Relazione sulla vittoria di Chio

Bartolomeo Contarini
(1648 - 1699)
Relazione sulla vittoria di Chio
9 e 19 febbraio 1694
Sconfitta veneziana delle Egnusse, presso Chio, 9 e 19 febbraio 1695
Canal di Scio. Positura delle due Armate doppo la seconda Battaglia venendo li 20 Febraio 1694
Ινστιτούτο Νεοελληνικών Ερευνών/ ΕΙΕ
http://pandektis.ekt.gr/pandektis/handle/10442/162990
M
Francesco
orosini Peloponnesiaco. Medaglia commemorativa della Conquista veneziana della
incisa da Ph. A. Muller (1688), Museo Nazionale Storico di Arene (Commons wikimedia)
Morea
Chios, near the Turkish Coast
Morean War (1684-1699)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Date
Location
Result
Territorial changes
1684-1699
Peloponnese, southern Epirus, Central Greece, Aegean Sea
Venetian victory
Morea ceded to Venice
Belligerents
Republic of Venice
Knights of St. Stephen
Knights of Malta
Duchy of Savoy Papal States
Himariotes
Maniots +other Greek rebels
Ottoman Empire
Commanders and leaders
Francesco Morosini Otto Wilhelm Königsmarck
Ismail Pasha Mahmud Pasha
The Morean War (Italian: La guerra di Morea) is the better known name for the Sixth Ottoman–Venetian War. The war was
fought between 1684-1699, as part of the wider conflict known as the "Great Turkish War", between the Republic of Venice and
the Ottoman Empire. Military operations ranged from Dalmatia to the Aegean Sea, but the war's major campaign was the
Venetian conquest of the Morea (Peloponnese) peninsula in southern Greece. On the Venetian side, the war was fought to avenge
the loss of Crete in the Cretan War (1645–1669), while the Ottomans were entangled in their northern frontier against the
Habsburgs and were unable to concentrate their forces against the Republic. As such, the Morean War holds the distinction of
being the only Ottoman–Venetian conflict from which Venice emerged victorious, gaining significant territory. Venice's
expansionist revival would be short-lived however, as their gains were reversed by the Ottomans in 1715.
Background
Venice had held several islands in the Aegean and the Ionian seas, together with strategically positioned forts along the coast of
the Greek mainland since the carving up of the Byzantine Empire after the Fourth Crusade. However, with the rise of the
Ottomans, during the 16th and early 17th centuries, they lost most of these, such as Cyprus and Euboea (Negropont) to the Turks.
Between 1645 and 1669, the Venetians and the Ottomans fought a long and costly war over the last major Venetian possession in
the Aegean, Crete. During this war, the Venetian commander, Francesco Morosini, came into contact with the rebellious Maniots,
for a joint campaign in the Morea. In 1659, Morosini landed in the Morea, and together with the Maniots, he took Kalamata.
However, he was soon after forced to return to Crete, and the Peloponnesian venture failed.
In 1683, a new war broke out between Austria and the Ottomans, with a large Ottoman army advancing towards Vienna. In
response to this, a Holy League was formed. After the Ottoman army was defeated in the Battle of Vienna, the Venetians decided
to use the opportunity of the weakening of Ottoman power and its distraction in the Danubian front so as to reconquer its lost
territories in the Aegean and Dalmatia. On 25 April 1684, the Most Serene Republic declared war on the Ottomans.[1]
Aware that she would have to rely on her own strength for success, Venice prepared for the war by securing financial and military
aid in men and ships from the Knights of Malta, the Duchy of Savoy, the Papal States and the Knights of St. Stephen. In addition,
the Venetians enrolled large numbers of mercenaries from Italy and the German states, especially Saxony and Brunswick,[2] and
raised levies from their own territories in Italy and Dalmatia. Morosini, having had a distinguished record and great experience in
of operations in Greece, was chosen to command the fleet.[3]
The Venetian Offensive
Operations in the Ionian Sea
In mid-June, the Venetian fleet moved from the Adriatic towards the Venetian-held Ionian Islands. The first target was the island
of Lefkada (Santa Maura), which fell, after a brief siege of 16 days, on 6 August 1684. The Venetians, aided by Greek irregulars,
then crossed into the mainland and started raiding the opposite shore of Acarnania. Most of the area was soon under Venetian
control, and the fall of the forts of Preveza and Vonitsa in late September removed the last Ottoman bastions.[4] These early
successes were important for the Venetians not only for reasons of morale, but because they secured their communications with
Venice, denied to the Ottomans the possibility of threatening the Ionian Islands or of ferrying troops via western Greece to the
Peloponnese, and because these successes encouraged the Greeks to cooperate with them against the Ottomans.
