Pdf

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Nili Fossa
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Terr
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ko
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Ap
ia
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lla
ti
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ro
na
e
e
ll
He
60°
• Is
il
Te
l
p
• S
80°
Dao Vallis
40°
depths
and heights [km]
n
alla
i
zan
hil
led
• G
l
SURFACE OF MARS
lambert transversal Equivalent
Azimuthal Projection
grid: Planetocentric latitude with
East longitude
Published by Eötvös loránd university
Cosmic Materials Space research group,
budapest, hungary
http://planetologia.elte.hu
dtM source: MgS MOlA
Map © henrik hargitai 2008
iSbN hu 978-963-463-968-8
20
18
16
14
10
8
6
4
2
0
-2
-4
-6
-8
MARS ORBITAL ELEMENTS
dirECtiON OF MArtiAN
POlAr StAr, iN CygNuS
km
NOrth SuMMEr
SOlStiCE
ar
Newcomb
Scylla-fal
Charybdis-fal
Ares vallie
Aurorae Chaos
Xanthe
terra
ganges Chasma
Juventae Chasma
Echus Chasma
lunae
Planum
Margaritifer terra
Noachis terra
Promethei terra
hellas Planitia
Australe Planum
th
300°du
206 mil
lion km
Orbi
Direction of Earth
First Point of Aries
ls=97°
NOrth WiNtEr
SOlStiCE
st
sto
rm
s
Ascraeus Mons
km
20
16
12
8
4
0
-4
-8
Winter on Earth
249 m
illion
=
100× vertical exaggeration
330°
N: short, cold winter
(–90 — –120°C)
S: short, warm summer
60°
270°
t 1 ye ar = 3 6 5 d ay s
ar
sy
ear
it
120°
=6 6
or b
9 so l
ar s
M
240°
s
=
687 Earth days
Ls
N: long, cold summer
210°
150°
(–30 — –80°C)
180°
M
CROSS SECTION
0°
30°
E
NASA/JPl-CAltECh/COrNEll PiA08632
Ls
90°
lycus Sulci
•
Kas
ab
a
is
A uqakuh V.
ea
ba
rr
a
al
les
lus
Scy
d
20°
200
ia
Cha
os
s
les
xi
aC
ol
O
h
•C
p
[Ha
Ne
r
Bosporos Rupes
lla
Sc
Ch
o
ar y p u l
us
bd
is
S co
pu
T iu V
allis
s
oros R
upes
Chalcop
di
Va
llis
Val
lis
Sha
lb a
Ju
ven
tae Ch
Na
ne
Maja
Vallis
na
Lu
sa
e
nit
Au
xi a
sV
all
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us
oV
sae
Sac ra Fos
e
C l
ar
it
as
tan
a
i V
all
es
se
Ka
mans
Oude
Fo
ss
a e
Solis Dorsa
ga
s
Gi
sma
es
up
lci
Su
i
Hu
Ica
r
Echus C ha
•
Ly
cu
az
Va
llis
on
te
s
P
is
on
Fo
s
M
Er
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atera
Am
ss
ey
No
rth
W
Oly
mp
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Orc
Foss
ae
A me
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s
Pro
me
th
Hyperno tiu
itia
an
Pl
is
id
Is
Phleg
ra M
o
Vall
is
ira
pu
l
Valli
s
Reull
pu
sM
ons
aS
co
a ni
Er
id
Gu
–8
Suzb
y
s
or
aD
Ze
niac
• Vish
large southern
cap
648 km
–3900
L
• Te
rby
NOrth SPriNg EQuiNOX
←→
ti a
ani
s Pl
tes
APhEliON ls=73°
tharsis Mons
sl oges
•
•
lles
Pla
ert
Gilb
1
20
16
12
8 Amazonis
4 Panitia
0
-4
-8
Isidi
s
e
ich
• M
•
lu
Promethei P
l.
gula
•
pu
VIEW FROM BEAGLE CRATER (Opportunity)
Olympus Mons
s
P ro m e t h ei R u p
es
co
aS
S–2
S
Geochemical chronology
(based on Bibring et al. 2006)
Siderikian: 3.8 ga-today: Cold, dry climate. Water and volcanism has little effect. rocks oxidize slowly (Fe(iii)-oxide,
hematite - Fe2O3); Mars gets its red color.
