Abstracts - Geological Society of America

Transcription

Abstracts
Volume 45, No. 4
Abstracts to be presented at the meeting of the
North-Central Section
of The Geological Society of America and associated societies.
Kalamazoo, MI
2–3 May 2013
Note indexing system
Numbers (2-4, 15-4) indicate session and order of presentation within that session.
Further information concerning the presented papers on which these abstracts are based
should be obtained by contacting the authors of the abstracts.
SESSION NO. 1, 8:00 AM
Thursday, 2 May 2013
CO2 Storage and Greenhouse Gases
Fetzer Center, Room 1040/1050
1-1
8:00 AM
Shields, Stephen A.
[218419]
PETROGRAPHIC ANALYSIS OF THE LAMOTTE SANDSTONE: POTENTIAL FOR CARBON
SEQUESTRATION
SHIELDS, Stephen A., Missouri State University, 808 E Walnut St Apt 7, Springfield, MO
65806, [email protected] and PLYMATE, Thomas, Geography, Geology and
Planning, Missouri State University, 901 S. National Ave, Springfield, MO 65897
The Lamotte Sandstone, the basal Cambrian unit continuous throughout Missouri, is being
investigated as a potential unit for shallow geologic carbon sequestration. Carbon sequestration is
a technique that is currently being used by numerous countries in an attempt to limit the amount
of carbon dioxide released into the atmosphere. A detailed petrographic analysis of the Lamotte
Sandstone is one of the necessary factors to determine if it could be a viable reservoir for carbon
sequestration.
The Lamotte Sandstone has a variable composition throughout the state, but detailed
petrographic analyses have not been conducted at the potential injection sites. Thin sections are
being created from samples taken approximately every ten feet from four separate cores, and a
standard 1000-point count model analyses are being conducted. The data from a new core site
in North-Central Missouri is consistent with previous analyses of the Lamotte in that it alternates
between quartz arenite and quartz wacke. The dissimilarities are that there is an absence of
carbonate at the top, and an absence of feldspar at the base. The porosity is variable with depth,
with an apparent low porosity zone (8%) bounded by two high porosity zones (as high as 29%).
Preliminary data suggests that petrographically the Lamotte Sandstone appears to be a suitable
unit for storing a large quantity of injected carbon dioxide. Further investigation of additional
sites will allow for a more detailed analysis regarding the suitability as a potential unit for carbon
sequestration, as well as classifying the Lamotte Sandstone and understanding its complex
history of deposition and diagenesis.
1-2
8:20 AM
Sosulski, John H.
[218804]
CO2 STORAGE RESOURCE POTENTIAL OF A DEEP SALINE AQUIFER: ST. PETER
SANDSTONE, MICHIGAN BASIN, USA
SOSULSKI, John H. and BARNES, David A., Department of Geosciences, Western Michigan
University, Kalamazoo, MI 49008, [email protected]
The St. Peter Sandstone is an aerially extensive, deep saline aquifer that occurs at about 1000 m
(3200 ft) to 3700 m (12,000 ft) below the surface in the Michigan Basin, USA, and exceeds
335 m (1100’) in thickness near the basin center. The upper third of the St. Peter is dominated
by sedimentary facies deposited in a normal marine, wave dominated shelf environment, while
the lower two-thirds is less well understood, but was apparently deposited under a range of more
restricted peritidal, marine conditions.
Preliminary CO2 storage resource estimates (SRE) were calculated using data from hundreds
of wells, mostly drilled for petroleum exploration and production purposes, that penetrate the
entire thickness of the St. Peter Sandstone in the basin. Net porosity was estimated using well
log porosity data and basin-wide grid maps were developed. Previously published SRE (DOENETL Carbon Sequestration Atlas III) using generalized, isopach and regional average porosity
data, suggest 8.2 to 35.9 gigatons (Gt) of CO2 storage capacity. The SRE methodology used in
this study indicates 13.5 Gt to 58.7 Gt of CO2 storage capacity in Michigan. This analysis also
showed that the majority of storage capacity of the St. Peter Sandstone is in the lower two thirds
of the formation. These results are the outcome of studies of new cores now available from the
lower part of the formation. Reservoir characterization data, including sedimentary facies analysis
and refined petrophysical characterization/calibration of well logs, has been generated from this
new material.
Atlas III SRE methodology incorporates uncertainty referred to as the Storage Efficiency Factor
(SEF). The SEF addresses uncertainty assigned to 1) net to total area, 2) net to gross thickness,
3) effective to total porosity, and 4) various fluid displacement mechanisms in the saline reservoir
storage formations. The first three sources of uncertainty can be reduced or eliminated when well
log and conventional core data from many uniformly distributed wells are available in a basin.
Higher SRE generated in this study are a result of significantly refined reservoir characterization
in the St. Peter Sandstone as a result of extraordinary availability of subsurface data and
significantly reduced uncertainty and, therefore, increased SEF.
1-3
8:40 AM
Bull, Nicholas
[218610]
ANALYZING THE CO2 SEQESTRATION POTENTIAL OF THE MIDDLE DEVONIAN SYLVANIA
SANDSTONE USING NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS
BULL, Nicholas, Geolosciences, Western Michigan University, 1903 West Michigan Ave
Kalamazoo, MI 49008, Kalamazoo, MI 49008, [email protected], HAMPTON,
Duane R., Dept. of Geosciences, Western Michigan University, 1903 W. Michigan Avenue,
MS 5241, Kalamazoo, MI 49008, and BARNES, David A., Department of Geosciences,
Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI 49008
The Middle Devonian Sylvania Sandstone is a high quality brine reservoir in the Michigan Basin
on the basis of decades of commercial brine mining and waste water disposal activities initiated in
the early 1900’s and comprises complex heterolithic, interbedded sandstone, limestone, sucrosic
dolostone, and tripolitic chert lithofacies. Previous regional geological characterization studies
indicate that the primary reservoir rock types are calcareous sandstone and recrystallized,
sucrosic dolostone and that the Sylvania has large CO2 storage resource potential ranging
from 1.85-7.81 Gt, depending on storage efficiency assumptions. Large, estimated CO2
storage resource potential in the Sylvania Sandstone in spatial proximity to large stationary
emissions sources in Michigan justifies high resolution static reservoir and injection simulation
modeling studies.
Static reservoir models of the porosity, permeability, and lithology and numerical simulation
models using Schlumberger’s Petrel-2011 and GEM, respectively, were used for higher resolution
evaluation of the CO2 sequestration potential of the Sylvania Sandstone. The static models were
generated from conventional core analysis data from 38 wells and core-based sedimentary facies
analysis from 4 wells in Midland County, MI. These data serve as the basis for grids used in
transient GEM simulations.
A primary goal of the numerical simulations is to evaluate the influence of lithologic
heterogeneity on CO2 migration and capillary entrapment of CO2. Relative permeability analyses
from sandstone and dolostone were incorporated in flow models to constrain multiphase fluid
flow properties. Sensitivity analyses of the base transient model was conducted to test the
effects on plume migration from variations in the horizontal-to-vertical permeability ratio, the CO2
injection rate, the number and spacing of injection wells, and the geologic model. The sensitivity
analysis also aids in the optimization of storage efficiency in available pore space. These local
scale transient models can be compared to regional storage resource potential estimated using
traditional geological approaches. Storage resource estimates for most of Midland County can be
evaluated by simulating injection of CO2 into the Sylvania Sandstone until steady state is attained.
2013 GSA North-Central Section Meeting 1
SESSION NO. 1
1-4
9:00 AM
Johns, Elizabeth K.
[218366]
SITE SPECIFIC GEOCHEMICAL MODELING OF GROUNDWATER, ROCK AND CARBON
DIOXIDE INTERACTIONS: IMPLICATIONS FOR GEOLOGIC CARBON SEQUESTRATION
JOHNS, Elizabeth K., Geology, Geography, and Planning, MSU, 901 South National,
Springfield, MO 65897, [email protected] and GOUZIE, Douglas R.,
Department of Geography, Geology & Planning, Missouri State University, 901 S. National,
Springfield, MO 65897
Geologic carbon sequestration is a process of mitigation that has the potential to reduce the
impact of carbon dioxide emissions into the atmosphere through the injection of carbon dioxide
into a saline aquifer.
This research utilized geochemical modeling of groundwater, rock and carbon dioxide
interactions for geologic carbon sequestration purposes. Long term storage of carbon dioxide is
an important requirement of geologic carbon sequestration. Because geochemical processes
are responsible for the long term storage of carbon dioxide, it is necessary to understand the
extent to which carbon dioxide can be trapped by geochemical trapping mechanisms. This study
investigated the extent to which carbon dioxide can be sequestered in the Lamotte Sandstone,
a Cambrian aged saline aquifer, due to solubility and mineral trapping. A comparison of the
geochemical suitability of three well sites in North-Central Missouri was also conducted. The
program Geochemist’s Workbench was used for the geochemical modeling simulations performed
for this study. Site specific data such as temperature, carbon dioxide fugacity, pH, mineral content
and groundwater composition were the input parameters needed to simulate the sequestration
of carbon dioxide in a saline aquifer due to geochemical trapping mechanisms. Preliminary
simulations have been performed for the first site and for both hypothetical injection and post
injection phases of carbon sequestration.
For an example site, preliminary results show approximately 67 g/kg aqueous and 4 g/kg solid
phase sequestered CO2, during the injection phase. Post injection phase results for this site
indicate approximately 42 g/kg aqueous and 37 g/kg solid phase sequestered CO2. Aqueous
species most involved in solubility trapping included CO2(aq), HCO3-, NaHCO3, CaHCO3+,
MgHCO3+ and FeHCO3+. Mineral species involved in mineral trapping included dawsonite,
dolomite and siderite. For this example site a possible preliminary effective sequestration capacity
was calculated as .36 gigatons per 100 km².
This material is based on work sponsored by the Department of Energy National Energy
Technology Laboratory under Award Number DE-NT0006642 to City Utilities of Springfield MO.
1-5
9:20 AM
Mayle, Emme
[218072]
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN DEPTH AND HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY WITHIN THE
ST. FRANCOIS AQUIFER, MISSOURI
MAYLE, Emme, Geography, Geology, Planning, Missouri State University, 901 S. National,
Springfield, MO 65897, [email protected] and ROVEY, Charles W. II,
Geography, Geology, and Planning, Missouri State University, 901 S. National, Springfield,
MO 65897
The St. Francois aquifer is a prolific groundwater source near its outcrop area in southeastern
Missouri, but is rarely tapped in the southwest part of the state due to the presence of the
shallower Ozark aquifer. Nevertheless, the St. Francois aquifer may become an important
supplementary source of groundwater in areas experiencing severe drawdowns within the Ozark
aquifer. This aquifer is also a target for CO2 injection in northern Missouri where the pore water
is saline.
The main water-bearing unit within the St. Francois aquifer is the Lamotte Sandstone, the
basal Cambrian sandstone above Precambrian basement. An overlying sandstone (Reagan),
separated from the Lamotte by low-permeability siltstones and shales, is also present in
portions of southwest Missouri. We measured the transmissivity and hydraulic conductivity of
these sandstones at three sites with single-well pumping tests as part of the Missouri Carbon
Sequestration Program. We also analyzed time-drawdown and specific-capacity measurements
from 13 additional tests on file at the Missouri Division of Geology and Land Survey.
Transmissivity and hydraulic conductivity (K) vary inversely with depth. At depths less than
~ 370 m, K varies between 10-3 and 10-2 cm/sec; these wells generally yield > 600 gpm. Below
this depth K decreases due to pervasive cementation. By 550 m, K decreases to ~10-4 cm/sec,
and this depth seems to mark the lower practical limit of these sandstones as an aquifer. By
650 m, K decreases to around 10-5cm/sec and the sandstones become marginal for CO2 injection,
except in locations where the Lamotte fills in topographic lows on the Precambrian surface and is
unusually thick.
National Energy Technology Laboratory under Award Number DE-NT0006642 to City Utilities of
Springfield, MO
1-6
10:00 AM
Stratton, Stephanie L.
[218223]
SIMULATION OF CO2 INJECTION INTO ST. FRANCOIS AQUIFER, GREENE COUNTY,
MISSOURI
STRATTON, Stephanie L., Department of Geography, Geology, & Planning, Missouri State
University, 901 S. National Ave, Springfield, MO 65897, [email protected] and
ROVEY, Charles W. II, Geography, Geology, and Planning, Missouri State University, 901 S.
National, Springfield, MO 65897
Geologic carbon sequestration is being investigated as a means of reducing the CO2 emission
from anthropogenic sources in Missouri. The St. Francois aquifer is the deepest available
reservoir in Missouri for carbon sequestration; however, the aquifer is not deep enough to allow
injection of CO2 at supercritical phase within Greene County. The Missouri Carbon Sequestration
Project had hoped to establish an injection test into the aquifer at the City Utilities of Springfield
Southwest Power Plant (SWPP) site, but the pore fluids were not saline. Since data was available
from the site, it was used to learn more about simulating carbon sequestration.
The program AQTESOLV Pro was used to evaluate pumping and pressure-injection data
from SWPP to determine hydraulic conductivities. Those data were then implemented in the
program PetraSim 5.2 to develop simulations to help determine how the CO2 might behave
hydrodynamically. Compositional simulations with pressure gradients of 0.98 Pa/m and 9.8 Pa/m
were generated to reveal plume migration patterns under injection and retrograde conditions.
Simulations were a thousand years in duration with an initial 30 year injection period followed
by a shut-off period. Simulated injection was within two high hydraulic conductivity zones in the
Reagan Sandstone and Lamotte Sandstone of the St. Francois aquifer. A polygonal grid mesh
was also used with high resolution around the injection well.
The highest achievable injection rates were within the Reagan Sandstone. This was in
correlation to the upper Reagan Sandstone having a permeability of 1.35E-13 m2; whereas the
Lamotte Sandstone’s highest permeability was only 8.92E-15 m2. The maximum migration of gas
as a separate phase was approximately 4.0 km after a thousand years for simulations with well
completion through the Reagan Sandstone. The maximum migration of gas as a separate phase
with injection into the Lamotte Sandstone was approximately 700 meters.
Technology Laboratory under Award Number DEFG2610FE0001790 to Missouri State University.
2 2013 GSA Abstracts with Programs 1-7
10:20 AM
Smolenski, Rebecca Lynn
[218774]
GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS FROM A TEMPERATE AGRICULTURAL RESERVOIR
SMOLENSKI, Rebecca Lynn, Geological Sciences, University of Cincinnati, 3352 Jefferson
Ave, Apt 2, Cincinnati, OH 45220, [email protected], BEAULIEU, Jake, Environmental
Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH 45268, and TOWNSEND-SMALL, Amy, Department
of Geology and Department of Geography, University of Cincinnati, 605 Geology-Physics
Building, Cincinnati, OH 45221
Reservoirs are being built at an increasing rate each year to provide humans with resources
such as hydroelectric power and drinking water. These man made systems have provided
society with important services but these have come at the cost of enhanced greenhouse gas
(GHG) emissions. Recent estimates suggest reservoirs are a globally significant source of GHG
emissions but these estimates are largely based on studies of oligotrophic boreal and tropical
reservoirs. Reservoirs draining agricultural basins are common throughout much of the developed
and are subject to high nutrient loading rates from the watershed. Excess nutrient loading
stimulates algae blooms and degrades water quality in these reservoirs but surprisingly little is
known about how nutrients and algal blooms affect GHG dynamics. To assess GHG dynamics in
an agricultural reservoir we measured GHG emission rates, dissolved concentrations and nutrient
chemistry in William H. Harsha Lake, an agricultural reservoir located in southwestern Ohio on a
monthly basis since October 2011.
Average daily emissions of methane (CH4) were 50 mg CH4-C m-2 d-1 . The highest emissions
rates of CH4 were observed during the summer months and during fall turnover, and the lowest
emissions were observed during the winter. Depth profiles of dissolved CH4 throughout the
summer show an accumulation of CH4 in the hypolimnium while the lake is thermally stratified.
Average daily nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions were 0.80 mg N2O-N m-2 d-1 . The highest
emissions were during fall turnover. During late summer, parts of the lake became a sink for N2O,
and depth profiles of N2O show a similar trend with the water column becoming undersaturated
with N2O during this time. Without N2O accumulation in the water column during thermal
stratification, it is likely that the source of N2O during fall turnover is nitrification of remineralized
ammonium.
Geophysics, Geodynamics, etc.
Fetzer Center, Room 2040
2-1
8:00 AM
Larson, Mark
[218656]
GRAVITY AND MAGNETIC ANALYSIS OF PLUTONS, RING PLUTONS AND MAFIC BODIES IN
THE ST FRANCOIS MOUNTAINS, SE MISSOURI
LARSON, Mark and MICKUS, Kevin, Geology, Missouri State University, Springfield, MO
65897, [email protected]
The St. Francois Mountains of southeast Missouri are a Proterozoic volcanic complex composed
of felsic plutons, ring intrusions, and massifs, and is the largest exposure of Proterozoic lithologies
in the south-central US. The development of the St. Francois Mountains is not well understood
and there are three main theories that are currently under consideration: 1) hotspot/melting,
2) subduction volcanism, and 3) rift related volcanism. Since the proterozoic volcanic activity, the
region has been faulted by forces related to the Reelfoot Rift in the Cambrian and reactivation in
the Cretaceous, and more recently by the New Madrid Fault zone. Geologic mapping and regional
magnetic anomaly interpretation has proposed that the region consists of a few large felsic
calderas. Our research focuses on analyzing gravity and magnetic data to determine the upper
crustal structure of the region in order to relate these data to the location of proposed caldera
rims, as well as mafic bodies, and better understand their origin.
Using existing gravity and magnetic data as a guideline for the location of new data, we first
conducted a gravity survey to add data to regions without data. The merged data, in the form
of Bouguer gravity anomaly maps, identified anomalies that agreed with existing structural data
of the region. Then additional detailed (1 mile spacing) gravity data were collected along two
profiles that cut across the large amplitude anomalies associated with the calderas. These data
were be modeled by 2D forward modeling to determine the subsurface geometry of the calderas
constrained by surface density measurements and surface features. Additionally, a series of
residual, regional and derivative gravity and magnetic anomaly maps have been constructed to
aid in the interpretation of the 2D models. Collection of rock samples at the surface has given
density data to constrain our models. Core samples will be analyzed for densities and magnetic
susceptibilities in order to further constrain the gravity models. Using the final anomaly maps and
models we will interpret them in order to determine the nature and origin of the calderas in the
St. Francois Mountains region.
2-2
8:20 AM
Evans, Kevin R.
[217445]
PRE-OUACHITA TECTONISM, DEVELOPMENT OF A BACK-STEPPING SHELF MARGIN,
AND SYN-TECTONIC SEDIMENTATION (MIDDLE DEVONIAN THROUGH MISSISSIPPIAN)
ON SOUTHERN LAURENTIA: A REGIONAL SYNTHESIS OF THE OZARKS
EVANS, Kevin R., Geography, Geology, & Planning Dept, Missouri State University,
Springfield, MO 65897, [email protected], BASSETT, Damon J., Geological
Sciences, University of Missouri, 101 Geological Sciences Bldg, Columbia, MO 65211,
ETHINGTON, Raymond L., Geological Sciences Dept, University of Missouri-Columbia,
Columbia, MO 65211, MANGER, Walter L., Department of Geosciences, Univ of Arkansas,
Fayetteville, AR 72701, MICKUS, Kevin L., Geosciences, Missouri State Univ, 901 S National
Ave, Springfield, MO 65804-0087, and MILLER, James F., Geography, Geology, & Planning
Dept, Missouri State University, Springfield, MO 655897
Southern Laurentia in the Ozarks region has been characterized as a Late Proterozoic rift
shoulder that developed into a passive margin; docking with the Ouachita allochthon during
the Early Pennsylvanian led to development of the Arkoma Basin and Ozark Uplift. Yet, why
were pre-Mississippian strata progressively truncated to the north and west? Why was the
Chattanooga Shale preserved in southwestern Missouri and northwestern Arkansas but eroded
below the Mississippian in the Boston Mountains? Why did deep-water Mississippian carbonates
accumulate in southern Missouri on peritidal lower Paleozoic strata? We consider that much of
the epeirogenic uplift and denudation of the Ozarks preceded the Ouachita orogeny, occurring in
the Early to Middle Devonian, and structural evolution persisted through Mississippian and Early
Pennsylvanian time.
The onset of convergence led to development of the Arkansas Novaculite foredeep, and in
the Ozarks, loading and flexure resulted in progressive truncation of much of the post-lower
Ordovician to pre-Mississippian succession. Up to 500 m of strata were cut out, yet impact
SESSION NO. 3
structures, isolated sink-fills, and faults record the presence of stratigraphic units that are missing
regionally. Upper Ordovician to middle Silurian clasts are incorporated into the Decaturville
breccia (pre-Devonian impact) in lower Ordovician country rock. Middle Devonian marine
sandstone filled a sink in lower Ordovician dolomite near Rolla. Upper Devonian Chattanooga
Shale blanketed the eroded western Ozark platform. Most of this unit was removed below the
sub-Mississippian unconformity in the central Ozarks but was preserved in an embayment that
we informally refer to as the Northwest Arkansas Basin. Clasts of Chattanooga Shale have been
recovered from the Weaubleau breccia (mid-Mississippian impact), a thin interval is preserved
along the Highlandville Fault, along the lower Buffalo River, and in sink-fills in northern Arkansas.
During the Early Mississippian, continued flexure resulted in back-stepping of the shelf margin,
so deep-water facies accumulated on erosional remnants or peritidal lower Paleozoic strata. Major
faults in southern Missouri are associated with some anomalous units of sandstone, limestone, or
olistoliths, providing a record of syn-tectonic sedimentation.
of days per year would change from ~519 d/yr at ~1.1 Ga to 466 d/yr at the end of this orbital
resonance era.
T4. Quaternary Research in the Great Lakes Region I:
The Pleistocene
Fetzer Center, Kirsch Auditorium
2-3
8:40 AM
Pennington, Wayne D.
[218074]
THE MENOMINEE CRACK AND CLINTONVILLE BOOMS: SEISMIC EVENTS IN MICHIGAN’S
UPPER PENINSULA AND NORTHEASTERN WISCONSIN
PENNINGTON, Wayne D., Geological and Mining Engineering and Sciences, Michigan
Technological University, 1400 Townsend Dr, Houghton, MI 49931, [email protected]
and WAITE, Gregory P., Geological and Mining Engineering and Sciences, Michigan
Technological Univ, 1400 Townsend Dr, Houghton, MI 49931
In spite of its reputation as an aseismic area, there were intriguing occurrences of seismic events
in Upper Michigan and northern Wisconsin in 2010 and 2012. Although these two occurrences
were only about 100 km apart, there is no evidence indicating that they are related or even due to
a similar mechanism.
The Menominee Crack: On October 4, 2010, a loud noise and shaking were observed in an
area north of Menominee. This was associated with the appearance of 110m long crack at the
crest of a ridge, 1.5m in height and up to 9m wide. The crack is apparently a surficial feature,
resulting from stretching of the uppermost soil and clay layers to accommodate the creation of
a ridge at some shallow depth. A reasonable model (first proposed by Dr. Norm Sleep) is that
the limestone underneath the clay experienced a “pop-up” due to high lateral stresses. Usually,
pop-ups occur as a result of recent unloading, as at the base of a quarry or immediately following
glacial retreat; neither of these describes this site, so the cause remains speculative.
Clintonville Booms: Residents of Clintonville began hearing infrequent deep, rumbling sounds
on March 18, 2012; the booms were sometimes accompanied by felt shaking. Following a
relatively large event on March 20 that was clearly a M1.5 earthquake, four seismometers and
eight sound sensors were deployed within and around Clintonville to improve the locations of
subsequent events. Two events were located beneath the southeastern part of Clintonville at less
than 1 km below the surface within the granitic basement. These events were close enough to
the surface so that seismic energy of sufficiently high frequency coupled to the atmosphere and
propagated as sound. The Clintonville booms were indeed due to earthquakes, most of which
were too small to record.
2-4
9:00 AM
Tupper, M. Tobias
[218762]
IDENTIFICATION OF LOW-LEVEL SEISMICITY IN OHIO
TUPPER, M. Tobias, Geological Sciences, Ohio University, 316 Clippinger Laboratories,
Athens, OH 45701, [email protected] and GREEN, Douglas H., Dept. of Geological
Sciences, Ohio University, 316 Clippinger, Athens, OH 45701
OhioSeis records are examined to identify previously undocumented low-level earthquakes in
Ohio and surrounding regions. Records are scanned at multiple stations (at least four) to identify
peak amplitude arrivals within a time window specified by the lowest likely arrival phase velocity
and the maximum inter-station distance. A potential arrival peak must have an amplitude of
at least 1.5 times the RMS amplitude over an entire hour containing that peak. The location
(epicenter) of the potential earthquake is obtained using a velocity-independent-arrival-orderlocation (AOL) technique. The event is classified as a probable earthquake if it is similarly
identified and located using a different set of four stations.
Five probable earthquakes in 2011 were each identified using at least five combinations of
stations of four seismic stations. This includes the documented 2011 New Year’s Eve M4.0 event
in Youngstown OH, which was located by this technique within 14 km and 10 seconds of the
epicenter and origin time reported by the USGS. An additional three events were identified using
at least three sets of four stations, and thirteen possible 2011 earthquakes were identified using
two sets of four stations. Most of these locations extend from Lake Erie up the Cuyahoga Valley,
through east-central Ohio towards Marietta OH.
2-5
9:20 AM
Malcuit, Robert J.
[217936]
A JUPITER ORBIT -- LUNAR ORBIT RESONANCE MODEL: POSSIBLE CAUSE FOR THE
BEGINNING OF THE MODERN STYLE OF PLATE TECTONICS
MALCUIT, Robert J., Geosciences Department, Denison University, Granville, OH 43023,
[email protected]
Since the Plate Tectonics Revolution in the earth sciences, there has been this lingering debate
about when plate tectonics began. There are two end-member schools of thought: (1) that plate
tectonics has been operating throughout geologic time (Shervais, 2006, GSA SP-405, p. 173)
and (2) that plate tectonics, as we understand it today, can only occur when the Earth has cooled
sufficiently to permit plates to attain negative buoyancy (Davies, 1992, Geology, 20, p. 963; Stern,
2005, Geology, 33, p. 556). Stern (2005) proposes that the modern style of plate tectonics began
~1.0 Ga ago.
The Late Proterozoic also appears to be a critical time in the history of the lunar orbit. Peale
and Cassen (1978, Icarus, 36, p. 245) identified an orbital resonance state between Jupiter’s
orbit and the lunar orbit when the lunar orbital radius is at 53.4 ER (earth radii). Orbital traceback
calculations suggest that the earth-moon distance would be ~53.4 ER in Late Proterozoic time.
The key element in such an orbital resonance is the perigean cycle of the lunar orbit (the
prograde progression of the perigee position of the lunar orbit). At present the perigean cycle is
8.85 years (60.3 ER). At 53.4 ER the perigean cycle would be ~12 years, the approximate period
of Jupiter’s orbit. Under these conditions the major axis of the lunar orbit would be increased to
the resonant value by a forced ECC (eccentricity) but the orbital angular momentum would remain
near that of a 50 ER orbit and then slowly increase in time to that of a 53.4 ER orbit. As the lunar
orbital ECC reaches a maximum of up to ~0.3, the rock and ocean tidal amplitudes would be
~2.5 times higher than that of a circular orbit of 53.4 ER. Such rock tidal activity could lead to the
development of tidal vorticity induction cells in the upper mantle (Bostrom, 2000, Oxford Univ.
Press) that would aid in the initiation of subduction.
This model can be tested via the tidal rhythmite record of the Late Proterozoic. The two
predictable constants are that the semi-major axis of the lunar orbit should be near 53.4 ER
and the number of sidereal months per year should be about 16 throughout this era. Assuming
that the earth rotation rate at 1.1 Ga (before the forced ECC episode) is ~16.9 hr/d, the number
3-1
8:00 AM
Lepper, Kenneth
[218517]
AGE CONSTRAINTS FOR AN UPDATED LAKE AGASSIZ PALEOHYDROGRAPH
LEPPER, Kenneth, Department of Geosciences, North Dakota State University, P.O. Box
6050, Dept. #2745, Fargo, ND 58108-6050, [email protected], FISHER, Timothy G.,
Environmental Sciences, University of Toledo, MS #604, Toledo, OH 43606, and LOWELL,
Thomas V., Department of Geology, University of Cincinnati, 500 Geology/Physics Building,
University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221
Meltwater releases from Lake Agassiz to the Mississippi, Mackenzie and Great Lakes waterways
have been implicated as triggers of abrupt climate change events during the last deglacial
cycle. To evaluate these assertions a paleohydrograph for Lake Agassiz is needed with robust
chronologic controls. Shorelines represent static water planes and transitions between shoreline
positions represent significant water-level fluctuations. However, geologic ages constraining the
timing of shoreline development, and thereby water-level fluctuations for Lake Agassiz, have
been difficult to obtain, and therefore, sparse. In recent years we have had success in applying
OSL dating techniques to shoreline deposits of Lake Agassiz that are more easily mapped
using LiDAR data. This report will summarize a growing chronologic data set that includes 35
independent OSL ages from five different study areas around the southern basin, but thus far
mostly focused around the southern outlet. The cumulative OSL data set for Lake Agassiz’s
southern basin provides robust age constraints for the Herman, Norcross and Campbell
strandlines with averages and standard deviations of 14.1 ± 0.3 ka, 13.6 ± 0.2 ka, and 10.5 ±
0.3 ka, respectively. In addition, the new age constraints are used to develop an updated
paleohydrograph for Lake Agassiz spanning the time period of approximately 14.5 to 10 ka
which includes rapid climate changes at the end of the last ice age.
3-2
8:20 AM
Fisher, Timothy G.
[218507]
RECENT STRATIGRAPHIC AND CHRONOLOGIC RESULTS FROM THE HURON-ERIE LAKE
PLAIN OF ANCESTRAL LAKE ERIE, OHIO
FISHER, Timothy G.1, BLOCKLAND, Joseph2, HIGLEY, Melinda3, ANDERSON, Brad1,
GOBLE, Ronald J.4, and LEPPER, Kenneth5, (1) Environmental Sciences, University
of Toledo, MS #604, Toledo, OH 43606, [email protected], (2) Department of
Environmental Sciences, University of Toledo, 2801 West Bancroft Street MS604, Toledo,
OH 43606, (3) Illinois State Geological Survey, Champaign, IL 61820, (4) Department of
Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Nebraska - Lincoln, 214 Bessey Hall, Lincoln,
NE 68588, (5) Department of Geosciences, North Dakota State University, P.O. Box 6050,
Dept. #2745, Fargo, ND 58108-6050
An understanding of deglacial events in the Huron-Erie Lake Plain is known in general, but
poorly understood in detail. During east–northeast recession of the Erie and Huron lobes
of the Laurentide Ice Sheet, Ancestral Lake Erie evolved through fluctuating lake levels and
changing outlets. Strandlines are well known, having been mapped ~100 years ago, but detailed
stratigraphic and sedimentologic analyses and age control is left wanting. To increase our
knowledge of this lake, and in the process develop a more four-dimensional understanding of the
surficial geology, we have been dating strandlines and sand dunes using mostly OSL techniques.
To evaluate the Ypsilanti low event, rhythmic lake sediments were analyzed at elevations that
would have experienced subaerial emergence during this low event. Most of the sand dunes are
4000–9000 years younger than the oldest strandlines. Because sand was sourced from older
ice marginal and strandline deposits, dunes either initially formed or were remobilized under
a deteriorating climate during stadials, and post-date disappearance of Ancestral Lake Erie.
Only 507 rhythmites were observed between till and the overlying dune sand and shallow water
sediment, which is fewer than expected. A stratigraphic break within the lacustrine sedimentary
sequence necessary to support the low-water Ypsilanti Phase was not observed. In summary, our
data thus far suggests that stable water levels were short lived and that the lake evolved over a
shorter period of time than is commonly assumed.
3-3
8:40 AM
Lowell, Thomas V.
[218702]
DO THE ICE MARGIN CHANGES OF THE LAURENTIDE GREAT LAKE LOBES MATCH THE
GREENLAND ISOTOPE RECORD?
LOWELL, Thomas V., Department of Geology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221,
[email protected]
The Greenland Ice Cores have long been held as a reference for climate change during the
late Pleistocene. The isotopes from multiple cores now provide a detailed record that many
paleoclimate records have been compared to. Glaciers are taken as being most responsive to
temperatures during the summer ablation season. Oerlemans (2005) has show that a global
network of small glaciers can provide a temperature record over the last two hundred years that
matches the global temperature derived from instrumented records. It would be informative to ask
if the margins of ice sheets match the reference for climate change. The lobes of the Laurentide
ice sheet that occupied the Great Lakes are examined here in that context.
For the last glacial maximum records show that the ice sheet was south of the Great Lakes by
27.2 ka cal and continued to reach its maximum at 24.0 ka cal and started to retreat as early as
21.7 ka cal with major retreat underway by 17.0 ka cal. Superposed on this general pattern were
advances at 24.0, 24.0, 22.2 and 21.2 ka cal. With the exception of a warm interstadial at 27.5
and 23.5 ka cal, the ice core is nearly linear during this time. In other words examination of the
ice core alone would not suggest the growth, decay pattern, nor major advances of the ice sheet
margin.
Possible explanations for this disconnect are 1) the ice core record does not represent the
climate of the Great Lakes region; 2) the concept of seasonality, whereby the ice core records
mean annual, not summer temperatures; 3) the dynamics of ice sheets are not driven by climate
changes. Given that the above record was derived from and is consistent with both the Lake
SESSION NO. 3
Michigan and Lake Erie lobes option 3 seems unlikely. This comparison can not distinguish
between options 1 and 2.
3-4
9:00 AM
Carson, Eric C.
Knowledge of the location of bedrock valleys may assist in exploration for potential glacial
aquifers in bedrock valleys, and in seismic data processing for oil and gas exploration. These
bedrock valleys, especially the deeper ones, may contain older glacial, interglacial or pre-Tertiary
sediments and paleosols which may be of value for geological age dating.
[218824]
RADIOCARBON CONTROL FOR THE ADVANCE OF THE GREEN BAY LOBE TO ITS LATE
WISCONSIN (MIS 2) MAXIMUM POSITION AT DEVILS LAKE, SOUTH-CENTRAL WISCONSIN
CARSON, Eric C., Department of Environmental Sciences, Wisconsin Geological and
Natural History Survey, Madison, WI 53705, [email protected] and ATTIG, John W.,
Department of Environmental Sciences, Wisconsin Geological and Natural History Survey,
3817 Mineral Point Road, Madison, WI 53705
Currently there are few reliable numerical age estimates that constrain the timing of the maximum
extent of the Laurentide Ice Sheet in the midcontinent, a problem that largely reflects the
scarcity of radiocarbon dates that closely constrain late Wisconsin glacial events. To improve our
understanding of the timing of the last glacial advance and retreat, recent research (e.g., Attig
et al., 2011; Carson et al., 2012) has begun dating lacustrine sediment deposited in a range of
environments along the margin of the Green Bay lobe in south-central Wisconsin. The specific
geomorphic settings of these lacustrine deposits allow unequivocal correlation of the sediment
to discrete late Wisconsin glacial events, thus providing chronologic control that has previously
been lacking.
While previously published data from this research program addresses the timing of onset of
retreat of ice from the last maximum position, new data is shedding light on the timing of the end
of ice advance to its maximum extent (locally known as the Johnstown phase). The Baraboo Hills
in south-central Wisconsin are formed by a doubly-plunging anticline of the Precambrian Baraboo
quartzite. Devils Lake gorge cuts through the south range of the Baraboo Hills. The gorge was
blocked at both ends by late Wisconsin ice, creating a lake during the glacial maximum and the
lower, modern, Devils Lake during post-glacial time. We collected a 9.1-m core into laminated silty
lacustrine sediments immediately south of Devils Lake; the base of the core is 9.2 m higher than
modern lake level, suggesting that the sediment could only have been deposited when sediment
and ice were completely blocking both ends of the gorge. Three radiocarbon dates from plant
macrofossils in an organic-rich zone near the base of the core range between 20,480 +/- 100
14C yr BP (24,890 – 24,050 cal yr BP) and 19,100 +/- 80 14C yr BP (23,290 – 23,060 cal yr BP),
indicating that the Green Bay Lobe had advanced to its maximum position by that time. These
dates represent the first direct absolute age control for the timing of the end of the Green Bay
lobe’s advance to its late Wisconsin maximum position, and one of few such chronologic controls
along the southern Laurentide ice sheet.
3-7
3-8
3-5
9:20 AM
Schaetzl, Randall
[218188]
OSL AGES ON LOESS CONSTRAIN THE ADVANCE OF THE CHIPPEWA VALLEY LOBE IN
WESTERN WISCONSIN, USA
SCHAETZL, Randall, Geography, Michigan State University, 128 Geog Bldg, Michigan
State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, [email protected], FORMAN, Steven L., Earth and
Environmental Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, 845 W. Taylor Street, Chicago, IL
60607, and ATTIG, John W., Department of Environmental Sciences, Wisconsin Geological
and Natural History Survey, 3817 Mineral Point Road, Madison, WI 53705
The timing of the advance and recession of the Chippewa Valley Lobe in west-central Wisconsin
is poorly constrained, mainly because of the lack of closely controlled radiocarbon dates. To
that end, we present the first OSL ages on loess for west-central Wisconsin, which constrain
the advance of the Laurentide Ice Sheet out of the Lake Superior basin and into this region
during the last part of the Wisconsin glaciation. The Chippewa River flows south, perpendicular
to the terminal moraine, and eventually becomes confluent with the Mississippi River. After the
advancing glacier crossed the southern edge of the Lake Superior basin and reached a drainage
divide in northwestern Wisconsin, meltwater flowed into the northern part of the Chippewa
drainage basin, and continued to flow there until the ice margin retreated back, across the divide.
Today, loess covers bedrock uplands that lie scattered on either side of the river, just beyond the
terminal moraine. Spatial patterns of particle-size data on loess, from 125 upland sites throughout
the Chippewa basin, clearly show that this loess was derived from the sandy valley trains of the
Chippewa River and its tributaries - all of which drained the ice front. The loess exceeds 5 m in
thickness at sites near the widest valley train areas, in areas only a few km beyond the moraine.
Using deep cores recovered from five ridge-top sites, we dated 12 loess samples - solely from
depths > 3 m - using MAR OSL methods. The oldest age for basal loess on bedrock was ca
24 ka, which constrains the timing of the advance of the southern margin of the Laurentide
Ice Sheet out of the Superior basin, across the drainage divide, and into the drainage of the
Chippewa River. The remaining OSL ages from the deep loess, taken only slightly higher in the
stratigraphic column, range between 19.7 and 12.3 ka, suggesting that the Chippewa Valley was a
loess source for several millennia, and that most of the loess was deposited during ice recession.
OSL ages from loess within 3 to 3.5 m of the surface are abnormally young, presumably due to
post-depositional mixing.
3-6
10:00 AM
Esch, John M.
[218821]
BURIED BEDROCK VALLEYS OF MICHIGAN
ESCH, John M., Michigan Dept. of Environmental Quality, Office of Oil, Gas, and Minerals,
P.O. 30256, Lansing, MI 48909, [email protected]
In the glaciated Midwest, much can be learned about the geological history of an area by
mapping the bedrock surface topography and the buried bedrock valleys. In Michigan, a complex
and very irregular bedrock surface underlies the thickest glacial drift on land in North America. In
general, the bedrock surface has well defined buried bedrock valley networks with tributaries and
main bedrock valleys which can run for tens of miles. These often appear to be in inferred preglacial bedrock drainage basins with bedrock surface divides. Other buried bedrock valleys cross
bedrock surface divides and cut through broad bedrock highlands and cuestas. Some bedrock
valleys are in a nearly parallel pattern over large areas. In other places, the bedrock valleys are
short, relatively straight disconnected valleys. Sometimes these appear to be imprinted over
an already existing pre-glacial bedrock valley network. There are also broad regional bedrock
lowlands and local fjord-like bedrock troughs. Some bedrock valleys and scarps directly overlie
deeper structural features. Often bedrock valleys are found preferentially in less resistant bedrock
formations. In addition some areas are essentially devoid of bedrock valleys.
There is considerable debate as to the origin of bedrock valleys, but no single mechanism
can account for these widely varying bedrock valley types. The extensive buried bedrock valley
network suggests that much of the bedrock surface is a slightly glacially modified pre-glacial
bedrock surface, the result of long history of pre-glacial uplift and erosion (post Pennsylvanian
and post Jurassic). In other places the bedrock surface has also been sculpted by numerous
paleo-river channels cut into the bedrock during the numerous glacial ice advances, interglacial
periods and the postglacial period over the last 2.5 million years. While in other areas, the bedrock
surface has been significantly eroded by direct glacial erosion removing the bedrock valleys.
4 2013 GSA Abstracts with Programs 10:20 AM
Walters, Kent A.
[218432]
A CASE FOR STEP-WISE RETREAT OF THE LAURENTIDE ICE SHEET DURING THE
YOUNGER DRYAS: CENTRAL UPPER PENINSULA OF MICHIGAN
WALTERS, Kent A., Department of Geology, The University of Cincinnati, 500 Geology
Physics Building, Cincinnati, OH 45221, [email protected], LOWELL, Thomas V.,
Department of Geology, University of Cincinnati, 500 Geology/Physics Building, University
of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, and PUTNAM, Aaron E., Lamont-Doherty Earth
Observatory, Columbia University, 217 Comer, 61 Route 9W - PO Box 1000, Palisades,
NY 10964
The Younger Dryas (YD) is a well-known paleoclimatic event from 12.9-11.6 cal ka BP. Although
the response of small glaciers to climate change is well established, far less is known how large
glaciers like the Laurentide Ice sheet (LIS) respond to rapid climate change during events like
the Younger Dryas. This study investigates the right lateral moraines of the Green Bay lobe of the
Laurentide Ice Sheet in central Upper Peninsula of Michigan. Here and in adjacent Wisconsin,
the LIS buried two forest beds (Two Creeks and Lake Gribben) and the ages of 13.7 and 11.6 cal
ka BP, respectively, indicate that the ice sheet occupied this region during Younger Dryas time.
Hypothesis for ice sheet behavior during this time include (i) retreat some 200 km across Lake
Superior before the YD and the same length readvance during the YD and (ii) limited readvance
at the end of the YD.
To test these possibilities this study employed the USGS 10 m digital elevation model to
map surficial glacial landforms and added 25 new radiocarbon dates to refine the ice-sheet
deglaciation chronology. Mapping revealed at least four and perhaps as many as seven
successive ice-contact margin positions between the Two Creeks and Lake Gribben locations
suggesting a step-wise retreat. Radiocarbon dates indicate the LIS retreated across the region
from 12.8 to 11.4 cal ka BP and then readvanced at 11.3 cal ka BP. This implies that during most
of the YD the ice sheet was in retreat with a readvance occurring after the YD. If the LIS retreated
in a step wise manner during the YD, it may imply warmer summers or high solar insolation values
as the mechanism controlling the ice sheet margin at this time.
10:40 AM
Colgan, Patrick M.
[218673]
EVIDENCE FOR DISTRIBUTION AND THICKNESS OF ATHENS SUB-EPISODE AND OLDER
SEDIMENTS IN OTTAWA COUNTY, MICHIGAN
COLGAN, Patrick M., Geology, Grand Valley State University, 132 Padnos Hall of Science,
1 Campus Drive, Allendale, MI 49401-9403, [email protected]
Previous researchers have mapped and provided multiple radiocarbon ages for buried organic
matter below Michigan Sub-episode age glacial tills in Lower Michigan. A 43 meter long rotosonic
core to bedrock was recovered in August 2012 by Western Michigan University’s Hydrogeology
Field School at Hemlock Crossing County Park in Ottawa County, Michigan. The core contains
organic wood fragments in sand lying below the Saugatuck/Ganges tills and lying above Glen
Shores till, and older unnamed units. The isolated wood fragments yield an AMS radiocarbon
age of 37,840 ± 400 C14 years BP (41,920 to 42,950 calendar years BP two sigma error, Beta329000). This age is within the uncertainty of three finite ages previously obtained by researchers
at the Glen Shores Section in Allegan County. This suggests an Athens Sub-episode age for
the organic sand and a possible pre-Athens Sub-episode age for the Glenn Shores till and
unnamed units.
Similar buried organic material in sand between till units are common in Ottawa County,
occurring in two clusters as reported in water well records. More than 200 water-well-records
report buried organic materials well below the land surface. Of these well records, 137 appear to
correlate to the Athens Sub-episode age organics in the Hemlock Crossing County Park core. The
largest cluster occurs over a broad area north of the Grand River, and a smaller cluster occurs
south of Pigeon Creek. The average depth of the top of the organic layer is 28 ± 16 m (2 sigma)
and at an average elevation of 167 ± 28 m (2 sigma) above mean sea level. This is about 10
meters below the mean lake level of Lake Michigan. The mean thickness of the organic sand is
about 3 meters.
Continuing research examining the glacial till(s) of pre-Athens Sub-episode age in the Hemlock
Crossing Core will attempt to correlate these units to known units. Other yet unnamed units may
also be defined. These tills could be of any age and could correlate to MIS-4 (early Wisconsin
Glaciation/Episode), MIS-6 (Illinois Glaciation/Episode), or older pre-Illinoian glaciations recorded
in the marine oxygen isotope records from ocean sediments and ice cores.
3-9
11:00 AM
Curry, B. Brandon
[218573]
SUPERPOSED ICE-WALLED LAKE DEPOSITS, NORTHEASTERN ILLINOIS
CURRY, B. Brandon, Prairie Research Institute, Illinois State Geological Survey, Champaign,
IL 61820, [email protected]
A complex of ice-walled lake plains occurs in and around Woodstock, Illinois. One ice-walled
lake plain stands out from the rest (-88.4113˚W, 42.2571˚N). It is nearly circular, about 1.1 km
across, with an unusual central kettle about 0.4 km across. Five cores of this landform have been
sampled. Facies architecture, radiocarbon ages of entombed tundra plants, and geomorphology
collectively indicate two stages of ice-walled lake development. Gray, silty clay diamicton of
the Yorkville Member (Lemont Formation; Livingston Phase) underlies the glaciolacustrine
complex forming the ice-walled lake plain, but sediment cores sampled adjacent to the landform
reveal patches of dolomite-rich, pebbly sandy loam diamicton of the Haeger Member (Lemont
Formation; Woodstock Phase) that cover the fine-grained Yorkville unit. The margin of the icewalled lake plain is covered by about 1.7 m of well-sorted, fining-upward medium sand. The sand
pinches out approaching the kettle’s edge. The underlying fossiliferous lacustrine sediment is as
much as 7.5 m thick.
The two stages of development are reflected in five radiocarbon ages (each with < 30 yrs
sigma-one error) of Dryas integrifolia found in the lacustrine faces. The first stage lasted from
about 21,870 to 21,460 cal yr BP during deglaciation of the Livingston Phase. The second stage
occurred from about 18,720 to 17,870 cal yr BP during deglaciation of the Woodstock Phase.
The lack of 14C ages spanning from about 21,460 to 18,720 cal yr BP also is observed from the
composite of more than 40 radiocarbon ages associated with ice-walled lakes in Illinois. The
hiatus is also observed in 15 14C ages of plant fossils from the nearby De Kalb mounds. The lack
of physical evidence for the nonconformity in sediment cores such as clay mineral alteration or
changes in bedding or grain-size suggests that the active layer did not thaw; the landscape was
physically and chemically inert during this time of extremely cold summer temperatures.
SESSION NO. 4
3-10
11:20 AM
Phillips, Andrew C.
[218677]
MEANDER CUTOFFS, FLOODPLAIN LAKES: GEOLOGIC ARCHIVES IN THE LOWER
WABASH VALLEY
PHILLIPS, Andrew C., Illinois State Geological Survey, Prairie Research Institute, 615 E.
Peabody, Champaign, IL 61820, [email protected], CARON, Olivier, Illinois State
Geological Survey, Prairie Research Institute, 615 E. Peabody Drive, Champaign, IL 61820,
BRYK, Alexander B., Department of Geology, University of Illinois, 1301 W. Green Street,
Urbana, IL 61801, PROKOCKI, Eric W., Department of Geology, University of Illinois
(Urbana-Champaign), 208 Natural History Building, 1301 West Green Street, Urbana, IL
61801, and BEST, James L., Departments of Geology, Geography, Mechanical Science
and Engineering and Ven Te Chow Hydrosystems Laboratory, University of Illinois (UrbanaChampaign), 208 Natural History Building, 1301 West Green Street, Urbana, IL 61801
Striking geomorphic features, including terraces, scroll bars, and floodplain lakes, in the
lower Wabash Valley were constructed by Wisconsin Episode slackwater lake and meltwater
sedimentation, followed by postglacial fluvial systems with episodic aggradation and degradation.
Previous studies described fluvial and slackwater lake terraces deposited in an island braided
river system during the last glacial-interglacial transition, between ~14,000 and 10,500 BP (14C).
Several distinct subsequent meandering systems since 10,500 BP left terraced scroll bar tracts
and floodplain lakes. We have been mapping fill of the Wabash Valley to refine the existing
geologic framework and complement ongoing process studies of the active meandering channel
belt. Meander cutoffs that occur as both relict and extant floodplain lakes are targeted as archives
of the sedimentation and ecosystem history. The meander fill sequences typically comprise
2-6 m of fine alluvial and lacustrine sediment with zones of abundant gastropod, bivalve, and
wood fossils, which overlie 2-3 m of sandy to gravelly point bar and channel bed deposits. Dating
of individual quartz grains by OSL in the lowermost coarse deposits is expected to provide a
maximum age for these channel cutoffs, while dating of fossils by 14C methods, or of intercalated
very fine sand beds by OSL, in the lacustrine sequence is expected to constrain the sediment
accumulation rates. The sedimentology and stratigraphy of the cutoff termini will be interpreted in
terms of cutoff processes. We welcome collaborators to study the biota of these deposits.
T13. Innovative Earth Science Teacher Professional
Development
Fetzer Center, Putney Auditorium
4-1
8:10 AM
Schepke, Chuck
[218348]
SUMMER RESEARCH EXPERIENCE IN EARTH MAGNETISM: THE TEACHERS’
PERSPECTIVE
SCHEPKE, Chuck1, BLUTH, Gregg J.S.2, ANDERSON, Kari3, SMIRNOV, Aleksey V.3, and
PIISPA, Elisa J.3, (1) Roscommon Middle School, 299 West Sunset Drive, Roscommon, MI
48653, [email protected], (2) MMI Preparatory School, 154 Centre Street, Freeland,
PA 18224, (3) Department of Geological and Mining Engineering and Sciences, Michigan
Technological University, 630 Dow, ESE Building, 1400 Townsend Drive, Houghton, MI 49931
The 2012 summer research experience in Earth magnetism at Michigan Tech allowed for the
incorporation of two teachers into a research project aimed at quantifying the strength and
morphology of the Precambrian geomagnetic field via detailed paleomagnetic analyses. As
teacher participants, we are actively working toward incorporating this experience to showcase
“real world” applications of electrical and magnetic concepts in a nontraditional manner using
paleomagnetism as a pedagogical vehicle. In both classrooms, the experience gained from
being a part of an active research team, participating in field work, data acquisition, and
interpretation, are providing a means for us to move beyond the textbook, allowing our students
access to and participation in innovative inquiry-based research. Integration of active research
into the classroom has resulted in noticeable increases in our students’ ability to engage and
understand the physics underlying geomagnetism and concepts related to Earth processes.
Tangible student outcomes, thus far, from our experience have included construction of simple
magnetometers; classroom discussions related to why the Earth has an atmosphere, the age of
the inner core, and the interdisciplinary nature of geophysics; and, perhaps most importantly, a
greater understanding of the scientific method and that the same method is employed in research
laboratories and the classroom. Students love to go “beyond the textbook” to build on the basic
Earth composition topics – it is like learning something secret about the Earth that no one else
has seen, rather than compiling a list of facts. Teachers also love to go “beyond the textbook”,
allowing for real world presentation of concepts in physics and processes used in scientific inquiry
and analyses with students. This presentation is an assessment of the 2012 summer research
experience, and will provide perspectives from us, the teachers, and input from our students
concerning Earth science projects undertaken during the past year.
4-2
8:30 AM
Zolynsky, Debra L.
[218441]
VIRTUAL VS. VISCERAL FIELD EXPERIENCES: TWO PATHS DIVERGE...TAKE BOTH
ZOLYNSKY, Debra L., Science, Lake Shore High School, 22980 E. Thirteen Mile Road,
St. Clair Shores, MI 48082, [email protected] and KLAWITER, Mark F., Geological and
Mining Engineering and Sciences, Michigan Technological Univ, 1400 Townsend Drive,
Houghton, MI 49931
In his book “Experience and Education” (1938), John Dewey declares that high-quality classroom
learning can best be delivered when “…the educator views teaching and learning as a continuous
process of reconstruction of experience.” Such reconstruction, best approached when students
are exposed to the actual experiences available at a learning site or place (e.g. a “field trip”), has
grown increasingly prohibitive. Cost, bureaucracy, scheduling logistics, common assessments,
and inflexible curricular scope and sequence are hurdles in teachers’ efforts to create robust
experiential learning opportunities. Unable to extricate themselves from these obstacles, many
teachers have submissively succumbed to more didactic instructional methods.
Several recent developments in both education and technology have provided enhanced
opportunities for teachers to develop place-based learning opportunities for their students.
Innovative solutions include local field experiences, conducted within a short walking distance
from the school, provide students with data acquisition techniques and an understanding of how
scientists ask questions, conduct investigations, and apply emergent understandings to local
situations or problems. Electronic methods for data acquisition, manipulation, and communication
(digital probes, Smartphones, iPod Touch devices, etc.) can provide accessible techniques for
educators to utilize in “school yard” experiential learning. Finally, initiatives such as the Virtual
Fieldwork Experiences (VFEs) can be integrated into the school curriculum. These experiences
utilize pre-existing data and images collected by educators.
4-3
8:50 AM
Klawiter, Mark F.
[218435]
CREATING A MODEL FOR IMPROVING EARTH SCIENCE TEACHING NATIONWIDE: AN
OVERVIEW OF THE MICHIGAN TEACHER EXCELLENCE PROGRAM (MITEP) NSF MATHSCIENCE PARTNERSHIP
KLAWITER, Mark F.1, MATTOX, Stephen R.2, PETCOVIC, Heather L.3, ROSE, William I.4,
HUNTOON, Jacqueline E.4, ENGELMANN, Carol A.4, VYE, Erika C.4, GOCHIS, Emily E.4,
MILLER, Ashley E.4, and MCKEE, Kathleen F.4, (1) Geological and Mining Engineering
and Sciences, Michigan Technological Univ, 1400 Townsend Drive, Houghton, MI 49931,
[email protected], (2) Department of Geology, Grand Valley State Univ, Allendale, MI
49401-9403, (3) Department of Geosciences and The Mallinson Institute for Science
Education, Western Michigan University, 1903 W Michigan Ave, Kalamazoo, MI 49008-5241,
(4) Geological and Mining Engineering and Sciences, Michigan Technological Univ, 1400
Townsend Dr, Houghton, MI 49931
The Michigan Teacher Excellence Program (MiTEP) is a multifaceted professional development
program that targets K-12 Earth science teachers in the public school districts of Grand Rapids,
Kalamazoo, and Jackson (MI). The goal of the program is to elevate the content knowledge and
pedagogy skills of teachers with limited Earth science training while inspiring institutional change
at several partner institutions. This 5-year program is advancing 4 cohorts of 12-24 teachers
through 3 years of training that includes summer field experiences, professional development
days, on-line course work, and scaffolded leadership opportunities. Teachers spend 2 summers
constructing knowledge through field experiences, spending 1 week in the Upper Peninsula and
1 week near their home district each summer. Field days feature presentations by faculty experts
and are correlated with Earth Science Literacy Principles, NGSS, state and local standards,
misconceptions, and district curriculum. Culminating projects include professional conference
presentations of teacher developed, inquiry-rich lesson plans and authoring of EarthCache
sites. During the school year teachers attend quarterly professional development days featuring
pedagogical strategies for presentation of topics they identified as areas of greatest need, and
participate in on-line Earth science and education courses. Just-in-time content assistance is
provided through “ask-a-scientist” and “scientists-on-call” features. Teachers can apply course
work toward a Master’s degree in Earth Science education from Michigan Tech. In their third year
teachers engage in “capstone” internships in collaboration with Midwest national parks such as
Isle Royale, Sleeping Bear Dunes, Keweenaw National Historic Park or Pictured Rocks National
Lakeshore. Teachers have emerged as leaders through involvement in such activities as providing
profession development for peers in the district, involvement in leadership organizations, and
presenting their work at state science teacher conferences. Major challenges include out-of-field
teaching and instability of teacher placement within urban districts. This material is based upon
work supported by the National Science Foundation through MSP Grant No. NSF 0831948.
4-4
9:10 AM
Mattox, Stephen
[218562]
RELEVANT, PLACE-BASED PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT FOR URBAN TEACHERS,
INSIGHTS FROM THE MICHIGAN TEACHER EDUCATION PROGRAM
MATTOX, Stephen, Geology, Grand Valley State University, 133 Padnos, Allendale, MI
49401-9403, [email protected], PETCOVIC, Heather, Department of Geosciences and
The Mallinson Institute for Science Education, Western Michigan University, 1187 Rood
Hall, Kalamazoo, MI 49008, KLAWITER, Mark F., Geological and Mining Engineering
and Sciences, Michigan Technological Univ, 1400 Townsend Drive, Houghton, MI 49931,
GOCHIS, Emily, Geological Engineering & Sciences, Michigan Technological University,
1400 Townsend Dr, Houghton, MI 49931, and MILLER, Ashley E., Geological and Mining
Engineering and Sciences, Michigan Technological Univ, 1400 Townsend Dr, Houghton,
MI 49931
MTU’s Michigan Teacher Education Program (MITEP) is a multi-year, NSF funded professional
development program for secondary science teachers from Kalamazoo and Jackson. Cohorts of
teachers advance through three years of experiences that include field work in the Keweenawan
Peninsula and downstate, school year professional development, attending and presenting
at professional meetings, and internships at national parks. Content is aligned with the Earth
Science Literacy Principles.
Downstate professional development took place over two weeks in two consecutive years,
and focused on field work related to hazards, glacial landscapes, energy, water resources,
and geologic history. In the first year, teachers conducted a water quality study of Woods Lake
(Kalamazoo) to learn how human activities impact lake systems. They continued with site visits
to the Kalamazoo River impacted by the 2010 Enbridge oil spill, along with building classroom
models of oil-water-sediment interaction. A quarry on the Blue Ridge Esker (Jackson) provided
examples of subglacial deposits and an introduction to aggregate resources. Fossil fuel resources
were the focus of a visit to the WMU core library. A trip to Grand Ledge provided an introduction
to the geologic history of Michigan as teachers interpreted the rocks and placed them in geologic
time. In the second year, teachers investigate how the remnants of Hurricane Ike caused
extensive flooding in Michigan, through calculations of rainfall volume in the Kalamazoo River
basin and balancing the input against river output and groundwater recharge. In the field they
gauged Portage Creek and evaluated impacts of flood events. Classroom models of melting
glaciers transitioned to the state Quaternary map. Teachers described outwash exposed in a
quarry in the Kalamazoo Moraine and landforms at the Waterloo Recreational Area. Sources
of energy were contrasted with visits to a coal power plant in Lansing and a natural gas energy
facility in Jackson. Water was investigated using classroom models, USGS maps, and touring
the shallow aquifer water supply for the city of Jackson. To synthesize their field observations
teachers construct stratigraphic columns of Pennsylvanian and Mississippian rocks at Grand
Ledge and relate their rock specimens to a geologic cross-section of the state.