The Conquest of the Morea
Having secured his rear during the previous year, Morosini set his sights upon the Peloponnese, where the Greeks, especially the
Maniots, had begun showing signs of revolt and communicated with Morosini, promising to rise up in his aid. Ismail Pasha, the
new military commander of the Morea, learned of this and invaded the Mani peninsula with 10,000 men, reinforcing the three
forts that the Ottomans already garrisoned, and compelled the Maniots to give up hostages to secure their loyalty.[5] As a result,
the Maniots remained uncommitted when, on 25 June 1685, the Venetian army, 8,100 men strong, landed outside the former
Venetian fort of Koroni and laid siege to it. The castle surrendered after 49 days, on 11 August, and the garrison was massacred.
After this success, Morosini embarked his troops towards the town of Kalamata, in order to encourage the Maniots to revolt. The
Venetian army, reinforced by 3,300 Saxons and under the command of General Degenfeld, defeated a Turkish force of ca. 10,000
outside Kalamata on 14 September, and by the end of the month, all of Mani and much of Messenia were under Venetian
control.[6][7] In October 1685, the Venetian army retreated to the Ionian Islands for winter quarters, where a plague broke out,
something which would occur regularly in the next years, and take a great toll on the Venetian army, especially among the
German contingents. In April next year, the Venetians helped repulse an Ottoman attack which threatened to overrun Mani, and
were reinforced from the Papal States and Tuscany. The Swedish marshal Otto Wilhelm Königsmarck was appointed head of the
land forces, while Morosini retained command of the fleet. On 3 June Königsmarck took Pylos, and proceeded to lay siege the
fortress of Navarino. A relief force under Ismail Pasha was defeated on June 16, and the next day the fort surrendered. The
garrison and the Muslim population were transported to Tripoli.[8] Methoni (Modon) followed on 7 July, after an effective
bombardment destroyed the fort's walls, and its inhabitants were also transferred to Tripoli.[9] The Venetians then advanced
towards Argos and Nafplion, which was then the most important town in the Peloponnese. The Venetian army, ca. 12,000 strong,
landed around Nafplion between 30 July and August 4. Königsmarck immediately led an assault upon the hill of Palamidi, then
unfortified, which overlooked the town. Despite the Venetians' success in capturing Palamidi, the arrival of a 7,000 Ottoman army
under Ismail Pasha at Argos rendered their position difficult. The Venetians' initial assault against the relief army succeeded in
taking Argos and forcing the pasha to retreat to Corinth, but for two weeks, from 16 August, Königsmarck's forces were forced to
continuously repulse attacks from Ismail Pasha's forces, fight off the sorties of the besieged Ottoman garrison and cope with a new
outbreak of plague. On 29 August 1686 Ismail Pasha attacked the Venetian camp, but was heavily defeated. With the defeat of the
relief army, Nafplion was forced to surrender the on September 3.[10] News of this major victory were greeted in Venice with joy
and celebration. Nafplion became the Venetians' major base, while Ismail Pasha withdrew to Achaea after strengthening the
garrisons at Corinth, which controlled the passage to Central Greece.[11]
Despite losses to the plague during the autumn and winter of 1686, Morosini's forces were replenished by the arrival of new
German mercenary corps form Hannover in spring 1687. Thus strengthened, he was able to move against the last major Ottoman
bastion in the Peloponnese, the town of Patras and the fort of Rion, which along with its twin at Antirrion controlled the entrance
to the Corinthian Gulf (the "Little Dardanelles"). On 22 July 1687, Morosini, with a force of 14,000, landed outside Patras, where
the new Ottoman commander, Mehmed Pasha, had established himself. Mehmed, with an army of roughly equal size, attacked the
Venetian force immediately after it landed, but was defeated and forced to retreat. At this point panic spread among the Ottoman
forces, and the Venetians were able, within a few days, to capture the citadel of Patras, and the forts of Rion, Antirrion, and
Nafpaktos (Lepanto) without any opposition, as their garrisons abandoned them. This new success caused great joy in Venice, and
honours were heaped on Morosini and his officers. Morosini received the victory title "Peloponnesiacus", and a bronze bust of his
was displayed in the Great Hall, something never before done for a living citizen.[12] The Venetians followed up this success with
the reduction of the last Ottoman bastions in the Peloponnese, including Corinth, which was occupied on 7 August,[13] and Mystra,
which surrendered later in the month. The Peloponnese was under complete Venetian control, and only the fort of Monemvasia
(Malvasia) in the southeast continued to resist, holding out until 1690.[14]
The Campaign against Athens and Negropont
After these victories had cleared the Peloponnese of Turkish forces, Morosini decided to campaign in Central Greece, especially
against the Ottoman strongholds of Thebes and Chalkis (Negropont). Thus, on 21 September 1687, Königsmarck's army, 10,750
men strong, landed at Eleusis, while the Venetian fleet entered Piraeus. The Turks quickly evacuated the town of Athens, but the
garrison and much of the population withdrew to the ancient Acropolis. The Venetian army began now a siege of the Acropolis,
which would last six days (September 23-29) and would cause much destruction to the ancient monuments. The Ottomans first
demolished the temple of Athena Nike to erect a cannon battery, but the most important damage caused was the destruction of the
Parthenon. The Turks used the temple for ammunition storage, and when, on the evening of on 26 September 1687, a mortar shell