Theiikian: 4.2-3.8 ga: volcanic activity
pumpes SO2 to the atmosphere, which reacts with water and created acidic rains,
which wheather rocks.
Phyllocian: 4.5-4.2 ga: Warm, wet climate, phyllosilicates (clay minerals) on the
bottom of lakes or underground from hydrothermal activity or impact of icy bodkm
ies.
e
oll
aC
en
Ar
Lin
rale
Aust
Wy
*
Malea Planum
es
Holm
tri
• McMurd
o
te
s
• M
ain
no
• Sout
h
Oe
Elim
80°
MARS HISTORY
llis
s Va
ty]
u
Arn
+[In
ca C
i
*
l
Va
ro
Na
ti
Vallis
ing
Hs
ore
sC
av i
aR
nn
-W
hir
illia
it
ms
Pa es
ter
a
• B
is
Vall
arn
Mad
ar
*
ia
Fri
g
Cavi
Angu
s
entea
Pa
u sa tera
ty
Pi
rev
hmi
dt
Dorsa Arg
+M
*
avi
hi C
Sisyp
Th olus
197
1†
u s Pa tera
ne
Am
Pe
p
Jarry De
Sahe
ki
He
Eilat
B
rsa
• Sc
siz
• Lyell
t
Hel
las
Do
• Ag
as
ia
S i s y p h i Te r r a
t
a
u Toi • Dan
• D
oly
J
Sisy
•
phi
s
n
po
Mon
us
Alphe
us Co
a Pate ra
ale
M
• Verlaine
e
e Scopu lus
Wegener •
n
Mo
•
Planum
Liris V
alles
s
Valle
• Schaeberl
• Proc
t or
i by
a M.
• Fournier
HUYGENS
• Russell
Doanus Vallis
rmán hillips
n Ká
o
• P
V
•
Argentea
Green
lis
Co r
ona
Rup
es
•
uo
yre
• F
on
tan
a
• Roddenberry
es
nt
Mo
A rg
T i si a
80°
Chupadero
Beruri Ohara
Yalgoo
Dulovo
Hashir
0°
Schroeter
Wins low
• Denning
• Bouguer
• Lambert
Planum
60°
• Teisserenc de Bort
• Rabe
• Kaiser
• Darwin
• Maraldi
s
su
Charitum M
• Helmholz
teVa
on llis
Cu
ai
s
Dzig
li Pa
40°
Dawes •
Noachis Terra
l
al
sV
opa
c
a
l
Pal
lli
n
Octant is Mo
• Flaugegues
• Lohse
• Galle
o
Jezer
* Ni 2300
Patera
* Meroe
al
les
• Le Verrier
• Wirtz
20°
Syrtis
M a j o r tera
Va
lle
s
sV
cra
Lo
Ma
an
er
Face ]
DI
ANTONIA
ier
Perid
llis
Va
py
• Baldet
Niesten
Australe
60°
60°
Karpinsk
H
ng
Bakhuysen •
phi
Sisy
EL
L
ra
• Bozkir
re
Arg y
nitia
P l ari
Salaga
lass
oug
•D
er
–3500
• Arkhangelsky
Nilosyrtis Men sae
Cl
Vallis
Pa
T
Ochakov
is
all
aV
llis
Va
is
LO
W
e
• Ho ok
Eg
alley •
a
u
Dessa
Kakori
Albi
• Pollack
os
M
E vros
Newcomb
• Vogel
• Hartwig
m Montes
du u Porvaouok
i
S
e
Wa
Azul
Va es
ae
as
ll
ss
ps Va
Fo
is
Hy
r
nde
V
os
Braz
• Wislicenus
• Hale
40°
ili
SCHIAPARELLI
• Beer
m
Sa
i
a
Alitus
loe
Co
a
am
Sc
m
nu
• Mädler
Lebu
80°
Geochronology using crater counting
(based on Tanaka 2001 and Hartmann
2005, modified)
Amazonian ([2-] 3 ga-today): little geological activity, local lava flows at Elysium
and tharsis. ice ages. Periglacial environment. Polat layered deposits. Medusae
Fossa Formation.
Hesperian (3.5-3 ga) volcanism (later
wrinkle ridges on the lava plains), formation of valles Marineris rift system, burial
of early impact structures of the Northern
lowlands, chaos areas and outflow valleys
(for example from valles Marineris).