SESSION NO. 4
4-5
9:50 AM
Gochis, Emily E.
[218622]
PROMOTING GEOSCIENCE SKILLS AND CONTENT KNOWLEDGE BY INTEGRATING FIELDBASED EARTHCACHES INTO TEACHER PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT
GOCHIS, Emily E.1, ROSE, William I.2, HUNGWE, Kedmon3, KLAWITER, Mark F.1, MATTOX,
Stephen R.4, PETCOVIC, Heather5, and MILLER, Ashley E.2, (1) Geological and Mining
Engineering and Sciences, Michigan Technological Univ, 1400 Townsend Drive, Houghton,
MI 49931, [email protected], (2) Geological and Mining Engineering and Sciences,
Michigan Technological Univ, 1400 Townsend Dr, Houghton, MI 49931, (3) Cognitive and
Learning Sciences, Michigan Technological University, 1400 Townsend Drive, Houghton,
MI 49931, (4) Department of Geology, Grand Valley State Univ, Allendale, MI 49401-9403,
(5) Department of Geosciences and The Mallinson Institute for Science Education, Western
Michigan University, 1187 Rood Hall, Kalamazoo, MI 49008
The solutions to many of societies energy, water and climate dilemmas will only be achieved
through creativity and an understanding of complex Earth System processes by all the nation’s
citizens. These Earth processes are complicated because they require the knowledge of multiple
STEM subject areas, geologic time and 3D geo-spatial skills. One method that has been shown to
effectively increase knowledge and attitude towards Earth Science in k-12 students is to connect
classroom content to local sites that are familiar to students and which provide observable
evidence of Earth System phenomena. However, many of today’s teachers have little or no formal
background in Earth Science concepts and are unaware of the presence of ‘geo-significant’
places in their communities.
The Michigan Teacher Excellence Program (MiTEP) is a NSF funded MSP teacher professional
development program for urban school educators. The program’s goal is to increase the content
knowledge and pedagogical skills of educators with limited Earth Science training. As part of the
three-year program teachers participated in the MiTEP-EarthCache model to promote placebased Earth Science education. An EarthCache is an outdoor place found throughout the region
that provides visitors a lesson on “how the Earth works.” Each EarthCache is accompanied by a
set of coordinates, an explanation of the natural processes responsible for the formation of the
geo-significant feature, and questions to evaluate what the visitor has learned during their visit.
Information for each EarthCache can be found at www.earthcache.org which is maintained by
the Geological Society of America and Groundspeak. The MiTEP-EarthCache model requires
participants to visit EarthCache sites established in Michigan and subsequently develop their own
EarthCache to be reviewed by GSA and published on the website for use by the general public.
A mixed methods study has been conducted to evaluate the program’s effectiveness to develop
teachers’ 1) field based geoscience skills, 2) earth science content knowledge 3) awareness of
regional geological features and 4) Earth Science pedagogical skills.
This talk will provide an overview of the MiTEP-EarthCache program, discuss program
outcomes and effectiveness as a profession develop tool in STEM education.
4-6
10:10 AM
Miller, Ashley E.
[218642]
INTEGRATING INQUIRY-BASED INSTRUCTION IN K-12 EARTH SCIENCE CLASSROOMS
MILLER, Ashley E., Geological and Mining Engineering and Sciences, Michigan
Technological Univ, 1400 Townsend Dr, Houghton, MI 49931, [email protected] and
MATTOX, Stephen, Geology, Grand Valley State University, 133 Padnos, Allendale,
MI 49401-9403
Michigan Teacher Excellence Program (MiTEP) offers cohorts of teachers in Grand Rapids,
Kalamazoo and Jackson Publics Schools a variety of experiences that are utilized to improve
the teaching and learning of K-12 Earth Science topics within the classroom. The integration
of inquiry-based teaching and learning in this setting is facilitated by summer experiences
throughout the state of Michigan, as well as Pedagogy-Content days. These educator “in-service”
days allow for teachers to collaborate in the creation or modification of lessons for use within their
classrooms. This session will outline the introduction of inquiry-based education to the MiTEP
participant and will also illustrate how it is being utilized as a theme within the MiTEP experience
for K-12 teachers.
4-7
10:30 AM
Grabemeyer, Nick C.
[218639]
KALAMAZOO AND JACKSON (MI) K-12 TEACHER REFLECTIONS FROM THE MICHIGAN
TEACHER EDUCATION PROGRAM
GRABEMEYER, Nick C.1, YOUNG, Julie L.1, JENKINS, Julia H.1, BRYANT-KUIPHOFF,
Yonee’ E.1, REED, Mark S.2, MATTOX, Stephen3, PETCOVIC, Heather4, and ROSE,
William I.5, (1) Kalamazoo Public Schools, Kalamazoo, MI 49006, grabemeyernc@
kalamazoo.k12.mi.us, (2) Jackson Public Schools, Jackson, MI 49203, (3) Geology,
Grand Valley State University, 133 Padnos, Allendale, MI 49401-9403, (4) Department
of Geosciences and The Mallinson Institute for Science Education, Western Michigan
University, 1187 Rood Hall, Kalamazoo, MI 49008, (5) Geological and Mining Engineering
and Sciences, Michigan Technological Univ, 1400 Townsend Dr, Houghton, MI 49931
K-12 teacher participants from cohort-3 of MiTEP (Michigan Teacher Excellence Program) will
present exemplary lesson plans and EarthCache sites they’ve authored, along with highlights of
the professional development activities that have enriched their Earth science content knowledge
and honed their pedagogical skills. Each of these teachers will provide one career-changing
take-away from their involvement in this 3 year suite of graduate courses, field experiences, and
leadership opportunities. These teachers will be present at the end of the session to answer
questions or to further elaborate on their experiences. Their work can be accessed electronically
at <mitep.mtu.edu>.
4-9
10:50 AM
Ernstes, Joshua D.
[218668]
KALAMAZOO (MI) K-12 TEACHER REFLECTIONS FROM THE MICHIGAN TEACHER
EXCELLENCE PROGRAM
ERNSTES, Joshua D.1, ERNSTES, Angela L.1, KAY, Katherine E.1, SELNER, Maria D.1,
KAHLER, Dawn1, PETCOVIC, Heather2, MATTOX, Stephen3, and ROSE, William I.4,
(1) Kalamazoo Public Schools, Kalamazoo, MI 49001, [email protected],
(2) Department of Geosciences and The Mallinson Institute for Science Education, Western
Michigan University, 1187 Rood Hall, Kalamazoo, MI 49008, (3) Geology, Grand Valley State
University, 133 Padnos, Allendale, MI 49401-9403, (4) Geological and Mining Engineering
and Sciences, Michigan Technological Univ, 1400 Townsend Dr, Houghton, MI 49931
K-12 teachers in cohort-3 of the Michigan Teacher Excellence Program (MiTEP) will share
experiences from the 3-year suite of professional development activities involving Earth science
education. In addition to providing exemplary, inquiry-based lesson plans and teacher-authored
EarthCache sites, each teacher will provide one take-away activity, strategy, or leadership
opportunity that has been career-changing. These teachers will be available after the session to
answer questions or to elaborate on their experiences. Their work is available electronically at
<mitep.mtu.edu>.
6 2013 GSA Abstracts with Programs McLean, Colleen E.
[218775]
T18. Recent Advances in the Studies on the Origin of
Magmatic and Hydrothermal Ore Deposits
5-1
10:00 AM
Mulcahy, Connor
[218405]
RARE EARTH ELEMENT ENRICHED MINERALS IN HYDROTHERMAL COPPER DEPOSITS
FROM THE KEWEENAW PENINSULA, MICHIGAN, USA
MULCAHY, Connor1, HANSEN, Edward C.1, RHEDE, D.2, and BORNHORST, Theodore J.3,
(1) Geological and Environmental Sciences, Hope College, 35 E 12th Street, Holland,
MI 49423, [email protected], (2) Helmholtz-Zentrum Potsdam, Deutsches
GeoForschungsZentrum (GFZ), Potsdam, 14473, Germany, (3) A. E. Seaman Mineral
Museum, Michigan Technological University, 1404 E. Sharon Avenue, Houghton, MI 49931
Low grade hydrothermal metamorphism associated with copper mineralization in Michigan’s
Keweenaw Peninsula created concentrated masses of calc-silicate minerals in intralayered
tholeiitic basalts and rhyolite-pebble conglomerates within the fill of the 1.1 Ga Midcontinent rift.
These masses consist of epidote, pumpellyite, prehnite, and titanite in the basalts and epidote,
titanite, and sporadic andradite in the conglomerates and were examined by SEM, and electron
microprobe analyses from five localities (three in basalts; two in conglomerates). Epidote grains
enriched in REE were found in samples from both conglomerate localities and can be classified
into: Type I characterized by narrow growth zones with up to 6 wt.% Ce2O3 + La2O3 + Nd2O3 ; Type
II characterized by dissolution-reprecipitation zoning consisting of irregular REE-enriched zones
around fractures or as incomplete rims/embayments at the margins of REE poor crystals; and
Type III characterized by masses of small, acicular crystals with an allanite component of up to
47 mole% projecting from the margins of REE-poor epidote crystals or intergrown with titanite/
REE poor epidote. Synchysite, REE-fluorocarbonate, occurs with calcite in some conglomerate
samples that contain little or no epidote. Only one basalt sample was found to contain REEenriched minerals as clusters of irregularly shaped patches with up to 4.3 wt.% Ce2O3 + La2O3 +
Nd2O3 within REE-poor epidote. Type I REE-enrichment represents a brief increase in the activity
of REE-elements during epidote growth. Either a change in the hydrothermal fluid composition or
a sudden decrease in temperature during the last stages of epidote growth led to super-saturation
of REE elements that in turn led to the development of Type II and Type III enrichment. The
hydrothermal fluids may have acquired REE from leaching of rhyolite clasts in conglomerates at
depth in the source area for the fluids
5-2
4-8
11:10 AM
MEETING THE NEEDS OF THE MODERN ENVIRONMENTAL ERA: A PARTNERSHIP
TO ENHANCE TEACHERS’ AND STUDENTS’ UNDERSTANDINGS OF SUSTAINABILITY
CONCEPTS
KUMLER, Lori1, MCLEAN, Colleen E.2, and ARMSTRONG, Felicia P.2, (1) Political Science
and International Studies, University of Mount Union, 1972 Clark Ave, Alliance, OH 44601,
(2) Geological and Environmental Sciences, Youngstown State University, 2120 Moser Hall,
One University Plaza, Youngstown, OH 44555, [email protected]
Contemporary challenges in geoscience education require innovative teaching methods and a
broad understanding of evolving concepts as well as state specific content standards. Ohio’s new
content standards for social studies and science at the middle and secondary levels for the first
time include concepts related to economic, social, and environmental sustainability. However, the
concept of sustainability is relatively new to the standards and most teachers within the classroom
have not been adequately prepared to address these standards. Through an Ohio Environmental
Education Fund grant, we partnered with local school districts to offer a graduate course for
middle and secondary science and social studies teachers focused on sustainability concepts as
related to their local communities. The course included an intense full week summer workshop
and additional meetings during the school year in which teachers shared standards-based unit
plans developed out of the course. During the summer workshop, teachers attended lectures by
university and outside experts in energy, water quality, air quality/climate, soils and land use; the
last day included a panel discussion led by local specialists and government officials in land use
(e.g. abandoned mines, regional council of governments). Teachers also learned how to use a
basic modeling program (STELLA ©) and learned about new energy initiatives related to solar
hydrogen production. In the field, teachers visited local sites including a solar company, a LEED
certified building, a wastewater treatment plant, a local forest, a pervious parking lot, and a farm
producing food for Cleveland area restaurants. Teachers were then able to integrate updated
knowledge and field experiences into unit plans that they created for their classes. This workshop
was geared directly to in-service and pre-service teachers, administrators, teacher preparation
programs, and state education officers. This partnership demonstrates that university-school
district partnerships can provide essential professional development opportunities to teachers
related to the latest technological and economic innovations.
10:20 AM
Frank, Mark R.
[218392]
AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF GOLD IN SULFIDE MINERALS
FRANK, Mark R. and FRALEY, Kendle, Department of Geology and Environmental
Geosciences, Northern Illinois University, Davis Hall, Room 312, DeKalb, IL 60115,
[email protected]
Au in magmatic-hydrothermal systems may often co-precipitate with common Cu-Fe sulfide
minerals. Au has been found within bornite and chalcopyrite in porphyry ore deposits such as at
Bingham Canyon and as “invisible” Au in pyrite and arsenopyrite samples from the Carlin trend.
The Au concentrations within these Cu-Fe and Fe sulfide minerals have been explored as a
function of temperature previously, but no study has systemically varied both temperature and
sulfur activity in a way that mimics the conditions of porphyry ore formation. The activity of sulfur
in magmatic-hydrothermal systems controls the stable sulfide mineral assemblage and has been
shown to impact the solubility and speciation of Cu and Au in a magmatic volatile phase, however,
its impact on Au in sulfide minerals is unknown. Experiments were conducted at 100 MPa
with an oxygen fugacity buffered by Ni-NiO, and at temperatures of 500, 600, and 700 °C, to
determine the solubility of Au within bornite, high-temperature chalcopyrite (intermediate solid
solution – ISS), and pyrrhotite. The activity of sulfur in the system was buffered by sulfide mineral
assemblages that induced values between log -11±1 and 0.4±0.8 (1σ). Au capsules were loaded
with the select mineral assemblage and a 5 wt.% NaCl (eq.) aqueous solution composed of
SESSION NO. 6
NaCl+KCl+HCl+H2O. Sulfide mineral run products were analyzed by an Electron Microprobe to
determine the concentration of Au and their textures after quench. Au exsolution features were
observed in bornite and ISS throughout the mineral grains, whereas no exsolution textures were
observed in pyrrhotite. Au in pyrrhotite ranged from 300-500 μg/g and did not vary appreciably
over the entire range of the experiments. The solubility of Au in bornite increased from 1000 μg/g
at 500 °C to 1800 μg/g at 700 °C and with an increase in the log sulfur activity of -11.0±1 to
-6.0±0.1. The solubility of Au in ISS increased from 300 μg/g at 500 °C to 4000 μg/g at 700 °C
with the activity of sulfur exerting the principal control on Au solubility as, at 700 °C, Au increased
from 1100 to 4000 μg/g as it increased from log -6.0±0.1 to 0.4±0.8 (1σ). Our results demonstrate
that Au will partition preferentially into ISS relative to pyrrhotite in porphyry systems with an ISS +
pyrrhotite assemblage and into bornite for the bornite + ISS assemblage.
5-3
10:40 AM
Mateas, Douglas J.
[218078]
HYDROTHERMAL ALTERATION AND MINERALIZATION AMONG THE GOLD ZONES OF THE
BACK FORTY VOLCANOGENIC MASSIVE SULFIDE DEPOSIT
MATEAS, Douglas J., Eastern Illinois University, 600 Lincoln Ave, Charleston, IL 61920,
[email protected]
The Back Forty Volcanogenic Massive Sulfide (VMS) deposit, located along the Menominee
River in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan, is the second largest deposit in the early Proterozoic
Penokean Volcanic Belt. The VMS mineralization, which is hosted by felsic volcanic rocks,
is characterized as Kuroko-style and consists of massive, semi-massive and stringer sulfide
mineralization. The dominant ore in the VMS deposit is pyrite, a gangue mineral. Valuable ores in
the deposit consist of sphalerite, chalcopyrite and galena. Adjacent to the main massive sulfide
mineralization, there are three designated “gold zones” that have proven preferential to precious
metal mineralization of gold and silver. These precious metals have been remobilized from the
main area of mineralization. The three gold zones, which are named the Porphyry Margin Zone
(PM), 90 Zone and Near Surface Zone (NS), have markedly different presentations in hand
sample. PM Zone deposits are found in a quartz-feldspar porphyry, while 90 Zone and NS Zone
deposits are found in a rhyolite crystal tuff host rock. The 90 Zone host rock is so intensely
altered by chlorite, though, that it can be referred to as a chlorite crystal tuff. The objectives for
this research are three-fold. The first objective is to describe the mineralization and alteration
in representative samples from each zone in thin section. The second objective is to attempt to
identify similarities, if they exist, and point out differences in the mineralogy and alteration among
the zones. The overall objective is to determine if there are any characteristics to suggest that
the gold mineralization in the zones represent a single mineralizing event or multiple, separate
pulses of mineralization. At this point, it appears that vast differences in chlorite appearance and
distribution may signal a different mineralizing event for the PM Zone than in the 90 Zone and
NS Zone.
5-4
11:00 AM
Hagni, Richard D.
[217091]
ORIGIN OF PLATY GALENA IN THE VIBURNUM TREND, SOUTHEAST MISSOURI
HAGNI, Richard D., Geological Sciences and Engineering, Missouri University of Science
and Technology, 161 McNutt Hall, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO
65409-0410, [email protected]
The Viburnum Trend of Missouri is the world’s largest producer of lead. The lead occurs as
galena predominantly in two crystallographic forms, octahedrons and cubes. Many studies have
shown that octahedral galena is paragentically early, the more abundant of the two crystal forms,
and is commonly modified by the cube. Those studies also have shown that the cubic form is
paragenetically later, less abundant than the octahedrons, and may exhibit minor octahedral
modifications. Viburnum Trend galena crystals that exhibit a platy form have received almost no
study. The reason for their lack of the study is the rarity of their occurrence. This communication
discusses their character, mine distribution, paragenetic position, trace element contents, nature
of twinning, and speculated conditions of formation. It also compares their character to similar
platy galena occurrences in Bulgaria, Russia, Mexico, and the Pine Point District in the Northwest
Territories of Canada.
Flat, platy galena crystals have been recognized to occur in very small amounts in the
Magmont, Buick, Fletcher, Brushy Creek, and Sweetwater mines in the Viburnum Trend. In
contrast, platy galena has never been observed to occur at the Casteel, West Fork, #27, #28, and
#29 mines in the Trend. The platy crystals have formed early in the paragenetic sequence of the
ores, prior to and coated by subsequently deposited cubic galena and drusy quartz.
Spinel twinning of the octahedron produces flat platy crystals. The platy galena crystals of the
Viburnum Trend are very similar in crystal morphology to platy galena crystals interpreted to be
spinel twins in the Dalnegorsk Pb-Zn (skarn deposit) mine in SE Russia, the Madan ore field of
skarn Pb-Zn-Ag deposits of southern Bulgaria, and the large Naica Pb mine of northern Mexico.
In some lead districts, less common forms of galena have been ascribed to the incorporation of
elevated contents of certain trace elements in those galena crystal forms. Analysis of Viburnum
platy crystals has shown that they contain very low levels of trace elements: 3.1 ppm Ag, <2 ppm
Bi, <2 ppm Sb, and <2 ppm As. Thus, elevated trace element content is not the cause for the
development of Viburnum platy galena.
It is speculated that the Viburnum spinel-twinned galena crystals were the result of rapid
crystallization from oversaturated ore fluids.
5-5
11:20 AM
Scott, Henry P.
[218662]
CO2 CYCLING IN THE DEEP EARTH
SCOTT, Henry P.1, COMPTON, John G.1, HASAN, Maggie2, and FRANK, Mark R.2,
(1) Physics and Astronomy, Indiana University South Bend, 1700 Mishawaka Ave,
South Bend, IN 46634, [email protected], (2) Department of Geology and Environmental
Geosciences, Northern Illinois University, Davis Hall, Room 312, DeKalb, IL 60115
We have used laser-heated Diamond Anvil Cells (LDAC’s) coupled with synchrotron X-ray
diffraction to make in situ observations of magnesite formation from CO2 plus simple oxide (i.e.,
MgO) and silicate (e.g., Mg2SiO4) components at mantle pressures and temperatures. Previously
we demonstrated that the reaction MgO + CO2 = MgCO3 proceeds readily at pressures up to
40 GPa and temperatures around 1,800 K, despite the existence of relatively dense high-pressure
CO2 polymorphs. For our most recent study, we have incorporated the magnesium end-member
of olivine to consider the reaction CO2 + Mg2SiO4 = MgSiO3 + MgCO3, as studied extensively at
low pressures (i.e., less than 4 GPa) by previous workers (e.g., Newton and Sharp, 1975). As
expected, higher temperatures favor the forsterite side of the reaction, especially at low pressures.
In this presentation, we will discuss our extension of this system to pressures greater than 20
GPa and the role played by high-pressure polymorphism in CO2 and the magnesium silicates.
T23. Remote Sensing Applications in
Environmental Sciences
6-1
8:00 AM
Siemer, Kyle W.
[218428]
USING DIFFERENTIAL SYNTHETIC APERTURE RADAR INTERFEROMETRY (DINSAR) TO
DETECT SUBSIDENCE RELATED TO ABANDONED UNDERGROUND MINES (AUMS) IN
SOUTHEASTERN OHIO
SIEMER, Kyle W., Department of Environmental Science, University of Toledo, 2801 W.
Bancroft, Toledo, OH 43606, [email protected] and BECKER, Richard, Department of
Environmental Sciences, University of Toledo, 2081 Bancroft Ave, Toledo, OH 43606
The Ohio Department of Natural Resources (ODNR) Geologic Hazards division estimates
that roughly 8,000 abandoned underground mines (AUMs) exist beneath the surface of Ohio’s
historic coal mining region. The number of confirmed AUMs was recently updated to near 6,000,
accumulating to about 800mi2 in total. Subsidence of the land above the AUMs has become
a serious issue for counties with historical AUMs because it poses threats to the health and
wellbeing of people, but also poses extreme risks to structures above the AUM land. In the past,
efforts to monitor subsidence have been sparse, leading to an incomplete understanding of how
subsidence is related to the abandoned mine geometry. This has led to many instances where an
individual may purchase “cheap” land above an AUM without knowledge of the AUM. Traditionally,
repeat land surveying was used to measure subsidence in these areas, however, more recently,
the application of differential synthetic Aperture radar interferometry (DInSAR) has provided
the user the ability to systematically measure miniscule land surface displacements (<0.1mm)
through time. 38 ERS-1 and ERS-2 scenes that spanned the time between 1993 and 2003 were
used to monitor subsidence of Wellston, OH. Wellston sits above several ~100 year old room-andpillar mines, and at least 15 subsidence claims have been funded by the office of surface mining
abandoned mine land inventory system (OSM AMLIS) within 5km2of downtown. Interferometry
results were superimposed existing abandoned mine maps from the ODNR’s online abandoned
mine locator GIS and OSM AMLIS sites. Results were integrated into a GIS to better understand,
identify, and quantify how subsidence has developed in Wellston. By comparing interferometry
results to existing OSM AMLIS sites and mine maps, the effectiveness of radar interferometry for
this application was assessed.
6-2
8:20 AM
Bouali, El Hachemi Y.
[218541]
SUBSIDENCE OF THE NILE DELTA, EGYPT: OPTIMIZING INTERFEROMETRIC SYNTHETIC
APERTURE RADAR (INSAR) RESULTS OVER URBAN CENTERS IN VEGETATED REGIONS
BOUALI, El Hachemi Y.1, SULTAN, Mohamed2, BECKER, Richard H.3, and CHOUINARD,
Kyle J.2, (1) Department of Geosciences, Western Michigan University, 1903 West Michigan
Avenue, Kalamazoo, MI 49008, [email protected], (2) Department of Geosciences,
Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI 49008, (3) Department of Environmental
Sciences, University of Toledo, 2801 West Bancroft Ave, Toledo, OH 43606
Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) has become a popular remote sensing tool for
measuring a variety of ground movements and deformation. Persistent Scatterers Interferometry
(PSI) – a specific type of InSAR technique – works well in calculating ground displacements over
a long period of time. Many variables directly affect PSI outputs, such as the spatial baseline, the
temporal baseline, the Doppler centroid, the digital elevation model resolution, and atmospheric
activity (i.e., precipitation) at the time of scene acquisition. An in-depth analysis of parameter
values for the combination of single-look complex (SLC) images used in the PSI technique should
be performed to yield optimized results and eliminate noise. The Nile Delta of Egypt is the study
area of choice because it is highly populated, yet densely vegetated, and is therefore a complex
amalgamation of regions of high-coherence and random scatter. The objective of this study is
three-fold: (1) to examine the experimental process of SLC scene inclusion or elimination and the
use of additional third-party datasets in order to optimize PSI outputs based on specified input
parameters, (2) to calculate subsidence rates on city-scale areas of the Nile Delta, and (3) to
investigate the factors controlling the subsidence in the study area. Findings include: optimum
results (high coherence) were observed over cities, PSI calculations of tens of cities across the
delta yielded subsidence rates as high 10 millimeters/year, progressively increasing subsidence
rates were detected with decreasing distances from the shoreline, and many cities display a wide
range of ground motion velocities which we relate to subsidence due to sediment compaction and
anthropogenic factors.
6-3
8:40 AM
Mohamed, Lamees
[218291]
INVESTIGATING THE PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT OF GEBEL EL-HAMZA AREA, NE CAIRO,
EGYPT: A REMOTE SENSING APPROACH
ZAKI, Abotalib, Geosciences, WMU, Kalamazoo, MI 49009, MOHAMED, Lamees,
Geosciences, WMU, Kalamazoo, 49008, [email protected], and SULTAN,
Mohamed, Geosciences, Western Michigan University, 1903 W. Michigan Ave, Kalamazoo,
MI 49008-5241
This paper attempts to utilize observations extracted from remote sensing data sets and available
published data (e.g., geologic and soil maps) to characterize the physical environment of Gebel
El-Hamza area (area: (1116 km2) on the northeast fringes of Greater Cairo, Egypt. The term
“physical environment” encompasses the climatic, geological, geomorphological and structural
settings of the area, and the potential natural hazards (e.g., landslides, earthquakes, and flash
flooding) that could affect it. This exercise should serve as an example for a preliminary database
to be used for development purposes, urban planning, and as a reconnaissance tool to be utilized
in detailed studies.
The generated digital products yielded the following: (1) eight geomorphologic units were
mapped (gravely and sandy plains, Nile Delta flood plain, sand dunes, wadi deposits, Heliopolis
depression, scarps, block hills and flat topped hills, (2) fault distribution, orientation (E-W, WNWESE, and NE-SW trending) and displacement (normal and strike slip faults) along these faults
were revealed by superimposing the convolution filtering image, hill shade image and the contour
map on the Landsat ETM image,
Preliminary investigation of the natural hazards in the study area indicates low probabilities
for landslides and flash flooding. Earthquakes with magnitudes ranging from 3.5 to 5.4 were
SESSION NO. 6
reported from areas proximal (< 25 km) to the study area and thus could potentially be hazardous
to populations and properties. This will largely depend on the adopted building codes and
engineering designs for urban settlements in the study area.
6-4
9:00 AM
El Kadiri, Racha
[218564]
STATISTICAL AND REMOTE SENSING BASED APPROACH TO DETERMINE DEBRIS FLOWS
TRIGGERING FACTORS
EL KADIRI, Racha1, SULTAN, Mohamed1, BECKER, Richard2, KRAWCZYK, Malgorzata1,
AL HARBI, Talal1, and CHOUINARD, Kyle J.1, (1) Department of Geosciences, Western
Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI 49008, [email protected], (2) Department of
Environmental Sciences, University of Toledo, 2081 Bancroft Ave, Toledo, OH 43606
Debris flows represent a significant ecosystem disturbance, particularly in Jazan Mountains in
Saudi Arabia. The area is subjected to intense precipitation levels related to Indian monsoons and
high relief (up to 2.5 km a.m.s/l). We were able to characterize the spatial conditions that have
controlled the occurrence of debris flows events in the area due to the advancement of remote
sensing and geographic information systems. We extracted terrain characteristics in the area
from remote sensing datasets, and used them as proxies to the different debris flows triggering
factors. The remote sensing based parameters enable us to construct a weighted model that is
calibrated against field based observations. The extracted criteria that enable us to control slope
instability for shallow debris flows are: slope angle, elevation, topographic wetness index (TWI),
stream power index (SPI), convergence index (CI), aspect, soil roughness, normalized difference
vegetation index (NDVI), flow accumulation index, and manmade feature distribution.
6-5
9:40 AM
Mohamed, Lamees
[218288]
STRUCTURAL CONTROL OF GROUNDWATER FLOW, SOUTHERN SINAI, EGYPT: REMOTE
SENSING CONSTRAINTS
MOHAMED, Lamees, Geosciences, WMU, Kalamazoo, 49008, lamees.m.mihamed@
wmich.edu, SULTAN, Mohamed, Geosciences, Western Michigan University, 1903 W.
Michigan Ave, Kalamazoo, MI 49008-5241, and ZAKI, Abotalib, Geosciences, WMU,
Kalamazoo, MI 49008
The distribution of dikes and shear zones, their orientation, thickness, and density together with
the rate and persistency of rainfall, absorptive characteristics of the land surface, permeability
of the reservoir rocks, and slope gradient of land surface are the main factors that control
the groundwater distribution and groundwater flow in southern Sinai. Precipitation generally
occurs over the highly elevated Proterozoic basement rocks, and is channeled down stream as
surface runoff in the valleys (wadis) or as groundwater flow in the alluvium aquifers flooring the
valleys. Fractured basement can act as conduits for groundwater flow as well. We examined the
temporal variations in backscattering values extracted from radar imagery to identify the waterbearing shear zones, dyke swarms, and valleys in the study area (southern Sinai). The adopted
procedures were as follows: (1) spatial and temporal precipitation events over the basement
complex were identified from Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) data; a major
precipitation event (34 mm) that occurred on January, 17 2010 was identified and selected for this
analysis, (2) the shear zones and dyke swarms within the study area were delineated using false
color Landsat band and band ratio images, (3) four Envisat ASAR (Advanced Synthetic Aperture
Radar radar) scenes were selected, one before (November, 11 2009 ) and three after (20January
2010, 5 February 2010 , and 12 March 2010) the identified precipitation event, (4) the four images
were co-registered, orbital corrected, multilooked, filtered, radiometric calibrated and at last beta
& sigma nought images were produced.
Examining the generated backscattering images revealed that following a rain event, the
water bearing dikes, shear zones, and valleys show evidence of retaining more water (high
backscattering) than their surroundings. Ongoing research will focus on applying these findings to
map all such aquifers in southern Sinai and to further test our findings by conducting geophysical
techniques.
6-6
10:00 AM
Ahmed, Mohamed
10:20 AM
Zmijewski, Kirk A.
[218406]
USING GRACE DATA TO MONITOR EFFECTS OF ANTHROPOGENIC MODIFICATION AND
CLIMATE CHANGE ON GROUNDWATER IN THE ARAL SEA REGION: 2002-2012
ZMIJEWSKI, Kirk A., Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Toledo, 2081
Bancroft Ave, Toledo, OH 43606, [email protected] and BECKER,
Richard H., Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Toledo, 2801 West
Bancroft Ave, Toledo, OH 43606
The Aral Sea watershed located in central Asia has seen significant anthropogenic modification
since the mid 20th century, leading to a decrease in size of the sea by almost 90%. The watershed
is a closed basin with an area of almost 2 million square kilometers which includes both the Amu
Darya and Syr Darya river systems. A network of canals and channels has diverted a significant
amount of flow from both rivers into various agricultural areas and reservoirs. Groundwater is
an extremely important resource in the region providing the majority of river flow during winter
months, while glacial melt provides up to 70% during the summer months in hot years.
GRACE (Gravity and Climate Experiment) data from 2002-2012 was used to monitor total water
storage trends within the basin using a linear model. The data was normalized with an annual
periodic function to remove seasonality. The GLDAS (Global Land Data Assimilation Systems)
model was used to estimate the monthly mass of soil moisture and snow cover. Total surface
water mass was estimated using satellite imagery and historical topographic maps.
Much of the water diverted from the Syr Darya and Amu Darya remains stored as groundwater
recharge and growing artificial lakes which supports the regions agriculture. However, the
water balance of the whole watershed shows an overall negative trend in water storage due to
evaporative losses from these diversions. A positive trend in groundwater storage mass was
observed in agricultural areas and in the vicinity of the reservoirs in the central part of the basin.
Opposite trends were observed in the headwaters of both glacial-fed rivers within the Aral Sea
basin. Total summer time snow cover area was determined for both rivers using Landsat imagery.
An increase in total snow/ice cover in the Amu Darya headwaters was observed and a decrease
in total snow/ice in the Syr Darya. The Amu Darya receives precipitation from the South Asian
Monsoon which has increased in the last decade. The more northern headwaters of the Syr
Darya River receive continental precipitation of which previous studies have shown no significant
trends, but an increase of 1-2 degrees C over the past century may explain loss in mass due to
glacial ablation. Future water and food security in the region depends on accurate monitoring and
predictions of water resources in the future.
6-8
10:40 AM
Becker, Richard H.
[218495]
THE STALLED RECOVERY OF THE MESOPTAMIAN MARSHES
BECKER, Richard H., Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Toledo,
2801 West Bancroft Ave, Toledo, OH 43606, [email protected]
The Mesoptamian Marshes, an extensive wetlands system in Iraq which once covered roughly
twice the area of the Florida Everglades, has been heavily impacted by both human and climate
forces over the past decades. In the period leading up to the Second Gulf War in 2002, the
marshlands were shrinking due to both a policy of draining and water diversion, and construction
of dams upstream on the Euphrates in Turkey. Following the war through 2006, this trend was
reversed as the diversions were removed and active draining stopped. The recovery reached
its peak in 2006, but the marshes have been drying since, due to droughts and increased water
storage upstream.
A combination of MODIS, Landsat and GRACE datasets were used to determine if the change
in water storage both in above ground and total storage both upriver in the Tigris and Euphrates
watersheds, and in the Marshlands. This change in total water storage is used to help partition
the changes between upstream retention and overall drying of the system. The Grace datasets
show a gradual decrease in total water in the source water regions for the Euphrates over the
period of 2002-2010, and a sharp change from increasing water surface area and mass to losing
in the lower portion of the watershed containing the marshes in 2006. This suggests that the dam
removal and decrease in pumping only provided a temporary respite for the marshlands and
that their future is tied more strongly to any climate changes that will affect recharge in the upper
Tigris-Euphrates system.
[218224]
MONITORING AQUIFER DEPLETION FROM SPACE: CASE STUDIES FROM NUBIAN
SANDSTONE AQUIFER IN EGYPT AND THE SAQ AQUIFER IN SAUDI ARABIA
AHMED, Mohamed, SULTAN, Mohamed, and ALHARBI, Talal, Geosciences, Western
Michigan University, 1903 W. Michigan Ave, Kalamazoo, MI 49008, mohamed.ahmed@
wmich.edu
In arid and semi-arid regions of the world the demand for fresh water resources is increasing due
to increasing populations and scarcity of fresh water supplies. Examples of these regions include
the Middle East countries where the scarcity of fresh water is contributing to political instability,
disputes, and conflicts. Many of these countries are blessed by having large amounts of fresh
water stored in non-renewable and widely distributed aquifers. The majority of these aquifers
remain poorly investigated for the following reasons: (1) their locations in the less-developed
parts of the world, (2) the general inaccessibility of many of these regions, and (3) difficulties
in collecting background information. Given the previous reasons, we developed an integrated
approach to investigate the hydrologic setting of two main fresh water aquifers, the Nubian
Sandstone Aquifer System (NSAS; area: 493 x 103 km2) in Egypt and the Saq Aquifer System
(SAS; area: 489 x 103 km2) in Saudi Arabia. Specifically, we are addressing aquifer response to
natural climatic and anthropogenic effects. Monthly (01/2003 – 09/2012) Gravity Recovery and
Climate Experiment (GRACE) data was processed (destriped, Gaussian smoothed, and soil
moisture removed) and used in conjunction with other relevant datasets to investigate aquifer
depletion rates. Results indicate: (1) both NSAS and SAS are experiencing declining GRACE
trends, (2) time series analyses show a negligible changes between GRACE before and after
removing soil moisture indicating that the main drivers for GRACE anomalies are the groundwater
extraction activities, (3) areas with negative GRACE trends are highly spatially correlated with
irrigated areas, (4) the annual depletion rates based on GRACE data for the NSAS and SAS is
estimated at 1.8 x 109 m3 (3.6 mm/yr) and 2.3 x 109 m3 (4.8 mm/yr) respectively, and (5) GRACE
results are consistent with the reported groundwater extraction rates for both aquifers. Given the
available temporal monthly GRACE solutions for the past eleven years, the global coverage of
this data set, and the plans underway for the deployment of a GRACE follow-On and GRACE-II,
we suggest that within the next few years, GRACE will probably become the most practical,
informative, and cost effective procedure for monitoring aquifer depletion rates across the globe.
Geoscience Education (Posters)
Schneider Hall, Courtyard
7-1
BTH 1
Lane, Joe
[218508]
USING THE HISTORY OF RESEARCH ON THE PHENOMENON OF PLATE TECTONICS TO
HELP STUDENTS BETTER APPRECIATE THE NATURE OF SCIENCE
LANE, Joe, Mallinson Institute for Science Education, Western Michigan University,
1903 West Michigan Avenue, Kalamazoo, MI 49008, [email protected]
This paper provides the reader with a detailed history on the phenomenon of plate tectonics,
which focuses on the German scientist, Alfred Wegener. Wegener proposed that throughout
most of geologic time there was only one continental mass, and one ocean. To strengthen his
argument, Wegener drew perspectives from numerous scientific fields, as well as past works from
specific scientists. This paper is designed as an educational instrument in order for students to
examine the physical processes that our planet has undergone over, long, geologic periods of
time. Students are presented with a Scientific Benchmark, stressing the importance that: ‘science
is in fact one vast single system, in which everything in the universe occurs in consistent patterns
that are comprehensible through careful, systematic study.’ This argument includes information on
the need to explore the work of scientists; as well as, the essential characteristics that scientists
must obtain when investigating our natural world. It is the primary purpose of this paper to inform
students of the importance of scientific advancements and to illustrate the benefits of using
history to support a better understanding of the nature of science.
SESSION NO. 8
7-2
BTH 2
Miller, Kurtz K.
[218056]
ANALYZING GLACIAL TILL: AN INQUIRY-BASED PROJECT FOR HIGH SCHOOL EARTH
SCIENCE STUDENTS
MILLER, Kurtz K., Department of Teacher Education, University of Dayton, 300 College Park,
Chaminade Hall Annex 112P, Dayton, OH 45469, [email protected] and COOK, Alex,
Department of Teacher Education, University of Dayton, 300 College Park, Chaminade Hall,
Dayton, OH 45469
According to the National Research Council (NRC) by twelfth grade, high school students
should have an understanding of the causes of ice ages, including details about the Milankovitch
Cycles. High school seniors should also be aware of the notion that gradual changes in the
eccentricity of the Earth’s orbit, axial tilt, and precession of orbit are responsible for orbital forcing
of Earth’s global climate. There are a variety of ways to teach students about climatic cycles by
using real data, including but not limited to the study of ice cores, ocean sediment cores, and
Quaternary glacial deposits. The fact that Quaternary glacial deposits, including glacial till, are
widely distributed throughout much of the Midwest make it possible for high school earth science
teachers to instruct students about how glacientic sediments help geologists to interpret climatic
conditions during the Pleistocene. This poster presentation will outline an inquiry-based, glacial till
project conducted with junior and senior high school earth science students at the Miami Valley
Career Technology Center (MVCTC) in Clayton, Ohio. Glacial till for the inquiry-based project
was collected from Holes Creek Park, which is part of the Centerville-Washington Park District,
Centerville, Ohio. The glacial till, inquiry-based project empowered earth science students to draw
connections between the shape, genesis, and composition of till clasts and how the Pleistocene
Ice Sheet moved through the Miami Valley in Southwestern Ohio.
7-3
BTH 3
Barney, Jeffrey A.
[218796]
USING SOLID ROCK CORE SAMPLES TO TEACH POROSITY AND PERMEABILITY
BARNEY, Jeffrey A., Mallinson Institutute for Science Education, Western Michigan
University, 6575 N 44th St, Augusta, MI 49012, [email protected]
Teaching science content to K-12 students can be a struggle, especially when student
engagement with lesson material is a problem. One way teachers can help engage students
is to use hands-on activities. According to the National Assessment of Educational Progress
(NAEP), teachers who regularly conduct hands-on activities in their classrooms report that
their students out perform their peers by more than 40% of a grade level in science. At Western
Michigan University we have developed a geology lesson using rock core samples to teach rock
characteristics that are somewhat counterintuitive: porosity and permeability. This activity brings
rock core samples and rock coring tools into the classroom for students to examine. Students
study different types of sedimentary rocks and learn how layers of these rocks formed as the
Great Lakes Basin experienced repeated cycles of flooding and evaporation hundreds of millions
of years ago. Students also learn how petroleum forms and how oil and gas are found in the pore
spaces of some types of rocks. Finally, the students are shown a variety of sedimentary rock
cores and are tasked with determining which core would represent the most likely “host rock” for
petroleum. The students accomplish this by using hand operated air pumps to test the porosity
and permeability of the rocks by trying to force air through the core samples. The students use
the results of this activity to evaluate a set of hypothetical well sites, and then vote to decide
which well site should be developed. This activity teaches identification and formation of common
sedimentary rocks and the Paleozoic history of the Great Lakes Basin.
7-4
BTH 4
Barone, Steven
[218280]
TEACHING PALEOCLIMATE AND CLIMATE CHANGE TO FUTURE TEACHERS: AN ACTION
RESEARCH STUDY
BARONE, Steven, Geosciences Department, Western Michigan University, 1187 Rood Hall,
Kalamazoo, MI 49008, [email protected] and PETCOVIC, Heather, Department
of Geosciences and The Mallinson Institute for Science Education, Western Michigan
University, 1187 Rood Hall, Kalamazoo, MI 49008
The purpose of this action research study is to develop and evaluate a sequence of four
lessons for an introductory earth science course taken by future elementary teachers. Action
research is a reflective process of data collection and analysis used by teachers to improve their
classroom practice. This study’s goal was to produce a series of lessons that align with the course
philosophy, are effective at improving students’ understanding of climate change, and meet the
state requirements for elementary teacher preparation.
The action research cycle began by developing four lessons that follow the course philosophy of
student-driven learning through guided-inquiry. The first lesson uses a jigsaw teaching approach
in which students create a model of the carbon cycle. In the second lesson students design an
experiment to test the effect of carbon dioxide on atmospheric temperature and use a computer
animation to further investigate the greenhouse effect. In the third lesson, students use Google
Earth to determine 50-year temperature averages for various cities across the globe. In the fourth
lesson students examine Vostok ice core data to reconstruct a 300,000 year climate record and
its relationship to Milankovitch cycles. Although these lessons are designed for and tested in a
course for future elementary teachers, they could be adapted to other settings as well (e.g. high
school, college non-majors earth science courses).
The action research cycle continued with lesson implementation, data collection, analysis/
reflection, and revision of the lessons. Three data sets were used to evaluate the lessons:
1) student knowledge gains on an objective pre- and post-test, 2) students’ self-reported
confidence with the lesson content, and 3) classroom observations to monitor lesson
implementation. Data analysis in the spring 2012 and fall 2012 semesters revealed that
students were able to identify natural mechanisms that cause climate to change, distinguish
between weather and climate, and identify greenhouse gases as contributing to global warming.
However, they struggled with interpreting graphs and identifying how natural processes affect the
concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. These results guide changes for future lesson
implementation to complete the action research study.
Paleontology (Posters)
8-1
BTH 5
Johnson, Daryl
[218745]
SIZE-FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION AND TAPHONOMY OF BRACHIOPODA FROM THE
HUGHES CREEK SHALE (CARBONIFEROUS) OF SOUTHEASTERN NEBRASKA
JOHNSON, Daryl, WULF, Shane, and HANGER, Rex, Geography & Geology, University of
Wisconsin-Whitewater, Whitewater, WI 53190, [email protected]
The Hughes Creek Shale Member of the Foraker Formation (Carboniferous) in Richardson
County, Nebraska contains a diverse and abundant open-marine fauna. Species of the Phylum
Brachiopoda dominate, although crinoids and bryozoans are also common, while corals,
gastropods, trilobites and shark teeth are rare. Two Rhynchonelliform species, the pedunculate
Spiriferinid, Hustedia mormoni, and the free-living Strophomenate Dyoros sp., were studied
in greater detail as proxy for taphonomy of the entire fauna. Standard length and width
measurement was supplemented with articulation ratios as well as qualitative categorizations of
corrasion, fragmentation and epibiont coverage for all individuals of the target species. Preliminary
results include: skewed size frequency distributions for both with most juveniles absent; high
(>95%) articulation for H. mormoni, and moderate (~50%) for D. sp.; low levels of corrasion
and epibiont coverage suggesting short seafloor residence times; and low fragmentation,
mostly splayed. These results contrast strongly for all taphonomic metrics for the most common
brachiopod species of the fauna (e.g. Neospirifer kansasensis, Reticulatia huecoensis)., which
also are the largest members of the fauna.
8-2
BTH 6
Day, Jed
[218516]
EARLY CARBONIFEROUS (EARLIEST TOURNAISIAN-KINDERHOOKIAN) BRACHIOPOD
AND CONODONT FAUNAS OF THE “ELLSWORTH” MEMBER OF THE NEW ALBANY SHALE,
ILLINOIS BASIN, SOUTHERN INDIANA
DAY, Jed, Geography & Geology, Illinois State Univ, Normal, IL 61790-4400, [email protected],
EVANS, Scott D., Geology, State University of New York at Geneseo, Geneseo, NY 14454,
OVER, D. Jeffrey, Geological Sciences, S.U.N.Y. Geneseo, Geneseo, NY 14454-1401,
HASENMUELLER, Nancy R., Indiana Geological Survey, Indiana University, 611 North
Walnut Grove Avenue, Bloomington, IN 47405, and LEONARD, Andrea M., Geography &
Geology, Illinois State University, 2377 24th St, Moline, IL 61265
The upper New Albany Shale in southern Indiana consists of the Jacob’s Chapel, Henryville,
Underwood, and Falling Run beds within the upper Clegg Creek Member and the “Ellsworth”
Member. The conodont fauna from the upper Clegg Creek Member below the Falling Run Bed
and “Ellsworth” Member includes Bispathodus aculeatus aculeatus, Branmehla bohlenana,
Br. inornata, Cryptotaxis culminidirecta, Palmatolepis glabra ssp., Pa. gracilis gracilis, and
Protognathodus sp. This fauna is latest Famennian (uppermost Devonian praesulcata Zone). The
“Ellsworth” Member at a roadcut exposure near Rockford, Indiana (locality 9 of Huddle, along US
Alt. 31, now covered) is the type locality for the lost holotype of conodont Siphonodella sulcata.
The gray-green brachiopod-bearing shale noted by Huddle at the type locality of Si. sulcata is
the “Ellsworth” Member, which in Indiana Survey Drill Hole 324, eight km northwest of Huddle
locality 9, contains specimens of Bispathodus, Branmehla, Polygnathus communis communis,
and Si. sulcata. This fauna is correlated with the lowest Carboniferous sulcata Zone. At the US
Highway 31 roadcut, sulcata Zone conodonts occur in association with a brachiopod fauna
originally described by Huddle that includes:Subglobosochonetes seymorensis, Rhipidomella
newalbaniensis, Schuchertella sp., Rhynchopora prisca, and Sphenospira sp. cf. S. alta. In the
Indiana Survey Drill Hole 324 core, brachiopod assemblages in the lower half of the “Ellsworth”
are comprised almost entirely of S. seymorensis, with moderately diverse assemblages with
S. seymorensis, R. prisca and R. newalbaniensis in the upper half below the Henryville Bed.
None of the brachiopod species recovered from the “Ellsworth” fauna of southeastern Indiana are
known to carryover from older Famennian (praesulcata Zone) strata in the region, although older
related species of Rhynchopora, Ripidomella, and Schuchertella occur in the latest Famennian
carbonate platform fauna of the Louisiana Limestone of Illinois and Missouri. The “Ellsworth”
brachiopod fauna is similar to the earliest-early Tournaisian fauna described from the Glen Park
Formation of western Illinois Basin in Illinois and eastern Missouri that also yields conodonts of
the sulcata Zone.
8-3
BTH 7
Smrecak, Trisha A.
[218374]
COMPARING SCLEROBIONT COVERAGE OF RAFINESQUINA ALTERNATA IN
HARDGROUND AND SOFT-BOTTOM SUBSTRATE SETTINGS IN THE CINCINNATI ARCH
REGION (CINCINNATIAN, UPPER ORDOVICIAN)
SMRECAK, Trisha A., Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48906,
[email protected]
Sclerobionts are more sensitive indicators of paleoenvironmental changes than host
shell substrates upon which they encrust (Lescinsky, 1995). Recent work has established
sclerobiofacies on the host brachiopod Rafinesquina as an independent bathymetric proxy in
soft bottom substrates in the Lt. Ordovician Cincinnati Arch region (Smrecak, 2008; Brett, et al.,
2012). Metrics used to establish the sclerobiofacies were applied to bionts on deployed shells off
the coast of Lee Stocking Island, Bahamas (Brett, et al., 2011) with high agreement, suggesting
that aspects of sclerobiont coverage may vary predictably with depth through geologic time.
However, as sessile, filter feeding organisms, sclerobionts are also highly susceptible to the influx
of sedimentation (Mistiaen, et al., 2011). This work compares sclerobiont suites encrusting on
Rafinesquina cemented in a hardground (Meyer, 1990, Shroat-Lewis, 2011) with those found
on the same hosts in shallow euphotic zone soft bottom samples in the Maysvillian (Grant Lake
Fm., Bellevue and Mt. Auburn Mbrs.), and similar environments in the Richmondian (see Vogel
and Brett, 2009). Hardgrounds are formed by in situ substrate lithification during times of low
sedimentation, frequently during widespread marine transgressions (Brett, et al., 2011; Cornell,
et al., 2004), while soft-bottom substrates reflect a more consistent influx of sediment. Metrics
including richness, areal coverage, occurrence, and encrustation frequency are used to evaluate
sclerobiont suites in hardground and soft bottom samples to discern how sedimentation rate
impacts sclerobiont encrustation. Preliminary analysis suggests low sedimentation rate dampens
the areal coverage of host shells significantly (from an average of 18%/shell (STD 9.36) in softbottom substrates to 7% in the hardground setting). Sclerobiont richness in the hardground
sample was higher than soft bottom substrate samples, with 3 taxa, including edrioasteroids,
SESSION NO. 8
documented only on hardground hosts. Hardground sample occurrence and encrustation
frequency fall within the expected range for shallow euphotic zone sclerobiont suites, but richness
is significantly higher than expected. These data suggest that suites or sclerobiont taxa may be
effective indicators of sedimentation in addition to paleodepth.
8-4
BTH 8
Green, Jeremy L.
[218512]
THE INFLUENCE OF BITE FORCE ON THE FORMATION OF DENTAL MICROWEAR IN
XENARTHRANS (MAMMALIA)
GREEN, Jeremy L., Geology, Kent State University at Tuscarawas, 330 University Dr NE,
New Philadelphia, OH 446636, [email protected] and MCAFEE, Robert K., Ohio Northern
University, Department of Biological and Allied Health Sciences, 525 South Main Street, Ada,
OH 45810
Xenarthrans are a group of placental mammals (including tree sloths, armadillos, ground sloths,
and glyptodonts) that lack enamel on their adult teeth, having instead an outer layer of softer
orthodentine. Prior analyses of microscopic scars (termed “dental microwear”) on the chewing
surface of xenarthran teeth reveal a correlation between orthodentine microwear patterns
and feeding ecology, thereby providing a proxy for paleodiet in extinct xenarthrans. However,
the specific formative mechanism of microwear features (e.g. scratches, pits) on xenarthran
orthodentine remains poorly understood. It stands to reason that bite force (generated by
mandibular closure during mastication) should influence the formation of microwear patterns, but
no studies have specifically tested this hypothesis. We attempt to fill this gap in our knowledge
by investigating the potential effects of variable bite force on microwear formation in tree sloths.
Relative ratios of bite force were estimated from 16 skulls of Bradypus (three-toed sloth) and
Choloepus (two-toed sloth) by applying a geometric model for calculating input forces from
masticatory muscles (e.g., temporalis and masseter) relative to lever arm moments of the
mandible. For each skull, microwear was examined on epoxy resin casts of the upper right
tooth row. Using low-magnification (35×) light microscopy, we analyzed five microwear variables
(i.e., number of scratches, presence of hypercoarse scratches, gouges, large pits, and crossscratches) on four tooth positions (M1–M4) from each skull. ANOVA tests were applied to
compare each microwear variable with the estimated bite force at each tooth position per taxon.
While there is some positive correlation of increasing microwear variables and strength of force
as one moves posteriorly, the pattern is not consistent across the entire tooth row for either taxon.
The lack of a significant correlation between microwear variables and bite force values suggests
that tooth scars in sloths are not being generated by pure orthal closure of the mandible, but
rather are more influenced from other jaw movements. Further analyses that incorporate all
masticatory muscles to create a more realistic and three-dimensional assessment of the chewing
cycle should help to clarify how microwear patterns are generated in theses taxa.
8-5
BTH 9
Guensburg, Thomas E.
BTH 10
Aucoin, Christopher D.
[218100]
A PRELIMINARY COMPARISON OF THE LATE ORDOVICIAN BUTTER SHALES OF THE
CINCINNATI ARCH
AUCOIN, Christopher D., Department of Geology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH
45211-0013, [email protected], BRETT, Carlton E., Department of Geology, University
of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221-0013, MALGIERI, Thomas J., Department of Geology,
University of Cincinnati, 500 Geology/Physics Building, Cincinnati, OH 45221-0013, and
THOMKA, James R., Department of Geology, University of Cincinnati, 500 Geology-Physics
Building, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45220
The Upper Ordovician Cincinnatian strata of Ohio, Kentucky and Indiana contain several
claystone units, colloquially referred to as “butter shales” or “trilobite shales”. These units are
widely known for their relative abundance of well preserved trilobites Isotelus and Flexicalymene.
Previous studies have focused on trilobite taphonomy and bed characteristics of individual
butter shales; however, there has been little comparison between butter shales to assess lateral
variation, or broader stratigraphic/facies context. This study takes a comparative approach
by examining the geographic extent of each claystone unit, as well as lateral variations in
bed thickness, paleoecology, taphonomy and clay sedimentology within and between various
butter shales.
Field study and review of literature has identified three major butter shale units in the
Waynesville Formation and several minor ones in the older Grant Lake and Arnheim formations.
The Treptoceras duseri shale, the most extensively studied of the claystones, has produced
a mollusk-dominated fauna adapted for environments characterized by muddy substrates,
high turbidity and rapid sedimentation in contrast to the brachiopod dominated fauna of the
surrounding units. Surprisingly, however, at least three of the butter shales also contain zones with
corals (Tetradium) and small stromatoporoids, unusual fauna for clay-dominated environments.
BTH 11
Zambito, James J.
[218267]
NEW INSIGHTS INTO THE TRILOBITE AND CONODONT BIOSTRATIGRAPHY OF THE
MIDDLE-UPPER DEVONIAN GENESEE GROUP IN EASTERN NEW YORK STATE
ZAMBITO, James J. IV, Department of Geology and Geography, West Virginia University,
330 Brooks Hall, 98 Beechurst Street, Morgantown, WV 26506-6300, james.zambito@
mail.wvu.edu and DAY, Jed, Geography & Geology, Illinois State Univ, Normal, IL
61790-4400
During the Middle Devonian (Givetian) Global Taghanic Biocrisis, numerous trilobite families
underwent extinction including the Homalonotidae. In northeastern North America, the last
occurrence of homalonotid trilobites (Dipleura dekayi) has previously been reported in strata
deposited during the final stages of the Taghanic Biocrisis (semialternans Zone –latest Middle
Givetian) including the Tully Formation of the northern Appalachian Basin and the Petoskey
and Thunder Bay formations of the Michigan Basin. Globally observed low-oxygen conditions
associated with the Taghanic Biocrisis, represented by the Geneseo and Antrim black shales
in the Appalachian and Michigan basins, respectively, have been interpreted to be at least in
part responsible for the local extinction of the Homalonotidae and other trilobite families. Recent
geologic mapping in eastern New York State (northern Appalachian Basin) has documented the
occurrence of Dipleura dekayi in siliciclastic-dominated, nearshore post-Taghanic strata that were
deposited below fair-weather wave base. Although these strata have been mapped as Genesee
Group, they have yet to be assigned a formation-level designation. An integrated stratigraphic
approach, including litho-, sequence-, and conodont biostratigraphy has provided new insight into
the stratigraphic succession in the eastern Genesee Group, representing marine shelf through
non-marine settings. Lithostratigraphic correlation places the occurrence of Dipleura dekayi
above the level of the Fir Tree Limestone of western, offshore sections. Application of a sequence
stratigraphic model has enabled the identification of time-rich intervals such as flooding surfaces
and sequence boundaries that have yielded conodonts. Preliminary conodont biostratigraphic
data suggests that Dipleura dekayi persisted into at least the latest Middle Devonian Lower
subterminus Zone (=Lower disparilis Zone). Preliminary mapping further suggests that Dipleura
dekayi may have even survived into the Late Devonian. Similar to other northern Appalachian
Basin taxa that persisted through the Taghanic Biocrisis, Dipleura dekayi apparently found intrabasinal refuge in oxygenated, nearshore shelfal settings.
[218000]
AGAINST HOMOLOGY OF CRINOID AND BLASTOZOAN ORAL PLATES
GUENSBURG, Thomas E., Sciences Division, Rock Valley College, 3301 North Mulford
Road, Rockford, IL 61114, [email protected], SPRINKLE, James,
Department of Geological Sciences, Jackson School of Geosciences, University of Texas,
1 University Station C1100, Austin, TX 78712-0254, and MOOI, Rich, Dept. of Invertebrate
Zoology and Geology, California Academy of Sciences, 55 Music Concourse Drive,
San Francisco, CA 94118
Cambrian echinoderms include the earliest pentaradiate forms, blastozoans and edrioasteroids
sensu lato, but no living classes. The earliest unequivocal crinoids appear early in the Ordovician.
One side in the ongoing debate over crinoid origins recently promoted similar oral region
morphology as evidence of blastozoan ancestry, the two historically assigned pelmatozoans
(stemmed echinoderms). Instead we find evidence of ancestry within edrioasteroid-like taxa,
recently found to also include stemmed forms.