hit the building, the resulting explosion led to the complete destruction of the temple's roof and most of the walls.[15] Despite the
enormous destruction caused by the explosion and the loss of ca. 200 men, the Turks continued to defend the fort until a relief
attempt from the Ottoman army of Thebes was repulsed on September 28. The garrison then capitulated, on condition of being
transported to Smyrna.[16]
Despite the fall of Athens, Morosini's position was not secure. The Ottomans were amassing an army at Thebes, and their cavalry
effectively controlled Attica, limiting the Venetians to the environs of Athens. In December, the 1,400-strong Hannoverian
contingent departed, and a new outbreak of the plague during the winter further weakened his forces.[17] Thus the Venetians were
forced to retreat to the Peloponnese in April. The Venetians took with them several looted architectural monuments such as the
Piraeus Lion, which today stands at the entrance of the Venetian Arsenal.[18] Morosini's withdrawal prompted several thousand
Greeks, who feared Turkish retributions, to flee to the Peloponnese and to neighbouring islands.[19]
In July 1688, however, Morosini, by now having been elected as the new Doge of Venice, landed at Chalkis (Negroponte) and
laid siege to it. The Venetians had assembled a substantial force, 13,000 troops and further 10,000 men in the fleet, against the
Ottoman garrison of 6,000 men, which offered determined resistance. The Venetian fleet was unable to fully blockade the city,
which allowed Ismail Pasha's forces, across the Euripus Strait, to ferry supplies to the besieged castle. The Venetians and their
allies suffered great losses, especially from another outbreak of the plague, including General Königsmarck, who succumbed to
the plague on September 15. After a last assault on October 12 proved a costly failure, Morosini had to accept defeat.[20] On
October 20, the Venetian army, having lost in total ca. 9,000 men, left Euboea and headed for Argos. The failure at Negropont had
severe repercussions on the Venetian camp. The remaining German mercenaries left in early November. Morosini attempted an
unsuccessful attack on Monemvasia in 1689, but his failing health forced him to return to Venice soon after.[21] This marked the
end of Venetian ascendancy, and the beginning of a number of successful, although in the end not decisive, Ottoman
counteroffensives.
Ottoman resurgence
The successive defeats in Hungary and the Peloponnese had severe repercussions in Constantinople. Sultan Mehmed IV was
deposed in 1687 in favour of his brother, Suleiman II. Although initially desiring a peace settlement, the outbreak of the War of
the League of Augsburg in 1688, and the following diversion of Austrian resources towards France, encouraged the Ottoman
leadership to continue the war. Under the capable leadership of the new Grand Vizier, Köprülü Fazıl Mustafa Pasha, the Ottomans
went over to the counteroffensive.[22] However, as the main effort was directed against Austria, the Ottomans were never able to
spare enough men to reverse the Venetian gains completely.
The actions of Limberakis Gerakaris In 1688, the Turks turned for help to the infamous Maniot pirate, Limberakis Gerakaris,
whom they held in prison at Constantinople. He was released, invested as "Bey of Mani", allowed to recruit a force of a few
hundreds, and joined the Ottoman army at Thebes.[23] Gerakaris was to play a major role in the latter stages of the war, since his
daring and destructive raids into Venetian-held territory were a major threat and a continuous drain on the Republic's resources.
By that time, a large swathe of no man's land extended across Central Greece, between the Ottoman strongholds in the east and
the Venetian-held territories in the west. Much of the mountainous interior of Phocis and Evrytania was in the hands of warbands
composed of Greeks, Albanians and Dalmatian deserters of the Venetian army. Gerakaris initially attempted to persuade these
groups to enter Ottoman service, but without success. In 1689, he conducted his first raid against Messolonghi, with a mixed force
of 2,000 Turks, Albanians and Greeks. In the next year, the Ottoman forces swept through central Greece, and although they were
repulsed at Nafpaktos (Lepanto), they re-established Ottoman control over the interior.[24] However, at the same time, the
Venetians took Monemvasia, thus removing the last Ottoman bastion in the Morea. In 1692, Gerakaris spearheaded an Ottoman
invasion of the Peloponnese. He took Corinth, and unsuccessfully besieged the Acrocorinth and Argos, before being forced to
withdraw by the arrival of Venetian reinforcements. However, after renewed invasions into the Peloponnese in 1694 and 1695,
Gerakaris went over to the Venetian camp. However, his brutal and savage treatment of the civilian population and his intriguing
for the position of Bey of Mani could not be tolerated for long by Venice, and after the brutal sack of Arta in August 1696,
Gerakaris was arrested and imprisoned at Brescia.[25]
Operations in Epirus and Venetian attack on Crete In an effort to aid the Greeks of Himara, who had rebelled against the
Turks, and after some successes in northern Albania and Montenegro, the Venetian fleet launched an attack against the Adriatic
Ottoman port and fortress of Valona. The siege, lasting from 11-18 September, was successful, and led to the spreading of the
revolt in the area. In 1691 however, the resurgent Ottomans were able to launch a massive counteroffensive in the area, and by
March 14, the area had been subdued.[26] In 1692, a Venetian fleet under Domenico Mocenigo attacked Crete and laid siege to its
capital Candia, while at the same time the Christians of the island rose up against the Ottomans. Despite this, the attempt to retake
Crete failed. The Ottomans even managed to take the Venetian fortress on the island of Gramvousa by treason.
