countries, some 63% are
heating only, while due to high share of floor standing models in
overall 1993-2007 boiler park the penetration of heating only is
72%. This pattern has become even more marked as the share of
condensing boilers has grown. In 2007, 72% of wall hung
condensing boilers sold in Germany and 88% of those sold in
Austria were heating only (this includes wall hung condensing
boilers positioned on a floor standing cylinder)
•
the penetration of combis is very low within the small Danish boiler
market (heating is dominated by district heating). The main reason
is reportedly the hard water which does not suit combis
•
the UK and Ireland, where the park of cast iron heating boilers
remains significant accounting for some 30% of the park of wall
hung boilers in the UK. Heating only lightweight wall hung boilers
such as those sold as “system boilers” are also significant.
for the rest of the EU (excluding the Netherlands) combis account for
some 79% of the wall hung boiler park. In general in countries such as
Italy, Spain and France, heating only models are offered as a variant
within each main family of wall hung boiler models, rather than as
separate families of models.
It should be mentioned that during BRGC’s discussions with the industry,
no prima facie evidence emerged that sensitivity to gas quality would be
affected as such by whether the boiler was a combi or a heating only
model. However, continuous modulation was developed primarily as a
solution for wall hung combis. Although nearly all heating only boilers sold
today have continuous modulation, there share of modulation in the park
remains much higher for combis than for heating only boilers.
4.2254
Flue Types
As far as boilers are concerned, the EN standards recognize two basic flue
type for boilers:
-
Type B: open flue that draws air for combustion from the room, and
usually evacuates the waste gasses through the chimney or through a
special opening in the roof
-
Type C: room sealed flue that draws air from outside the building
(rather than from the room) is found in two forms:
96
4.2
•
fanned flue (Types C32 and C33), which uses a fan to evacuate the
waste gasses. This gives greater flexibility in siting the boiler,
because up to 3 metres can be used, which usually allows
evacuation through a chimney or elsewhere through the roof
•
balanced flue (Type C11) which uses a balanced opening and
closing system. Balanced flues have to be very short (limiting siting
options) and are usually put through the back wall of the house or
apartment. The disadvantage is that they tend to discharge waste
gasses at low levels.
The broad trend since the early 1990’s (especially for wall hung) has been
away from Type B towards the fanned version of Type C. In particular:
-
For its statistical analysis BRGC has assumed, based the research for
the GASQUAL Project, that all condensing boilers (now gaining share
rapidly) use Type C flues. However, recent feedback from the industry
suggests that there are “condensing boilers installed as type B taking
combustion air from the installation room; mainly B23P and B53P
configurations which are critical configurations for cold starts”. It is
understood that these have tended to be installed in unoccupied areas
such as basements and boiler rooms, and thus are probably found
mostly in countries where these are common (e.g. Germany, France,
Belgium, Denmark). Above all they are typical where boilers are
installed in cascades
-
for non-condensing wall hung boilers, the estimated split of the park is
31% Type B and 69% Type C (Fig. 4.2254-1). However current sales
are considerably more slanted towards Type C
-
Type C balanced flues are found mainly in the UK (Fig. 4.2254-2), but
they have lost share to fanned Type C flues since 1990, and with the
switch to condensing since 2005 fanned flues now account for the
great majority of sales
-
floor standing gas boilers have been slower to move towards Type C
because of the lesser need for flexibility of sitting.
97
4.2
Fig. 4.2254-1 PARK OF NON-CONDENSING WALL HUNG BOILERS BY TYPE OF FLUE
TOTAL PARK 1993-2007
TOTAL
PARK ‘93-07
TOTAL PARK %
shares ‘93-’07
1993-1997
1993-1997
1993-1997
EN 483- Boiler Type C
5 178
11 592
11 802
28 571
69%
EN 297- Boiler Type B
3 253
5 300
4 251
12 805
31%
Total
8 431
16 892
16 053
41 376
100%
Fig 4.2254-2 PARK OF EN 483 TYPE C NON-CONDENSING BOILERS IN UK
TOTAL UK PARK 1993-2007
TOTAL UK
PARK ‘9307
TOTAL UK
PARK %
shares ‘93-’07
1993-1997
1993-1997
1993-1997
Type C Balanced
874
679
324
1 877
16%
Type C Standard
2 866
4 443
2 504
9 812
84%
Total EN 483 Boiler Type C
3 740
5 122
2 828
11 690
100%
98
4.2
4.2255
Modulation
Boiler burners can be:
-
fixed flame
-
step modulating
-
continuously modulating.
The purpose of modulation is to reduce the volume of water that needs to
be held in the boilers, while maintaining or improving the comfort
performance of the boiler.
The introduction of continuous modulation was triggered above all by the
introduction of the combi boiler. The supply of modulating controls for wall
hung combis is dominated by two companies, HONEYWELL and SIT.
They informed BRGC that virtually all combis (i.e. boilers producing
instantaneous directly heated sanitary hot water) have continuously
modulating burners. Today these typically modulate within a range of
100% down to 40%. As part of a general trend to seek higher efficiency at
low cost, manufacturers are reported to be seeking to widen the range of
modulation. In the opinion of one controls manufacturer, 30% is probably
the achievable limit, while another talked of going down to 10%. Suppliers
also expressed the opinion that this type of fine tuning of boilers is likely to
increase the sensitivity to variations in gas quality (“It can be argued that
manufacturers are moving in the opposite direction to GASQUAL”)
It is acknowledged that a few low cost combis are still in the park (possibly
ARISTON META and BOSCH NOVATHERM) have step modulation, but
this is thought to represent a very small share of the park. In general step
modulation has proved unsatisfactory in terms of the comfort levels
provided, and they are probably now hardly sold, at least as far as combis
are concerned.
The situation with heating only boilers is less clear cut. It is thought that
the great majority of heating only boilers on sale today have continuous
modulation, but the situation in the park is more mixed:
-
in the German speaking countries, low temperature boilers (and
therefore continuous modulation) has been more or less standard since
well back into the 1980’s, but it has been difficult to establish whether
all such heating only wall hung and the floor standing LT boilers have
continuous modulation
-
it seems logical that in the combi-dominated countries outside
Germany, heating only variants of models that are mainly combis will
have continuous modulation
99
4.2
4.2256
-
the great majority of UK open vented cast iron boilers are on/off
(except possibly for some more recent models that were fitted with the
AEROMATRIX fanned premix burner)
-
it has proved difficult to obtain a precise view of modulation in floor
standing boilers. Clearly the penetration of continuous modulation
developed far more slowly than for wall hung boilers, partly because
there are so few floor standing combis. It is thought that most floor
standing gas boilers sold today have continuous modulation, but this is
a fairly recent development. On the other hand the largest market for
floor standing boilers (Germany) has been installing low temperature
boilers more or as standard since the 1980’s which presumably implies
some form of modulation. It is believed that there was a good deal of
step modulation
-
it is assumed that all floor standing condensing boilers have continuous
modulation.
Special Controls
The Market Study is required to quantify the penetration of additional
controls including:
-
-
combustion controls. These can be classified as “gas adaptors” and
can be based on:
•
flame signal sensors (SCOT and similar).
•
flue sensors
air/gas ratio controls, which come in the form of:
•
pneumatic controls. These are the standard HONEYWELL and SIT
type modulating controls and are not concerned with handling
different gas qualities. The boiler must be set for the gas quality to
be used
•
electronic, which, according to the manufacturers, still need the
boiler to be adjusted or the gas to be used
The initial perception is that such controls could make it easier for the
boilers in question to handle variable gas qualities.
However, the overall picture is that the penetration of such controls to date
has been so low that they would hardly show up within the total EU park
numbers. Cost and cost effectiveness appear to have been the main
barrier.
100
4.2
Combustion Controls (Gas Adaptors)
There are several such systems (which control the modulation depending
on the combustion quality, and detects whether the current is too rich or
too lean) on the market:
-
the SCOT System (flame signal) was developed by STIEBEL ELTRON
for RUHRGAS (EON) some 15 years ago. It enables the boiler to
adjust in response to varying gas qualities, in order to be able to take
gas from e.g. Norway, Russia, North Africa etc.
ELSTER
(KROMMSCHROEDER) now has exclusive rights to the SCOT system.
It is reported that the uptake has been very low, and has mainly been
for the wall hung condensing boilers of:
•
VIESSMANN (some models). VIESSMANN is reported to be the
biggest user of SCOT
•
WEISHAUPT, which apparently fits SCOT to all the wall hung
condensing boilers it produces in its Swiss factory
-
SIEMENS has the SIETHERM PRO system, which is known to be
used to some extent by BRÖTJE
-
HONEYWELL has its own system (SQUARE) but so far it is not in use
-
WORGAS has the WTC system (but it is not evident in the market)
-
BERTELLI PARTNERS in Italy is reported to coming out with system,
but it is thought that this is not yet in use.
It is reported RUHRGAS originally hoped that all new boilers would be
equipped with the SCOT System. However in practice the uptake has
been low. The downside reportedly has been the R&D costs at the boiler
manufacturer level. It takes time to adjust the controls to suit each
individual model. It is understood that some trials were made on floor
standing boilers (BUDERUS?), but the use of this type of control is
reportedly more or less confined to wall hung condensing boilers. It would
probably require legislation to increase the uptake significantly.
Flue Sensors
Again the uptake is low. VAILANT has a flue sensor offered with its.
However, in general the feedback from the industry is not encouraging
about its use being extended further. BOSCH reportedly tried it but was
not happy with the performance. The total combustion goes wrong if the
system is not well adjusted. The need is to find a low cost solution. Work
is being done to de to develop a laser sensor for flue gasses to detect CO2
levels at <€50.
101
4.2
Air/Gas Ratio Controls
BRGC’s advice from the industry is that air/gas ratio controls merely mix to
a pre adjusted setting, and therefore would not help with handling variable
gas qualities Wall hung boilers mostly have a ratio of 1 (in other words
stoichiometric) equal quantity of air and gas (over stoichiometric means
more air than gas). SIT has a product with 2 diaphragms which is
commonly used, but it is not a combustion optimization product. It is still
necessary to know the gas quality.
There appear to be two types:
-
pneumatic, which are the basic modulating controls fitted to most
combis and some heating only boilers, produced mainly by SIT and
HONEYWELL
-
electronic.
In addition, it is reported that there are still GAD compliant boilers in use
that do not have air/gas control but have simple controls consisting of an
appliance governor or throttle.
Pressure Controls
The modulating controls supplied by companies such as SIT and
HONEYWELL have pressure controls fitted as standard. BRGC was
informed that there is a particular issue related to the market in France,
where variable pressure controls are not permitted and the controls must
be set at maximum.
4.226
NEWER TECHNOLOGIES
4.2261
Micro CHP
To date the only micro-CHP appliance available on a commercial scale is
the BAXI/SENERTEC DACHS range (internal combustion) which is
intended for non-domestic use (see Section 9.1), even though it might fall
into the “domestic” category according to the EN standards. As of 2009
about 13,000 appliances are in place, with Germany as easily the largest
market. VAILLANT has a similar product (ECOPOWER).
A number of domestic models are expected to be launched from 2009
(see Fig. 4.2261-1), but these launches have repeatedly been put back
reflecting a difficulty in getting these products ready for market. It is
anticipated that the UK and the Netherlands will take the lead in
encouraging the uptake of these products.
102
4.2
DG TREN is in the process of incorporating micro CHP appliances into the
EUP Eco-Design process (Lot 1), and the assessment appears to be
reasonably favorable.
4.2262
GAS HEAT PUMPS
The only product known to be on the market is the ROBUR commercial
model. BRGC understands that by the end of 2008 some 4,000
appliances had been installed. Italy is easily the largest market, followed
by Germany. These are basically light commercial gas absorbtion
products for heating and cooling. ROBUR is understood to have received
funding from GDF to develop a smaller domestic model (BUDERUS is also
a partner), but the launch is probably 4 years away. There is also an EON
consortium of which VAILLANT, BTT and VIESSMANN are members.
103
4.2
Fig. 4.2261-1 MICRO CHP APPLIANCES IN DEVELOPMENT 2009
Company
Model
Partners
Technology
Output
Expected
Launch
Moving from "Alpha" to
"Beta" phase
BRITISH GAS
Fuel Cell
CERAMIC FUEL
CELLS
GENNEX/BLUE GEN
E.On (UK),
EWE/BRUN (D),
GDF SUEZ/DE
DIETRICH (F)
Fuel Cell
2kWe
2009
BAXI
ECOGEN
BRITISH GAS
Stirling
1.1kWe/24kW
thermal
2009
DISENCO
HOMEPOWERPLANT
mCHP
Stirling
3kWe/18kW thermal
2009
ENERGETIX GENLEC
GENELEC
DAALDEROP (NL),
E.On (UK), STIEBEL
ELTRON (D)
Rankine Cycle
Up to 3kWe
E.On
Stirling
1kWe, 7kWh
MONDRAGON &
MERIDIAN ENERGY
Stirling
CERES POWER
WORCESTER BOSCH
WHISPERGEN
WHISPERGEN
BROAG-REMEHA
REMEHA CHP
VAILLANT
VIESSMANN
ARISTON/ELCO
Stirling
Based on
MICROGEN
Based on
MICROGEN
Stirling MEC
engine
Stirling MEC
engine
INFINIA (USA)
Stirling
2011
2009 (?)
2009
1kWe, 18kWh
2010
104
4.3
4.3
FUTURE TRENDS
4.31
DRIVERS
FUTURE TRENDS
Forecasting future trends in the domestic gas boiler market involves taking
into account a complex mix of drivers. BRGC has developed an approach
that attempts to take into account these different variables, broadly
speaking along the following lines:
Fig. 4.31 KEY DRIVERS INFLUENCING BOILER TRENDS
Type
Driver
of Specific Driver
Underlying
trend drivers
Substitution
Saturation
Scope for additional first time installation.
Effective saturation occurs at lower level of
central heating penetration in warmer
climates
Gasification
Where gasification is still developing there
is scope for growth scope for growth, but
consumer attitudes will affect actual uptake.
Replacement
patterns
Replacement rates (linked to appliance life
cycle) will influence uptake of newer
technologies in the existing dwelling stock
Product mix
Substitution from within the domestic gas
boiler market; e.g. condensing from noncondensing, Type C flues from Type B
flues.
System /fuel type
substitution
Substitution from outside the individual gas
boiler market; e.g. competition from
collective heating, district heating, different
fuel types, heat pumps etc.
Macro-economic
Cyclical
drivers
Housing construction
Other (incl. weather,
energy prices)
Political
Events
Comments
Macro-economic
Legislation/incentives
Cyclical drivers are in principle short term
and reversible.
The current economic
downturn is an example. It is not always
easy to distinguish cyclical trends from
underlying trends. Cyclical factors can for
example delay underlying trends.
Legislation and incentives are easily the
most important of these “artificial” drivers.
Their impact can be to bring forward
technological substitution.
GASQUAL
could in itself, like EUP, become an “event”
105
4.3
4.32
TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS
4.3211
Technological Trends (Product Substitution)
FUTURE TRENDS
4.32111 Boilers
Within the domestic boiler sector itself, the most important “product
substitution” trends are likely to be:
-
a continuing shift in favour of condensing boilers. Apart from the
countries where there is already a strong momentum in this direction
(UK, Denmark, Germany, Austria, Belgium), the EUP Eco-Design
process (although its final requirements are still in doubt) is expected to
act as a catalyst in the countries that have shown more reluctance
(France, Italy, Spain) and also in eastern Europe where economic
considerations have so far been the main constraint
-
the shift towards condensing will obviously help to prolong the long
term shift from open flues (Type B) towards room sealed (Type C)
-
there is also a strong shift away from floor standing boilers towards wall
hung, and much of the R&D work is now being focused on wall hung
rather than the dying floor standing sector. In general terms, much of
this R&D effort is being directed towards improving the performance
and energy efficiency of existing boilers while keeping the cost of doing
so to a minimum. Such efforts reportedly include:
•
further refining the adjustments made to boilers pre-shipping to
accommodate the gas qualities in the country of end use
•
searching for modulation through a range wider than 100% to 40%.
With the demise of the UK open vented cast iron boiler, continuous
modulation itself is now more or less standard
•
searching for effective combustion controls/flue gas sensors that
might facilitate the use of more variable gas qualities without a
prohibitive hike in costs (the search was mentioned for a laser
sensor for flue gasses to detect CO2 levels costing <€50 a piece).
As things stand there is little expectation of any significant increase
in the fitting of either the Scot/SiethermPro type controls or of
sensors without either targeted incentives or coercive legislation.
106
4.3
FUTURE TRENDS
4.32112 Micro CHP
Although (apart from the light commercial internal combustion models from
BAXI/SENERTEC and VAILLANT) it has taken far longer than most
players had anticipated to bring domestic micro CHP to market on a
commercial scale, there is so much activity at the moment (see Section
4.2231) that it is impossible to reach any other conclusion than that the
GASQUAL project will need to take into account each of the main
technologies that are being developed, i.e.:
-
internal combustion engines
-
Stirling engines
-
Rankine Cycle
-
fuel cells
however difficult it is to predict what the uptake will be. The Sterling
Engine and Rankine Cycle technologies have emerged reasonably
favourably has a result of their being added to the EUP Eco Design
proposals (it is understood that fuel cells have not been taken into
consideration).
4.32113 Gas Heat Pumps
Gas heat absorption heat pump technology as emerged mainly from the
air conditioning sector, but in spite of positive expectations no domestic
sized product has yet come to market. The small ROBUR product is said
to be some 4 years away from launch. Thus for the moment this can only
be earmarked as a product to watch out for (unless it is decided that the
existing ROBUR appliance should be classified as domestic rather than
commercial).
4.3212
System/Fuel Type Substitution
Assuming that micro CHP and gas heat pumps are considered as a type
of gas boiler, BRGC sees the main substitution issues from outside the
gas boiler are:
-
positive for H gas boilers:
•
continued trend away from LPG and oil in favour of natural gas
•
continued trend towards wall hung which is overwhelmingly natural
gas (apart from a small share of LPG and of electric boilers)
107
4.3
•
-
in France, any reversal of the recent trend in favour of dry electric in
new build (now standing at record levels). This could happen as
France’s nuclear capacity starts to approach the end of its life cycle,
and also as a result of the generally negative implication of the EUP
on electric heating (especially water heater which forms part of ant
“toute électique” system). On the other hand the wish to avoid the
cost of installing individual condensing boilers in new build could
favour alternatives including electric, collective or district heating
neutral for H as boilers:
•
-
FUTURE TRENDS
BRGC does not expect any significant threat to gas boilers from
domestic biomass boilers. Where there is substitution, it is more
likely to be from oil to biomass, but BRGC believes that there is in
any case that the prospect of further biomass boiler growth is very
limited
negative for H gas boilers:
•
a much greater threat comes from electric heat pumps, whether
geothermal, air-to-water or air-to-air (reversible air conditioning)
with the biggest immediate threat coming for high temperature airto-water heat pumps, which are subject to intense market activity at
present
•
linked to the EPBD requirements there is some indication of a
possible swing back to:
•• collective heating in new build (easier to combine with solar
thermal in multi-family buildings)
•• local CHP district heating (but in some of the new Member
States, including Romania and The Czech Republic there has
been pressure from home occupiers to switch from district
heating to gas central heating, which has generally been
discouraged by the authorities)
•
4.3213
any move towards “passive” or “carbon neutral” new housing.
Underlying Trend Drivers
4.32131 Replacement Rates
The rate of replacement does not in itself (if like-for-like) impact on the
overall size of the domestic gas boiler park, but it will affect the pace of
product substitution (e.g. non-condensing to condensing) or system
substitution. Perhaps most importantly for the GASQUAL project, the
replacement rate will influence the pace at which pre-GAD appliances are
replaced with new appliances.
108
4.3
FUTURE TRENDS
4.32132 First Time Installation/Saturation
The scope for increasing the size of the domestic gas boiler park depends
to a large extent on the level of equipment of central heating (whether gas
or other, and whether autonomous or collective/district) that already exists.
Any continuing first time installation of individual gas boilers will have a
positive impact on the total park, even if the level of first time installation is
falling (which is the case in most countries). The anticipated realistic
saturation level for central heating ownership will vary between countries
and regions, depending mainly on the climate
4.32133 Gasification
Gasification has obviously been the most powerful driver of the gas boilers
market in past years, but the pace of gasification has inevitably slowed as
saturation approaches. In some countries (Southern Italy, Southern
Spain, Portugal, Greece) gasification is taking place largely in areas where
for climatic reasons central heating is not a priority. In eastern Europe,
much of the gasification has taken place in urban arrears already equipped
with district heating. There remain scope for growth in Bulgaria, but
progress is slow in the current economic climate.
Gasification is
proceeding in Ireland and Northern Ireland within the UK. There is no sign
of any significant extension of the very small gas networks in Sweden or
Finland.
109
4.3
4.3214
FUTURE TRENDS
Events
Legislation and incentives are key factors influencing the market. In
addition to the many measure that are already in place, the two most
important events over the next few years are likely to be:
-
legislation linked to the EPBD, which will vary by Member State. In
some countries (e.g. Italy and Spain) this may encourage a swing back
to collective and district heating in new apartment building. A recast of
the EPBD to extend it to smaller individual existing dwellings is under
way. This is likely to encourage the replacement of pre-GAD boilers,
and should in theory favour the more efficient gas boilers
-
the implementation of the EUP Eco-Design (Lot 1) proposals. These
are almost certain to accelerate the shift towards condensing
technology, but could also stimulate the uptake of micro CHP and heat
pumps.
The impact of the above trends will probably be reinforced by the
individual National Energy Efficiency Action Plans, and National
Renewable Energy Action Plans (required respectively by the “Energy
Services” Directive 2006/32/EC and the “Renewable Energies” Directive
2009/28/EC) to be published or updated over the coming years.