Does the oral region, and specifically oral plating surrounding the peristome (mouth) provide
synapomorphies indicating blastozoan-crinoid monophyly? Proponents document morphologic
similarities including: hydropore position, moveable peristomial and ambulacral cover plates, 2-1-2
ambulacral symmetry, arrangement of oral plates, and rigid attachment of the oral surface to the
underlying calyx. These five traits are supposed to represent synapomorphies of some subset
of blastozoans with crinoids. The early echinoderm record shows the first four of these traits
actually comprise symplesiomorphies for all pentaradiate echinoderms, including edrioasteroids.
Therefore they are uninformative for any blastozoan-crinoid linkage. The 2-1-2 symmetry and
oral arrangement are closely related, the former constraining the latter. Lacking support from
these similarities, blastozoan-crinoid oral homology becomes conjectural. Lastly, thecal rigidity
represents an iterative theme in pentaradiate echinoderm evolution across the critical stratigraphic
interval (Cambro-Ordovician), underscoring potential for homoplasy. Considering evidence from
all other skeletal regions, we conclude that symplesiomorphy and homoplasy, not phylogenetic
relationship, explain blastozoan and crinoid similarity, ruling against a pelmatozoan clade.
8-6
These coral/sponges are frequently overturned and heavily bored and encrusted, indicating
reworking in relatively shallow water conditions during pauses in sedimentation. In terms of
sequence stratigraphy, butter shales appear to be consistently situated within highstand portions
of third-order cycles, apparently amplified by analogous phases of higher-order cycles. We
suggest that this common position within a 3rd and 4th order stacking reflects a sedimentational
“sweet spot”, in which progradation during shallowing, regressive conditions permitted episodic
pulses of mud deposition.
8-8
BTH 12
Wulf, Shane
[218741]
TESTING SPECIES-ABUNDANCE MODELS OF THE HUGHES CREEK SHALE
(CARBONIFEROUS) OF SOUTHEASTERN NEBRASKA
WULF, Shane1, JOHNSON, Daryl1, and HANGER, Rex A.2, (1) Geography & Geology,
University of Wisconsin-Whitewater, Whitewater, WI 53190, [email protected],
(2) Geography & Geology, University of Wisconsin-Whitewater, 800 West Main Street,
Whitewater, WI 53190
The Hughes Creek Shale Member of the Foraker Formation (Carboniferous) is exposed in
road and stream cuts in Richardson County of southeastern Nebraska. Two coeval exposures
separated by approximately 16 km were sampled extensively for (mostly) invertebrate fossil
specimens, yielding over 5,000 individual specimens. Brachiopods dominate, but Bryozoans,
Echinoderms, Molluscs , Cnidarians Arthropods and Chordates are also represented among
the 36 species recovered. All taxa were identified to the lowest taxonomic level possible, then
counted using (mostly) MNI (minimum number of individuals) methods. Counts of the fauna were
then compared with the geometric, log-series and log-normal species abundance models. For
a null hypotheses of no difference between actual data and the models, goodness of fit tests
of all samples for both exposures were not significant for the geometric and log series models,
but highly significant (P< 0.005)for the log-normal model. The log-normal model of species
abundance fits many large, mature communities today, and that assumption is extended to the
Hughes Creek Shale fauna. At both exposures, maximal faunal diversity occurs less than one
meter above presumably anoxic, black shales, suggesting that reassembly of these mature
paleocommunities occurred quickly once oxic conditions returned.
8-9
BTH 13
Rivera, Alexei A.
[218247]
ECOLOGY OF LATE MESOZOIC HETEROMORPHIC AMMONITES: A CASE FOR ALGAL
SYMBIOSIS?
RIVERA, Alexei A., 20404 Peridot Lane, Germantown, MD 20876, [email protected]
Once touted as inadaptive products of “racial senility”, the heteromorphs curiously depart
from the typical planispiral form of ammonites and occupy a radically divergent range of
shell morphologies. Some resembled hairpins, others snails or even worms. Late Mesozoic
heteromorphs, which include the ancylocones and hamiticones, probably arose suddenly
through a single mutation and have been subject to a number of ecological interpretations. The
recognition that algal symbiosis is widespread among bivalves and gastropods suggests that
perhaps other molluscan stocks, for instance these aberrant ammonites, also served as hosts for
photosynthetic unicellular algae. To benefit from this mutualistic relationship, such hosts obviously
require tissues that are exposed to sunlight. Although ontogeny controls life position, functional
morphology strongly indicates that the terminal aperture of adult ancyloconic and hamiticonic
shells were oriented upward towards the ocean surface. These openings conceivably sported a
radial fan of delicate filtering tentacles, which may have been adapted both for ensnaring plankton
and providing the extensive surface area necessary for efficient algal photosynthesis. Several
species possess structural features characteristic of an internal or semi-internal shell, allowing
for increased mantle exposure. Indeed, most reconstructions of these heteromorphs argue that
they were shallow-water vertical migrants living in the epipelagic zone, well within the bathymetric
depths at which light penetrates. While ancylocones and hamiticones were not exclusively
restricted to tropical latitudes, they were apparently more abundant and competitive in oligotrophic
habitats. And though massive, robust skeletons and rapid calcification rates are usually
associated with benthic hosts, such as reef-building corals, giant heteromorphs are known from
the fossil record. Lastly, geochemical evidence from the Cretaceous hamiticone Polyptychoceras
reveals a significant inverse correlation between δ18O and δ13C stable isotope values (‰ VPDB),
which is consistent with the hypothesis of photosymbiosis.
SESSION NO. 8
8-10
BTH 14
Rivera, Alexei A.
[218060]
A NEW TEST OF THE PUNCTUATIONAL MODEL USING PRESENTLY RADIATING CLADES
OF BIVALVE MOLLUSKS AND MAMMALS
RIVERA, Alexei A., 20404 Peridot Lane, Germantown, MD 20876, alexei.a.rivera@
gmail.com
Critical tests using higher taxa with remarkably disparate evolutionary properties, such as
bivalve mollusks and mammals, may aid in distinguishing between phyletic gradualism and the
punctuational model of evolution in the fossil record. Bivariate regression analysis reveals that
median bivalve lifespan (a more widely measured proxy for generation time) and the fractional
increase in the number of species per million years, R, are significantly positively correlated for
thirteen radiating bivalve families and genera, which is precisely the opposite of the relationship
predicted by gradualism. These molluscan stocks generally represent a single adaptive radiation
made possible by mantle fusion and siphon formation, which allowed for an astonishing
expansion of infaunal life habits during the Mesozoic and Cenozoic Eras. Because the elevated
turnover at the end of the Cretaceous Period about 65 MYA essentially interrupted the taxonomic
diversification of five siphonate families (Veneridae, Mactridae, Tellinidae, Donacidae, and
Teredinidae), their times of first appearance were adjusted via a simple rarefaction technique. In
spite of this correction, no inverse correlation is detected within the Bivalvia. Nor is any identified
linking median generation time and R among seven radiating mammalian families, again
contrary to the gradualistic premise. Inasmuch as these results clearly strengthen the empirical
validity of the punctuational model, there are, in fact, multiple variables that determine rates of
evolution. Ample abundance data from hundreds of living bivalve and mammalian species can
theoretically control for the plausible “overriding” effects of population size and stability, but these
estimates could themselves be influenced by several factors, notably sampling intensity of existing
populations as well as human-induced activity.
8-11
BTH 15
Blahnik, Caitlin
[218747]
MOUTH-SIZE ESTIMATION OF THE SHARK, PETALODUS OHIOENSIS, FROM THE HUGHES
CREEK SHALE (CARBONIFEROUS) OF SOUTHEASTERN NEBRASKA
BLAHNIK, Caitlin and HANGER, Rex, Geography & Geology, University of WisconsinWhitewater, Whitewater, WI 53190, [email protected]
The Chondrichthyan shark, Petalodus ohioensis, is the only carnivorous species commonly
recovered in the Hughes Creek Shale Member of the Foraker Formation (Carboniferous) of the
US midcontinent. Teeth are the only body parts known for the species, and their morphology
suggest that their diet consisted of the shelly invertebrates of the diverse benthic fauna. Despite
numerous reconstructions actual body size and mouth size remain unknown. Tomita (2011)
developed a regression method for estimating mouth size (and subsequently body size) from
isolated tooth elements. Using an extension of the Tomita method on teeth collected from two
different exposures of the Hughes Creek Shale in Richardson County, Nebraska, supplemented
by measurements taken from the literature, allow for preliminary estimates to be made for the first
time on a Paleozoic shark species (upper jaw lengths up to 10cm). Such jaw sizes could easily
accommodate any potential prey species from the documented fauna of the Member, although
no actual Petalodus-bite marks have ever been recorded. Tomita (2011) created the method for
extant and younger fossil species of the Lamniformes, and our uniformitarian extension of the
method to extinct Petalodontiformes remains tentative.
8-12
BTH 16
Fontana, Thomas M.
[218780]
EOCENE TURTLES FROM THE DISTAL DEPOSITS OF THE CATHEDRAL BLUFFS TONGUE
(WASATCH FORMATION), RED DESERT, WYOMING
FONTANA, Thomas M. and BARTELS, William S., Department of Geological Sciences,
Albion College, Albion, MI 49224, [email protected]
This study describes an unusual assemblage of fossil turtles from Eocene deposits of the
Cathedral Bluffs Tongue of the Wasatch Formation in the Green River Basin of Wyoming.
Cathedral Bluffs deposits range from conglomerates, coarse sandstones, and conglomeratic
to sandy mudstones deposited by alluvial fans close to the Wind River mountain source (basin
margin environment), through braided and meandering stream sandstones and mudstones, to
lake-margin mudflat and meandering stream fine sandstones and mudstones farthest from the
mountains (basin center environment). The fossils are recovered from the most distal deposits of
the Cathedral Bluffs Tongue along Bush Rim where it thins, interfingers with, and pinches-out into
the lacustrine deposits of the Laney Shale Member of the Green River Formation.
Typical basin center assemblages contain a diverse array of trionychid (soft-shelled), emydid
(slider, pond, box, and painted), baenid (extinct snapper-like), and dermatemydid (river) turtles.
The upland deposits of the basin margin contain only an undescribed emydid (informally referred
to as “Southpassemys”) that was adapted to the faster flowing alluvial fan streams. At Bush Rim,
however, “Southpassemys” occurs alongside the common basin center (lowland) turtles. Several
other unusual co-occurrences of mixed upland and lowland reptile and mammal groups have also
been noted in the Bush Rim assemblage.
It appears that during the earliest Bridgerian (Br1a), rapid movement on the Wind River Thrust
may have caused the alluvial fan (upland) environments to rapidly expand into the basin center
lake-margin environment, bringing together what had been geographically distinct upland and
lowland vertebrate faunas (“a forced fauna”).
In other vertebrate groups, where upland and lowland forms have been forced together, it has
been noted that the most similar animals tend to evolve away from one another morphologically.
A morphometric analysis of the large sample of Bush Rim “Southpassemys” specimens indicates
little morphological difference from basin margin populations other than a reduction in size. The
smaller size of this turtle in the Bush Rim sample, however, may be an evolutionary response to
competition with the larger bodied basin center emydid species Echmatemys wyomingensis and
E. septaria.
8-13
BTH 17
Claes, Christopher
[218769]
GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM ANALYSIS OF THE DISTRIBUTION OF LIVING
REPTILIANS WITH RESPECT TO CLIMATE AND ITS POTENTIAL FOR GENERATING
QUANTITATIVE PALEOCLIMATIC ESTIMATES
CLAES, Christopher, BARTELS, William S., and MCRIVETTE, Michael W., Geological
Sciences, Albion College, 611 E. Porter St, Albion, MI 49224, [email protected]
Through the use of Geographic Information System (GIS) technology (ArcMap), biogeographic
ranges of North American turtles, lizards, and crocodilians were plotted and overlain to generate
biodiversity maps for reptilian groups (guilds) which were then analyzed against nine climate
maps representing measurements of temperature, seasonality, environmental moisture, and
solar radiation.
When diversity was regressed against climatic parameters, minimum and maximum climatic
values were linked with the biodiversity of each reptile guild. The X-Y plots produced by linear
regression analyses provide minimum and maximum climatic values associated with guild
diversities and the overlap of the ranges of different estimates can then be used to establish
criteria for assessing paleoclimatic conditions based on reptilian diversity in well sampled fossil
assemblages.
Crocodylids are restricted by cool mean annual and cold month temperatures and high
seasonal temperature change. Lizard diversities have strong positive correlations with high mean
annual temperature, solar radiation, and low rainfall. Aquatic and semiaquatic turtle diversities
have strong positive correlations with high mean annual temperature, warm summers, and high
humidity but are restricted by high seasonal temperature change and low cold month temperature.
Terrestrial turtles thrive with low seasonality and warm summers but unlike aquatic turtles, are
less controlled by cold month temperatures and environmental moisture.
These climatic limits were then applied to fossil assemblages (approximately 60,000 University
of Michigan Museum of Paleontology specimens) from the Paleocene and Eocene of western
Wyoming to create paleoclimate estimates. Analysis of these faunas indicate mean annual and
cold month temperatures, seasonal temperature changes, and mean annual precipitations that
were similar to conditions that exist today along the Gulf Coast of North America. The current
data indicates relatively minor climatic change through most of the early Paleogene, but supports
a warming and wetting of the area into the middle Eocene about 50Ma. This research hopes to
contribute both to the paleoclimate record and to the understanding of biodiversity as it changes
in response to a dynamic earth and atmosphere.
8-14
BTH 18
Baumann, Eric
[218204]
INVESTIGATING THE ECOLOGY OF EXTINCT PROBOSCIDEANS FROM THE CINCINNATI
REGION USING STABLE ISOTOPES
BAUMANN, Eric Jr, Geology, University of Cincinnati, 5359 Little Turtle Dr, South Lebanon,
OH 45065, [email protected] and CROWLEY, Brooke, Geology and Anthropology,
University of Cincinnati, 500 Geology Physics Building, 345 Clifton Court, Cincinnati, OH
45221
Like their modern African relatives, the extinct proboscideans of North America likely played
important ecological roles, including maintaining open grasslands. Yet, the degree to which
these animals utilized different plant resources and moved across the landscape has not been
comprehensively investigated in North America. We used stable carbon (δ13C), oxygen (δ18O)
and strontium (87Sr/86Sr) isotopes from tooth enamel to investigate the ecology of four mastodons
(Mammut americanum) and eight mammoths (Mammuthus spp.) from southwestern Ohio and
northwestern Kentucky. We also examined 87Sr/86Sr ratios in regional water bodies. We aimed
to answer the following questions: Did these mammoths and mastodons have different dietary
regimes? Were these proboscideans local residents or simply passing through the region when
they died? If passing through, from where did they come?
Based on tooth morphology and previous isotopic work, we expected that mammoths and
mastodons would have differing δ13C values, indicating C4 grazing and C3 browsing niches,
respectively. We compared 87Sr/86Sr ratios in waters and proboscideans tooth enamel to identify
local residents and potential migrants. We then used δ18O values to pinpoint possible origins
for migrant individuals. As anticipated, mammoths have significantly higher δ13C values than
mastodons. This suggests that mammoths may have consumed more C4 grasses, although
one mammoth has δ13C values suggesting a C3-based diet. Overall, strontium isotope ratios
for proboscideans and local waters are indistinguishable. However, one Mammut molar has
significantly higher 87Sr/86Sr ratios, suggesting this animal immigrated into the area from
somewhere outside of the Midwest. Combined 87Sr/86Sr and δ18O values suggest this animal may
have migrated from the southern Appalachians. These results will supply a foundation for future
work on proboscideans and other extinct megafauna from the Midwestern United States.
8-15
BTH 19
Thomka, James R.
[218106]
SUBSTRATE-CONTROLLED VARIABILITY WITHIN ATTACHMENT STRUCTURES OF
CARYOCRINITES (ECHINODERMATA: RHOMBIFERA) FROM THE MIDDLE SILURIAN OF
SOUTHEASTERN INDIANA
THOMKA, James R., Department of Geology, University of Cincinnati, 500 Geology-Physics
Building, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45220, [email protected] and BRETT,
Carlton E., Department of Geology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221-0013
The hemicosmitid rhombiferan Caryocrinites is a common and conspicuous faunal element in
a variety of Silurian marine environments. Where preserved, the dendritic radicular attachment
structures of Caryocrinites can reliably be identified by the presence of a distinctive trilobate
lumen and solid pseudocirrate radicles. A hardground surface within the Wenlock-age
(Sheinwoodian) Massie Formation, exposed at the New Point Stone quarry near Napoleon,
southeastern Indiana, is encrusted by a diverse assemblage of crinoid and blastozoan attachment
structures, including structures that can be confidently attributed to Caryocrinites. This hardground
is irregular, with slightly elevated, well-sorted, well-winnowed crests and more poorly sorted,
coarser troughs. The surface is also host to fistuliporoid bryozoan-dominated microbioherms. The
morphology of Caryocrinites attachments structures reflects local substrate conditions on this
microbiohermal hardground: holdfasts on hardground crests are simple, approaching conical,
and often cemented to other macrofossils, commonly diploporite thecal attachments; holdfasts
on hardground troughs are more “typical,” comprising laterally branching, but thin, dendritic
radix structures; holdfasts on microbioherms are extremely thickened by secondary stereom
secretion—this undifferentiated stereom envelops the initial attachment site and proximal radicles.
This segregation of attachment structure morphology is related to substrate properties. The stable
and winnowed hardground crests require few radicles for stabilization, in contrast to the shifting,
unstable bioclastic rubble of hardground troughs, which require greater surface area (i.e., lateral
branching). The extreme thickening of structures on microbioherms is more enigmatic. Secretion
of secondary stereom to prevent interaction with anoxic mud is unlikely given the diverse benthic
fauna, but the swelling may be a response to interactions with microbes or bryozoans on the
microbioherms. An interesting alternative involves purposeful growth of secondary stereom in
order to prevent dislodgement from advantageous positions atop elevated microbioherms.
SESSION NO. 9
Sedimentology & Stratigraphy (Posters)
9-1
BTH 20
Thomka, James R.
[218312]
MAGNETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY OF THE LATEST TELYCHIAN-EARLY SHEINWOODIAN
(MIDDLE SILURIAN) SUCCESSION, SOUTHEASTERN INDIANA AND NORTHERN
KENTUCKY: IMPLICATIONS FOR STRATIGRAPHIC INTERPRETATION OF DIAGENETICALLY
ALTERED UNITS
THOMKA, James R.1, LIST, Daniel A.1, and BRETT, Carlton E.2, (1) Department of Geology,
University of Cincinnati, 500 Geology-Physics Building, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati,
OH 45220, [email protected], (2) Department of Geology, University of Cincinnati,
500 Geology/Physics Building, Cincinnati, OH 45221-0013
Magnetic susceptibility (MS) values are technically independent of lithology; however, there are
overarching controls on the distribution of clay minerals, coarser detrital particles, carbonate
production, and diagenetic processes that genetically link MS patterns to facies shifts that can
be predicted within a sequence stratigraphic framework. Silurian strata in the Cincinnati Arch
region, comprising mixed carbonate-siliciclastic deposition in an epeiric ramp, provided an
opportunity to test these relationships. Samples were collected from the latest Llandovery-early
Wenlock Osgood, Lewisburg, and Massie Formations, as well as portions of the underlying
Brassfield and overlying Laurel Formations. Bulk low-field MS measurements of irregular lithic
fragments revealed consistently low values for the transgressive, carbonate-dominated Brassfield,
Lewisburg, and Laurel sediments, as well as the silty to calcarenitic falling stage sediments of
the upper Massie Formation. High MS values are characteristic of the clay-dominated highstand
sediments of the lower Massie Formation. Most interesting, however, is the upward decrease in
MS values observed within the Osgood Formation: although the entire formation is characterized
by rhythmically alternating argillaceous dolostones and dolomitic mudstones, the highest MS
values of the entire section occur in mudstones and tabular carbonates low in the Osgood,
whereas values equal to or below those of the Lewisburg occur in mudstones and carbonates
in the upper Osgood. This suggests that the dolomitized carbonates and mudstones of the
lower Osgood represent highstand conditions and are highly condensed; high MS values reflect
increased siliciclastic clay influx, possible oxidation of pyrite during re-working, and potentially
even deposition of eolian ferromagnetic particles during sediment-starved intervals. In contrast,
the upper Osgood represents falling stage conditions wherein increased influx of detrital
carbonate and quartz silt resulted in low MS values. Hence, even in units where dolomitization
has obscured primary sedimentary fabrics, fossil content, and other facies indicators, MS patterns
can shed light on eustatic processes and differentiate between carbonates of dramatically
differing origins.
9-2
BTH 21
Donoghue, Kellie
[218362]
FLUID INCLUSION STUDIES OF PROMINENT NATURAL FRACTURES IN THE NEW ALBANY
SHALE, KENTUCKY, USA
DONOGHUE, Kellie, Geological Sciences, Indiana University, 1005 E 10th Street,
Bloomington, IN 47405, [email protected] and SCHIEBER, Juergen, Geological
Sciences, Indiana University, 1001 East 10th Street, Bloomington, IN 47405
The Middle to Upper Devonian New Albany Shale is an organic-rich black shale succession that
has been of economic interest since the late 1850s for its gas productions. Natural fracture sets
have been observed in this succession, though little research has been conducted to determine
their origin. With renewed interest since the advent and use of hydraulic fracturing and horizontal
drilling, it is of particular importance to investigate existing fractures in the New Albany Shale.
These fractures are from a few centimeters to more than a decimeter in width, filled with quartz
and dolomite, and locally contain pockets of bitumen that must have been part of the fluids that
passed through them from underlying stratigraphic intervals. The dominant fracture set is oriented
NE and the conjugate set is oriented EW, consistent with the NE trending Wabash Valley fault
system and the EW trending 38th parallel lineament. The fractures can be seen throughout the
New Albany Shale, but are particularly prominent in outcrops near the Cincinnati Arch. Vein
morphology has been affected by post-vein compaction of the New Albany Shale. The veins
in the lower Blocher member appear strongly contorted, whereas veins in the overlying Camp
Run and Clegg Creek members have been “telescoped” by compaction. Fluid inclusion analysis
was initiated to determine the type and temperature of fluids that created the veins. Using a
Linkam THGMS 600 heating-cooling stage, preliminary analysis shows that primary and pseudosecondary fluid inclusion assemblages exist around and in the quartz crystals. Fluid inclusions
range in size from 1 micron to 30 microns, and daughter minerals, predominantly halite, are
present in the larger inclusions. No gas bubbles have yet been observed in our preliminary
sample set, but this could change once a larger sample set is examined. At the moment, absence
of gas bubbles is interpreted to indicate comparatively low fluid temperatures of 40°C or under.
Further analysis will address the possibility of multiple episodes of fluid expulsion and vein
formation in the New Albany Shale.
9-3
BTH 22
Hess, Rachel
[218696]
VARIATIONS OF FLAT-PEBBLE CONGLOMERATE STRATA IN HINTZE’S SECTION C AND
MOUNT LAW
HESS, Rachel, Geography, Geology, and Planning, Missouri State University, Springfield,
MO 65804, [email protected], EVANS, Kevin, Geography, Geology, and Planning
Department, Missouri State University, 901 S. National Ave, Springfield, MO 65804-0089,
and DATTILO, Benjamin, Department of Geosciences, Indiana University Purdue University
Fort Wayne, 2101 E. Coliseum Blvd, Fort Wayne, IN 46805-1499
Flat-pebble conglomerates (FPCs) are deposits that contain various tabular clasts of carbonate
facies. They are commonly observed in strata of shallow marine successions during the
Cambrian and Ordovician time periods. They are rarely found in post-Ordovician strata. Previous
interpretations have suggested they are storm deposits, cycle caps, or products of sea level
change. Detailed analysis of FPCs may allow better understanding of their origins, including
events and processes associated with meteorite impacts, tectonic activity, superstorms, slope
failures, and mass wasting events.
This study examines FPCs based on intrinsic features and documents patterns of secular
variation in selected Late Cambrian and Early Ordovician intervals from west-central Utah. The
principal stratigraphic units include the Steamboat Pass Shale Member of the Orr Formation
12 2013 GSA Abstracts with Programs (Furongian Series), upper and lower parts of the Fillmore Formation (Stairsian and Blackhillsian
series), and Kanosh Shale (Mohawkian Series). Clast heterogeneity, sorting, normal or reverse
grading, apparent dip and imbrications were measured though descriptions of clasts lithology,
matrix lithology, lateral distribution of clasts along selected horizons, and observations of stratal
architecture. Statistical analysis, clast-size frequency analysis, serial sectioning of oriented
samples and petrography supplements field collections.
Observations from Hintze’s Section C show various grading patterns of three distinct
lithological clasts in a grainstone matrix. Clast frequency analysis and scour marks indicate
a storm deposit. The features in this stratum are consistent with tsunamis; however, initial
geochemical data favors a storm deposit. In contrast, the FPC from Mt. Law indicates a debris
flow. This stratum tapers out, clasts features show a flow direction, and clasts are monomictic,
probably derived from single strata. The differences in these two FPCs strata show multiple
processes and origins.
9-4
BTH 23
Elson, Joshua D.
[218349]
CLASTIC DIKES WITHIN THE SWAN CREEK SANDSTONE, SOUTHWEST MISSOURI
ELSON, Joshua D., LARSON, Mark O., TALARICO, Joe M., and IVES, Brandon T.,
Geography, Geology, Planning, Missouri State University, 901 S. National, Springfield,
MO 65897, [email protected]
The Swan Creek sandstone is an informal member of the Early Ordovician Cotter Dolomite in
southwest Missouri. The Cotter generally is a peritidal carbonate, but laminae and interbeds
of quartz grains become more prevalent near the top. The Swan Creek is the thickest of these
sandstones and is present locally within the top ~20 m of the Cotter. The Swan Creek is a quartz
arenite which displays herringbone and low-angle cross bedding, indicating a high-energy, nearshore depositional environment.
Clastic dikes emanating from the Swan Creek intrude the Cotter’s carbonate beds at various
locations in southwest Missouri, but are ubiquitous in the type area near Sparta, MO. Here dikes
of various thickness cut across cross bedding within the main sandstone body and with their own
sets of laminae subparallel to the dike walls. In plan view the thinner dikes form an anastomosing
network resembling both shrinkage cracks and boxwork weathering, but vertically they span >2m,
and the material within the dikes is heavily cemented quartz arenite that clearly originated within
the Swan Creek.
The age of the dikes is poorly constrained. They formed sometime during or after the Early
Ordovician and before complete cementation of the main sandstone body. The larger dikes reach
15 cm in width and have a preferred northwest – southeast orientation, the same approximate
orientation as the major faults in southwest Missouri. Thus, these dikes may be related to both
local and regional tectonic events.
9-5
BTH 24
Wagenvelt, Kirk A.
[218718]
USE OF ORGANIC THERMAL ALTERATION DATA TO INVESTIGATE ANOMALOUS/
ACCELERATED MATURATION RELATED TO THE MID-CONTINENT RIFT SYSTEM,
MICHIGAN BASIN, USA
WAGENVELT, Kirk A., BARNES, David A., KOMINZ, Michelle A., and SAMSON, Josh B.,
Department of Geosciences, Western Michigan University, 1903 W. Michigan Ave,
Kalamazoo, MI 49008, [email protected]
Large volumes of historic hydrocarbon production (167 million m3 ; 1.4 billion barrels of petroleum
and over 200 billion m3; 7 trillion cubic feet of natural gas) in the Michigan basin indicates the
presence of major deposits of organic compound (Corg)-rich rock strata. Geologic processes
that control the generation of hydrocarbon deposits are either biodegradation (near surface)
or by heating of the Corg in source rocks by geothermal processes, normally associated with
gradual, sedimentary basin subsidence and burial to significant depth in the subsurface. The
Michigan Basin experienced long-lived subsidence during the Paleozoic Era with the base of
the sedimentary succession now at ~5000 m. After over 100 years of commercial hydrocarbon
production in the basin, the geologic controls on time-temperature dependent thermo-maturation
of commercial hydrocarbons from Corg-rich source rock strata remain unclear. Previous studies
have observed anomalous thermal maturity of Corg-rich strata in the Michigan basin from
compilations of available data. More recent work has pointed to the Mid-Continent Rift system
as a possible locus for most anomalous thermal maturity measurements. A detailed study is
currently underway using a large, newly released organic geochemical data set in order to better
document and understand the spatial distribution of anomalous thermal maturity of Corg-rich strata
in the basin.
Maps were plotted to determine the spatial distribution of available analytical data relating
to thermal maturation in the Michigan basin. The data are composed of two general sources.
The first source is composed of recently published data pertaining to thermal conditions during
alteration of the basin strata. The second source is newly released (from proprietary hold)
analytical data generated by industry sampling of curated rock samples. The combination of the
data sets provides a more comprehensive view of the spatial distribution of thermal anomalies
associated with Corg-rich strata and possible insight to the origin of accelerated maturation
although additional sampling may be needed to document the influence of the deeply buried MidContinent Rift on thermal alteration.
9-6
BTH 25
Camaret, B.N
[218172]
DETERMINING STORM EVENTS THROUGH MICROFAUNA-DISTRIBUTION ANALYSIS:
A SEDIMENTOLOGIC STUDY OF PONDS ON SAN SALVADOR, BAHAMAS
CAMARET, B.N, KROSSMAN, K.E., MCLEAN, Colleen, and MATTHEUS, C.R., Geological
and Environmental Sciences, Youngstown State University, One University Plaza,
Youngstown, OH 44555, [email protected]
The Bahamian island of San Salvador is frequented by strong storms and hurricanes that
influence deposition in coastal hypersaline ponds across the island. Cores were studied from
ponds along the island’s eastern and southern shores as part of an ongoing investigation into
effects of shoreline orientation and topography, coastal vegetation, and nearshore morphology on
storm-sedimentation patterns. Storm deposits in these coastal ponds, traditionally recognized as
sediment layers containing high sand percentages, were evaluated for their foraminiferal content
to evaluate the potential of these microscopic organisms as additional storm indicators in the
sediment record of San Salvador.
Microscopic analysis of interpreted storm-sediment facies revealed mature and juvenile species
of benthic foraminifera, which mainly inhabit reef environments around Florida and the Bahamas:
Archais angulatus, Peneroplis bradyi, Laevipeneroplis proteus, and Homotrema rubrum. Their
occurrence in these particular sediments suggests that these ocean-dwelling foraminifera
were deposited by storm-surge and beach over-wash events, making them a suitable proxy for
investigating down-core trends in storm activity in addition to grain size, which is shown to not
always demark storm layers clearly from background sedimentation.
Future analysis of microfauna should play an integral part in resolving San Salvador’s historic
storm record. A current investigation is underway to evaluate site-specific differences in storm
SESSION NO. 11
deposition as a function of the aforementioned geographic variables and how these might also
influence types and abundances of foraminifera.
9-7
BTH 26
Fowler, J.K.
[218171]
CONSTRUCTING A DEPOSITIONAL HISTORY OF STORM INFLUENCE FOR COASTAL
PONDS OF SAN SALVADOR, BAHAMAS
FOWLER, J.K., MARSEY, C.W., and MATTHEUS, C.R., Geological and Environmental
Sciences, Youngstown State University, One University Plaza, Youngstown, OH 44555,
[email protected]
The Bahamian island of San Salvador, the eastern-most platform of the Bahamian archipelago, is
subjected to frequent hurricane activity. Numerous low-energy, hypersaline ponds are scattered
throughout the island’s coastal regions. High-energy storm events generate surges and high
winds that create distinct sedimentologic signatures to deposits within these sediment sinks.
Storm layers are distinguishable from ambient sedimentation through facies interpretation and
microfossil content; whereas the stagnant ponds ordinarily only sequester organic and clay
materials, storms bring in carbonate beach sand and species of foraminifera that live only in reef
environments.
Prior research has focused on resolving a storm history from pond cores collected along the
eastern side of the island. A high degree of sedimentologic heterogeneity found within different
ponds in close proximity infers that no single location contains a complete record. This is because
factors such as shoreline orientation, coastal morphology, vegetation density, and nearshore
bathymetry heavily influence storm-induced sedimentation. The scope of investigation is now
expanded to include locations from across the island to reconcile records and elucidate a more
complete history of storm influence on San Salvador.
Research currently underway is reconstructing depositional patterns across the island by
analyzing additional push-cores from select ponds, which will help determine temporal and spatial
coherence. Requiring an accurate chronology to evaluate storm deposits within a spatio-temporal
context, samples will be analyzed for Cs137 and Pb210 activity to provide information on the timing
of storm activity, inferred from high-resolution grain-size and microfaunal studies. Ongoing
investigations will further reconstruct island-wide depositional patterns while reconciling records
to yield a more complete chronology of historic storm events in the region.
T6. Quaternary Time Machine: Methods and Analyses
of Soils and Sediments to Reveal Secrets of Past
Environments (Posters)
10-1
BTH 27
Robert, Joe
[218568]
LATE GLACIAL AND HOLOCENE ENVIRONMENTAL VARIABILITY REVEALED FROM
CARBON, NITROGEN AND GRAIN SIZE MEASUREMENTS OF A HIGH-RESOLUTION BOG
CORE FROM THE PáRAMO DE FRONTINO, COLOMBIA
ROBERT, Joe, Earth Sciences, IUPUI, 723 W. Michigan St, Indianapolis, IN 46202,
[email protected], BIRD, Broxton W., Department of Earth Sciences, Indiana UniversityPurdue University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, and ESCOBAR, Jaime H., Department of Civil and
Environmental Engineering, Universidad del Norte, Apartados Aereos 1569, Barranquilla,
51820, Colombia
The objective of this research is to investigate late Glacial and Holocene South American summer
monsoon (SASM) variability in the Northern Hemisphere tropical Andes. To accomplish this,
we are developing a decadally resolved multi-proxy record from a 14 m-long peat core from the
Páramo de Frontino (3460m asl) in the western cordillera of Colombia that spans the last ~17ka.
Despite its vital importance as a primary freshwater source to millions people and sensitive
ecosystems, the long-term history of SASM variability is poorly understood in the Northern
Hemisphere. As part of an ongoing initiative to develop new high-resolution paleoclimate records
from the Colombian Andes this research will help to fill a gap in knowledge that is the result of
there being no published decadally resolved paleoclimate records from this region. Here, we
present the initial results of carbon and nitrogen elemental abundances and isotropic variations as
well as grain size measurements from the Páramo de Frontino bog core. These data complement
recent work on the Páramo de Frontino core that utilized pollen and geochemical analyses (XRF)
to investigate late Glacial and Holocene vegetation and climate changes at the site (Velasquez,
2005; Munoz, 2013). With these new carbon, nitrogen and grain size data, we investigate
biological, geochemical and physical changes in the depositional environment at the Páramo de
Frontino bog site and its watershed, which are linked to SASM variability. In addition, we explore
the relationship between Northern and Southern Hemisphere SASM variability on millennial
timescales.
tropical Andes. Observational and modeling studies show that Andean d18Oprecip records are
dominated by synoptic-scale changes SASM variability, leaving the local expression of Andean
SASM variability poorly represented. Separating local from synoptic-scale variability is critical for
a clearer understanding of how future climate trends will impact Andean water resources, which is
essential for those in the Andes living at subsistence levels and for urban and agricultural centers
located along the hyper-arid Pacific coast. Here, we investigate synoptic-scale and local changes
in the SASM using two well-dated oxygen isotope records from Laguna Pumacocha and Laguna
Pucpush, a coupled lake system in the central Peruvian Andes. Previous work on L. Pumacocha
shows that evaporation exerts a negligible influence on the lake’s modern isotopic mass balance
and that this has likely been the case for the Holocene. In contrast, L. Pucpush’s isotopic mass
balance is influenced by evaporation, as well as variations in d18Oprecip. In order to explore local
changes in humidity, we differenced the L. Pumacocha and L. Pucpush records to produce
a Dd18OPucpush-Pumacocha time series. With this record, we explore local changes humidity during
climatically important time periods including the early Holocene, the middle Holocene Neoglacial
transition at ~5ka, and the SASM maximum during the late Holocene.
10-3
10-4
BTH 28
Gehrman, Rachael C.
[218633]
HOLOCENE-SCALE TRENDS IN ANDEAN SOUTH AMERICAN SUMMER MONSOON
VARIABILITY INFERRED FROM A COUPLED LAKE SYSTEM IN THE CENTRAL PERUVIAN
ANDES
GEHRMAN, Rachael C., Earth Sciences, Indiana University-Purdue University, 723 West
Michigan Street, Indianapolis, IN 46202, [email protected], BIRD, Broxton W.,
Department of Earth Sciences, Indiana University-Purdue University, Indianapolis, IN 46202,
ABBOTT, Mark B., Department of Geology and Planetary Science, Univ of Pittsburgh, 4107
O’Hara St, RM 200 SRCC building, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, STANSELL, Nathan D., Byrd
Polar Research Center, Ohio State University, 1090 Carmack Rd, Columbus, OH 43202,
RODBELL, Donald T., Geology, Union College, F. W. Olin Center, Schenectady, NY 123083107, and STEINMAN, Byron A., Department of Meteorology and Atmospheric Sciences,
Pennsylvania State University, 528 Walker Building, University Park, PA 16802
The South American summer monsoon (SASM) is a major feature of the global climate system
that provides fresh water to more than 350 million people in tropical South America. As the
number of paleoclimate records from tropical South America has increased, our understanding
of long-term SASM variability on human timescales during the Holocene has improved. Many of
these studies infer changes in the SASM based on variations in the oxygen isotopic composition
of precipitation (d18Oprecip) as archived in ice cores, lake sediments and speleothems from the
Doucette, Ikumi D.
[218714]
BTH 30
Nembhard, Nicole S.
[218740]
THERMODYNAMIC INVESTIGATION OF PEDOGENIC MINERALS AT THE PTGHAVAN 4 SITE,
NORTHERN ARMENIA
FADEM, Cynthia M. and NEMBHARD, Nicole S., Geology, Earlham College, 801 National Rd
W, Campus Drawer #132, Richmond, IN 47374, [email protected]
Precipitate masses found in the paleosols of Northern Armenia’s Debed River Valley were
formerly thought to consist of gypsum; however, powder x-ray diffraction analysis has shown that
similar precipitates at two Paleolithic sites (Bagratashen 1 and Haghtanakh 3) are predominantly
composed of the phosphate alternative, brushite. The aim of our current research is to determine
the thermodynamic and geologic processes which would favor brushite precipitation, and confirm
the regional nature of these soil relationships through analysis of samples from a third site,
Ptghavan 4.
Our work at these three sites is part of the Lori Depression Paleoanthropology Project, which
aims to understand Lower Paleolithic adaptations in this region. Soil laboratory analyses will
continue to address the bulk mineralogy and chemistry of deposits at all three sites, and attend
to the relationship between hydrology and pedogenesis. Overall our findings will inform the
landscape context and environment of archaeological occupation. Increased understanding of the
pedo-chemical environment in particular, via mineral thermodynamics, elucidates the potential for
bone preservation in these site contexts.
T10. Mapping the Glacial Geology of the Great Lakes
States (Posters)
11-1
10-2
BTH 29
PRELIMINARY SOIL MINERALOGY OF THE HAGHTANAKH 3 SITE, NORTHERN ARMENIA
DOUCETTE, Ikumi D. and FADEM, Cynthia M., Geology, Earlham College, 801 National Rd
Cultural materials at Haghtanakh 3 lie within the deep soils of a volcanic bluff near the Debed
River, formerly mined for what are thought to be pedogenic gypsum deposits. Field pedology of
this Lower Paleolithic archaeological site revealed a series of paleosols rich in precipitates. We
are currently conducting x-ray diffraction, and organic carbon, sulfate, phosphate, and carbonate
content analyses of soil profile samples to better understand their mineralogy and chemistry.
Initial XRD results indicate precipitates are composed of calcium phosphate and carbonate
rather than sulfate. This mineralogy speaks to a soil chemical environment very different than
hypothesized and has implications for the soil’s faunal artifact preservation potential. Some
samples also contain allophane, which - coupled with ash found in soil micromorphological
samples from a neighboring site - indicates the deposition of volcanic ash at the site and possibly
throughout the region. Future soil laboratory analyses will continue to address soil formation as
well as seek to understand the flow of water across and through the bluff, and the physical and
chemical interaction of the sizable soil precipitate deposits with Lower Paleolithic artifacts.
This geoarchaeological assessment is part of the Lori Depression Paleoanthropology Project,
an interdisciplinary effort to increase our understanding of Paleolithic adaptations in this region.
Our work aims to address the context and environment of archaeological occupation. The deepest
excavation trench provided a combined soil profile approximately 4 m deep. When coupled with
ongoing biophysical analyses and planned chronometric and stable isotope analyses, this profile
will serve as a detailed paleoclimate record possibly spanning the last 1.8 Ma.
BTH 31
Ducey, Patrick W.
[218620]
CORE-BASED STUDY OF ERIE LOBE TILL STRATIGRAPHY IN NORTHEASTERN INDIANA:
IMPLICATIONS FOR ERIE LOBE HISTORY
DUCEY, Patrick W., Indiana University Department of Geological Sciences, 1001 East 10th
Street, Bloomington, IN 47405-1405, [email protected] and PRENTICE, Michael L.,
Indiana Geological Survey, 611 N. Walnut Grove Avenue, Bloomington, IN 47405-2208
The origin of fine-grained massive till deposited by the Erie lobe in prominent moraines across
northeastern Indiana is problematic because of its significant thickness. The till in each of these
moraines is commonly more than 20 m thick and usually explained as deposited from a deforming
bed at the former ice margin during a single stillstand. Yet, most studies indicate that an individual
till sheet deposited from a deforming bed is less than a meter thick. We report results from
a stratigraphic study of Erie lobe till, the Lagro Formation in Indiana, based on several cores
retrieved from morainal features that indicate the presence of a stratigraphy that constrains
depositional mechanisms.
Descriptions of the cores draw on over 120 particle-size analyses combining sieve and
laser diffraction data, magnetic susceptibility data with 2 cm vertical resolution, 23 m of x-ray
radiographs, and borehole gamma radiation data. X-ray radiographs were used to distinguish
structures, clast imbrication, major texture changes, and bed contacts. Magnetic susceptibility
correlated principally with texture. Massive beds are more common than beds inferred to exhibit a
preferred clast fabric.
SESSION NO. 11
Considering all properties, Lagro sediments in each core are divisible into several major
units deposited in both subglacial and ice-marginal environments. The major till units are made
of subunits on the scale of a meter in thickness that differ sufficiently in character as to reflect
separate sedimentation conditions and depositional events. We suggest that the relatively
homogenous subglacial Lagro facies accreted vertically from different subglacial deforming till
beds that developed successively under the Erie lobe as it evolved. Overall, the evidence justifies
additional examination of Lagro sediments to resolve a complex ice lobe history.
11-2
BTH 32
Sanderfoot, Benjamin
[218064]
QUATERNARY GEOLOGIC MAP OF FOND DU LAC COUNTY, WISCONSIN
MODE, William N., Department of Geology, University of Wisconsin - Oshkosh, Oshkosh, WI
54901, SANDERFOOT, Benjamin, Department of Geology, University of Wisconsin Oshkosh,
645 Dempsey Trail, Oshkosh, WI 54901-8649, [email protected], and HOOYER,
Thomas S., Department of Geosciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, P.O. Box 413,
Lapham Hall 366, Milwaukee, WI 53201
The new Quaternary geologic map of Fond du Lac County, Wisconsin reveals diverse landscapes
and surficial deposits, including lowlands underlain by glacial lake sediment and meltwater-stream
sediment and uplands composed of till and meltwater-stream sediment. Map units combine
sediment genesis, stratigraphic position, and landform association. Glacial sediments were
deposited by the Green Bay and Lake Michigan lobes of the Laurentide Ice Sheet between about
19 and 11 ka BP during ice recession from the region (Syverson and Colgan, 2011). Glacial strata
are divided into two formations, the Holy Hill and Kewaunee formations, that are distinguishable
by the color and texture of the tills they contain. Kewaunee Formation deposits are restricted to
the north-central part of the county. Holy Hill deposits are the surficial material in the southern
part of the county and also occur beneath Kewaunee deposits in places. Glacial landforms include
active-ice features (drumlins and end moraines) as well as ice-disintegration features (kettles,
kames, ice-walled outwash plains, and eskers). Ice-disintegration features dominate the Kettle
interlobate moraine in the eastern part of the county where the Green Bay and Lake Michigan
lobes intersected. Glacial lake sediment was deposited in glacial lakes Fond du Lac and Oshkosh.
Glacial lake Fond du Lac was impounded when the Green Bay Lobe readvanced (during overall
recession) into Fond du Lac County. This advance terminated at the Eureka moraine and
deposited till of the Kirby Lake Member of the Kewaunee Formation. A new AMS 14C date on plant
macrofossils from the base of glacial Lake Fond du Lac sediment places the formation of the
lake and the Eureka moraine at 15,500 cal yr BP. The ice margin soon receded from the Eureka
moraine. The next readvance (13,700 cal yr BP), which buried the Two Creeks forest bed farther
north, terminated north of the county. Glacial Lake Oshkosh persisted in Fond du Lac County until
the Green Bay Lobe margin receded from the state 13,000 cal yr BP.
11-3
BTH 33
Pavey, Richard R.
[218322]
EVALUATION OF GLACIAL FEATURES IN NORTHWESTERN OHIO USING LIDAR DATA
PAVEY, Richard R., Ohio Department of Natural Resources, Division of Geological Survey,
2045 Morse Rd, Building C-2, Columbus, OH 43229-6693, [email protected] and
MARTIN, Dean R., Ohio Department of Natural Resources, Office of Information Technology,
2045 Morse Rd, Building C, Columbus, OH 43229
The Ohio Geological Survey’s recent and current STATEMAP projects involve glacial mapping of
the Defiance and Adrian 1:100,000 quadrangles in northwesternmost Ohio. Since Frank Leverett’s
mapping of a century ago, geologic understanding and glacial mapping of this area of the state
has remained largely unchanged. Data preparation for the projects included mosaicking of LiDARderived, elevation raster data sets (or DEMs) for the six counties included in the mapping area,
as well as a hillshade raster produced from the mosaic. Analysis of the resultant regional DEM
revealed many landforms unusual for Ohio that require stratigraphic and depositional process
interpretations. The northwest corner of the area includes the Wabash and Ft. Wayne Moraines,
both deposited on the northwest side of retreating Erie Lobe ice. The highest features on the
Wabash are flat-topped ‘plateaus’ surrounded by closed depressions. Data from soils mapping
indicate that the ‘plateaus’ are primarily sand-filled and probably represent ice-walled lake plains.
Many of the closed depressions contain bogs and/or lakes, with minimal integrated drainage. The
St. Joseph River valley is between the Ft. Wayne and Wabash Moraines. Multiple, segmented
linear depressions—perhaps interpreted as abandoned subice tunnels—are oriented subparallel
to the moraine crests and river valley. Beach ridges mark the edge of the proglacial Maumee
Lake Plain that dominates the rest of the study area. The final Erie Lobe ice in the area built the
Defiance Moraine, most of which was submerged by proglacial lakes that occupied the Erie Basin.
Parts of this moraine contain many small, raised sand flats, which are also probable ice-walled
lake plains. West of the Defiance Moraine, the moraine-controlled Auglaize and Tiffin Rivers join
the Maumee River at Defiance, Ohio. Above the confluence, the three rivers meander greatly. The
river becomes much straighter downstream from the confluence; this is due to the Maumee being
incised into bedrock. High-level cut terraces on the rivers above the confluence are graded to the
elevations of the various high-level proglacial lakes that occupied the Erie Basin.
11-4
BTH 34
Rice, Jessey Murray
[218333]
STRATIGRAPHIC ANALYSIS OF AN OPEN PIT EXPOSURE: AN INVESTIGATION OF THE
WESTERN MARGIN OF THE LAURENTIDE ICE SHEET DURING THE MIDDLE WISCONSIN IN
THE GREAT SLAVE LAKE REGION
RICE, Jessey Murray1, PAULEN, Roger C.2, MENZIES, John1, and MCCLENAGHAN, M.B.2,
(1) Earth Sciences, Brock University, 500 Glenridge Ave, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1,
Canada, [email protected], (2) Geological Survey of Canada, Ottawa, 601 Booth St, Ottawa,
ON K1A 0E8, Canada
Known 14C age data place the western margin of the Laurentide Ice Sheet (LIS) in the Great
Slave Lake region, Northwest Territories, approximately along the west margin of the Canadian
Shield and Western Canada Sedimentary Basin. However, a general paucity of thick (>2 m)
exposures of quaternary sediments in this part of Canada prevents further delineation of the
location of the Middle Wisconsin LIS margin. A detailed investigation of a >20 m exposure, in an
abandoned open pit in the past producing Pb-Zn Pine Point Mining District, NWT, was conducted
to gain a better understanding of the glacial history of the area. This rare thick till exposure
consists of four visually distinct till units, and based on observed sedimentology, striation
measurements and clast fabrics as well as detailed grain size, geochemical, mineralogical,
micromorphological, and pebble lithological analyses, a refinement for the Middle Wisconsin LIS
margin is proposed. Since there is no stratigraphic and sedimentological evidence of ice-margin
advance or retreat fluctuations preserved in the till exposures at Pine Point, we conclude that
the Middle Wisconsin ice margin was likely north and west of the Pine Point area and probably
occupied most of the Great Slave Lake basin prior to advancement of the LIS into western
Canada during the Late Wisconsin.
BTH 35
Miao, Xiaodong
[218422]
SAND AND GRAVEL RESOURCE OF MCHENRY COUNTY, ILLINOIS: DISTRIBUTION,
THICKNESS AND LAND USE
MIAO, Xiaodong, THOMASON, Jason F., and STOHR, Christopher, Illinois State Geological
Survey, Prairie Research Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 615 E.
Peabody Dr, Champaign, IL 61820, [email protected]
Parts of McHenry County in northeastern Illinois are underlain by extensive deposits of sand
and gravel, which makes it a leading county in Illinois for sand and gravel production. An up-todate aggregate resource map is needed to identify potential resources before it is preempted by
urbanization.We use borehole data and water well records to prepare a resource map to show
the thickness, burial depth, distribution and availability of sand and gravel in McHenry County.
The thickness data of the sand and gravel were exported from the three-dimensional geologic
framework model of McHenry County, by combining the individual thickness data of multiple,
interconnected sand and gravel deposits. Depth of burial was extracted from individual deep drill
hole data maintained by the Illinois State Geological Survey. In addition to the geological aspect of
the sand and gravel deposits, we also assessed whether these deposits were available for mining
under current land use practices. For example, the sand and gravel resources are not minable
in the residential and other developed areas. This map shows that a significant loss of minable
resources has occurred in McHenry County due to land use, especially in the eastern half of
the county, which is heavily urbanized and where aggregate resources are most needed.This
map can help constituents in the sand and gravel industry find needed construction resources
with implications for aggregate quality, transportation, and economic feasibility. As the Chicago
metropolitan area population continues to grow, the distribution of economically mineable sand
and gravel deposits in McHenry County and nearby counties will become increasingly important
for land use, environmental planning and groundwater resource decisions.
11-6
BTH 36
Bruegger, Alison
[218582]
ICE-WALLED LAKE PLAINS HIGHLIGHTED ON NEW SURFICIAL GEOLOGY MAP OF KANE
COUNTY, ILLINOIS
BRUEGGER, Alison, Illinois State Geological Survey, Prairie Research Institute, 615 E.
Peabody Dr, Champaign, IL 61820, [email protected], CURRY, B. Brandon, Prairie
Research Institute, Illinois State Geological Survey, Champaign, IL 61820, and GRIMLEY,
David A., Illinois State Geological Survey, Prairie Research Institute, University of Illinois,
615 E. Peabody Dr, Champaign, IL 61820
A 1:62,500-scale surficial geology map of Kane County, a western collar county of suburban
Chicago, has recently been digitally compiled from published and unpublished 1:24,000 maps.
The map’s digital database includes information from more than 200 borings and outcrops
sampled over the past 45 years by the Illinois State Geological Survey (ISGS). Many include
down-hole natural gamma-ray logs, and core subsample analyses of clay minerals and particlesize distribution. Mapping in the digital environment has benefited from new base maps of shaded
relief from LiDAR-based DEMs.
Our new map highlights the distribution of ice-walled lake plains which occur primarily between
the Arlington and Bloomington moraines, and between the St. Charles and Marengo moraines.
Mapped as a facies of the silty and clayey surficial lacustrine/glaciolacustrine unit (the Equality
Formation), ice-walled lake plains (IWLPs) include deposits of sand and gravel that occur, relative
to the core of laminated silty lake sediment at the base (as a lag), on the sides (as ice-contact
deltas), and in the sub-loess mantle (as solifluction deposits). The total facies package is typically
4 to 8 m thick. IWLPs rise 1 to 3 m above the surrounding landscape which may include deposits
of diamicton or younger terraces underlain by younger glaciolacustrine deposits. Glacial Lake
Pingree, a large proglacial lake mapped originally by Willman and Frye (1970), is a complex
of IWLPs encased in younger lake sediment. Some lower level terraces may reflect stepwise
lowering of base level, and could be interpreted as IWLPs.
Notable features in Kane County include: 1) Seventy-meter thick deposits of clay loam
diamicton of the Tiskilwa Formation (Wedron Group) forming the Marengo Moraine, 2) High-level
terraces along the Fox River formed during by catastrophic overflow (“Fox Torrent” of Alden) of
a proglacial lake dammed by the Woodstock Moraine, 3) Deep bedrock valleys with glaciofluvial
fills of Illinois Episode sand and gravel, that contain important regional aquifers, and 4) An
outstanding array of data characterizing Quaternary deposits. Data density is especially high
at the former Fermi Accelerator Laboratory, which allowed differentiation of three facies of the
Yorkville Member and the Batestown Member of the Lemont Formation.
11-7
BTH 37
Phillips, Andrew C.
[218681]
INTERCALATING SLACKWATER LAKE AND OUTWASH DEPOSITS AT A BEDROCK VALLEY
CONFLUENCE IN THE LOWER WABASH VALLEY
PHILLIPS, Andrew C., Illinois State Geological Survey, Prairie Research Institute, 615
E. Peabody, Champaign, IL 61820, [email protected], ISMAIL, Ahmed, Illinois State
Geological Survey, Prairie Research Institute, 615 East Peabody Drive, Champaign, IL
61820, LARSON, Timothy, Illinois State Geological Survey, Prairie Research Institute, 615 E
Peabody Drive, Champaign, IL 61820, and GEMPERLINE, Johanna, Department of Geology,
University of Illinois, 1301 West Green St, MC 102, Urbana, IL 61801
The Grayville 7.5’ Quadrangle, centered on 87.9373°E, 38.3126°N, includes the confluence of
the buried Bonpas Bedrock Valley (BBV) with the trunk Wabash Valley (WV). The BBV is a short,
~1.5 km wide, and filled with up to 30 m of Quaternary sediment. The existing Bonpas Creek
is underfit to the valley and is incised into the BBV fill. Bedrock-cored ridges and isolated hills
protrude 10-30 m above low relief valley fills. The region was overridden by the Illinois Episode
and earlier ice sheets but was affected only by proglacial processes during the Wisconsin
Episode. The architecture of the valley fills was investigated with 3.5 km of shallow seismic
shear wave profiling (SSW), 1 km of earth electrical resistivity profiling, probing, and study of
archived well logs. Strong, undular reflections in the SSW profiles delineate a clear thalweg and
slightly stepped slopes along the margins of the BBV. The BBV and WV were excavated before
the Illinois Episode. A small tributary to the BBV hangs 4m above the BBV thalweg, possibly
indicating glacial erosion, bedrock control, or several stages of excavation. Although the high
ridges are covered by a veneer of Illinois Episode till, sediment of that or earlier glacial episodes
has not yet been recognized in the BBV fill. During the Wisconsin Episode, rapid glacifluvial
aggradation in the WV dammed the BBV, causing formation of a slackwater lake. Some of the
outwash, dominantly sand with gravel, transgressed up the lower BBV as a delta or fan. Silt loam
to clay sediment was deposited in the lake from eolian and overbank sources. The alluvial and
lacustrine sedimentation progressively filled the BBV until the end of the Wisconsin Episode.
Two to eight prominent subhorizontal reflectors in the SSW profiles indicate episodic erosion
and sedimentation. A late-glacial jökhulhaup overtopped the walls of the WV and formed a wide,
gently sloping and low relief swath that crosscuts the lower Bonpas Valley. The central portion of
the swath was deposited from the main flow, whereas the bordering ridges were levee- or fan-like
deposits that prograded in to the existing slackwater lake. Downcutting of the WV fill may also
have occurred during this or related events. The modern floodplain of the WV is set ~7 m below
the tributary valley fill deposits.
SESSION NO. 12
12-4
SESSION NO. 12, 1:30 PM
Sedimentology & Stratigraphy
12-1
1:30 PM
Alshahrani, Saeed S.
[218727]
EVIDENCE FOR SHALLOW-WATER ORIGIN OF A DEVONIAN BLACK SHALE, CLEVELAND
SHALE MEMBER (OHIO SHALE), NORTHEASTERN OHIO
ALSHAHRANI, Saeed S. and EVANS, James, E., Department of Geology, Bowling Green
State University, 190 Overman Hall, Bowling Green, OH 43402, [email protected]
There has long been a debate about whether the Devonian Cleveland Shale Member (Ohio
Shale) was deposited in shallow- or deep-water depositional environments. This study looked
at the Cleveland Shale Member (CSM) at 3 stratigraphic sections and 5 well cores from four
counties in northeastern Ohio. The CSM mostly consists of interbedded dark gray and light gray
carbonaceous fissile mudstones or claystones. The dark gray shale (mean thickness 13 cm)
and light gray shale (mean thickness 17 cm) are rhythmically bedded and represent changes in
carbon content. Three types of event layers are interbedded with the mudrocks: (1) tempestites
(hummocky stratified fine-grained sandstones overlain by planar laminated very fine-grained
sandstones overlain by ripple laminated or climbing-ripple laminated very fine-grained
sandstones); (2) distal turbidites (normally graded normally graded fine-grained sandstones,
siltstones, and shales); and (3) hyperpycnites (normally graded microlaminae of very fine-grained
sandstone, siltstone, and shale). The tempestites overlie sole marks such as groove casts, and
these indicate transport directions NE-SW (n = 56 measurements). The tempestites average
4.9 cm thick, are common at the base of the unit, and contain a newly observed trace fossil
(Neonereites). The turbidites average 6.2 cm thick and are more common at the top of the unit.
The hyperpycnites have been studied primarily using petrography and the SEM. Hyperpycnites
are common throughout the CSM, for example at least 10 individual hyperpycnites were identified
within a single stratigraphic interval ~ 1.73 cm thick. The hyperpycnites show uniform thickness
in the study area, and may be correlated from place to place. The preliminary interpretation is
that the CSM depositional environment was receiving clastics from the NE, which were primarily
transported as density underflows (turbidites and hyperpycnites). However, significant storm
deposits (tempestites) within the CSM indicate deposition occurred on a clastic marine shelf at
water depths less than storm wave base.