The last years of the war Hoping to reinvigorate the Venetian cause, Morosini himself returned to the Morea in 1693. His
advanced age denied him the chance to prove his abilities again, however, and on 16 January 1694, he died at Nafplion. His
successor Zeno, against the advice of his officers, led an expedition against the rich island of Chios, off the coast of Asia Minor.
The island was taken easily, but the Turkish response was swift and massive. A double naval battle near the Oinousses Islands in
February 1695 resulted in a Venetian defeat, and forced a humiliating Venetian withdrawal from Chios.[27] The Ottomans were
encouraged to invade the Morea again, but were defeated by General Steinau and driven back to their base at Thebes. At the same
time, Steinau succeeded in bringing Gerakaris to come over to the Venetian side (see above).[28]
Naval operations in the Aegean There were several naval clashes between the opposing fleets, such as at Lesbos in 1690, at the ,
at Andros in 1696, at Lemnos in July 1697, and at Samothrace in 1698, but they were generally indecisive and failed to shift the
balance of forces.
Aftermath The Treaty of Karlowitz, signed in January 1699, confirmed the Venetian possession of Kephalonia, and the Morea
with the island of Aigina, which became organized as the "Kingdom of the Morea" (Italian: Regno di Morea), divided into four
provinces: Romania, with seat at Nafplion (Napoli di Romania), Laconia, with seat at Monemvasia (Malvasia), Messenia, with
seat at Navarino, and Achaea, with seat at Patras (Patrasso). The war however had created a demographic and economic crisis in
the Peloponnese.[29] The Venetians tried to address the issue, but failed to win the trust of their Greek Orthodox subjects, who
were used to a relative autonomy under the Turks and resented the Venetian bureaucracy. The Venetians also launched a great
fortification project throughout the Morea, whose results can still be seen today. Nevertheless, Venice itself was too weakened to
effectively assert its authority, and in 1715 a swift Ottoman campaign reclaimed the Morea.
Sources
• History of the Hellenic Nation, Vol. XI, Ekdotiki Athinon 1975
• Finlay, George (1856). The History of Greece under Othoman and Venetian Domination. London: William Blackwood
and Sons.
• Chatziaslani,
Kornilia.
"Morosini
in
Athens".
Archaeology
of
the
city
of
Athens.
http://www.eie.gr/archaeologia/En/chapter_more_8.aspx. Retrieved 2008-06-11.
• Setton, Kenneth Meyer (1991). Venice, Austria, and the Turks in the Seventeenth Century. DIANE Publishing.
ISBN 0871691922.
References
1.
^ Finlay, p. 205-206
2.
^ The rulers of Saxony and Brunswick undertook, in December 1684, to furnish each 2400 men. These troops,
2500 Hannoverians and 3,300 Saxons, arrived in Greece in 1685. Finlay, pp.210-211
3.
^ History of the Hellenic Nation, p. 19
4.
^ Finlay, p. 209
5.
^ Finlay, pp. 211-212
6.
^ History of the Hellenic Nation, p. 23
7.
^ Finlay, pp. 213-214
8.
^ Finlay, p. 215-216
9.
^ Finlay, p. 216
10.
^ Finlay, p. 218
11.
^ History of the Hellenic Nation, p. 24
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
^ Finlay, p. 220
^ Finlay, p. 221
^ History of the Hellenic Nation, p. 25-26
^ History of the Hellenic Nation, p. 27-28
^ Finlay, p. 223
^ Finlay, p. 224
^ In at least one case, this looting resulted in the destruction of the antiquities concerned: the statue of Poseidon
and the chariot of Victory were broken while workmen tried to remove them from the Parthenon's western pediment.