Noachian (4-3.5 ga) north-south dichotomy, volcanism, valley networks
(warmer climate or local impact heat),
giant impact basins (Ares, hellas, Argyre,
isidis, utopia, Chryse) 4 ga ago,
„Pre-Noachian” (4,5-4 ga): ancient (today
buried) basins (QCds), early heavy bombardment, permanent magnetosphere
Pl a
Ada Zarand
Bopulu
Miyamoto
Airy-0 •
• Bond
in
• Sumg
•H
•
Zongo
Turbi
o
• N
o
Kartab
n
Crater chain
hollow/s
Chaotic terrain
Canyon
hills
ridge/s
trough/s
intersecting troughs
table mountain/s
Mountain/s
Plains, basin
Caldera
highland Plain
Cliff
Wall
Furrows
highland
Cone
dunes
valley/s
Plains
OppORtuni ty + Me
ni
ridia
• Jones
•K
ia
Labr
I
is
era V.
Him
do• Lorica
n Longa
• Tikhonravov
Janssen •
20°
V.
pes
u i
• Bunge
o
Catena, catenae
Cavus, cavi
Chaos
Chasma
Colles
dorsum, dorsa
Fossa, fossae
labyrinthus
Mensa, mensae
Mons, montes
Planitia
Patera
Planum
rupes
Scopulus
Sulci
terra
tholus
undae
vallis, valles
vastitas
0°
Uzer
Va
ll
N
Colles
• Schöner
Na
kt
o
Mellit
• Kalocsa
• Vernal
Te
rr
a
ire
s
Indus V
allis
• Arago
• Henry
• Airy
S
NOMENCLATURE
• Gill
Margaritifer
Chaos
•
CASSINI
• Crommelin
r
Lo
H d
ra
• Marth
2004
P
ion
• Flammar
Coi mb ra
Iani Chaos
340°
V.
ga
La
lle
Va
ll
Va
Asrinoses
Chaos
rs
me
rt
ife
A
llis
Va
r it
r
ab
io V
all
e
• Luzin
• Pasteur
Kansk
Gagra
Sambe
Guir
ra • Peta
in
Golden
na
Ki t a
kal
V.
e
1
9
7
4
†
Buta
• Cartago
Eberswalde
+ MaRS–6
Fa
• Novara
Bigbee
Ruby
CalbeLar in ta
lun
sim
Kanab
Ery th
rov ma
ov ara
n
raea• Ost
ra
Nir ol e
u
T
Val
i
w
i
T
Fossa
gal
les
r
Sanga
Val
lis
Eads
Luki
• Mena • Shatskiy
• Foros
Zilair
is
Vik
lph
p
Ca
lar
o
P
ap
ar
ga
r
Te
Xainza
a
sm
u
Os
Maggini •
An
sset
• Queni
Cerulli
• Sklodowska
• Radau
ia
a
dot
• Renau
ensae
x•
Rudau
s
Uzboi Vallis
u
is R
T
Ak i
•B
Si
C
lar
Po
• Timbuktu
Aurorae Chaos
y
• Ritche
m
anu bk
s Pl abor D
Bo abakin
er
Aram
Chaos
Aureum
Chaos
Batoka
a
Ch
He
rD
es h
er V
all
A
s
Fo
ia
as
Vaals
Byske
Vinogradov
Og y g
s
ro
spo
40°
40°
M
Quorn
Taytay
• Galilaei
Pyrrhae
Chaos
s
Eo
Eos Chaos
Fossae
imov
• Ibrag
o
Pr
ak
Ani
Kong
• S hardi
Are
s
•
• Barsukov
llis
Va
i
pr
Ca
tv
aV
all
e
Los
Rakke
A zusa
W ink
• Paks
Gaa n
Chom
Protonilu
sM
e
Mensa
sm
Moreux
enia
e
e Fossa
• Ruther ford
• Trouvelot
Hydaspis
Chaos
Mega
Tuskegee
Bamberg
• Bequerel
1997
Silinka Vallis
Hydraotes
Chaos
Da Vinci •
la
num
nu
m a e Pla
a
m
r
o
r
as
Au
Ch
hasma
Lutsk
•
Semeykin
h
• McLaughin
• Marursky
• Sagan
Mojave •
Ganges Chasma
• Lassel
v
yko
Voe
Trud Yat
Tile
Ore
Pylos
Kok
320°
he
Orson Welles •
asia
Thaum
m
Planu
ae
oss
is F
rac
Co
um
lan
is P
Sol
•R
nt
• Mutch
Yoro
Batos
Bok
Zuni
T iu
Xa
is
Nectar
um
Plan
m
au
Th
Sabrina V.