4.3215
Cyclical Drivers
It is sometimes difficult to make a distinction between the impact of cyclical
drivers and the impact of underlying drivers. There is no doubt that in
recent years the cyclical drivers have depressed the market (in terms of
annual sales) in most countries. Replacement rates have fallen in favour
of repairs, and new housing construction has fallen. This will not
necessarily reducing the size of the park in a measurable way, but it will
cause the park to age. In Spain, where so much of the growth in the park
has been linked to new build, the recession has undoubtedly held back the
growth of the park.
While levels of new housing construction can be considered as a cyclical
driver when forecasting boiler sales levels, in general any continued
installation of autonomous gas boilers in new dwellings will generate an
absolute increase in the park, since new construction normally outweighs
demolitions. Changes in the share of individual gas systems within new
build (see Section 4.3212 above) can be considered more as an
underlying driver.
110
4.3
4.34
FUTURE TRENDS
Expected Future Trends
Figs. 4.341-1 & 2 summarize BRGC’s view of the most likely future trends
in the domestic gas boiler park.
111
4.3
FUTURE TRENDS
Fig. 4.34-1 PARK OF DOMESTIC GAS BOILERS 2007 ('000 boilers/dwellings)
Country
Gas Wall Hung
Condensing
Pre
1993Total
1993
2007
Gas Wall Hung NonCond.
Pre
1993Total
1993
2007
Gas Floor Stand. Non
Cond
Pre
1993Total
1993
2007
Gas Floor Stand. Cond
Pre
1993
19932007
Total
JB gas
Pre
1993
19932007
Total
Total
Pre
1993
19932007
Total
Austria
6
237
243
13
305
317
46
70
116
1
20
21
3
1
4
68
633
701
Belgium
0
275
275
106
834
940
151
444
595
0
7
7
29
24
53
287
1 583
1 870
Czech
Republic
0
66
66
0
898
898
102
476
578
0
11
11
6
9
15
107
1 460
1 568
Denmark
0
143
143
41
126
166
8
9
17
0
2
2
0
1
2
49
280
329
France
2
404
406
293
5 956
6 248
907
1 028
1 935
0
35
35
99
277
376
1 300
7 700
9 000
27
2 097
2 123
233
2 666
2 899
901
1 348
2 249
6
76
82
495
291
787
1 662
6 479
8 140
Greece
0
3
3
0
93
93
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
18
19
0
115
115
Hungary
0
25
25
0
970
970
133
363
497
0
2
2
1
0
1
134
1 361
1 495
Ireland
0
32
32
7
540
548
11
22
33
0
0
0
0
0
0
18
594
613
Italy
0
668
668
0
10 418
10 418
628
993
1 621
0
49
49
221
140
361
849
12 268
13 116
Poland
0
103
103
0
1 030
1 030
18
198
216
0
7
7
47
63
110
65
1 401
1 466
Portugal
0
1
1
0
182
182
0
11
12
0
0
0
1
3
4
2
197
198
Romania
0
31
31
16
1 403
1 419
3
56
59
0
1
1
18
28
46
37
1 519
1 556
Slovak
Republic
0
46
46
0
238
238
7
338
345
0
4
4
0
0
0
7
626
633
Spain
0
15
15
0
4 229
4 229
2
75
77
0
0
0
8
12
20
10
4 332
4 342
United
Kingdom
18
5 206
5 224
53
11 488
11 541
2 909
1 677
4 586
0
82
82
0
1
1
2 980
18 454
21 434
TOTAL
52
9 351
9 404
761
41 375
42 136
5 827
7 110
12 937
7
297
304
928
869
1 797
7 575
59 003
66 577
Germany
112
4.3
FUTURE TRENDS
Fig. 4.34-2 TOTAL PARK OF DOMESTIC H-GAS BOILERS 2007 AND FORECAST FUTURE TRENDS ('000 boilers/dwellings)
Total Central Heating Park
Country
Domestic H-Gas Boilers
Pre
1993Total
1993
2007
Other
Central
Heating (1)
Total Dwellings
No
central
heating
'000
%
w/o
CH
% on
Gas
Austria
68
633
701
2 737
749
4 187
17.9%
33.3%
Belgium
287
1 583
1 870
1 851
1 182
4 903
24.1%
72.9%
Czech Republic
107
1 460
1 568
1 931
591
4 090
14.4%
63.6%
49
280
329
1 978
403
2 710
14.9%
65.0%
France
1 300
7 700
9 000
19 187
3 268
31 455
10.4%
35.0%
Germany
1 662
6 479
8 140
27 177
3 434
38 751
8.9%
45.4%
0
115
115
2 663
2 841
5 619
50.6%
0.6%
134
1 361
1 495
754
1 923
4 172
46.1%
85.0%
18
594
613
611
145
1 369
10.6%
42.0%
849
12 268
13 116
8 500
7 013
27 012
26.0%
71.6%
65
1 401
1 466
8 604
2 930
13 000
22.5%
54.6%
Denmark
Greece
Hungary
Ireland
Italy
Poland
Portugal
2
197
198
79
4 994
5 271
94.7%
14.1%
Romania
37
1 519
1 556
1 831
4 873
8 260
59.0%
35.0%
7
626
633
2 379
786
3 798
20.7%
38.6%
10
4 332
4 342
6 394
13 199
23 935
55.1%
25.6%
United Kingdom
2 980
18 454
21 434
3 462
716
25 612
2.8%
89.0%
TOTAL
7 575
59 003
66 577
90 137
49 047
203 168
23.8%
48.0%
Slovak Republic
Spain
Condensing set to grow, but total gas boiler park may fall. Much of non equipped park out of reach of gas. Growing competition from district heating, biomass
and possibly heat pumps.
Rapid growth in condensing likely to continue, but pace of growth depends on continued incentivisation. Modest park growth should come from extension of
gas (first time installation) and new build. No expected competition from district heating. Heat pump uptake still low.
Prospect of modest but slowing growth in gas boiler park from first time installations and new build. However gasification is slowing. District heating (35% of
dwellings) not expanding and there are some defections in favour of gas. Already some impetus behind growth in condensing share and this should accelerate if
EUP proposals implemented.
Although some 65% of dwellings are connected to gas, only some 12% used individual gas boilers, while 61% are on district heating. There is little prospect of
significant growth in the park of gas boilers, especially given the emergence of demand for air-to-air heat pumps. The park will however shift rapidly towards
condensing boilers, since the sale of non-condensing is no longer permitted
Gas boilers in France have long faced intense competition from dry electric systems based on France's large nuclear power capacity. Currently the park of gas
boilers is scarcely growing as the share of dry electric in new build is running at record levels (<70%). There was a brief enthusi asm for solid fuel, but the growth
of heat pumps looks more serious, especially in new build and as replacements for the rapidly declining floor standing boilers. France has been slow to
encourage condensing boilers, but condensing should now gain share at an accelerating pace. It would take a significant swing away from electric to enable the
gas boiler park to grow, but is not impossible if the EUP programme threatens electric water heaters and as the current nuclear capacity approaches the end of
its life cycle. However it could be that district heating rather than gas will be the beneficiary.
Germany has traditionally favoured collective rather than autonomous heating for apartments. In 1 & 2 family houses there is a relatively large share of
basement sited floor standing boilers. There could be some growth in the park of individual gas boilers as wall hung gas displaces floor standing oil, but there is
competition from heat pumps and (sporadically) from biomass. The district heating network (especially important in the NBL) has not grown much since
unification, but there could be an ESCO led upswing in local CHP. Condensing boilers (especially wall hung) will gain share rapidly in the park.
While there is plenty of scope for the gas boiler park to increase along with gasification, this is currently happening at only a modest pace, mainly in
Thessalonica. The Athens market has yet to gather momentum. It will probably take strong legislation and/or incentives to achieve more than a marginal share
for condensing, but this may come with the EUP implementation.
On the face of it Hungary is far from being a mature heating market. Central heating penetration, as defined by BRGC, is only around 55%, although this does
not include the dwellings (c. 25%) using the gas radiators that are a particular feature of the Hungary. Currently about 16% of dwellings are on district heating
(mainly in Budapest), 4% are on collective heating, 35% are on autonomous central heating (compared with 22% in 1990) 25% are on gas radiators and 20% are
on other forms of room heating. With the gasification programme approaching saturation and much of the switch from solid fuel to gas having taken place,
growth in the gas boiler park would need to come from displacing wall convectors. The growth in condensing should accelerate.
The park has grown very rapidly since the mid 1990's, helped by gasification and a booming economy. Saturation is now approaching, but there is still scope
for gas to displace peat boilers. The condensing share should grow with the new Part L, especially at the expense of open vented cast iron.
Central heating penetration is approaching 75% (compared with some 60% in 1990), which may be close to saturation given the warm climate in the South and
Isles. The biggest underlying drivers have been the gasification process, and (in addition to first time installations) the accompanying wave of conversions from
collective to autonomous (mainly wall hung combis) heating. All these drivers are now well past their peak. Some 90% of dwellings are in gas supply areas and
over 70% are connected. Any park growth from new build and first time installation could be offset by a swing back to collective and district heating. After a slow
start condensing is now growing, and this should accelerate in anticipation of the EUP measures.
Poland still has a considerable park of dwellings with no central heating (estimated at some 25% of dwellings), mostly in rural areas, which is being equipped at
a rather slow pace (1-2% per year). However, given the continuing improvements of standards of living in the country it is considered that this trend should
continue to provide a moderate but steady underlying growth for the years to come. Poland has a relatively low share of natural gas within its energy mix, due to
great reliance on coal. Gasification is still under way, although at a rather slow pace, and it is not expected to have any dramatic impact on the number of
connections for domestic heating in the forecasting period.
In spite of the relatively recent gasification, especially in Lisbon and Porto, the uptake of central heating has been slow and confined mainly to new build. The
park should grow, but slowly and from a low base.
The boiler market developed largely because of dissatisfaction with the old district heating networks. Between 2001 and 2004 a total of 776,360 disconnections
from the district heating were made, causing the proportion of the dwelling stock on district heating to fall from 31% to 23%. Although the authorities acted to
stem the flow of disconnections from 2005, there is still scope for further growth from disconnections and gasification.
During the 1990s the Slovak market was characterised by a shift away from solid fuel and towards gas (initially floor standing, then mostly wall hung). The
trend is now partly reversing, with solid fuel having gradually regained a substantial share since 1998. Within the gas segment, floor standing models are
declining rapidly, and condensing is growing at a rather fast pace. District heating supplies some 40% of all dwellings. There have been some disconnections
from the network, with people preferring the independence of individual gas systems. However it appears that this trend is now slowing down. Similarly, there has
been a trend away from collective systems, but this seems to be now reversing, especially in smaller buildings.
The proportion of dwellings with central heating increased from around 19% in 1990 to nearly 50% by 2007. The gasification process revealed a preference for
autonomous heating over collective, although there was not the same type of massive programme of conversions that occurred in Italy. Thus the main under lying
drivers over this period have been the increasing uptake of central heating in Spain's very large new housing sector, and first time installations linked to the
gasification process. The park still has scope to grow further, but this is likely to be at a slower pace as saturation approaches and as new build levels fall. The
EPBD could cause a swing back to collective. It will take legislation to generate a substantial condensing boiler market.
The UK gas boiler park is virtually saturated, with scope for growth coming mainly from the gasification of Northern Ireland. The share of condensing in the
park has been increasing rapidly since the Part L revisions of 2005. The share of cast iron boilers is declining, but the rate is constrained by the long life of these
products. The UK s a country to watch for micro CHP
113
4.3
FUTURE TRENDS
114
5.1
QUANTIFYING THE EU DOMESTIC GAS WATER HEATERS PARK BY
COUNTRY
5.
DOMESTIC GAS WATER HEATERS
5.1
QUANTIFYING THE EU DOMESTIC GAS WATER HEATERS PARK BY COUNTRY
5.11
PRODUCT DEFINITIONS
The products covered here are gas dedicated water heaters. This means
that their sole function is to provide sanitary hot water. Boilers that both
run the central heating and provide sanitary hot water (whether directly or
indirectly) are covered in Section 4 above.
There are two relevant categories of domestic gas water heaters:
-
instantaneous gas water heaters (conforming to EN 26) that do not
store hot water but which provide it instantaneously on demand. These
water heaters are generally sub-segmented by water flow rate:
•
5 to <10 litres per minute
•
10 to <13 litres per minute
•
13+ litres per minute.
Typically water heaters in the first of these categories are used as
single point water heaters (i.e. just the kitchen or just the bathroom)
and as such can usually be considered as secondary water heaters (i.e
they have a supplementary role and or not the main source of hot
water for the house). On the other hand water heaters providing 10 or
more litres per minute are most often multi-point water heaters and
therefore represent the primary source of sanitary hot water for the
dwelling. However it is believed that within the large park of
instantaneous gas water heaters in Spain and Portugal, it is thought
that a 5 to <10 litres per minute water heater may in many cases be the
sole form of water heating for the dwelling.
In the UK there is a small market for instantaneous gas water heaters
specifically for caravans and boats (PALOMA brand imported by
MORCO from FAGOR).
There are no condensing models. The main product development in
what is now largely a replacement market has been from pilot to
electronic ignition as well as movement towards water initiated
modulation.
115
5.1
COUNTRY
Fig. 5.12-1 1993-2007* TOTAL PARK OF WATER HEATERS IN 16 EU COUNTRIES DIVIDED BY
AGE OF APPLIANCE AND EN STANDARD
TOTAL PARK '93-07
LEVEL 2- EN
Standard
TOTAL Park
'93-07
TOTAL % Share
'93-07
6 842
20 648
87%
1 089
925
3 046
13%
7 870
7 767
23 693
100%
19931997
19982002
20032007
EN26Instantaneous
7 024
6 782
EN89- Storage
1 032
TOTAL
8 056
Fig. 5.12-2 1993-2007* TOTAL PARK OF WATER HEATERS IN 16 EU COUNTRIES PER
COUNTRY
Country
Spain
1993-1997
1998-2002
2003-2007
2 219
2 284
2 418
Italy
938
1 026
1 199
Portugal
804
1 035
826
France
1 106
886
793
Poland
655
697
735
Belgium
378
412
495
1 083
559
333
Hungary
206
300
320
United Kingdom
397
308
245
Czech Republic
120
163
135
Romania
34
53
127
Slovak Republic
27
77
81
Austria
75
54
39
Ireland
8
11
11
Greece
3
4
7
Denmark
2
2
3
8 056
7 870
7 767
Germany
Total
116
5.1
COUNTRY
It should be stressed that in several countries, but above all in the very
large markets in Spain and Portugal, a substantial proportion of the
park of instantaneous gas water heaters were sold for use with LPG.
BRGC has attempted to exclude these from the numbers, but it is
known that some (notably in Spain) will have been converted from LPG
to natural gas when the gas network was developed
-
gas storage water heaters (EN 89) which is a much smaller market,
with most sales having been concentrated in Germany, Italy, and
France. It is generally considered that models up to 80 litres capacity
are for domestic use (mainly primary/multi-point) while those >80 litres
are commercial (to a large extent in small commercial premises).
However, EN89 sets the threshold at 70 kW which is equal and above
220 litres, and this has been used in the BRGC analysis.
A small market for condensing models (almost entirely in >70 kW
models) has emerged in recent years, probably based on imports from
the USA.
5.12
QUANTIFYING THE PARK OF GAS W ATER HEATERS
Figs. 5.12-1 and 5.12-2 set out BRGC’s estimates of the park of domestic
gas water heaters in total and by country. Please note that estimates of
the water heater park by type per country can be found in Appendix B of
this report. The water heater market is less complex than the boiler
market, with fewer significant manufacturers (Figs. 5.12-3 and 5.12-4):
-
the instantaneous gas water heater industry has a large overlap with
the wall hung boiler industry, but with fewer players. It is dominated by:
•
the two German “Thermen” manufacturers, both of whom have
located their production the Iberian Peninsular (BOSCH to its
VULCANO plant in Portugal and VAILLANT to a joint venture with
FAGOR in Spain). There was an eastern German producer,
DESSAUER GASGERÄTE, that expanded rapidly during the post
unification boom, but then folded. Some of its appliances are
probably still in use in the NBL, but they can probably be
considered as pre-GAD
•
the three main French wall hung boiler manufacturers SAUNIER
DUVAL (VAILLANT), CHAFFOTOEAUX (ARISTON) and ELM
LEBLANC (BOSCH)
•
the Spanish FAGOR and COINTRA (FERROLI)
•
the Italian SYLBER (RIELLO)
•
BAXI in the small UK market.
117
5.1
COUNTRY
Fig. 5.13 INSTANTANEOUS GAS WATER HEATER MARKET SHARES IN 1993-2007
PARK ACROSS SELECTED 16 EU COUNTRIES
HOLDING
BOSCH
VAILLANT GROUP
GAD Appliance
market shares
JUNKERS
38%
ELM LEBLANC
3%
VAILLANT
12%
SAUNIER DUVAL
6%
MCC
FAGOR
FERROLI
COINTRA
7%
ARISTON THERMO GROUP
CHAFFOTEAUX
4%
TERMET
TERMET
4%
SYLBER
2%
BERETTA
1%
RIELLO
12%
Others
10%
Fig. 5.14 STORAGE GAS WATER HEATER MARKET SHARES IN 1993-2007 PARK
ACROSS SELECTED 16 EU COUNTRIES
HOLDING
ARISTON THERMO GROUP
GAD Appliance
market shares
ARISTON
OTHER ATG BRANDS
23%
6%
VAILLANT GROUP
VAILLANT
12%
WIKORA
WIKORA
6%
QUANTUM
QUANTUM
5%
Others
27%
118
5.1
COUNTRY
Although water heater park has less variables to work on, the data
available is more scarce as well. In particular there is little information on
share of LPG in total sales of water heaters and BRG based its estimates,
where available, on BRG internal reports. Later some of key industry
manufacturers, such as RIELLO, were contacted to understand better the
share of LPG in total sales of gas dedicated water heater and ultimately
park of H-gas using products. For water heaters the situation is even more
complex as in southern Europe (in particular Spain and Portugal and to a
lesser extent Italy), where dedicated water heaters are most popular, once
gas arrived some of LPG water heaters have been adapted to use H-gas
(changing the gas injector), while some have been substituted by combi
boilers. Quantifying these processes is almost impossible and there are
no official statistics to support such quantifications. Therefore the accuracy
of H-gas water heater park is lower than this of boilers and BRG estimates
it to be within + 10% / - 10%.
119
5.1
5.121
COUNTRY
Flue Types
Traditionally the great majority of flues for instantaneous gas water heaters
have Type B. However fanned flues (Type C) were progressively
introduced during the 1990’s. The situation seems to differ across
countries, for instance in Italy approximately 30%-40% of water heaters
are type C, while in UK over last years Type C has been predominant,
following the Part L revisions. Late information suggests that there is a
close correlation between flue types and modulation, with the great
majority of water activate models having Type B flues, and almost all
electronically modulating models having Type C flues. It is known that
some water heaters have been installed without flues (especially in Spain).
5.122
Burners
Here the situation is clear cut:
5.123
-
all instantaneous gas water heaters use Bunsen type burners (bladed
construction e.g. POLIDORO NP). No evidence has been found of
special low NOx models or of the use of premix burners
-
gas storage water heaters use round Bunsen type burners.
Modulation
The standard method of modulating in instantaneous gas water heaters is
the water activated method. Full electronic modulation was introduced for
premium models in the mid 1990’s (VAILLANT and JUNKERS), but this
still only accounts for a minority of sales. It is difficult to quantify precisely
BRGC is assuming around 10% of the park and 25% of current sales
(maximum) been electronically modulating.
5.124
Combustion Controls
No special combustion controls are used.
120
5.2
5.2
TRENDS
TRENDS
Dedicated gas water heaters have increasingly become a replacement
market as first time installation increasingly favours water heating linked to
the boiler (whether combis or indirect water heating). In the replacement
market itself dedicated water heating itself has tended to lose through a
shift in favour of central heating. In warmer climates where there is less
demand from central heating, solar is likely to gain share. It is possible
that gas water heaters will benefit from the generally negative outcome of
the EUP Eco-Design process for electric storage water heaters, but
ecologists would prefer to see the benefits going to solar.
In general BRGC expects to see a steady decline in the park of dedicated
gas water heaters (Fig. 5.2).
Fig 5.2 1993-2007* TRENDS IN SALES OF DEDICATED WATER HEATERS
3000
2 310
2 165
2 211
257
284
2 068
1 985
249
228
1 819
1 757
1 869
2500
257
2000
207
1500
1000
2 053
1 907
1 928
1 662
500
0
1993
1997
2000
EN89 Gas Storage
2002
2004
2007
EN26 Gas Instantaneous
121
5.2
TRENDS
Fig. 6.1-1 GAS FIRED SPACE HEATERS: MAIN PRODUCTS FOUND ON THE MARKET
Category
Description
Radiant gas fires
This category correspond to the SBGI "Radiant' category, which
includes ceramic type open gas fires that are mainly radiant but some
of which also include some convection. They can be open or glass
fronted. VALOR models include FIRELITE OXYSAFE, ESQUIRE,
BRAVA, CHARM and BLACK BEAUTY RADIANT.
Decorative fuel effect
fires
Decorative fuel-effect gas fires are designed to simulate a solid fuel
open fire primarily for decorative purposes and intended to be installed
so that the products of combustion pass unrestricted from the firebed to
the flue. We assume that this corresponds to the SGBI "Decorative Gas
Fires". Includes VALOR models DGF WITH QUATTRO, , DGF WITH
MAJESTIC, ARC (open basket type) and SPANISH BASKET.
Picture
Flue
Standard
Independent space heaters
Radiant gas fires are the original gas fires that have been on
the market since approximately 1967. They are more
functional than decorative. Most now include some
convection as well, and can claim efficiencies (NCV) of 79%.
80-90% are sold to social housing including EAGA Decent
Homes, which may be phased out in 2012.