^ History of the Hellenic Nation, p. 29
^ Finlay, pp. 227-228
^ History of the Hellenic Nation, p. 29-30
^ L.S. Stavrianos, The Balkans since 1453, p. 174
^ Finlay, pp. 230-231
^ Finlay, p. 231
^ History of the Hellenic Nation, p. 32
^ History of the Hellenic Nation, p. 31-32
^ Finlay, p. 232
^ Finlay, p. 233
^ Finlay, p. 234
Battle of the Oinousses Islands (1695)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Date
Location
Result
9 and 19 February 1695
near the Oinousses Islands
Ottoman victory
Commanders and leaders
Antonio Zeno
Mezzo Morto Hüseyin Pasha
Strength
21 sailing ships 5 galeasses 21 galleys
20 sailing ships 24 galleys
The twin battle of the Oinousses (Turkish: Koyun Adaları Deniz Muharebesi) comprised two separate actions, on 9 and 19
February 1695 near the Oinousses Islands (Turkish: Koyun Adaları), off Cape Karaburun in western Anatolia, between a Venetian
fleet under Antonio Zeno and the Ottoman fleet under Kapudan Pasha Mezzo Morto Hüseyin. The result of the first battle was a
Venetian defeat, and although the second engagement ended in a draw, the Venetian position in Chios became untenable, forcing
Zeno to abandon the island. In the first engagement, Venetian casualties were 142 killed and 300 wounded on the sailing ships,
excluding the three ships lost, and 323 killed and 303 wounded on the galleys. All together, less than 2500 casualties. In the
second engagement, the Venetians were at a numerical disadvantage, due to the loss of three ships and the absence of the damaged
San Vittorio. Venetian deaths were 132, and Fama Volante was damaged, along with 2 Ottoman sailing ships.
Opposing forces (9 February)
Venice (Zeno)
• Stella Maris - Blew up
• Rosa 60
• San Lorenzo Giustinian 70/80
• Leon Coronato - Blew up
• Nettuno 50/60
• Valor Coronato 54
• San Domenico 60
• Redentore del Mundo 70
• Vittoria 50/60
• San Nicolo 54
• Sacra Lega 60
• Drago Volante c.60 - Blew up
• Fama Volante 50
• Madonna della Salute 50
• Venere Armata 52
• Ercole Vittorioso 50/60
• San Antonio di Padova c.50
• Pace ed Abbondanza 50
• San Giovanni Battista Piccolo c.50
• San Vittorio 62 - Damaged
• San Giovanni Battista Grande 60
• 5 galleasses
• 21 galleys
Ottoman Empire (Mezzo Morto)
• 20 sailing ships
• 24 galleys
References Naval wars in the Levant 1559-1853 - R. C. Anderson ISBN 1-57898-538-2
The naval action of 9 February 1695 .Venetian medal of 1688, struck in honour of Morosini's conquest of the Morea and his
election as Doge of Venice
Engraving depicting the Venetian siege of the Acropolis of Athens, September 1687. The trajectory of the shell that hit the
Parthenon, causing its explosion, is marked.Nafplion, or Napoli di Romagna, in the mid-16th century.
Map of south-eastern Europe ca. 1670.
Battle of Andros (1696)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The Battle of Andros took place on 22 August 1696 southeast of the Greek island of Andros between the fleets of the Republic of
Venice and the Papal States under Bartolomeo Contarini[1] on the one side and the Ottoman Navy, under Mezzo Morto Hüseyin
Pasha, and allied Barbary forces on the other. The encounter was indecisive, and no vessels were lost on either side.
Background Contarini, with 22 sailing ships, left Porto Poro on 28 July and arrived at Port Gavrion, on the west coast of Andros,
on 3 August, while a galley force, under Molino, went to Kekhrios, on mainland Greece, ready for an attack on Thebes. On 6
August the Muslim fleet of 20 Ottoman and 15 African ships was sighted north of Andros. It sailed around to Gavrion and tried to
tempt Contarini out, but the wind was from the north (possibly this should be south), and Contarini had orders not to engage
unless he had the weather gauge, and even after the Ottomans sent galliots in and landed troops all he did was send a small craft to
drive them off. The Ottomans left and anchored to the west. For 10 days nothing happened, except for a French merchantman
entering the harbor being fired on by the Venetians, who mistook it for a fireship.