Drilon V.
Mohawk Yakima
ae
ens
M
a
ni
do
+ pathfindeR
Cantoura
Tyras V.
Davies
Eagle
lis
Subur V.
Bor
Concord
Vistula V.
Mandora
MAR
INE
RIS
nao Martin
• Toco
•
Zir
Nune
Luck
onil us
Deuter
Curie
l
Va
Tibrikot
Laf
aw
Mo ntevallo
Cy
es
Ar
VA L LE S
Cave Yuty
Warra Kin
Hamelin
Taxco
Yar
Belz
Balvicar
C oprates Catena
20°
Rong
+ Viking–1
V.
Lagarto
[The Face]
Planitia
Swanage
Calahorra
Kipini
Grindavik
Nakusp Lydda
Mut Kaup
Naar
1976
Bamba
r Ch
Faith
Arandas
pi
LYOT
M
Canso Lun a Mens
a
Arta
Ko y
Nif
Jama
Aktaj
Waspam
Pompeii
Quick
300°
has
ma M
elas
Lou ros Valle
Ch
s
asm
a Copra
tes C
20°
Dush
Kunowski
Esk
Hope
Cray
Bonestell
s
us
Sabo
Bira
Poona
Argas Cairns
Leuk
Lan d
Garm
Gol
Lota
to
l i s
B o r e a
es
Makhambet
Sefadu
Lismore
Worcester
a
Tithoniae Caten
a
• Sharanov
ir P
Oph
Cando
Elath
ya
Chryse
Nilokeras Mensa
e
rr
h
Labyrinth
ir
C
asma
Mensa
Coll
tia
Ca n
Acidalia
lli
Va
ud
Sim
Perrotin •
Tithonium Ch
Noctis
lis
al
Olom
• Chia
y g ia
Vils
Te
Sepik Vallis
Dittaino Valles
Ganges
Heb
es Ch Oph Catena
ko • Sytin
ska
Gambo
a
Rongxar
m
nu
O rt
Plani
ul
Nilo
keras Scop
Maja
a
Pl
Sinai
Par va Planum
Fortuna Fossae
La
u•
8700 is Tholus
s
Thar
r
• La
r
er
Kase i Valles
Bahram
Vallis
aos
a
s
nsa
280°
260°
Planum
num
yfai
•
• Po
rte
r
• Bra
sh e
ar
s
os
t
on
strale
la
• P
He
av
ys
ide
•
kuc
h ae
v
• Ch
am
be
rl
• Ste in
no
e
m
• Sto
n ey
k
E ch us Ch
Icaria Pla
• Clar
Aveiro
• Tim
oshen
ith
Planum Australe
s
• Do
• Charl
ier
hasm
a
Daed alia
sa
os
F
a
ov
e
ra M
S ac
lia
Acidalia Colles
Lob
Ius C
ae
• Nans
en
Valles
era
Pat
Aganippe Fossa
17780
• P ickerin
g
• Eudoxu
20°
Noctis Fossae
Kov al’sky
er
Va
lle
s
s
niu
14057
Arsia
Mons
ati
sM
on
Tempe
Mensa
Ura
na
Cate
ae
ctus
Pavonis Mons
60°
Ma
Tra
s
Fos
os
sF
Chico
ss
Fesen
k
ida
ov
ssae
Barabash empe Fo
T
ti
Ech us M
ontes
• Poynting
240°
e
ssa
Fo
Ac
V a s
t i t a s
ris Planum
Nilus Chaos
Mons
18229
ar
Lo n
it
lu
ta
s
te
s
o n ct u
M s Flu
n
Ta
a
Gig
m
rsu
Do
F
be a
La
20°
e
n
a
ic
iu s
a un
Ce r
ossae
Ulysses F
i
rdi
ne
um
0
Planum
Sm
Solar Distance: 206–249 million km
Earth Distance: 54–401 million km
Equatorial Radius: 3396.2 km
Obliquity to orbit: 25°19’ (±10°)
Orbital Period: 668.59 Mars days
(=Sols) (=687 Earth days)
Rotational Period (1 sol): 24h:37m
Gravity: 0.38 g
Length of Equator: 21 300 km
Surface Area: 144.2 million km2
Atmosphere: 95% CO2; 2,6% N2
Pressure: 6 mbar [min: 0,7–Olympus,
max: 12–hellas)
0. Longitude: Airy-0 crater
Height Datum 3396 km radius
Distance from Earth at Light
speed : 03:02–22:19 min.