EN509
EN509
products
cannot
make claims for efficiency
levels.
AFNOR's listing
describes this category as
"fuel effect" but in the market
place "fuel effect" is used
more to describe the EN 613
gas fires (see below).
EN509 products came on to the market relatively late (late
1980's?), and they are seen primarily as decorative
products. The typical product is an open grate inset fire.
Efficiencies are generally low (<40%). They may be banned
as a result of the current EUP Eco-Design process. Still
high sales but losing to electric, solid fuel and more efficient
Live Fuel Effect fires.
Open, Balanced or
Fanned Flue
EN13278
and EN 613
(+ BS79771)
Covered by both EN 613 and
EN 13278 - but most of
VALOR's approvals would be
certified against BS79771:2002, which falls under the
G.A.D. as they are not
directly connected to a flue
connection, but are installed
into the builders opening.
These products are effectively the immediate successors of
the radiant gas fire, and were introduced when decorative
gas fires started to become popular.
They have
progressively become more efficient. These are also the
main type of decoarative gas fire export from the
Netherlands by, for example, FABER and DRU.
Flueless
EN14829
Separate
flueless.
Not sold by VALOR. 3 UK producers. Product marketed as
100% efficient (NCV). Market c. 20,000 pieces maximum a
year. B&Q an important distributor.
Balanced Flue
EN613
Independent space heaters
(with or without fan).
Ducted
EN778
Open flue
Open flue.
Live fuel effect fires are designed to look like a solid fuel fire, just like
decorative fires, but it includes a flue box which is, in combination with
the front fret and overall design, restricts the flow up the chimney .
These are significantly more efficient than a decorative ones.
Live fuel effect fires
Flueless gas fires
Convector wall
heaters
This correponds to SBGI "outset L.F.E", " inset L.F.E.", "Balanced
Flue", and "Fanned or Powered Flue". Includes VALOR models
ADORN, VISAGE, WESTMINSTER, DREAM, ULTIMATE, HERITAGE,
DECADENT, CAPRI, BLENHEIM, TRANQUILITY, ICON, ARTURA,
VISIA, LIBERTY, ENVY, OBSESSION, SEATTLE, HOMEFLAME
(EMINENCE, HARMONY and DREAM - all open flue) and BLACK
BEAUTY UNIGAS, ULTIMATE BALANCED FLUE, SEATTLE
BALANCED FLUE, DREAM BALANCED FLUE, DECADENT
BALANCED FLUE, DREAM FAN FLUE, BLACK BEAUTY SLIMLINE
and HEARTBEAT.
These products have no flue and evacuate the waste gasses (usually
treated by a catalytic converter) into the room. VALOR does not
produce them. The UK market leader is FOCAL POINT, which sells a
lot through B&Q (including EUPHORIA). Flueless not picked up by
SBGI?
A convector heater is a heater which operates by air convection
currents circulating through the body of the appliance, and across its
heating element. This heats up the air, causing it to increase in area.
Wall heaters emit both radiant and convected heat.
Appear to be mainly glass
fronted LFE designs.
Comments
EN 613 for
direct
flue
connections
. BS 7977-1
for closure
plate
installs.
EN
Code
for
In UK now sold largely to the EAGA Decent Homes contract,
which may be phased out in 2012. A variant is common n
the Hungarian market
Assume classified as "Wall Heaters" by SBGI.
Type C
Warm air heaters
The warm air heaters is a dry system. The air is warmed directly by the
gas as it passes through a simple heat exchanger, the air is then
circulated through ducts within the property.
Type B
Free Blowing
Most first time installations in 1960's/70's. There is still a
significant park in the UK (c.500,000 dwellings?). JOHNSON
& STARLEY still sell replacement appliances.
EN1319
122
6.1
6
GAS ROOM HEATERS AND DRY SYSTEM HEATING
6.1
PRODUCT DEFINITIONS
PRODUCT DEFINITIONS
In terms of EN classifications (see also Section 2.43), this section covers
the following:
-
EN 613: independent space heaters without fan but with directly
connected flue (in the UK many radiant and decorative gas fires are
installed in the builders opening which provides an open route for the
waste gasses without the need for a directly connect flue. These are
test under BS7977-1 which comes within the GAD, rather than under
EN 613)
-
EN 1266: independent space heaters with fan
-
EN 509: decorative fuel effect gas fires
-
EN 14438: gas fired insets for heating more than one room
-
EN 13278: open fronted independent space heaters
-
EN 14829: flueless space heaters
-
EN 778: forced convection air heaters <70kW
-
EN 1319: forced convection air heaters <70kW with fan assisted burner
-
EN 1196: condensing air heaters.
Fig. 6.1-1 illustrates some of the actual products found on the market.
6.2
MARKET DATA
6.21
MARKET SEGMENTS
In terms of markets, the most important segments are:
-
gas fires, for which demand within the EU is very much concentrated in
the UK (easily the largest market) and in the Netherlands (the latter is
of course not included in the GASQUAL project). There are some
exports (mainly from manufacturers in the Netherlands such as FABER
and DRU VERWARMING) to other EU Member States, but the scale is
small (perhaps 20,000 units a year, with 10-20% going to the UK). The
main product sub categories are:
123
6.2
MARKET DATA
•
radiant gas fires which are open flue and would normally fall within
EN 613. However, most of them are installed directly in the builders
opening, and do not require a directly connected flue. For this
reason they are tested under BS7977-1 rather than EN 613.
Radiant gas fires are specific to the UK, and were the original gas
fires that have been on the market since before WWII. They are
ceramic type open (still the largest category) or glass fronted gas
fires that are mainly radiant but some of which also include some
convection. Most now include some convection as well, and can
claim efficiencies (NCV) of 79%. In the UK 80-90% are now sold to
social housing including EAGA Decent Homes, which may be
phased out
•
live fuel effect fires (most which, if they are balanced or open flue,
are covered by EN 613, with fanned flue coming under EN 132278)
which are designed to look like a solid fuel fire, just like decorative
fires (see below), but which include a flue box which, in combination
with the front fret and overall design, restricts the flow up the
chimney. These are significantly more efficient than the decorative
ones.
There is a substantial market in the UK, where the SBGI
distinguishes between “inset” and “outset” (open flue) and “no
chimney” (balanced or fanned flue). However, most of the “inset”
and “outset” and outset models are installed directly in the builders
opening, and do not require a directly connected flue. For this
reason they are tested under BS7977-1 rather than EN 613.
Most of the gas fires exported to other Member States from the
Netherlands fall into this category. They are all tested under EN
613, and the vast majority are glass fronted with balanced flues. In
addition FABER has developed a hybrid product (long balanced
flue) which does not really fit into existing classifications for test
purposes. One notified body gave an appliance a 93% efficiency
rating not taking into account the specifics of this type of flue, while
another gave it 68% taking into account the longer flue.
These products are effectively the immediate successors of the
radiant gas fire, and were introduced during the late 1990’s when
decorative gas fires started to become popular. They have
progressively become more efficient. There are also Type B
models which tend to be older models that are often manufactured
locally. It seems that, whether with balanced flue or fanned flue,
these products are tested under EN 613 on the continent
124
6.2
-
MARKET DATA
•
decorative fuel effect gas fires (EN509) are designed to simulate a
solid fuel open fire primarily for decorative purposes and intended to
be installed so that the products of combustion pass unrestricted
from the firebed to the flue. This category is specific to the UK,
where a strong underlying growth seems to have peaked in 2003.
EN509 products came on to the market relatively late (late
1980's?), and they are seen primarily as decorative products. The
typical product is an open grate inset fire. Efficiencies are generally
low (45%-65%), and EN509 products are not allowed to publish
efficiency levels. Some believe they may be banned as a result of
the current EUP Eco-Design process. Sales in the UK are still high
but the product is losing ground to electric & solid fuel. These
products are hardly sold on the Continent. It is thought they may
use non-premix burners
•
flueless gas fires (EN14829). These products have no flue and
evacuate the waste gasses (treated by a catalytic converter) into
the room. VALOR does not produce them. The UK market leader is
FOCAL POINT, which sells a lot though B&Q (including
EUPHORIA). The product is offered as 100% efficient (NCV).
Concern was expressed during the research about the possibility of
varying gas qualities causing soot build up that in turn could affect
the operation of the catalytic converter, with potentially dangerous
consequences. The product was first sold in 1998, and the market
is quite small (possibly 20,000 pieces a year in the UK) but it is
thought to be growing
room heaters, which are covered by EN 613 (without fan) and EN 1266
(with fan). Within this category BRGC has identified:
•
convector wall heaters sold in the UK. A convector heater is a
heater which operates by air convection currents circulating through
the body of the appliance, and across its heating element. This
heats up the air, causing it to increase in area. VALOR has such a
product, which is now sold largely o the EAGA Decent Homes
contract, which may be phased out
125
6.2
MARKET DATA
•
there is also a range of balanced flue wall hung convector heaters
or gas radiators that a above all associated with the market in
Hungary. It is likely that many of those in use predate 1992, and
certainly the vast majority will predate Hungary’s accession to the
EU in 2004, and even the transition period before that. Apart from
indigenous production FABER in the Netherlands came out with a
range (GWH Series; balanced flue EN 613) originally with the
Hungarian market in mind, but now of the 40,000 to 50,000 a year
sold by FABER, most go to Russia where they are well able to cope
with the low gas pressures. BRGC estimates that in Hungary close
to 25% of dwellings (i.e. around 1 million dwellings) use this type of
heating, implying some 3.5 million convectors in use. Most have
been supplied by local producers FÉG and LAMPART, but it is not
possible to evaluate how many have been installed since Hungary
came under the auspices of the GAD
•
the German ORANIER is thought to be the leading EU producer of
“Gasheizautomaten” which are both wall hung and floor standing
convector type room heaters. Sales of these products have fallen
from about 150,000 pieces a year in the mid 1990’s to some 20,000
in 2008. Much of the demand comes from Germany, Austria and
Eastern Europe. ORANIER also produces a range of these
products for VAILLANT’s VGR range
•
in the Netherlands, DRU has a range of wall hung and floor
standing room heaters, but it is not clear to what extent these are
exported (they appear in the French and German catalogues but
not in the UK one)
•
ROBUR in Italy produces a range of gas space heaters (both noncondensing and condensing) but it is believed that these are mainly
for commercial use. They do however offer gas radiators for
domestic and commercial use.
126
6.2
-
6.22
MARKET DATA
in the UK there are still some 480,000 homes (40% private, 60%
public) which have ducted gas warm air. Although there has little first
time or new build installation for many years (the systems were
originally installed mainly in the 1960’ and 1970’s, there is a significant
replacement market, and some 230,000 systems have been installed
since 1993. The average product life is estimated to be 27 years in the
private sector and 17 years in the public sector. The products use
partial premix “Bunsen” type burners (tubular construction sourced
from Italy). The burners do not modulate (modulation refers to the fan,
not the burner). Originally there were balanced flue installations, but it
is thought that these are now rare in the park. Since 1992 the trend
has been from open to fanned flues, and current sales are roughly
evenly split between the two. Outputs range from 7.3 kW to 26.4 kW.
These appliances can also offer indirectly heated hot water (EN 483
indirect cylinder), and facilities for air filtration. The product has been
adapted to conform to the 2005 Part L revisions, but this did not involve
launching a condensing model. However, one is expected to appear
over the net few years (they are widely used in the USA). This will be
tested under an extension of EN 1319.
UK
The UK is so easily the largest and most complex market amongst the
countries covered for these products that it is worth considering the UK
separately from the rest of Europe. Various different sets of market data
have been submitted to BRGC during the research (including estimates
from GASTEC), not all of which are compatible. In BRGC’s view the most
reliable figures are those complied on annual sales over the period 19932008.
It is probably reasonable to assume that the cumulative sales
1993-2008 are close to the current park of appliances installed post GAD.
On this basis, the park estimates are given in Fig. 6.22-1.
127
6.2
MARKET DATA
Fig. 6.22-1 ESTIMATED UK PARK OF GAS FIRES, ROOM HEATERS AND GAS WARM AIR SYSTEMS INSTALLED 1993-2008
Appliance Type
EN Classification
Park 19932008 ('000
pieces)
Comments
Market decline expected to continue
due to loss of share to electric and
end of Decent Homes scheme in
2012.
Radiant Gas Fires
EN 613
2 270
Market in long term decline. GASTEC estimates
the total park at some 5.7 million (70% box
radiant and 30% glass fronted). This implies a
large remaining park of pre-1993 fires still in use.
Live Fuel Effect Gas Fires
EN 613 & 13278 +
BS7977-1
4 695
GASTEC estimates 3,250,000.
Open Flue Outset
EN 613+ BS7977-1
790
Steady decline in sales since 1993
Open Flue Inset
EN 613+ BS7977-1
3 250
Strong growth in sales which peaked in 2003.
Since then sales have fallen sharply.
No Chimney
EN 613 & 13278
655
Market fairly steady.
Decorative Gas Fires
EN 509
970
GASTEC shows 2.6 million (but includes some
EN 613?). Strong growth up to 2003 when sales
peaked.
Threatened by EUP?
Total Flued Gas Fires
EN 613, 13278 & 590
7 935
Flueless
EN 14829
120
Not included in SBGI. Market c. 20,000 pa.
GASTEC had 172,000 park in 2005
Market thought to be growing.
Wall Heaters
EN 613
485
GASTEC has 443,000 for balance flue
convectors in 2005. Steady decline in sales since
1993
Market likely to become residual after
end of Decent Homes scheme in
1012.
230
Total park c.450,000. Most systems installed for
the first time in 1960'/70's, but there is a
replacement market. Products adapted to 2005
Part L revisions. Condensing version in pipeline.
Continued decline in sales.
Gas Warm Air Systems
EN 778 & 1319
Market continues to decline in face of
competition from solid fuel and
electric
128
6.3
6.23
BURNERS
Continent
Given that the Netherlands are excluded from the study, the market for
domestic room heaters on Continental Europe is so small that it is not
possible to analyse it by country. To summarise:
6.3
-
about 20,000 live fuel effect EN 613 gas fires are exported a year from
the Netherlands, of which perhaps 15,000 go to continental EU
Member States. Germany and Belgium are the largest markets
-
in Germany, there is estimated to be a park of 836,000 gas fires and
room heaters (nearly all EN 613), roughly evenly split between open
and balanced flue
-
in Belgium there is a significant park of around 250,000 gas fires and
room heaters (EN 613)
-
there is still a significant usage of gas stoves in the new Member
States of eastern Europe, but most of these are pre-GAD
-
in Hungary, there is a long established usage of wall hung gas
convector balanced flue radiators. In total BRGC estimates that some
25% of dwellings are heated in this way. Assuming an average of 3.5
radiators per dwelling, this gives a park of some 3.5 million radiators.
This form of heating was already widely used during the communist
era, and given the fact that Hungary joined the EU only in 2001, most
of this park must be considered as pre GAD. However there will have
been replacement sales made since 2001.
BURNERS
As far as is known all products covered by this section of the report use
some type of partial premix Bunsen type burner. It was suggested that
some EN 509 products use secondary air only, but this was denied by the
UK market leader. Italy appears to be the major source of supply for the
UK industry, while FABER in the Netherlands has burners produced to
their own design by a UK manufacturer.
One feature of the market is the importance of the appearance of the
flame for the gas fires with a decorative function. It is believed that this
involves quite fine adjusting, and this aspect could be affected by
variations in gas quality.
In terms of sensitivity to changes in gas quality:
-
glass fronted fires run more risk of soot/carbon deposits.
already a major cause of call-outs
This is
129
6.4
-
SUPPLY
there may be safety risks if flueless products have their catalysts
clogged up.
In terms of other sensitivities to changes in gas quality:
6.4
-
glass fronted fires run more risk of soot/carbon deposits.
already a major cause of call-outs
This is
-
there may be safety risks if flueless products have their catalysts
clogged up.
SUPPLY
The production of gas fires and room heaters can be considered in three
groups:
-
the UK industry supplying the UK market which is easily the largest in
the EU, comprising:
•
VALOR (BAXI Group) which is probably the market leader with its
two brands VALOR and WONDERFIRE. VALOR does not
produce flueless models
•
FOCAL POINT is probably No.2 (and is leader in flueless).
•
ROBINSON WILLEY which also owns GRATEGLOW FIRES
•
BFM which owns FLAVEL, KINDER and VERINE.
•
others including:
•• JETMASTER
•• YEOMAN STOVES
•• LEGEND
•• MAGIGLOW
Plus DRU GASSAR and BURLEIGH in flueless
-
the Netherlands industry, which mainly supplies its home market (the
second largest after the UK, but excluded from the present study) but
which also exports perhaps 20,000 live fuel effect gas fires a year to
other EU fires (including the UK which may take 10-20% of these
exports. The two largest players are:
•
FABER INTERNATIONAL BV (GLEN DIMPLEX) which has
commercial subsidiaries in UK, Belgium and Germany, and partners
in Austria, Denmark, France, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Latvia
and Spain
130
6.4
•
-
SUPPLY
DRU VERWARMING B.V. which owns SPARTHERM in Germany
and DRU GASSAR in the UK
local manufacturers in the other Member States including:
•
ORANIER in Germany which sells room heaters (convector type)
mainly to Germany and Austria. ORANIER also supplies an own
label range to VAILLANT
•
local manufacturers in Belgium and in eastern Europe (possibly
mainly MORATOP for wall mounted and KARMA CESKY BROD for
floor standing in the Czech Republic) who are thought to be
supplying mainly open flue appliances. There are also producers of
gas radiators in Hungary, including FÉG and LAMPART.
JOHNSON & STARLEY now dominates the supply of domestic gas warm
air systems in the UK.
131
6.4
SUPPLY
132
6.4
SUPPLY
Fig. 7.121-1: ILLUSTRATIONS OF BURNERS USED FOR DOMESTIC COOKERS (HKI COMPILATION 2009)…/1
Burner Type
(group)
Burner Type
(subgroup)
Image
Defintion/Description
Produced
since (ca.)
Produced by
Used
in*
Load range
(of appliances)
(kW)
min. output
0,3 - 0,6
max. output
1,0 - 3,2
min. output
0,3 - 0,6
max. output
1,0 - 3,2
min. output
0,3 - 0,6
max. output
1,0 - 3,2
min. output
0,3 - 1,6
max. output
2,5 - 4,5
Sensitivity to
changing
Gasquality
atmospheric
burner
single ring burner,
primary air from
above the hotplate
hotplate burner,
gives different emission behaviour depending on
mounting conditions (flat or deep mounted) and the pan
support, no air adjustement
min. since
1990
B
atmospheric
burner
single ring burner,
primary air from
above the hotplate
hotplate burner,
min. since
2000
B
atmospheric
burner
single ring burner,
primary air from
above the hotplate
hotplate burner,
min. since
2005
B
atmospheric
burner
triple ring burner,
primary air from
above the hotplate
min. since
1990
B
atmospheric
burner
single ring burner,
primary air from
above the hotplate
hotplate burner,
hotplate burner,
min. since
1990
B
1,0 - 3,2
not clear
atmospheric
burner
single ring burner,
primary air from
above the hotplate
hotplate burner,
min. since
1990
B
0,5 - 3,2
not clear
atmospheric
burner
single ring burner,
primary air from
above the hotplate
min. since
1990
B
0,3-2,0
not clear
atmospheric
burner
single ring burner,
primary air from
above the hotplate
hotplate burner,
hotplate burner,
min. since
1990
B
0,2 - 1,0
not clear
atmospheric
burner
double ring burner,
primary air from
above the hotplate
hotplate burner,
min. since
1995
B
0,5 - 2,5
not clear,
more sensitive than
single ring burners
atmospheric
burner
double ring burner,
primary air from
above the hotplate
hotplate burner,
min. since
1995
B
0,7 - 3,5
not clear,
more sensitive than
single ring burners
atmospheric
burner
triple ring burner,
primary air from
above the hotplate
hotplate burner,
min. since
1995
B
1,5 - 4,0
not clear,
more sensitive than
single ring burners
atmospheric
burner
triple ring burner,
seperate supply of inner
ring, primary air from
above the hotplate
hotplate burner,
min. since
2000
B
0,2 - 5,0
not clear,
more sensitive than
single ring burners
not clear
not clear
not clear
not clear,
more sensitive than
single ring burners
B: Hotplate
133
7.1
7.
DOMESTIC GAS COOKERS
7.1
PRODUCT DEFINITIONS
7.11
COOKER TYPES
PRODUCT DEFINITIONS
To quantify the park, BRGC has been obliged to rely on the rather limited
park data that has been available via the industry. For the most part the
only segmentation available has been between free standing and built-in
appliances (but in the case of ovens this is a relevant segmentation for the
GASQUAL project).
In terms of combustion there are three different functions:
-
hobs
-
ovens
-
grills
although not all installations incorporate all three.
Statistically:
-
free standing cookers are treated as a single unit. The grill may be
separate from the oven (high level), or integrated into the oven. Some
cookers have two ovens
-
for built-in, the hob and oven are counted as two units (sometimes a
gas hob may be used with an electric oven, and a separate high level
grill would be treated as a third unit. However where the grill is built
into the oven, the oven+grill are treated as one unit.