The battle On 20 August the north wind dropped and at 5pm the Ottoman fleet appeared again off the town and opened fire, with
little result, before becoming becalmed to the south during the night. On 21 August, the wind was from the north again and
Contarini, seeing his chance, sailed, but the wind dropped at about 12pm and he made for the SE end of Andros with what wind
there was, there being joined by the galley force which had just arrived from the west, early on 22 August. A slight easterly wind
gave Contarini another chance, and he sailed west, the galleys towing the sailing ships, toward the south end of the Ottomans, who
were arranged vaguely in an easterly Ottoman line and a westerly African line, but mainly in a group formation, and turned north,
coming alongside them with his first 7 ships (Tigre, Rosa, San Andrea, San Lorenzo Giustinian (flag), San Domenico, Fede
Guerriera and San Sebastiano) and attacking at about 12pm. At about 2pm the rowing vessels detached and formed a line abreast
to the south of the Ottomans. Both sides' sailing ships formed themselves more or less into lines, and the Ottoman fleet gradually
bore away. At 4pm the wind dropped, and the Venetian galleys, which had cut back through the line, then re-emerged and
attacked the Ottomans in a line abreast. The Turks withdrew after about 2 hours, eventually making their way south to near the
island of Syros, whilst the Venetians eventually sailed back to Port Gavrion. Until 1 December the Venetians sailed around
looking for the Ottoman fleet, when they heard that it had sailed back into the Dardanelles almost 1 month earlier. Christian
casualties were 56 killed and 125 wounded in the sailing ships and about 19 casualties in the rowing vessels.
Opposing forces
Venice (Contarini)
• San Lorenzo Giustinian 80 (flag)
• Tigre 66
• Rosa 60
• San Andrea 60
• San Domenico 60
• Fede Guerriera 56
• San Sebastiano 68
• 15 other sailing ships
• some galleasses
• some galleys
• unknown number of Papal ships
Ottoman Empire (Mezzo Morto)
• 20 Ottoman sailing ships
• 15 or 16 Barbary ships
• some galliots
References
1. ^ Damiani, Roberto. Pirati, Corsari e loro Cacciatori nel Mediterraneo (XIII secolo - XVII secolo) - Dizionario
Biografico. "Hassan Mezzomorto." Accessed 16 Jun 2010. (Italian.)
• Anderson, R. C. Naval wars in the Levant 1559-1853 (1952) ISBN 1-57898-538-2
LA COLONIA VENEZIANA DI CHIOS
Per oltre due secoli, dal 1347 al 1566, Scio (Chios) fu governata da una compagnia commerciale
veneziana, la Maona Giustiniani. Maona è probabilmente una parola di origine araba, derivata da
maounach (impresa) o mauna (aiuto). Tutte le famiglie che compartecipavano alla maona aggiunsero al
loro cognome quelllo di Giustiniani, con riferimento a Giustiniano il grande imperatore bizantino.
http://romeartlover.tripod.com/Pscio.html
All images © by Roberto Piperno, owner of the domain. Write to [email protected]. Text edited by Rosamie
Moore.
LA VITA AMMINISTRATIVA DEI GIUSTINIANI A CHIOS
http://www.giustiniani.info/amministrativa.html
IL REGNO VENEZIANO DI MOREA E L’ULTIMA GUERRA CRISTIANA
CONTRO I TURCHI A SCIO DEL 1695
http://www.google.it/imgres?imgurl=http://www.giustiniani.info/Turchia1793.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.giustiniani.info/morea.
html&usg=__juACr8bwvxCT3SmcFMk8mR2XAkE=&h=591&w=724&sz=110&hl=it&start=56&zoom=1&tbnid=4QpAlxqZ9E
1OSM:&tbnh=164&tbnw=201&ei=OJTPTZHiDIfQsgawj729Cw&prev=/search%3Fq%3DScio%2B1694%26hl%3Dit%26sa%3
DG%26biw%3D1436%26bih%3D668%26gbv%3D2%26tbm%3Disch0%2C1615&itbs=1&iact=hc&vpx=375&vpy=354&dur=15
&hovh=203&hovw=249&tx=100&ty=220&page=4&ndsp=18&ved=1t:429,r:13,s:56&biw=1436&bih=668
IL TRATTATO DI PACE DI KARLOWITZ 1699
Druck
Reichsarchiv (1699-01-26)
Theatrum Europaeum (1699-01-26)
Dank der Vermittlung des türkischen Konsulats
in Deutschland wurde dieser Vertrag
digitalisiert und dem Projekt zur Verfügung
1699 I 26 Friedensvertrag von Karlowitz
gestellt.
Osmanisches Reich, Venedig
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SCIO, the Italian name of an island on the west coast of Asia Minor, called by the Greeks Chios (Χίος) and by the Turks Saki
Adasi; the soft pronunciation of x before i in Modern Greek, approximating to sh, caused Xto to be Italianized as Scio. Scio,
which is about 30 miles lorfg from north to south, and varies in breadth from 8 to 15 miles, is divided into a larger northern part
and a smaller southern part, called respectively apanomeria and katomeria. The island is rugged and well deserves the epithet "
craggy " (jrai.TraXoecra-a') applied to it in the Homeric hymn. The southern part is less rocky than the northern, and the wealth of
the island is concentrated there. The figs of Chios were noted in ancient times, but wine and gum mastic have always been its
most important products. The climate is almost perfect, the atmosphere delightful and healthy; oranges, olives, and even palms
grow freely. The finest wine was grown on the north-western coast, in the district called by Strabo Ariusia, and was known in
Italy as vinum Arvisium. The population of Chios has always been far greater than its resources could feed; the people have
therefore been forced to import the necessaries of life in exchange for their wine and mastic and fruit, and alike in ancient and
modern times they have been known as merchants and traders. Pottery of Chios and Thasos was exported to Illyria (Strab., p. 317)
and doubtless elsewhere; it formed or contained the cargo of outward-bound trading ships. Thasian ware is familiar in museums,
where the stamped handles of Thasian amphorae have been collected in thousands; but no pottery has yet been identified as of
Chian manufacture. An incidental proof of the importance of Chian handicrafts lies in the fact that early in the 7th century B.C.