12-2
1:50 PM
Jenschke, Matthew Clay
[218503]
DELTA FRONT AND SHALLOW SUB-TIDAL FACIES IN THE LATE DEVONIAN BEDFORD
SHALE AND BEREA SANDSTONE, NW OHIO
JENSCHKE, Matthew Clay and EVANS, James E., Department of Geology, Bowling Green
State University, Bowling Green, OH 43403, [email protected]
Facies analysis of outcrops of the Bedford Shale and Berea Sandstone in Cuyahoga and
Medina counties (NE Ohio) has described 21 lithofacies. The units are entirely siliciclastic,
ranging from mudstones and mudshales to coarse-grained and pebbly sandstones. There is a
general coarsening- and thickening-upwards trend from the Bedford Shale to the overlying Berea
Sandstone, consistent with previous interpretations of a prograding deltaic environment, however
there is extensive local variation representing sub-environments such as: (1) storm-dominated
clastic shelf deposits with tempestites (hummocky and swaley stratification); (2) extensive muddy
shelf deposits below storm wave-base; (3) gravity-controlled slope deposits with extensive
syndepositional slump structures and mud diapirs; (4) tidal sandwaves; (5) tidally-influenced
deposits with heterolithic flaser, wavy, and lenticular bedded sandstones and mud drapes and
tidal rhythmites; (6) distributary mouth bar deposits with climbing-ripple lamination; and (7)
channel deposits with mud intraclasts, and tidally-influenced fluvial cross-bedded sandstones. On
a larger-scale, deltaic distributary lobes exhibit both progradational and retrogradational trends
(distributary channel abandonment, delta platform subsidence, and wave reworking), consistent
with a dynamic environment affected by both autocyclic (distributary lobe switching and avulsion)
and allocyclic controls (eustasy, subsidence, and sediment supply).
12-3
2:10 PM
Shah, Mihir
[218663]
SUBSURFACE FACIES ANALYSIS OF ROSE RUN SANDSTONE (UPPER CAMBRIAN) IN
EASTERN OHIO
SHAH, Mihir, Bowling Green State Univerisity, Bowling Green, OH 43403, [email protected]
and EVANS, James E., Department of Geology, Bowling Green State University, Bowling
Green, OH 43403
This study of the Cambrian Rose Run Sandstone conducted lithofacies and microfacies analysis
from 4 cores from Holmes (well 2892), Coshocton (wells 2989 and 3385), and Morgan (well 2923)
counties in eastern Ohio. The Rose Run Sandstone is primarily sandstone, but also includes thin
but common mudstone intervals, and dolostone. There are a total of 13 siliciclastic lithofacies
and 5 carbonate lithofacies. Intertidal deposits include heterolithic flaser bedded sandstone
and mudstone (lithofacies SMf), heterolithic wavy bedded sandstone and mudstone (SMw),
heterolithic lenticular bedded sandstone and mudstone (SMk) and interbedded planar laminated
sandstone and mudstone (SMl), the latter interpreted as tidalites. Subtidal clastic deposits
include medium-scale planar tabular cross-bedded sandstone (lithofacies Sp) and herringbone
cross-bedded sandstone (Sx), massive sandstone (Sm), glauconite-rich sandstones (SMg),
hummocky stratified sandstone (Sh) and massive (Mm), laminated (Ml) and convoluted bedded
(MMc) mudstones. Sm is the most common lithofacies and SMg has the highest intergranular
porosity. Interbedded carbonates include dolomudstones (lithofacies Cm), bioturbated and mottled
dolo-mudstones (Cmm), dolo-grainstones (Cgmb), dolo-packstones with mud drapes (“cryptalgal
lamination”) (Cpl), and dolo-packstones with mud rip-up clasts (“flat pebble conglomerates”)
(Cpmr). Contacts between sandstone and carbonates are gradational, whereas sharp and erosive
contacts may be found between sandstone and shale intervals (e.g., core 2923). The Rose Run
Sandstone in this region is interpreted as a shallow marine environment of normal salinity, with
extensive tidal flats, mixed siliciclastic-carbonate deposition, strong tidal influence, and with
reworking of carbonate materials. Continuing studies are on reservoir compartmentalization in
this unit.
2:30 PM
Malgieri, Thomas J.
[218065]
PRELIMINARY REVISION OF THE SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY AND NOMENCLATURE OF
THE UPPER MAYSVILLIAN-LOWER RICHMONDIAN STRATA EXPOSED IN KENTUCKY
MALGIERI, Thomas J., Department of Geology, University of Cincinnati, 500 Geology/
Physics Building, Cincinnati, OH 45221-0013, [email protected], BRETT, Carlton E.,
Department of Geology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221-0013, THOMKA,
James R., Department of Geology, University of Cincinnati, 500 Geology-Physics Building,
University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45220, and AUCOIN, Christopher D., Department of
Geology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45211-0013
Late Ordovician (Katian) strata of Kentucky, in the Cincinnati Arch region, display a regional
change in lithologic and faunal gradients corresponding to a southeast-shallowing epicontinental
ramp. While a detailed sequence stratigraphic framework has been established for the lower
Cincinnatian, that of the upper Maysvillian-lower Richmondian succession of northern and
central Kentucky has not been studied in detail. Moreover, locally and inconsistently applied
lithostratigraphic terms reflecting facies changes along the ramp have complicated precise
subdivisions of sequences into component cycles and inhibited recognition of regionally
consistent patterns.
This study uses high-resolution facies analysis and tracing of distinctive stratigraphic
markers including biostromal horizons, rhythmic intervals, erosion and flooding surfaces, and
distinctive fossil epiboles across lithofacies and nomenclatorial boundaries to reveal stratigraphic
consistencies largely overlooked by previous researchers. By using these methods, it is possible
to refine the depositional sequences whilst creating a nomenclature that can be applied more
consistently throughout the region. Preliminary results indicate that much of the past terminology
can be retained and refined, allowing the use of one unified set of names on the member
scale level that will be integrated into formations. This will allow easier correlations along the
Cincinnati arch. Moreover, this will lead to a refined sequence stratigraphic framework for a better
understating of depositional environments and changes in faunal gradients. Because these
sequences span offshore to peritidal facies they provide the possibility of testing for changes in
sequences and their component systems tracts across a proximal-distal gradient. Finally, the
beds record the onset of the Richmondian invasion and high-resolution stratigraphy will provide a
framework to examine the details of this important ecological evolutionary event.
12-5
2:50 PM
Huck, Scott W.
[218674]
INFLUENCE OF STORM WAVE BASE FLUCTUATIONS ON CARBONATE SHELF FACIES IN
THE ORDOVICIAN POINT PLEASANT FORMATION (CENTRAL OHIO)
HUCK, Scott W. and EVANS, James E., Department of Geology, Bowling Green State
University, Bowling Green, OH 43403, [email protected]
The Ordovician Point Pleasant Formation is interpreted as a deepening-upward carbonate shelf
sequence in central Ohio, based on analysis of the Chevron 1A Prudential core (#3410120196)
at the Ohio Geological Survey H.R. Collins Core Laboratory. Lithofacies of the Point Pleasant
Formation are a mixed siliclastic and carbonate depositional system. The base of the Point
Pleasant Formation (above the Trenton Limestone) is dominated by carbonate tempestites,
which are interpreted as evidence for shallow-water shelf conditions (above storm wave base).
The carbonate tempestites are composed of undulated skeletal grainstones (Cgu) that are 2 cm
thick, light grey, undulated, and are composed primarily of brachiopod shells. Above the skeletal
grainstones are carbonaceous calcareous wackstones (Cw) that are 2-4 cm thick, organic rich,
dark brown/black, and contain sparse amounts of fossil fauna. The Point Pleasant Formation
then transitions upward to mostly mixed siliclastic and carbonate pelagic rhythmites, which is
interpreted as evidence for deeper water conditions (below storm wave base). The rhythmites
are composed of siltstone (SS) that is light grey, fine grained, and thinly bedded (<1 cm). Above
the siltstone is carbonaceous, calcareous mudstone (Cm) that is dark brown/black thinly bedded
(1-2 cm), highly organic and contains little or no fossil fauna. Within the pelagic rhythmites there
are also intervals of bioturbated siltstone (SSb) which are light grey, thinly bedded (<1 cm)
and discontinuous. The pelagic deposits are interrupted by intervals dominated by carbonate
tempestites, mostly skeletal packstones (Cpu), that are light brown/grey, undulated, 5-10 cm thick
and are composed primarily of fragmented brachiopod shells and calcareous mud which then
transitions back to pelagic rhythmites. This could represent changing water depth conditions on
the shelf or else the recurrence of larger storms (deeper storm wave base) at certain times. At the
top of the Point Pleasant Formation, an erosional surface overlain by skeletal packstones (shell
hash intermixed with coarse-grained sand particles that is highly cememted) is interpreted as
evidence for shoreface deposits. This is interpreted as evidence for water shallowing, possibly a
sequence boundary, prior to deposition of the overlying Utica Shale.
12-6
3:30 PM
Thompson, Todd A.
[218514]
TRANSITION FROM DELTAIC TO CARBONATE PLATFORM DEPOSITION – RAMP CREEK
FORMATION (MISSISSIPPIAN) OF CENTRAL INDIANA
KEITH, Brian D., Indiana Geological Survey, Indiana Univ, 611 North Walnut Grove,
Bloomington, IN 47405 and THOMPSON, Todd A., Indiana Geological Survey, Indiana
University, 611 North Walnut Grove, Bloomington, IN 47405-2208, [email protected]
Detailed examination of more than 25 cores in Monroe and Lawrence Counties of central Indiana
provides new insight into the transition from Borden delta deposition to shallow carbonate
platform deposition. This change occurred during deposition of the Ramp Creek Formation
(Valmeyeran, Mississippian). Definition and internal stratigraphy of the complex Ramp Creek
interval in Indiana was the subject of considerable confusion from the late 1800s until it was finally
settled in 1975.
Internally, the Ramp Creek consists of interbedded crinoidal-dominated skeletal grainstones
ranging in thickness from a few centimeters to nearly 3 m. Between the grainstones are individual
fine-grained units consisting of argillaceous dolostone, argillaceous limestone, siliceous
siltstone, or very fine-grained sandstone. The dolostone beds often contain 40-70% ankerite
(CaFeMgMnCO3). All the fine-grained beds also contain silicified fossiliferous layers, nodules,
and true geodes, indicating that the diagenetic system was rich in both iron and silica. The finegrained beds range in thickness from less than 2 cm to nearly 6 m.
There is a high degree of lateral variability within the Ramp Creek and individual beds cannot
be correlated, even over short distances; however, the unit can be divided into an upper division
dominated by skeletal grainstone beds and a lower division dominated by fine-grained beds. The
lower division is highly variable in thickness when compared to the upper division. Overall, the
Ramp Creek thickens to the south and southwest from slightly over 3 m to more than 15 m in the
two-county area. The fine-grained beds become almost entirely very fine-grained sandstone to the
south, possibly related to increased proximity to a source of sediment on the Borden delta.
SESSION NO. 12
12-7
3:50 PM
Santistevan, Fred
[218540]
THE ROLE OF THE SIBERIAN TRAPS IN THE PERMIAN-TRIASSIC MASS EXTINCTION:
ANALYSIS THROUGH CHEMICAL FINGERPRINTING OF MARINE SEDIMENTS USING RARE
EARTH ELEMENTS (REES)
SANTISTEVAN, Fred, Geology, University of Cincinnati, 500 Geology/Physics Bldg,
Cincinnati, OH 45221, [email protected], ALGEO, Thomas J., Department of Geology,
University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221-0013, HANNIGAN, Robyn, Environmental,
Earth, and Ocean Sciences, University of Massachusetts - Boston, 100 Morrissey Boulevard,
Boston, MA 02125, and WILLIAMS, Jeremy C., Environmental Earth and Ocean Sciences,
University of Massachusetts Boston, 100 Morrissey Boulevard, Boston, MA 02125
The Permian-Triassic boundary (PTB) mass extinction at ~252 Ma was the largest biotic
catastrophe in Earth history, resulting in the disappearance of ~90% of marine invertebrate
species. Recent work has shown that the most likely trigger for this event was eruption of the
Siberian Traps, the largest sub-aerial flood basalt province of the last 500 million years. However,
direct evidence linking the Siberian Traps to the marine mass extinction has been lacking.
Volcanic units are commonly characterized by unique rare earth element (REE) signatures, and
published studies show that the Siberian Traps had an unusual REE chemistry (Lightfoot et al.,
1990, 1993; Arndt et al., 1993, 1995, 1998; Federenko et al., 1997, 2000). In this study, we are
examining the REE chemistry of eight marine PTB sections having a wide global distribution
with the goal of determining whether the characteristic REE signature of the Siberian Traps can
be recognized in ash beds or in background sediments of these successions. If recognized,
this signature could provide information regarding the geographic dispersal of volcanic ash,
its relationship to regional environmental changes, and its effects on marine and terrestrial
ecosystems. Our work is currently in progress, but preliminary results suggest that REE
signatures potentially characteristic of Siberian Traps source material are present in some, but
not all, marine PTB sections.
12-8
4:10 PM
Voice, Peter J.
[218491]
THE GLOBAL DETRITAL ZIRCON DATABASE: AN UPDATE
VOICE, Peter J., Department of Geosciences, Western Michigan University, 1903 W.
Michigan Ave, MS 5241, Kalamazoo, MI 49008, [email protected], KOWALEWSKI,
Michal, Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611,
and ERIKSSON, Kenneth A., Department of Geosciences, Virginia Tech, 4044 Derring Hall,
Blacksburg, VA 24061
A flood of new detrital zircon U-Pb age data has allowed for a rapid growth of the Global Detrital
Zircon Database (GDZD). The latest version of the database includes over 284,000 single age
determinations from U-Pb dating of detrital zircons. These zircons represent ~5,600 detrital
zircon age frequency distributions that come from all continents and range in age from modern
sediment samples to Archean metasedimentary rocks. Host rock compositions are dominated
by siliciclastics, though a small fraction of the samples are derived from carbonates and other
chemical/biochemical sedimentary units. For all age frequency distributions, the GDZD also
records a best estimate of the host sediment maximum and minimum age independent of the
detrital zircon U-Pb ages.
The large amount of data has allowed us to empirically derive relationships between host
sediment age and sample size of analyzed zircons. Detrital zircons are an excellent example of
the principle of inclusions; they are always as old as, or older than, the host sediment. A simple
quantitative metric can be used to measure the offset between the maximum host sediment
age and the youngest detrital zircon age recorded. We have found that as a function of tectonic
setting, relatively small sample sizes are required to best estimate the age of the host sediment
with the smallest offset. Tectonic settings with syn-volcanism tend to require sample sizes of 40
grains or less in order to provide the best constraint on the age of the sample – a grain that is
relatively contemporaneous with deposition of the unit. Passive margins and intracratonic basins
tend to exhibit much greater offsets between the host sediment age and the youngest detrital
zircon and require larger samples of dated zircons to find these young zircons.
12-9
4:30 PM
Hayden, Travis G.
[218404]
ESTIMATING LAST GLACIAL MAXIMUM ICE THICKNESS USING POROSITY AND DEPTH
RELATIONSHIPS: EXAMPLES FROM AND-1B, MCMURDO SOUND, ANTARCTICA
HAYDEN, Travis G., Department of Geosciences, Western Michigan University, 1187 Rood
Hall, 1903 W. Michigan Ave, Kalamazoo, MI 49008, [email protected], KOMINZ,
Michelle A., Department of Geosciences, Western Michigan University, 1903 W. Michigan
Ave, Kalamazoo, MI 49008, and NIESSEN, Frank, Geosciences, Alfred Wegener Institute,
Columbusstrasse, Building D-1170, Bremerhaven, D-27568, Germany
We have estimated ice thicknesses at the AND-1B drillsite during the Last Glacial Maximum by
adapting an existing technique used to calculate eroded overburden. We analyze the porosity as
a function of depth and lithology from measurements taken on the AND-1B core, and compare
these results to reference data obtained on Ocean Drilling Program Legs 178, Leg 188, and
Integrated Ocean Drilling Project Leg 318. These reference datasets are deep marine sediments
of similar lithology and have not been overcompacted by overriding ice sheets. Using these
reference datasets we estimate the amount of overburden required to compact the sediments
to the porosity observed in AND-1B. This analysis is a function of lithology, depth and porosity,
and generates sediment-equivalent overburden estimates between 500 and 900 meters. These
are translated into ice thickness estimates by accounting for differences in sediment and ice
densities. The lithologies analyzed are most likely to compact consistently and predictably, and
result in a range of ice thickness between 1,059 – 1,984 meters, with a best-fit estimate of 1,630
meters of ice at Last Glacial Maximum. These values compare well with mass-balance corrected,
independently calculated, ice-thicknesses estimates of 1,730 meters based on exposures of Last
Glacial Maximum till deposits. While this analysis can only specifically estimate ice thicknesses
during Last Glacial Maximum, due to the overprinting effect of Last Glacial Maximum ice on
previous ice advances, it also has implications for previous maximum ice thickness during earlier
Pleistocene glacial maximums. Lastly, as ice thickness at Last Glacial Maximum is unknown in
existing ice sheet reconstructions, this analysis provides constraint on model predictions.
12-10
4:50 PM
Cupples, William B.
[218372]
UPLAND GRAVELS OF THE MISSISSIPPI RIVER VALLEY AND THEIR INSIGHTS TO
PREGLACIAL DRAINAGE IN CENTRAL NORTH AMERICA
CUPPLES, William B., Department of Earth Sciences, University of Memphis, 1 Johnson
Hall, Memphis, TN 38152, [email protected] and VAN ARSDALE, Roy B., Earth
Sciences, Univ. of Memphis, 1 Johnson Hall, Memphis, TN 38152
The upland Tertiary gravels of the Mississippi River Valley have puzzled geologists for many
decades. These gravels are generally interpreted to be terrace deposits of the pre-glacial
Mississippi and Ohio rivers. The gravels are called the Citronelle Formation in Louisiana, Preloess gravels in Mississippi, Upland Complex in Tennessee and Arkansas, and the Mounds and
16 2013 GSA Abstracts with Programs Grover in Illinois and possibly the Windrow in Wisconsin, Iowa, and Minnesota. The base of these
predominantly chert gravels are approximately 75 m above the base of the Mississippi River
Quaternary alluvium. Previous investigators have identified large wavelength paleo-meanders in
the upland gravels of northwestern Mississippi that indicate a discharge as much as 5 to 10 times
greater than the modern Mississippi River. This larger river suggests that the drainage basin of the
pre-glacial Mississippi River may have been much larger than today and perhaps extended north
into Canada. This current study explores that possibility by mapping bedrock surface elevation
and gravel data from 99 wells in Illinois and bedrock elevations from 980 wells in Minnesota
that we have interpreted to mark the base of the pre-glacial Mississippi River. The distribution of
these upland gravels in conjunction with previous studies allows a partial reconstruction of the
course of the pre-glacial Mississippi River system and its elevation from central Minnesota to
Memphis, Tennessee. The elevation of this pre-glacial Mississippi River profile allows us to test
the hypothesis that the ancestral (Pliocene) Mississippi River flowed south from Canada.
T6. Quaternary Time Machine: Methods and Analyses
of Soils and Sediments to Reveal Secrets of Past
Environments
13-1
1:35 PM
Sipola, Maija E.
[218640]
MINERALOGICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF SOLO RIVER TERRACE DEPOSITS AT
NGANDONG, CENTRAL JAVA, INDONESIA
SIPOLA, Maija E., Department of Geoscience, University of Iowa, 121 Trowbridge Hall,
Iowa City, IA 52242, [email protected]
The Ngandong Homo erectus site in Central Java, Indonesia is of great interest to
paleoanthropologists and geoarchaeologists. The morphology of the H. erectus crania first
discovered there in the 1930’s suggests those fossils may be of the most recently-living Homo
erectus known in the world, yet numerous studies have been unable to confidently date the
age of the fossils or the timing of site formation. In addition, thousands of fossils of non-hominin
macrofauna have been collected during early excavations of the Ngandong site without a
comprehensive geoarchaeological assessment of their relationship to the terrace stratigraphy,
preventing an understanding of the depositional processes responsible for site formation.
Recently, a thorough excavation of the site was undertaken by a team of Indonesian and
American scientists with special focus on documenting and analyzing the site stratigraphy. In this
study I summarize the results of a mineralogical analysis of the stratigraphic layers present at the
site in an effort to delineate possible depositional facies boundaries based on different sediment
sources. I combine these mineralogical data with results of grain-size and grain-shape analyses to
characterize the sediment source(s) and depositional conditions that produced the fossil-bearing
terrace deposits present at Ngandong. This information improves our understanding of the Solo
River fluvial dynamics at the time of site formation and may potentially inform as to the location
and condition of other fossil-bearing deposits in the region.
13-2
1:55 PM
Miao, Xiaodong
[218408]
USING OSL AND RADIOCARBON DATING TO CONSTRAIN THE TIME OF SOIL
DEVELOPMENT
MIAO, Xiaodong1, WANG, Hong1, HANSON, Paul R.2, MASON, Joseph A.3, and LIU,
Xiaodong4, (1) Illinois State Geological Survey, Prairie Research Institute, University
of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 615 E. Peabody Dr, Champaign, IL 61820, miao@
illinois.edu, (2) School of Natural Resources, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, 68588,
(3) Department of Geography, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 550 N. Park St, 160 Science
Hall, Madison, WI 53706, (4) SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of
Sciences, Xi’an, 710075
Time, one of the five factors in soil development along with climate, parent material, organisms,
and topography, is theoretically defined as the time elapsed since the parent materials were
deposited and subaerially exposed, according to Jenny’s model. Soil time was estimated
previously based on the degree of soil development, but in many environments the soil ages have
not been practically calculated. We propose that the best method for estimating the time of soil
development is subtraction of the Pyrolysis-Volatile (Py-V) 14C dates of soil’s uppermost A horizon
from OSL dates of C horizon of parent material. The Py-V 14C dates represent most mobile soil
organic carbon that is least resistant to biodegradation in soil environment, therefore yielding
youngest ages potentially, while OSL dating on the C horizon estimates the depositional time
of the parent material. We tested this new approach in four scenarios: 1. Modern soil developed
downward in loess; 2. Cumulative Soil formed upward in loess; 3. Soil formed in dune sand;
4. A counterexample to show that simple subtraction is not always appropriate. This approach
constrains soil time more reasonably than using either OSL or radiocarbon dates alone. If no old
carbon contamination is assumed, the difference between the Py-V ages at the uppermost and
lowermost sola of a soil almost certainly underestimates the time of soil development, and the
difference between OSL ages taken from above and below a soil most likely overestimates it.
Combination of OSL and radiocarbon can best constrain soil development time.
13-3
2:15 PM
Reinhardt, Jason
[218513]
INVESTIGATING THE INFLUENCE OF LAND USE HISTORY ON SAVANNA SOILS IN LOWER
MICHIGAN: IMPLICATIONS FOR MANAGEMENT, RESTORATION, AND CONSERVATION
REINHARDT, Jason1, HOBBS, Trevor2, and NAGEL, Linda M.1, (1) School of Forest
Resources and Environmental Science, Michigan Technological University, 1400 Townsend
Dr, Houghton, MI 49931, [email protected], (2) Huron-Manistee National Forest, GeoCorps
Participant, 1755 S. Mitchell St, Cadillac, MI 49601
Prior to European settlement, mixed oak savanna was a naturally occurring ecosystem in
Michigan’s Lower Peninsula. Maintained by wildfire, these savanna openings likely migrated over
space and time on excessively-drained sandy soils. Most of this plant community type has been
lost due to early land management practices, especially agriculture and timber. Decades of fire
suppression have led to degradation of what remains. Remnant examples are an important part
of the ecological landscape and provide refuge for a multitude of early-successional species,
most notably the Federally-Endangered Karner Blue Butterfly (KBB; Lycaeides melissa samuelis).
SESSION NO. 13
Because of this, the US Forest Service implements a variety of management techniques, such
as controlled burns, bulldozing, masticating, and partial harvesting, to restore and maintain oak
savanna ecosystems. However, attainment of desirable levels of plant species diversity and
abundance following restoration activity has proven difficult. We hypothesized that land use
history and its influence on soils play a significant role in the potential for restoration success,
especially with respect to resultant floristic composition. The purpose of this research was
to 1) establish site-specific historic land use and 2) determine impacts on soil morphology,
soil chemistry, and current savanna communities in the southern Manistee National Forest.
Preliminary results suggest that land use history helps explain variation in soil A horizon
thickness, and the presence/absence of important savanna plants such as wild lupine (Lupinus
perennis). Preliminary results support our hypothesis that historic land use and its influence on
soil morphology significantly impact floristic diversity and abundance in savanna ecosystems. This
insight has the potential to help prioritize potential management and habitat restoration sites, and
can be incorporated into existing savanna ecosystem management techniques by land managers
and government agencies. Soil sample processing is currently underway in the laboratory, and
analysis of the effects of land use history on further soil morphological characteristics and soil
chemistry will follow.
13-4
2:35 PM
Rovey, Charles W.
[218231]
PALEOSOLS WITHIN THE PRE-ILLINOIAN TILL SEQUENCE IN NORTHERN MISSOURI
RECORD CHANGES IN PLEISTOCENE CLIMATE
ROVEY, Charles W. II, Geography, Geology, and Planning, Missouri State University,
901 S. National, Springfield, MO 65897, [email protected]
Exposures in northern Missouri preserve the Sangamon Geosol developed in Loveland Silt
above the Yarmouth Geosol in till. Reasons for the distinctive red coloration within these two
paleosols (temperature vs. time) have been debated for many years, but previous workers did not
have a sequence of older paleosols for comparison. Here, four pre-Yarmouth paleosols are also
preserved locally within the Pre-Illinoian till sequence, and cosmogenic isotope dates for these
tills also provide the age of the soils along with the duration of soil development. Generally, the
older paleosols formed over a much longer time than the younger. For example, the oldest till
(Atlanta Formation) was deposited at ~2.4 Ma and was buried by the overlying Moberly Formation
at ~1.3 Ma. Thus, the Atlanta paleosol developed over ~1.1 myr, compared to no more than
~0.1 myr for the Sangamon.
The oldest paleosols rarely developed hues redder than 10YR, but rubification increases
within the younger sola, despite shorter durations of weathering, culminating in bright red hues
near 5YR within the Yarmouth and Sangamon Geosols. Thus, these paleosols record increasing
interglacial temperatures, beginning in the Middle Pleistocene.
Caliche is nearly always present within the older weathering profiles, but is absent within
the modern and Sangamon soils in this area. Thus, the older paleosols developed under
drier conditions than the more recent climates. The depth to the top of caliche also increases
systematically with younger age, recording increases in mean annual precipitation during the
Early and Middle Pleistocene. In summary the paleosol sequence in northern Missouri records a
trend toward warmer and moister climates during the Pleistocene.
13-5
2:55 PM
Kerr, Phillip J.
[218759]
THROUGH A WOOLY LENS: INVESTIGATIONS FROM A MAMMOTH BURIAL IN IOWA
KERR, Phillip J.1, BETTIS, E. Arthur III1, and BAKER, Richard G.2, (1) Department of
Geoscience, University of Iowa, 121 Trowbridge Hall, Iowa City, IA 52242, phillip-kerr@
uiowa.edu, (2) Department of Geoscience, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
Investigations sponsored by the Iowa Museum of Natural History have discovered the remains of
three mammoths eroding from alluvium in a small tributary of the South Skunk River in southern
Iowa. Coring, examination of excavation walls, radiocarbon dating, and macrofossil analyses
are providing a preliminary picture of the paleoenvironment occupied by the mammoths and the
processes responsible for formation of the fossil deposit. Excavations to date have recovered
fossils from early Holocene alluvium that filled a plunge pool cut into an older terrace fill that
apparently contains in-situ mammoth remains. The pristine condition of bone recovered to date
and a lack of size or density sorting suggests a very short transport distance. An exposure of the
older terrace fill and cores from the terrace surface adjacent to the excavation show a sequence
of fine-grained late glacial alluvium separated from sand and gravel by an organic-rich zone that
yielded a radiocarbon date of 13,120+50 B.P. Plant macrofossils recovered from the organic zone
indicate a marshy area within a spruce forest. On-going investigations are focused on refining
a sedimentary model for the site and determining the location of the in-place deposition of the
mammoth remains.
13-6
3:30 PM
Harrison, Jeffrey M.
[218615]
LINKING 2,000 YEARS OF SEDIMENTATION IN THE WESTERN ARCTIC OCEAN TO AN
ATMOSPHERIC TEMPERATURE PROXY RECORD FROM A GLACIAL LAKE IN THE BROOKS
RANGE, AK
HARRISON, Jeffrey M.1, ORTIZ, Joseph D.1, ABBOTT, Mark B.2, BIRD, Broxton W.3,
HACKER, David B.1, GRIFFITH, Elizabeth M.1, and DARBY, Dennis A.4, (1) Department of
Geology, Kent State University, 221 McGilvrey Hall, Kent, OH 44242, [email protected],
(2) Department of Geology and Planetary Science, Univ of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260,
(3) Department of Earth Sciences, Indiana University-Purdue University, Indianapolis, IN
46202, (4) Department of Ocean, Earth, & Atmospheric Sciences, Old Dominion University,
Norfolk, VA 23529
The delivery of sediment to the Alaskan continental shelf is largely associated with ice drift and
wind driven Arctic Ocean circulation patterns that have varied during the Holocene. This study
presents a comparison of two continuous, high-resolution proxy records from the western Arctic
over the past 2,000 years. Direct correlations were made between marine grain size, related to
shifts in depositional mechanisms, and terrestrial atmospheric climate in northern Alaska. To
provide variations of sedimentation patterns in the Arctic Ocean (e.g., sea-ice transport, density
flows, ocean currents), the grain size distributions were measured in a piston core (HLY02-04
JPC16) from the eastern Chukchi Sea at a higher resolution than previously reported. A revised
JPC16 age-depth model was used in this analysis (Darby et al., 2012). The sediment core,
collected on the east flank of Barrow Canyon (72.1555°N, 153.50817°W), preserves a record of
local variations in sedimentation mechanisms in the Chukchi-Beaufort Seas.
A Varimax-rotated Principle Component Analysis (VPCA) was conducted on JPC16. We
inferred three principal components (PCs) of sediment deposition at the core site related
to anchor ice, nepheloid flows, and suspension freezing based on variations in grain-size
distributions. This interpretation is consistent with previous downcore analysis by Darby et al.
(2009). A fourth, less significant mode, is related to resuspension and deposition connected to
intermittent suspension. While all components showed increased variability since 200 yr BP,
factors related to sea-ice showed the highest positive loadings between 2000-1300 cal yr BP. The
high-resolution record of sediment deposition in the Arctic Ocean allowed for direct correlation
with the atmospheric climate proxy as recorded by varve thickness in the Brooks Range (Bird
et al., 2009). The time interval investigated here shows a significant relationship of marine
sea-ice sedimentation with variability in atmospheric temperature (r = 0.7). Additionally, marine
sedimentation appears to lag the atmospheric temperature proxy, indicating that temperature is a
primary forcing mechanism in sea-ice variation. This analysis suggests that warmer intervals are
likely correlated with greater sea-ice melt and favor sedimentation of entrained sediments.
13-7
3:50 PM
Matzke, Jeffrey A.
[218043]
A NEW VIEW OF THE STONE ZONE ON THE IOWA EROSION SURFACE
MATZKE, Jeffrey A.1, BETTIS, E. Arthur III2, WEIRICH, Frank1, and VOGELGESANG,
Jason3, (1) Department of Geoscience, University of Iowa, 121 Trowbridge Hall, Iowa City,
IA 52242, [email protected], (2) Geoscience, University of Iowa, 121 Trowbridge
Hall, Iowa City, IA 52242, (3) Iowa Geological and Water Survey, Iowa Department of Natural
Resources, 109 Trowbridge Hall, Iowa City, IA 52242
The processes that generated the distinctive landscape of the Iowa Erosion Surface (IES)
of northeastern Iowa have been debated for over a century. A number of researchers have
concluded that the IES experienced a periglacial environment and was underlain by continuous
permafrost during the last glacial maximum. Ubiquitous throughout the IES is a stone zone that
lies 60-100cm below the surface. Several explanations for the genesis of the stone zone have
been proposed, including a lag concentrate, biomantle processes, and cryogenesis. We utilized
a combination of coring and trenching, ground penetrating radar and resistivity to investigate
the 3D distribution of the stone zone, overlying “pedisediment” and the underlying contact with
dense till across a 100 m2 area on a typical IES hillslope in east-central Iowa . Our preliminary
results indicate that the stone zone occurs in the basal few decimeters of pedisediment that
rests uncomformably and abruptly on eroded, dense till. Ice wedge casts extend from the stone
zone into the underlying till. The depth of the stone zone below the modern surface increases
downslope and the stone zone dissipates and eventually is replaced by relatively thick loamy sand
beneath the footslope. These relationships argue against the stone zone being of biogenic origin.
The occurrence of ice wedge casts associated with the stone zone and systematic changes in the
thickness and texture of the pedisediment suggest to us that stone zone on the IES was formed
by a combination of cryogenic and active zone erosive processes during the full glacial period.
13-8
4:10 PM
Artz, Joe Alan
[218799]
MULTI-PROXY MID-HOLOCENE FLUVIAL PROCESSES AT TWO LOCALITIES IN CENTRAL
IOWA
ARTZ, Joe Alan, Earthview Environmental, LLC, 310 Second Street, Coralville, IA 522411,
[email protected]
The Palace site (13PK966) is a buried Middle Archaic site in the Des Moines River valley near
the city of Des Moines in central Iowa. Several relatively tightly stratified and stratigraphically
separated occupation surfaces were inhabited ca. 7,000 BP. Houses were present, and a human
burial was also encountered. The archaeological deposits are buried in a silty clay loam overbank
facies that veneers a former point bar. The overbank veneer grades laterally to a clay to silty clay
channel-fill that was perhaps a wetland, occupying a nearly-filled-in paleochannel at the time of
occupation.
Other than an occasional coarse-textured splay or chute deposit, the overbank deposits exhibit
no macroscopically visible stratigraphy. Soil thin sections, however, reveal micromorphological
evidence for sedimentary bedding in the form of changes in size and sorting of sand grains,
for short-lived periods of surface stability in the form of channel microstructures created by
bioturbation. d13C ratios for the 250 cm thick overbank facies are primarily between -23 and
-20 o/oo, values that are intermediate between warm- and cool- season plants. There is, however,
a significant excursion in C4 grasses in a 50-cm-thick zone, with ratios of -15 to -17 o/oo. This
zone immediately overlies the 7,000-year-old cultural horizon. It may therefore, be the signature
of a mid-Holocene warming episode. Pollen records from other central-Iowa sites indicate that the
prairie expanded across central Iowa in this approximate time range.
Other recent work by the author on the Middle Raccoon River, about 50 km west of the Palace
site, show evidence of a major fluvial discontinuity at ca. 7,000 BP, based on radiocarbon ages
from channel and channel-fill facies at the bottom of a 4-5 m thick upward-fining sequence. Largescale sedimentary structures observe in core and cutbank profiles indicate high energy deposition
between ca. 7,000 and 6,500 BP.
13-9
4:30 PM
Grimley, David A.
[218205]
PLEISTOCENE MOLLUSCAN ASSEMBLAGES TO AID UNDERSTANDING OF
PALEOENVIRONMENT, PALEOCLIMATE AND CHRONOLOGY: EXAMPLES FROM ILLINOIS
GRIMLEY, David A., Illinois State Geological Survey, Prairie Research Institute, University
of Illinois, 615 E. Peabody Dr, Champaign, IL 61820, [email protected] and OCHES,
Eric A., Department of Natural & Applied Sciences, Bentley University, 175 Forest St,
Waltham, MA 02452
Across the southern Midwest region, Pleistocene mollusks are locally found in relatively unaltered
loess or lacustrine sediment (particularly slackwater deposits) synchronous with central U.S.A.
glaciations. More rarely, molluscan faunas are preserved in interglacial lake deposits. The
assemblage of gastropods and bivalves provides important information about past environments,
climate, and ecology that complements other paleoenvironmental data. In addition, the shell
material can be used in chronological studies. Paleoenvironmental interpretations aided by
molluscan occurrences include differentiation of terrestrial vs. aquatic conditions; seasonal vs.
perennial lake; deep vs. shallow water; and flowing vs. quiet water. Faunas tend to vary spatially
and stratigraphically between distal and ice-proximal environments. Such observations can
complement or refine interpretations from sedimentological, geomorphic, and other fossil records
(e.g., pollen, ostracodes), thus providing a clearer picture of the paleoenvironment. In some
cases, such as in oxidized sediments, molluscan assemblages are preserved where other records
are lacking or poorly preserved. Some species of minute terrestrial gastropod genera (Vertigo,
Pupilla, Columella, Gastrocopta) have climatic sensitivity and, by comparisons with modern
distribution patterns (Nekola and Coles, 2010), can aid in general paleoclimate estimations.
Aquatic species are generally less affected by climate but some species have sensitivity.
Carbon and oxygen isotopic analyses of shell carbonate can aid with interpretations
of paleovegetation, paleotemperature, or paleohumidity, though other factors should be
considered. Chronologically, radiocarbon dating of Wisconsin Episode terrestrial mollusks in
loess or lakeshore records are more precise and considered by many to be more accurate than
luminescence dating. With the development of multiple amino acid assays in recent years, amino
acid geochronology (using terrestrial or aquatic species) is proving valuable in differentiating
Wisconsin, Illinois, and pre-Illinois episode deposits in Illinois, as was initially suggested in
western Indiana (Miller et al. 1987). Comparisons of glutamic and aspartic acid D/L ratios with
Succinea and Hendersonia are most fruitful thus far.
SESSION NO. 13
13-10
4:50 PM
Herrmann, Edward W.
[218688]
GEOMORPHOLOGICAL CONTROLS AFFECTING THE CREATION AND PRESERVATION OF A
BURIED WETLAND ENVIRONMENT DURING THE PLEISTOCENE/HOLOCENE TRANSITION:
A GEOARCHAEOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE
HERRMANN, Edward W., Anthropology, Indiana University, 2420 Canada Dr, Bloomington,
IN 47401, [email protected]
Geoarchaeological investigations within the White River Valley in south-central Indiana revealed
the controlling geomorphological factors that led to the formation and preservation of a buried
wetland environment just prior to, and throughout the Younger Dryas. Coring transects within
a local segment of the West Fork of the White River were used to analyze the subsurface
sediments, identify paleosurfaces, and correlate the fluvial landforms along the White River. In
one local river segment, late Wisconsin river meanders eroded into outwash terraces and left
abandoned channels that infilled with organic debris after 13kBP. By 10kBP, local conditions
created a local wetland/peat bog containing preserved organic matter that can be used for
paleoenvironmental reconstructions during the Younger Dryas. Subsequently, a wet grassland/
prairie developed after 10kBP and lasted until about 4kBP, after which the site was buried
and preserved by mid-Holocene alluvium. Major river adjustments related to downcutting and
entrenchment altered the extent of the mid-Holocene meander belt, limiting meandering and
erosion through the site. Late Pleistocene and early Holocene meander scars at the site provide
data important to archaeological site predictive modeling and to understanding where buried and
preserved archaeological sites may occur during the Paleoindian (11.5-10kBP) and Early Archaic
(10-8kBP) Periods.
13-11
5:10 PM
Rocheford, M. Kathryn
[218135]
FRAMEWORK FOR IDENTIFYING LANDUSE EFFECTS ON SOIL RESILIENCE
ROCHEFORD, M. Kathryn, Geosciences, University of Iowa, 121 Trowbridge Hall, Iowa City,
IA 52242, [email protected]
Soil is an interface between the atmosphere, biosphere, and hydrosphere, acting as buffer and
filter for the air we breathe, the crops we harvest, and the water we drink. Perturbations in any
one of these spheres can affect soil properties as well as its resilience. The ecological landscape
of the Midwest has been extensively altered by both natural and human modifications (e.g.
erosion, climate change, fire, vegetation change, land-use change, etc.). Land-use activities can
have significant impacts on the physical, biological and chemical processes of soil that alter its
resilience and its role in the global carbon cycle. Furthermore, a complex history of changing use
patterns makes it difficult to differentiate the effects of individual land-use activities on modern
soils using traditional physico-chemical soil science methods. To better model potential mitigation
practices for soil sustainability, it is critical to differentiate between physico-chemical properties
of soils resulting from natural processes and those from early historic land-use, as well as those
resulting from modern agricultural or other modern landscape modifications. Presented here is
a methodological framework that begins to incorporate the geomorphological and geochemical
perspectives that can be utilized to reveal land-use activities for areas that have limited or no
record of past land-use.
T10. Mapping the Glacial Geology of the
Great Lakes States
14-1
1:30 PM
Brown, Steven E.
[218189]
FROM START TO FINISH: THREE-DIMENSIONAL GEOLOGIC MAPS AND MODELS OF LAKE
COUNTY, ILLINOIS
BROWN, Steven E., Illinois State Geological Survey, Prairie Research Institute,
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 615 E. Peabody Dr, Champaign, IL 61820,
[email protected]
The Great Lakes Geologic Mapping Coalition is a partnership that includes the state geological
surveys of Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Minnesota, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and Wisconsin;
the Ontario Geological Survey; and the U.S. Geological Survey. The partnership builds on the
collective knowledge of these scientific organizations to map the glacial geology of the of the
Great Lakes states in high priority areas. Geologists and other staff use innovative computer
aided mapping, drilling, and geophysical technologies and methods to discover and document
complex stratigraphic and depositional relationships. Cornerstones of the Coalition are
three-dimensional mapping and modeling and the application of maps and models to solving
societal issues.
A three-dimensional geologic model for Lake County, Illinois has been made by the Illinois State
Geological Survey (ISGS) based on analysis of more than 200 exploration boreholes, 24,000
water-well and engineering borehole records, and several miles of geophysical transect data. A
data-sharing agreement with the county has facilitated the exchange of digital data, including
access to county-wide, high-accuracy datasets that facilitate mapping and quality control of public
domain information, such as water-well records.
In Lake County, the variability of the continuity and physical characteristics of deposits, typically
associated with a number of inset proglacial depositional sequences, necessitates application of
both lithostratigraphy and allostratigraphy to map and model geologic surfaces. A number of map
units are defined based on genesis, as a practical matter, where bounding surfaces are more
readily identified than the boundaries of discrete lithologic units.
Throughout the mapping process, ISGS staff have interacted with local decision makers to
both gain an understanding of local natural resource issues, and to provide geologic information
to those making decisions. Interactions have included presentations to the county board, local
municipalities, industry, and the general public. Future challenges include the design and
presentation of the three-dimensional model for the end user, noting users may not have the
software and hardware capabilities used to make the maps and models.
1:50 PM
Aden, Douglas J.
[218321]
MAPPING KARST IN THE NORTH-CENTRAL OHIO REGION
ADEN, Douglas J., Ohio Geological Survey, Ohio Department of Natural Resources, 2045
Morse RD., BLDG. C-2, Columbus, OH 43229-6693, [email protected]
Since 2009, the Ohio Geological Survey has undertaken reconnaissance mapping of karst areas
in Ohio, beginning with the cities of Delaware and Springfield and their vicinities. Currently, karst
is being mapped near the cities of Bellevue, Castalia, and Clyde in north-central Ohio—a densely
karstic area featuring some of the largest sinkholes in the state. To locate these sinkholes, LiDAR
(Light Detection and Ranging) data is used to generate a digital elevation model (DEM). This DEM
pinpoints depressions that may have internal drainage. These depressions are cross referenced
with known karst locations, bedrock geology, aerial photography, soil maps, drift thickness
maps, and water well logs. Many features were dismissed by using both aerial photography and
knowledge gained from previous field verification of how LiDAR interacts with streams, culverts,
and infrastructure as opposed to sinkholes. LiDAR lows and areas that could not be eliminated
remotely are being visited in the field and documented.
In total there are 1,208 distinct locations under review for karst in this 428-km2 area. To date,
the Ohio Geological Survey has confirmed 52 sinkholes and 24 springs, and eliminated 142
suspect sites either remotely or in the field. In addition to the newly located features, 240 karst
points that were field verified by previous workers will be rechecked against the LiDAR and in the
field. The remaining suspect locations will be field checked to determine if they are karst or not.
Also, records on size and depth of 218 features from a 1980 project are being compared to the
LiDAR to see if change over time can be observed.
Karst regions are highly susceptible to pollution, and structures built near them may subside.
Karst features in the Bellevue region have also served as conduits of groundwater discharge
during periods of unusually high precipitation. This groundwater discharge has led to severe,
localized flooding. The maps produced from this effort will allow areas of land development near
karst features to be better planned and maintained.
14-3
2:10 PM
Carson, Eric C.
[218823]
SURFICIAL GEOLOGIC MAPPING AND LANDSCAPE EVOLUTION RESEARCH IN THE
DRIFTLESS AREA OF SOUTHWESTERN WISCONSIN
CARSON, Eric C., Department of Environmental Sciences, Wisconsin Geological and
Natural History Survey, Madison, WI 53705, [email protected] and ATTIG, John W.,
Department of Environmental Sciences, Wisconsin Geological and Natural History Survey,
3817 Mineral Point Road, Madison, WI 53705
On-going surficial geology projects in the Driftless Area of southwestern Wisconsin are heavily
invested in the concept of the valuable synergies between high-quality research and highquality geologic mapping. Accurate and detailed mapping provides a basis to guide and inform
original research; focused research leads to a better understanding of geologic process, events,
chronology, stratigraphy and materials in a mapping area, and thus a better mapping product.
To exemplify this, mapping along the lower Wisconsin River valley has provided the impetus to
investigate the glacial deposits that define the boundaries of the unglaciated Driftless Area, and
the Quaternary geologic history archived by those deposits.
Along the Mississippi River, south of the confluence with the Wisconsin River, coring has
defined the easternmost extent of pre-Illinoian glacial deposits. Compact gray clay-rich till and
associated outwash were recognized within 1 km of the modern Mississippi River underlying the
ubiquitous Peoria loess. Coring through the pre-Illinoian Bridgeport moraine (Knox and Attig,
1988) identified a brown sandy till overlying a gray clay-rich till similar to that found farther south.
This implies that multiple pre-Illinoian glacial advances, depositing markedly different till, extended
eastward to a point roughly coincident with the modern Mississippi River.
In the Baraboo Hills area at the eastern margin of the Driftless Area, coring the late Wisconsin
Johnstown moraine where it blocks the south end of the Devils Lake gorge has revealed the
stratigraphy of the moraine and helped refine the history of the advance of ice to its maximum
position. The moraine is composed of ~5 m of till overlying more than 75 m of sand and gravel
(outwash). The stratigraphy suggests that ice was stable just short of its maximum extent and
depositing outwash that the ice ultimately advanced over to deposit till on the outwash.
These data likely would not have been collected if not for the surficial geology mapping being
conducted, and the insights gained from the data will improve the final mapping product. This
highlights the concept that taking a research-driven approach to mapping facilitates developing
priorities and long-term goals, and developing a greater understanding of key aspects of the
geology of the area being mapped.
14-4
2:30 PM
Fleming, Anthony H.
[218325]
A TALE OF TWO LOBES: THE PLEISTOCENE EVOLUTION OF INDIANA’S LARGEST
INTERLOBATE LAKE BASIN
FLEMING, Anthony H., 2275 E300S, Albion, IN 46701, [email protected] and
KARAFFA, Marni D., Indiana Geological Survey, Indiana University, 611 North Walnut Grove
Avenue, Bloomington, IN 47405
Lake Wawasee has the largest surface area of any natural lake in Indiana, while nearby
Tippecanoe Lake is the deepest. They are among a group of large, deep lakes (and dozens
of smaller ones) concentrated in a distinctly rugged, ~100 mi2area that defines the interlobate
boundary between the Saginaw and Erie Lobes in Kosciusko County, north-central Indiana.
Ongoing geologic mapping indicates that this more southerly part of the boundary experienced
a sharply different history than the segment further to the northeast, which generally lacks large
lakes, has more subdued topography, and in most places is characterized by the relatively simple
onlap of large Erie Lobe fans into basins produced by the withdrawal of the Saginaw Lobe into
Michigan.
Several lines of evidence indicate that extensive tracts of stagnant Erie Lobe ice were well
established in these lake basins before the Saginaw Lobe arrived, and long before deposition of
the large eastern fans (Topeka, Leesburg, Rochester) that followed. Individual ice blocks occupied
basins as great as 10-12 mi2and were (minimally) hundreds of feet thick; moreover, they persisted
for most of the late Wisconsin, greatly altering the behavior of subsequent glaciers and ultimately
controlling the distributions and character of younger deposits of both the Saginaw and Erie
Lobes.
The deposits from this earliest Erie Lobe event thicken southwestward into eastern Marshall
and extreme western Kosciusko Counties, where they form an extensive region of Erie Lobe
moraines and fans known as the Bourbon upland. As such, they seem to define a discrete
southern edge of the interlobate area—one that lies significantly further north than suggested
by historical interpretations. Moreover, these relations reinforce the growing recognition that the
history of the interlobate area is not monolithic, but instead consists of a heterogeneous group of
smaller regions, each defined by local ice margins competing for space.
SESSION NO. 14
14-5
2:50 PM
Hobbs, Trevor
[218481]
USING GIS TO INVENTORY COMMON VARIETY MINERAL MATERIALS FOR THE HURONMANISTEE NATIONAL FOREST, MI
HOBBS, Trevor, Huron-Manistee National Forest, GeoCorps Participant, 1755 S. Mitchell St,
Cadillac, MI 49601, [email protected]
The Huron-Manistee National Forest (HMNF) is relatively well endowed with aggregate resources
such as gravel, sand, clay, boulders and stone. These common variety mineral materials are
useful to the HMNF for projects such as road repairs, stream crossings, trail maintenance, and
canoe landing sites. The development of aggregate resources on Federal lands of the HMNF has
been a decreasing priority in recent decades. Since the 1980’s, an increasing number of Forest
Service pits have been closed and reclaimed, in favor of more ecologically and aesthetically
pleasing land management practices. Fragmented land and mineral ownership patterns within
the HMNF proclamation boundary also hinder the development and management of mineral
material pits. For these reasons, there has been an increase in the number of commercial pits in
the surrounding area, from which the HMNF now purchases aggregate resources to complete
construction, maintenance, and engineering projects. The increasing reliance on commercial
aggregate suppliers throughout the years has resulted in a fragmentation of knowledge about
the distribution and quality of common variety minerals on HMNF lands. Information about the
location of quality aggregate resources has become somewhat antiquated and often occurs in
dispersed file cabinets or as informal knowledge in the minds of District personnel. At this time,
it is unclear whether it makes more economic sense to extract these materials from NFS lands,
or continue purchasing aggregate from commercial suppliers. Moreover, there are no detailed
geologic maps covering the HMNF at this time, which adds an additional level of uncertainty
about the quality and quantity of aggregate resources at depth. Since 2011, the HMNF has
utilized the GeoCorps America program to put intern geoscientists to work on assimilating data
and information about common variety minerals on Forest Service lands. This information is
currently being gathered and stored in an ArcGIS geodatabase. When complete, the geodatabase
will serve as a useful tool for project planning, and advance the ongoing effort to inventory
common variety minerals across the HMNF. This presentation will highlight the methods used to
inventory and map historic and existing pits, as well as discuss practical uses of the geodatabase
for HMNF land managers.
14-6
3:10 PM
Kincare, Kevin A.
[218539]
A HIGH-LEVEL PROGLACIAL LAKE IN WEXFORD COUNTY, MICHIGAN, AND ITS
SIGNIFICANCE FOR THE BOUNDARY OF THE LAKE BORDER MORAINE IN NORTHWEST
LOWER MICHIGAN
KINCARE, Kevin A., U.S. Geological Survey, 926 A National Center, Reston, VA 20192,
[email protected]
The Lake Border moraine in northwestern lower Michigan has recently been reexamined in
western Wexford County. Leverett and Taylor (1915) mapped the Lake Border moraine (much
of which exceeds 400 m altitude in Wexford County) in contact with the Valparaiso/Charlotte
interlobate moraine at the latter’s northwest corner near Harrietta. Just south of Wexford County,
they mapped a convex to the west trending reentrant (67 km long, 45 km wide) in the Lake Border
moraine that bends back to the east in Newaygo County.
Recent mapping of deposits in the Lake Border moraine in Wexford County reveal glaciodeltaic
deposits from topset sand and gravel through to bottomset (varves) silt and clay. The ice-margin
configuration suggested by Leverett and Taylor (1915) cannot support a proglacial lake at the
altitudes indicated by recent mapping and drill holes. At the maximum extent of the Lake Border
glacier, a high level (~380 m altitude) proglacial lake must have been bounded by the glacier on
the west and southwest, older interlobate deposits to the southeast, and possibly the Saginaw
lobe to the east. The reentrant as currently drawn could not have held a proglacial lake at the
altitude demonstrated by this project. The drainage divide exposed by the reentrant is 100m below
the lake level of the lacustrine sediments in the glaciodeltaic morphosequence.
On the basis of this evidence, the Lake Border moraine is mapped without a reentrant. That is,
it remains close to the western edge of the Valparaiso-Charlotte interlobate moraine through to
the Lake-Newaygo County line where preliminary mapping indicates that the western edge of the
uplands is also composed of similar glaciodeltaic deposits.
14-7
3:50 PM
Burt, Abigail K.
[218484]
THREE-DIMENSIONAL GLACIAL GEOLOGY OF THE INTERLOBATE ORANGEVILLE
MORAINE, SOUTHWESTERN ONTARIO, CANADA
BURT, Abigail K., Ontario Geological Survey, 933 Ramsey Lake Road, Sudbury, ON P3E 6B5
Canada, [email protected]
The Ontario Geological Survey is undertaking regional scale 3-D hydrostratigraphic mapping of
glacial sediments in select areas of Southern Ontario. This is part of a broader initiative designed
to provide geoscience information for the identification, protection and sustainable use of the
provincial groundwater resource. The full workflow comprises the assembly and standardization
of existing subsurface data; acquisition of new geological and geophysical information; the
development of a conceptual geological model; the interpretation of the subsurface data; and the
generation of products for scientific, technical and non-technical clients.
The Orangeville-Fergus project area encompasses 1550 km2 centred on the Late Wisconsinan
interlobate Orangeville moraine. Bedrock dips to the southwest and deep buried bedrock valleys
extending back from the Niagara Escarpment host important sediment aquifers. Eight key
regional-scale sediment packages comprise: 1) older tills and localized coarse-textured stratified
sediments; 2) a pre-Late Wisconsinan aquifer that sporadically contains organic material; 3) the
main Late Wisconsinan Nissouri Phase Catfish Creek Till that forms a key stratigraphic marker
across the region; 4) Erie Phase aquifers and aquitards deposited during and following the
break-up of Catfish Creek ice consisting of coarse-textured glaciofluvial and subaquatic fan
sediments, fine-textured glaciolacustrine sediments and diamicton. This package includes the
Orangeville moraine and Rockwood buried-bedrock valley fill; 5) Port Bruce Phase Tavistock, Port
Stanley and upper sandy tills and upper Maryhill drift, deposited during lobate advances from the
northwest, northeast and southeast, and forming the upper aquitard across much of the study
area; 6) outwash gravels deposited in incised channels; 7) Mackinaw Phase Wentworth Till and
debris flows forming the Paris moraine and recording the maximum extent of the Erie–Ontario ice
lobe during this ice advance; and 8) glaciofluvial and coarse-textured glaciolacustrine sediments
overlying Wentworth Till in the far southeast of the study area. Closed depressions within the
granular deposits of the Orangeville and Paris moraines facilitate recharge and ensure a healthy
groundwater flow system at the head of three watersheds.
14-8
4:10 PM
Bajc, A.F.
[218725]
THE PRE-LATE WISCONSINAN SEDIMENT RECORD OF THE SOUTHERN PART OF SIMCOE
COUNTY, SOUTH-CENTRAL ONTARIO, CANADA
BAJC, A.F., Ontario Geological Survey, 933 Ramsey Lake Road, Sudbury, ON P3E 6B5,
Canada, [email protected] and MULLIGAN, R.P.M., School of Geography and Earth
Sciences, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
Recent deep drilling in support of government funded 3-D investigations for groundwater
management has resulted in an improved understanding of the sediment record pre-dating
the Late Wisconsinan advance of ice into the southern part of Simcoe County, an area of
approximately 1500 km2. Late Wisconsinan Newmarket Till, deposited by southwest-flowing
Simcoe lobe ice, is underlain by a thick sequence of glaciolacustrine sediments deposited in a
large basin bordered to the south and north by the advancing Ontario and Georgian Bay/Simcoe
ice lobes, respectively. AMS dating constrains this glaciolacustrine event to between about 39.8
and <29 ka BP. The glaciolacustrine deposits consist primarily of rhythmically laminated silts and
clays (> 1795 couplets counted) interrupted by as many as 3 cycles of sand deposition which
may extend laterally in the subsurface for more than 10 kms. The glaciolacustrine sequence,
which is correlated to the Thorncliffe Formation as defined in the Scarborough bluffs in Toronto,
blankets a regional unconformity surface dated at 39.8 to >54.7 ka BP. Organic-bearing alluvial
and lacustrine deposits containing macrofossils and pollen characteristic of newly deglaciated
landscapes are frequently intercepted in borings along this unconformity. The opening of low-level
outlets in response to significant ice retreat resulted in the observed subaerial conditions at this
time within the region. These deposits rest on an older fine-textured till, the upper surface of which
is often weathered, and whose outer limit may extend across the southern part of the county. This
Georgian Bay lobe drift sequence may be equivalent to the Sunnybrook Drift of the Lake Ontario
basin and of Early Wisconsinan age. An older, stony, coarse-textured till interbedded with stratified
sands, some organic-bearing, underlies this unit and rests on an incised bedrock surface.
The ages of these deposits are not known. AMS dating of wood recovered from these older
stratified deposits often yield ages beyond the limits of radiocarbon dating (>50 ka BP). Improved
understanding of the regional distribution and character of the subsurface units will be achieved
as part of the 3-D modelling process. This information will assist hydrogeologists as they strive to
better understand the groundwater flow system of the region.
14-9
4:30 PM
Prentice, Michael L.
[218612]
ERIE LOBE TILL STUDIES IN INDIANA REVEAL A DYNAMIC ICE MARGIN
PRENTICE, Michael L.1, DUCEY, Patrick W.2, ISMAIL, Ahmed3, LETSINGER, Sally L.4,
SARGENT, Steve5, and FENERTY, B.S.1, (1) Indiana Geological Survey, 611 N. Walnut
Grove Avenue, Bloomington, IN 47405-2208, [email protected], (2) Indiana University
Department of Geological Sciences, 1001 East 10th Street, Bloomington, IN 47405-1405,
(3) Illinois State Geological Survey, Prairie Research Institute, 615 East Peabody Drive,
Champaign, IL 61820, (4) Center for Geospatial Data Analysis, Indiana University, Indiana
Geological Survey, 611 N. Walnut Grove Avenue, Bloomington, IN 47405-2208, (5) Illinois
State Geological Survey, 615 East Peabody Drive, Champaign, IL 61820
The prominent end-moraine landsystem in northeastern Indiana made up of Erie lobe tills fades
out 20 km north of the Wabash-Erie channel and is replaced by a composite landsystem that
covers the extensive northern margin of Erie lobe deposits. We studied this composite landsystem
to improve understanding of Erie lobe and adjacent Saginaw lobe history. This work facilitates
mapping of Erie lobe tills in Indiana where they are referred to as the Lagro Formation. The
principal data consist of geomorphic observations, microstratigraphic studies on several highquality cores, and 12 km of high-resolution shear-wave seismic reflection profiles.