134
7.1
PRODUCT DEFINITIONS
Fig. 7.121-1: ILLUSTRATIONS OF BURNERS USED FOR DOMESTIC COOKERS (HKI COMPILATION 2009)…/2
Used
in
Load range
(of appliances)
(kW)
Sensitivity to
changing
Gasquality
min. since
2005
B
?
not clear,
more sensitive
than single ring
burners
min. since
2000
B
?
min. since
1990
B
0,6 - 1,9
hotplate burner,
gives different emission behaviour depending
on mounting conditions (flat or deep mounted)
and the pan support, no air adjustement
min. since
1990
B
min. output
0,3 - 0,6
max. output
1,0 - 3,0
not clear
single ring burner,
primary air from above the
hotplate
hotplate burner,
1998
B
min. output
0,3 - 0,6
max. output
1,0 - 3,0
not clear
atmospheric
burner
triple ring burner,
seperate supply of inner ring,
primary air from above and
below the hotplate
hotplate burner,
1998
B
0,3 - 4,5
not clear,
more sensitive
than single ring
burners
atmospheric
burner
single ring burner,
primary air from below the
hotplate
atmospheric
burner
single ring burner,
hotplate
atmospheric
burner
double ring burner,
hotplate
atmospheric
burner
double ring burner,
hotplate
atmospheric
burner
double ring burner,
hotplate
Burner Type
(group)
Burner Type (subgroup)
atmospheric
burner
triple ring burner,
hotplate
atmospheric
burner
4 ring burner,
hotplate
atmospheric
burner
single ring fish burner,
hotplate
atmospheric
burner
single ring burner,
hotplate
atmospheric
burner
Image
Produced
since (ca.)
hotplate burner,
hotplate burner,
hotplate burner,
hotplate burner,
hotplate burner,
hotplate burner,
and the pan support, primary air adjustment
possible
hotplate burner,
possible
hotplate burner,
possible
Produced by
not clear,
more sensitive
than single ring
burners
not clear, more
sensitive than
normal single ring
burners in low rate
1999
Gaggenau
B
0,6 - 2,8
not clear
1999
Gaggenau
B
0,4 - 1,9
not clear
1993
Isphording
B
0,2 - 4,2
not clear,
more sensitive
than single ring
burners
1993
Isphording
B
0,16 - 3,6
not clear,
more sensitive
than single ring
burners
1993
Isphording
B
0,11 - 3,6
not clear,
more sensitive
than single ring
burners
135
7.1
atmospheric
burner
single ring burner,
hotplate
atmospheric
burner
single ring burner,
hotplate
atmospheric
burner
double ring burner,
hotplate
atmospheric
burner
double ring burner,
hotplate
atmospheric
burner
double ring burner,
hotplate
atmospheric
burner
double ring burner,
hotplate
atmospheric
burner
single ring burner,
hotplate
hotplate burner,
possible
hotplate burner,
hotplate burner,
possibe
hotplate burner,
possibe
hotplate burner,
possibe
hotplate burner,
possibe
hotplate burner,
atmospheric
burner
PRODUCT DEFINITIONS
min. since
1990
Isphording
B
0,6 - 2,8
not clear
2008
Isphording
B
min. output
0,25 - 0,5
max. output
1,0 - 3,0
not clear
1996
Gaggenau
B
0,25 - 6,0
not clear,
more sensitive
than single ring
burners
2007
BSHG
B
0,3 - 6,0
not clear,
more sensitive
than single ring
burners
2003
Gaggenau
B
0,165 - 4,0
not clear,
more sensitive
than single ring
burners
2003
Gaggenau
B
0,165 - 2,0
not clear,
more sensitive
than single ring
burners
min. since
1990
ATAG/NL
B
min. output
0,25 - 0,5
max. output
1,0 - 3,0
not clear
s.r.Monte
Morenze
23804 Lecco
Italy
E
CastFutura
A
2,4 kW
not clear
radiant grill burner,
located in oven
Oven Burner
not clear
atmospheric
burner
single ring burner, orimary air
from below the hotplate
hotplate burner, no air adjustement
1994
Palux AG
B
0,8 bis 3,5
very low
atmospheric
burner
double ring burner, primary air
from below the hotplate
hotplate burner, no air adjustement
1994
Palux AG
B
1,2 bis 7
very low
atmospheric
burner
standard version, round form
radiant grill burner, located in oven
2007
Palux AG
E
5.2
very low
A Oven
B Hotplate
C Open burner
D Covered burner
E Grill
136
7.1
7.12
PRODUCT DEFINITIONS
BURNER TYPES
A gas cooker installation may include three different burner types:
-
hob (typically 4 per hob)
-
oven
- grill.
All of them can be classified as “Partial premix/Bunsen type” under the
Levinsky format, but obviously the construction of each is different.
Fig.7.121-1 presents an illustrated diagram submitted by Haus-, Heiz- und
Küchentechnik e.V. (HKI Industrie Verband)
137
7.1
PRODUCT DEFINITIONS
FIG 7.121-2 CHARACTERISTIC OF THE COOKER BURNERS, PREPARED BY INIG FOR GASQUAL
138
7.1
7.121
PRODUCT DEFINITIONS
Hob Burners
These are generally round burners working in the open with plenty of
access to secondary air. There are many different models (see also Fig
7.121-2) but it has not been possible to segment the park in such detail.
The burners are normally in three parts:
-
injector holder (fixed base). BRANDT integrates this into the surface of
the cooker)
-
spreader
-
lid.
Burners may also be classified as “fricative” or “ring”:
-
ring burners provide a more stable flame (but are more expensive)
because the pilot flame is a continuous circle below actual flames (see
Fig. 7.121-3), whereas fricative have small pilots in between main
flames (see Fig. 7.121-4), so easier for pilots to go off, or easier to
have flame lift
-
fricative are in aluminum, molded
-
ring burners have 4 parts, the copper cover being the additional one
and most expensive to manufacture.
Of the total market it is estimated that 95% fricative, 5% ring.
Perhaps from the point of view of the GASQUAL project, the most
important distinction to be made is between single and multiple ring
burners. Double/triple or more are more unstable, even with today’s gases.
They are subject to flame lift and flashback, so would be very sensitive to
changes in gas quality. This is critical. If the worst gases work with multirings, then they will work with the single ring ones too.
Multiple burners have been produced since about 10 years ago. Their
share has grown rapidly but has now stabilized now to about 10% of sales
and BRG estimates these products constitute approximately 6% of the
hobs park.
139
7.1
PRODUCT DEFINITIONS
Fig. 7.121-3 RING HOB BURNER
MAIN FLAME
PILOT FLAME
Fig. 7.121-4 FRICATIVE HOB BURNER
MAIN FLAME
PILOT FLAME
140
7.1
PRODUCT DEFINITIONS
Since the mid 1990’s there has been a trend towards cooker
manufacturers outsourcing the production. The largest specialist hob
burner producers are:
-
SABAF (Italy)
-
SOMIPRESS: SOCIETA METALLI INIETTATI (Italy)
-
DEFENDI (Italy).
Some
cooker
manufacturers,
including
ELECTROLUX
BRANDT/FAGOR, still produce their own burners.
and
Where the burner production is outsourced, the burner manufacturer will
adapt the injector according to the country and local gas quality. Their
customers will order batches for specific countries. Then the cooker is
labeled according to the gas type that is suitable for it.
However often largest customers will order high volumes of the burners
suitable for the most common gases (eg G20), and then will change
themselves the injector required for gases for which small volumes are
required.
7.122
Oven and Grill Burners
All oven and grill burners are basically Bunsen type partially premix
(generally 70% primary air and 30% secondary). According to the industry
there are no exceptions. Within this category there are many designs.
Most seem to be tubular, either straight and “formed’ (see
www.castfuturagroup.com for illustrations).
Ovens are tested (EN 30 .1.1) at 2000 C. The flame modulates 1.3 (not
less).
There are certain differences between the requirements of the UK and the
Continent. In the UK:
-
the oven burner is generally at the back
-
the top part of the oven is expected to be the hottest, while on the
Continent the hottest part is on the bottom
-
open high level grills are probably mainly found in the UK
-
there are special tests for the UK (not under any EN standard). This
seems to be something to do with English housewives wanting to bake
bread rapidly. There are specially designed burners for the UK.
141
7.2
QUANTIFYING THE DOMESTIC GAS COOKER PARK
As for hob burners, the trend has been for cooker manufacturers to
outsource the production of their oven and grill burners. The two leading
specialist oven and grill burner producers are CASTFUTURA and
FLAMGAS, both in Italy. Again, the burner manufacturers normally carry
out the adjustments to the burners in relation to the country in which the
cooker is to be installed. According to one burner manufacturer, there are
too many gasses already (they mentioned 22 different types for Europe).
They say it takes 2 weeks for one set-up for Europe but only 1 week for
the USA.
Certain types of cooker may prove more sensitive than others, notably:
7.2
-
burners for built-in ovens are more difficult than those for free standing
because the cavities for the former are generally smaller, giving
reduced access to secondary air
-
a relatively new but growing type of oven is one that is specifically
designed to allow grilling with the oven door closed. Again lack of air is
a problem.
BRG has extensive data on sales of boilers and water heaters, including
market segmentations per certain technical characteristics as well as
manufacturers’ market shares. Domestic cookers, which is not target
market for BRG multi-client market studies BRG has prepared park
estimates relying primarily on external sources. Thus, as presented in Fig.
1.221-1 BRG contacted number of European gas cooker associations as
well as largest manufacturers of domestic cookers, such as
ELECTROLUX in an attempt to gather data on sales time series, park or
both. BRG also used information from Danish Gas Technology Centre
database as well as dig through numerous publicly available reports and
data from statistics offices. As result BRG has found that data availability
differs significantly across countries (see Fig. 7.2-1). In addition BRG has
separated cookers using natural gas, from cookers running LPG according
to any data available from secondary sources.
142
7.2
Fig. 7.2.2 PARK OF H-GAS DOMESTIC COOKERS IN THE 16 SELECTED COUNTRIES BY
COUNTRY
Country
Total
Italy
24 445
France
12 866
United Kingdom
10 843
Poland
7 191
Spain
3 980
Hungary
2 600
Czech Republic
2 451
Germany
2 168
Slovak Republic
1 290
Belgium
600
Austria
539
Denmark
96
Greece
30
Portugal
N/D
Romania
N/D
Ireland
N/D
Total
69 098
Fig. 7.2.3 PARK OF H-GAS DOMESTIC COOKERS IN THE 5 MAJOR COUNTRIES BY
COUNTRY AND EN CLASSIFICATIONS
Country
France
Germany
Italy
Spain
UK
LEVEL 3 Classification
Total
Free standing gas cookers
4 320
Built-in (separate) gas hobs / mixed hobs / gas ovens
8 546
1 573
595
10 743
13 702
1 511
2 469
7 062
Built-in (separate) gas hobs / mixed hobs
3 020
Built-in (separate) gas ovens
Total
760
54 301
143
7.2
The table below provides summary of data quality for gas cooker, where:
***- Reliable data with additional splits for free standing and built-in
models
**- Reliable data; total park of domestic gas using appliances
*- Data estimated based on numerous sources including H-gas total
household connections, share of electricity versus gas in total cooker
sales, EUROSTAT time series and other
n/a- Insufficient data for estimates
Fig. 7.2-1 DATA RELIABILITY FOR ESTIMATING DOMESTIC COOKER PARK
Country
France
UK
Germany
Italy
Spain
Belgium
Czech Republic
Hungary
Data Quality
***
***
***
***
**
**
*
*
Country
Data Quality
Austria
*
Poland
**
Ireland
n/a
Greece
n/a
Slovak Republic
**
Romania
n/a
Portugal
n/a
Figs. 7.2-2 and 7.2-3 present estimates of the park of H-gas using cookers
across 16 selected EU countries.
For free standing appliances, the three functions (hob, oven and grill) are
combined into a single statistical unit. By contrast for built-in appliances,
the hobs and ovens (usually with grills incorporated into the ovens) are
counted as separate pieces, but except in the UK it has not been possible
to obtain separate figures for hobs and ovens.
It must therefore be acknowledged that the form in which the data on builtin appliances are available is only partly helpful in terms of supporting the
formulation of the GASQUAL test programme. In Section 10 of this report
BRGC has assumed that separate testing would be required for hobs,
ovens and grills. For hobs, it is probably not significant whether they are
on a free standing appliance or separate. However, it is thought that builtin ovens may be more sensitive than those in free standing appliances.
Thus it would have been helpful to have separate numbers for built-in
ovens.
144
7.3
TRENDS
BRGC’s research suggests that typically on the Continent, only some 10%
oven built-in gas hobs are used in conjunction with gas ovens (the rest use
electric ovens). This provides some basis for estimating the scale of the
built in ovens park. BRGC is working on the basis of some 3.5 million
pieces for the 16 countries.
7.3
TRENDS
Cooker markets are reported generally to be stable. There may however
be some loss of share to electric reflecting the improvements in electrical
technology (e.g. induction).
145
7.3
8.
TRENDS
OTHER DOMESTIC GAS APPLIANCES
The proposal requires BRG to cover:
- gas tumble dryers (EN 12752 for <20kW and EN 1458 for <6 kW)
- gas washing machines (EN 12244-1)
These are small markets and there appear to be a mainly residual park.
According to one major manufacturer these appliances are now hardly
sold because of the difficulties of installation. It was suggested that in the
past the main markets were UK and Germany (+ the Netherlands), and
that the burners could well be sensitive to gas quality.
In respect of gas tumble driers, the following helpful observation were
received from the UK Member of the CEN 197 Committee:
-
“The gas tumble dryer model suggested for assessment is a MIELE
T9820 residential tumble dryer. This was only ever sold in very small
volumes when MIELE tried out the market and we believe has since
been withdrawn from sale. We would recommend that White Knight
ECO43A (3kW burner) and White Knight BG44A (4.7kW burner)
models are both assessed as part of this exercise. Variations on these
models have been sold in Europe to UK, Spain, Italy, Netherlands and
Germany with an overall population of around 150K pieces and are
currently being produced and sold unlike the proposed model.”
Another niche market (mainly in the UK) is for boiler-cookers.
Patio heaters are also covered by the GAD, but these have not been
included in the study since it is thought that almost all are for use with
LPG. They generally use round Bunsen type burners similar to those used
for gas storage water heaters.
Please note that micro-CHP and gas heat pumps have already been
covered in Section 4.226.
146
Fig. 9.1-1 ESTIMATED PARK OF "COMMERCIAL" GAS BOILERS 2007 FOR 16 SELECTED COUNTRIES
Country
Threshold
(kW)
Total
Comments
Great majority sold 2007 (excluding jet burner) are
condensing. Park figures exclude wall hung. Some 10,500
wall hung boilers >50 kW sold in 2007, so there may be a
park of >100,000.
In 2007 35% of sales were 44-75 kW. Wall hung (including
cascades) are gaining share. Most sales now condensing.
C.60% >50 kW. Cascades gaining share. Aside from jet
burner, condensing share approaching 50% of sales.
Condensing started in 2003 and now has majority of sales.
Cascades gaining share.
"Commercial" boilers losing share rapidly to wall hung
cascades.
Majority condensing sold in 2007. Also some 11,700 wall
hung boilers (mainly condensing) sold for use in cascades in
2007.
Germany
50
243 127
UK
44
212 825
Italy
35
104 727
France
70
73 130
Poland
50
63 725
Belgium
70
38 880
Austria
60
37 225
Sales >50% condensing by 2007.
Spain
50
31 831
Condensing penetration still negligible.
Romania
70
17 123
Market declining.
Czech Republic
70
13 200
Smaller wall hung boilers for cascades gaining share.
Slovakia
70
7 363
Smaller wall hung boilers for cascades gaining share.
Denmark
60
6 108
39% condensing in 2007 sales (78% excluding jet burner).
Greece
70
5 200
Mainly jet burner. Gas still has only a small share.
Hungary
70
4 831
Small market: little collective heating in apartments.
Ireland
44
2 382
Gas has small share.
Portugal
70
1 333
Gas has small share, but market developing based on
condensing.
Total
863 009
147
9.1
9.
COMMERCIAL GAS APPLIANCES
9.1
COLLECTIVE AND COMMERCIAL BOILERS
There are numerous problems involved in quantifying the park of
“commercial” boilers. In most cases the markets are poorly documented.
BRGC has been attempting to monitor these markets within its multi-client
programmes since the mid 1990’s, and thus has some basis for estimating
roughly the size of the park in each country. However there are also
problems of classification and definition. The EN classifications adopt the
following definitions:
-
EN 656 (gas boilers 70-300 kW)
-
EN 13836 (gas boilers 300-1000 kW)
-
Gas boilers within EN 303-7 (boilers equipped with a forced draught
burner).
Thus the threshold for “commercial boilers” adopted by the EN
classifications is 70 kW. However, the thresholds commonly used in each
Member State (and hence the bases of BRGC’s analyses) vary.
However, please note that:
-
these boilers are used both for non-domestic applications and for the
collective heating of apartment buildings
-
while the EN classifications adopt an output threshold of 70 kW, it has
not always been possible strictly to adhere to this threshold. This
applies particularly in the UK, which is one of the better documented
markets, but where the threshold has long been set at 44 kW
-
there are obvious difficulties in splitting jet burners sales (other than
gas “units” between gas and oil)
-
the numbers do not include the increasingly important category of
“cascade” boilers. These are banks of, usually, wall hung condensing
boilers which individually would (it is assumed) come under EN 677
and be considered as “domestic”, but would be installed in groups that
in aggregate would be >70 kW. GASQUAL WP4 may wish to consider
whether or not these should be included as a separate category in the
WP5 test programme. This solution is gaining share in many countries,
causing sales of “commercial” gas boilers to decline. They probably
represent the largest group of condensing boilers <70 kW that are
installed with Type B rather than Type C flues.
In practice this is a highly complex sector with a wide range of models,
technologies and outputs.
148
9.1
Fig. 9.2-1 ESTIMATED PARK OF GAS STORAGE WATER HEATERS >70 kW
Country
Park 93-07 ('000
pieces)
France
80 844
Italy
66 446
United Kingdom
44 773
Germany
15 564
Ireland
9 089
Belgium
6 200
Hungary
4 625
Spain
2 985
Czech Republic
2 606
Poland
1 921
Slovak Republic
1 895
Austria
1 550
Portugal
1 158
Greece
811
Romania
582
Denmark
98
TOTAL
241 147
149
9.1
Supply is fairly fragmented. The German “Heizkessel” manufacturers
(notably VIESSMANN and BUDERUS) are present in most countries, and
WOLF, BRÖTJE and WEISHAUPT are also significant. Other important
suppliers are REMEHA, IGNIS (B). DE DIETRICH, BAXI and ATLANTIC
GUILLOT are important in France, as are RIELLO, IDEAL CLIMA,
FERROLI, ICI CALDAIE and UNICAL in Italy. FERROLI and BAXI lead in
Spain. UK market for gas commercial boilers is dominated by ISG/IDEAL,
HAMWORTHY, POTTERTON COMMERCIAL, BROAG and MHS.
Fig. 9.1-2 presents estimates of “commercial” boiler market shares for the
16 EU Member States covered by this study. The purpose including this
Table in the report is to identify the leading brands, so that if a subsequent
project is undertaken to identify models for testing, web searches of
product ranges can be undertaken. This said, the Table needs to be used
with caution within the context of the GASQUAL project:
-
the shares are based on the thresholds commonly used in each
country (as shown in Fig. 9.1-1) and not on the EN 70 kW threshold
-
the jet burner shares include gas and oil
-
the rankings are by brand rather than holding, since this is the best
guide to seeking out the product ranges
-
being 2008 shares, the Table only reflects the current position, and
obviously not the historical situation.
Following on from the last mentioned point, BRGC is also presenting in
Appendix C to this report some charts illustrating the main ranges of
commercial boilers that were on the market in Belgium, France, Germany,
Italy, Netherlands, Spain and UK in 1997.