Glaucus of Chios discovered the process of soldering iron, and the iron stand of a large crater whose parts were all connected by
this process was constructed by him, and preserved as one of the most interesting relics of antiquity at Delphi. The long line of
Chian sculptors in marble, Bupalus and Athenis, sons of Archermus, son of Micciades, son of Melas, bears witness to the fame of
Chian art in the period 660 to 540 B.C. The Winged Victory of Micciades and Archermus, which was dedicated at Delos, is still
preserved,—the most im-portant attested work extant of archaic Greek art. Marble quarries also "were worked in the island. In
literature the chief glory of Chios was the school of epic poets called Homeridse, who carried on and gave an Ionic tone to the
traditional art of the older iEolic bards. Cimetkus is said to have written the Homeric Hymn to Apollo of Delos, and is believed by
some modern critics to have exer-cised great influence on the text of the Iliad and Odyssey. The Chian recension of these poems
(Xia "EKSOCUS) was in later times one of the standard texts. Ion the tragic poet, Theopompus the historian, and other writers
maintained the position of Chios in literature during the classical period.The chief city of Chios has always borne the same name
as the island. It is situated near the middle of the eastern coast, and at the present day contains about 17,000 inhabitants. A theatre
and a temple of Athena Poliuchus existed in the ancient city. About C miles north of the city there is a curious monument of
antiquity, commonly called "the school of Homer"; it is a very ancient sanctuary of Cybele, with an altar and a figure of the
goddess with her two lions, cut out of the native rock on the summit of a hill. On the west coast there is a monastery of great
wealth with a .church founded by Constantine IX. (1042-54). Starting from the city and encompassing the island, one passes in
succession the pro-montory Posidium ; Cape Phana;, the southern extremity of Chios, with a harbour and a temple of Apollo ;
Notium, probably the south-western point of the island ; Laii, opposite the city of Chios, whore the island is narrowest; the town
Bolissns (now Yolisso), the home of the Homerid poets ; Melama, the north-western point; the wine-growing district Ariusia ;
Cardamyle (now Cardhamili); the north-eastern promontory was probably named Phlium, and the mountains that cross the
northern part of the island Pelinams or Pellenams. The situation of the small towns Leuconium, Delphinium, Caucasa, Ccela, and
Polichne is uncertain ; probably most of them were in the southern part. The island is subject to earthquakes ; a very destructive
shock occurred in March 1881.The history of Chios is very obscure. According to Pherecydes, the original inhabitants were
Leleges, while according to other accounts Thessalian Pelasgi possessed the island before it became an Ionian state. The name
iEthalia, common to Chios and Lemnos in very early time, suggests the original existence of a homogeneous population in these
and other neighbouring islands. (Enopium, a mythical hero, son of Dionysus or of Rhadamanthus, was an early king of Chios. His
successor in the fourth generation, Hector, united the island to the Ionian confederacy (Pausan., vii. 4), though Strabo (p. 633)
implies an actual conquest by Ionian settlers. The name Hector and the fountain Helene (probably at the modern Thelena in the
north) might be expected in the island of the Homerida}. The regal government was at a later time exchanged for an oligarchy or a
democracy, but nothing is known as to the manner and date of the change. As in most other states of Greece, tyrants sometimes
ruled in Chios ; the names of Amphielus and Polytecnus are mentioned. The early relations of Chios with other states are very
obscure, but it seems to have been an ally of Miletus, and to have been at enmity with the Phocajo-Samian alliance, to which the
neighbouring Erythrte belonged. The same form of the Ionian dialect was spoken in Chios and in Erythrae.When the Persians
appeared on the Ionian coast Chios willingly submitted, refused to their old enemies the Phocreans, who were fleeing from the
Persian yoke, a refuge on their islands OZnussa?., and even surrendered the Lydian fugitive Pactyes in defiance of all religious
scruples. Strattis, tyrant of Chios, followed Darius in his Scythian expedition. The Chians joined in the Ionian rebellion against the
Persians (500-495) and supplied 100 ships. After the Persian victory at Lade the island was most severely treated, the towns and
temples burned, and many of the people enslaved. At Salamis (480) the Chian ships, led by the tyrant Stvattis, served in the
Persian fleet. After the battle of Mycale (479) the island became free and a democratic government no doubt took the place of the