The composite Lagro landsystem is dominated by sinuous meltwater channels of several
scales that are discontinuous across the landscape and cut through most topographic features
made of Lagro till. Their morphology and distribution, as well as the seismic profiles intersecting
one channel, are indicative of subglacial formation. Likewise, the characteristics of the Lagro
subunit that surfaces parts of the composite landsystem are consistent with subglacial deposition.
We surmise that the composite landsystem is largely subglacial in origin.
Subglacial landsystem elements cut ridges that are cored by an ice-marginal facies of the
Lagro Formation as indicated by core stratigraphy. Seismic profiles over one such ridge are
consistent with deposition of a deep Lagro subunit as ice-marginal moraine. We infer that several
ridges in the composite landsystem are palimpsest Erie lobe ice-marginal moraines.
We suggest that the composite Lagro landsystem reflects a sequence of Erie lobe events that
are older than the Erie lobe stillstands represented by the end-moraine landsystem to the south. If
correct, the margin of this lobe fluctuated on a significant spatial scale more rapidly than currently
believed.
14-10
4:50 PM
Kozlowski, Andrew L.
[218782]
GLACIAL GEOLOGIC MAPPING OF THE MONTEZUMA WETLANDS COMPLEX IN CENTRAL,
NY: DEVELOPING 3D GEOLOGIC FRAMEWORKS TO RESOLVE HYDROSTRATIGRAPHIC
AND GLACIAL CHRONOLOGIC PROBLEMS
KOZLOWSKI, Andrew L., Geologic Survey, New York State Museum, 3140 Cultural
Education Center, Albany, NY 12230, [email protected] and BIRD, Brian, Geological
Survey, New York State Museum, 3140 Cultural Education Center, Albany, NY 12230
North of Cayuga Lake, the second largest and deepest of the Finger Lakes in central New York
State is the Montezuma Wetlands Complex. Over 40,000 acres of federal, state and private
wetland occupy a broad dendritic system of channels in the heart of the Ontario Drumlin field.
Glacial and postglacial deposits between 4 and 60 meters thick overlie rugged channelized
bedrock topography, carved into Devonian carbonates and Ordovician shales.
Excavations completed in 2008 revealed a complex stratigraphy inclusive of multiple buried
peat horizons containing well preserved buried trees and abundant organic materials of Younger
Dryas age. Follow up investigations revealed the presence of anomalous salt springs distributed
throughout the wetlands. Detailed geologic field mapping in concert with LIDAR data, exploratory
drilling and integrated geophysics provide robust information to understand complex glacial
stratigraphic frameworks that govern surface water groundwater interaction.
As the Ontario Lobe of the Laurentide Ice Sheet retreated large high energy ice marginal
channels routed meltwater into a drumlinized archipelago of early phase Lake Iroquois. Robust
radiocarbon dates coupled with internally consistent stratigraphy from numerous boreholes
provide a powerful set of data to constrain ice marginal positions, meltwater pulses and proglacial
lake successions in central New York.
As one of the largest wetland systems in the Great Lakes region, detailed three-dimensional
geologic mapping of the Montezuma Wetlands Complex provides natural resource officials an
invaluable tool to manage ecosystems and water resources, understand the natural history, and
plan for potential impacts of climate change.
SESSION NO. 14
14-11
5:10 PM
Misterovich, Gregory
[218781]
MAPPING GLACIAL FEATURES USING STATIGRAPHIC FIELD OBSERVATIONS AND GIS
MISTEROVICH, Gregory, NA, NA, 1810 Oak Ave, Birmingham, MI 48009,
[email protected]
Past textural and geomorphic interpretations of glacial features in the Birmingham Quadrangle
do not correspond well with the observed stratigraphy of those glacial features. To study these
differences, the observed stratigraphy data was mapped as points on a Geographic Information
System (GIS), and then displayed on Digital Elevation Model (DEM) data to gain a greater
understanding of the subsurface structure and the surface features.
The mapping revealed a hard packed massive clay layer that closely follows the surface
elevation, and is covered by a surface layer of till. A variety of contacts and layers exist between
the clay and till layer which include: direct contact, armored contact, bedding sand/gravel layer,
cross bedded sand/gravel layer, silt layer, massive sand layer and a combination of layers and
conditions. The complexity of the stratigraphy, multiple bedding and cross bedded sand/gravel
layers, increased as the surface elevation of the sampling points decreased and approach the
current surface drainage collection areas. The bedding lines of the sand/gravel remained in-phase
with the clay layer as the contact surface of the clay layer became wavy.
The hard packed massive clay layer shows no indications of horizontal deposition and due
to it’s variance in elevation has been interpreted as lodgment till. The armored contact on the
lodgment till is seen as the beginning of a subglacial meltwater flow with the smaller sediment
being transported out from the bottom of the surface till matrix and deposited as a sand/gravel
bedding layers in a subglacial cavity. When mapped the armored contact areas progressed from
the direct contact areas and into the multiple bedding and cross bedded sand/gravel layer areas
indicating a direction of subglacial meltwater flow. The preservation of the bedding structures
suggest that the overlying till is the product of a passive melt-out and that the continuous till plain
is a melt-out till.
Clay, silt, sand, gravel, and till deposits found below the elevation of the Maumee Shoreline
within the Birmingham Quadrangle were deposited by direct glacial contact and subglacial
fluvial discharge. Studies of past climate change rely upon the timing and location of ice in past
glaciations; greater details of these events are needed.
T14. Teaching and Learning Earth Science: K–16
Educational Pedagogy
15-1
1:30 PM
Salmons, Charles R.
[218216]
GEOLOGICAL WALK THROUGH TIME: A NEW EXHIBIT FOR 21ST CENTURY STATE
SCIENCE STANDARDS
SALMONS, Charles R., Ohio Department of Natural Resources, Division of Geological
Survey, 2045 Morse Rd, Bldg. C-1, Columbus, OH 43229, [email protected]
The new Geological Walk Through Time (or “Geo Walk”) at the Ohio State Fairgrounds provides
Ohio educators and students a unique teaching and learning experience that compliments the
new State of Ohio Revised Science Standards and Model Curriculum. Adopted in 2012, the new
standards re-envision what Ohio students should know to become scientifically literate citizens
equipped for higher education and the twenty-first century workforce. Dedicated in 2012, the
new Geo Walk is a 286-ft-long brick path that takes visitors through 450 million years of Ohio’s
geologic history. The interactive exhibit features large rock specimens characteristic of each
geologic period, from the Cambrian through Pennsylvanian, which visitors can touch and examine
up close. Other specimens include industrial minerals, such as coal and salt; building and canal
stones; and other rock types, such as flint, that have been important in Ohio’s cultural and
economic development. Central to the Geo Walk is a map of the state’s bedrock geology—thought
to be the largest outdoor geological map in the world—where visitors can stand and pinpoint
their home counties and learn what lies beneath their backyards and neighborhood streets.
Posted URL codes enable visitors using personal electronic devices to learn more as they follow
the pathway. Ohio educators will find the Geo Walk adaptable to many instructional methods,
especially when combined with other educational materials available from the Ohio Geological
Survey. Consequently, the Geo Walk is suitable for helping to meet state science standards
for such topics as fossils; rocks types; energy and mineral resources; landforms; geologic
processes; glacial geology; and geologic time. Guided tours also can be tailored to meet other
state standards, such as those for social studies, by demonstrating the vital connections between
geology and Ohio’s development as a state.
15-2
1:50 PM
Jagoda, Susan Kaschner
[218207]
DISTANCE-LEARNING AT DENALI NATIONAL PARK AND PRESERVE: A GEOCORPS
EXPERIENCE
JAGODA, Susan Kaschner, Lawrence Hall of Science (Retired), University of California,
Avon Lake, OH 44012, [email protected]
Distance learning via the Internet has become a component of many national park education
programs (http://www.nps.gov/learn/distance.cfm). Since funding for field trips is often not
available, and many students don’t have opportunities to visit national parks, distance learning
provides a chance to have the next best thing to a firsthand experience, a nearly close encounter
with an educator/naturalist who lives and works in a national park. Through the Geological Society
of America, GeoCorps Program and the National Park Service, I spent the summer of 2013 at
Denali National Park and Preserve helping develop a distance-learning program on the subject of
Denali’s (Mt. McKinley’s) geology. This presentation will include a look at the materials that were
created and their development, including a PowerPoint program that is delivered via Skype and
supporting teacher, student, and ranger resources. An update on how the program has been used
over the past 6 months will also be included.
2:10 PM
Lewandowski, Katherine J.
[218542]
FOSTERING GLOBAL CITIZENSHIP IN THE SECONDARY CLASSROOM
LEWANDOWSKI, Katherine J.1, O’MALLEY, Christina E.2, and JAQUES, Charlie A.1,
(1) Department of Geology-Geography, Eastern Illinois University, 600 Lincoln Ave,
Charleston, IL 61920, [email protected], (2) Department of Earth And Environmental
Sciences, Wright State University, Brehm Lab 260, 3640 Colonel Glenn Hwy, Dayton, OH
45435
The Next Generation Science Standards (2013) have a vision of science that emphasizes
“1) science and engineering practice, 2) cross cutting concepts, and 3) disciplinary core ideas.”
To this end, we have developed units for the high school classroom. Two units of lessons in
issues-based science with a goal of producing integrated learning were developed by pre-service
teachers during the course of teacher preparation programs. Each unit consists of various lessons
targeting different skills and learning styles, from the application of mathematics to determine
appropriate flood mitigation to the construction of a model of an island to understand biomes. The
aim is for students to learn about different concepts, such as flood processes, plate tectonics,
and island biogeography, in a geographical context. Students gain a deeper understanding of
an unfamiliar region of the world by first understanding local processes, and then applying that
knowledge to a place that is further afield and unfamiliar to them. This approach will help students
to see both what is different about these regions, as well as what is similar, and accomplishes a
better awareness of regional and global issues.
15-4
2:30 PM
Rice, Jane
[218607]
A FEW GOOD IDEAS: INTEGRATING EARTH SCIENCE WITH LIFE SCIENCE AND PHYSICAL
SCIENCE
RICE, Jane1, RUSTEM, Stephanie2, JACKSON, Susan3, MARKHAM, Laura4, MALDONADO,
Patricia3, and ANDERSON, Charles W.5, (1) Geological Sciences, Michigan State University,
354 Farm Lane Room 120, East Lansing, MI 48824, [email protected], (2) Community
Sustainability, Michigan State University, 354 Farm Lane Room 113, East Lansing, MI 48824,
(3) Center for Integrative Studies in General Science, Michigan State University, 354 Farm
Lane Room 112, East Lansing, MI 48824, (4) Center for Integrative Studies in General
Science, Michigan State University, 354 Farm Lane Room 115, East Lansing, MI 48824,
(5) Teacher Education, Michigan State University, 620 FARM LN ROOM 319A, East Lansing,
MI 48824
Earth science, like any science discipline, can appear to be a million disjointed facts, or it
can be seen as a few, integrating ideas that can be used in everyday life to make informed
decisions about health, consumer choices, and environmental issues. We designed a course
for elementary and middle school pre-service teachers based on a few good ideas, namely
matter conservation, energy conservation, and the interaction between matter and energy. We
call these ideas “foundational big ideas” because, while specific to chemistry, they also form the
foundation of any science discipline. These big ideas were used to build a coherent framework
for learning that was supported with targeted teaching strategies and instructional activities. We
emphasized a conceptual understanding of these foundational big ideas as well as the ability
to use this understanding as a tool for reasoning about science phenomena in a variety of
disciplinary contexts, including geology. For example, we applied conservation of matter to the
use of Earth’s material resources from mining through processing, manufacturing, and consumer
use to disposal. We applied conservation of energy to the use of energy resources with the
resultant transformation of chemical energy to thermal energy. While conservation may seem
obvious in these examples, we found that college students hold many misconceptions, including
a belief that mining is a thing of the past since factories can make everything people need. We
also found that students’ informal use of matter and energy terms in everyday life often leads to
these misconceptions, such as “we’re running out of energy”, or “we’re running out of aluminum
so we need to recycle”, both of which can lead students to think that matter and energy can be
destroyed. We will report on our students’ ability to apply these foundational big ideas to new
contexts and to integrate them across disciplines, such as meteorology, hydrology, ecology,
and human physiology. The authors gratefully acknowledge the financial support of NSF (DUE0941820) for support of this project.
15-5
3:10 PM
Mattox, Stephen
[218476]
THE VALUE OF TEACHING A METHODS COURSE FOR EARTH SCIENCE PRESERVICE
TEACHERS
MATTOX, Stephen, Geology, Grand Valley State University, 133 Padnos, Allendale, MI
Michigan Earth science teachers address content in nature of science, astronomy, weather, and
geology. A “methods” course was developed to bridge the gap between content courses and the
practice of teaching. The course assists in meeting accreditation requirements for the program
and for preparation for the MTTC. Course work consists of pre-/post-tests, addressing state and
Next Generation science standards, experience with existing teaching materials, design of new
inquiry-based instructional materials, class projects that incorporate nature of science, observing
a science teacher, and the opportunity to attend a MSTA meeting.
Pre-/post-tests include the Astronomy Diagnostic Test and the Geology Concept Inventory. The
tests evaluate student understanding and prior experiences, role of required college courses, and
impact of current instruction. Standards are introduced at the start of each discipline and within
lessons. During most classes students work through exceptional existing curriculum that address
key concepts or content, such as NASA Astrobiology, American Metrological Society DataStreme,
or materials from NSTA or SERC. Students use the BSCS description of writing 5E, inquirybased lessons and are required to write a lesson to address a standard or need. Some students
elevate their writing to materials that are presented at science teacher meetings or published
in peer-reviewed science education journals. To address larger projects all students work on a
single lesson. Topics have included the 1904 flood in Grand Rapids, how science is presented in
newspapers, how geoscientists are portrayed in college textbooks, and the historical development
and teaching of absolute time. The class exercise provides insights into the nature of science and
in collaborative writing, peer review, and presentation of scientific work. Students are required
to observe a local teacher and report on content, teaching style, classroom management, and
success of the lesson. Students are encouraged to join and attend meetings of science teacher
associations.
Student evaluations and alums are positive regarding the course. Students are better prepared
for their College of Education teaching experiences and do better on certification exams. They
establish professional habits that carry forward in their careers.
SESSION NO. 16
15-6
3:30 PM
Rudge, David W.
[217867]
EARTH SCIENCE IN AN ON-LINE ENVIRONMENT
RUDGE, David W., Biological Sciences & The Mallinson Institute for Science Education,
Western Michigan University, 3134 Wood Hall, M.S. 5410, Kalamazoo, MI 49008-5410,
[email protected] and PETCOVIC, Heather L., Department of Geosciences and
The Mallinson Institute for Science Education, Western Michigan University, 1903 W
Michigan Ave, Kalamazoo, MI 49008-5241
SCI 5900 Earth Science for Sch. Sci. Ed. is a graduate level on-line geoscience course offered
at a large mid-Western university taken by area high school science teachers for the purpose
of their on-going professional development. It was created collaboratively by a science educator
with some previous experience developing on-line courses (but no formal training in the earth
sciences), and an earth science educator who kept him honest. The course was developed
against the possibility it would be taken by a single student at a time. Students take a series
of learning modules that feature films on introductory earth science content, multiple choice
quizzes and concept mapping. Students write occasional reflection essays with reference to
select readings on typical misconceptions associated with earth science concepts. Students are
also responsible for a five part term paper, which includes: (1) an explanation of a chosen earth
science concept/process and identification of common misconceptions students have about that
concept/process, (2) an argument for why a scientifically literate person should know the concept/
process, (3) an assessment instrument that could be used to determine whether how proficient
a student is with regard to the scientific concept/process, (4) a unit plan that details how the
concept/process would be taught, and (5) an argument that defends why teaching the concept/
process in the way described will indeed help students learn the concept/process. A mandatory
rewrite of the entire paper is required of all students. During the presentation the authors will
share the story of how the course was developed with particular attention to the strengths and
limitations of teaching earth science in an on-line environment. They will also share their attempts
to assess both student learning of science content and student comfort with the mode by which it
is being delivered.
15-7
3:50 PM
Keen, Kerry L.
[218768]
AN ACTIVE WORKSHOP ON PRINCIPLES OF GROUNDWATER FLOW EMBEDDED IN A
“NORMAL” UNDERGRADUATE HYDROGEOLOGY COURSE
KEEN, Kerry L., Plant and Earth Science Dept, University of Wisconsin-River Falls, 410 S.
3rd Street, River Falls, WI 54022, [email protected]
After some years of struggling with how best to help students develop a solid and integrated
understanding of fundamental principles in my Hydrogeology course, I decided a different
approach was needed. The topics to focus on include subsurface water zones, head, gradients,
potentiometric surfaces, and flow. The revised approach incorporates a mix of short lectures
and exercises, followed immediately by feedback, and structured so that each builds on the prior
mini-lecture and exercise. I could have simply kept forcing this into the existing standardized time
structure for this course (two 2-hour classes per week), but that was inefficient and ineffective.
The long time gaps between class sessions worked against developing student abilities to
process and synthesize these concepts.
Instead I created a 1-day weekend workshop focused on the topics specified above. We
purposefully meet in a different classroom. A substantial set of workshop handouts: lecture notes
plus exercises, are picked up at the beginning. We start by defining subsurface water zones,
in the form of a group ice-breaker activity. This is followed by discussing head in the saturated
and unsaturated zone, which leads directly to applying these definitions to an exercise on head
measurements in a vertical cross-section through a field of nested piezometers and tensiometers.
Once head values are contoured across both zones, flow can be diagrammed. While students
work individually or in pairs, I answer questions and provide guidance. This is followed by
projecting the exercise key, with further discussion/clarification. After a hearty and varied lunch
(provided by me – and critical to workshop “success”), we build to more complex geology and
systems of multiple potentiometric surfaces. Toward the end of the approximately 6-hour day, we
return to analyze a data set of water-level measurements at a field site of nested piezometers,
in the context of what has been learned earlier. Last year, I incorporated a follow-up exercise
at the start of the next regular class session to help solidify what they learned in the workshop.
Although students are tired by the end of the workshop, many make significant strides toward an
enlightened understanding of the key concepts.
15-8
4:10 PM
Zimmerman, Alexander N.
[216805]
INTRODUCTION TO SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY: A PROJECT-BASED UNDERGRADUATE
UPPER DIVISION COURSE
POLLARD, Alexander KH Sr, Geology Department, Lake Superior State University, 650 W.
Easterday Ave, Sault Ste. Marie, MI 49783, ZIMMERMAN, Alexander N. Jr, Geology
Department, Lake Superior State University, 650 W. Easterday Ave, Sault Ste Marie, MI
49783, [email protected], BROWN, Lewis M., Geology and Physics, Lake Superior
State University, 650 W. Easterday Ave, Sault Ste. Marie, MI 49783, and KELSO, Paul,
Department of Geology and Physics, Lake Superior State University, Sault Ste. Marie,
MI 49783
Introduction to Sequence Stratigraphy is an upper division course developed at Lake Superior
State University Geology Department as a part of a NSF sponsored undergraduate curricular
revision. It is designed to teach the basic concepts of sequence stratigraphy in the context of
clastic and carbonate systems. Based on constructivist educational philosophy, this course
integrates lecture and laboratory utilizing diverse active learning strategies that focus on real-life
experiences and problems. Course objectives include gaining an understanding of the concepts
and applications of sequence stratigraphy and learning the basic methods of stratigraphic
correlation using well logs. A further goal is for students to use geologic computer software to
develop graphic representation of sedimentary rock sequences including construction of crosssections, fence diagrams, isopach and structure contour maps, ect. Lecture material focuses
on the development of sequence stratigraphy concepts, mechanisms, descriptions of cycles of
varying episodicies within the Pennsylvanian, shallow marine clastic and carbonate cyclicity,
and time correlation applications. Students engage in laboratory exercises and work in teams of
two on a semester-long project. This project requires students to interpret the stratigraphy and
develop a petroleum prospect in the Powder River Basin, Wyoming. Target formations are those
the students examine in outcrop in their prerequisite sophomore-level field course to the Black
Hills, South Dakota. Each team works on a different specified field and they compete to generate
the best prospect. Students model real life experience by downloading borehole data from the
Wyoming Oil and Gas Conservation Commission website and entering it into Rockworks software.
Teams present weekly progress reports which include work completed, such as pertinent maps
and cross sections, and plans for future work. A final individually written paper and a team
oral presentation are required. When engaged in project-based activities, students uniformly
report heightened interest and motivation. Student’s skills in data analysis, interpretation and
presentation increase throughout the project as do interpersonal skills related to group dynamics
in an industry modeled, development team approach.
T22. Topics in Vertebrate Paleontology
16-1
1:35 PM
Deuter, Leigh H.
[218052]
A REVIEW OF THE CHONDRICHTHYANS FROM THE MISSISSIPPIan SYSTEM OF
NORTHERN ALABAMA, USA
CIAMPAGLIO, C.N., Earth and Environmental Science, Wright State University - Lake
Campus, 7600 Lake Campus Drive, Celina, OH 45885, CICIMURRI, David J., Curator,
South Carolina State Museum, 301 Gervais Street, Columbia, SC 29201, and DEUTER,
Leigh H., Earth and Environmental Sciences, Wright State University, 3640 Colonel Glenn
Hwy, Dayton, OH 45435, [email protected]
It has been over a century and a half since Tuomey’s (1858) seminal work on the geology
and paleontology of Alabama, wherein he provided the first descriptions of Mississippian
chondrichthyans in the state. Since that time very little has been published on the subject,
which is surprising given the extensive Mississippian age exposures found throughout northern
Alabama. Casual observation of the limestone benches in and around north-central Alabama has
revealed diverse and abundant chondrichthyan faunas, and vertebrate fossil occurrences appear
to be well known to local collectors.
Recent fieldwork and examination of several museum and private collections has revealed that
the number of chondrichthyan species occurring in upper Mississippian (primarily Chesterian)
rocks of northern Alabama is greater than previously known. Combined with taxa documented
prior to the present report, 26 distinct chondrichthyan taxa are found in calcareous strata within
the Monteagle Limestone, Pride Mountain Formation, Bangor Limestone, Hartselle Sandstone,
and Tuscumbia Limestone.
We emend several earlier taxonomic identifications, with Cladodus newmani herein reassigned
to C. sp. cf. C. bellifer, and C. magnificus is Saivodus striatus. Newly documented species include
Polyrhizodus sp., cf. Ctenoptychius apicalis, Deltodus sp. cf. D. undulatus, and Deltoptychius sp.
cf. D. acutus. In addition, occurrences of Carcharopsis wortheni are corroborated.
Additionally, a cursory inspection of micro-remains from the Pride Mountain Formation have
revealed the presence of Cooleyella and Isacrodus. We have no doubt that additional species
will be uncovered, especially when rock exposures are more carefully inspected for macro- and
micro-vertebrate remains.
16-2
1:55 PM
Gottfried, Michael D.
[218331]
EXCEPTIONAL 3D PRESERVATION IN A TARPON-LIKE FISH FROM THE CRETACEOUS OF
THE CHATHAM ISLANDS, NEW ZEALAND
GOTTFRIED, Michael D.1, FORDYCE, R. Ewan2, and LEE, Daphne2, (1) Geological Sciences
and Museum, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824-1045, [email protected],
(2) Department of Geology, University of Otago, Dunedin, 9054, New Zealand
We report on a large tarpon-like fish [Elopomorpha] from the Cretaceous of Pitt Island, Chatham
Islands, New Zealand. The 3D-preserved specimen is the most complete and informative fossil
elopomorph reported to date from the Southern Hemisphere. Features supporting elopomorph
affinities include the lack of a separate retroarticular ossification on the lower jaw, and a
primitively retained median gular. Affinity with the Family Megalopidae (tarpons) is indicated by
the superior mouth position, large posttemporal fossae, and laterally compressed body covered
in large and extensively overlapping cycloid scales. The specimen’s elongate body, high and
strongly developed coronoid process on the mandible, enlarged median gular, and relatively
low-profile head indicate that the Pitt Island fish represents a distinctive new taxon within
megalopids. The specimen also possesses two distinctive and unusual features: a cluster of thin
scale-like anamestic bones in the cheek region between the infraorbitals and preoperculum, and
a continuation of the lateral line scales on a tapering lobe that extends posterior to the caudal
peduncle and onto the base of the caudal fin. The nature of the exceptional 3D preservation of
the specimen suggests that the carcass was subaerially exposed and ‘mummified’ prior to burial
in the tuffaceous matrix. The overall morphology of the specimen indicates a fish similar in many
respects to the extant tarpons Megalops atlanticus and M. cyprinoides but with a lower, more
shallow head profile and a more attenuated body, along with several unique skeletal features not
previously reported on megalopid fishes.
16-3
2:15 PM
Jeffery, David L.
[218645]
A NEW PERMIAN VERTEBRATE TRACKWAY SITE IN THE DUNKARD GROUP OF THE
APPALACHIAN BASIN
JEFFERY, David L., Dept Petroleum Eng & Geo, Marietta College, 215 Fifth Street, Marietta,
OH 45750, [email protected]
A new tetrapod trackway site in the Appalachian Basin has yielded at least five ichnogenera within
the Marietta Sandstone member of the Washington Formation, a part of the Pennsylvanian to
Permian Dunkard Group. Preliminary identification of specimens that have numerous consecutive
prints forming trackways includes the ichnogenera Limnopus, Dromopus, Dimetropus,
Batrachichnus, and Laoporus. Numerous stray prints that are not part of distinct trackway sets
are also present, although difficult to ascribe to a genus. The tracks are convex casts on the
bases of successive layers of thinly bedded, fine grained sandstone that are discontinuous
and each being up to several centimeters thick. The sandstone is interbedded with thin layers
of shale on the order of one centimeter thick. The sandstone must be pried up to reveal the
prints as casts on the underside of the slabs. The sandstone slabs also display mudcrack casts,
raindrop impressions, and have numerous fern frond impressions. The overall succession of
thinly interbedded sandstone and shale is as much as a meter thick and covers an area of 30
meters along the outcrop and back 3-4 meters along an excavated bench, before extending
beneath overlying strata, a fortunate result of recent road improvements. This succession is the
top-most meter of a large, complex ten meter thick sandstone channel fill that makes up the
Upper Marietta Sandstone. Overlying strata consist of a thick succession of shales interpreted as
floodplain deposits that are primarily paleosols and red beds with thin, discontinuous greywackes.
The trackways are interpreted to have been preserved in successive fining upward flood or
splay deposits. The sandstone casts are the initial sands at the base of a splay deposit that
filled trackways impressed into fine muds capping the previous splay. This apparently happened
during the final filling of the large erosional channel scour making up the Marietta Sandstone that
formed during a significant downcutting event, likely cuased by a drop in base level. The channel
subsequently filled with sands. Trackways are preserved in the transition from the coarse grained
SESSION NO. 16
channel fill to the finer grained deposits of floodplain deposition as erosional topography was
filled, perhaps because of a subsequent rise in base level.
16-4
2:35 PM
Farlow, James O.
[218338]
ON THE MAKERS OF “METATARSAL” TRIDACTYL DINOSAUR FOOTPRINTS OF THE PALUXY
RIVER (GLEN ROSE FORMATION, DINOSAUR VALLEY STATE PARK, SOMERVELL COUNTY,
TEXAS)
FARLOW, James O., Department of Geosciences, Indiana-Purdue Univ, Fort Wayne, IN
46805, [email protected], KUBAN, Glen J., 4746 Grayton Road, Cleveland, OH 441345, and
CURRIE, Philip J., Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, 11759 Groat
Road NW, Edmonton, AB T5M 3K6, Canada
Atypical tridactyl dinosaur footprints with elongate extensions of the “heel” are known from
Mesozoic tracksites around the world. Many such elongate footprints were likely made during
contact of the metatarsus with the substrate, sometimes in the course of an atypical mode of
progression by the dinosaur. Such “metatarsarsal” (MT) prints are a common feature of dinosaur
tracksites of the Glen Rose Formation (Early Cretaceous), as exposed along the Paluxy River
in and near Dinosaur Valley State Park, and are the basis for the belief that tracks of gigantic
humans occur alongside dinosaur footprints at those sites (especially when digit impressions of
such MT tracks are subdued due to infilling or sediment collapse).
When MT tracks record the entire length of the dinosaur’s foot, it is possible to compare their
proportions with those of foot skeletons of potential makers of tridactyl dinosaur footprints. Some
dinosaur groups (basal theropods, allosauroids, basal ornithopods, Tenontosaurus, iguanodonts,
basal ceratopsians) have a relatively long digit III compared with the length of metatarsal III, while
other groups (tyrannosauroids, ornithomimosaurs) have a relatively short digit III; hadrosaurs
vary in this comparison. Basal theropods, allosauroids, tyrannosauroids, basal ornithopods,
Tenontosaurus, and basal ceratopsians all have a digit I likely to leave an impression in footprints
in which the metatarsus touched the substrate, while derived iguanodonts (including hadrosaurs)
and most ornithomimosaurs have lost digit I.
Two distinct morphotypes of MT prints have so far been recognized in footprints from the Glen
Rose Formation. One of these has a relatively long digit III free length compared with the length
of the metatarsal portion of the print, and also has a distinct hallux impression. This morphotype
matches expectations in shape and size for an allosauroid. The second morphotype has a
relatively short digit III free length compared with the length of the metatarsal portion of the print,
and shows no sign of a hallux impression. In both size and shape it matches expectations for an
ornithomimosaur. Both allosauroids and possible ornithomimosaurs have been recognized from
the Lower Cretaceous skeletal fauna of the Gulf Coast region. These groups thus are the most
likely makers of Paluxy River MT prints.
16-5
3:15 PM
Aucoin, Christopher D.
[218350]
VIRTUAL FOOTPRINTS: CREATING DIGITAL MAPS OF DINOSAUR TRACKS AND
SEDIMENTARY STRUCTURES
AUCOIN, Christopher D., Department of Geology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH
45211-0013, [email protected] and HASBARGEN, Leslie, Department of Earth and
Atmospheric Sciences, SUNY College at Oneonta, 219 Science 1 Building, Oneonta, NY
13820
Fossil footprints are an important area of study for understanding animal behavior. To study these
footprints and to get a better understanding of the behavior they represent, high quality maps are
required. This means shifting away from the stylized maps using generic track shapes to more
sophisticated digital maps which preserve actual track morphology.
We developed a method using georeferenced photographs to create scaled maps of tracks
and trackways. None of the photographs overlap. Rather, once georeferenced, they create a
scattered mosaic of pertinent features which maintain proper spatial relations and scale. For
each photograph, we surveyed ground control points (GCP) using a reflectorless total station.
The GCP consisted of known points on a compass aligned to geographic north placed next to a
feature of interest. We tied the total station survey into a georeferenced frame using two locations
determined with differential GPS receivers.
We tested our mapping method at the Dinosaur Footprint Reservation near Holyoke, MA. At this
Jurassic aged site we mapped 135 of the over 1000 dinosaur tracks, as well as 12 ripple marked
zones. We georectified each photograph using the GCP, allowing us to construct a unified digital
map of the site from which we could measure tracks, ripple marks and plant fossils. With these
maps, we have collected measurements of the tracks including orientations, widths and lengths.
The measurements have been checked for accuracy by taking advantage of the scale on the
compass. We find errors in length on the order of a few mm (0.01-0.05 cm) while the orientations
show a +/- 2 degree error. Manual measurements of track shape and ripple crest can be assigned
to various data types in GIS, and this facilitates rendering characteristics including size, track type
and preservation effectively with color, line styles, etc.
This methodology is broadly applicable for macro-sized features and will soon be tested with
smaller scale features.
16-6
3:35 PM
Masters, Simon
[218373]
A NEW SPECIMEN OF ORTHOGENYSUCHUS FROM THE UINTA FORMATION OF UTAH
MASTERS, Simon, Vertebrate Paleontology, Cleveland Museum of Natural History,
1 Wade Oval Dr, Cleveland, OH 44106, [email protected] and SANDAU, Stephen,
Intermountain Paleo-Consulting, Vernal, UT 84078
In 2009, during a paleontological reconnaissance survey in the Uinta B (Wagonhound Member)
of the Uinta Formation, a unique Crocodylian was discovered and collected. As reported on
at the 2010 Society of Vertebrate Paleontology annual meeting, the specimen (BYU 18904)
consists of associated maxilla, partial left and right dentaries, vertebrae, and many loose teeth.
Known Crocodylia, from the geographic area of the Uinta Basin, include Allognathosuchus,
Procaimanoidea, Brachychampsa, Crocodylus, 3 species of Leidyosuchus, Pristichampsus
(Green River Formation), and potentially Borealosuchus. These crocodylians are typically larger,
more derived, have distinctive non-bladelike teeth, pitted rugosity, and significantly different skull
morphology when compared to BYU 18904.
Preliminary osteological comparisons suggest the specimen belongs to the genus
Orthogenysuchus. BYU 18904 displays similar apomorphies with the only known specimen
of Orthogenysuchus (AMNH 5178) from Wasatchian Beds of the Big Horn Basin, Wyoming.
Similarities include: small, slender, angled teeth; the anterior portions of the dentaries expand and
compress latero-ventrally; proximal dentary avoleii expand laterally, not dorsally; and slight, rolling
rugose depressions (not pits) on cranial material. The dentaries are tubular when compared to
other Uinta Basin Crocodylians.
If the BYU 18904 specimen is an additional specimen of Orthogenysuchus, this discovery
increases the temporal range of the genus by ~15 million years and a substantial extension of
the geographic region. The new specimen is considered to be an adult based on fusions in the
vertebrae and lack of visible sutures on the skull and dentaries, however, it is significantly smaller
22 2013 GSA Abstracts with Programs than the known specimen AMNH 5178. The new specimen’s preserved skull is approximately
187mm long, compared with 333mm of the known. BYU 18904 is only moderately well preserved
and sutures may be obstructed. Further taxonomic investigation is needed to determine if BYU
18904 is a paratype to AMNH 5178, or if it represents a derived species. This new specimen
has the potential to add significant morphological data to the genus Orthogenosuchus and shed
further taxonomic light on basal Crocodylian phylogeny, paleoecology, and paleogeography.
16-7
3:55 PM
Guenther, Merrilee F.
[218527]
NEW EVIDENCE FOR HATCHLING AND JUVENILE HADROSAUROIDS IN THE SAN JUAN
BASIN, NEW MEXICO
GUENTHER, Merrilee F., MCCARTHY, Stephanie M., and WOSIK, Mateusz,
Department of Biology, Elmhurst College, 190 Prospect Avenue, Elmhurst, IL 60126,
[email protected]
The record of dinosaurs and specifically, ornithopods, in the San Juan Basin of New Mexico
is limited. In contrast to the record in the Northern part of the United States and Southern
Canada, represented by well preserved specimens, the hadrosauroid record of New Mexico is
comparatively sparse. Also limited in the San Juan Basin record, are growth series and evidence
of juvenile and subadult hadrosauroid individuals. The previous record of hatchling hadrosauroids
in the San Juan Basin has been restricted to a single humerus, referred to Parasaurolophus
tubicen, from the De-na-zin Member of the Kirtland Formation.
A reexamination of specimens collected from the San Juan Basin in 1922 by Charles H.
Sternberg has revealed new evidence of the presence of hatchling and juvenile hadrosauroids
in the region. The collection, housed at the Field Museum of Natural History, is composed
of disarticulated elements from the Kirtland Formation of McKinley County, New Mexico,
approximately 85 miles northeast of Thoreau, New Mexico.
The juvenile elements consist of postcrania including ribs, femora, and scapulae, and
fragmentary skull elements, such as a dentary, partial quadrate, and quadratojugal. The smallest
element, a scapula (PR 1295) that is approximately 66 mm in length, is comparable in size to
those of hatchling individuals of Maiasaura and Hypacrosaurus. The lateral profile of the dorsal
margin of this scapula is craniocaudally straight, suggesting that the hatchling represents a
basal hadrosauroid taxon. The scapula is well preserved and lacks abrasions that would signify
transport, suggesting that the hatchling elements were buried near their origin, possibly near a
nesting site. The presence of these specimens in the San Juan Basin indicates that hadrosauroid
growth series may be preserved in the region.
16-8
4:15 PM
Scott, Evan E.
[218214]
WHY BONE BEDS ARE BETTER INDICATORS OF HOW CERATOPSIDS LIVED THAN HOW
THEY DIED
RYAN, Michael J., Dept. of Vertebrate Paleontology, Cleveland Museum of Natural History,
1 Wade Oval Dr, University Circle, Cleveland, OH 44106, SCOTT, Evan E., Department
of Vertebrate Paleontology, Cleveland Museum of Natural History, 1 Wade Oval Drive,
University Circle, Cleveland, OH 44106, [email protected], CHIBA, Kentaro, Department of
Natural History Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita 10, Nishi 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido,
060-0810, Japan, and EVANS, David C., Dept. of Natural History, Royal Ontario Museum,
100 Queen’s Park, Toronto, ON M5S 2C6, Canada
Gregarious behavior in Ceratopsia, as inferred from bone beds (BBs), or the close association
of multiple skeletal remains, was a shared trait throughout their history (Yinlong, early Late
Jurassic to Triceratops, latest Cretaceous). Although many ceratopsids are known from typically
monodominant BBs, centrosaurine BBs are generally larger (>MNI), more numerous, and found
over larger geographical ranges than chasmosaurine BBs. Almost every derived centrosaurine
taxa is known from multiple BBs.
Numerous detailed sedimentological and taphonomic analyses have been conducted on
BBs of the late Campanian Albertan centrosaurs Centrosaurus (20+), Coronosaurus (2),
Pachyrhinosaurus (2), and Styracosaurus (1); however, not all of the data has been published.
Although the BBs are found in different formations, their entombing lithosomes are invariably
channel sandstones or overbank mudstones reflecting the alluvial to coastal plain environments
in which they were living during the Campanian transgressive phase of the Western Interior
Seaway (WIS). Material in the BBs is always disarticulated with the exceptions of the highly fused
skulls of Pachyrhinosaurus, or the fused nasals and supraorbitals of the other taxa. Abrasion
is typically moderate although the ends of limb elements are broken, and the smaller, lighter
skeletal elements are usually recovered in relatively reduced numbers suggesting winnowing.
Shed large theropod teeth are common (up to ~10%) in the BBs, but tooth-marked bones are
rare (~<5%) suggesting a postmortem scavenging event with more carcasses than the theropods
could process. The gestalt of the taphonomic indicators suggests that these dinosaurs lived in
gregarious herds composed of very young to mature individuals that died together. Their corpses
were then subjected to scavenging, disarticulated by decay, and then redeposited relatively close
to the point of death by a subsequent high water event. Episodic, large scale flooding of the
low-lying flood plain adjacent to the WIS is a plausible mechanism for drowning large numbers
of herding animals, although a definitive sedimentological signature has yet to be determined.
Other factors, including illness or drought, cannot be discounted, but definitive evidence for these
mechanisms for ceratopsid mass death is rarely recovered.
16-9
4:35 PM
McAfee, Robert K.
[218121]
ON THE POST-CRANIAL ANATOMY OF MYLODON DARWINII, AND IMPLICATIONS FOR THE
FUNCTIONAL MORPHOLOGY OF THE FORELIMB
MCAFEE, Robert K., Ohio Northern University, Department of Biological and Allied Health
Sciences, 525 South Main Street, Ada, OH 45810, [email protected]
The South American ground sloth Mylodon darwinii (Mammalia: Pilosa: Mylodontidae) is best
known and distinguished from other mylodontid sloths from cranial features such as having a
reduced dental formula (4/4), a long and narrow skull, and the very unique retention/ossification
of nasal cartilage into a bony arch. This taxon has a long historical record, dating back to the
mid-1800s, but for nearly a century it was wrapped up in disagreements over nomenclature with
other Pleistocene mylodontids (e.g. Glossotherium, Lestodon, Paramylodon), which along with
a collection bias for cranial materials left the post-crania as relatively unknown. Discovery in
the collections of the Field Museum of Natural History of a forgotten skull with associated postcrania belonging to a young adult of Mylodon darwinii from Buenos Aires, Argentina provides an
opportunity to establish and compare taxon-specific characters for this genus with those of other
contemporary mylodontids. While the specimen is far from complete, there is enough material
present to put forth novel characterizations for the atlas and for the left ulna, radius, carpals,
metacarpals, and astragalus, which successfully distinguishes them from other mylodontids
beyond the historical standby of size. The nearly complete left forelimb also permits a preliminary
study of its functional morphology and provides a basis for inferring the potential habits of
Mylodon during its life. Overall, the successful identification of these elements opens the door for
SESSION NO. 17
recognizing additional post-cranial elements of Mylodon and will further aid in our understanding
of this extinct giant.
Geophysics, Geochemistry & Oil (Posters)
17-1
BTH 1
Haque, Md. Aminul
17-4
[214421]
COMPARATIVE STUDY OF NUTRIENT FLUX FROM AREAS OF VARIABLE LAND USE
PRACTICES WITHIN A WATERSHED
HAQUE, Md. Aminul, Environmental Programs, University of Northern Iowa, Cedar Falls, IA
50614, [email protected] and IQBAL, Mohammad, Dept. of Earth Science, Univ of Northern
Iowa, Cedar Falls, IA 50614
This study was conducted in a small suburban watershed in Cedar Falls, Iowa. Hydrologic units
like prairie, wetland, and stream in a watershed interact with each other under the influence
of urban and agricultural activities. Exchange between hydrologic units is a key factor that
determines the level of pollution within a watershed. To understand the dynamics of their
interactions soil and water samples were collected from prairie, wetland, stream, urban areas and
agricultural lands over a period of four weeks. Soil and water samples were analyzed for nitrate,
chloride and sulfate along with the percentages of organic matter. In the first set of soil samples,
about 67 % of those collected from stream banks had nitrate concentration below detection level
with the highest value of 109 mg/kg. The overall nitrate concentration increased in the second
set of samples. Soil samples from active agricultural lands had maximum nitrate concentration of
437 mg/kg, which showed a considerable increase in the second set. Similarly, though nitrate was
not detected in the first set of prairie soils, the median value during the second set was recorded
as 32 mg/kg. About 92 % of the first set of stream bank sediments had Chloride concentration
below detection level. In the second set, 50% of them had chloride detected with the highest value
of 97 mg/kg. Initial chloride concentrations in agricultural lands ranged between 8 and 61 mg/kg
while most of them (72%) didn’t show any chloride during the next sampling. In prairie samples,
although chloride showed temporal increase in concentration sulfate showed an opposite trend
in all sites (i.e., down from a range of 12 - 96 mg/kg to below detection). Urban soil showed an
increasing trend of organic matter percentage whereas the other units showed a decreasing
trend. The median value of dissolved nitrate in the stream decreased gradually from 45 mg/L to
6 mg/L. Groundwater and surface water from other sources didn’t show any significant amount of
nitrate. The seasonal trends of the two sets of samples demonstrate that all hydrologic units within
the watershed are actively interacting with one another.
17-2
BTH 2
Molitor, Timothy H.
[218429]
ASSESSING THE IMPACTS OF URBAN ROAD SALTING ON TRIBUTARIES OF THE
CHIPPEWA RIVER NEAR EAU CLAIRE, WISCONSIN
MOLITOR, Timothy H.1, GRANT, Kathryn F.1, FRANKO, Kelsey M.1, GUSTAFSON, Alan J.1,
KELLY, Bridget B.2, and GROTE, Katherine R.1, (1) Geology, University of Wisconsin-Eau
Claire, 105 Garfield Ave, Eau Claire, WI 54702, [email protected], (2) Geology, Red Flint
Group, LLC, 1 American Blvd, Eau Claire, WI 54701
Road salting is a necessary means of improving road conditions in cold weather regions with
frequent winter precipitation. In Wisconsin, over 1 billion pounds of salt are applied to roadways
during each winter season. This salt can enter local streams during periods of increased
runoff and can negatively impact aquatic ecosystems. To assess how road salting is impacting
waterways near Eau Claire, Wisconsin, electrical conductivity measurements and water samples
were collected from five streams during the 2012 winter season. The streams were chosen due
to their proximity to urban areas; three of the stream sites are located near bridges along Eau
Claire urban roadways. During the 2013 winter season, four new monitoring stations were added.
Two of the new locations are upstream from previously established sites, in areas with less urban
development. The other sites are on the two rivers, the Chippewa and the Eau Claire, that flow
through the city of Eau Claire.
Data from the 2012 monitoring season showed that there is an excellent correlation between
electrical conductivity measurements and chloride concentrations. Therefore conductivity
measurements can be used as a reliable proxy for determining actual chloride levels in local
streams. Conductivity measurements increased during snowfall events and decreased during
warmer periods, showing that road salt is affecting chloride concentrations in these streams.
The 2012 monitoring period was unusually warm and had little snowfall, and the conductivity
values were generally less than the EPA established value for surface water degradation due to
road salting. The 2013 season has had more typical precipitation, and higher conductivity values
were observed. The sampling sites added in 2013 have shown that chloride concentration is
influenced by adjacent development, as more rural upstream sites show lower concentrations
than downstream urban sites.
17-3
BTH 3
Dasgupta, Rajarshi
samples, Be, Se, Cd and Ag were below detection limit, and the concentrations of Cr, Co, Ni,
Cu, Zn and V were very low. These low concentrations may be considered to be background
values, derived from geological processes. In two of these samples, the level of As was below that
recommended by EPA for drinking purposes (10 ppb) but was considerable nonetheless (4.57
and 6.13 ppb respectively). The source of this As is unknown and needs further investigation. In
urban areas, Pb is a metal of great concern. However, the concentration of Pb was either below
detection limit or very low (0.42-4.07 ppb) in these samples; the EPA recommended threshold for
drinking water being 15 ppb. This suggests that lead contamination due to vehicular pollution is
minimal along the highway. Overall, this pilot study suggests the surface water bodies along the
Manali-Leh Highway appear to be unpolluted by anthropogenic heavy metals.
[218483]
ASSESSING HEAVY METAL CONTAMINATION OF SURFACE WATER BODIES ALONG THE
MANALI-LEH HIGHWAY, NORTHERN INDIA
DASGUPTA, Rajarshi, Department of Geology, University of Cincinnati, 500 Geology-Physics
Building, 345, Clifton Court, Cincinnati, OH 45221, [email protected], CROWLEY,
Brooke, Geology and Anthropology, University of Cincinnati, 500 Geology Physics Building,
345 Clifton Court, Cincinnati, OH 45221, and CARRILLO-CHAVEZ, Alejandro, Universidad
Nacional Autonoma de Mexico (UNAM), Campus Juriquilla, Juriquilla, 76230, Mexico
Aquatic resources are being polluted in many parts of the world. Heavy metal ions are potentially
dangerous pollutants because of their acute toxicity, carcinogenicity and non-biodegradability.
The aim of this study is to assess the heavy metal (Pb, Cu, Co, Cd, Cr, Zn, Ni, V, Be, Se, As
and Ag) concentrations and possible contamination of surface water bodies along the ManaliLeh Highway in northwestern India. Eight unfiltered water samples were collected from rivers,
streams and lakes from relatively urban and pristine areas along 170 km of the Highway.
Samples were collected in plastic bottles that were pre-cleaned and acidified with H2SO4 to
kill microbes and stabilize the metals in the collected samples. In the laboratory, the pH of the
samples was reduced to < 2 using 90-95% concentrated H2SO4. Metal concentrations in the
samples were measured by ICP-OES. With the exception of one sample, waters did not have high
concentrations of metals by EPA standards. The sample with the high metal content appears to
be a significant outlier and we have excluded this sample from further analysis. In the remaining
BTH 4
Gant, Michael T.
[218777]
KINEMATIC ANALYSIS AND PROVISIONAL MIDDLE SILURIAN AGE CONSTRAINTS ON
DECATURVILLE STRUCTURE, CENTRAL MISSOURI
GANT, Michael T.1, HEALY, Scott M.2, NANDI, Sourav K.2, MILLER, James F.3, and EVANS,
Kevin4, (1) Missouri State University, 312 Fox Den Dr, 910 S. John Q. Hammons Parkway,
Springfield,MO 65897, Ballwin, MO 63021, [email protected], (2) Missouri State
University, 910 S. John Q. Hammons Parkway, Springfield, MO 65897, (3) Geography,
Geology, & Planning Dept, Missouri State University, Springfield, MO 655897, (4) Geography,
Geology, and Planning Department, Missouri State University, 901 S. National Ave,
Springfield, MO 65804-0089
The Decaturville structure is as a meteorite impact site located within Laclede and Camden
counties, approximately 20 km north of Lebanon, Missouri. The structure is 5.5-km in diameter
with a well-developed central uplift and surrounding moat regions. During the 1960s, the
structure was interpreted as having a “cryptovolcanic” origin, and later, in the 1970s, structural
and mineralogical analyses, breccia distributions, shatter cones, and shocked quartz supported
an impact interpretation. Previous age dating of the impact has been controversial. Recent
paleomagnetic results purport to constrain the origin to the Pennsylvanian or Permian.
New conodont biostratigraphic age constraints indicate a significantly older age of Middle
Silurian, which is consistent with the youngest faunal ages previously reported. Middle and
possibly Early Silurian conodonts were recovered from matrix and a large, isolated sandy
limestone clast in a polymict breccia along a new road cut on Highway 5 northeast of the central
uplift. These new ages are consistent with an impact event that pre-dated the widespread subMississippian regional unconformity.
This study also examined structures along a newly widened 300-m-long road cut southeast of
the central uplift, where the upper part of the lower Ordovician Jefferson City Dolomite crops out
in a structurally deformed and depressed area. Extensive outcrop mapping as well as strike and
dip measurements and stereonet plots show that there are four important structural components
consistent with an impact origin: (1) a tight anticlinal fold, oriented radially to the central uplift;
(2) thick accumulations of breccia on the crest of the anticline and along thrust faults; (3) at
least six inward-directed thrust faults; and (4) normal faults. The radial fold is interpreted to have
developed during the early modification phase, when the overriding forces were directed inward
toward the central uplift. Both excavation and modification stages most likely led to extensive
brecciation. Thrust faults were formed later during the modification stage because a thrust fault
truncated the crest of the anticline. Finally, normal faults occurred during the late modification
stage as a relaxation response after thrust faulting.
17-5
BTH 5
Tatum, Stephen
[218430]
A GRAVITY INVESTIGATION OF THE TOBACCO ROOT BATHOLITH IN SOUTHWEST
MONTANA
TATUM, Stephen, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI 49006,
[email protected]
The Tobacco Root batholith, a satellite pluton of the larger Boulder batholith, is the easternmost
of the late Cretaceous plutons of the North American Cordillera. It was emplaced into Archean
metamorphic basement rocks during the Laramide orogeny (ca. 75 Ma).
A gravity survey was done to delineate the subsurface shape of the batholith and ultimately
better understand its mode of emplacement. 232 gravity stations were made across the batholith
and across the host rocks with 24 samples collected for density determination of the batholith
and host rocks. Gravity station coordinates were obtained using differential GPS techniques,
and the data were reduced using a standard crustal density of 2.67 g/cm3. The regional gravity
was subtracted from a larger regional Bouguer anomaly map to produce a residual gravity map
showing a negative anomaly that has a NW-SE trending, semi-elliptical pattern. Four NE-SW
profiles across the gravity map indicate that the negative anomaly is greater and batholith is
thicker (-51 mGal, 30 km) in the northwestern portion of the batholith than the southeast portion
(-5 mGal, 3 km), which suggests a source to the northwest. A negative anomaly of -18 mGal is
evident on the NE-SW profile located outside of the batholith outcrops on the northwest.
Each profile was modeled with 2D techniques to determine the subsurface shape of the
batholith. Density contrasts used in modeling account for variation in composition from both the
batholith and host rocks. The northwestern model outside of the outcrops of the batholith, strongly
suggest that the batholith continues below the host rock outcrops, dipping towards the northwest
parallel to foliation in the host rocks and it may connect with the Boulder batholith at depth. The
models also imply the emplacement of the batholith was controlled buy coeval movement along
large NW-trending faults.
17-6
BTH 6
Pethe, Swardhuni
[218704]
GEOPHYSICAL ANALYSIS OF THE SUMATRA BASINS: SOURCE ROCKS, STRUCTURAL
TRENDS, AND THE DISTRIBUTION OF OIL FIELDS
PETHE, Swardhuni, Geological Sciences, Ball State University, Muncie, IN 47306, spethe@
bsu.edu, FLUEGEMAN, Richard H., Dept. of Geological Sciences, Ball State University,
Muncie, IN 47306-0475, GRIGSBY, Jeffry D., Department of Geological Sciences, Ball State
University, Muncie, IN 47304, and NICHOLSON, Kirsten N., Geology, Ball State University,
Muncie, IN 47306
According to the Ade hypothesis 95% of all commercial oil fields in the Sumatra region occur
within 17km of seismically mappable structural grabens in the producing basins. The hypothesis
proposes a link between the subsidence of the source rocks (the Talang Akar Formation) in the
grabens and the maturity of the organic material. To test the validity of the hypothesis, subsurface
mapping of the region is being carried out by using geophysical logs and seismic sections. The
depths to the formation tops, basement and the information about the type of wells are being
used to create isopach maps as well as cross sections of the entire Sunda shelf region.
Using the well log information, basement and the formation tops have been mapped with
a special emphasis on Talang Akar and Air Benakat Formations. The isopach maps of these
formations show that most of the producing wells on the Sunda shelf are in fact located in and
around the major structural basins. Trends in the occurrence of the oil fields have also been
observed which are analogous to the orientation of the grabens. Further study of the data will
SESSION NO. 18
enable us to determine the spatial distribution of the producing oil fields and the frequency of their
occurrence in the given distance margin. Identifying the source rocks in this 17km window will
enhance the success rate of oil exploration in Sumatra and throughout the Sundaland craton.
18-4
T2. Applications of Near-Surface Geophysics (Posters)
18-1
BTH 7
Van Dam, Remke L.
[218657]
CHARACTERIZATION OF LARGE-SCALE GLACIOTECTONIC DEFORMATION IN THE
LUDINGTON RIDGE, MICHIGAN, USING ELECTRICAL GEOPHYSICAL METHODS
VAN DAM, Remke L., Department of Geological Sciences, Michigan State University,
206 Natural Science Building, East Lansing, MI 48824, [email protected] and AYLSWORTH,
Robert L., Ingrain, Inc, 3733 Westheimer Rd., 2nd Floor, Houston, TX 77027
A bluff along the eastern shore of Lake Michigan south of Ludington contains Late Wisconsin
deformation structures. Differential loading associated with a glacial re-advance caused
glaciolacustrine loamy material to deform into several narrow anticlinal structures that rise from
below beach level to near the top of the nearly 50 m high bluff. The anticlines separate broad
synclines that control local ground water flow and impact bluff stability. The objective of this
study was to characterize the orientation and lateral extent of the structures beneath the NW-SE
trending ridge. We used different galvanic electrical resistivity methods that exploit the large
electrical contrast between the glaciolacustrine loams and overlying coarse sandy outwash
material. Electrical resistivity methods have long been part of the geophysical tool set. Recent
advances, including the availability of multi-electrode systems and advanced data processing
software, have made electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) a popular tool to obtain 2D models
of subsurface resistivity. In this study, vertical electrical soundings (VES) were combined with
borehole logs and lab-derived petrophysical relationships to characterize the site stratigraphy.
Constant-spread traverses (CST) and ERT data were then used to map the spatial extent of the
deformation structures. Field, lab, and modeling results presented in this work identify various
strengths and limitations of electrical resistivity methods for the characterization of deformation
structures in general and glaciotectonic landforms in particular.
18-2
BTH 8
Maike, Christopher
[218606]
SUBSURFACE GEOPHYSICAL PROFILING OF THE OAK OPENINGS SAND RIDGE
MAIKE, Christopher1, FUGATE, Joseph M.2, KRANTZ, David E.3, STIERMAN, Donald4,
LIU, Xiuju5, BROTHERS, Candice E.6, and SEARS, Lindsey6, (1) Environmental Sciences
(Geology), University of Toledo, 1760 N. Westwood Ave, Apt L, Toledo, OH 43607,
[email protected], (2) Environmental Sciences (Geology), University of Toledo, 629 N.
Reynolds Rd, Apt 20, Toledo, OH 43615, (3) Department of Environmental Sciences,
University of Toledo, 2801 West Bancroft Street MS604, Toledo, OH 43606, (4) Environmental
Sciences, University of Toledo, 2801 W. Bancroft St. #604, Toledo, OH 43606, (5) Department
of Environmental Sciences, University of Toledo, 2801 West Bancroft St, MS#604, Toledo, OH
43606, (6) Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Toledo, 2801 W. Bancroft St,
Toledo, OH 43606
The Oak Openings Preserve extends from northwest Ohio into southeast Michigan. This
unique area was shaped through glacial and glaciolacustrine processes to create a diversity of
ecosystems including oak savannah, wet prairie, and sand barrens. The Oak Openings Sand
Ridge is the primary landform within the preserve, and contrasts with the surrounding lake-bed
plain to create these unique environments. Evidence suggests that the sand ridge was once
a barrier bar system that developed during pro-glacial lakes Warren and Wayne. The area is
home to more than a third of Ohio’s rare plant species and is on the Nature Conservancy’s list
of Last Great Places. The environment that created these ecosystems is rare, and it is essential
to understand the underlying geology and aquifer system in support of habitat restoration. Data
was collected at Irwin Prairie, Shaffer Road, and Kitty Todd Nature Preserve which are all located
just west of Toledo, Ohio. The data consisted of ground penetrating radar (GPR) and electrical
resistivity transects, and a vibracore for ground truth. The stratigraphy at Irwin Prairie consists
of a thick sand layer at the surface with a glacial till layer at a depth of 3.25m which acts as an
aquitard. Irwin Prairie appears to be located in the back-barrier portion of the barrier bar complex.
GPR data from Kitty Todd Nature Preserve indicates that it is situated on the ridge of the barrier
bar complex, which is evidenced by large-scale sigmoidal bedding of a progradational spit. In
contrast, the depositional environment of the Shaffer Road site is a shoreface that is prograding
basinward, to the northeast. The modern investigative techniques allowed imaging of the
subsurface to interpret the depositional environments and to characterize the surficial aquifer that
created the physical setting of this unique and valuable ecosystem.
18-3
BTH 9
Jol, Harry M.
[218793]
STRATIGRAPHY OF COASTAL AEOLIAN SAND DUNES: MODELS VS. GPR IMAGING
JOL, Harry M., Department of Geography and Anthropology, University of WisconsinEau Claire, Eau Claire, WI 54702, [email protected]
The genesis and internal stratigraphy of coastal aeolian sand dunes are often inferred from
models based on dune geometry and sedimentary processes, shallow trenches, natural scours,
and/or interpretations of ancient strata. However, there is some difficulty of directly observing
the stratigraphy of aeolian landforms, particularly in large dunes, and those containing complex
bedforms and/or multiple reactivation surfaces. The distinctive nature of the aeolian environment,
that is the relative homogeneity of sediments (quartzitic sand), provides a unique opportunity
for ground penetrating radar (GPR) to reveal subsurface details. The noninvasive GPR method
provides near-surface, high-resolution, near continuous profiles within these increasingly
sensitive, depositional settings. PulseEKKO 100 and 1000 GPR acquisition systems were used
with 200, 400 and 1000 volt transmitters. Step size and antennae separation varied depending on
antennae frequency and site conditions. Each trace was vertically stacked and the digital profiles
were processed and plotted using pulseEKKO software. The transects were topographically
corrected based on laser level surveys. To measure depth, near surface velocity measurements
were calculated from common midpoint (CMP) surveys.