150
9.1
Fig. 9.1-2 ESTIMATED BRAND SHARES FOR COMMERCIAL BOILERS IN 16 EU COUNTRIES
2008 (% volume)
Holding
VIESSMANN
DE DIETRICH REMEHA
ISG
BOSCH
RIELLO
FERROLI
DE DIETRICH REMEHA
ATLANTIC
ATLANTIC
WEISHAUPT
BAXI
VAILLANT
HOVAL
BIASI
BAXI
ACV
IDEAL CLIMA
UNICAL
ATG
CENTROTEC
ICI CALDAIE
BAXI
MODULAR HEATING GROUP
MCC
ATLANTIC
DE DIETRICH REMEHA
FONDERIE SIME
BAXI
ARCA
CLYDE ENERGY SOLUTIONS
FIREBIRD BOLIERS
ATG
BALTUR
MHG
ENERTECH
THERMONA
VIADRUS
DE DIETRICH REMEHA
BAXI
FACODY
BOSCH
GRANT ENGINEERING
LACAZE
STREBELWERK
ALUFI
STOKVIS INDUSTRIAL BOILERS
ADISA
ERESAN
BLOWTHERM
ATG
COSMOGAS
SILE
VICKING GROUP
RADIANT BRUCIATORI
BAXI
COMERCIAL QUEMOIL
FATECA
THERMOSTAHL
SANT'ANDREA
GOLDPOL
BOSCH
VARA
PIFATI
BOSCH
UNITED TECHNOLOGIES
HÖTECHNIKAI
CTD
TIFELL
Others/not identified
Total
Source: BRG CONSULT
Brand/Company (Country)
Jet Burner
Floor Standing Gas
Total
VIESSMANN (D)
DE DIETRICH (F)
IDEAL/KESTON (UK)
BUDERUS (D)
RIELLO (I)
FERROLI (I)
BROAG (NL)
HAMWORTHY (UK)
ATLANTIC GUILLOT (F)
WEISHAUPT (D)
POTTERTON COMMERCIAL (UK)
VAILLANT (D)
HOVAL (A)
BIASI (I)
ROCA (E)
ACV (B)
IDEAL CLIMA (I)
UNICAL (I)
ELCO (D)
WOLF (D)
ICI CALDAIE (I)
BRÖTJE (D)
MHS (UK)
DOMUSA (E)
YGNIS (B)
REMEHA (NL)
SIME (I)
BAXI FRANCE (F)
ARCA (I)
CLYDE (UK)
FIREBIRD (IRL)
ECOFLAM (I)
BALTUR (I)
MHG (D)
ST ROCH COUVIN (B)
THERMONA (CZ)
VIADRUS (CZ)
OERTLI (F)
BAXI ITALY (I)
FACODY (E)
JUNKERS (D)
GRANT (IRL)
TRANSTUB (F)
STREBEL (A)
ALUGAS/ALDINGAS (E)
STOKVIS/RENDAMAX (NL)
ADISA (E)
ERESAN (RO)
BLOWTHERM (I)
CHAFFOTEAUX (F)
COSMOGAS (I)
SILE (I)
PERGE (F)
RADIANT (I)
BAXI DENMARK (DK)
COMERCIAL QUEMOIL (E)
LASIAN (E)
THERMOSTAHL (RO)
SANT'ANDREA (I)
TORIS (PL)
GEMINOX (F)
VARA-FÉG (H)
PIFATI (RO)
DAKON (CZ)
ALARKO (T)
HÖTERM (H)
COLLARD & TROLART (F)
TIFELL (E)
12.87%
4.45%
8.28%
6.95%
5.02%
5.67%
5.00%
3.28%
1.79%
3.62%
2.80%
0.03%
1.68%
1.78%
2.07%
2.05%
1.29%
1.67%
0.25%
1.95%
0.00%
0.38%
1.21%
1.41%
0.69%
0.10%
0.51%
0.90%
0.69%
0.86%
1.04%
0.91%
0.35%
0.60%
0.52%
0.00%
0.10%
0.31%
0.00%
0.60%
0.00%
0.52%
0.17%
0.43%
0.00%
0.35%
0.00%
0.33%
0.14%
0.00%
0.00%
0.22%
0.24%
0.05%
0.09%
0.17%
0.15%
0.14%
0.11%
0.10%
0.00%
0.00%
0.05%
0.00%
0.02%
0.00%
0.00%
0.01%
13.02%
100.00%
15.51%
8.89%
3.68%
4.45%
5.39%
4.17%
2.99%
2.99%
4.34%
0.05%
0.92%
4.15%
1.48%
1.31%
0.69%
0.60%
1.49%
0.80%
2.67%
0.23%
2.76%
1.92%
0.69%
0.11%
0.99%
1.69%
1.15%
0.46%
0.51%
0.23%
0.00%
0.00%
0.69%
0.28%
0.30%
0.86%
0.70%
0.41%
0.80%
0.00%
0.69%
0.00%
0.43%
0.00%
0.57%
0.00%
0.46%
0.00%
0.25%
0.41%
0.41%
0.09%
0.00%
0.18%
0.11%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.11%
0.11%
0.00%
0.05%
0.00%
0.02%
0.02%
0.00%
14.74%
100.00%
14.00%
6.36%
6.31%
5.87%
5.18%
5.03%
4.14%
3.15%
2.89%
2.09%
1.99%
1.79%
1.60%
1.58%
1.48%
1.43%
1.38%
1.30%
1.29%
1.21%
1.18%
1.04%
0.99%
0.85%
0.82%
0.78%
0.78%
0.71%
0.61%
0.59%
0.59%
0.52%
0.49%
0.46%
0.42%
0.37%
0.36%
0.35%
0.34%
0.34%
0.30%
0.30%
0.28%
0.25%
0.25%
0.20%
0.20%
0.19%
0.19%
0.18%
0.18%
0.17%
0.14%
0.11%
0.10%
0.10%
0.08%
0.08%
0.06%
0.06%
0.05%
0.05%
0.03%
0.02%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.00%
13.76%
100.00%
151
9.2
9.2
COMMERCIAL WATER HEATERS
COMMERCIAL WATER HEATERS
This section covers only gas storage water heaters >70 kW (EN 98), which
is assumed to correspond to appliances >220 litres.
Based on BRGC’s annual sales estimates for such appliances 1993-2007,
the park by country is as shown in Fig. 9.2-1. Please note that:
-
the figures include a small number of condensing models
-
also included are combined residential solar + gas storage water
heaters (<1%)
It may be surprising to find the UK so high on the list, given the very small
domestic market for these products. Most gas storage water heaters sold
in the UK are for commercial use (even those below 220 kW.).
All instantaneous gas water heaters are assumed to be “domestic”. While
some are certainly used in commercial premises, the models are the same
so from a testing point of view there is no point in attempting to segment
the market between “domestic” and “commercial”.
152
Fig. 9.3-1 TOTAL FOOD SERVICE ESTABLISHMENTS: 16 EU COUNTRIES 2008
Segment
A
B
CZ
DK
F
COMMERCIAL
35 899
44 272
28 484
14 534
175 865
Hotels & Lodging Places
Restaurants
QSR Outlets (inc. Fast Food)
Transport Foodservice
Leisure & Event Catering
15 275
1 975
3 900
1 075
35 070
13 518
15 080
5 400
5 000
6 650
26 475
18 700
386
272
70
SOCIAL FOODSERVICE
D
GR
H
IRL
I
236 890
32 286
26 731
18 433
197 764
44 800
6 700
1 930
4 150
36 850
88 080
130 105
14 650
7 150
3 550
7 780
47 690
57 900
10 350
17 390
242
201
1 220
2 561
361
470
242
478
3 805
1 524
7 922
12 987
15 301
8 082
78 807
74 720
Business & Industry
Education
Health & Welfare
Other Social Foodservice
1 570
2 814
3 551
2 871
7 805
5 135
6 113
9 810
2 836
49 310
1 090
3 525
1 630
2 271
127
535
310
TOTAL FOODSERVICE
43 821
57 259
43 785
PL
P
RO
SK
E
UK
76 808
76 304
24 153
16 926
237 306
196 681
1 439 336
4 055
1 325
3 435
1 115
10 105
48 600
220 360
64 730
23 815
24 150
5 500
11 770
62 585
44 500
519 583
10 410
91 820
48 050
49 780
14 538
3 715
161 225
72 150
644 623
140
29
2 184
338
464
550
326
1 091
526
10 891
225
121
294
2 180
550
585
130
65
2 300
1 750
14 789
3 322
7 743
3 750
41 889
43 209
20 539
14 428
6 848
18 317
83 136
441 000
17 440
620
1 396
1 148
4 850
3 505
1 705
3 886
983
1 465
21 750
77 359
33 960
2 200
5 245
1 900
24 457
36 415
11 070
7 352
5 190
8 635
28 420
238 048
20 195
22 275
467
1 035
620
10 080
2 414
7 414
2 907
577
7 455
32 110
116 065
104
1 497
1 045
435
67
82
2 502
875
350
283
98
762
856
9 928
22 616
254 672
311 610
35 608
34 474
22 183
239 653
120 017
96 843
38 581
23 774
255 623
279 817
1 880 336
Source: GIRA FOODSERVICE
Fig. 9.3-4 PARK OF COMMERCIAL GAS CATERING EQUIPMENT IN ITALY AND GERMANY
Country
Product
Gas ovens
Italy (2004)
Boiling pans, frytop, open burners
Gas cooking appliances
Total
Germany
No pieces
90 000
289 600
32 061
411 661
Roast-, grill- and griddleplates/-equipment
3 000
Combi steamer
7 000
Commercial cookers
6 000
Multi-purpose cooking pan
3 000
Cooking machines, (pressure-) boiling pan
2 000
Fryer, frying machines
2 000
Total
23 000
153
Total
9.3
9.3
COMMERCIAL CATERING EQUIPMENT
In spite of extensive research, it has only been possible to find quantified
data for commercial catering equipment in Italy and Germany. In order to
make some progress on this sector it was decided to purchase data from
the specialist food service market research consultancy GIRA SIC. GIRA
SIC prepares every year detailed statistics on the number of non-housing
establishments with kitchen facilities in most European countries (including
all EU Member States except Bulgaria). A summary of the data for 2008
for the 16 countries is given in Fig. 9.3-1. The source data gives far more
detailed splits by sub segments, as well as time series, but BRGC has
agreed to restrict the divulgation of these data.
While these numbers give a good idea of the scale of the sector, there
remain a number of steps between them and quantifying the park of gas
appliances. To do this it would be necessary to have some basis for
estimating:
-
the average number of appliances per kitchen in each user segment
(preferably be type), based on the EN classifications (Figs. 9.3-2)
-
the % share of gas vs electricity.
As far as the latter point is concerned, the numbers available for Italy and
Germany (Fig. 9.3-3) clearly illustrate the huge differences that can be
found between Member States.
Fig. 9.3-2 NON-DOMESTIC COOKER CLASSIFICATIONS
LEVEL 1
LEVEL 2
LEVEL 3
Sector
Product Type
EN Standard
Open burners and wok burners EN 203-2-1
Chargrills EN 203-2-10
Pasta cookers EN 203-2-11
NON DOMESTIC
CATERING
EQUIPMENT
EN 203-1 & EN
203-2-1 to 11
Ovens EN 203-2-2
Boiling pans EN 203-2-3
Fryers EN 203-2-4
Hot water heaters for beverage EN 203-2-6
Salamanders and rotisseries EN 203-2-7
Brat pans and paella cookers EN 203-2-8
Solid tops, warming plates and griddles EN 203-2-9
In terms of technical characteristics, the illustrated chart (submitted by
HKI) shows some of the main burner types used on commercial cookers
(Fig. 9.3-3).
154
9.3
Fig. 9.3-3 EXAMPLES OF BURNERS USED FOR COMMERCAL COOKERS (HKI COMPILATION 2009)…/1
Burner Type
(group)
Burner Type
(subgroup)
Atmospheric
burner (rip form)
standard/old
version
Premixed burner
(Surface burner)
Standard version
Premixed burner
(Surface burner)
Standard version
atmospheric
burner
Produc
ed
since
(ca.)
Produced by
Used in
Load range
(of appliances)
(kW)
burner is composed of several single
burner rips
1986
Junkers
Combisteamer
18-36
low
10
Air is blown by a fan into the burner, gas
is mixed with into the air stream by a
nozzle
1997
Rational AG
Combisteamer
10-54
medium
10
Air is blown by a fan into the burner, gas
is mixed with into the air stream before
the burner with an overstoichiometric
mixture
2004
Rational AG
Combisteamer
10-60
medium
old version of burner in combisteamer
1992
Eloma GmbH
combi-steamer
10-20
medium
Air and gas mixture is blown by a fan
into the burner, gas is mixed with air
stream by a nozzle
2001
Eloma GmbH
combi-steamer
10-40
high
No
6
Image
Premixed burner
(Surface burner)
Standard version
atmospheric
burner
double ring
burner,
primary air from
below the cover
plate
Open burner, used in gas range, there is
different emission behavior, dependant
on the rust, primary air adjustment at the
Mixing tube possible
1999
C
2,1 - 7,0
atmospheric
burner
single ring burner,
primary air from
below the cover
plate
1995
C
1,4 - 5,6
atmospheric
burner
single ring burner,
primary air from
below the cover
plate
1995
C
0,7 - 3,5
Sensitivity to
changing
Gasquality
internal ring
sensitively; nozzle
and Venturi tube must
be adapted,
sensitively liquid gas
with low inlet
pressure
nozzle and Venturi
tube must be
adapted, sensitively
liquid gas with low
inlet pressure
nozzle and Venturi
tube must be
adapted, sensitively
liquid gas with low
inlet pressure
155
9.3
Fig. 9.3-3 EXAMPLES OF BURNERS USED FOR COMMERCAL COOKERS (HKI COMPILATION 2009)…/2
atmospheric
burner
Staff burner
Covered burner,
used in gas deep fat fryer
1995
D
8,0
16,0
not clear
atmospheric
burner
Round burner
Hotplate burner,
used in gas solid top range
1995
B
12.5
not clear
atmospheric
burner
Round burner
Covered burner,
used in gas baking-oven,
used in gas broiler,
used in gas lava stone grill
1993
D
7,0
7,0
16,0
nozzle and Venturi tube must be
adapted, sensitively liquid gas
with low inlet pressure
atmospheric
burner
Staff burner
Covered burner,
used in gas tilting bratt pan,
used in gas baking-oven,
used in gas griddle plate
D
12,0
17,0
5,6
7,0
14,0
nozzle must be adapted
pre mix burner
Aconit®
cylindrical premix
burner
flat pre mix burner,
Covered burner,
used in gas combi steamer,
used in gas quick boiling kettle,
used in gas cooking kettle
D
11,0/17,0
18,0/26,0
36,0/52,0
15,0/20,0/26,0
24,0/30,0/38,0
1995
2004
CO2 Calibration,
if necessary nozzle must be
adapted
156
9.3
157
9.4
OTHER COMMERCIAL GAS APPLIANCES
9.4
OTHER COMMERCIAL GAS APPLIANCES
9.41
COMMERCIAL LAUNDRY EQUIPMENT
Up to the time of the deadline for WP! It had not been possible to obtain
any quantified data on commercial gas laundry equipment, although
BRGC still has enquiries out in the market place. It is assumed that, as in
the domestic sector, the vast majority of the market is for electrical
appliances.
9.42
NON DOMESTIC SPACE AND AIR HEATERS
A significant sector of non domestic gas appliances is that of space and air
heaters. Not surprisingly market data are scarce, but according to SBM in
France there is a European market of about 300,000 pieces a year sold to
industrial and commercial premises (agriculture is not included) covering
all the EN categories listed in Fig. 9.42-1 (plus EN 778 and 1319 which are
treated as domestic and include mainly gas warm air systems in the UK for
which the market is some 15,000 units a year). It also includes about
70,000 overhead luminous radiant heaters (EN 419)
The market in France is for 30,000 pieces a year (includes 7,000 EN 419),
and the park is estimated at 450,000, including 200,000 EN 419).
Extrapolating these figures it is likely that the 16 country total park for all
these products is in the order of 2.5-3.5 million.
Fig. 9.42-1 OTHER NON DOMESTIC GAS APPLIANCES
LEVEL 1
Sector
Product Type
LEVEL 2
EN Standard
EN 525 Direct forced convection <300kW
EN 621 Forced convection air heaters <300kW
AIR HEATER
EN 1020 Indirect forced convection <300kW
EN 1196 Condensing air heaters
NON
DOMESTIC
EN 12669 Air heaters for green house applications
EN 416-1 &EN 416-2 Overhead radiant-tube heaters
RADIANT
HEATER
EN 777-1 to 4 Overhead radiant-system heaters
EN 419-1 & EN 419-2 Overhead luminous radiant heaters
158
159
PART III: CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
160
10
CONCLUSIONS: LISTING
TESTING
10.1
INTRODUCTION
OF
APPLIANCES
TO BE
CONSIDERED
FOR
The primary objective of the WP1 Market Study has been to provide a list
of domestic gas appliance categories that should be considered in WP4
for testing in WP5. It was specifically requested that this list should relate
to the relevant EN classifications, and this BRGC has attempted to do.
However, the EN classifications do not necessarily segment the market
sufficiently to cover all the variables that need to be taken into
consideration. In most cases it has been necessary to sub-segment the
EN classifications in order to make sure that critical variables are not
overlooked.
Figs. 10.2-1 & 2 and 10.3-1 & 2 set out a “long list” of possible domestic
appliance categories that in BRGC’s view should at least be screened for
their specific relevance to the test programme. BRGC is not necessarily
recommending that every one of the 88 listed appliances should be tested,
but rather that each should be taken into account during WP4. The
composition of the list is summarized in Fig. 10.1-1. It may even be that
there are further sub-segmentations that need to be made. On the other
hand it is likely that some of the categories listed in Figs. 10.2 and 10.3
can be grouped together once it starts to become clear exactly where the
sensitivities lie.
It will be noted that in order to facilitate the analysis, the pre-agreed
“Levels” are not necessarily taken in numerical order. Similarly the vertical
order of the categories reflects in part the need to group certain categories
together for the purposes of quantification (e.g. Low NOx non condensing
boilers).
161
10.1
INTRODUCTION
Fig. 10.1-1 INITIAL PROPOSED PRODUCT SEGMENTATION FOR TESTING
162
10.1
INTRODUCTION
Pre-Adjustments to Appliances
One set of possibly critical variables that is not taken into account at all in Figs. 10.2
and 10.3 is the adjustments made by or on behalf of manufacturers prior to shipping,
or by installers in the field, to reflect the H gas qualities found in the countries where
the appliances are to be installed.
This is a topic that comes under the scope of WP3 rather than of WP1, but during
the WP1 research it was repeatedly claimed by appliance, burner and controls
manufacturers that pre-adjusting prior to shipping is common practice. The WP3
findings suggest that the manufacturer adjustments are solely to account for H, L or
E-gas groupings in the country of destination, BRGC feels bound to record that this
is not the impression gained during BRGC’s own research.
The information given to BRGC (in discussion rather than in writing) is that:
- in the case of boilers, water heaters and space heaters, the
adjustments are made by the appliance manufacturers themselves.
According to one boiler manufacturer the countries for which such
adjustments are needed include France, Belgium, Poland and
Hungary. Problems in Denmark were also mentioned. The practice
was cited by one controls manufacturer as being part of a general trend
towards trying to extract the maximum levels of performance from
existing boilers by fine tuning rather than by more costly innovation
- for cookers (both hobs and ovens+ grills), the adjustments are made by
the burner manufacturers on behalf of the appliance manufacturers.
163
10.1
INTRODUCTION
Since the submission of the first version of this report, the following clarification was
offered by one of the boiler and water heater manufacturers represented on the
GASQUAL Consortium:
“G20 is the reference gas for Group H and Group E; it means that, in theory, gas
appliances in categories I2H and I2E using G20 at 20 mbar should have the same
adjustment but this is not true because:
a - Hungary has I2H gas category, the reference gas is G20 but a supply pressure of
25 mbar instead of 20 mbar so some appliances need a specific adjustment at
assembly lines
b - Denmark has I2H gas category, the reference gas is G20 but the actually
distributed gas has a higher Wobbe index than in other countries so standard boilers
need a specific adjustment at assembly lines
c - France has several gas categories (I2E+, I2Esi , I2Er), the reference gas is G20
at 20 mbar but the gas appliances can be supplied also with G25 at 25 mbar; in this
case the gas appliances need a specific design and a specific adjustment so they
are quite different from similar appliances for other countries
d - similar situation in Belgium where gas categories are I2E+ and I2E(S)B and the
reference gas is G20 at 20 mbar but the gas appliances can be supplied also with
G25 at 25 mba
r
As can be seen by those simple cases, appliances for Hungary, Denmark, France,
Belgium have G20 as reference gas but their adjustments (in some cases their
design) can be completely different and gas appliances for France can't be installed
in Hungary or viceversa.”
164
10.2
10.2
DOMESTIC GAS BOILERS
EN Classifications (Level 2)
Figs.10.2-1 and 10.2-2 lists some 50 categories of domestic gas boilers.
Giving priority to EN classifications obliges the analysis to segment between:
-
flue types (EN 297 vs EN 483)
-
combis (EN 265) vs “heating only”
-
condensing (EN 677) vs non condensing
-
jet burners (EN 303-3) vs other gas boilers.
These distinctions have been made, except in respect of some very small niche
markets:
-
boilers with special combustion controls, for which combis and heating
only are taken together
-
floor standing combis, where Type B and Type C flues are taken
together.
Flue Type (Level 2)
Prioritising the EN classfications places considerable emphasis on flue types.
For non condensing boilers, the main distinction is between:
- Type B (open/atmospheric) flues
- Type C (room sealed) flues. For boilers the vast majority of these are
fanned flues, but there are still some balanced flues in place in the UK.
165
10.2
Non Condensing vs Condensing (Level 3)
This is a reasonably straightforward classification, and several of the other variables
are partially dependent on this split. It was assumed for the basic analyses that all
condensing boilers:
- use Type C flues
- use full premix fanned burners.
However it has emerged that there are some significant exceptions to these general
rules:
-
there are some condensing boilers, usually sited in boilers room or
basements, that are installed with Type B flues. The most important
group of such boilers are the “cascade” systems, many of which have
Type B flues
-
there are some condensing boilers that do not have full fanned premix
burners. The most important group of these is the SEDBUK B rated
condensing boilers in the UK. BRGC estimates that there are some
1.5 million of these in use, but it is not clear exactly how their burners
should be classified, or indeed under which EN Classification they are
tested. They are listed as a separate category in Fig. 10.2-1.
Combi vs Heating Only (Level 4)
The term “combi” refers to boilers providing directly heated instantaneous sanitary
hot water (even where there may be supplementary built-in storage or pre-heat
facilities). This should conform to EN 625.
Where “heating only” boilers also supply sanitary hot water, it is via a secondary
circuit heating an indirect hot water cylinder.
The vast majority of combis are wall hung.
There are some floor standing combis in use in the UK (including the BAXI
POWERMAX CPSU and the WORCESTER HEATSLAVE; there are now
condensing versions, but these are not listed as a separate category), and there are
some borderline cases elsewhere (notably the copper floor standing boilers sold by
several of the Italian manufacturers + perhaps Bain Marie types in France). Both
these types have been included in the list in Fig. 10.2-1, but it may be that the fact
that they are floor standing is not relevant.
The combi/heating only split has been very relevant to the evolution of continuous
modulation (Level 5), which was first introduced primarily for wall hung combis
(although, especially since around the year 2000, it has spread to most heating only
and floor standing boilers). Nonetheless in the park today a far higher proportion of
combis than of heating only boilers have continuous modulation. There have been a
very few low priced combis sold in the past with fixed or step modulation.
166
10.2
Wall Hung vs Floor Standing (Level 3)
It has been argued that the distinction between wall hung and floor standing is not in
itself relevant to the GASQUAL project. However in practice the technical and
quantitative evolution of the two types of boiler have been so different that it is
virtually impossible to analyse the market without treating them separately.
In particular, the construction of the burners is very different between the two
categories.
Burner Types
Apart from jet (forced draught) burners, the EN classifications do not directly classify
boilers by burner type (although all condensing boilers coming under EN 677 have
full premix fanned burners).
It was agreed that the market study should (based on the H. Levinsky/GASUNIE
recommendations) distinguish between 5 categories of burner (no premix, partial
premix/Bunsen type, atmospheric premix, full fanned premix and jet burner), but
BRGC has sub-segmented some of this categories (based in part on Petra NitschkeKowsky/EON RUHRGAS analysis).