tyranny. Chios was the most powerful state after Athens in the Delian confederacy, and it was an ally on equal terms of the
Athenian empire, paying no tribute, but furnishing ships in case of war. It remained a faithful ally of the Athenians till the year
412, when, encouraged by the weakness caused in Athens by the Sicilian disasters, it joined the Lacedaemonians. Its fleet then
consisted of fifty ships. The Athenians defeated them in three battles, at Bolissns, Phana?, and Leuconium, but could not
reconquer the island. Finding the Spartan hegemony more oppressive than the Athenian, Chios returned to the Athenian
connexion in 394, but soon afterwards deserted and joined the Thebans. In the wars of Alexander the Great, Memnon, supported
by the oligarchical party, held the island for the Persians. It was afterwards involved in the rapid vicissitudes of Ionian history,
falling under the power of various dynasties among the diadochi. In the Mithradatic wars it favoured the Roman alliance, and the
king's general Zenobius fined the island 2000 talents and carried off a great number of the population into slavery in Pontns. It had
many centuries _ of peaceful prosperity under Roman and Byzantine rule. The Genoese held it from the 14th century till in 1566
the Turks conquered it and the third great Chian disaster and massacre occurred. Except for a brief Venetian occupation in 1694,
Chios has remained in Turkish hands till the present day.A fourth massacre afflicted the island in 1822, when the Turks repressed
with fire and sword the attempted Greek insurrection. Till this terrible event the island was ruled very leniently by the Turks ; the
internal government was left in the hands of five archons, three Greek and two Catholic, while two resident Turkish officials
represented the sultan and received through the archons the stipulated tribute. (W. M. RA.)
Online Encyclopedia
Articles from the Encyclopaedia Britannica, 9th Edition (1875)
and 10th Edition (1902).
Battle of Chios
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Date
Location
Result
201 BC
Off the shore of Chios
Allied victory
Belligerents
Macedon
Rhodes Pergamum Byzantium Cyzicus
Commanders and leaders
Philip V of Macedon
Attalus I Theophiliscus of Rhodes †
Strength
Around 200 ships
Around 100 ships
Casualties and losses
92 ships sunk 7 captured 9,000 dead
2,000 captured
Rhodes: 3 ships sunk 60 dead Pergamum: 3 ships sunk 2 captured 70
dead Allies: 600 captured
Prelude With the First Macedonian War over, Philip started to rebuild his fleet to a size that could challenge the fleets of the
Rhodians, Pergamese and Ptolemies.[1] Philip wanted to crush the dominant naval power in the Aegean, his ally Rhodes.[2] He
formed alliances with Aetolian and Spartan pirates as well as a few powerful Cretan city states.
Battle In the battle the flagship of Philip V of Macedon, a class "10", accidentally rammed one of her own ships when it strayed
across her path, and giving her a powerful blow in the middle of the oarbox, well above the waterline, stuck fast, since the
helmsman had been unable in time to check or reverse the ship's momentum. Trapped, the flagship was put out of action by two
enemy ships, which rammed her below the waterline on each side. The Macedonian navy outnumbered the allied fleet, but lacked
experience for Philip had raised it just a few years prior to the battle. This was a crucial deciding factor. The battle seemed to be
going against Philip, but then Attalus attempted to prevent one of his ships from being sunk, and was driven onto the shore. Philip
captured Attalus’s ship, and towed it back through the battle, convincing the rest of the Pergamene fleet that the king was dead.
The Pergamene fleets then withdrew. The Macedonians took advantage of this lull to escape from the victorious Rhodians.
Aftermath The losses Philip suffered at Chios dealt a crippling blow to Macedonian naval power. So much so that the
Macedonian fleet played little part in the Second Macedonian War. When Attalus ran his ship aground, he escaped by land. He
only avoided capture because he left his immense riches on board his vessel, which distracted his Macedonian pursuers long
enough for him to get away. The victorious Theophiliscus later died from the wounds that he received during the battle.
Notes
1. ^ Green, Alexander to Actium: The Historical Evolution of the Hellenistic Age, 305
2. ^ Detorakis, A History of Crete, 305
Primary sources
• Polybius, translated by Frank W. Walbank, (1979). The Rise of the Roman Empire. New York: Penguin Classics. ISBN
0-14-044362-2.
• [1]
Secondary sources
• Peter Green, (1990). Alexander to Actium: The Historical Evolution of the Hellenistic Age. Los Angeles: University of
California Press. ISBN 0-500-01485-X.
• Theocharis Detorakis, (1994). A History of Crete. Heraklion: Heraklion. ISBN 960-220-712-4.
External links Chios, Greece Information about Chios island.