Solar Distance: 589.2 W/m2
Satellites: Phobos, deimos
Ascraeus
Biblis
Patera
M
en
sa
A scu
Pere
pelki
n
e
e T
p
T es Fom
ssae
8000 holus
T Paros
nius
u
a
r
Ce
e
sa
• Trump
er
nius Mons
• Suess
EötvöS l. uNivErSity
COSMiC MAtEriAlS
SPACE rESEArCh grOuP
budAPESt, huNgAry
MARS DATA
220°
• Berna rd
os
460
* holus
ovis T
NEWTON
es
up
80°
Chasma Au
re
ia
e
mp
Te
Syria
Fo
• Mill
man
• Kuiper
• Wright
n •
nlei
Jeans •
• Hei inbaumThyl e
e
• Richardson
sM
W
1999†
•
on
tes
+ Ma R S
Bu
• Rey
d
n
rro
nold
Ul
aR l a eR
ugh R
tim
s
pOl
a Ling
s • ayle
ula
Hut
igh
ton
•
s
• L
pe
copulus
Ru
Ultimum Chas
iais
s S Kato
ei
ma
Promethei
•
om
C
b
a
J
Biblis Tholus
sa
e
s
Munda valli
Abus Vallis
Taus Vallis
C hro
Man
gala Valle s
um
Si
COPERNICUS
• M endel
pes
is R u
d
Byr
on
Hipparchu
s•
Pto lemaeus • L
i Fan
Liu Hsin
sR
yle
le y
ux
•
Mariner •
S i r• e n u m
Th
ra
H
60°
lls
We
y
• Vinograds k
Ulyx
er
i
ch
ec
S
•
Very •
• C ampbell
Chroni
Planum
T
e•
ac
all
e • us
az
Am
ov
ikh
•T
ei
ch
ovi
tof
ir sh
o Brah
Tych
ane y
ald stle
• H • Prie
h
•K
olstoy
• Huggin
• M agelhaens
Gorgonum C haos
• Bjerknes
• Rossby
Dra
va Valles
s
R
d
Ta
V.
nn
ri
Eu
R
KEPLE
• A.T
et
40°
n•
iso
meria
enius •
Arrh
om
Reull Va
llis
Atlantis
Chaos
Ar iadnes
Colles
Rupes
Pr
Harm akhis
ec
Seb
M
• D ejnev
n
em
us
• Cruls
s
valli
Dubis
s
Valli
S a b is
M
m
Niger Vallis
.
Dao V
Ce
Hellas M.
nt
au
ri
•
M
.
is
Ma’adim Vall
nu
es
or
ph
e os
Co mas Sola •
T e r r a • Columb
Cim
• Martz
• W illiams
Ejriksson
Moleswor th
•
Pla
on t
ia M
a ca
dri a
Ha ater
P
a
is
•
s
niu
Uraolus
Th
4700
• B urton
Apollinaris Tholus
• Soffen
Kunes
on
Aus
*
V.
Baro
•
ich
Sav
Müller •
ra
Ki nko
Cobres •
Downe
rius
Chefu
P
tera
a Pa
p
rhen
Tyr Trinidad Sino
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1 : 320 000 000
1 cm = 320 km
es
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MARS
Bool
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Oly
mpia Unda
T
Planum Boreum
N
80°
s
80°
M
TOPOGRAPHIC MAP OF
N
80°
Scandia Coll
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Ap
oll
ina
r
ra
ate
P
is
small souther polar cap
PErihEliON
ls=253°
S: long, cold winter
NOrth AutuMN EQuiNOX
Instead of names of months, on
Mars we use ls (Solar Longitude)
degree values to measure seasons. it
shows the distance of the Sun from
the First Point of Aries at the spring
equinox (0°) in the change of seasons of Mars – apart from obliquity
to orbit – Solar distance plays an important role. because of the excentricity of current Mars orbit. it
affects the size of polar caps. thus
in the south seasons are extreme:
summer is during perihelion, winter
is during aphelion; while in the
north, seasons are more equalized.