No premix burners are not relevant to boilers.
Atmospheric Partial premix (Bunsen type) burners are used in the vast majority
of non-condensing, non low NOx boilers. The most common types are:
- multi-blade burners used for most non-condensing, non low NOx wall
hung boilers
- tubular burners used for most non-condensing, non low NOx floor
standing boilers.
There are some smaller additional categories:
-
-
-
most wall hung low NOx boilers are fitted with the water cooled bladed
burners of POLIDORO and VAILLANT. It is understood that these
should be classified as “atmospheric partial premix” rather than be
grouped under “atmospheric premix” along with the other types of low
NOx burner
“box burners” used for most of the UK open vented cast iron boilers
(floor standing, wall hung and back boiler units). These are bladed
burners with a single injector for the whole burner. There may indeed
be other “specials” in the UK
special 4 tube burners used by the French wall hung boiler
manufacturer FRISQUET.
167
10.2
Atmospheric premix burners, which have been taken to include most of th
solutions that have been tried for non-condensing low NOx boilers. This is a
relatively small and declining segment, but it is also the most complex and possibly
the most sensitive to gas quality:
- for wall hung boilers, the most used solution is the water cooled bladed
burners of POLIDORO and VAILLANT. How these are considered to
be “atmospheric partial premix” burners. There may be some rod
cooled or mesh type burners in wall hung boilers, but these can also be
found and tested in floor standing boilers
- for floor standing boilers a lot of types were tried during the post
unification boom in Germany, when the Blaue Engel NOx emissions
requirements were being reduced from 70 ppm to 40 ppm, and before
Germant really embraced the condensing boiler. These solutions
included:
•
rod cooling, favoured by VAILLANT. It was suggested during the
research that this type could be sensitive to gas quality because the
height of the flame in relation to the rod is important
• various mesh types (ceramic, metal) including the VIESSMANN
Matrix burner
• “butterfly-wing flame” burners, including the BEKAERT OVAL, the
POLIDORO OVO and the WORGAS Low NOx. This type has been
used by a number of German and other floor standing boiler
manufacturers, probably including BUDERUS, BRÖTJE and WOLF.
It is still used in what is now a declining market segment. It was
repeatedly stressed that this could be the type of burner that is most
sensitive to gas quality. If the flame gets too low, the burner itself
burns up.
Full premix fan assisted burners, which are now more or less standard for
condensing boilers, apart from at least some UK SEDBUK B boilers. There are also
some non condensing boilers that use fanned premix burners (ECOFLAM, IMAR,
BALTUR).
Jet burner boilers, which is a difficult category to quantify. Jet burners are used far
more for oil than gas, and the gas burners tend towards the higher output. Jet
burner boilers as a whole fall into a Level2 category (EN 303-3). BRGC has further
segmented this into:
-
non-condensing and condensing
- “units” (where the burner is factory fitted and is specific to the boiler
model) and “oil/gas boilers” (where the burner is fitted further down the
supply chain, and the manufacturer does not necessarily know whether
this will be oil or gas).
For “oil/gas” boilers the test houses will need to select both a burner and a boiler
model.
168
10.2
Modulation (Level 5)
To avoid having too many categories, the analysis just distinguishes between:
- continuous modulation
- step modulation and fixed flame (no modulation).
Continuous modulation was introduced around the late 1980’s/early 1990’s primarily
as a means of limiting the volume of water that needed to be held in wall hung combi
boilers. Thus almost all wall hung combis now in use (with the exception of a small
number of very low cost models) have continuous modulation, typically controlled by
SIT or HONEYWELL modulation controls (which also incorporate pressure controls).
Progressively continuous modulation has spread to heating only wall hung and floor
standing boilers, including the great majority of such boilers being sold today (and
since about 2000). However, there are many such boilers in the park that do not
have continuous modulation, including the majority of pre 2000 floor standing boilers
and nearly all the UK open vented cast iron products that use “box” burners.
Continuous modulation today is typically in the range of 100% down to 40%.
However development work is taking place to widen the range (some see 30% as
the likely limit, while others talk of going down to 10%). This (like the fine adjusting
of boilers to suit the gas quality of their country of destination) is all part of a trend to
try to get the best possible performance out of existing boiler types. It is a trend that
may be going in the opposite direction from what is convenient for GASQUAL.
Combustion Controls
The uptake of special combustion controls has so far been minimal:
- WEISHAUPT fits SCOT to all its wall hung condensing boilers
(probably around 10,000 in use)
- VIESSMANN fits SCOT to certain models
- BRÖTJE fits the SIETHERM PRO to some boilers
- VAILLANT has a flue sensor on offer with one model.
The industry is seeking to develop an effective low cost laser sensor, but the general
view is that it would take legislation significantly to extend the use of such controls.
Figs. 10.2-1 and 10.2-2 do not list separately any older boilers that are reportedly
GAD compliant do not have air/gas control but have simple controls consisting of an
appliance governor or throttle. It has not been possible to quantify the park of these,
but it may be that they will need to be considered when the final test programme is
drawn up.
169
10.2
Other Variables: Balcony Siting
The question was raised during discussions on the test protocols as to whether it is
necessary to test as a separate category wall hung boilers that are sold (mainly in
Italy) specifically form external siting on balconies. These need to operate in
temperatures of Max 40/60°C; min -10/-15°C.
The situation is not very clear cut. It is estimated that some 10-11% of combis sold
in Italy are specifically designed for external use. These can be both Type B and
Type C (fanned). It is not thought that balanced flues are used.
Many combis that are not intended for external siting are nonetheless installed on
balconies. It is possible that 20% of all combis sold are so sited. Rough estimates
indicate up to 50/60% of boilers in Italy, one of the largest markets in EU, are
installed outside (i.e balcony siting)
There is a trend towards selling boilers that can be sited either indoors or on a
balcony.
Other Variables: Cascades
There is a growing trend towards installing wall hung (usually condensing) boilers in
groups or cascades, especially for the collective heating of apartments. This variant
is included in Fig. 10.2-1 because the individual boiler units are mostly below the 70
kW threshold for “commercial” boilers. It has not been possible to quantify the park,
but it certainly runs into hundreds of thousands in the 16 countries covered. As
already indicated, a significant proportion of these might be installed with Type B
flues rather that the Type C flues that are more or less standard for other types of
condensing boilers.
170
10.3
10.3
Figs. 10.3-1 and 10.3-2 lists 40 categories of domestic gas appliances
other than boilers that might be screened for testing in WP4. It will be
noted under Level 5 that there is no column for combustion controls. This
is because no such special controls are used on any of the product
categories covered.
Gas Water Heaters
There are only two Level 2 and Level 3 categories:
- instantaneous (EN 26)
- storage (EN 89).
Instantaneous Gas Water Heaters
For instantaneous, models of 10 litres + per minute are normally considered as multi
point/primary water heaters (i.e. they are the main source of sanitary hot water for
the whole dwelling) while those of <10 litres per minute are generally single
point/secondary. However, it is thought that in many Iberian homes water heaters of
<10 litres per minute are the sole source of sanitary hot water. These output
classifications are useful for quantifying the market, but they are not thought to be
relevant to the test programme (no specific “commercial” models were found).
One challenge to quantifying the relevant park is to estimate the proportion
(especially in Spain and Portugal) that run on LPG rather than H gas (especially
given that some have been converted from LPG to natural gas).
There are no EN numbers to distinguish between open flues (Type B) and fanned
flues (Type C). There are even some flueless products (Type A). Traditionally the
great majority were Type B, but the share of Type C has grown steadily.
All burners are partial premix Bunsen type (bladed).
Traditionally most appliances had water activated modulation, but the share of
electronic continuous modulation has grown at the premium end of the market.
Continuous modulation may now account for 25% of sales and 10% of the park.
As for boilers, Fig. 10.3-1 does not list separately any older water heaters that are
reportedly GAD compliant do not have air/gas control but have simple controls
consisting of an appliance governor or throttle. It has not been possible to quantify
the park of these, but it may be that they will need to be considered when the final
test programme is drawn up.
171
10.3
Gas Storage Water Heaters
For gas storage, it is assumed that those of <70 kW are domestic and those of 70
kW+ are commercial.
There are a very few condensing models on the market, but BRGC’s research
suggests that these are all right at the upper end of the commercial range. It is
possible that they are imported from the USA. There would appear to be no reason
to test them as a domestic product.
Both Type B and Type C flues are offered, but it has not so far been possible to
quantify the share of each.
All burners are partial premix/Bunsen type (round burners especially designed for
gas storage water heaters).
All are on/off (non modulating).
Gas Fires, Space Heaters and Warm Air Heaters
With the Netherlands excluded from the GASQUAL project, the UK is by far the
largest market for this group of products.
It should be noted that EN 613 covers a wide variety of different balanced and open
flue gas fires and space heaters, so Fig. 10.3-1 sub-segments this particular EN
classification to a considerable extent.
Radiant Gas Fires (EN 613 + BS 7977-1)
This is the oldest category of gas fires in the UK. There is still a large park of pre1993 appliances, so the total park is much larger than the estimated post 1993 park.
Independent Space Heaters with Fan (EN 1266)
BRGC has not come across anyone claiming to sell appliances under this category.
May apply to a very small number of fanned flue radiant gas fires.
Live Fuel Effect Gas Fires (EN 613 & EN 132678 + BS 7977-1)
These have both a heating and decorative function. They are able to claim efficiency
levels (unlike EN 509).
There is a large UK market, mainly for open flue (chimney).
balanced flue market is small.
The fanned and
This is also the main product exported by the Netherlands producers to other
Member States. These are nearly all balanced flue (EN 613). Volumes are small
(<20,000 p.a. exported).
172
10.3
Decorative Gas Fires (EN 509)
This is a UK specific product, which is more decorative than for heating. It is not
permitted to claim efficiency levels for this product.
Flueless Gas Fires (EN 14829)
UK specific product. Uses catalytic converter. Can claim 100% efficiency. Small
market, with a large part of the sales channeled through DIY stores.
Could be a critical “special case” for GASQUAL, because of fears that variable gas
qualities could cause soot build up and jeopardise function of catalytic converter.
Gas Fired Insets for Heating More Than 1 Room (EN 14438)
This category was not specifically discussed during the research. FABER in the
Netherlands has products that appear to fit the description, but it is not certain
whether they are tested under EN 14438 or under EN 613, or whether there are
significant sales outside the Netherlands.
Floor Standing Gas Room Heaters (EN 613)
These balanced flue products are associated mainly with the German speaking
market, and above all with the German manufacturer ORANIER (which also supplies
the VAILLANT range). They are described by ORANIER as “Gasheizautomaten”.
There is thought to be some market in Eastern Europe. Sales peaked in the 1990’s.
Gas Wall Heaters (EN 613)
In the UK, there is a significant but declining market for wall hung gas convector
heaters (balanced flue).
In Hungary there is a much larger market for gas radiators (also balanced flue) which
may account for 25% of the total domestic heating park (implying 3.5 million pieces
assuming an average of 3.5 units per equipped dwelling). However, only a small
part of this park will have been installed since Hungary came under the GAD.
Gas Warm Air Systems (EN 778 & 1319)
In European terms this is a UK specific product (although there are marginal sales in
France and Belgium), but it is very widely used in the USA. The main period of
installation was in the 1960’s and 1970’s, but there has been a continuing
replacement market since the GAD in 1992.
The dominant producer JOHNSON & STARLEY adapted the product to meet the
requirement of the revised Part L regulations of 2005, but a condensing version is
still in development. EN 778 is for open flue and EN 1319 for room sealed (including
condensing when it appears).
173
10.3
Cookers (EN 30): Hobs
The listing in Fig. 10.3-2 assumes that:
- for both built-in and free standing cookers, the hob burners would be
tested separately from the oven/grill burners. Thus the distinction
between free standing and built-in is probably not relevant for hobs
- the first distinction is between the cheaper but less stable fricative
burners (c.95% of the markets) and the more expensive ring burners
(c.5%). The pilot flames referred to are feeder flames that light on
ignition. They are not permanent pilots such as used to be a feature of
gas boilers in the past
- there is also a sub-segment of multiple ring burners (double and triple).
These are considered to be especially sensitive to gas quality, and
cover about 10% of current sales (6% of the park).
Generally the pre-delivery adjustments to accommodate the gas quality in the
country of end-use are done by the burner manufacturer.
Cookers (EN 30): Oven and Grill Burners
Here the distinctions between:
- built-in and free standing
- grill inside oven and separate (high level) grill
are significant:
- built-in ovens generally have a smaller cavity than those in free
standing cookers, and therefore have more restricted access to
secondary air. This could make them more sensitive to gas quality
- where the grill is inside the oven, the user is advised to leave the oven
door open when using the grill. However, there is a new type of oven
available that is specifically designed to allow the grill to be used with
the oven door closed. The there is limited access to secondary air, and
this type could be the most sensitive of all to gas quality.
Again, the pre-delivery adjustments to accommodate the gas quality in the country of
end-use are done by the burner manufacturer.
Gas Tumble Driers (EN 1752 and EN 1458)
Very small market.
Gas Washing Machines (EN 12244-1)
Very small market.
174
10.3
Micro CHP (no EN No. as yet)
Internal combustion models have been on the market for some years, but they
straddle the light commercial and domestic markets.
Stirling Engine Micro-CHP has been in development for some years, but it has taken
a long time to bring them to market. Many companies, including leading boiler
manufacturers, are planning launches some from late 2009
The ENERGETIX/GENLEC Rankine Cycle product is also due for launch in 2009.
Micro CHP has recently been added to the EUP Eco-Design process (Lot 1) and
seems to be emerging reasonably well, with the possibility of rankings slightly ahead
of the best condensing boilers on a primary energy consumption basis. However
much depends on how the products are installed and set up
Fuel cell models are also in development.
Gas Heat Pumps (EN 12309) for Heating & Cooling
ROBUR has a product on the market, but like internal combustion Micro CHP they
straddle the light commercial and domestic markets.
175
10.3
Fig. 10.2-1 SUMMARY OF DOMESTIC GAS APPLIANCES TO BE CONSIDERED FOR TESTING IN WP4: LIGHTWEIGHT WALL HUNG GAS BOILERS
LEVEL 1
LEVEL 2 EN
Classification
LEVEL 3 PRODUCT TYPE
LEVEL 4 System
LEVEL 2 Flue
Type
Modulation
EN 297
Wall Hung Non Condensing
Heating only
Type B
Partial Premix (bladed)
Continuous
EN 297
Heating only
Type B
Fixed or step
EN 483
Heating only
Type C (Fanned)
Continuous
EN 483 & 625
Combi
Type B
Continuous
EN 483 & 625
Combi
Type C (Fanned)
Heating only
Type B
Heating only
EN 297
EN 297
EN 297
EN 483
EN 483
EN 483
EN 483 & 625
EN 483 & 625
Domestic Boilers
EN 483 & 625
EN 483 & 625
EN 483 & 625
EN 483 & 625
(low NOx)
(low NOx)
(low NOx)
(low NOx)
(low NOx)
(low NOx)
(low NOx)
(low NOx)
(low NOx)
(low NOx)
(low NOx)
(low NOx)
EN 297 (A6) & 625
EN 297 (A6) 483 &
625
EN 483 & 625
Estimated
Park (19932007)
LEVEL 5 Modulation &
Combustion Controls
LEVEL 4 Burner Type
Combustion
Controls
Standard
Comments
LEVEL 6 Manufacturers (not
comprehensive)
('000 pieces)
}
375
Tends to be variant within ranges that are mainly combis.
}
negligible
Very few if any left.
Standard
970
Tends to be variant within ranges that are mainly combis.
Most wall hung boiler producers.
Standard
7 700
Large park, but losing to Type C.
Continuous
Standard
18 000
Now the largest category of boilers internationally
Partial premix (water cooled)
Continuous
Standard
}
Mainly Germany
VAILLANT
Type B
Atmospheric premix (rod cooled)
Continuous
Standard
}
Mainly Germany. Few in wall hung. Just test floor standing?
BUDERUS (?)
Heating only
Type B
Atmospheric premix (mesh type)
Continuous
Standard
}
Mainly Germany. Includes Matrix burner. Few Type B
VIESSMANN
Heating only
Type C (Fanned)
Continuous
Standard
}
Mainly Germany but also now main type of low NOx
internationally
Heating only
Type C (Fanned)
Continuous
Standard
}
BUDERUS (?)
Heating only
Type C (Fanned)
Continuous
Standard
}
Mainly Germany. Includes Matrix burner.
VIESSMANN
Combi
Type B
Continuous
Standard
}
internationally
VAILLANT
Combi
Type B
Continuous
Standard
}
BUDERUS (?)
Combi
Type B
Continuous
Standard
}
VIESSMANN
Combi
Type C (Fanned)
Continuous
Standard
}
internationally
Combi
Type C (Fanned)
Continuous
Standard
}
Mainly Germany. Few in wall hung.
BUDERUS (?)
Combi
Type C (Fanned)
Continuous
Standard
}
VIESSMANN
Combi (for balcony)
Type B
Continuous
Standard
}
2 200
Type C (Fanned)
Continuous
Standard
}
Especially Italy. Many wall hung boilers not specifically for
external siting are also sited on the balcony. Trend towards
extra slimline versions.
Especially Italian manufacturers
but also those importing into Italy
Type C (Fanned)
Full premix
Continuous
Standard
400
Non condensing fanned burners specific to certain Italian
producers.
IMAR, ECOFLAM, BALTUR.
Type B & C
(Fanned)
Partial Premix (specific FRISQUET
type)
Continuous
Standard
500
France only.
FRISQUET
4 605
1 694
Combi (for siting on
balcony)
Combi & Heating
Only
Combi & Heating
Only
EN 483/297 & 625
EN 677
Wall Hung Condensing
Heating only
Type C (Fanned)
Full Premix
Continuous
Standard
}
4 114
International, but especially UK (including open vented and
SEDBUK A &B) and Germany.
Especially VAILLANT, BOSCH
and UK producers
EN 677
Heating only
Type C (Fanned)
Full Premix
Continuous
With flue sensor
}
very few
Only one VAILLANT model in Germany
VAILLANT
EN 677
Heating only
Type C (Fanned)
Full Premix
Continuous
With
SCOT/SIEMENS
}
very few
WEISHAUPT, VIESSMANN,
BROETJE
EN 677 & 625
Combi
Type C (Fanned)
Full Premix
Continuous
Standard
}
5 237
All WEISHAUPT wall hung & some VIESSMANN (SCOT),
some BRÖTJE (SIEMENS)
Gaining share throughout Europe. May be some specials in UK,
including SEDBUK B (which may not all have fully premix
burners) and open vented. There are some condensing boilers
with Type B flues.
EN 677 & 625
Combi
Type C (Fanned)
Full Premix
Continuous
With flue sensor
}
very few
Only one VAILLANT model in Germany
VAILLANT
EN 677 & 625
Combi
Type C (Fanned)
Full Premix
Continuous
With
SCOT/SIEMENS
}
very few
All WEISHAUPT wall hung & some VIESSMANN (SCOT),
some BRÖTJE (SIEMENS)
WEISHAUPT, VIESSMANN,
BRÖTJE
At least some SEDBUK B condensing boilers do not have full
premix burners.
BAXI/POTTERTON, IDEAL,
GLOW WORM
Growing market for wall hung boilers installed in "cascades"
especially for collective heating of apartments.
Many condensing boiler
manufacturers
EN 677 & 625
Heating only &
combi
Type C (Fanned)
Partial premix (SEDBUK B UK)
Continuous
Standard
c. 1.5
million
included
in totals
above
EN 677
Heating only (in
cascades)
Type C (Fanned)
and Type B
Full Premix
Continuous
Standard
…
Most boiler manufacturers
176
10.3
177
10.3
Fig. 10.2-2 SUMMARY OF DOMESTIC GAS APPLIANCES TO BE CONSIDERED FOR TESTING IN WP4: FLOOR STANDING AND CAST IRON WALL HUNG GAS BOILERS
LEVEL 1
LEVEL 2 EN
Classification
LEVEL 3 PRODUCT
TYPE
LEVEL 4
System
LEVEL 2 Flue
Type
LEVEL 4 Burner Type
Modulation
Domestic Boilers
Estimated
Park (19932007)
LEVEL 5 Modulation &
Combustion Controls
Combustion
Controls
Comments
LEVEL 6 Manufacturers
(not comprehensive)
('000 pieces)
EN 297
Floor Standing Non
Condensing
Heating only
Type B
Partial Premix (tube)
Continuous
Standard
450
Most floor standing boilers sold now outside Germany.
Most floor standing boiler
producers.
EN 297
Floor Standing Non
Condensing
Heating only
Type B
Fixed or step
Standard
2 428
International. Mainly pre 2000 models.
producers.
EN 297
Floor Standing/Wall hung Non
Condensing
Type B
Partial Premix ("box")
Fixed or step
Standard
2 000
UK: includes wall hung cast iron, floor standing cast iron,
BBU's.
GLOW WORM
EN 483
Floor Standing/Wall hung Non
Condensing
Type C (balanced &
fanned)
Partial Premix ("box")
Fixed or step
Standard
4 690
UK: includes wall hung cast iron, floor standing cast iron,
BBU's.
GLOW WORM
EN 483
Floor Standing Non
Condensing
Heating only
Type C (Fanned)
Continuous
Standard
315
International. Type C mainly post 2000 models.
producers.
EN 297
Floor Standing Non
Condensing (Low NOx)
Heating only
Type B
Continuous
Standard
}
Mainly Germany, but also internationally on a small scale
Especially VAILLANT
EN 297
Floor Standing Non
Heating only
Type B
Continuous
Standard
}
VIESSMANN
EN 297
Floor Standing Non
Type B
Atmospheric premix (OVO/OVAL
Butterfly-wing flame)
}
Mainly Germany, but also internationally on a small scale.