The application of radar stratigraphic analysis on the collected GPR data provided the
framework to investigate both lateral and vertical stratigraphic variations within these coastal
aeolian deposits. Radar images were interpreted as showing dune cross-stratification (dip
orientation and dip angle varied), scoured bounding surfaces, buried paleosols (where present),
24 2013 GSA Abstracts with Programs as well as the position of the water table. The internal dune structures revealed by GPR
graphically demonstrate the response of aeolian dunes through time and to variations in wind
regime, sediment supply, and human interference. Data will presented from selected study sites
with in the US (California, Michigan, Oregon, North Carolina, Washington, Wisconsin) and other
locations worldwide. Where possible, comparisons to available data and/or models will be made.
BTH 10
Larson, Mark
[218721]
ARCHAEOLOGICAL GEOPHYSICS AT THE NATHAN BOONE HOMESTEAD STATE HISTORIC
SITE, SW MISSOURI
MICKUS, Kevin L., Geosciences, Missouri State Univ, 901 S National Ave, Springfield,
MO 65804-0087, LARSON, Mark, Geology, Missouri State University, Springfield, MO
65897, [email protected], and SOBEL, Elizabeth, Department of Sociology,
Anthropology, and Criminology, Missouri State University, Springfield, MO 65897
The Nathan Boone Homestead was established by Nathan Boone, his family, and enslaved
African Americans in Ash Grove, Missouri in the 1830s. Nathan Boone was the son of famed
frontiersman Daniel Boone and was a significant figure in Euroamerican settlement of the
trans-Mississippi west. Previous archaeological excavations and geophysical studies indicated
a number of cultural features (both identified and anomalous) at the site. In this study, we
synthesize the results of new and previous geophysical research at the site including GPR,
resistivity, magnetic, and electromagnetic surveys. The results clarify the location and composition
of cultural features including the Boone family cemetery, slave cemetery, pathways, domestic
structures, and agricultural structures. These findings will aid management and research at the
site by the Missouri Department of Natural Resources.
18-5
BTH 11
Kuhl, Alexandria
[218744]
COUPLED INVERSION OF ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY AND HYDROLOGICAL MODELS TO
QUANTIFY SOIL MOISTURE DYNAMICS BELOW A MICHIGAN ECOTONE
KUHL, Alexandria, Department of Geological Sciences, Michigan State University, 206
Natural Sciences Building, East Lansing, MI 48824, [email protected] and VAN DAM,
Remke L., Department of Geological Sciences, Michigan State University, 206 Natural
Science Building, East Lansing, MI 48824
Anticipating how changes in land use and climate will impact water budgets requires
understanding the relationship between soil moisture and vegetation across space and time.
Unfortunately, traditional geophysical methods for capturing field-scale processes of this nature,
such as remote sensing and in situ point measurements, have their limitations. Electrical
resistivity (ER) however, has been identified as a potentially powerful geophysical tool for studying
root-zone moisture dynamics at sub watershed scales. Despite recent advances, interpretation of
geophysical data often occurs independently from hydrological observations, causing uncertainty
and propagating measurement errors. This research uses 1D ER soundings with a coupled
hydrogeophysical inversion model to determine the impact of changing vegetation types on soil
moisture. The goal is to develop a more universal method for improving predictions of hydrological
properties at field-scales through the use of coupled inversion techniques.
The Kellogg Biological Station near Battle Creek, MI, provides a unique setting for this study,
with a shift from mature forest to young forest, shrub, and finally grass. Across this ecotone,
graphite electrodes have been permanently installed at 1.5m intervals along a 166.5m transect,
with additional electrodes for the 1D soundings. Six sounding locations, roughly corresponding
to each vegetation type, allow for shallow ER measurements. Reciprocal ER measurements
with a-spacings of .5, .75, 1.5, 3, 4.5, 6, 7.5, 10.5, and 13.5m were conducted at each sounding
location in June, August, and October 2012. Deeper measurements with a-spacings of 18,
24, 36, and 54m were collected in August and October only. Early interpretations suggest that
seasonal and vegetative differences impact soil moisture distribution and plant water use. The
coupled inversion model integrates four components. A hydrological model takes in parameters
such as temperature, precipitation, soil and vegetation type, and outputs water content, which a
petrophysical model converts to obtain 1D resistivity profiles. A forward geophysical model uses
those values to determine apparent resistivities for comparison to those measured in the field.
The outcome is then used for optimizing the hydrological model parameters.
18-6
BTH 12
Ma, Yuteng
[218346]
SPATIAL VARIABILITY OF SOIL MOISTURE IN A DECIDUOUS FOREST: INTEGRATING TIMELAPSE RESISTIVITY, TEMPERATURE, AND THROUGHFALL MEASUREMENTS
MA, Yuteng, Geological Sciences, Michigan State University, 206 natural science building,
East Lansing, MI 48824, [email protected] and VAN DAM, Remke, Department of
Geological Sciences, Michigan State University, 206 Natural Science Building, East Lansing,
MI 48824
In deciduous forests, soil moisture is an important driver of energy and carbon cycling, as
well as ecosystem dynamics. The amount and distribution of soil moisture also influences soil
microbial activity, nutrient fluxes, and groundwater recharge. Characterizing the interactions
between vegetation and soil moisture is critical to forecast water resources and ecosystem
health in a changing climate. However, these interactions are difficult to measure, both in
time and space. Recent studies have shown the ability of electrical resistivity tomography to
characterize the spatial and temporal dynamics of soil moisture dynamics below a range of
different vegetation types. In this study, we investigated the spatial variability of the soil water
budget of a deciduous forest in lower Mid-Michigan. For the duration of the 2012 growing season,
bi-weekly measurements of canopy throughfall, soil temperature and soil moisture were collected
along a 125 m long transect that extended from the forest into an adjacent grassland. The
canopy throughfall data were collected using a series of 24 innovative funnels that integrated
over four-week time periods. At the same locations (19 in the forest and 5 in the grassland), soil
temperature was measured at 5 cm depth. Subsurface distribution of soil moisture was estimated
by inversion of weekly electrical resistivity datasets. Additional equipment and data included two
tipping bucket rain gauges, leaf area index measurements, vertical soil temperature profiles,
and capacitance water content probes. Fluid salinity, temperature, and pressure (depth) were
continuously monitored for the water table below the forest and grassland. Our results highlight
the strong correlation of the shallow subsurface soil moisture distribution with rainfall intensity and
vegetation cover.
18-7
BTH 13
Hart, J.
[218661]
GEOPHYSICAL ASSESSMENT OF LANDFILL CAP INTEGRITY AND LEACHATE LEAKAGE AT
A MIXED WASTE LANDFILL
HART, J., CIOPPA, M.T., and YANG, Jianwen, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University
of Windsor, 401Sunset Avenue, Windsor, ON N9B 3P4, Canada, [email protected]
Concerns have been expressed about a closed, mixed-waste landfill in Southwestern Ontario
regarding precipitation infiltration, because of a non-contiguous cap and potential leachate
SESSION NO. 19
leakage. This study aims to use two surface geophysical techniques (conductivity and resistivity
profiling) to delineate the thickness of the landfill cap and locate any leachate plumes. The
electrical imaging survey was conducted on 6 parallel E-W lines across the length of the landfill,
using an ABEM Lund Imaging System. The surveys were made using a Wenner-α array with
2 meter electrode spacing. A conductivity survey, using a DualEM2S and DualEM4S, was
conducted over the same lines, followed by a survey conducted on 15 N-S lines perpendicular
to the original six lines. Several conductivity profiles were also made in a field just to the south
of the landfill. ArcGIS geospatial analysis modeling software was used to produce conductivity
maps for depths of 1, 2.2, 2.8 and 5.8 m (DualEM2S PRP, HCP and DualEM4S PRP and HCP,
respectively). All showed similar patterns. The conductivity values varied considerably (2.2461mS/m). Several N-S linear anomalies were evident extending outside of the landfill towards
the adjacent field. On the resistivity profiles, a number of low resistivity anomalies, near the
surface, suggested that the landfill cap was not intact. Deeper low resistivity anomalies (> 5
meters) suggested the presence of leachate and was consistent with the known position of
leachate within the landfill. The conductivity data correlated well with the resistivity surveys to
delineate inconsistencies in the landfill cover and indicated the presence of leachate which may
affect the field adjacent to the landfill.
18-8
BTH 14
Joshi, Siddharth Dilip
[218499]
GEO-ELECTRIC INVESTIGATION OF UNDERGROUND LEACHATE DISTRIBUTION AT A
CLOSED LANDFILL IN SOUTHWESTERN ONTARIO, CANADA
JOSHI, Siddharth Dilip1, YANG, Jianwen1, SERERES, Clayton2, and TAMR, Radwan2,
(1) Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Windsor, 401 Sunset Avenue - University
of Windsor, Windsor, ON N9B 3P4, Canada, [email protected], (2) GENIVAR Inc, 4510
Rhodes Driver, Suite 720, Windsor, ON N8W 5K5, Canada
Contamination due to landfill leachate can cause disastrous effects to aquifers used for
groundwater supply. In this study, two geo-electric techniques were employed to investigate the
underground leachate distribution and the subsurface geology at a closed site in southwestern
Ontario, Canada. Conductivity mapping was first conducted over the study site using a frequencydomain EM terrain conductivity meter, which reveals an anomalous zone with the apparent
conductivity values ranging between 130-500mS/m, concentrated in the 200m (S-N) by 80m
(W-E) rectangle area at western half of the site. The DC resistivity survey was then carried
out in the same area with 8 S-N profiles and 3 W-E profiles measuring 200m in length using a
Wenner-α configuration. This arrangement of electrodes has an approximate exploration depth of
30m, which aids in outlining the waste and upper sand aquifer, the underlying silt/sand aquitard,
and the lower sand aquifer. Our resistivity survey results exhibit an inconsistency in the clay cap
thickness on almost all the profiles conducted. The results also indicate that the contamination
plume is mainly travelling southwards at the base of the upper aquifer just below the waste, with
a minor vertical component into the upper weathered portion of the silt/sand aquitard at some
locations. No contamination plumes seem to exist in the lower sand aquifer. These findings are
critical in assessing the current leachate conditions and in evaluating the existing compliance
monitoring plan for potential implementation at the site or other sites in elsewhere.
18-9
BTH 15
Estifanos, Biniam Haileab
[218655]
GEOPHYSICAL PROSPECTING FOR CONCEALED KARST NEAR BELLEVUE, OH
ESTIFANOS, Biniam Haileab and STIERMAN, Donald J., Department of Environmental
Sciences, University of Toledo, 2801 West Bancroft Street MS604, Toledo, OH 43606,
[email protected]
The Bellevue area, Ohio is characterized by sinkholes and dolines that allow surface water to
rapidly drain into the carbonate aquifer. During episodes of excessive precipitation, part of the
state Route 269 floods due to groundwater welling up. Ver Steeg and Yunck (1932) report water
seeping in areas without visible sinkholes causing 3-4 foot high flood during the spring of 1930.
We are using gravity and electrical resistivity methods to investigate concealed karst and
underground conduits north of Bellevue. We occupied closely spaced (20 and 50 m) gravity
stations along three east-west profiles, two adjacent to a topographic depression we interpret
as a sinkhole complex. At this stage there is only a marginal suggestion of gravity lows that
might indicate subsurface voids. Four dipole-dipole resistivity profiles totaling 2 km show only
one obvious void, adjacent to a sinkhole. However, most resistivity measurements were made
during the drought of summer 2012, making the distinction between voids and carbonate
bedrock difficult. Repeat measurements will be conducted when the groundwater rises. A rise in
groundwater level will convert air-filled voids (high resistivity) to water-filled voids (low resistivity).
Electrical resistivity was used to detect air and water filled cavities at Seneca Caverns to the
south, confirming this methodology.
In January 2013, the static water level at USGS monitoring well at Bellevue rose 10 feet in
response to 2 inches of precipitation. Stage level recorded at the Huron River east of the city
shows a strong agreement with the static water level rise but dropped fast after the peak flow
while the groundwater water level remained constant. The strong response of the groundwater
to precipitation suggests that karstic porosity is quite low. Knowledge of the size and extent
of the concealed karst will help in reducing impact of pollution on groundwater resources and
delineating hazard prone areas.
18-10
BTH 16
Gerson, Laura M.
[218426]
USING GEOPHYSICAL METHODS TO STUDY KARST IN URBAN SPRINGFIELD, MISSOURI
GERSON, Laura M., Geoscience, Missouri State University, Springfield, MO 65897,
[email protected], MICKUS, Kevin, Geology, Missouri State University,
Springfield, MO 65897, and GOUZIE, Douglas, Department of Geology, Missouri State
University, 901 S. National Ave, Springfield, MO 65897
Southwestern Missouri is located on the Springfield Plateau which mainly consists of Paleozoic
carbonates and minor amounts of siliceous sediments. The dominant formation exposed in the
area is the Mississippian Burlington-Keokuk Limestone which is nearly horizontal and susceptible
to the formation of karst features such as sinkholes and caves. Near surface geophysical methods
are useful in determining the location and nature of karst features, especially those that are not
visible on the surface.
Electrical resistivity, gravity, and very low frequency electromagnetics have been collected
along a trend of mapped sinkholes where previous dye traces have indicated a large, long
underground passage. Inverse modeling of the electrical resistivity profiles indicates pinnacles
of highly resistive material with areas of low resistive material between them, indicating possible
fractures in the bedrock. Some of the resistivity lows could be buried sinkholes. Depth of karst
features varies from 5-12 meters and deeper. Two-dimensional gravity modeling shows a
similar trend in subsurface topography. Both methods show a similar roughly linear trend that
correlates with known sinkholes. Very low frequency electromagnetics does not correlate as
well due to its susceptibility to noise, but one-third of the profiles do correlate with the electrical
resistivity profiles.
18-11
BTH 17
Yaqoob, Muthanna Yousif
[218626]
DETECTION OF BEDROCK FRACTURES AND JOINTS BENEATH COVER: GEOPHYSICAL
APPROACHES TO AN ENGINEERING GEOLOGY PROBLEM
YAQOOB, Muthanna Yousif and SAUCK, William A., Geosciences, Western Michigan Univ,
Kalamazoo, MI 49008, [email protected]
This research used geophysical methods to detect the presence of sub-vertical failure planes,
their direction(s), and their frequency in bedrock beneath soil or glacial drift overburden. Azimuthal
measurements using the seismic, electrical resistivity (ER), electromagnetic conductivity and
ground penetrating radar (GPR) were made to evaluate which techniques might provide the best
indication of the bedrock joints, faults, or shear zones. Measurements were made at multiple
sites near each of three locations: Jackson, Alpena, and Grand Ledge, Michigan. The first two
are former limestone quarries and the third is underlain by sandstone. Seismic measurements
began with one or two linear refraction spreads, used to establish thickness of overburden and
identify the S waves. The azimuthal seismic was done by placing the 24 geophones around a
10 or 15m radius circle (15 degree intervals), with the shot point in the center, measuring arrival
times of the P and S waves. The EM-31 conductivity was used to quickly determine that there
were no wires or pipes in or near the survey circle, as well as to profile along the diameters of the
circle at 12 different azimuths. The square array was used for the resistivity measurements in the
same circle, with the diagonal of the square being the circle diameter. This array was rotated to 12
unique azimuths at 15° intervals. GPR was tested at one site using 100 MHz antennae. The Rx
was at the center, and the Tx was moved around the circumference of the circle at 15° intervals,
to measure the arrival times of the ground wave. Reference measurements of the strikes of failure
planes were made using a Brunton compass and photographs at adjacent bedrock exposures.
Verification of results was done by comparing the geophysical results and the measured
strikes and dips of the nearby exposures of the joint systems. The preliminary analyses of the
results showed coincidence of the tests results with the strike measurements in some areas,
whereas others did not. Some of the methods are very sensitive to variations in thickness of the
overburden. These effects, as well as lateral resistivity gradients in the bedrock and overburden
can apparently cause false indications of fracture systems.
18-12
BTH 18
Mogren, Saad
[217949]
REACTIVATION OF THE ABU-JIFAN FAULT BORDERING THE RAYN ANTICINES IN EASTERN
SAUDI ARABIA: GRAVITY MODELING OF A SEISMOGENIC CRUST
MOGREN, Saad and MUKHOPADHYAY, Manoj, Geology and Geophysics Department, King
Saud University, PO Box 2455, Riaydh, 11451, Saudi Arabia, [email protected]
The Abu-Jifan Fault truncates the Rayn anticlines along an 1100 km long margin within the
Rayn Microplate in eastern Saudi Arabia. This set of anticlines is comprised of six sub-parallel
super-giant anticlines, including the Ghawar uplift. Crust on either side of the fault is seismically
active; width of the seismic zone varies from 170 – 220 km. The Ghawar anticline is however
seismically intensely active which is supposed to be an outcome of fluid-extraction induced
seismicity. Top part of this seismogenic crust is currently intensely deformed in consequence
to induced seismicity below the Rayn anticlines and prevailing east-west stress. Here we argue
that induced seismicity plays an important role in reactivating the Proterozoic east-west faults
in the deeper crust. An integrated geophysical modeling approach is next adopted to derive the
deeper geometry of the Abu-Jifan Fault that slices the seismogenic crust south of the Ghawar
anticline. Geophysical data sets include: seismic velocity analysis for crust and top- lithosphere,
IRIS seismic line interpretation for the Arabian Platform as well as the crustal structure and upper
mantle stratigraphy from receiver function analysis and shear-wave splitting studies, conventional
seismic interpretation for deep sedimentary layers, isopach map prepared for the major sediment
lithologies, and the relevant density information for the major formations deduced from density
logs obtained from drill holes in the oil fields. Their combined use is found to be a potentially
powerful tool for investigating the deeper fault geometry which is modeled by gravity inversion
along a profile in central part of the fault. Gravity modeling suggests that the Abu-Jifan Fault is a
deep penetrative strike-slip fault, demarcating a denser crust along its north margin.
T8. Addressing Environmental Aspects of Geology:
Research, Pedagogy, and Public Policy (Posters)
19-1
BTH 19
Musch, Steven C.
[218735]
INTERACTIONS BETWEEN DUNE TRAILS AND CIRSIUM PITCHERI HABITAT
MUSCH, Steven C., HILVERDA, Elaine, LEGGE, Evan A., STRYDHORST, Natasha A., and
VANDERBILT, Lucas E., Geology, Geography and Environmental Studies, Calvin College,
3201 Burton St SE, Grand Rapids, MI 49546, [email protected]
This study looked closely at the conditions of a threatened species habitat when it exists among
unmanaged dune trails. A fourteen-acre plot of land on the eastern coast of Lake Michigan was
recently purchased for conversion from private land into a dune preserve. This property includes
hummocky foredunes, blowouts, and two stabilized parabolic dunes, and it serves as critical
habitat for the threatened species Cirsium Pitcheri (Pitcher’s Thistle). To determine the condition
of the habitat, a study was done to locate all specimens, gauge the age of the population, and
explore the effects of anthropogenic disturbance. GPS mapping was used to create an inventory
of all specimen locations and all observed trails through the property. Measurements were taken
of each plant to gauge the age of the population and the GPS results were assembled in a map to
observe the density. Our results showed 206 Cirsium Pitcheri specimens, most of which appeared
to range from three to six years of age. Spatial analysis of the GPS data showed two distinct
groupings of plants along with numerous unmanaged trails. The largest trail, which divided the
two groups of plants, extended from the low point between two large parabolic dunes out to the
beach. We observed that the heavy use of this trail combined with an extension of the stabilized
portion of the dunes produced unfavorable conditions for Cirsium Pitcheri. With these results we
were able to provide the new property owners with important information regarding critical habitat
of Cirsium Pitcheri.
SESSION NO. 19
19-2
BTH 20
Doughty, Travis M.
[218754]
TRACE METAL CHEMISTRY AND MINERALOGY OF SEDIMENTS HOSTED IN CAVES OF
THE SPRINGFIELD (MO) PLATEAU: A LINK TO SUBTERRANEAN BIODIVERSITY?
DOUGHTY, Travis M., Natural Sciences, Northwest Missouri State University, 800 University
Dr, Maryville, MO 64468, [email protected] and JOHNSON, Aaron W., Natural
Sciences, Northwest Missouri State University, 800 University Drive, Maryville, MO 64468
We used X-ray fluorescence (XRF) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) to compare the heavy metal
chemistry and mineralogy of sediments accumulating in caves in rural and urban areas to the
chemistry and mineralogy of sediments from a control cave in a relatively undisturbed watershed
in the Springfield (MO) Plateau. Sediment from the control cave exhibited the smallest peak
sizes for Zn and Mn and a moderately-sized Pb peak. Sediment from the rural caves exhibited
larger peaks of Zn and Mn and a smaller Pb peak. Sediment from the urban cave had the largest
Zn, Mn and Pb peaks. X-ray diffraction indicated that all samples contained calcite and quartz,
which is unsurprising since the caves are hosted in the Burlington Limestone, which is noted for
abundant chert nodules. However, minor mineralogy varied widely, and included traces of clay
minerals, metal oxides, metal hydroxides, garnet, and complex aluminum-sulfates. Additionally
the carbon content of some samples was high enough to trigger an elemental carbon peak that
was not consistent with graphite or diamond. These data indicate that trace amounts of base and
heavy metals present in sediment are not hosted in sulfides or other primary phases. Instead,
these metals likely occur as cations adsorbed onto the surfaces of clay minerals or as metal
hydroxides such as wulfingite, an amphoteric zinc hydroxide mineral that was indicated by XRD
analysis. Metals hosted in these phases may be liberated by dilute acid solutions. This finding
has important implications for the health of troglobitic species, and may explain the apparent
relationship between species presence and low metal concentrations in cave sediments outlined
in an earlier pilot study. The presence of metals as hydroxides or adsorbed phases in sediments
could prove harmful to troglobites that spend a significant portion of their life cycle in sediment
(e.g. isopods), especially those species that digest sediment. The acidic digestive tract may
increase metal concentrations in primary consumers, potentially reducing fecundity. In addition,
secondary consumers may suffer from bioaccumulation as they prey upon species with higher
tissue metal concentrations.
19-3
BTH 21
Norton, M.S.
[218357]
MODELING SOIL EROSION WITHIN THE MILL CREEK WATERSHED, YOUNGSTOWN, OHIO
NORTON, M.S. and MATTHEUS, C.R., Geological and Environmental Sciences, Youngstown
State University, One University Plaza, Youngstown, OH 44555, [email protected]
Mill Creek Park, established in 1896, is one of the largest metro-parks in the US, providing a
variety of outdoor activities to the city of Youngstown, Ohio, and its surrounding areas. Popular
attractions within the park include a number of man-made ponds and lakes, which have rapidly
silted in since their construction, forcing several sediment-excavation projects. An investigation
is underway to elucidate information from lake deposits to help develop an erosion model for
contributing watersheds.
A preliminary erosion model based on the Universal Soil Loss Equation was established for
a small subset of the Mill Creek watershed. This model incorporates existing datasets on soil
characteristics, topography, and climate in an effort to constrain a parameter for land cover;
information on sediment yield was used to solve for this unconstrained factor. Lily Pond is a 3-acre
catch basin that receives sediment from surrounding forested hillslopes, typical terrain and landcover types within the park. A 1974 excavation of the pond provided a baseline for assessing
subsequent sediment sequestration, quantified from detailed bathymetric surveys and cores.
Sediment-yield calculations were compared to the watershed-erosion model and provided a
refined land-cover factor for future modeling within the park.
Current research is now underway to provide additional model-parameter constraints
utilizing similar methodologies. Differences in sediment yield between watersheds of similar
size, topography, and soil characteristics provide clues regarding the influence of land-cover
types, which vary tremendously across the region. The Indian Run watershed, for example, is
characterized by 21% urban land cover and 23% agricultural land cover whereas the Bears
Den watershed is characterized by 66% and 0%, respectively. Improving individual parameters
using comparison studies that incorporate empirical data on sediment yield are critical to the
development of an erosion model that is regionally applicable.
T19. Hydrogeologic Investigations for Improved
Assessment of Water Availability and Use in the
Glaciated United States (Posters)
BTH 22
Wyman, Davina A.
[218128]
THE EFFECTS OF ROAD SALT ON ASYLUM LAKE GEOCHEMISTRY
WYMAN, Davina A., Geosciences Department, Western Michigan University, 1187 Rood
Hall, Kalamazoo, MI 49008, [email protected] and KORETSKY, Carla M.,
Geosciences Department, Western Michigan University, 1903 W Michigan Ave, Kalamazoo,
MI 49008-5241
Asylum Lake is a 19.8 ha kettle lake located in Kalamazoo, MI near three major roadways, thus
it is expected to receive runoff with significant concentrations of road salts in winter and spring.
Road salts contribute unreactive Cl-to surface and groundwaters, which can accumulate and
significantly increase water density. Typical lakes in Michigan experience turnover events in fall
and spring, during which water from the epilimnion is mixed with water from the hypolimnion. With
enough of an increase in water density, lake turnover events may be delayed or prevented (e.g.
Wetzel, 2001, Limnology). The objective of this study is to determine if road salts in Asylum Lake
are preventing turnover events and, if so, how this changes the lake geochemistry.
Lake water column samples have been collected monthly at the deepest point in the lake,
beginning in September 2012; sampling will continue for one year. In situ measurements of
dissolved oxygen (DO), conductivity, temperature, and pH are measured at .5 m intervals. Four
water samples per 1 m depth are collected at 1m intervals, filtered (.2 µM), and two are preserved
with HNO3. Samples are immediately analyzed upon return to the lab for Fe2+, Mn2+, PO43-, NH4+,
BTH 23
Lotimer, Leslea
[218488]
THE NATURE OF TILL AND DRUMLINS IN PETERBOROUGH AND THE IMPLICATIONS FOR
DEVELOPING A COMMUNITY GROUNDWATER SUPPLY
LOTIMER, Leslea, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S4L8, [email protected]
In the Peterborough area of Ontario, Canada, there is a well-documented and extensive drumlin
field. While the origin of the drumlins is widely debated despite many years of study, one aspect
remains certain; drumlins and till have significant implications for groundwater movement and
public water supply. The late Wisconsin Northern Till, deposited by the Laurentide Ice Sheet,
is found in the area of the Peterborough drumlin field, and is considered to be a deformation
till up to 65 meters thick. The till overlies proglacial and glaciolacustrine sediments and shows
considerable textural and thickness variability within the drumlin field. Coarse-grained interbeds
are common within the till and allow it to function as a ‘leaky aquitard’ as opposed to most till
units which are considered to be regional aquitards. The presence of significant coarse-grained
interbeds within the till produces groundwater flow pathways that are not easy to predict and
which can have significant implications for contaminant transport and groundwater supply. A First
Nations community located within the Peterborough Drumlin field has been attempting to find a
more sustainable groundwater supply in the drumlizined terrain. Currently, homes are supplied
by private wells. Options are being considered for improving individual wells or developing a
communal water supply. A recent field program involved drilling a fully cored and geophysically
logged borehole through till on the flanks of a large drumlin as well as the construction of a
well by air rotary. The extracted core consists primarily of sand-rich till with interbeds of sand
and gravel. Correlation of data between the two recently drilled wells and lithological and
hydrogeological data obtained from local water well records allows analysis of the till stratigraphy
within this portion of the drumlin field. This till stratigraphy provides a foundation for understanding
local groundwater movement and the potential for public water supply. This preliminary
interpretation of the local stratigraphy will guide further field work and provide the basis for
improving the supply of drinking water for the community.
20-3
BTH 24
Bunda, Jacob
[218445]
QUALITY AND DYNAMICS OF THE MINK RIVER ESTUARY
BUNDA, Jacob, UW-River Falls, River Falls, WI 54022, [email protected]
The Mink River Estuary (MRE) is a freshwater environment connecting with Rowley’s Bay on
the northeast side of Door County, Wisconsin. Spring complexes originating in the surrounding
wetland exchange mineral enriched groundwater with the water of Lake Michigan within the
estuary. Seiche motion originating in the body of Lake Michigan is pronounced in the calm
water of the MRE and encourages mixing of spring and Lake Michigan waters. A gradational
geochemical pattern exists throughout the estuary from the spring to its mouth and is influenced
by the lake’s water level. Water level data show a direct relationship between Lake Michigan
water level and the water level within the MRE. In-situ water quality data reveal the composition of
spring and estuary water. Temperature data is included and show variation over time in different
parts of the estuary and northwest spring complex. Linear regression of the MRE’s chemical
gradient over time reveals change in the variation of the chemical pattern along the estuary axis.
The state of the estuary is dependent on its quality and quantity of water, monitoring of water
levels and other parameters in the MRE is helpful for understanding how the environment may be
affected by groundwater influences and Lake Michigan water level. This project builds on studies
done by the Wisconsin Geological & Natural History Survey (WGNHS).
20-4
20-1
alkalinity, and H2S via colorimetry. Within one week of collection, samples are analyzed on an
ICP-OES for Ca2+, Mg2+, K+, and Na+. Within two weeks, samples are analyzed for Cl- on an ion
chromatograph and for SO42-via a turbidity technique.
Data thus far shows Asylum Lake to be a eutrophic lake with anoxic benthic waters throughout
summer and early fall. In the anoxic hypolimnion, there is a build-up of NH4+, Mn2+, PO43-, and H2S
to levels as high as 220, 40, 11, and 87 µM, respectively, but Fe2+ levels are always at or below
detection limits of 3.5 µM. Concentrations of Cl-reach up to 180ppm. Conductivity increases with
depth in the summer and fall but becomes nearly constant during one sampling event in early
winter. On this date, temperature and DO also vary much less with depth, which suggests that fall
turnover occurred, but was significantly delayed.
BTH 25
Nagelkirk, Ryan L.
[218198]
PREDICTING THE IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON AGRICULTURAL YIELDS AND WATER
RESOURCES IN THE MAUMEE RIVER WATERSHED
NAGELKIRK, Ryan L.1, KENDALL, Anthony D.2, BASSO, Bruno2, and HYNDMAN, Dave3,
(1) Geological Sciences, Michigan State University, 288 Farm Lane, East Lansing, MI 48824,
[email protected], (2) Department of Geological Sciences, Michigan State University, 206
Natural Sciences Bldg, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, (3) Geological
Sciences, Michigan State University, 206 Natural Science, East Lansing, MI 48824
Climate change will likely have considerable effects on agriculture in the Midwestern United
States. Under current climate projections, end-of-century temperatures rise by approximately
4°C, while precipitation stays relatively unchanged despite a potential increase in heavy rainfall
events. These trends have already been observed over the last century: rising temperatures have
extended the growing season two days per decade and heavy rainfall events have become twice
as common. In an effort to understand the likely effects of climate change on agriculture, maize
and soybean yields in the Maumee River Watershed were simulated using the Systems Approach
to Land Use Sustainability (SALUS) crop model. SALUS calculates daily crop growth in response
to changing climate, soil, and management conditions. We test the hypotheses that 1) despite any
positive effects of CO2 fertilization and allowing for higher yielding varieties, longer and warmer
growing seasons will lead to excessive water- and heat-stress, lowering yields under current
management practices, and 2) that double-cropping maize and soybeans successively in the
same season to offset these losses may become feasible if sufficient late-season soil moisture
is made available. Outputs of daily Leaf Area Index (LAI) and root mass from a range of SALUS
models are then distributed spatially to drive regional hydrologic simulations using the Integrated
Landscape Hydrology Model (ILHM). These coupled simulations demonstrate the response of
streamflow and groundwater levels to different management strategies.
Be Part of the 125th Anniversary Celebration!
18 8 8
2 0013
CELEBRATING ADVANCES IN GEOSCIENCE
North-CeNtral GSa SeCtIoN MeetING
2–3 May 2013
◆
Fetzer Center, Western Michigan University
Kalamazoo, Michigan, USa
Looking southwest from N. Edwards Street in downtown Kalamazoo, Michigan. Round-topped towers are the Radisson Plaza hotel. Photo used with permission via Wikimedia Commons.
2013 Program
◆
Volume 45, Number 4
◆
ISSN 0016-7592
North-Central Section
47th Annual Meeting
North-Central Section of the Geological Society of America
Kalamazoo, Michigan
2–3 May 2013
Fetzer Center, Western Michigan University
Kalamazoo, Michigan
Meeting Committee
Meeting Chair. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Alan Kehew
Vice Chair. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Duane Hampton
Technical Chair. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Duane Hampton
Field Trip Chair. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Robb Gillespie
Exhibits and Sponsorship Chair. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tom Howe
Judging Chair . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Michelle Kominz
Budget Chair. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Kathyrn Wright
Coordinator of Student Volunteers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . John Junod
Section Secretary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Joseph T. Hannibal
North-Central Section GSA Officers
Chair. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Alan Kehew
Vice-Chair. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Duane Hampton
Secretary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Joseph T. Hannibal
Past Chair . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chuck Ciampaglio
Past Vice-Chair. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . John P. Szabo
Members-at-large. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Douglas Aden, Kirsten N. Nicholson, Paul R. Hanson
Travel Grants Coordinator. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . John P. Szabo
28 2013 GSA Abstracts with Programs 50% Total Recovered Fiber
10% Post-Consumer
Sponsors
Sapphire Level
Topaz Level
Quartz Level
General Information
The 2013 North-Central Section GSA Meeting is being
held at the Fetzer Center on the campus of Western Michigan
University. The accompanying map shows the location of the
Fetzer Center along with the two conference hotels. Detailed
directions to the Fetzer Center can be found at: http://www.
wmich.edu/fetzer/gps-location.
Location
Easily accessible by interstate highway, bus, plane and air,
Kalamazoo is a vibrant small city with a relaxed atmosphere
and a variety of restaurants, microbreweries and cultural
attractions. The meeting venue is the Fetzer Center, the university’s conference center. The Keynote address and the
poster sessions are located in Schneider Hall and several additional events are being held in Rood Hall (see map below).
These are both next to the Fetzer Center.
Accomodations
Local sleeping rooms can be found at the Holiday Inn
Kalamazoo West, 2747 S. 11th Street, Kalamazoo, Michigan
49009, USA; +1-269-484-4950, and also at the Red Roof
Inn Kalamazoo West, 5424 W. Michigan Ave., Kalamazoo,
Michigan 49009, USA; +1-269-375-7400.
Parking
The Fetzer Center parking lot, Lot 72F, is directly adjacent to the Fetzer Center building. Complimentary parking
is available within this parking lot. Handicap parking is also
available within this same parking lot. As this is semester
break, parking should also be permitted in the surrounding
parking lots.
Registration
All participants in the GSA meeting events must be official registrants. Pre-registrants may pick up their badges at the
GSA registration booth in the Fetzer Center lobby. On-site
registration also occurs at the same location. Students and
K–12 professionals must show current ID to qualify for
reduced rates. Guest registration is required for any guest
attending meeting activities, including technical sessions and
field trips. A professional or student registrant must accompany guests. Badges must be worn to all activities Wednesday
through Saturday. All requests for registration changes or
cancellations must have been made in writing and received
at headquarters by 8 April. No refunds will be made after
this time.
Registration
On-site registration fees. All fees are in US dollars.
Full Mtg.
One Day
Professional Member.....................$215.................. $135
Professional Nonmember..............$235.................. $155
Student Member............................$65.................... $60
Student Nonmember.....................$90.................... $85
K–12 Teacher.................................$55.................... $40
Guest..............................................$70.................... NA
Short Course/Field Trip only.........$55.................... NA
Continuing Education Credits (CEU)
The Meeting offers an excellent opportunity to earn CEUs
toward your general continuing education requirements for
your employer or K–12 school. Credits are available for technical sessions, short courses and field trips. Ten contact hours
are required for one CEU. For example, one day (8 hours) of
technical sessions equals 0.8 CEUs. After the Meeting contact William Cox, [email protected], to receive a meeting
evaluation form. Within 2 weeks of completion of the meeting evaluation a Certificate will be mailed to you.
Special Events
Wednesday, May 1, 2013.
Welcoming Reception. Wednesday, May 1, 6:30–8:30 p.m.,
in Room 1035–1055. You are cordially invited to the Fetzer
Center as you visit with friends and colleagues. Refreshments
and a cash bar available.
Thursday, May 2, 2013.
North-Central Section GSA Management Board
Meeting. 7–8:30 a.m. Room 1060.
30 2013 GSA Abstracts with Programs 
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1 Fetzer Center at Western Michigan University (WMU)
2 Holiday Inn West
3 Red Roof Inn West
32 2013 GSA Abstracts with Programs Schneider Hall
Fetzer Center
Rood Hall
Paleontology Society Get-together with Snacks at
Paleontology Posters. 9–11 a.m.
Roy J. Shlemon Mentors in Applied Geoscience. Noon–
1:30 p.m., Room 2016/2018.
Screening of the film, “Switch.” Noon–1:30 p.m., Rood
Hall, Room 1118 (a 2-minute walk from the Fetzer Center).
Texas State Geologist Scott Tinker’s excellent film about
energy production and alternatives for the future. A ticket for
a box lunch can be purchased at the registration desk.
Reception and Annual Business Meeting of the Great
Lakes Section–SEPM. Thurs., 2 May, 5:30–6:30 p.m.,
Exhibition Hall. Join friends and colleagues at the Great
Lakes Section–SEPM exhibit booth for a reception and
Annual Business meeting to share laughs and to guide the
organization forward.
North-Central GSA Business Meeting. 6:15–6:30 p.m.,
Brown Auditorium. Reception to follow in Rooms 1035–
1055. Cash bar available.
NAGT Luncheon. Noon–1:30 p.m., Room 1060.
Keynote Address. 6:30 p.m., Brown Auditorium,
Schneider Hall. Dr. William F. Ruddiman. “When Did We
Transform Earth’s Surface?” Dr. Ruddiman’s many contributions include the early anthropogenic hypothesis for climate
change. He is the author or editor of 137 papers and eight
books. In 2012 he received the Distinguished Career Award
of the American Quaternary Association.
Friday May 3, 2013.
North-Central GSA Campus Representatives, Meeting
Planning and Technical Program Advisory Board, and
Local Committees Meeting. 7–8 a.m., Room 1060.
John Mann Mentors in Applied Hydrogeology Student
Luncheon. Noon–1:30 p.m. Room 2016/2018.
Screening of the film, “Switch.” Noon–1:30 p.m., Rood
Hall, Room 1118 (a 2-minute walk from the Fetzer Center).
Texas State Geologist Scott Tinker’s excellent film about
energy production and alternatives for the future. A ticket for
a box lunch can be purchased at the registration desk.
Geomorphology of the Great Lakes Theories. Noon–
1:30 p.m., near 1137 Rood Hall. Geomorphologists and anyone else interested can gather at the large wall photograph to
discuss with each other speculative theories about the landforms visible and their geologic history. Robb Gillespie will
lead this adventure. Can you match his imagination? A ticket
for a box lunch can be purchased at the registration desk.
Reception. 3–6 p.m., Room 1035–1055. Cash bar
available.
Saturday, May 4, 2013
Paleontological Society Council Mid-Year Meeting. 8 a.m.–
5 p.m., Room 1060.
Student Activities
The Student Volunteer check-in room is located in Room
2050. Please contact John Junod, [email protected].
for more information.
Student presentations are being reviewed for recognition of excellence. Awards are given for best student oral
(undergraduate and graduate) and poster (undergraduate
and graduate) presentations. To be eligible, students must be
lead authors and presenters and should clearly identify their
abstracts as student work.
Roy J. Shlemon Mentor Program in Applied Geoscience.
Cosponsored by the GSA Foundation. 2 May, Thursday, noon–
1:30 p.m., Room 2016/2018. The Shlemon Mentor Program
is designed to extend the mentoring reach of individual professionals from applied geology to undergraduates and graduate students attending GSA meetings. Over a free lunch,
mentors discuss the professional opportunities and challenges
that await students after graduation. Every registered student
will receive a free ticket to the Shlemon Luncheon along
with her/his badge; however, attendance is limited, and meals
are distributed on a first come, first served basis.
The John Mann Mentors in Applied Hydrogeology
Program. Cosponsored by the GSA Foundation. 3 May, Friday,
noon–1:30 p.m., Room 2016/2018. The Mann Mentors in
Applied Hydrogeology Program presents mentoring opportunities for undergraduate, graduate, and recent graduate
students who hold a strong interest in applied hydrogeology
as a career to interact and network with practicing hydrogeology professionals. This small-scale event features a free lunch
for student and professional participants. Every registered student will receive a free ticket to the Mann Luncheon along
with her/his badge; however, attendance is limited, and meals
are distributed on a first come, first served basis.
Technical Program
Oral Sessions
Oral presentations are located on the first and second
floors of the Fetzer Center. The Speaker Ready Room is located in Room 1030. Signage and meeting staff are available to
assist you in orienting yourself for quick access to all events.
PowerPoint is available for oral presentations. Operating
systems are PC-based; Mac-generated presentations should
be formatted for PC compatibility. Presenters may not use
their own laptops. Speakers should preferably provide their
presentations on either CD-R or flash drive. Presentations
must be uploaded in the Speaker Ready Room during the
preceding half-day to a scheduled session. Slide shows for
Thursday morning sessions are to be uploaded between 4 and
8 p.m. Wednesday, 1 May. Slide shows for Friday morning are
to be uploaded by 5 p.m. of the preceding afternoon. Talks for
afternoon sessions are to be uploaded between 7 and 11 a.m.
daily. In the unfortunate incidence of a late arrival, proceed
to the Speaker Ready Room for individual aid. Please make
every effort to upload your slide show by the session deadline
of the preceding half-day.
Poster Sessions
Poster sessions are located in the courtyard of Schneider
Hall. Individual poster space will be a 4' by 8' board, and you
can only use pushpins to tack up your poster. The boards do
not accept Velcro. Free pushpins will be available. Morning
posters are to be displayed at 8 a.m. and removed at noon;
while afternoon posters are to be displayed at 1:30 p.m. and
removed at 5 p.m. Authors are to be present between 9 and
11 a.m. for morning sessions, and between 2:30 and 4:30 p.m.
for afternoon sessions.
Keynote Address
Thursday, May 2, 6:30 p.m., Willard A. Brown Jr. Auditorium,
2000 Schneider Hall. “When Did We Transform Earth’s
Surface?”
Dr. William F. Ruddiman, Department of Environmental
Sciences (Emeritus Professor) University of Virginia,
Charlottesville, VA. Dr. Ruddiman’s distinguished career
includes the authorship of over 130 papers. He has edited or
34 2013 GSA Abstracts with Programs co-edited 3 books and 4 Ocean Drilling Volumes. His books
include: “Earth’s Climate: Past and Future” 1st edition 2001,
2nd edition 2007, 3rd edition in 2013; “Plows, Plagues, and
Petroleum” (2005, Princeton Univ. Press; 2nd release in
2010 with new afterword; and “Earth Transformed”: to be
published in 2013, WH Freeman. Among his awards are the
2010 Lyell Medal, Geological Society of London, and the
2012 Distinguished Career Award, American Quaternary
Association.
Theme Sessions
T1. Advances in Glacial Sediment Characterization:
Implications for Groundwater Flow and Contaminant
Transport Modeling. Larry Lemke, Wayne State University,
[email protected]; Remke Van Dam, Michigan State
University, [email protected].
T2. Applications of Near-Surface Geophysics. Bill
Sauck, Western Michigan University, [email protected];
Remke Van Dam, Michigan State University, [email protected].
T4. Quaternary Research in the Great Lakes Region I:
The Pleistocene. Randy Schaetzl, Michigan State University,
[email protected]; Catherine Yansa, Michigan State University,
[email protected].
T5. Quaternary Research in the Great Lakes Region II:
The Holocene. Catherine Yansa, Michigan State University,
[email protected]; Randy Schaetzl, Michigan State University,
[email protected].
T6. Quaternary Time Machine: Methods and
Analyses of Soils and Sediments to Reveal Secrets of Past
Environments. M. Kathyrn Rocheford, University of Iowa,
[email protected]; Maija Sipola, University of Iowa,
[email protected].
T7. Cultural Geology: Heritage Stone, Buildings, Parks,
Exhibits, and More. Co-sponsored by the Heritage Stone Task
Group of the IUGS. Nelson Shaffer, Indiana Geological
Survey, [email protected]; Joe Hannibal, Cleveland
Museum of Natural History, [email protected].
Research, Pedagogy, and Public Policy. Mike Phillips,
Illinois Valley Community College, mike_phillips_ivcc.edu.
T9. Sources, Transport, and Fate of Trace Elements and
Organics in the Environment. Co-sponsored by International
Association of GeoChemistry. Ryan Vannier, Michigan State
University, [email protected]; Colleen McLean, Youngstown
State University, [email protected].
T10. Mapping the Glacial Geology of the Great Lakes
States. Co-sponsored by the Great Lakes Geologic Mapping
Coalition. Kevin Kincare, U.S. Geological Survey, kkincare@
usgs.gov; Dick Berg, Illinois State Geological Survey, berg@
isgs.illinois.edu.
T11. Working With Pre-Service Teachers—Issues
and Ideas. Kyle Gray, University of Northern Iowa, kyle.
[email protected]; Anthony Feig, Central Michigan University,
[email protected].
T12. Research in Earth Science Education (Co-sponsored
by Central NAGT). Heather Petcovic, Western Michigan
University, [email protected]; Sandra Rutherford,
University of Wisconsin, [email protected].
T13. Innovative Earth Science Teacher Professional
Development. Mark Klawiter, Michigan Technological
University, [email protected]; Carol Engelmann; Emily
Gochis; Erika Vye; Heather Petcovic; Stephen Mattox.
T14. Teaching and Learning Earth Science: K–16
Educational Pedagogy. Co-sponsored by NC NAGT. Katie
Johnson, Eastern Illinois University, [email protected];
Stephen Mattox, Grand Valley State University, mattoxs@
gvsu.edu.
T15. Paleontology as a Murder Mystery: How the
Study of Predation and Taphonomy Reveals the Means,
Motives & Opportunities of Ancient Perpetrators and
Their Victims. Karen Koy, Missouri Western University,
[email protected]; Joseph E. Peterson, University of
Wisconsin–Oshkosh, [email protected].
T17. Special Poster Session on Undergraduate Research.
Ed Hansen, Hope College, [email protected]; Robert
Schuster, University of Nebraska, [email protected].
T18. Recent Advances in the Studies on the
Origin of Magmatic and Hydrothermal Ore Deposits.
Joyashish Thakurta, Western Michigan University,
[email protected].
Assessment of Water Availability and Use in the Glaciated
United States. Randall Bayless, U.S. Geological Survey,
[email protected]; Howard Reeves, U.S. Geological Survey.
T20. Applied Geology: Engineering, Environmental,
Geotechnical and Hydrogeology. Co-sponsored by Association
of Environmental and Engineering Geologists. Terry R. West,
Purdue University, [email protected].
T21. Field Trips, Guidebooks, and Apps: Exploring
the Present, Past and Future of Geological Field Trips and
Field Trip Guidebooks. Joe Hannibal, Cleveland Museum
of Natural History, [email protected]. Kevin R. Evans,
Missouri State University, [email protected].
T22. Topics in Vertebrate Paleontology. Michael J.
Ryan, Cleveland Museum of Natural History (mryan@
cmnh.org); Evan Scott, Case Western Reserve University
([email protected]).
T23. Remote Sensing Applications in Environmental
Sciences. Mohamed Sultan, Western Michigan University,
[email protected]; Richard Becker, University of
Toledo, [email protected].
Disciplinary Sessions
CO2 Storage and Greenhouse Gases. Charles W. Rovey II,
Missouri State University, [email protected].
Geophysics, Geodynamics, etc. Christopher J. Schmidt,
Western Michigan University, christopher.schmidt@
wmich.edu.
Geoscience Education (Posters).
Paleontology (Posters).
Sedimentology & Stratigraphy (Posters).
Sedimentology & Stratigraphy. Peter J. Voice, Western
Michigan University, [email protected].
Geophysics, Geochemistry & Oil (Posters).
Short Courses And Workshops
Short Course
Rationale and Methods For Regional 3d Geological
Mapping. Harvey Thorleifson, Minnesota Geological Survey;
Richard Berg, Illinois State Geological Survey; Hazen Russell,
Geological Survey of Canada.
This course will provide an introductory conceptual and
methodological guide for regional 3D geological mapping of
sediments and undeformed sedimentary basins. It is intended
for geological survey agency staff, and persons in allied
activity, who wish to justify and design or expand a 3D mapping program, and will emphasize widely available software.
The course will address regional scales of 1:24,000 and less
detailed, and will cover rationale, principles, data compilation, geophysics, drilling, model construction, and applications such as regional groundwater protection, modeling, and
management. Parking is available at the Fetzer Center.
Date and Time: 1 May 2013 (Wednesday) 8 a.m.–5 p.m.
Cost: $50, includes Workshop manual and breaks, lunch
not included. Limit: 40. CEU:0.8.
Location: Room 1122, Rood Hall.
Core Workshop
The Carboniferous of the Michigan Basin: Mississippian
(Osagean) Marshall through the Pennsylvanian
(Morrowan-Atokan) Saginaw Formations. Shannon Towne,
Michigan Geological Survey/Geosciences, Western Michigan
University, [email protected]; Dave Barnes,
Michigan Geological Survey/Geosciences, Western Michigan
University, [email protected]; William B. Harrison III,
Michigan Geological Repository for Research and Education,
[email protected]
Date and Time: 5 May 2013 (Sunday) 9a.m.–4 p.m.
Cost: $75, includes: workshop manual, Lunch, and
Breaks.
Location: MGRRE Facility. The location of the facility
is detailed on: http://wsh060.westhills.wmich.edu/MGRRE/
index.shtml. Free Parking is available at MGRRE.
There is a core workshop being held at the Michigan
Repository for Research and Education (MGRRE), Western
Michigan University, as part of the annual North-Central
regional GSA meeting. The workshop focuses on the
Carboniferous of the Michigan Basin with special emphasis
on lithostratigraphy and chronostratigraphy associated with
the Mississippian-Pennsylvanian unconformity. Analysis of
core material on the basis of dominant lithofacies and biostratigraphy is being explored using a collection of cores from
the southern Michigan Basin. Recently identified Chesterian
strata from subsurface cores are being examined. Cores that
illustrate the variability of the Kaskaskia/Absaroka megasequence boundary (Mississippian/Pennsylvanian systemic
boundary) are also be on display.
Field Trips
All field trips will leave from the front entrance to the
Fetzer Center). Park at the Fetzer Center Lot.
1. Kentland Quarry & Kentland, Indiana Impact
Structure. John Weber, Grand Valley State University,
[email protected].
Date and Time: 4 May 2013 (Saturday) 8 a.m.–6 p.m.
Cost: $115, includes: field trip guide, transportation,
lunch, and refreshments.
2. The Detroit Salt Mine. William B. Harrison III,
Director, Michigan Geological Repository for Research and
Education (MGRRE), [email protected]; on-site leader:
E.Z. Manos, President, Detroit Salt Mine Company.
3. Contrasting Terrains of the Lake Michigan and
Saginaw Lobes in Southern Michigan. Alan Kehew, Western
Michigan University, [email protected]; Andrew
Kozlowski, New York State Museum–Albany, akozlows@
mail.nysed.gov; Brian Bird, New York State Museum, bbird@
nysed.gov; John Esch, Michigan Dept. of Environmental
Quality, [email protected].
4. Pennsylvanian Fluvial-Deltaic Depositional Systems
in Central Lower Michigan: Sedimentology, Stratigraphy,
and Hydrogeology of the Saginaw Aquifer. Peter J. Voice,
Western Michigan University, [email protected];
36 2013 GSA Abstracts with Programs David Barnes, Michigan Geological Survey/Geosciences,
Western Michigan University, [email protected];
Dave Westjohn; Amanda Walega, Niah Venable.
5. Michigan Sand Dunes. Edward Hansen, Hope College,
hansen@ hope.edu.
6. Geology and Slope Stability along the Lake Michigan
Coastal Zone. Ronald Chase, Western Michigan University,
[email protected].
James.P. Selegean, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Detroit
District
7. Spouse/Guest Trip to Frederik Meijer Gardens and
Sculpture Park in Grand Rapids. This trip will visit the
132-acre Meijer gardens and outdoor sculpture park in Grand
Rapids, Michigan. http://www.meijergardens.org/.
Cost: $50, includes: transportation and admission. Lunch
is available at the park but is not included in the cost.
Schedule of Events
Event
Time
Location
Wednesday, May 1, 2013
Welcoming Reception and Exhibits
6:30–8:30 p.m.
Rm 1035–1055, Fetzer Center
Short Course: Rationale and Methods for Regional 3D Geological Mapping
8 a.m.–5 p.m.
Rood Hall, Room 1122
Speaker Ready Room
4–8 p.m.
Room 1030
Registration
4–8 p.m.
Lobby, Fetzer Center
Thursday May 2, 2013
Registration
7:30 a.m.–6 p.m.
Speaker Ready Room
7 a.m.–6 p.m.
Room 1030
Meeting Office
7 a.m.–4 p.m.
Director’s Conference Room,
Fetzer Center
North Central Section Management Board Meeting
7–8:30 a.m.
Room 1060
Paleontology Society Get-together with Snacks at Paleontology
Posters
9–11 a.m.
NAGT Luncheon
noon–1:30 p.m.
Room 1060
Screening of the movie “Switch”
noon–1:30 p.m.
Roy J. Schlemon Mentors In Applied Geoscience
noon–1:30 p.m.
Room 2016/2018
North-Central GSA Business Meeting
6:15–6:30 p.m.
Brown Auditorium
Reception and Annual Business Meeting of the Great Lakes Section–
SEPM
5:30–6:30 p.m.
Exhibition Hall
Reception in Exhibits Area
5:45–6:30 p.m.
Room 1035-1055
Keynote Address: Dr. William Ruddiman
6:30–8 p.m.
Brown Auditorium, Schneider Hall
Morning (Thursday)
Technical SEssions
Oral Technical Sessions
8–10 a.m.
Room 2040
T4. Quaternary Research in the Great Lakes Region I: The Pleistocene
8 a.m.–noon
Kirsch Auditorium
T13. Innovative Earth Science Teacher Professional Development
8 a.m.–noon
Putney Auditorium
T23. Remote Sensing Applications in Environmental Sciences
8 a.m.–noon
Room 2020
8 a.m.–noon
Room 1040/1050
T18. Recent Advances in the Studies on the Origin of Magmatic
and Hydrothermal Ore Deposits
10 a.m.–noon
Room 2040
8–noon
8–noon
8–noon
Poster Technical Sessions (authors present 9–11 a.m.)
Event
Time
Location
T6. Quaternary Time Machine: Methods and Analyses of Soils and
Sediments to Reveal Secrets of Past Environments (Posters)
8–noon
T10. Mapping the Glacial Geology of the Great Lakes States (Posters)
8–noon
Afternoon (Thursday)
technical sessions
Oral Technical Sessions:
1:30–5:30 p.m.
Room 2020
Sediments to Reveal Secrets of Past Environments
1:30–5:30 p.m.
Room 1040/1050
T10. Mapping the Glacial Geology of the Great Lakes States
1:30 p.m.
Kirsch Auditorium
T14. Teaching and Learning Earth Science: K–16 Educational Pedagogy
1:30–5:30 p.m.
Putney Auditorium
1:30–5:30 p.m.
Room 2040
1:30–5:30 p.m.
1:30–5:30 p.m.
T8. Addressing Environmental Aspects of Geology: Research, Pedagogy,
and Public Policy (Posters)
1:30–5:30 p.m.
T19. Hydrogeologic Investigations for Improved Assessment of Water
Availability and Use in the Glaciated United States (Posters)
1:30–5:30 p.m.
T20. Applied Geology: Engineering, Environmental, Geotechnical and
Hydrogeology (Posters)
1:30–5:30 p.m.
T23. Remote Sensing Applications in Environmental Sciences (Posters)
1:30–5:30 p.m.
Poster Technical Sessions (authors present 2:30–4:30 p.m.)
Friday, May 3, 2013
Registration
7:30 a.m.–5 p.m.
Speaker Ready Room
7 a.m.–noon
Room 2030
Meeting Office
7 a.m.–4 p.m.
Director’s Conference Room
North-Central GSA Campus Representatives Meeting
7–8:30 a.m.
Room 1060
Screening of the movie“Switch”
noon–1:30 p.m.
John Mann Mentors in Applied Hydrogeology
noon–1:30 p.m.
Room 2016/2018
Geomorphic Theories
noon–1:30 p.m.
near 1137 Rood Hall
Morning (Friday)
Technical sessions
T1. Advances in Glacial Sediment Characterization: Implications for
Groundwater Flow and Contaminant Transport Modeling
8 a.m.–noon
Kirsch Auditorium
T5. Quaternary Research in the Great Lakes Region II: The Holocene, Part I
8 a.m.–noon
Putney Auditorium
T9. Topics in Environmental Geochemistry
8 a.m.–noon
Room 1040/1050
T11. Working With Pre-Service Teachers—Issues and Ideas
8 a.m.–noon
Room 2020
38 2013 GSA Abstracts with Programs Event
T15. Paleontology as a Murder Mystery: How the Study of Predation
and Taphonomy Reveals the Means, Motives & Opportunities of Ancient
Perpetrators and Their Victims
Time
Location
8 a.m.–noon
Room 2040
8 a.m.–noon
Poster Technical Sessions (authors present 9-11 a.m.)
T17. Special Poster Session on Undergraduate Research (Posters)
Afternoon (Friday)
T5. Quaternary Research in the Great Lakes Region II: The Holocene,
Part II
1:30–5:30 p.m.
Putney Auditorium
T7. Cultural Geology: Heritage Stone, Buildings, Parks, and More
1:30–3 p.m.
Room 2040
T8. Addressing Environmental Aspects of Geology: Research, Pedagogy,
and Public Policy
1:30–5:30 p.m.
Room 1040/1050
T12. Research in Earth Science Education
1:30–5:30 p.m.
Room 2020
T19. Hydrogeologic Investigations for Improved Assessment of Water
Availability and Use in the Glaciated United States
1:30–3:30 p.m.
Kirsch Auditorium
T20. Applied Geology: Engineering, Environmental, Geotechnical and
Hydrogeology
3:30–5:30 p.m
Kirsch Auditorium
T21. Field Trips, Guidebooks, and Apps: Exploring the Present, Past and
Future of Geological Field Trips and Field Trip Guidebooks
3–5:30 p.m
Room 2040
Saturday May 4, 2013
Paleontological Society Council Mid-Year Meeting.
8 a.m.–5 p.m.