Special case for sensitivity.
Probably BUDERUS, BRÖJTE,
WOLF
Heating only (UK
cast iron open
vented)
Heating only (UK
cast iron open
vented)
Heating only
Continuous
Standard
1 752
EN 483
Floor Standing Non
Heating only
Type C (Fanned)
Continuous
Standard
}
Mainly Germany.
Especially VAILLANT
EN 483
Floor Standing Non
Heating only
Type C (Fanned)
Continuous
Standard
}
VIESSMANN
EN 483
Floor Standing Non
Heating only
Type C (Fanned)
Atmospheric premix (OVO/OVAL
Butterfly-wing flame)
Continuous
Standard
}
Mainly Germany, but also internationally on a small scale.
Probably low numbers for Type C. Special case for
sensitivity.
Probably BUDERUS, BRÖJTE,
WOLF
EN 483 & 625
Floor Standing Non
Condensing
Combi UK
Type C (Fanned)
Continuous
Standard
256
Small park in UK.
WORCESTER
EN 483
Floor Standing Non
Condensing
Italy copper with
large built-in cylinder
Type C (Fanned)
Partial Premix (type?)
Continuous
Standard
200
Mainlly in Italy. Integrated hot water production. Tested under
EN 625 (?)
E.g. FERROLI TANTAQUA NF,
RIELLO COLONNA 130
EN 677
Floor Standing Condensing
Heating only
Type C (Fanned)
Full Premix
Continuous
Standard
}
297
International, but especially (including open vented and
SEDBUK A &B) and Germany.
VAILLANT, German Heizkessel,
UK producers
EN 677 & 625
Floor Standing Condensing
Combi UK
Type C (Fanned)
Full Premix
Continuous
Standard
}
very few
Niche UK market.
WORCESTER, ISG
EN 303-3
Floor Standing Jet Burner
Non Condensing
Heating only (burner
supplied separatey)
Type B
Jet burner (forced draught)
}
EN 303-3
Non Condensing
Heating only (gas
units)
Type B
}
EN 303-3
Non Condensing
supplied separatey)
Type C
}
Esp. Germany and France.
EN 303-3
Non Condensing
Heating only (gas
units)
Type C
}
EN 303-3
Condensing
supplied separatey)
Type C (?)
}
EN 303-3
Condensing
Heating only (gas
units)
Type C (?)
}
869
very few,
but will
grow
German Heizkessel + French
Floor Standing Manufacturers
Esp. Germany
German Heizkessel
Esp. Germany
178
10.3
Fig. 10.3-1 SUMMARY OF DOMESTIC GAS APPLIANCES TO BE CONSIDERED FOR TESTING IN WP4: DOMESTIC GAS WATER HEATERS AND SPACE HEATERS
LEVEL 1
Domestic
Gas Water
Heaters
LEVEL 2 EN
Classification
EN 26
Instantaneous
EN 26
Instantaneous
EN 26
Instantaneous
EN 26
Instantaneous
EN 26
Instantaneous
LEVEL 4 System
Dedicated Water
Heating
Dedicated Water
Heating
Dedicated Water
Heating
Dedicated Water
Heating
Dedicated Water
Heating
LEVEL 2 Flue
Type
Type C
(Fanned)
Type C
(Fanned)
Partial Premix
(bladed)
Partial Premix
(bladed)
Partial Premix
(bladed)
Partial Premix
(bladed)
Partial Premix
(bladed)
Type C
(Fanned)
Partial Premix
(bladed)
Type A
Type B
Type B
LEVEL 5
Modulation
Estimated Park
Modulation
('000 pieces)
Comments
comprehensive)
Now mainly a replacement market. Spain, Portugal, Italy and France to
gether account for 67% of the park.
There are some flueless
installations, but it has not been possible to quantify these. It is thought
that all fully modulating appliances are type C, and most water activated
ones are Type B. There are some balcony models in Italy (e.g.
SYLBER DERVYL POLAR).
VAILLANT, BOSCH, SAUNIER
DUVAL, CHAFFOTEAUX, ELM
LEBLANC, FAGOR, COINTRA
dominate, + RIELLO/SYLBER in
Italy
3 046
Germany, Italy and France together account for some 56% of the
market. Other significant countries are Hungary, Poland and Czech
Republic.
A.O. SMITH, VAILLANT, ARISTON
THERMO, WIKORA
The original UK gas fire. Open or glass fronted. Now most have some
convection.
VALOR,
FOCAL
ROBINSON WILLEY etc.
None found during study.
None identified.
VALOR and other UK. FABER and
DRU (NL)
LEVEL 4 Burner Type
Water
Activated
Water
Activated
Modulating
(electronic)
Water
Activated
Modulating
(electronic)
For
external
siting
}
few (?)
}
18 600
}
negligible
(?)
}
few (?)
}
2 048
}
few (?)
Instantaneous
Dedicated Water
Heating
Storage Non
Condensing
Storage Non
Condensing
Dedicated Water
Heating
Dedicated Water
Heating
BS 79771 +
EN 613
Radiant Gas Fires
Room Heating
Type B or BS
79771 opening
Partial Premix
Fixed
2 270
EN 1266
Independent Space
Heaters with Fan
Room Heating
Type C
(fanned)
Partial Premix
Fixed
negligible?
BS 79771 +
EN 613
Live Fuel Effect Gas
Fires
Room Heating +
decorative
EN 613
Fires
Room Heating +
decorative
EN 613
Fires
Room Heating +
decorative
EN 13278
Fires
EN 590
EN 26
EN 89
EN 89
Gas Fires,
Space
Heaters and
Warm Air
Heaters
LEVEL 3 PRODUCT
TYPE
EN 14829
EN 14438
EN 613
Type B
Type C
(Fanned)
Fixed
}
Fixed
}
POINT,
Partial Premix
Fixed
}
1 655
Significant UK market (c. 655,000 park), and also the main type of
decorative gas fire exported from the Netherlands.
Partial Premix
Fixed
}
few
Special flue developed by FABER which has produced varied test
results.
FABER
Type B (Open)
Partial Premix
Fixed
4 400
Main UK category. Most are do not have a directly connected flue (EN
613) but are installed into a builders's opening (BS 7977-1 within GAD).
VALOR,
FOCAL
ROBINSON WILLEY etc.
Room Heating +
decorative
Type C
(fanned)
Partial Premix
Fixed
few
Minority UK category
VALOR etc.
Decorative Gas Fires
Mainly Decorative
Type B
Partial Premix (some
no premix?)
Fixed
970
UK specific. More decorative than heating. Cannot claim effiency levels
for this product.
VALOR etc. and many generic.
Flueless Gas Fires
Room Heating +
decorative
Type A
Partial Premix
Fixed
120
UK specific. Special case for GASQUAL because of fears of soot
accumulation affecting catalytic converter.
FOCAL POINT, DRU GASSAR,
BURLEIGH
Heating several rooms
Type A (?)
Partial Premix
Fixed
negligible?
Very small sector. Possibly not much sold outside Netherlands.
FABER has in range.
Room Heating
Type B
Partial Premix
Fixed
500
Significant in Germany.
ORANIER
VALOR (UK), FÉG (H), LAMPART
(H), FABER (NL)
Gas Fired Insets for
heating more than 1
room
Room Heaters (floor
standing)
EN 613
Wall Heaters/Wall Hung
Convectors
EN 778
Forced convection air
heaters <70 kW
EN 1319
Forced convection air
heaters <70 kW with
fan assisted burner
Wall Hung Gas
Convectors and Gas
Radiators
Ducted warm air <70
kW whole dwelling
heating: open flue
Ducted warm air <70
kW whole dwelling
heating: room sealed
Type C
(balanced)
Type C (FABER
long balanced
flue)
Partial Premix
(round)
Partial Premix
(round)
Type C
(balanced)
Partial Premix
Fixed
5 000
Significant but declining market for wall heaters in the UK (c. 485,000
park), and Germany (est. 350,000). Large and long established market
for gas radiators in Hungary (c.3.5 million units in 1 million homes)
Type B
Partial Premix
Fixed
150
UK specific. Main period of installation in 1960's/70's, but replacements
sold post 1993.
80
UK specific. Main period of installation in 1960's/70's, but replacements
sold post 1993. Mainly fanned flue. Few balanced flue now marginal.
Type C (?)
Partial Premix
Fixed
POINT,
JOHNSON & STARLEY dominates.
Some
from
BRINK
(NL),
MULTICALOR (B) and USA.
179
10.3
Fig. 10.3-2 SUMMARY OF DOMESTIC GAS APPLIANCES TO BE CONSIDERED FOR TESTING IN WP4: COOKERS AND OTHER APPLIANCES
LEVEL 2 EN
Classification
LEVEL 1
Micro-CHP
and Heat
Pumps
LEVEL 2
Flue Type
LEVEL 4 Burner
Type
LEVEL 5
Modulation
Estimated Park
Modulation
('000 pieces)
Comments
Domestic gas cookers: hobs (built in &
free standing) fricative single ring
Cooking (open)
No flue
Partial Premix
Manual
51 525
Cheaper less stable burner: small pilot in between flames. c.95% of
market
EN 30
free standing) ring single ring
Cooking (open)
No flue
Partial Premix
Manual
2 700
More stable and more expensive: Pilot flame is a continuous circle below
the actual flames. C. 5% of market
Cooking (open)
No flue
Partial Premix
Manual
2 250
Double & triple ring. Could be especially sensitive to gas quality. C. 10%
of current sales and 6% of market.
Grilling
No flue
Partial Premix
Manual
EN 30
Domestic
Gas Tumble
Dryers &
Washing
Machines
LEVEL 4 System
EN 30
EN 30
Domestic
Gas Cookers
LEVEL 3 PRODUCT TYPE
free standing) fricative and ring:
multiple ring
Separate (High Level) Grill (free
standing)
Oven
modulates
1:3
Oven
modulates
1:3
Oven
modulates
1:3
Oven
modulates
1:3
Oven
modulates
1:3
Oven
modulates
1:3
Oven (free standing: no grill)
Oven
No flue
Partial Premix
EN 30
Oven (free standing:with grill for use
with open door)
Oven + grilling
No flue
Partial Premix
EN 30
Oven (free standing:with grill for use
with closed door)
Oven + grilling
No flue
Partial Premix
EN 30
Oven (bult-in:no grill)
Oven
No flue
Partial Premix
EN 30
Oven (built-in:with grill for use with
open door)
Oven + grilling
No flue
Partial Premix
EN 30
Oven (built-in:with grill for use with
closed door)
Oven + grilling
No flue
Partial Premix
EN 12752
Type B Tumble Dryers <20 kW
Laundry Drying
Not known
Not known
Not known
few
EN 1458
Type B22 & B23 Tumble Dryers <6 kW
Laundry Drying
Not known
Not known
Not known
few
EN 12244-1
Domestic Gas Washing Machines
Laundry
Not known
Not known
Not known
few
Not known
Not known
Not known
Not known
Not known
Not known
None Specific
Micro-CHP: Stirling Engine
None Specific
Micro-CHP: Rankine Cycle
None Specific
Micro-CHP: Internal Combustion
None Specific
Fuel Cells
EN 12309
Gas Heat Pumps
All main cooker manufacturers.
SABAF, SOMIPRESS, DEFENDI
are main burner manufacturers.
Grill is separate and open. Plenty of access to secondary air. Probably
most common in UK.
}
EN 30
Space Heating &
Electricity
Generation
Space Heating &
Electricity
Generation
Space Heating &
Electricity
Generation
Space Heating &
Electricity
Generation
Space Heating &
Cooling
comprehensive)
}
34 000
}
}
Small new sector, but probably highly sensitive.
}
The great majority of built-in hobs in Europe are used in conjuction with
electric ovens. BRGC estimates that roughly 10% of built-in ovens are
gas. These are likely to be more sensitive to gas quality than oven on
free standing cookers.
}
3 500
}
All main cooker manufacturers.
CASTFUTURA and FLAMMGAS
are main burner manufacturers.
Small new sector, but probably highly sensitive.
Appears now to be a residual park. Very few such appliances are now
sold because of the difficulties of installing such products.
MIELE and other domestic
appliance manufacturers.
Not yet
on market
It is taking a long time to bring to market, but launches planned for 2009
BAXI, DISENCO, BOSCH,
VAILLANT, REMEHA,
VIESSMANN, ARISTON
Not known
Not yet
on market
Launch planned for 2009
ENERGETIX GENLEC
Not known
Not known
13
Already on market, but more light commercial than domestic
BAXI/SENERTEC, VAILLANT
Not known
Not known
Not known
Not yet
on market
In development
CERES POWER, CERAMIC FUEL
CELLS
Not known
Not known
Not known
4
Already on market, but more light commercial than domestic
ROBUR
180
APPENDIX A
APPENDIX A
SUPPLEMENTARY ANALYSES BY COUNTRY OF THE PARK OF BOILERS <70 KW
INSTALLED 1993-2007
181
APPENDIX A
Fig. A.1: 1993-2007 PARK OF DOMESTIC GAS BOILERS DIVIDED BY FLUE IN 16 SELECTED EU COUNTRIES /1
Country
Flue
Open
LEVEL 2- EN Standard
EN 297- Boiler type B
EN 303-3 Boilers equipped with forced draught burner
Room sealed (balanced)
Austria
EN 483- Boiler type C
Room sealed (fanned)
EN 677- Boiler condensing equipped with premixed burner
Open
Belgium
Open
Czech Republic
Open
Denmark
Product
Gas floor standing non condensing
Gas wall hung non condensing
Jet burner gas
Jet burner gas
Gas floor standing condensing
Gas wall hung condensing
Jet burner gas
Jet burner gas
Jet burner gas
Jet burner gas
Jet burner gas
Jet burner gas
1993-1997
1998-2002
2003-2007
TOTAL PARK 93-07
35
46
1
0
0
0
0
23
4
48
162
129
9
0
0
0
17
65
0
2
266
103
3
0
0
0
14
82
0
2
0
0
1
0
0
0
4
58
0
5
24
71
0
0
0
0
0
50
7
85
147
128
8
0
0
0
11
142
3
34
140
199
4
0
7
0
8
167
2
10
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
51
0
27
11
57
0
0
0
0
0
59
8
104
96
126
6
0
0
0
11
244
4
239
44
184
3
0
10
0
3
147
9
55
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
17
2
111
70
173
1
0
0
0
0
131
20
237
405
383
23
0
0
0
39
451
7
275
451
486
9
0
17
0
25
396
11
66
0
0
1
0
0
0
8
126
2
143
182
APPENDIX A
Country
Flue
Open
France
EN 677- Boiler condensing equipped with premixed
burner
Open
Germany
burner
Open
Greece
burner
Open
Hungary
burner
Open
Ireland
burner
Product
Jet burner gas
Jet burner gas
Jet burner gas
Jet burner gas
Jet burner gas
Jet burner gas
Jet burner gas
Jet burner gas
Jet burner gas
Jet burner gas
1993-1997
339
1 141
84
0
0
0
18
584
0
12
768
946
134
0
0
359
13
280
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
181
209
0
0
0
0
2
5
0
0
3
1
0
3
5
0
0
103
0
0
1998-2002
332
1 151
117
0
0
11
73
1 015
1
26
411
548
97
0
9
334
29
744
0
4
4
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
110
342
0
0
0
0
4
24
0
3
5
3
0
3
10
0
0
157
0
1
2003-2007
TOTAL PARK 93-07
186
928
53
0
0
13
80
1 136
35
366
112
354
44
16
48
125
35
1 073
1
12
13
0
0
1
0
75
0
3
63
224
0
0
0
0
3
165
2
22
6
3
0
2
16
0
0
243
0
30
857
3 221
254
0
0
23
171
2 735
35
404
1 291
1 849
275
16
57
818
76
2 097
1
16
17
0
0
1
0
76
0
3
354
775
0
0
0
0
9
195
2
25
14
6
0
9
31
0
0
503
0
32
183
APPENDIX A
Country
Flue
Open
Italy
burner
Open
Poland
burner
Open
Portugal
burner
Open
Romania
burner
Product
Jet burner gas
Jet burner gas
Jet burner gas
Jet burner gas
Jet burner gas
Jet burner gas
Jet burner gas
Jet burner gas
1993-1997
427
172
57
0
0
0
28
281
0
8
76
11
7
0
0
3
0
2
0
0
2
8
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
9
1
11
0
0
0
0
42
0
1
1998-2002
216
1 538
54
0
0
2
122
3 233
9
106
79
422
16
0
0
7
0
64
1
10
6
63
1
0
0
0
0
18
0
0
21
7
10
0
4
0
0
361
0
3
2003-2007
119
1 138
26
0
0
1
80
4 056
40
555
43
474
20
0
0
10
0
56
7
93
4
49
1
0
22
0
0
20
0
1
25
20
7
0
10
0
0
957
1
27
TOTAL PARK 93-07
763
2 848
137
0
0
3
230
7 570
49
668
198
907
43
0
0
20
0
122
7
103
11
120
3
0
22
0
0
40
0
1
55
28
28
1
14
0
1
1 361
1
31
184
APPENDIX A
Country
Flue
Open
Slovak Republic
Open
Spain
Open
United Kingdom
Product
Jet burner gas
Jet burner gas
Jet burner gas
Jet burner gas
Jet burner gas
Jet burner gas
Total
1993-1997
1998-2002
2003-2007
136
9
0
0
0
0
0
14
0
0
15
310
4
0
0
0
3
174
0
0
524
165
0
362
513
0
0
2 866
0
110
12 627
135
54
0
0
0
0
0
59
0
5
22
595
4
0
0
0
7
1 045
0
1
380
175
0
229
450
0
41
4 402
9
449
21 329
66
53
0
0
0
0
0
49
4
42
21
467
3
0
0
0
8
1 639
0
14
68
163
0
50
275
0
24
2 480
73
4 648
25 047
TOTAL PARK 93-07
338
116
0
0
0
0
0
122
4
46
58
1 371
12
0
0
0
17
2 858
0
15
972
504
1
640
1 237
0
65
9 747
82
5 206
59 003
Source : BRG Consult
185
APPENDIX A
Fig. A.2: 1993-2007 PARK OF DOMESTIC GAS BOILERS DIVIDED BY FUNCTIONALITY IN 16 SELECTED EU
COUNTRIES
Country
Austria
Belgium
Czech
Republic
Denmark
France
Germany
Greece
Hungary
Ireland
Functionality
Combi
Heating only
Combi
Heating only
Combi
Heating only
Combi
Heating only
Combi
Heating only
Combi
Heating only
Combi
Heating only
Combi
Heating only
Combi
Heating only
Combi
Heating only
Combi
Heating only
Combi
Heating only
Combi
Heating only
Combi
Heating only
Combi
Heating only
Combi
Heating only
Italy
Poland
Portugal
Romania
Slovak
Republic
Spain
United
Kingdom
Product
Gas wall hung
Gas floor standing
Gas wall hung
Jet burner gas
Gas wall hung
Gas floor standing
Gas wall hung
Jet burner gas
Gas wall hung
Gas floor standing
Gas wall hung
Jet burner gas
Gas wall hung
Gas floor standing
Gas wall hung
Jet burner gas
Gas wall hung
Gas floor standing
Gas wall hung
Jet burner gas
Gas wall hung
Gas floor standing
Gas wall hung
Jet burner gas
Gas wall hung
Gas floor standing
Gas wall hung
Jet burner gas
Gas wall hung
Gas floor standing
Gas wall hung
Jet burner gas
Gas wall hung
Gas floor standing
Gas wall hung
Jet burner gas
Gas floor standing
Gas wall hung
Gas floor standing
Gas wall hung
Jet burner gas
Gas wall hung
Gas floor standing
Gas wall hung
Jet burner gas
Gas wall hung
Gas floor standing
Gas wall hung
Jet burner gas
Gas wall hung
Gas floor standing
Gas wall hung
Jet burner gas
Gas wall hung
Gas floor standing
Gas wall hung
Jet burner gas
Gas wall hung
Gas floor standing
Gas wall hung
Jet burner gas
Gas wall hung
Gas floor standing
Gas wall hung
Jet burner gas
Total
19931997
35
39
82
1
183
180
13
9
144
280
43
3
2
4
60
1
1 626
358
111
84
820
781
764
134
0
0
1
1
68
182
146
0
3
6
107
0
50
438
405
23
57
7
76
5
11
4
2
6
0
41
9
4
11
11
136
12
0
472
18
11
4
1 730
886
1 924
0
12 627
19982002
75
31
130
0
278
161
26
8
338
150
43
4
1
3
76
0
2 067
405
126
128
540
448
1 085
97
0
0
5
4
289
114
80
0
7
8
164
0
87
4 734
260
142
56
342
79
155
23
80
6
1
1
330
22
45
10
64
135
53
0
1 619
29
21
4
3 374
659
2 101
0
21 328
20032007
82
20
138
0
505
110
104
7
322
57
75
3
1
3
127
0
2 087
300
343
65
423
195
1 130
60
33
2
57
14
324
69
88
0
47
9
244
0
109
5 551
130
198
27
408
50
215
30
48
4
44
1
943
26
70
7
57
70
86
0
2 098
29
22
3
5 429
214
2 136
0
25 047
TOTAL
PARK 93-07
191
90
350
1
966
450
143
24
803
487
161
9
5
10
264
1
5 780
1 063
579
277
1 783
1 424
2 980
291
33
2
62
18
681
366
314
0
57
23
515
0
246
10 723
796
363
140
758
205
375
63
132
11
51
3
1 315
57
119
28
133
342
152
0
4 189
75
55
12
10 533
1 759
6 161
1
59 003
Source : BRG Consult
186
APPENDIX A
Fig. A.3: 1993-2007 PARK OF DOMESTIC GAS BOILERS DIVIDED BY BURNER IN 16 SELECTED EU COUNTRIES /1
Country
Burner
Conventional
EN 483- Boiler type C / EN 297- Boiler type B
Austria
Fan assisted premix
Low Nox
Jet Burner
Conventional
Belgium
Fan assisted premix
Low Nox
Jet Burner
Conventional
Fan assisted premix
Czech Republic
Low Nox
Jet Burner
Conventional
Denmark
Fan assisted premix
Low Nox
Jet Burner
Conventional
France
Germany
Fan assisted premix
Low Nox
Jet Burner
Conventional
Fan assisted premix
Low Nox
Product
Jet burner gas
Jet burner gas
Jet burner gas
Jet burner gas
Jet burner gas
1993-1997
1998-2002
2003-2007
TOTAL PARK 93-07
3
51
0
0
4
48
32
17
1
177
182
0
0
0
2
3
12
9
280
185
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
3
2
47
0
10
0
5
2
0
1
285
1 725
54
0
0
12
18
0
84
64
40
0
13
280
705
2
89
0
1
7
85
22
31
0
154
248
0
0
3
34
4
22
8
143
336
1
4
2
10
4
33
0
4
1
20
0
15
0
27
1
16
0
243
2 158
0
0
1
26
161
9
128
22
18
0
29
744
398
1
40
0
2
8
104
10
73
0
102
273
0
0
4
239
5
97
7
44
300
1
4
9
55
2
37
0
3
1
0
0
0
2
111
1
17
0
136
2 044
21
0
35
366
108
21
65
6
10
0
35
1 073
154
5
180
0
3
20
237
65
121
1
432
704
0
0
7
275
11
130
24
468
821
2
8
11
66
6
69
0
9
4
67
0
25
2
143
4
33
1
664
5 926
75
0
35
404
288
30
277
92
67
0
76
2 097
1 256
187
APPENDIX A
Country
Burner
Conventional
LEVEL 2- EN. Standard
Greece
Fan assisted premix
burner
Low Nox
Jet Burner
Conventional
Hungary
Fan assisted premix
burner
Low Nox
Jet Burner
Conventional
Ireland
Fan assisted premix
burner
Low Nox
Jet Burner
Conventional
Italy
Fan assisted premix
burner
Low Nox
Jet Burner
Conventional
Fan assisted premix
Poland
burner
Low Nox
Jet Burner
burner
1993-1997
1998-2002
2003-2007
TOTAL PARK 93-07
Jet burner gas
Jet burner gas
Jet burner gas
Jet burner gas
Product
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
171
211
5
0
0
0
5
4
0
6
107
0
3
0
0
0
0
0
441
440
15
0
0
8
0
14
57
76
13
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
5
0
0
0
0
0
0
4
109
352
1
0
0
3
4
13
0
8
153
0
17
0
1
0
0
0
291
4 443
44
23
9
106
4
304
56
57
477
0
0
1
10
21
10
1
87
0
0
0
3
0
0
14
64
374
0
0
2
22
3
16
0
8
259
0
2
0
30
0
0
0
177
4 317
16
134
40
555
5
743
27
25
472
0
3
7
93
18
55
1
93
0
0
0
3
0
0
18
344
937
6
0
2
25
13
33
0
22
518
0
22
0
32
0
0
0
909
9 200
75
157
49
668
9
1 060
140
159
962
0
3
7
103
39
65
0
0
0
0
Jet burner gas
11
23
30
63
188
APPENDIX A
Country
Burner
Conventional
Portugal
Fan assisted premix
Low Nox
Jet Burner
Conventional
Romania
Fan assisted premix
Low Nox
Jet Burner
Conventional
Slovak
Republic
Fan assisted premix
Low Nox
Jet Burner
Conventional
Spain
Fan assisted premix
Low Nox
Jet Burner
Conventional
United
Kingdom
Fan assisted premix
Low Nox
Jet Burner
Product
Jet burner gas
Jet burner gas
Jet burner gas
Jet burner gas
Jet burner gas
Total
1993-1997
1998-2002
2003-2007
TOTAL PARK 93-07
2
10
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
9
43
0
0
0
1
0
1
11
134
24
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
18
484
0
0
0
0
0
0
4
886
3 499
0
45
0
110
0
0
0
12 627
6
81
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
21
365
0
0
0
3
0
7
10
132
109
2
1
0
5
1
4
0
29
1 562
0
4
0
1
0
74
4
650
5 027
0
0
9
449
0
0
0
21 328
4
91
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
25
967
0
0
1
27
1
20
7
65
96
1
1
4
42
1
4
0
28
1 722
0
30
0
14
0
354
3
141
2 888
0
29
73
4 648
0
0
0
25 047
11
182
0
0
0
1
0
0
3
55
1 375
0
0
1
31
1
28
28
331
229
5
2
4
46
2
8
0
75
3 768
0
34
0
15
0
427
12
1 677
11 414
0
74
82
5 206
0
0
1
59 003
Source: BRG consult
189
APPENDIX B
APPENDIX B
SUPPLEMENTARY ANALYSES BY COUNTRY OF THE DOMESTIC WATER
HEATERS INSTALLED 1993-2007
190
APPENDIX B
Fig B.1: 1993-2007 PARK OF WATER HEATER EN26 INSTANTANEOUS IN 16 SELECTED COUNTRIES
Country
Spain
1993-1997
1998-2002
2003-2007
2 200
2 263
2 389
Italy
761
873
1 063
Portugal
801
1 029
821
France
933
722
659
Poland
594
596
650
Belgium
359
391
475
Germany
673
296
188
United Kingdom
359
269
205
Hungary
143
149
151
Romania
34
53
125
Czech Republic
73
59
57
Austria
67
48
35
Slovak Republic
20
24
14
Greece
3
4
5
Ireland
2
2
2
Denmark
1
2
2
7 024
6 782
6 842
Total
Total
Total
6 853
33.2%
2 697
13.1%
2 650
12.8%
2 313
11.2%
1 840
8.9%
1 225
5.9%
1 158
5.6%
834
4.0%
443
2.1%
211
1.0%
190
0.9%
150
0.7%
58
0.3%
12
0.1%
7
0.0%
6
0.0%
20 648 100.0%
Fig B.2 : 1993-2007 PARK OF WATER HEATER EN89 STORAGE IN 16 SELECTED COUNTRIES
Country
1993-1997
1998-2002
2003-2007
Germany
25
410
263
France
44
173
164
Italy
11
177
153
Hungary
11
63
151
Poland
44
61
100
United Kingdom
80
37
38
Czech Republic
4
47
103
82
19
21
Slovak Republic
0
6
53
Spain
4
19
20
Ireland
7
6
8
Austria
5
8
6
Portugal
2
3
6
Denmark
1
1
0
Romania
0
0
1
Greece
0
0
0
321
1 032
1 089
Belgium
Total
Total
Total
698
28.6%
381
15.6%
341
14.0%
226
9.2%
206
8.4%
155
6.4%
154
6.3%
122
5.0%
60
2.4%
43
1.8%
21
0.9%
19
0.8%
11
0.4%
3
0.1%
1
0.0%
0
0.0%
2 441 100.0%
Source: BRG Consult
191
APPENDIX C
APPENDIX C
MAIN RANGES OF COMMERCIAL BOILERS AVAILABLE IN SELECTED MEMBER
STATES 1997
192
APPENDIX C
Fig C.1-1 BELGIUM: RANGE OF POWER FOR GAS ATMOSPHERIC AND CONDENSING BOILERS 1996/7…/1
GASQUAL PROJECT, WORK PACKAGE 1, FINAL REPORT │BRG Consult for European Commission
193
APPENDIX C
Fig C.1-1 BELGIUM: RANGE OF POWER FOR GAS ATMOSPHERIC AND CONDENSING BOILERS 1996/7…/2
194
APPENDIX C
Fig C1-2 BELGIUM: RANGE OF POWER FOR JET BURNER BOILERS 1996/7…/1
195
APPENDIX C
Fig C1-2 BELGIUM: RANGE OF POWER FOR JET BURNER BOILERS 1996/7…/2
196
APPENDIX C
Fig.C.2-1 FRANCE: SELECTED RANGES OF ATMOSPHERIC GAS BOILERS WHICH GO >40kw 1996/7
197
APPENDIX C
Fig. C.2-2 FRANCE: SELECTED RANGES OF JET BURNER BOILERS WHICH GO >40 Kw 1996/7
198
APPENDIX C
Fig. C.3-1 GERMANY: RANGE OF POWER OF ATMOSPHERIC GAS BOILERS >50KW 1996/7 BY MANUFACTURER
199
APPENDIX C
Fig. C.3-2 GERMANY: RANGE OF POWER OF OIL/GAS JET BURNER FLOOR STANDING BOILERS >50KW 1996/7 BY MANUFACTURER
200
APPENDIX C
Fig. C.3-3 GERMANY: RANGE OF POWER OF GAS UNIT FLOOR STANDING BOILERS >50KW BY MANUFACTURER 1996/7
201
APPENDIX C
Fig C.4-1 ITALY: SELECTED RANGES OF FLOOR STANDING ATMOSPHERIC GAS BOILERS WHICH GO >35 kW 1996/7
202
APPENDIX C
Fig C.4-2 ITALY: SELECTED RANGES OF CAST IRON JET BURNER BOILERS WHICH GO >35kW 1996/7
203
APPENDIX C
Fig C.4-3 ITALY: SELECTED RANGES OF STEEL OIL/GAS BOILERS WHICH GO >35kW 1996/7
204
APPENDIX C
Fig C.4-4 ITALY: SELECTED RANGES OF GAS JET BURNER UNITS/GRUPPI TERMICI WHICH GO >35 kW 1996/7
205
APPENDIX C
Fig. C.5-1 NETHERLANDS: RANGE OF POWER OF COLLECTIVE/ COMMERCIAL ATMOSPHERIC GAS BOILERS, INCLUDING BOILERS TO BE USED IN
CASCADE SYSTEMS 1996/7
206
APPENDIX C
Fig. C.5-2 NETHERLANDS: RANGE OF POWER OF JET BURNER BOILERS 1996/7
207
APPENDIX C
Fig C.6-1 SPAIN: EXAMPLES OF RANGES OF ATMOSPHERIC GAS BOILERS AVAILABLE ON THE SPANISH MARKET 1996/97
208
APPENDIX C
Fig C.6-2 SPAIN: EXAMPLES OF RANGES OF JET BURNER BOILERS >40 kW AVAILABLE ON THE SPANISH MARKET 1996/97
209
APPENDIX C
Fig. C.7-1 UK: SELECTED RANGES OF "COMMERCIAL" ATMOSPHERIC GAS BOILERS 1996/1997
210
APPENDIX C
Fig C.7-2 UK: SELECTED RANGES OF "COMMERCIAL" JET BURNER BOILERS 1996/1997…/1
211
APPENDIX C
Fig C.7-2 UK: SELECTED RANGES OF "COMMERCIAL" JET BURNER BOILERS 1996/1997…/2
212
APPENDIX D
APPENDIX D
APPLIANCE POPULATIONS, SEGMENTED AND COUNTRY BY COUNTRY
213
APPENDIX D
COMMENTARY
The following tables have been produced taking data from the main report, in order
to use the agreed segmentation for the different generic appliance types and to
identify individual country by country appliance populations. Tables have been
developed for boilers, water heaters, cookers and space heaters. Populations for
other generic appliance types are very small and did not warrant further detailed
analysis.
The same table formats are being used for the WP3 (installation & service practice)
and WP4 (appliance selection) reports.
This will enable the production of a spreadsheet for each generic appliance type
(Level 1) in which a risk value will be calculated for the segmented appliance types
(Levels 2 and 3).
This will be the methodology used to select the appliance types for the GASQUAL
testing programme based on the following risk assessment methodology:
Risk Value = Probability of Failure x Consequence
Risk = [Sum by Country (Population x Likelihood of Adjustment)] x Consequence
Weightings
Country Population - taken from WP1 tables on populations
Country Likelihood of Adjustment - taken from WP3 tables on adjustment of air/gas
ratio and/or burner pressure
Consequence Weightings – taken from an assessment of the controls (Level 5) on
each appliance type and response to gas quality variation regarding Burner
Instability, High Emissions, Overheating and Loss of Safety Devices.
The ranking of the risk values will indicate the appliance types most at risk and
candidates for the GASQUAL test programme.
214
APPENDIX D
WP1
L1 Boilers
MARKET SEGMENTATION AND APPLIANCE POPULATIONS BY COUNTRY
EN 297 - Central heating boilers - type B11 and B11BS boilers fitted with atmospheric burners of nominal heat input not exceeing 70 kW
EN 483 - Central heating boilers - type C boilers of nominal heat input not exceeding 70 kW
EN677 - Central heating boilers - specific requirements for condensing boilers with a nominal heat input not exceeding 70 kW and EN 15417 for 70-1000 kW
EN 303-3/303-7 - Central heating boilers - assembly comprising a boiler body and a forced draught burner
L5 Controls Key - O=On/Off P= Pressure Regulator
L2 EN Std/Flue
EN 297
Open Flued
EN 483
Room-sealed
L3 Burner Type
No PreMix
L4 Floor/Wall
Floor
Wall
Partial PreMix/Conv
Floor
Wall
Partial PreMix Fanned Floor
Wall
Low NOx Partial PreMix Floor
Wall
Atmos. Full PreMix
Floor
Wall
Full premix
Floor
Wall
Jet burner
Floor
Wall
No PreMix
Floor
Wall
Partial PreMix/Conv
Floor
Wall
Wall
Wall
Atmos. Full PreMix
Floor
Wall
Full premix
Floor
Wall
Jet burner
Floor
Wall
L5
Controls
O, P
O, P
O, P, Q
O, P, Q
O, P
O, P
O, P, Q
O, P, Q
O, P
O, P
P, Q, R
P, Q, R
O, P
O, P
O, P, Q, R
O, P, Q, R
O, P
O, P
O, P, Q
O, P, Q
O, P
O, P
P, Q, R
P, Q, R
Q= Modulation R = Air/Gas Ratio
TOTAL 93-07 AUS
0
0
2292
3
12107
117
N/D
N/D
1273
64
2804
56
N/D
N/D
79
0
82
2
0
0
0
0
2990
23907
N/D
N/D
455
1666
N/D
N/D
84
246
0
0
CZ R
DEN
268
436
323
566
0
0
7
80
4
48
0
0
2
63
All Population Data x 1000
FRA
IRE
GER
GRE
HUN
385
3438
72
52
1
16
326
764
1
21
0
0
167
17
980
2028
0
0
11
28
1
6
0
0
44
0
0
0
0
0
164
268
145
255
4
67
279
2489
20
15
35
31
4
50
2
21
4
33
121
13
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
2
0
0
0
25
31
0
BEL
N/D = No Data Available
POL
POR
ROM
SLO
291
2944
143
866
7
124
3
83
260
181
25
1243
184
1256
0
0
3
339
35
59
0
0
0
2
2
6
0
141
0
0
5
0
0
1
24
50
0
3
0
0
0
0
5
1
0
11
0
8
0
77
52
140
21
497
618
6157
16
96
4
58
52
1292
70
48
50
2526
1493
9859
276
472
0
0
2
5
0
0
6
721
4
6
0
0
1
26
0
2
0
286
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
21
51
107
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
23
0
66
215
ITA
SPA
UK
APPENDIX D
EN 677
Condensing
Boilers
EN 303-3
Forced Draught
No PreMix
Floor
Wall
Partial PreMix/Conv
Floor
Wall
Wall
Wall
Atmos. Full PreMix
Floor
Wall
Full premix
Floor
Wall
Jet burner
Floor
Wall
Jet burner
Floor
Wall
O, P
O, P
O, P, Q, R
O, P, Q, R
O, P
O, P
O, P
O, P
O, P
O, P
P, Q, R
P, Q, R
0
0
0
500
N/D
N/D
0
0
N/D
N/D
296
9354
0
0
P, Q, R
P, Q, R
TOTALS
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
100
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
100
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
300
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
20
238
7
275
11
66
2
144
35
404
76
2097
0
3
2
25
0
32
49
668
7
103
0
1
1
31
4
46
0
15
82
5206
868
0
1
0
24
0
9
0
1
0
277
0
291
0
18
0
0
0
0
0
140
0
63
0
3
0
28
0
0
0
12
0
1
0
59003
633
1583
1460
280
7700
6479
115
1361
594
197
1519
626
216
12268 1401
4332 18455
APPENDIX D
WP1
L1 Water Heaters
EN 26 - Gas-fired instantaneous water heaters for the production of domestic hot water, fitted with atmospheric burners
EN 483 - Gas-fired storage water heaters for the production of domestic hot water
L5 Controls Key - O=On/Off P= Pressure Regulator
L4 Floor/Wall
Wall
L5
Controls
P, Q
Q= Modulation
TOTAL 93-07
18600
L2 EN Std/Flue
EN 26 Instantaneous
Open Flued
L3 Burner Type
Partial PreMix/Conv
AUS
135
BEL
CZ R
1102
171
DEN
5
FRA
GER GRE
2082 1042
11
HUN
399
IRE
6
EN26 Instantaneous
Room-sealed
Partial PreMix/Conv
Wall
P, Q
2048
15
123
19
1
231
116
EN89 Storage
Open Flued
Partial PreMix/Conv
Floor
O, P
2319
18
116
146
3
362
EN89 Storage
Room Sealed
Partial PreMix/Conv
Floor
O, P
122
1
6
8
0
19
1
44
1
270
184
265
21
6
685
83
663
0
215
324
20
196
10
1
57
41
147
35
0
11
17
1
10
1
0
3
2
8
TOTALS
23089
217
ITA
POL POR ROM
2427 1656 2385
190
SLO
52
SPA UK
6168
751
APPENDIX D
WP1
L1 Cookers
L2 Type
Built-in
Hob
EN30 - 1.1
General Safety
EN30 - 1.2
Forced Convection Ovens/grills
EN30 - 1.4
Automatic controls
EN30 – 2.1
Efficiency
EN30 – 2.2
Rational use of energy for Fanned Ovens
L4 Construction
Sensitive constructions are: Burner positioned below hob level (Deep Inset) or Burner close to Pan Support (Small B-P Dist)
L3 Burner Type
Atmospheric
Partially Aerated
– Single Ring
L4 Construction
Deep Inset
Small B-P Dist
Atmospheric
Partially Aerated
– Multi-Ring
Deep Inset
Small B-P Dist
Built-in
Oven
Partially Aerated
Oven Burner
Free-Standing Partially Aerated
Cooker
Oven Burner
Partially Aerated
Surface Combustion
Partially Aerated
Ribbon Burner
Partially Aerated
Surface Combustion
Partially Aerated
Ribbon Burner
L5
Controls
FSD
No FSD
FSD
No FSD
FSD
No FSD
FSD
No FSD
Convection Fan
No Convection Fan
TOTAL 93-07
AUS
BEL
CZ R
DEN
FRA
GER
GRE
HUN
IRE
ITA
POL
POR
ROM
SLO
SPA
UK
30339
N/D
N/D
N/D
N/D
7387
514
N/D
N/D
N/D
11844
N/D
N/D
N/D
N/D
2134
2884
1259
N/D
N/D
N/D
N/D
307
21
N/D
N/D
N/D
492
N/D
N/D
N/D
N/D
87
136
3500
N/D
N/D
N/D
N/D
852
60
N/D
N/D
N/D
1366
N/D
N/D
N/D
N/D
248
760
34000
N/D
N/D
N/D
N/D
4320
1573
N/D
N/D
N/D
10743
N/D
N/D
N/D
N/D
1511
7062
69,098
539
600
2451
96
30
2600
N/D
24445
7191
N/D
N/D
1290
3980 10842
Convection Fan
No Convection Fan
Built-in Grill
Built-in Grill
Door Open
Door Closed
Door Open
Door Closed
Eye Level Grill
Eye Level Grill
12866 2168
218
APPENDIX D
WP1
L1 Cookers
EN30 - 1.1
General Safety
EN30 - 1.2
Forced Convection Ovens/grills
EN30 - 1.4
Automatic controls
EN30 – 2.1
Efficiency
EN30 – 2.2
Rational use of energy for Fanned Ovens
L4 Construction
L2 Type
Built-in
Hob
L3 Burner Type
Atmospheric
Partially Aerated
– Single Ring
Sensitive constructions are: Burner positioned below hob level (Deep Inset) or Burner close to Pan Support (Small B-P Dist)
L4 Construction
Deep Inset
Small B-P Dist
Atmospheric
Partially Aerated
– Multi-Ring
Deep Inset
Small B-P Dist
Built-in
Oven
Partially Aerated
Oven Burner
Free-Standing Partially Aerated
Cooker
Oven Burner
Partially Aerated
Surface Combustion
Partially Aerated
Ribbon Burner
Partially Aerated
Surface Combustion
Partially Aerated
Ribbon Burner
L5
TOTAL 93-07 AUS
Controls
FSD
No FSD
FSD
No FSD
FSD
No FSD
FSD
No FSD
Convection Fan
No Convection Fan
BEL
CZ R
DEN
FRA
GER
GRE
HUN
IRE
ITA
POL
POR
ROM
SLO
SPA
UK
30339
N/D
N/D
N/D
N/D
7387
514
N/D
N/D
N/D
11844
N/D
N/D
N/D
N/D
2134
2884
1259
N/D
N/D
N/D
N/D
307
21
N/D
N/D
N/D
492
N/D
N/D
N/D
N/D
87
136
3500
N/D
N/D
N/D
N/D
852
60
N/D
N/D
N/D
1366
N/D
N/D
N/D
N/D
248
760
34000
N/D
N/D
N/D
N/D
4320
1573
N/D
N/D
N/D
10743
N/D
N/D
N/D
N/D
1511
7062
69,098
539
600
2451
96
12866
2168
30
2600
N/D
24445
7191
N/D
N/D
1290
3980
10842
Convection Fan
No Convection Fan
Built-in Grill
Built-in Grill
Door Open
Door Closed
Door Open
Door Closed
Eye Level Grill
Eye Level Grill
219

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