Room 1060
Field Trips
Departures (All Field Trips leave from the entrance to Fetzer Center)
Field Trips 1, 2, 3, 4, and 6 leave at 8 a.m. Please be present at 7:30 a.m. Field trip 5 leaves at 7 a.m. and Field Trip 7 leaves at 9 a.m.
Field Trip #1 Kentland Quarry & Kentland, Indiana Impact Structure
Field Trip #2 The Detroit Salt Mine
Field Trip #3 Contrasting Terrains of the Lake Michigan and Saginaw Lobes in Southern Michigan
Field Trip #4 Pennsylvanian Fluvial-Deltaic Depositional Systems in Central Lower Michigan: Sedimentology, Stratigraphy, and
Hydrogeology of the Saginaw Aquifer
Field Trip #5 Michigan Sand Dunes
Field Trip #6 Geology and Slope Stability along the Lake Michigan Coastal Zone
Field Trip #7 Spouse/guest trip to Frederik Meijer Gardens and Sculpture Park in Grand Rapids.
Sunday, May 5, 2013
Workshop
CORE WORKSHOP
The Carboniferous of the Michigan Basin: Mississippian (Osagean) Marshall through the Pennsylvanian (Morrowan-Atokan) Saginaw
Formations
9a.m. – 4 p.m. (Michigan Geological Repository for Research and Education (MGRRE) The location of the facility is detailed at:
http://wsh060.westhills.wmich.edu/MGRRE/index.shtml
Technical Sessions
A no-smoking policy has been established by
the Program Committee and will be followed in
all meeting rooms for technical sessions.
Meeting policy prohibits the use of cameras
or sound-recording equipment at technical
sessions and poster sessions.
Notice
In the interest of public information, the Geological Society of America provides a forum for the presentation
of diverse opinions and positions. The opinions (views) expressed by speakers and exhibitors at these sessions
are their own and do not necessarily represent the views or policies of the Geological Society of America.
Note index system
Numbers (3-4, 15-4) indicate session and order of presentation within that session.
*denotes speaker
THURSDAY, 2 May 2013
morning Oral
Technical Sessions
SESSION NO. 1
SESSION NO. 2
8:00 AM, Fetzer Center, Room 2040
Christopher J. Schmidt, Presiding
2-1
8:00 AM Larson, Mark*; Mickus, Kevin: GRAVITY AND MAGNETIC
ANALYSIS OF PLUTONS, RING PLUTONS AND MAFIC
BODIES IN THE ST FRANCOIS MOUNTAINS, SE MISSOURI
2-2
8:20 AM Evans, Kevin R.*; Bassett, Damon J.; Ethington, Raymond L.;
Manger, Walter L.; Mickus, Kevin L.; Miller, James F.: PREOUACHITA TECTONISM, DEVELOPMENT OF A BACKSTEPPING SHELF MARGIN, AND SYN-TECTONIC
SEDIMENTATION (MIDDLE DEVONIAN THROUGH
MISSISSIPPIAN) ON SOUTHERN LAURENTIA: A
REGIONAL SYNTHESIS OF THE OZARKS
2-3
8:40 AM Pennington, Wayne D.*; Waite, Gregory P.: THE MENOMINEE
CRACK AND CLINTONVILLE BOOMS: SEISMIC EVENTS IN
MICHIGAN’S UPPER PENINSULA AND NORTHEASTERN
WISCONSIN
2-4
9:00 AM Tupper, M. Tobias*; Green, Douglas H.: IDENTIFICATION OF
LOW-LEVEL SEISMICITY IN OHIO
2-5
9:20 AM Malcuit, Robert J.*: A JUPITER ORBIT -- LUNAR ORBIT
RESONANCE MODEL: POSSIBLE CAUSE FOR THE
BEGINNING OF THE MODERN STYLE OF PLATE
TECTONICS
8:00 AM, Fetzer Center, Room 1040/1050
Charles W. Rovey, Presiding
1-1
8:00 AM Shields, Stephen A.*; Plymate, Thomas: PETROGRAPHIC
ANALYSIS OF THE LAMOTTE SANDSTONE: POTENTIAL
FOR CARBON SEQUESTRATION
1-2
8:20 AM Sosulski, John H.*; Barnes, David A.: CO2 STORAGE
RESOURCE POTENTIAL OF A DEEP SALINE AQUIFER:
ST. PETER SANDSTONE, MICHIGAN BASIN, USA
1-3
8:40 AM Bull, Nicholas*; Hampton, Duane R.; Barnes, David A.:
ANALYZING THE CO2 SEQESTRATION POTENTIAL OF
THE MIDDLE DEVONIAN SYLVANIA SANDSTONE USING
NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS
1-4
9:00 AM Johns, Elizabeth K.*; Gouzie, Douglas R.: SITE SPECIFIC
GEOCHEMICAL MODELING OF GROUNDWATER, ROCK
AND CARBON DIOXIDE INTERACTIONS: IMPLICATIONS
FOR GEOLOGIC CARBON SEQUESTRATION
1-5
9:20 AM Mayle, Emme*; Rovey, Charles W. II.: RELATIONSHIP
BETWEEN DEPTH AND HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY
WITHIN THE ST. FRANCOIS AQUIFER, MISSOURI
9:40 AM Break
1-6
1-7
10:00 AM Stratton, Stephanie L.*; Rovey, Charles W. II.: SIMULATION OF
CO2 INJECTION INTO ST. FRANCOIS AQUIFER, GREENE
COUNTY, MISSOURI
10:20 AM Smolenski, Rebecca Lynn*; Beaulieu, Jake; TownsendSmall, Amy: GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS FROM A
TEMPERATE AGRICULTURAL RESERVOIR
40 2013 GSA Abstracts with Programs SESSION NO. 3
T4. Quaternary Research in the Great Lakes Region I: The
Pleistocene
8:00 AM, Fetzer Center, Kirsch Auditorium
Randall Schaetzl and Catherine Yansa, Presiding
3-1
8:00 AM Lepper, Kenneth*; Fisher, Timothy G.; Lowell, Thomas V.:
AGE CONSTRAINTS FOR AN UPDATED LAKE AGASSIZ
PALEOHYDROGRAPH
SESSION NO. 6
3-2
8:20 AM Fisher, Timothy G.*; Blockland, Joseph; Higley, Melinda;
Anderson, Brad; Goble, Ronald J.; Lepper, Kenneth: RECENT
STRATIGRAPHIC AND CHRONOLOGIC RESULTS FROM
THE HURON-ERIE LAKE PLAIN OF ANCESTRAL LAKE
ERIE, OHIO
3-3
8:40 AM Lowell, Thomas V.*: DO THE ICE MARGIN CHANGES OF
THE LAURENTIDE GREAT LAKE LOBES MATCH THE
GREENLAND ISOTOPE RECORD?
3-4
9:00 AM Carson, Eric C.*; Attig, John W.: RADIOCARBON CONTROL
FOR THE ADVANCE OF THE GREEN BAY LOBE TO ITS
LATE WISCONSIN (MIS 2) MAXIMUM POSITION AT DEVILS
LAKE, SOUTH-CENTRAL WISCONSIN
3-5
9:20 AM Schaetzl, Randall*; Forman, Steven L.; Attig, John W.: OSL
AGES ON LOESS CONSTRAIN THE ADVANCE OF THE
CHIPPEWA VALLEY LOBE IN WESTERN WISCONSIN, USA
4-6
10:10 AM Miller, Ashley E.*; Mattox, Stephen: INTEGRATING
INQUIRY-BASED INSTRUCTION IN K-12 EARTH SCIENCE
CLASSROOMS
4-7
10:30 AM Grabemeyer, Nick C.*; Young, Julie L.; Jenkins, Julia H.; BryantKuiphoff, Yonee’ E.; Reed, Mark S.; Mattox, Stephen; Petcovic,
Heather; Rose, William I.: KALAMAZOO AND JACKSON
(MI) K-12 TEACHER REFLECTIONS FROM THE MICHIGAN
TEACHER EDUCATION PROGRAM
4-8
10:50 AM Ernstes, Joshua D.*; Ernstes, Angela L.; Kay, Katherine E.;
Selner, Maria D.; Kahler, Dawn; Petcovic, Heather; Mattox,
Stephen; Rose, William I.: KALAMAZOO (MI) K-12 TEACHER
REFLECTIONS FROM THE MICHIGAN TEACHER
EXCELLENCE PROGRAM
4-9
11:10 AM Kumler, Lori; McLean, Colleen E.*; Armstrong, Felicia P.:
MEETING THE NEEDS OF THE MODERN ENVIRONMENTAL
ERA: A PARTNERSHIP TO ENHANCE TEACHERS’ AND
STUDENTS’ UNDERSTANDINGS OF SUSTAINABILITY
CONCEPTS
11:30 AM Discussion
9:40 AM Break
3-6
10:00 AM Esch, John M.*: BURIED BEDROCK VALLEYS OF MICHIGAN
3-7
10:20 AM Walters, Kent A.*; Lowell, Thomas V.; Putnam, Aaron E.: A
CASE FOR STEP-WISE RETREAT OF THE LAURENTIDE
ICE SHEET DURING THE YOUNGER DRYAS: CENTRAL
UPPER PENINSULA OF MICHIGAN
3-8
10:40 AM Colgan, Patrick M.*: EVIDENCE FOR DISTRIBUTION AND
THICKNESS OF ATHENS SUB-EPISODE AND OLDER
SEDIMENTS IN OTTAWA COUNTY, MICHIGAN
3-9
11:00 AM Curry, B. Brandon*: SUPERPOSED ICE-WALLED LAKE
DEPOSITS, NORTHEASTERN ILLINOIS
3-10
11:20 AM Phillips, Andrew C.*; Caron, Olivier; Bryk, Alexander B.;
Prokocki, Eric W.; Best, James L.: MEANDER CUTOFFS,
FLOODPLAIN LAKES: GEOLOGIC ARCHIVES IN THE
LOWER WABASH VALLEY
SESSION NO. 4
SESSION NO. 5
T18. Recent Advances in the Studies on the Origin of Magmatic
and Hydrothermal Ore Deposits
Joyashish Thakurta, Presiding
5-1
10:00 AM Mulcahy, Connor*; Hansen, Edward C.; Rhede, D.; Bornhorst,
Theodore J.: RARE EARTH ELEMENT ENRICHED
MINERALS IN HYDROTHERMAL COPPER DEPOSITS
FROM THE KEWEENAW PENINSULA, MICHIGAN, USA
5-2
10:20 AM Frank, Mark R.*; Fraley, Kendle: AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY
OF GOLD IN SULFIDE MINERALS
5-3
10:40 AM Mateas, Douglas J.*: HYDROTHERMAL ALTERATION
AND MINERALIZATION AMONG THE GOLD ZONES OF
THE BACK FORTY VOLCANOGENIC MASSIVE SULFIDE
DEPOSIT
5-4
11:00 AM Hagni, Richard D.*: ORIGIN OF PLATY GALENA IN THE
VIBURNUM TREND, SOUTHEAST MISSOURI
5-5
11:20 AM Scott, Henry P.*; Compton, John G.; Hasan, Maggie; Frank,
Mark R.: CO2 CYCLING IN THE DEEP EARTH
T13. Innovative Earth Science Teacher Professional Development
8:00 AM, Fetzer Center, Putney Auditorium
Mark F. Klawiter, Carol Engelmann, Emily E. Gochis, Erika C. Vye, Heather Petcovic,
and Stephen Mattox, Presiding
8:00 AM Introductory Remarks
4-1
8:10 AM Schepke, Chuck*; Bluth, Gregg J.S.; Anderson, Kari;
Smirnov, Aleksey V.; Piispa, Elisa J.: SUMMER RESEARCH
EXPERIENCE IN EARTH MAGNETISM: THE TEACHERS’
PERSPECTIVE
4-2
8:30 AM Zolynsky, Debra L.*; Klawiter, Mark F.: VIRTUAL VS.
VISCERAL FIELD EXPERIENCES: TWO PATHS DIVERGE...
TAKE BOTH
4-3
8:50 AM Klawiter, Mark F.*; Mattox, Stephen R.; Petcovic, Heather L.;
Rose, William I.; Huntoon, Jacqueline E.; Engelmann, Carol A.;
Vye, Erika C.; Gochis, Emily E.; Miller, Ashley E.; McKee,
Kathleen F.: CREATING A MODEL FOR IMPROVING EARTH
SCIENCE TEACHING NATIONWIDE: AN OVERVIEW OF THE
MICHIGAN TEACHER EXCELLENCE PROGRAM (MITEP)
NSF MATH-SCIENCE PARTNERSHIP
4-4
9:10 AM Mattox, Stephen*; Petcovic, Heather; Klawiter, Mark F.;
Gochis, Emily; Miller, Ashley E.: RELEVANT, PLACE-BASED
PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT FOR URBAN TEACHERS,
INSIGHTS FROM THE MICHIGAN TEACHER EDUCATION
PROGRAM
9:30 AM Break
4-5
9:50 AM Gochis, Emily E.*; Rose, William I.; Hungwe, Kedmon;
Klawiter, Mark F.; Mattox, Stephen R.; Petcovic, Heather;
Miller, Ashley E.: PROMOTING GEOSCIENCE SKILLS
AND CONTENT KNOWLEDGE BY INTEGRATING FIELDBASED EARTHCACHES INTO TEACHER PROFESSIONAL
DEVELOPMENT
SESSION NO. 6
Mohamed Sultan and Richard Becker, Presiding
6-1
8:00 AM Siemer, Kyle W.*; Becker, Richard: USING DIFFERENTIAL
SYNTHETIC APERTURE RADAR INTERFEROMETRY
(DINSAR) TO DETECT SUBSIDENCE RELATED TO
ABANDONED UNDERGROUND MINES (AUMS) IN
SOUTHEASTERN OHIO
6-2
8:20 AM Bouali, El Hachemi Y.*; Sultan, Mohamed; Becker, Richard H.;
Chouinard, Kyle J.: SUBSIDENCE OF THE NILE DELTA,
EGYPT: OPTIMIZING INTERFEROMETRIC SYNTHETIC
APERTURE RADAR (INSAR) RESULTS OVER URBAN
CENTERS IN VEGETATED REGIONS
6-3
8:40 AM Zaki, Abotalib; Mohamed, Lamees*; Sultan, Mohamed:
INVESTIGATING THE PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT OF
GEBEL EL-HAMZA AREA, NE CAIRO, EGYPT: A REMOTE
SENSING APPROACH
6-4
9:00 AM El Kadiri, Racha*; Sultan, Mohamed; Becker, Richard;
Krawczyk, Malgorzata; Al Harbi, Talal; Chouinard, Kyle J.:
STATISTICAL AND REMOTE SENSING BASED APPROACH
TO DETERMINE DEBRIS FLOWS TRIGGERING FACTORS
9:20 AM Break
SESSION NO. 6
6-5
9:40 AM Mohamed, Lamees*; Sultan, Mohamed; Zaki, Abotalib:
STRUCTURAL CONTROL OF GROUNDWATER FLOW,
SOUTHERN SINAI, EGYPT: REMOTE SENSING
CONSTRAINTS
6-6
10:00 AM Ahmed, Mohamed*; Sultan, Mohamed; Alharbi, Talal:
MONITORING AQUIFER DEPLETION FROM SPACE: CASE
STUDIES FROM NUBIAN SANDSTONE AQUIFER IN EGYPT
AND THE SAQ AQUIFER IN SAUDI ARABIA
6-7
10:20 AM Zmijewski, Kirk A.*; Becker, Richard H.: USING GRACE
DATA TO MONITOR EFFECTS OF ANTHROPOGENIC
MODIFICATION AND CLIMATE CHANGE ON
GROUNDWATER IN THE ARAL SEA REGION: 2002-2012
6-8
10:40 AM Becker, Richard H.*: THE STALLED RECOVERY OF THE
MESOPTAMIAN MARSHES
morning Poster
Technical Sessions
8-7
11 Zambito, James J. IV.*; Day, Jed: NEW INSIGHTS INTO THE
TRILOBITE AND CONODONT BIOSTRATIGRAPHY OF THE
MIDDLE-UPPER DEVONIAN GENESEE GROUP IN EASTERN
NEW YORK STATE
8-8
12 Wulf, Shane*; Johnson, Daryl; Hanger, Rex A.: TESTING SPECIESABUNDANCE MODELS OF THE HUGHES CREEK SHALE
(CARBONIFEROUS) OF SOUTHEASTERN NEBRASKA
8-9
13 Rivera, Alexei A.*: ECOLOGY OF LATE MESOZOIC
HETEROMORPHIC AMMONITES: A CASE FOR ALGAL
SYMBIOSIS?
8-10
14 Rivera, Alexei A.*: A NEW TEST OF THE PUNCTUATIONAL
MODEL USING PRESENTLY RADIATING CLADES OF BIVALVE
MOLLUSKS AND MAMMALS
8-11
15 Blahnik, Caitlin*; Hanger, Rex: MOUTH-SIZE ESTIMATION OF THE
SHARK, PETALODUS OHIOENSIS, FROM THE HUGHES CREEK
SHALE (CARBONIFEROUS) OF SOUTHEASTERN NEBRASKA
8-12
16 Fontana, Thomas M.*; Bartels, William S.: EOCENE TURTLES
FROM THE DISTAL DEPOSITS OF THE CATHEDRAL BLUFFS
TONGUE (WASATCH FORMATION), RED DESERT, WYOMING
8-13
17 Claes, Christopher*; Bartels, William S.; McRivette, Michael W.:
GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM ANALYSIS OF THE
DISTRIBUTION OF LIVING REPTILIANS WITH RESPECT
TO CLIMATE AND ITS POTENTIAL FOR GENERATING
QUANTITATIVE PALEOCLIMATIC ESTIMATES
8-14
18 Baumann, Eric Jr.*; Crowley, Brooke: INVESTIGATING THE
ECOLOGY OF EXTINCT PROBOSCIDEANS FROM THE
CINCINNATI REGION USING STABLE ISOTOPES
8-15
19 Thomka, James R.*; Brett, Carlton E.: SUBSTRATE-CONTROLLED
VARIABILITY WITHIN ATTACHMENT STRUCTURES OF
CARYOCRINITES (ECHINODERMATA: RHOMBIFERA) FROM THE
MIDDLE SILURIAN OF SOUTHEASTERN INDIANA
SESSION NO. 7
8:00 AM, Schneider Hall, Courtyard
Authors will be present from 9 to 11 AM
Booth #
7-1
1 Lane, Joe*: USING THE HISTORY OF RESEARCH ON THE
PHENOMENON OF PLATE TECTONICS TO HELP STUDENTS
BETTER APPRECIATE THE NATURE OF SCIENCE
7-2
2 Miller, Kurtz K.*; Cook, Alex: ANALYZING GLACIAL TILL: AN
INQUIRY-BASED PROJECT FOR HIGH SCHOOL EARTH
SCIENCE STUDENTS
7-3
3 Barney, Jeffrey A.*: USING SOLID ROCK CORE SAMPLES TO
TEACH POROSITY AND PERMEABILITY
SESSION NO. 9
7-4
4 Barone, Steven*; Petcovic, Heather: TEACHING PALEOCLIMATE
AND CLIMATE CHANGE TO FUTURE TEACHERS: AN ACTION
RESEARCH STUDY
SESSION NO. 8
Booth #
9-1
20 Thomka, James R.*; List, Daniel A.; Brett, Carlton E.: MAGNETIC
SUSCEPTIBILITY OF THE LATEST TELYCHIAN-EARLY
SHEINWOODIAN (MIDDLE SILURIAN) SUCCESSION,
SOUTHEASTERN INDIANA AND NORTHERN KENTUCKY:
IMPLICATIONS FOR STRATIGRAPHIC INTERPRETATION OF
DIAGENETICALLY ALTERED UNITS
9-2
21 Donoghue, Kellie*; Schieber, Juergen: FLUID INCLUSION STUDIES
OF PROMINENT NATURAL FRACTURES IN THE NEW ALBANY
SHALE, KENTUCKY, USA
9-3
22 Hess, Rachel*; Evans, Kevin; Dattilo, Benjamin: VARIATIONS
OF FLAT-PEBBLE CONGLOMERATE STRATA IN HINTZE’S
SECTION C AND MOUNT LAW
9-4
23 Elson, Joshua D.*; Larson, Mark O.; Talarico, Joe M.; Ives,
Brandon T.: CLASTIC DIKES WITHIN THE SWAN CREEK
SANDSTONE, SOUTHWEST MISSOURI
9-5
24 Wagenvelt, Kirk A.*; Barnes, David A.; Kominz, Michelle A.; Samson,
Josh B.: USE OF ORGANIC THERMAL ALTERATION DATA TO
INVESTIGATE ANOMALOUS/ACCELERATED MATURATION
RELATED TO THE MID-CONTINENT RIFT SYSTEM, MICHIGAN
BASIN, USA
9-6
25 Camaret, B.N*; Krossman, K.E.; McLean, Colleen; Mattheus, C.R.:
DETERMINING STORM EVENTS THROUGH MICROFAUNADISTRIBUTION ANALYSIS: A SEDIMENTOLOGIC STUDY OF
PONDS ON SAN SALVADOR, BAHAMAS
9-7
26 Fowler, J.K.*; Marsey, C.W.; Mattheus, C.R.: CONSTRUCTING
A DEPOSITIONAL HISTORY OF STORM INFLUENCE FOR
COASTAL PONDS OF SAN SALVADOR, BAHAMAS
Booth #
8-1
5 Johnson, Daryl*; Wulf, Shane; Hanger, Rex: SIZE-FREQUENCY
DISTRIBUTION AND TAPHONOMY OF BRACHIOPODA
FROM THE HUGHES CREEK SHALE (CARBONIFEROUS) OF
SOUTHEASTERN NEBRASKA
8-2
6 Day, Jed*; Evans, Scott D.; Over, D. Jeffrey; Hasenmueller, Nancy R.;
Leonard, Andrea M.: EARLY CARBONIFEROUS (EARLIEST
TOURNAISIAN-KINDERHOOKIAN) BRACHIOPOD AND
CONODONT FAUNAS OF THE “ELLSWORTH” MEMBER OF THE
NEW ALBANY SHALE, ILLINOIS BASIN, SOUTHERN INDIANA
8-3
7 Smrecak, Trisha A.*: COMPARING SCLEROBIONT COVERAGE
OF RAFINESQUINA ALTERNATA IN HARDGROUND AND SOFTBOTTOM SUBSTRATE SETTINGS IN THE CINCINNATI ARCH
REGION (CINCINNATIAN, UPPER ORDOVICIAN)
8-4
8 Green, Jeremy L.*; McAfee, Robert K.: THE INFLUENCE OF BITE
FORCE ON THE FORMATION OF DENTAL MICROWEAR IN
XENARTHRANS (MAMMALIA)
8-5
8-6
9 Guensburg, Thomas E.*; Sprinkle, James; Mooi, Rich: AGAINST
HOMOLOGY OF CRINOID AND BLASTOZOAN ORAL PLATES
10 Aucoin, Christopher D.*; Brett, Carlton E.; Malgieri, Thomas J.;
Thomka, James R.: A PRELIMINARY COMPARISON OF THE LATE
ORDOVICIAN BUTTER SHALES OF THE CINCINNATI ARCH
SESSION NO. 10
12-2
1:50 PM Jenschke, Matthew Clay*; Evans, James E.: DELTA FRONT
AND SHALLOW SUB-TIDAL FACIES IN THE LATE
DEVONIAN BEDFORD SHALE AND BEREA SANDSTONE,
NW OHIO
12-3
2:10 PM Shah, Mihir*; Evans, James E.: SUBSURFACE FACIES
ANALYSIS OF ROSE RUN SANDSTONE (UPPER
CAMBRIAN) IN EASTERN OHIO
Sediments to Reveal Secrets of Past Environments (Posters)
Booth #
10-1
27 Robert, Joe*; Bird, Broxton W.; Escobar, Jaime H.: LATE GLACIAL
AND HOLOCENE ENVIRONMENTAL VARIABILITY REVEALED
FROM CARBON, NITROGEN AND GRAIN SIZE MEASUREMENTS
OF A HIGH-RESOLUTION BOG CORE FROM THE PáRAMO DE
FRONTINO, COLOMBIA
12-4
2:30 PM Malgieri, Thomas J.*; Brett, Carlton E.; Thomka, James R.;
Aucoin, Christopher D.: PRELIMINARY REVISION OF THE
SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY AND NOMENCLATURE
OF THE UPPER MAYSVILLIAN-LOWER RICHMONDIAN
STRATA EXPOSED IN KENTUCKY
10-2
28 Gehrman, Rachael C.*; Bird, Broxton W.; Abbott, Mark B.; Stansell,
Nathan D.; Rodbell, Donald T.; Steinman, Byron A.: HOLOCENESCALE TRENDS IN ANDEAN SOUTH AMERICAN SUMMER
MONSOON VARIABILITY INFERRED FROM A COUPLED LAKE
SYSTEM IN THE CENTRAL PERUVIAN ANDES
12-5
2:50 PM Huck, Scott W.*; Evans, James E.: INFLUENCE OF
STORM WAVE BASE FLUCTUATIONS ON CARBONATE
SHELF FACIES IN THE ORDOVICIAN POINT PLEASANT
FORMATION (CENTRAL OHIO)
10-3
29 Doucette, Ikumi D.*; Fadem, Cynthia M.: PRELIMINARY SOIL
MINERALOGY OF THE HAGHTANAKH 3 SITE, NORTHERN
ARMENIA
3:10 PM Break
12-6
10-4
30 Fadem, Cynthia M.; Nembhard, Nicole S.*: THERMODYNAMIC
INVESTIGATION OF PEDOGENIC MINERALS AT THE PTGHAVAN
4 SITE, NORTHERN ARMENIA
3:30 PM Keith, Brian D.; Thompson, Todd A.*: TRANSITION FROM
DELTAIC TO CARBONATE PLATFORM DEPOSITION –
RAMP CREEK FORMATION (MISSISSIPPIAN) OF CENTRAL
INDIANA
12-7
3:50 PM Santistevan, Fred*; Algeo, Thomas J.; Hannigan, Robyn;
Williams, Jeremy C.: THE ROLE OF THE SIBERIAN TRAPS IN
THE PERMIAN-TRIASSIC MASS EXTINCTION: ANALYSIS
THROUGH CHEMICAL FINGERPRINTING OF MARINE
SEDIMENTS USING RARE EARTH ELEMENTS (REES)
12-8
4:10 PM Voice, Peter J.*; Kowalewski, Michal; Eriksson, Kenneth A.:
THE GLOBAL DETRITAL ZIRCON DATABASE: AN UPDATE
12-9
4:30 PM Hayden, Travis G.*; Kominz, Michelle A.; Niessen, Frank:
ESTIMATING LAST GLACIAL MAXIMUM ICE THICKNESS
USING POROSITY AND DEPTH RELATIONSHIPS:
EXAMPLES FROM AND-1B, MCMURDO SOUND,
ANTARCTICA
12-10
4:50 PM Cupples, William B.*; Van Arsdale, Roy B.: UPLAND GRAVELS
OF THE MISSISSIPPI RIVER VALLEY AND THEIR INSIGHTS
TO PREGLACIAL DRAINAGE IN CENTRAL NORTH
AMERICA
SESSION NO. 11
(Posters)
Booth #
11-1
31 Ducey, Patrick W.*; Prentice, Michael L.: CORE-BASED STUDY OF
ERIE LOBE TILL STRATIGRAPHY IN NORTHEASTERN INDIANA:
IMPLICATIONS FOR ERIE LOBE HISTORY
11-2
32 Mode, William N.; Sanderfoot, Benjamin*; Hooyer, Thomas S.:
QUATERNARY GEOLOGIC MAP OF FOND DU LAC COUNTY,
WISCONSIN
11-3
33 Pavey, Richard R.*; Martin, Dean R.: EVALUATION OF GLACIAL
FEATURES IN NORTHWESTERN OHIO USING LIDAR DATA
11-4
34 Rice, Jessey Murray*; Paulen, Roger C.; Menzies, John;
McClenaghan, M.B.: STRATIGRAPHIC ANALYSIS OF AN OPEN
PIT EXPOSURE: AN INVESTIGATION OF THE WESTERN
MARGIN OF THE LAURENTIDE ICE SHEET DURING THE MIDDLE
WISCONSIN IN THE GREAT SLAVE LAKE REGION
11-5
35 Miao, Xiaodong*; Thomason, Jason F.; Stohr, Christopher: SAND
AND GRAVEL RESOURCE OF MCHENRY COUNTY, ILLINOIS:
DISTRIBUTION, THICKNESS AND LAND USE
11-6
36 Bruegger, Alison*; Curry, B. Brandon; Grimley, David A.: ICEWALLED LAKE PLAINS HIGHLIGHTED ON NEW SURFICIAL
GEOLOGY MAP OF KANE COUNTY, ILLINOIS
37 Phillips, Andrew C.*; Ismail, Ahmed; Larson, Timothy; Gemperline,
Johanna: INTERCALATING SLACKWATER LAKE AND OUTWASH
DEPOSITS AT A BEDROCK VALLEY CONFLUENCE IN THE
LOWER WABASH VALLEY
SESSION NO. 13
Sediments to Reveal Secrets of Past Environments
1:30 PM, Fetzer Center, Room 1040/1050
M. Kathryn Rocheford and Maija Eliina Sipola, Presiding
1:30 PM Introductory Remarks
13-1
1:35 PM Sipola, Maija E.*: MINERALOGICAL CHARACTERIZATION
OF SOLO RIVER TERRACE DEPOSITS AT NGANDONG,
CENTRAL JAVA, INDONESIA
13-2
1:55 PM Miao, Xiaodong*; Wang, Hong; Hanson, Paul R.; Mason,
Joseph A.; Liu, Xiaodong: USING OSL AND RADIOCARBON
DATING TO CONSTRAIN THE TIME OF SOIL
DEVELOPMENT
13-3
2:15 PM Reinhardt, Jason*; Hobbs, Trevor; Nagel, Linda M.:
INVESTIGATING THE INFLUENCE OF LAND USE HISTORY
ON SAVANNA SOILS IN LOWER MICHIGAN: IMPLICATIONS
FOR MANAGEMENT, RESTORATION, AND CONSERVATION
13-4
2:35 PM Rovey, Charles W. II.*: PALEOSOLS WITHIN THE PREILLINOIAN TILL SEQUENCE IN NORTHERN MISSOURI
RECORD CHANGES IN PLEISTOCENE CLIMATE
13-5
2:55 PM Kerr, Phillip J.*; Bettis, E. Arthur III.; Baker, Richard G.:
THROUGH A WOOLY LENS: INVESTIGATIONS FROM A
MAMMOTH BURIAL IN IOWA
1:30 PM, Fetzer Center, Room 2020
3:15 PM Break
Peter J. Voice, Presiding
13-6
3:30 PM Harrison, Jeffrey M.*; Ortiz, Joseph D.; Abbott, Mark B.; Bird,
Broxton W.; Hacker, David B.; Griffith, Elizabeth M.; Darby,
Dennis A.: LINKING 2,000 YEARS OF SEDIMENTATION IN
THE WESTERN ARCTIC OCEAN TO AN ATMOSPHERIC
11-7
afternoon Oral
Technical Sessions
SESSION NO. 12
12-1
1:30 PM Alshahrani, Saeed S.*; Evans, James, E.: EVIDENCE FOR
SHALLOW-WATER ORIGIN OF A DEVONIAN BLACK
SHALE, CLEVELAND SHALE MEMBER (OHIO SHALE),
NORTHEASTERN OHIO
SESSION NO. 13
TEMPERATURE PROXY RECORD FROM A GLACIAL LAKE
IN THE BROOKS RANGE, AK
13-7
3:50 PM Matzke, Jeffrey A.*; Bettis, E. Arthur III.; Weirich, Frank;
Vogelgesang, Jason: A NEW VIEW OF THE STONE ZONE ON
THE IOWA EROSION SURFACE
13-8
4:10 PM Artz, Joe Alan*: MULTI-PROXY MID-HOLOCENE FLUVIAL
PROCESSES AT TWO LOCALITIES IN CENTRAL IOWA
13-9
4:30 PM Grimley, David A.*; Oches, Eric A.: PLEISTOCENE
MOLLUSCAN ASSEMBLAGES TO AID UNDERSTANDING
OF PALEOENVIRONMENT, PALEOCLIMATE AND
CHRONOLOGY: EXAMPLES FROM ILLINOIS
SESSION NO. 15
T14. Teaching and Learning Earth Science: K–16 Educational
Pedagogy
1:30 PM, Fetzer Center, Putney Auditorium
Katherine Lewandowski and Stephen Mattox, Presiding
15-1
1:30 PM Salmons, Charles R.*: GEOLOGICAL WALK THROUGH TIME:
A NEW EXHIBIT FOR 21ST CENTURY STATE SCIENCE
STANDARDS
15-2
1:50 PM Jagoda, Susan Kaschner*: DISTANCE-LEARNING AT
DENALI NATIONAL PARK AND PRESERVE: A GEOCORPS
EXPERIENCE
15-3
2:10 PM Lewandowski, Katherine J.*; O’Malley, Christina E.; Jaques,
Charlie A.: FOSTERING GLOBAL CITIZENSHIP IN THE
SECONDARY CLASSROOM
15-4
2:30 PM Rice, Jane*; Rustem, Stephanie; Jackson, Susan; Markham,
Laura; Maldonado, Patricia; Anderson, Charles W.: A FEW
GOOD IDEAS: INTEGRATING EARTH SCIENCE WITH LIFE
SCIENCE AND PHYSICAL SCIENCE
SESSION NO. 14
2:50 PM Break
15-5
3:10 PM Mattox, Stephen*: THE VALUE OF TEACHING A METHODS
COURSE FOR EARTH SCIENCE PRESERVICE TEACHERS
15-6
3:30 PM Rudge, David W.*; Petcovic, Heather L.: EARTH SCIENCE IN
AN ON-LINE ENVIRONMENT
13-10
4:50 PM Herrmann, Edward W.*: GEOMORPHOLOGICAL CONTROLS
AFFECTING THE CREATION AND PRESERVATION
OF A BURIED WETLAND ENVIRONMENT DURING
THE PLEISTOCENE/HOLOCENE TRANSITION: A
GEOARCHAEOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE
13-11
5:10 PM Rocheford, M. Kathryn*: FRAMEWORK FOR IDENTIFYING
LANDUSE EFFECTS ON SOIL RESILIENCE
1:30 PM, Fetzer Center, Kirsch Auditorium
Kevin A. Kincare and Richard Berg, Presiding
14-1
1:30 PM Brown, Steven E.*: FROM START TO FINISH: THREEDIMENSIONAL GEOLOGIC MAPS AND MODELS OF
LAKE COUNTY, ILLINOIS
15-7
14-2
1:50 PM Aden, Douglas J.*: MAPPING KARST IN THE NORTHCENTRAL OHIO REGION
3:50 PM Keen, Kerry L.*: AN ACTIVE WORKSHOP ON PRINCIPLES
OF GROUNDWATER FLOW EMBEDDED IN A “NORMAL”
UNDERGRADUATE HYDROGEOLOGY COURSE
15-8
14-3
2:10 PM Carson, Eric C.*; Attig, John W.: SURFICIAL GEOLOGIC
MAPPING AND LANDSCAPE EVOLUTION RESEARCH IN
THE DRIFTLESS AREA OF SOUTHWESTERN WISCONSIN
4:10 PM Pollard, Alexander KH Sr.; Zimmerman, Alexander N. Jr.*;
Brown, Lewis M.; Kelso, Paul: INTRODUCTION TO
SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY: A PROJECT-BASED
UNDERGRADUATE UPPER DIVISION COURSE
14-4
2:30 PM Fleming, Anthony H.*; Karaffa, Marni D.: A TALE OF TWO
LOBES: THE PLEISTOCENE EVOLUTION OF INDIANA’S
LARGEST INTERLOBATE LAKE BASIN
14-5
2:50 PM Hobbs, Trevor*: USING GIS TO INVENTORY COMMON
VARIETY MINERAL MATERIALS FOR THE HURONMANISTEE NATIONAL FOREST, MI
14-6
3:10 PM Kincare, Kevin A.*: A HIGH-LEVEL PROGLACIAL LAKE IN
WEXFORD COUNTY, MICHIGAN, AND ITS SIGNIFICANCE
FOR THE BOUNDARY OF THE LAKE BORDER MORAINE IN
NORTHWEST LOWER MICHIGAN
3:30 PM Break
14-7
SESSION NO. 16
Michael J. Ryan, Evan E. Scott, and Chuck Ciampaglio, Presiding
1:30 PM Introductory Remarks
16-1
1:35 PM Ciampaglio, C.N.; Cicimurri, David J.; Deuter, Leigh H.*:
A REVIEW OF THE CHONDRICHTHYANS FROM THE
MISSISSIPPIAN SYSTEM OF NORTHERN ALABAMA, USA
16-2
3:50 PM Burt, Abigail K.*: THREE-DIMENSIONAL GLACIAL
GEOLOGY OF THE INTERLOBATE ORANGEVILLE
MORAINE, SOUTHWESTERN ONTARIO, CANADA
1:55 PM Gottfried, Michael D.*; Fordyce, R. Ewan; Lee, Daphne:
EXCEPTIONAL 3D PRESERVATION IN A TARPON-LIKE
FISH FROM THE CRETACEOUS OF THE CHATHAM
ISLANDS, NEW ZEALAND
16-3
14-8
4:10 PM Bajc, A.F.*; Mulligan, R.P.M.: THE PRE-LATE WISCONSINAN
SEDIMENT RECORD OF THE SOUTHERN PART OF
SIMCOE COUNTY, SOUTH-CENTRAL ONTARIO, CANADA
2:15 PM Jeffery, David L.*: A NEW PERMIAN VERTEBRATE
TRACKWAY SITE IN THE DUNKARD GROUP OF THE
APPALACHIAN BASIN
16-4
14-9
4:30 PM Prentice, Michael L.*; Ducey, Patrick W.; Ismail, Ahmed;
Letsinger, Sally L.; Sargent, Steve; Fenerty, B.S.: ERIE LOBE
TILL STUDIES IN INDIANA REVEAL A DYNAMIC ICE
MARGIN
2:35 PM Farlow, James O.*; Kuban, Glen J.; Currie, Philip J.: ON THE
MAKERS OF “METATARSAL” TRIDACTYL DINOSAUR
FOOTPRINTS OF THE PALUXY RIVER (GLEN ROSE
FORMATION, DINOSAUR VALLEY STATE PARK,
SOMERVELL COUNTY, TEXAS)
14-10
4:50 PM Kozlowski, Andrew L.*; Bird, Brian: GLACIAL GEOLOGIC
MAPPING OF THE MONTEZUMA WETLANDS COMPLEX
IN CENTRAL, NY: DEVELOPING 3D GEOLOGIC
FRAMEWORKS TO RESOLVE HYDROSTRATIGRAPHIC
AND GLACIAL CHRONOLOGIC PROBLEMS
2:55 PM Break
16-5
3:15 PM Aucoin, Christopher D.*; Hasbargen, Leslie: VIRTUAL
FOOTPRINTS: CREATING DIGITAL MAPS OF DINOSAUR
TRACKS AND SEDIMENTARY STRUCTURES
16-6
3:35 PM Masters, Simon*; Sandau, Stephen: A NEW SPECIMEN OF
ORTHOGENYSUCHUS FROM THE UINTA FORMATION OF
UTAH
16-7
3:55 PM Guenther, Merrilee F.*; McCarthy, Stephanie M.; Wosik,
Mateusz: NEW EVIDENCE FOR HATCHLING AND JUVENILE
HADROSAUROIDS IN THE SAN JUAN BASIN, NEW MEXICO
16-8
4:15 PM Ryan, Michael J.; Scott, Evan E.*; Chiba, Kentaro; Evans,
David C.: WHY BONE BEDS ARE BETTER INDICATORS OF
HOW CERATOPSIDS LIVED THAN HOW THEY DIED
14-11
5:10 PM Misterovich, Gregory*: MAPPING GLACIAL FEATURES
USING STATIGRAPHIC FIELD OBSERVATIONS AND GIS
16-9
4:35 PM McAfee, Robert K.*: ON THE POST-CRANIAL ANATOMY
OF MYLODON DARWINII, AND IMPLICATIONS FOR THE
FUNCTIONAL MORPHOLOGY OF THE FORELIMB
4:55 PM Concluding Remarks
afternoon Poster
Technical Sessions
SESSION NO. 17
18-8
14 Joshi, Siddharth Dilip*; Yang, Jianwen; Sereres, Clayton; Tamr,
Radwan: GEO-ELECTRIC INVESTIGATION OF UNDERGROUND
LEACHATE DISTRIBUTION AT A CLOSED LANDFILL IN
SOUTHWESTERN ONTARIO, CANADA
18-9
15 Estifanos, Biniam Haileab*; Stierman, Donald J.: GEOPHYSICAL
PROSPECTING FOR CONCEALED KARST NEAR BELLEVUE,
OH
18-10
16 Gerson, Laura M.*; Mickus, Kevin; Gouzie, Douglas: USING
GEOPHYSICAL METHODS TO STUDY KARST IN URBAN
SPRINGFIELD, MISSOURI
18-11
17 Yaqoob, Muthanna Yousif*; Sauck, William A.: DETECTION OF
BEDROCK FRACTURES AND JOINTS BENEATH COVER:
GEOPHYSICAL APPROACHES TO AN ENGINEERING GEOLOGY
PROBLEM
18-12
18 Mogren, Saad*; Mukhopadhyay, Manoj: REACTIVATION OF
THE ABU-JIFAN FAULT BORDERING THE RAYN ANTICINES
IN EASTERN SAUDI ARABIA: GRAVITY MODELING OF A
SEISMOGENIC CRUST
1:30 PM, Schneider Hall, Courtyard
Authors will be present from 2:30 to 4:30 PM
Booth #
17-1
1 Haque, Md. Aminul*; Iqbal, Mohammad: COMPARATIVE STUDY
OF NUTRIENT FLUX FROM AREAS OF VARIABLE LAND USE
PRACTICES WITHIN A WATERSHED
17-2
2 Molitor, Timothy H.*; Grant, Kathryn F.; Franko, Kelsey M.; Gustafson,
Alan J.; Kelly, Bridget B.; Grote, Katherine R.: ASSESSING THE
IMPACTS OF URBAN ROAD SALTING ON TRIBUTARIES OF THE
CHIPPEWA RIVER NEAR EAU CLAIRE, WISCONSIN
17-3
3 Dasgupta, Rajarshi*; Crowley, Brooke; Carrillo-Chavez, Alejandro:
ASSESSING HEAVY METAL CONTAMINATION OF SURFACE
WATER BODIES ALONG THE MANALI-LEH HIGHWAY,
NORTHERN INDIA
17-4
4 Gant, Michael T.*; Healy, Scott M.; Nandi, Sourav K.; Miller, James F.;
Evans, Kevin: KINEMATIC ANALYSIS AND PROVISIONAL
MIDDLE SILURIAN AGE CONSTRAINTS ON DECATURVILLE
STRUCTURE, CENTRAL MISSOURI
17-5
5 Tatum, Stephen*: A GRAVITY INVESTIGATION OF THE TOBACCO
ROOT BATHOLITH IN SOUTHWEST MONTANA
17-6
6 Pethe, Swardhuni*; Fluegeman, Richard H.; Grigsby, Jeffry D.;
Nicholson, Kirsten N.: GEOPHYSICAL ANALYSIS OF THE
SUMATRA BASINS: SOURCE ROCKS, STRUCTURAL TRENDS,
AND THE DISTRIBUTION OF OIL FIELDS
SESSION NO. 18
SESSION NO. 19
T8. Addressing Environmental Aspects of Geology: Research,
Pedagogy, and Public Policy (Posters)
Booth #
19-1
19 Musch, Steven C.*; Hilverda, Elaine; Legge, Evan A.; Strydhorst,
Natasha A.; VanderBilt, Lucas E.: INTERACTIONS BETWEEN
DUNE TRAILS AND CIRSIUM PITCHERI HABITAT
19-2
20 Doughty, Travis M.*; Johnson, Aaron W.: TRACE METAL
CHEMISTRY AND MINERALOGY OF SEDIMENTS HOSTED
IN CAVES OF THE SPRINGFIELD (MO) PLATEAU: A LINK TO
SUBTERRANEAN BIODIVERSITY?
19-3
21 Norton, M.S.*; Mattheus, C.R.: MODELING SOIL EROSION WITHIN
THE MILL CREEK WATERSHED, YOUNGSTOWN, OHIO
SESSION NO. 20
T19. Hydrogeologic Investigations for Improved Assessment of
Water Availability and Use in the Glaciated United States (Posters)
Booth #
Booth #
20-1
22 Wyman, Davina A.*; Koretsky, Carla M.: THE EFFECTS OF ROAD
SALT ON ASYLUM LAKE GEOCHEMISTRY
20-2
23 Lotimer, Leslea*: THE NATURE OF TILL AND DRUMLINS IN
PETERBOROUGH AND THE IMPLICATIONS FOR DEVELOPING
A COMMUNITY GROUNDWATER SUPPLY
20-3
24 Bunda, Jacob*: QUALITY AND DYNAMICS OF THE MINK RIVER
ESTUARY
20-4
25 Nagelkirk, Ryan L.*; Kendall, Anthony D.; Basso, Bruno; Hyndman,
Dave: PREDICTING THE IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON
AGRICULTURAL YIELDS AND WATER RESOURCES IN THE
MAUMEE RIVER WATERSHED
20-5
26 Lee, Charlotte I.*; Martin, Sherry L.; Kendall, Anthony D.; Hyndman,
David W.: HISTORICAL CLIMATE AND STREAMFLOW TRENDS
OF THE GRAND TRAVERSE BAY REGION
18-1
7 Van Dam, Remke L.*; Aylsworth, Robert L.: CHARACTERIZATION
OF LARGE-SCALE GLACIOTECTONIC DEFORMATION IN
THE LUDINGTON RIDGE, MICHIGAN, USING ELECTRICAL
GEOPHYSICAL METHODS
18-2
8 Maike, Christopher*; Fugate, Joseph M.; Krantz, David E.;
Stierman, Donald; Liu, Xiuju; Brothers, Candice E.; Sears, Lindsey:
SUBSURFACE GEOPHYSICAL PROFILING OF THE OAK
OPENINGS SAND RIDGE
18-3
9 Jol, Harry M.*: STRATIGRAPHY OF COASTAL AEOLIAN SAND
DUNES: MODELS VS. GPR IMAGING
18-4
10 Mickus, Kevin L.; Larson, Mark*; Sobel, Elizabeth:
ARCHAEOLOGICAL GEOPHYSICS AT THE NATHAN BOONE
HOMESTEAD STATE HISTORIC SITE, SW MISSOURI
18-5
11 Kuhl, Alexandria*; Van Dam, Remke L.: COUPLED INVERSION OF
ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY AND HYDROLOGICAL MODELS TO
QUANTIFY SOIL MOISTURE DYNAMICS BELOW A MICHIGAN
ECOTONE
18-6
18-7
12 Ma, Yuteng*; Van Dam, Remke: SPATIAL VARIABILITY OF SOIL
MOISTURE IN A DECIDUOUS FOREST: INTEGRATING TIMELAPSE RESISTIVITY, TEMPERATURE, AND THROUGHFALL
MEASUREMENTS
13 Hart, J.*; Cioppa, M.T.; Yang, Jianwen: GEOPHYSICAL
ASSESSMENT OF LANDFILL CAP INTEGRITY AND LEACHATE
LEAKAGE AT A MIXED WASTE LANDFILL
SESSION NO. 21
T20. Applied Geology: Engineering, Environmental, Geotechnical
and Hydrogeology (Posters) (Association of Environmental and
Engineering Geologists)
Booth #
21-1
27 Bouali, El Hachemi Y.*; Kaunda, Rennie B.; Chase, Ronald B.; Kehew,
Alan E.: THE STABILITY OF THE LAKE MICHIGAN BLUFFS IN
ALLEGAN COUNTY, MICHIGAN, AND THE RELATIONSHIPS
SESSION NO. 21
BETWEEN AIR TEMPERATURE, GROUNDWATER LEVELS, AND
DOWNSLOPE DISPLACEMENT
21-2
21-3
21-4
21-5
21-6
FRIDAY, 3 MAY 2013
28 Lightfoot, Randall E.*: ANALYZING THE STRUCTURAL
PROPERTIES, GEOLOGIC CONDITIONS, AND FRIABILITY OF
GARNET SANDS FROM FOUR MINE SOURCES AROUND THE
WORLD: IMPLICATIONS FOR THE DRY-AIR ABRASIVE SAND
BLAST-CLEANING INDUSTRY
29 Baratta, Vanessa M.*; Bettis, E. Arthur III.; Ward, Adam S.; Weirich,
Frank: THE EFFECTS OF FREEZE-THAW CYCLES AND
STORMWATER RUNOFF INPUT ON THREE BIOSWALE SOIL
MIXTURES
30 Erich, Kyla J.*: WOLF CREEK DAM: A CASE STUDY OF
FOUNDATION REMEDIATION FOR DAMS BUILT ON KARST
FOUNDATIONS
31 Crane, Renee*; Cassidy, Daniel: ALLOWING TIME FOR
ACTIVATED CARBON CONDITIONING IN CONTAMINATED
SOILS INCREASES THE EFFECTIVENESS OF STABILIZATION/
SOLIDIFICATION
32 Townsend Small, Amy; Disbennett, Douglas*; Weiss Ransohoff,
Rebecca; MacKay, Ross; Bourbonnierre, Rick: RELATIVE
CONTRIBUTIONS OF HYPOXIA AND NATURAL GAS
EXTRACTION TO ATMOSPHERIC METHANE EMISSIONS
FROM LAKE ERIE
SESSION NO. 22
(Posters)
morning Oral
Technical Sessions
SESSION NO. 23
T1. Advances in Glacial Sediment Characterization: Implications for
Groundwater Flow and Contaminant Transport Modeling
8:00 AM, Fetzer Center, Kirsch Auditorium
Lawrence D. Lemke and Remke Van Dam, Presiding
23-1
8:10 AM Russell, Hazen A.J.*; Sharpe, David; Cummings, Don I.:
APPLYING THE “PLAY” CONCEPT TO ARCHETYPAL
CANADIAN SURFICIAL AQUIFERS
23-2
8:35 AM Dunkle, Kallina M.*; Hart, David J.; Anderson, Mary P.:
GROUNDWATER FLOW MODEL CALIBRATION
DIFFICULTIES IN AREAS WITH GLACIALLY-DEPOSITED
AQUITARDS: AN EXAMPLE FROM GLACIAL LAKE
OSHKOSH
23-3
8:55 AM Slomka, Jessica M.*; Eyles, Carolyn H.: DECONSTRUCTING
THE SUBSURFACE: ARCHITECTURAL ELEMENT
ANALYSIS OF QUATERNARY GLACIOFLUVIAL DEPOSITS,
LIMEHOUSE, ONTARIO, CANADA
23-4
9:15 AM Lemke, Lawrence D.*; Frahm, Andrew L.; Pappas,
Lena K.: DRAWING THE DOG: DETERMINISTIC
HYDROSTRATIGRAPHIC MODELING OF A
COMPLEX GLACIAL AQUIFER SYSTEM USING AN
ALLOSTRATIGRAPHIC APPROACH
23-5
9:35 AM Pappas, Lena K.*; Lemke, Lawrence D.: ADDING THE SPOTS:
STOCHASTIC MODELING WITHIN A DETERMINISTIC
HYDROSTRATIGRAPHIC FRAMEWORK TO ACCOUNT FOR
SMALL-SCALE VARIABILITY AND UNCERTAINTY IN A
COMPLEX GLACIAL AQUIFER SYSTEM
Booth #
22-1
33 Mattheus, C.R.*; Stowe, M.S.: CLIMATE INFLUENCE ON LAKE
ERIE NEARSHORE-SEDIMENT ACCUMULATION AND BEACH
PROGRADATION: A LOOK AT OHIO HARBOR JETTIES AND
ADJACENT HEADLAND BEACHES
22-2
34 Jasinski, Briana L.*; Hyndman, David W.; Kendall, Anthony D.; Martin,
Sherry L.: A HISTORY OF BEAVER ACTIVITY IN THE JORDAN
RIVER WATERSHED: SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION, SUCCESSION,
AND SEDIMENT
22-3
35 Wagner, Kaleb*: GIS-MEDIATED REMOTE SPATIAL ANALYSIS OF
RIBBED MORAINE MORPHOLOGY AND DISTRIBUTION WITHIN
NORTHERN CANADA
22-4
36 Alharbi, Talal*; Sultan, Mohamed; Ahmed, Mohamed: CLIMATE
CHANGE OVER THE ARABIAN PENINSULA: INFERENCES
FROM TRMM DATA
22-5
37 Manche, Cameron*; Sultan, Mohamed; Becker, Richard; Chouinard,
Kyle; Tinigin, Laura: INTEGRATED APPROACH TO BETTER
DETERMINING ALGAL BLOOMS IN CASE II WATERS IN THE
KUWAIT BAY: A REMOTE SENSING BASED APPROACH
22-6
38 Sanders, Jonathon D.*; Becker, Richard H.; Sigler, Von; Pekalska,
Aneta; Lis, Jill: WATERSHED DELINEATION FOR CONTAMINANTS
IN THE PORTER CREEK WATERSHED
22-7
39 Chiasera, Brandon*; Shahpurwala, Aiman; Koroleski, Kraig K.;
Raslich, Frank; Rooney, Tyrone O.: GEOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS
OF THE DICKINSON GROUP OF THE UPPER PENINSULA,
MICHIGAN: A STUDY OF AN ACCRETED TERRANE OF THE
SUPERIOR PROVINCE
22-8
40 Liu, Xiuju*; Fisher, Timothy G.; Lepper, Kenneth; Lowell, Thomas V.:
USING LACUSTRINE SEDIMENT TO TEST THE EVAPORATION
HYPOTHESIS FOR THE MOORHEAD LOW WATER PHASE OF
LAKE AGASSIZ
46 2013 GSA Abstracts with Programs 9:55 AM Discussion - 1
10:05 AM Break
23-6
10:25 AM Keefer, Donald A.*; Thomason, Jason F.; Brown, Steven E.:
SEDIMENTOLOGIC MODELING AND TRANSMISSIVITY
MAPPING TO SUPPORT GROUNDWATER FLOW AND
CONTAMINANT TRANSPORT MODELING IN GLACIAL
SEDIMENTS
23-7
10:50 AM Mulligan, Riley P.M.*; Eyles, Carolyn H.; Bajc, Andy F.:
DETERMINING THE 3-D GLACIAL SEDIMENTOLOGY AND
HYDROSTRATIGRAPHY OF THE SOUTHERN PART OF THE
COUNTY OF SIMCOE, SOUTHERN ONTARIO
23-8
11:10 AM Weaver, Laura K.*; Arnaud, Emmanuelle; Abbey, Daron;
Shikaze, Steven; Meyer, Jessica R.; Parker, Beth L.:
EXAMINING THE INFLUENCE OF ENHANCED
HYDROGEOLOGIC KNOWLEDGE ON STRUCTURAL
UNCERTAINTY IN THREE-DIMENSIONAL
RECONSTRUCTIONS OF GLACIGENIC SEDIMENT
23-9
11:30 AM Dogan, Mine*; Van Dam, Remke L.; Hyndman, David W.; Butler,
James J. Jr.: INTEGRATING 3D GPR FACIES ANALYSIS
AND HIGH RESOLUTION HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY
DATA: IMPLICATIONS FOR TRANSPORT MODELING IN
HETEROGENEOUS MEDIA
11:50 AM Discussion - 2
SESSION NO. 27
SESSION NO. 24
25-7
10:20 AM Robinson, Amanda*; Vannier, Ryan; Long, David T.; Voice,
Thomas C.; Giesy, John P.; Bradley, P.W.; Kannan, K.: SPATIAL
AND TEMPORAL TRENDS OF POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC
HYDROCARBON LOADINGS ACROSS THE STATE OF
MICHIGAN
25-8
10:40 AM Vannier, Ryan*; Long, D.; Robinson, Amanda: EVALUATING
RECENT TRENDS IN ENVIRONMENTAL TRACE METAL
ENRICHMENT USING INLAND LAKE SEDIMENTS
25-9
11:00 AM Conway, Maura C.*; Schroeder, Lauren A.; McLean, Colleen E.;
Armstrong, Felicia P.: DATING A SEDIMENT CORE USING
SPHEROIDAL CARBONACEOUS PARTICLE CHRONOLOGY
SUPPLEMENTED WITH TRACE METAL AND DIATOM
COMMUNITY STRUCTURE ANALYSES
T5. Quaternary Research in the Great Lakes Region II: The
Holocene, Part I
8:00 AM, Fetzer Center, Putney Auditorium
Catherine Yansa and Randall Schaetzl, Presiding
24-1
8:00 AM Hladyniuk, Ryan*; Dildar, Nadia; Longstaffe, Fred J.: THE
N-ALKANE AND CARBON-ISOTOPE SIGNATURES OF
ORGANIC CARBON IN LAKE ONTARIO SINCE 14,000 CAL
YR BP
24-2
8:20 AM Loope, Walter L.*: CAN PALEOECOLOGICAL PROXIES
ADEQUATELY FORECAST SURFACE COVER ACROSS
NORTH CENTRAL NORTH AMERICA? (A CAUTIONARY
TALE)
24-3
8:40 AM Yansa, Catherine H.*; Rawling, J. Elmo III.: A 8500-YEAR
RECORD OF LAKE-EFFECT CLIMATE FROM MINER LAKE,
SOUTHWESTERN LOWER MICHIGAN
24-4
9:00 AM Sonnenburg, Elizabeth*: PALEOENVIRONMENTAL
RECONSTRUCTION OF THE ALPENA-AMBERLEY RIDGE
SUBMERGED LANDSCAPE DURING THE LAKE STANLEY
LOWSTAND (CA. 8.4-9 KA CAL BP), LAKE HURON
SESSION NO. 26
T11. Working With Pre-Service Teachers—Issues and Ideas
Kyle Gray and Anthony D. Feig, Presiding
26-1
8:10 AM Mathai, Rani V.*: ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES IN INDIA AND
CONSERVATION EDUCATION AT JUDSON UNIVERSITY:
A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF TWO ELEMENTARY
EDUCATION CURRICULA
9:20 AM Break
24-5
9:40 AM Thompson, Todd A.*; Johnston, John W.; Lepper, Kenneth:
THE ELEVATION OF THE PEAK NIPISSING PHASE (MID
HOLOCENE) AT OUTLETS OF THE UPPER GREAT LAKES
26-2
10:00 AM Hanson, Paul R.*; Rawling, J.E. III.: IMPACT OF THE
NIPISSING AND ALGOMA HIGH LAKE PHASES FROM OSL
DATING OF BAYMOUTH BARRIER SYSTEMS IN THE DOOR
PENINSULA, WISCONSIN
8:30 AM Honeycutt, Christina Ebey*; Varelas, Maria: INTEGRATIVE
LEARNING IN A CONTENT COURSE: DEVELOPING
FUTURE TEACHER UNDERSTANDING OF CORE
CONCEPTS AND SCIENCE PRACTICES
26-3
8:50 AM Francek, Mark*: ENGAGING, EASY TO INCORPORATE
DEMONSTRATIONS FOR THE EARTH SCIENCE
CLASSROOM
26-4
9:10 AM Feig, Anthony D.*; Cooperrider, Leah: MACGYVER WEEK
AND OTHER NOVEL TASKS IN A METHODS CLASS FOR
PRESERVICE EARTH SCIENCE TEACHERS
26-5
9:30 AM Cooperrider, Leah*; Feig, Anthony D.; Francek, Mark:
REFLECTIONS FROM AN UNDERGRADUATE PRESERVICE
EARTH SCIENCE TEACHER
26-6
9:50 AM Ludwig, Matthew A.*: WE COULD ALL USE A LITTLE “CPR”
TO RESUSCITATE OUR CLASSROOM ASSESSMENT
24-6
24-7
10:20 AM Johnston, John W.*; Argyilan, Erin P.; Thompson, Todd A.;
Baedke, Steve J.; Lepper, Kenneth; Wilcox, Douglas A.;
Forman, Steven L.: A SAULT-OUTLET-REFERENCED MIDTO LATE-HOLOCENE PALEOHYDROGRAPH FOR LAKE
SUPERIOR CONSTRUCTED FROM STRANDPLAINS OF
BEACH RIDGES
SESSION NO. 25
8:00 AM, Fetzer Center, Room 1040/1050
Ryan Vannier, Colleen McLean, and Eliot Atekwana, Presiding
SESSION NO. 27
25-1
8:00 AM Tangtong, Chaiyanun*; Long, David T.; Voice, Thomas C.:
EVALUATION THE POTENTIAL OF EXPOSURE PATHWAYS
OF ARISTOLOCHIC ACIDS INDUCED BALKAN ENDEMIC
NEPHROPATHY
T15. Paleontology as a Murder Mystery: How the Study of Predation
and Taphonomy Reveals the Means, Motives & Opportunities of
Ancient Perpetrators and Their Victims
25-2
8:20 AM Haque, Md. Aminul*; Hasan, M. Aziz: MINERALOGY AND
WATER CHEMISTRY OF SHALLOW AQUIFER OF MATLAB
SOUTH, CHANDPUR DISTRICT, BANGLADESH
Karen A. Koy and Joseph E. Peterson, Presiding
25-3
8:40 AM Brown, Diana*; Long, David T.; Li, Shu-Guang; Voice,
Thomas C.: UNDERSTANDING SOURCES FOR DISSOLVED
CHLORIDE IN MICHIGAN GROUNDWATER
27-1
8:00 AM El-Sherif, Noran*: PALEOECOLOGY OF THE DECLINE OF
STROMATOLITES IN THE ORDOVICIAN
27-2
8:20 AM Dattilo, Benjamin*; Freeman, Rebecca L.; Gerke, Tammie L.;
Brett, C.E.; McLaughlin, Patrick I.; Schramm, Thomas J.; Meyer,
David L.; Morse, Aaron; Mason, Milam: FROM LAGERSTÄTTE
TO LAG: PRELIMINARY BEDDING-SCALE TAPHONOMIC
AND GEOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF PHOSPHATE
DISTRIBUTION IN THE CINCINNATIAN
25-4
9:00 AM Mohammed, Abdelmawgoud*; Krishnamurthy, R.V.; Kehew,
A.E.; Sultan, Mohamed; Crossey, Laura J.; Karlstrom, Karl E.:
PRELIMINARY INTERPRETATIONS OF ISOTOPE AND
CHEMICAL DATA OF SAMPLES FROM THE NUBIAN
SANDSTONE AND ADJACENT AQUIFERS IN EGYPT
27-3
25-5
9:20 AM Gebrehiwet, Tsigabu*; Krishnamurthy, R.V.; Krishnamurthy,
R.V.: EVOLUTION OF δ13C VALUES DURING ABIOTIC
OXIDATION OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS IN CIRCUMNEUTRAL ANAEROBIC CONDITIONS UNDER
BICARBONATE AND PHOSPHATE BUFFERED SYSTEMS
8:40 AM Babcock, Loren E.*; Brandt, Danita S.: CARNIVOROUS
TRILOBITES: MORPHOLOGIC, ICHNOLOGIC, AND
TAPHONOMIC EVIDENCE
27-4
9:00 AM Brandt, Danita S.*: ICHNOLOGIC EVIDENCE FOR
PREDATORY TRILOBITES: HOW LITERALLY CAN WE
READ THE RECORD?
9:40 AM Break
27-5
9:20 AM Peteya, Jennifer A.*; Babcock, Loren E.: DIETARY
PREFERENCES OF THE CAMBRIAN TRILOBITE ELRATHIA
KINGII: INFERENCES FROM FOSSILIZED DIGESTIVE
TRACTS
27-6
9:40 AM Devera, Joseph*: DEATH BY COMMON HOUSEHOLD
TOOLS: MECHANICAL ANALOGY AND THE FUNCTIONAL
MORPHOLOGY OF THE HYPOSTOME IN GENUS
25-6
10:00 AM Atekwana, Eliot*; Abongwa, Pride: ASSESSING THE
TEMPORAL EVOLUTION OF DISSOLVED INORGANIC
CARBON IN SURFACE WATERS THAT INTERACT WITH
ATMOSPHERIC CO2(G)
SESSION NO.27
ISOTELUS (DEKAY) EVIDENCE FROM ISOTELUS
IOWENSIS (OWEN)
28-11
11 Larson, Mark O.*; Mickus, Kevin; Evans, Kevin: HIGH RESOLUTION
GRAVITY SURVEY TO DETERMINE LOCATION AND EXTENT OF
FAULTS IN THE JANE 7.5-MINUTE QUADRANGLE, MISSOURI
10:00 AM Break
27-7
10:20 AM Drumheller, Stephanie K.*; Stocker, Michelle R.; Nesbitt,
Sterling: NO ANIMAL WAS SAFE IN THE TRIASSIC:
MULTIPLE PREDATION ATTEMPTS ON A LARGE (5-6
METER) CARNIVOROUS “RAUISUCHIAN” FROM THE
LATE TRIASSIC OF NEW MEXICO
28-12
12 Cook, Tamara J.*: JAVASCRIPT TRAVEL TIME SIMULATOR
28-13
13 DeWolf, Cris L.*; Fujita, Kazuya; Schepke, Chuck; Ruddock, Judy;
Sinclair, Jay; Svoboda, Michele R.; Waite, Greg: MIQUAKES:
SHAKING UP EARTH SCIENCE, MATHEMATICS, & PHYSICS
EDUCATION IN MICHIGAN
27-8
10:40 AM Peterson, Joseph E.*; Coenen, Jason: FLUVIAL TRANSPORT
POTENTIAL OF ARCHOSAUR TEETH: A PRELIMINARY
INVESTIGATION IN SHED TOOTH TAPHONOMY
28-14
14 Fordyce, Samuel W.*; Fadem, Cynthia M.: VISUALIZING EARLHAM
COLLEGE’S MILLER FARM: A VISITOR’S MAP AND GUIDE
28-15
27-9
11:00 AM Noto, Christopher*; Main, Derek J.; Drumheller, Stephanie K.;
King, Lorin: PREDATORY BEHAVIOR OF A GIANT
CROCODYLIFORM FROM THE WOODBINE FORMATION
(CENOMANIAN) OF TEXAS
27-10
11:20 AM Koy, Karen A.*; Helwig, Zane: TAPHONOMY OF
VERTEBRATES IN A TEMPERATE FOREST SETTING: A
TIME-TRANSGRESSIVE SEQUENCE
15 Couts, Kimberly E.*; Crisp, Alexis A.; Goodwin, Grant M.; Hagen,
Benjamin P.; Mobley, Tilden J.; Wilson, Elizabeth L.; Fortner, Sarah K.:
SEASONAL AND LONG-TERM (1996-2012) TRENDS IN THE
CONCENTRATIONS AND RATIOS OF DISSOLVED SILICA AND
DISSOLVED INORGANIC NITROGEN IN THE GREAT MIAMI
RIVER AT MIAMISBURG, OHIO
28-16
16 Gilliom, Alden Jane*; Henck Schmidt, Amanda; Andermann,
Christoff; Rothenberg, Miriam: GROUNDWATER STORAGE IN
WESTERN CHINA AND EASTERN TIBET OBSERVED FROM
PRECIPITATION-DISCHARGE HYSTERESIS
28-17
17 Schmus, Matthew*; Bhattacharyya, Prajukti; Hart, David J.:
EFFECTS OF FRACTURES ON GROUNDWATER FLOW TODAY
28-18
18 Richardson-Coy, Robin*; Teed, Rebecca: DIATOM IDENTIFICATION
HANDBOOK FOR THE GLEN HELEN NATURE PRESERVE,
YELLOW SPRINGS, OHIO
28-19
19 Brinkmann, Sarah*; Brake, Sandra S.; Stone, Jeffery: DIATOM
COMMUNITIES NEAR ACID MINE DRAINAGE AT GREEN VALLEY
LAKE, WEST TERRE HAUTE, INDIANA
28-20
20 Smart, Saundra M.*; Stone, Jeffery; Brake, Sandra S.: INFLUENCE
OF DIATOM DIVERSITY IN AN INDIANA STREAM IMPACTED BY
ACID MINE DRAINAGE
28-21
21 Burns, Anastasia Marie*; Grote, Katherine R.: EVALUATION OF
FACTORS INFLUENCING NITRATE CONCENTRATIONS IN
GROUNDWATER IN EAU CLAIRE COUNTY
28-22
22 Peters, Carl E.*: GEOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF HEAVY METALS
IN SEDIMENTS SURROUNDING THE BAUTSCH-GRAY MINE
SUPERFUND SITE, JO DAVIESS COUNTY, ILLINOIS
28-23
23 Krehel, Austin W.*; Yurk, Brian; Hansen, Edward C.: WIND
STEERING AND SEDIMENT TRANSFER ASSOCIATED WITH
STORMS IN A BLOWOUT DUNE AT SAUGATUCK HARBOR
NATURAL AREA, MICHIGAN
morning Poster
Technical Sessions
SESSION NO. 28
T17. Special Poster Session on Undergraduate Research (Posters)
Booth #
28-1
1 Osman, Matthew*; Markle, Bradley: δ18O AND δD FRACTIONATION
TRENDS IN SURFACE SNOW ACROSS THE MATTHESLLEWELLYN DIVIDE, JUNEAU ICEFIELD, ALASKA AND BRITISH
COLUMBIA
28-2
2 Smith, Matthew D.*; Johnson, Aaron W.; Dorale, Jeffrey; Mottaleb, M.
Abdul: TRACE ELEMENT CONCENTRATIONS IN SPELEOTHEMS
FROM RIVER BLUFF CAVE, GREENE COUNTY, MISSOURI:
PRELIMINARY RESULTS
28-3
3 Kuhn, Ryan M.*; Seaney, Derek L.; Brake, Sandra S.; Burch,
Kyle R.; Latimer, Jennifer C.: TRACE ELEMENT DISTRIBUTION
IN PRECIPITATES FORMED AT VARIOUS PH VALUES: GREEN
VALLEY COAL MINE, INDIANA
28-4
4 Nichols, Cody A.*; Rohs, C. Renee: MINERALOGICAL
COMPARISON OF METAMORPHOSED ROCKS FROM THE
BALLANTRAE OPHIOLITE AND THE SLISHWOOD GAP
SERPENTINITE, UK AND IRELAND
28-24
24 Salzwedel, Mitchell*; Dolliver, Holly A.S.: THE EFFECT OF LONGTERM LAND USE CHANGES ON SOIL ORGANIC CARBON IN
SOUTHERN WISCONSIN
28-25
28-5
5 Jilek, Ellen*; Bessler, Stephanie A.; Eichstedt-Anderson, Ethan M.;
Arriola, Leon M.; Bhattacharyya, Prajukti: NUMERICAL MODELING
AND EXPERIMENTAL OBSERVATIONS OF LAVA FLOW
COOLING
25 Hein, Jordan A.*; Kendall, Anthony D.; Budd, Blaze M.:
QUANTIFYING BANK EROSION AND CHANNEL
SEDIMENTATION ON THE TORCH, RAPID AND GRASS RIVERS
IN NORTHERN LOWER MICHIGAN
28-26
28-6
6 Birren, Thomas H.*; Haileab, Bereket; Gibbons, Jack:
GEOCHEMISTRY OF THE NICKEL LAKE MACRODIKE AND
IMPLICATIONS FOR CU-NI SULFIDE EXPLORATION
26 Freeman-Ballew, Elizabeth*; Deuter, Leigh H.; Teed, Rebecca:
PRELIMINARY LOSS-ON-IGNITION DATA FROM CRYSTAL LAKE,
OHIO
28-27
27 Morrison, Sean M.*; Struve, Matthew W.; Roeglin, Lauren E.;
Jol, Harry M.; Faulkner, Douglas J.; Running, Garry Leonard IV.:
INCISION AND LATERAL MIGRATION ALONG TERRACES
OF THE LOWER CHIPPEWA RIVER VALLEY, WI, USA: A GPR
INVESTIGATION
28-28
28 Warbritton, Matthew J.*; Nilges, Tayloy P.; Londoño, Ana C.: 3-D
MODELING ON THE EFFECTS OF BASELEVEL CHANGE ON
RIVER DELTAS
28-29
29 Cullen, Patrick*; Milewski, Stormy; Baumann, Eric Jr.; Algeo,
Thomas J.; Maynard, J. Barry; Herrmann, Achim D.; Heckel,
Philip H.: ASYMMETRY OF LATE PENNSYLVANIAN GLACIOEUSTATIC FLUCTUATIONS IN THE NORTH AMERICAN
MIDCONTINENT
28-30
30 Carnes, Jennifer L.*; Gierlowski-Kordesch, Elizabeth; Tabor, Neil J.;
Rasmussen, David Tab: CARBONATE LAKES ON BASALT FLOWS
28-7
7 Targos, Courtney*; Huysken, Kristin T.; Knipe, Dawn:
GEOCHEMISTRY AND MINERALOGY OF THE UBEHEBE
VOLCANIC FIELD, DEATH VALLEY
28-8
8 Henderlong, Peter J.*; Huysken, Kristin T.: COMPARING
THE CHEMISTRY OF THE ELZEVIR BATHOLITH TO THE
WESLEMKOON AND NORTHBROOK BATHOLITHS, ONTARIO,
CANADA
28-9
9 Conner, Jeremy*; Morgan, Sven; Student, James J.; Horsman,
Eric: AMS AND IMAGE ANALYSIS DATA AT MULTIPLE SCALES
SUPPORT A MULTIPLE SHEET EMPLACEMENT MODEL FOR
THE MAIDEN CREEK SILL, HENRY MOUNTAINS, UTAH
28-10
10 Elson, Joshua D.*; Cauthon, Matthew J.; Evans, Kevin R.:
EDMAP-SUPPORTED GEOLOGIC MAPPING OF THE JANE
QUADRANGLE, MCDONALD COUNTY, MISSOURI
(MIOCENE KIRI KIRI FORMATION, LAKE TURKANA REGION,
KENYA)
29-6
3:30 PM Grote, Todd*: HOLOCENE FLOODPLAIN EVOLUTION IN
NORTHWESTERN PENNSYLVANIA
28-31
31 Baumann, Eric Jr.*; Cullen, Patrick; Milewski, Stormy; Algeo,
Thomas J.: INTENSIFIED WEATHERING AT THE PERMIANTRIASSIC BOUNDARY IN THE BALATON REGION OF HUNGARY
29-7
28-32
32 Woodford, Libby R.*; Regis, Robert S.: PALEOGEOGRAPHIC
INTERPRETATION OF THE LATE CAMBRIAN GROVELAND MINE
STRATIGRAPHY, DICKINSON COUNTY, MICHIGAN
3:50 PM Karsten, James W.*; LePage, Gabriel; Messina, Michael G.;
Shisler, Daniel Jay; Smith, Jory: SAND TRANSPORT AND
VEGETATION ON TWO LAKE MICHIGAN COASTAL
BLOWOUTS
29-8
4:10 PM Monaghan, G. William*; Arbogast, Alan F.; Lovis, William A.;
Kowalski, Daniel: MILLENNIAL-SCALE CYCLES OF
COASTAL DUNE FORMATION DURING THE LATE
HOLOCENE, LAKE MICHIGAN
28-33
28-34
28-35
33 Moore, Rebecca J.*; Rasmussen, Amy K.; Mahoney, J. Brian;
Syverson, Kent M.: PETROGRAPHIC ANALYSIS OF
CAMBRIAN SANDSTONE CEMENT IN WESTERN WISCONSIN:
IMPLICATIONS FOR THE COMPOSITION AND QUALITY OF
FRAC SAND
34 Kunz, Stephen E.*; Sands, Jonathan; Marks, Adam; McMullen, John;
Leonard, Karl W.: SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY OF THE TYLER
FORMATION (LOWER PENNSYLVANIAN/MORROWAN) IN THE
WILLISTON BASIN, NORTH DAKOTA
35 White, Nathan*: SIGNIFICANCE OF LATE TRIASSIC CHARCOAL,
AND LATE TRIASSIC AND LATE JURASSIC WOOD
PETRIFICATION PROCESSES AND MINERALOGY, SOUTHCENTRAL UTAH
28-36
36 Milewski, Stormy*; Cullen, Patrick; Baumann, Eric Jr.; Algeo,
Thomas J.; Maynard, J. Barry; Herrmann, Achim D.; Heckel, Philip H.:
THE NORTH AMERICAN STRATIGRAPHIC RECORD OF LATE
PENNSYLVANIAN GLACIO-EUSTASY
28-37
37 Meidlinger-Chin, Vernon*: BRAINCASE AND ENDOCRANIAL
ANATOMY OF CRYOLOPHOSAURUS ELLIOTI (DINOSAURIA:
THEROPODA) FROM THE EARLY JURASSIC OF ANTARCTICA
28-38
38 Fisher, Elizabeth A.*: CHARACTER ANALYSIS OF THEROPODA:
A BRIEF STUDY CONFINED TO BRAINCASE CHARACTERS AND
FOCUSING ON BASAL TAXA
28-39
39 Yeider, Lindsey*: A NEW METHOD OF AGE DETERMINATION OF
MAMMUTHUS COLUMBI
28-40
40 Fadem, Cynthia M.; Endicott, Robert E.*: CERAMIC PETROLOGY
AND SOIL MICROMORPHOLOGY OF THE DANILO BITINJ AND
POKROVNIK SITES, DALMATIA, CROATIA
SESSION NO. 30
T7. Cultural Geology: Heritage Stone, Buildings, Parks, and More
(Heritage Stone Task Group of the IUGS)
Nelson Shaffer and Joseph T. Hannibal, Presiding
30-1
1:30 PM Rose, William I.*; Gochis, Emily E.; Klawiter, Mark F.; Vye,
Erika C.: BUILDING GRASSROOTS FOR A KEWEENAW
GEOPARK
30-2
1:50 PM Freeman, V. Rocky*; Hannibal, Joseph T.; Bartlett, Wendy: THE
MATHER SURVEY COLLECTION AT MARIETTA COLLEGE:
A RARE ASSEMBLAGE OF EARLY NINETEENTHCENTURY GEOLOGIC SAMPLES AND ITS IMPORTANCE
IN INTERPRETING NINETEENTH-CENTURY GEOLOGIC
TERMINOLOGY
30-3
2:10 PM Saja, David B.*: WELLINGTON DIMENSION STONE
COLLECTION AT THE CLEVELAND MUSEUM OF NATURAL
HISTORY: A RARE EXAMPLE OF A WELL-DOCUMENTED
COLLECTION OF 20TH CENTURY DIMENSION STONES
30-4
2:30 PM Hannibal, Joseph T.*: QUANTIFYING TRENDS IN STONE
USED FOR BUILDINGS, STATUARY, AND OTHER USES
OVER TIME WITH ARCHAEOLOGICAL SERIATION CURVES
SESSION NO. 31
T8. Addressing Environmental Aspects of Geology: Research,
Pedagogy, and Public Policy
1:30 PM, Fetzer Center, Room 1040/1050
afternoon Oral
Technical Sessions
Michael A. Phillips, Presiding
31-1
1:30 PM Sack, Dorothy*: HUMAN IMPACTS ON THE DUNES NEAR
LYNNDYL, UTAH
31-2
1:50 PM Bleeker, Tyler*; Miceli, Cassandra; Nieuwsma, Josh; Prather,
Eleighna: EFFICACY OF SAND FENCES IN STABILIZING A
STEEP ACTIVE DUNE BLOWOUT
31-3
2:10 PM Arevalo, Joseph M.*; Emmons, Taylor A.; Harefa, Sarah C.;
Van Wyk, Ashley L.; Zondag, Jacob A.: EVALUATING THE
EFFECTIVENESS OF MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES AT
MT. PISGAH
SESSION NO. 29
T5. Quaternary Research in the Great Lakes Region II: The
Holocene, Part II
1:30 PM, Fetzer Center, Putney Auditorium
Catherine Yansa and Randall Schaetzl, Presiding
29-1
1:30 PM Van Dam, Remke L.*; Storms, Joep E.A.; Yansa, Catherine H.:
DEPOSITIONAL HISTORY OF THE LAKE ST. CLAIR DELTA,
MICHIGAN, USING GEOPHYSICS AND CORES
31-4
2:30 PM Parkin, Ann*; Kurtz, Alexander; Perry, Krystal; Schultz,
Veronika; Williams, Matthew: UNMANAGED TRAILS AND
MANAGEMENT ON A GREAT LAKES DUNE
29-2
1:50 PM Fulton, Albert E. II.*: HOLOCENE PALEOZOOLOGICAL
RECORDS OF THE ALLEGHENY WOODRAT (NEOTOMA
MAGISTER) AT THE NORTHEASTERN PERIPHERY OF ITS
FORMER RANGE: A BIOGEOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS
31-5
2:50 PM Griffey, Denisha*; Koretsky, Carla M.: THE EFFECTS OF
ROAD SALT DEICERS ON REDOX STRATIFICATION AND
SALINIZATION OF EUTROPHIC LAKES IN SOUTHWEST MI,
USA
29-3
2:10 PM Loope, Henry M.*; Liesch, Matthew E.; Loope, Walter L.;
Jol, Harry M.; Goble, Ronald J.; Arnevik, Arik L.; Legg,
Robert J.: EARLY HOLOCENE EOLIAN ACTIVITY, HURON
MOUNTAINS, UPPER MICHIGAN
31-6
3:10 PM Ransohoff, Rebecca Weiss*; Soderlund, Lily; Townsend-Small,
Amy: CARBON STORAGE AND NITROUS OXIDE AND
METHANE EMISSIONS IN MANAGED AND UNMANAGED
URBAN LAWNS AND FORESTS
29-4
2:30 PM Brinks, Linden E.*; Gerber, Kathryn E.; Sin, Jen-Li; Swineford,
Jacob T.; Zapata, Alek K.: THE EFFECTS OF TWO FALL
STORMS ON A LAKE MICHIGAN FOREDUNE
3:30 PM Break
31-7
3:50 PM Wagner, Zachary C.*; Triplett, Laura D.; Kettenring, Karin M.:
THE REDUCTION OF RIVERINE SILICA TRANSPORT DUE
TO INVASIVE RIPARIAN VEGETATION
31-8
4:10 PM Wilch, T.I.*; Lincoln, T.N.: MONITORING AND
CHARACTERIZATION OF THE UPPER KALAMAZOO
WATERSHED, MI: UNDERGRADUATE RESEARCH IN A
LOCAL NATURAL LABORATORY
29-5
2:50 PM Baca, Kira J.; Fisher, Timothy G.*; Gottgens, Johan F.:
TEMPORALLY CONSTRAINED AEOLIAN SAND SIGNALS
AND THEIR RELATIONSHIP TO CLIMATE, OXBOW LAKE,
SAUGATUCK, MICHIGAN
3:10 PM Break
SESSION NO. 31
31-9
4:30 PM Syverson, Kent M.*: WATER RESOURCE IMPACTS
ASSOCIATED WITH THE SAND-MINING BOOM IN
WESTERN WISCONSIN: A COMPARISON BETWEEN
AGRICULTURAL ACTIVITIES AND SAND PROCESSING
33-5
31-10
4:50 PM Vye, Erika C.*; Rose, William I.; MacLennan, Carol A.:
OPENING A CLEAR AND EQUITABLE DIALOGUE ON
THE ISSUE OF MINING IN MICHIGAN’S KEWEENAW
PENINSULA
T20. Applied Geology: Engineering, Environmental, Geotechnical
and Hydrogeology (Association of Environmental and Engineering
Geologists)
31-11
5:10 PM Phillips, Michael A.*: PROVIDING GEOLOGIC EXPERTISE
TO LOCAL COMMUNITIES FACING ENVIRONMENTAL
CONCERNS
SESSION NO. 34
Terry R. West, Presiding
34-1
3:30 PM West, Terry R.*: RECENT STUDIES IN APPLIED GEOLOGY,
A CONTINUING STORY, TIPPECANOE COUNTY,
NORTHWEST INDIANA
34-2
3:50 PM Alfaifi, Hussain J.*; Hampton, Duane R.: COMPARING SLUG
TEST RESULTS IN UNCONFINED AQUIFERS ANALYZED
USING DIFFERENT METHODS
34-3
4:10 PM Salim, Rachel*; Hampton, Duane R.: LABORATORY
MEASUREMENTS OF CAPILLARY RISE IN SANDS
AND SILTS
34-4
4:30 PM Jha, Rajan*: ESTABLISHMENT OF UNIVERSAL
REGRESSION MODELS FOR PREDICTION OF STREAM
MORPHOLOGY BASED ON RELIEF, CLIMATE &
WATERSHED VARIABLES
34-5
4:50 PM Byer, Gregory*: DISCOVERY OF CONCEALED
SUBSURFACE STRUCTURES AND CONTAMINATION AT
HISTORIC INDUSTRIAL SITES THROUGH INTEGRATION
OF GEOPHYSICAL EXPLORATION INTO THE
INVESTIGATION PROCESS
34-6
5:10 PM Mickelson, David*; Laumann, Jason: USING LIDAR TO MAP
STABLE SLOPE SETBACKS ON LAKE SUPERIOR SHORE
BLUFFS IN IRON AND DOUGLAS COUNTIES, WISCONSIN
SESSION NO. 32
Heather Petcovic and Sandra Rutherford, Presiding
32-1
1:30 PM Gilchrist, Ann M.*: STUDENT SURVEYS: USEFUL TOOLS
TO ENGAGE NON-SCIENCE MAJORS IN LAB ACTIVITY
REVISIONS
32-2
1:50 PM Barney, Jeffrey A.*; Petcovic, Heather; Fynewever, Herb;
Henderson, Charles; Mutambuki, Jacinta M.: DO OUR
GRADING PRACTICES SEND THE RIGHT MESSAGE?
32-3
2:10 PM Petcovic, Heather L.*; Stokes, Alison; Caulkins, Joshua L.:
GEOSCIENTISTS’ PERCEPTIONS OF THE VALUE OF
FIELDWORK
32-4
2:30 PM Rowbotham, Katherine L.*; Petcovic, Heather L.; Koretsky,
Carla M.: GENERATING CONTENT KNOWLEDGE GAINS
THAT STICK: CRACKING THE CODE IN A FIELD-BASED
WATER QUALITY COURSE
32-5
2:50 PM Callahan, Caitlin N.*; Petcovic, Heather L.; Baker, Kathleen M.:
HOW A GEOLOGIST CAN GET LEAD ASTRAY: A
VIDEO LOG STUDY EXAMINING HOW ERRORS IN
OBSERVATIONS AND INTERPRETATIONS YIELD ERRORS
IN GEOLOGIC MAPS
32-6
3:10 PM Steffke, Christy*; Libarkin, Julie: CONVEYING INFORMATION
WITH MAPS: A FUNCTION OF SYMBOLOGY
32-7
3:30 PM Martin, Nicholas*; Libarkin, Julie; Geraghty Ward, Emily M.;
Jardeleza, Sarah: UNINTENDED CUING IN TEST DESIGN:
COLLEGE STUDENT DATA AND SPATIAL ANALYSIS OF
EYE TRACKING
SESSION NO. 33
SESSION NO. 35
T21. Field Trips, Guidebooks, and Apps: Exploring the Present, Past
and Future of Geological Field Trips and Field Trip Guidebooks
Joseph T. Hannibal and Kevin Evans, Presiding
35-1
3:00 PM Evans, Kevin R.*: MEMOIRS OF AN UNREPENTANT
GEOLOGIC FIELD TRIP LEADER
35-2
3:20 PM Savina, Mary E.*: FIELD TRIPS: A “SIGNATURE
PEDAGOGY” FOR GEOSCIENCE’S “TANGLED BANKS”
35-3
3:40 PM Rawling, J. Elmo III.*; Rowley, Rex; Gultch, Ben;
McCartney, M. Carol; Attig, John W.: DEVIL’S LAKE
FIELDTRIPS REBOOTED: MIXING TRADITION AND
TECHNOLOGY
35-4
4:00 PM Huysken, Kristin T.*; Argyilan, Erin P.; Votaw, Robert: PAIRED
PROJECT-BASED FIELD TRIPS TO THE STARVED ROCK
AREA, MATTHEISSEN AND BUFFALO ROCK STATE
PARKS, AND THE ILLINOIS AND MICHIGAN CANAL STATE
TRAIL – ILLINOIS
35-5
4:20 PM Kay, Suzanne Mahlburg*; Coira, Beatriz: DIGITAL AND ONSITE FIELD TRIP GUIDES TO THE CENTRAL ANDEAN
PUNA PLATEAU
4:40 PM Break
35-6
4:50 PM Saja, David B.*: GOLD PANNING: A MUSEUM FIELD
TRIP, EDUCATIONAL EXPERIENCE, AND RESEARCH
OPPORTUNITY
35-7
5:10 PM Hannibal, Joseph T.*: GUIDELINES FOR SUCCESSFUL
INFORMAL GEOLOGIC WALKING TOURS AND FIELD
TRIPS
T19. Hydrogeologic Investigations for Improved Assessment of
Water Availability and Use in the Glaciated United States
E. Randall Bayless and Howard W. Reeves, Presiding
33-1
1:30 PM Reeves, Howard W.*: USGS GLACIAL AQUIFER SYSTEM
GROUNDWATER AVAILABILITY STUDY
33-2
1:50 PM Bayless, E. Randall*: A STANDARDIZED DATABASE OF
WELL-DRILLERS’ RECORDS FOR THE GLACIATED
UNITED STATES
33-3
2:10 PM Unterreiner, Gerald*: NEW LIDAR-BASED INDIANA DNR
POTENTIOMETRIC SURFACE MAPS
33-4
2:30 PM Naylor, Shawn*; Gustin, Andrew R.; Letsinger, Sally L.; Ellett,
Kevin; Olyphant, Greg A.: QUANTIFYING HYDROLOGIC
BUDGET COMPONENTS IN INDIANA USING A NETWORK
OF METEOROLOGICAL AND VADOSE-ZONE INSTRUMENT
ARRAYS
50 2013 GSA Abstracts with Programs 2:50 PM Lingle, Derrick*; Kehew, A.E.: ORIGIN OF HIGH LEVELS OF
AMMONIUM IN GROUNDWATER, OTTAWA COUNTY, MI
SESSION NO. 21
20-5
BTH 26
Lee, Charlotte I.
[218773]
HISTORICAL CLIMATE AND STREAMFLOW TRENDS OF THE GRAND TRAVERSE BAY
REGION
LEE, Charlotte I., Geological Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824,
[email protected], MARTIN, Sherry L., Department of Geological Sciences, Michigan
State University, 206 Natural Sciences Bldg, East Lansing, MI 48824, KENDALL, Anthony D.,
Department of Geological Sciences, Michigan State University, 206 Natural Sciences Bldg,
Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, and HYNDMAN, David W., Department of
MI 48824
The natural environment of the Grand Traverse Bay Region is not only accredited by residents
as a top contributing factor to a high quality of life, it contributes to the region’s economy through
recreation and tourism. Water is an extremely important part of the natural environment, as well
as human use, and can be affected by climatic conditions. Because of the strong economic
link, it is vital to study the Grand Traverse Bay Region‘s water resources and climate to better
understand the complex relationships between driving and response factors. This in turn will
help stakeholders assess potential impacts that a continually changing climate could have
on the precious water resources this region depends on. Analyzing data collected by stream
gauging and climate monitoring stations over the past century in the Boardman and Charlevoix
River Watersheds provides insight on streamflow, temperature, and precipitation trends of this
region have shifted. Cross-examination of climate change driver and response trends along with
ecological and anthropological data can be used to assess the past, present, and possible future
impacts of regional change in stream flow and climate.
Geotechnical and Hydrogeology (Posters)
(Association of Environmental and Engineering
Geologists)
21-1
BTH 27
Bouali, El Hachemi Y.
[218213]
THE STABILITY OF THE LAKE MICHIGAN BLUFFS IN ALLEGAN COUNTY, MICHIGAN, AND
THE RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN AIR TEMPERATURE, GROUNDWATER LEVELS, AND
DOWNSLOPE DISPLACEMENT
BOUALI, El Hachemi Y.1, KAUNDA, Rennie B.2, CHASE, Ronald B.1, and KEHEW, Alan E.1,
(1) Department of Geosciences, Western Michigan University, 1903 West Michigan Avenue,
Kalamazoo, MI 49008, [email protected], (2) SRK Consulting (U.S.), Inc, Suite 3000,
7175 West Jefferson Avenue, Lakewood, CO 80235
Unstable bluffs composed of heterogeneous glacial sediments account for approximately 60
percent of the Great Lakes shoreline. This instability has been attributed to toe erosion, soil
saturation, surface water flow, and/or misguided human intervention. The U.S. Army Corps of
Engineers and Western Michigan University conducted a joint study between 1996 and 2008 that
resulted in a temporal dataset allowing significant insight into the causes of bluff failure. Electronic
instrumentation, installed in 2003 within the bluffs of Lake Michigan, north of South Haven, MI,
has led to data that grants explanations for the mechanisms and causes of failure. Instruments
include subsurface arrays of in-situ inclinometers, vibrating wire piezometers, thermistors, and
weather stations. Over the 12-year acquisition of displacement, groundwater, wave, precipitation,
and temperature data, the damaging effects of groundwater activity, especially during times
of freeze/thaw cycles, have been adequately observed. Groundwater was also discharged
from vertical pumping wells during the winter seasons of 2003 and 2005. The vertical pumping
wells were located in a dewatering site next to a (non-dewatered) control site. Downslope
displacements were reduced by as much as 400 percent when compared to the control zone
displacements during the dewatering times.
Statistical evaluation of the data has emphasized the erosional effects during freeze/thaw
cycles. Correlation and kernel density studies of: (1) air temperature versus downslope rotational
displacement, (2) air temperature versus perched ground water potentiometric surface elevations,
and (3) groundwater-level fluctuations verses downslope rotational displacements, have
demonstrated instantaneous displacement activity when air temperatures cross 0° Celsius. The
freezing of bluff surfaces produces a barrier to perched water discharge, which then raises pore
pressures to produce a factor of safety of less than one; this results in simple shear displacement
within the bluff. As the frozen bluffs thaw there is a rapid discharge of stored groundwater, which
creates an additional lagged downslope displacement that accompanies the increase of flow
pressure. The second pulse of displacements tends to be back rotations that accompany block
movements of coherent soil.
21-2
BTH 28
Lightfoot, Randall E.
[218233]
ANALYZING THE STRUCTURAL PROPERTIES, GEOLOGIC CONDITIONS, AND FRIABILITY
OF GARNET SANDS FROM FOUR MINE SOURCES AROUND THE WORLD: IMPLICATIONS
FOR THE DRY-AIR ABRASIVE SAND BLAST-CLEANING INDUSTRY
LIGHTFOOT, Randall E., Augustana College, 1411 Dahlgren Lane, Minooka, IL 60447,
[email protected]
Due to its relatively high specific gravity, chemical inertness, isometric geometry, nontoxicity,
lack of crystalline silica, ability to be recycled, low friability, and high hardness, garnet sand
(var. almandine–pyrope) is one of the leading non-metallic abrasive media being used in the
dry-air abrasive sand blast-cleaning industry. The primary task of this industry is to blast-clean
steel infrastructure, remove all mill-scale and rust/corrosion, while simultaneously preparing
the steel for a top-coating, which increases the integrity and longevity of the steel. Marco
Industries (Davenport, IA) has provided five garnet sand samples from four localities. Two of
the five samples are of hard rock origin while the remaining three samples were mined from
fluvial systems. One hard rock garnet sample was mined from khondalites in the granulite belt
of the North China Craton, Inner Mongolia, and the other from a meta-gabbro-derived garnetamphibolite from Gore Mountain, New York, U.S.A. Two of the three fluvial garnet sands were
mined from the Thamirabarani River feeding into Bengal Bay, Eastern India, and the other from
the Hutt River emptying into Port Gregory, Western Australia. X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy,
scanning electron microscopy, and grain size analysis methods were used to determine bulk
and trace element compositions, change in geometry, percent degradation, percent dusting, and
friability of each garnet sample. In order of increasing friability, the sample rank: 1: NY-garnet
sample, 2: India (1) garnet sample, 3: India (2) garnet sample, 4: Australia garnet sample, and
5: Mongolia garnet sample. Data show that the superior garnet sand with the lowest friability is
from Gore Mountain and the most inferior, highest friability, is from Mongolia. Another rank was
assigned to each garnet in terms of increasing dust created during one blast operation, with
particles ranging from 1 to 100 µm in diameter. India (2) garnet sand created 7.7% dust, New
York garnet sand created 8.9% dust, India (1) garnet sand created 12.7% dust, garnet sand from
Australia created 14.4% dust and garnet from Mongolia created 26.8% dust. The percentages
show how much of the garnet sand degraded after one blast operation, and provide insight about
the friability of each garnet sand.
21-3
BTH 29
Baratta, Vanessa M.
[218415]
THE EFFECTS OF FREEZE-THAW CYCLES AND STORMWATER RUNOFF INPUT ON THREE
BIOSWALE SOIL MIXTURES
BARATTA, Vanessa M., Geoscience, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242,
[email protected], BETTIS, E. Arthur III, Geoscience, University of Iowa,
121 Trowbridge Hall, Iowa City, IA 52242, WARD, Adam S., Department of Geoscience,
University of Iowa, 121 Trowbridge Hall, Iowa City, IA 52240, and WEIRICH, Frank,
Department of Geosciences, University of Iowa, 121 Trowbridge Hall, Iowa City, IA 52242
Urbanization and the growth of suburbs are world-wide phenomena. One product of this
development is a dramatic increase in impermeable surfaces and a consequent increase in
stormwater runoff. Bioretention cells (biocells) are one best management practice frequently
used to mitigate the impacts of urban stormwater runoff. To ensure that a biocell will continue to
perform adequately in the long term, it is imperative that the varieties of conditions it will sustain
through time are considered during its initial design. Although biocells are frequently used for
stormwater management, very few quantitative data exist on how they perform through time and
in varied physical environments. In regions with seasonal freeze-thaw cycles, it is important to
understand the physical effects of freeze-thaw cycles on biocell materials so that the integrity
of the design will not be compromised by seasonal change. This project utilizes manufactured
laboratory columns to investigate the effects of freeze-thaw cycles and runoff sediment input on
the infiltration capacity of three different biosoil mixtures. These tests will provide an analog for
long-term changes in biocell infiltration rates due to seasonal variations, which will provide critical
data on which soil mixture would be best implemented in geographic regions susceptible to
freeze-thaw activity. Furthermore these results will inform design standards for biocells to insure
their long-term use.
21-4
BTH 30
Erich, Kyla J.
[218479]
WOLF CREEK DAM: A CASE STUDY OF FOUNDATION REMEDIATION FOR DAMS BUILT ON
KARST FOUNDATIONS
ERICH, Kyla J., Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO 65409,
[email protected]
Wolf Creek Dam was completed in 1952 as a 5,736 ft long and 258 ft high combination
embankment-concrete gravity dam. Its storage capacity of 6 million acre feet makes it the ninth
largest reservoir in the nation. The dam was built on a heavily karstified limestone foundation and
began exhibiting signs of excess foundation seepage in late 1967. This led to extensive corrective
work beneath the earthen core of the right abutment embankment to reduce underseepage. In
2006 an independent assessment by the Dam Safety Action Classification Peer Review Panel
recommended that Wolf Creek Dam exhibited “Urgent and Compelling” foundation seepage
issues that required immediate attention. This classification triggered the most complex dam
foundation remediation project of any dam in the world, with an estimated total cost of $594
million, requiring six years of construction. The drilling and grouting techniques being applied
insitu beneath the embankment section will likely establish new standards of practice for
remediation and foundation beneficiation for hydraulic structures built on karst sites, specifically
embedded barrier walls.
21-5
BTH 31
Crane, Renee
[218684]
ALLOWING TIME FOR ACTIVATED CARBON CONDITIONING IN CONTAMINATED SOILS
INCREASES THE EFFECTIVENESS OF STABILIZATION/SOLIDIFICATION
CRANE, Renee, 1070 Claymoor Drive, Apartment 2A, Kalamazoo, MI 49009,
[email protected] and CASSIDY, Daniel, Geosciences, Western Michigan
University, Kalamazoo, MI 49008
Stabilization and Solidification (S/S) can be a cost-effective remediation tool for contaminated
soils and sediments, and is considered an accepted technology by the US EPA. S/S involves
mixing amendments into the contaminated material which reduce the leachability of the
contaminants. Though originally designed for inorganic contaminants, S/S is increasingly being
used for sites contaminated with organic compounds.
Two amendments commonly used for organics are Portland cement (or other pozzolanics
like quick lime or fly ash) and powdered activated carbon (PAC). Cementing agents reduce the
leaching of organic contaminants by reducing the permeability of leachate, and by encapsulating
soil particles to which contaminants are adsorbed. The PAC serves as surface area to which
organic contaminants adsorb very strongly. Ideally, PAC should be given time to adsorb
contaminants before cementing agents are added, called PAC conditioning. However, in practice
both amendments are typically added at the same time to reduce costs. Laboratory studies
conducted on phenol suggest that there is no benefit by allowing PAC conditioning before adding
cementing agents. However, these studies were done on soils artificially contaminated with
phenols, whereas aged contaminated soils tend to behave quite differently. Moreover, phenols are
not very common contaminants of soils.
We will present results from laboratory studies on 6 different soils with aged contamination
from BTEX (i.e., benzene, toluene, ethyl benzenes, and xylenes). The studies measured leaching
(using the synthetic precipitation leaching procedure, or SPLP) in soils amended with PAC and
Portland cement simultaneously, and compared PAC conditioning times of 1 month, 3 months,
6 months, 9 months, and 1 year. Results demonstrate that pre-treatment with PAC before
cement dosing dramatically reduces leaching and increases the effectiveness of S/S for organic
contaminants.
SESSION NO. 21
21-6
BTH 32
Disbennett, Douglas
[218761]
RELATIVE CONTRIBUTIONS OF HYPOXIA AND NATURAL GAS EXTRACTION TO
ATMOSPHERIC METHANE EMISSIONS FROM LAKE ERIE
TOWNSEND SMALL, Amy1, DISBENNETT, Douglas1, WEISS RANSOHOFF, Rebecca1,
MACKAY, Ross2, and BOURBONNIERRE, Rick2, (1) Geology, University of Cincinnati,
500 Geology Physics, Cincinnati, OH 45221, [email protected], (2) Environment
Canada, Burlington, ON, Canada
Reduced oxygen availability in lakes due to summer stratification events can contribute to
atmospheric methane emissions, and Lake Erie has a persistent low oxygen event in bottom
waters during late summer. Lake Erie also has substantial subsurface natural gas deposits that
are currently being extracted from areas in Canadian waters. We hypothesized that the lake
would be a source of methane to the atmosphere in late summer, prior to fall turnover, and that
natural gas wells and pipelines would contribute to additional methane emissions from resource
extraction areas in Canadian waters.
Sampling was conducted at a total of 21 sites in central and western Lake Erie during early
September, 2012. Sites were selected to collect samples from a wide range of environmental
conditions in order to better establish the baseline flux from these areas. We selected an array of
sites in the offshore environment, sites from a very shallow bay and sites within the Canadian gas
fields. Air samples were gathered using floating flux chambers tethered to the research vessel.
Dissolved gas water samples were collected using a Van Dorn bottle.
Preliminary results show a consistent but small flux of methane throughout the lake, with flux
rates adjacent to natural gas pipelines about an order of magnitude greater than elsewhere.
Samples are currently being analyzed for stable isotope ratios of methane, which can distinguish
between fossil fuel and biological sources of methane.
This project has two goals; first it is an effort to constrain the global warming potential of
hypoxia in the Great Lakes, and secondly it is an attempt to constrain fugitive emissions of
methane from resource extraction areas within Lake Erie. These two sources of methane may
contribute to increased greenhouse gas emission rates regionally, and fugitive methane is taking
on increased importance due to the expansion of natural gas extraction activities in Lake Erie.
T23. Remote Sensing Applications in Environmental
Sciences (Posters)
22-1
BTH 33
Mattheus, C.R.
[217252]
CLIMATE INFLUENCE ON LAKE ERIE NEARSHORE-SEDIMENT ACCUMULATION AND
BEACH PROGRADATION: A LOOK AT OHIO HARBOR JETTIES AND ADJACENT HEADLAND
BEACHES
MATTHEUS, C.R. and STOWE, M.S., Geological and Environmental Sciences, Youngstown
State University, One University Plaza, Youngstown, OH 44555, [email protected]
Erosion problems for the sediment-starved U.S. Lake Erie shoreline reflect the lake’s shallow
nature, water-level changes, bluff exposures of unconsolidated glacial and glaciolacustrine
materials, human influences, and lake orientation with respect to prevailing wind, wave, and
current directions. Despite the absence of substantial nearshore sand sources, sections of
the southern Lake Erie shoreline have prograded over the last 100 years in response to jetty
construction and sand trapping. This study investigates the evolution of two actively prograding
beaches along the Lake Erie shoreline of Ohio: Mentor Headlands Beach and Walnut Beach.
A total of 56 nautical charts of the harbor areas from 1901 to 2005 were georeferenced to
provide insight into the timing of hard structure installation, historic shoreline positions, and
temporal changes in nearshore bathymetry. Nearshore-surface models, gridded from bathymetric
points in ArcGIS using a nearest neighbor interpolation algorithm, provide net-change maps.
Bathymetry was not surveyed as regularly as shoreline position, providing only three time-slices
per harbor area over the 100-year timeframe of interest; however, nearshore-surface models
document a lake-ward translation of shoreline and nearshore environments through time with little
change in shoreface morphology. Beach area gained is therefore utilized as a metric for volume
change in our timeseries analysis.
Our studied beaches show a paralleled evolution with respect to shoreline progradation and
nearshore sand-volume gain, which does not appear to correlate to anthropogenic activity, but
could reflect a decadal-scale climate variance. A pronounced decrease in beach gain from the
mid-1930s through the late 1940s coincides with regional drought conditions, lower lake levels,
and possibly milder wave climate. Historic lake levels have fluctuated between ~173 and 175
meters above mean sea level since 1901 with similar low-level periods in the mid-1960s that do
not show a change in the rate of beach progradation, warranting an investigation into whether
changes in nearshore-sediment supply by either reduced bluff erosion or longshore transport play
a role.
22-2
BTH 34
Jasinski, Briana L.
[218792]
A HISTORY OF BEAVER ACTIVITY IN THE JORDAN RIVER WATERSHED: SPATIAL
DISTRIBUTION, SUCCESSION, AND SEDIMENT
JASINSKI, Briana L., Department of Geological Sciences, Michigan State University,
206 Natural Sciences Building, East Lansing, MI 48824, [email protected], HYNDMAN,
David W., Department of Geological Sciences, Michigan State University, 206 Natural
Science Building, East Lansing, MI 48824, KENDALL, Anthony D., Department of Geological
Sciences, Michigan State University, 206 Natural Sciences Bldg, Michigan State University,
East Lansing, MI 48824, and MARTIN, Sherry L., Geological Sciences, Michigan State
University, East Lansing, MI 48824
Beavers are exceptional environmental engineers, second only to humans in the modification
of their environment. However, their historical response to changing habitat conditions is often
difficult to classify due to lack of past spatial and population data. In this study, we demonstrate
how combined aerial photo classification, GIS analysis, and in-field ground truthing can be used
to model the spatio-temporal rebound of a beaver population previously decimated by the fur
trade and habitat destruction in the Jordan River Watershed in northern Michigan. Aerial and
high-resolution satellite imagery spanning the period 1938-2011 were digitized and georeferenced
to map the fluctuating numbers and distributions of beaver dams in the watershed. By linking
these dam counts with statewide beaver harvest estimates, we demonstrate that GIS mapping
provides a robust population estimate which can then be spatially analyzed and related to long-
52 2013 GSA Abstracts with Programs term beaver behavioral trends and forest management practices. Additionally, understanding
changing spatial sequences of beaver dams is critical for quantifying historical rates of sediment
retention at the watershed scale. Overall, this study demonstrates the utility of using a GIS
approach to capture the historical spatial and population dynamics of a rebounding beaver
population in a post-logging habitat.
22-3
BTH 35
Wagner, Kaleb
[218707]
GIS-MEDIATED REMOTE SPATIAL ANALYSIS OF RIBBED MORAINE MORPHOLOGY AND
DISTRIBUTION WITHIN NORTHERN CANADA
WAGNER, Kaleb, Dept. of Earth Sciences, Brock University, 500 Glenridge Ave,
St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1 Canada, [email protected]
Ribbed (a.k.a. Rogen) moraines are arcuate, subglacially-formed ridges oriented transverse to
local palaeo-ice flow direction. Such features appear organized in fields, primarily throughout
the former core-interior sectors of the Laurentide, British-Irish, and Fennoscandian Ice Sheets.
Awareness of these landforms dates back well over a century, yet the process or processes
responsible for their formation remain largely undetermined. Much research has endeavored to
associate ribbed moraine genesis with specific subglacial ‘zones’ and their attendant basal ice
flow regimes, though past efforts have lacked an explicit and reproducible means of assessing
and comparing geomorphometric properties between discrete populations of landforms. More
recent investigations incorporate geomatic techniques, and have contributed more generalizable
insights, though the inherent spatial qualities of ribbed moraine fields have yet to be objectively
examined. The current approach addresses these gaps by introducing quantitative measures of
intra-field ribbed moraine distribution and morphology for three distinct locations within northern
Canada. Continuous residual relief raster surfaces are derived from 0.75 arc-second Canadian
Digital Elevation Data (CDED) digital elevation models (DEMs) and are used to digitize individual
ribbed moraines directly into a geographic information system (GIS). High resolution (15 m, band
8 - panchromatic) Landsat 7 Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+) scenes are consulted
as a secondary reference for feature verification and mapping in areas of particularly complex
terrain. Morphometric parameters are calculated for digitized landforms using routine GIS
measuring tools, and directional tendencies in feature incidence and certain attribute magnitudes
are explored. Statistical measures of feature clustering, orientation, and parallel conformity are
computed and presented as a quantitative basis for inter-field comparison of glacial landform
distributions. Findings garnered by this research place more accurate constraints on regional ice
flow history in northern Canada, and contribute new understandings to the vacillating literature on
subglacial dynamics and landform genesis.
22-4
BTH 36
Alharbi, Talal
[218335]
CLIMATE CHANGE OVER THE ARABIAN PENINSULA: INFERENCES FROM TRMM DATA
ALHARBI, Talal, SULTAN, Mohamed, and AHMED, Mohamed, Geosciences, Western
Michigan University, 1903 W. Michigan Ave, Kalamazoo, MI 49008, [email protected]
The Arabian Peninsula, like many parts of the world, is apparently witnessing the impacts of
global climate change. The spatial and temporal variations in precipitation extracted from the
3-hourly Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission data (TRMM) acquired (2002-present) over the
Arabian Shield was used to investigate the nature and magnitude of these changes. Examination
of trend images extracted from monthly precipitation data revealed a general increase in
precipitation along the coastal zones. In some areas the trend image showed an annual increase
in precipitation amounting to more than 5 mm/yr. The Red Sea hills, like many parts of the
Arabian Peninsula’s coastal areas, show an increase in precipitation on the trend images. The
precipitation in the Arabian Shield occurs during one of two seasons, the first occurs in April
through September and is monsoonal in origin. Trend images produced for these months show
an increase of more than 5mm in the Jazan area, and along the eastern margin of Yemen and the
southeast coastal areas of Oman. The second season is from October to March and is caused
by the Westerlies. Trend images for these months show an increase in precipitation exceeding
6mm/yr in Jeddah, southern Yemen and Oman.
22-5
BTH 37
Manche, Cameron
[218585]
INTEGRATED APPROACH TO BETTER DETERMINING ALGAL BLOOMS IN CASE II WATERS
IN THE KUWAIT BAY: A REMOTE SENSING BASED APPROACH
MANCHE, Cameron1, SULTAN, Mohamed1, BECKER, Richard2, CHOUINARD, Kyle1, and
TINIGIN, Laura1, (1) Department of Geosciences, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo,
MI 49008, [email protected], (2) Environmental Sciences, University of Toledo,
2801 W. Bancroft, Toledo, OH 43606
Observations extracted from satellite sensors, namely the Moderate Resolution Imaging
Spectroradiometer (MODIS) and the Medium Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MERIS) as
well as field data was applied to detect the spatial and temporal variations in the distribution of
algal blooms in the Kuwait Bay. To date the total collection (39,800 scenes) of MODIS images
acquired (07/2002 to 07/2012) over the Kuwait Bay were examined whereas only a small
subset (330 scenes) of MERIS data (07/2003 to 12/2005) was processed. Kuwait Bay waters
are optically complex Case II waters that are more turbid or productive with high concentrations
of various constituents such as colored dissolved organic matter, sediments, and nutrients.
Given the complexities of the Kuwait Bay various chlorophyll-a algorithms (e.g. Ocean Color2,
Ocean Color3, GSM, GIOP, Chlor-a (MERIS), Chlor-a (MODIS) have been employed to select
the optimum algorithm that can best identify the distribution of the algal blooms and accurately
measure their chlorophyll-a concentration. This is being accomplished by correlating the various
satellite-based distribution and chlorophyll-a concentration of the blooms with those measured
in the field (from 09/1999 to 07/2011). Preliminary results show that out of all 3 MODIS-based
algorithms, the Chlor-a product shows the highest correspondence between field and satellitebased chlorophyll-a concentration, so does the Chlor-a MERIS-based product. Caution should be
exercised regarding the latter as only a small subset of MERIS data was analyzed. Processing of
the remaining images acquired by MERIS over the Kuwait Bay is underway.
22-6
BTH 38
Sanders, Jonathon D.
[218653]
WATERSHED DELINEATION FOR CONTAMINANTS IN THE PORTER CREEK WATERSHED
SANDERS, Jonathon D.1, BECKER, Richard H.2, SIGLER, Von1, PEKALSKA, Aneta1,
and LIS, Jill3, (1) Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Toledo, 2081 West
Bancroft Ave, Toledo, OH 43606, [email protected], (2) Department of
Environmental Sciences, University of Toledo, 2801 West Bancroft Ave, Toledo, OH 43606,
(3) Cuyahoga County Board of Health, 5550 Venture Drive, Parma, OH 44130
Porter Creek in Cuyahoga County, Ohio contains high densities of Escherichia coli and plays
a major role in transporting bacteria pollution to Huntington Beach, on the Lake Erie shoreline.
Closer inspection of the storm-sewershed showed high densities of E. coli draining from storm
drains directly into Porter Creek, whose outlet is in close proximity to the beach.
SESSION NO. 23
To identify areas in the watershed which are significant contributors to concentrations in the
creek, a GIS exercise was conducted to map drainages feeding into storm drains throughout the
towns of Bay Village and Westlake. Using the TOPAZ delineation technique in the WMS software
package and storm-sewer maps of each town, a combination of 2.5 and 10 foot LiDAR data
from OSIP was used to map drainage patterns of 28 outfalls and determine the area drained by
each outfall. The drainage areas were then used to identify the sub-watersheds responsible for
providing the highest densities of E. coliper area.
Of the 28 outfalls sampled, 22 had storm-sewershed basins of sufficient size to allow further
analysis, with the basins ranging from 25.06 square kilometers to 10 square meters in size. Within
these areas, concentrations of E. coli were found to range between 0 and 1,687,308 colonies/
100 ml/ in of rain/ square kilometer.
Policy makers may employ this method in areas facing high pollutant discharge in rivers and
streams, allowing them to target problem areas when they have limited resources.
22-7
BTH 39
Chiasera, Brandon
[218742]
GEOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF THE DICKINSON GROUP OF THE UPPER PENINSULA,
MICHIGAN: A STUDY OF AN ACCRETED TERRANE OF THE SUPERIOR PROVINCE
CHIASERA, Brandon, SHAHPURWALA, Aiman, KOROLESKI, Kraig K., RASLICH, Frank,
and ROONEY, Tyrone O., Dept. of Geological Sciences, Michigan State University, 288 Farm
Lane (Room 206), East Lansing, MI 48824, [email protected]
The lithospheric development of North America is intimately linked to the evolution of the Superior
Province. The Superior Province, an Archean age craton located to the north of Lake Superior,
has been generated through the accretion of multiple terranes. The nature of the terranes
associated with these accretion events is poorly constrained. The Dickinson group, located in
central Dickinson County in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan, is largely a metasedimentary
formation that includes mafic flow units and is cross cut by mafic dikes. The Dickinson group is
composed of three primary stratigraphic units: the East Branch arkose, the Solberg schist, and
the Six-Mile Lake amphibolites. Mafic dikes and flows within the East Branch arkose are the focus
of this study. The East Branch arkose, which lies at the base of the Dickinson group, is bound
by unconformities that place its age between 3.6 and 2.58 Ga. We have analyzed the major and
trace element geochemistry of a suite of 20 samples collected from the Dickinson group and
determined the dikes and flows to be of a transitional composition between olivine tholeiite and
alkali-olivine basalt. In some instances there is a geochemical correlation between the flows and
a subset of dikes. For other dikes there appears to be little correlation with the flows through
which they pass suggesting temporal diversity in dike emplacement and heterogeneity in magma
generation mechanisms. We explore the correlation between mafic units in the contemporaneous
Minnesota River Valley terrane and the Dickinson group to examine accretionary processes along
the southern margin of the Superior Province.
22-8
BTH 40
Liu, Xiuju
[218825]
USING LACUSTRINE SEDIMENT TO TEST THE EVAPORATION HYPOTHESIS FOR THE
MOORHEAD LOW WATER PHASE OF LAKE AGASSIZ
LIU, Xiuju1, FISHER, Timothy G.1, LEPPER, Kenneth2, and LOWELL, Thomas V.3,
(1) Environmental Sciences, University of Toledo, MS #604, Toledo, OH 43606, Xiuju.Liu@
utoledo.edu, (2) Department of Geosciences, North Dakota State University, P.O. Box 6050,
Dept. #2745, Fargo, ND 58108-6050, (3) Department of Geology, University of Cincinnati,
Cincinnati, OH 45221
Glacial Lake Agassiz was fed by terrestrial runoff and meltwater from the Laurentide Ice Sheet
at the end of the last glacial period. The cause of the ~50 m draw down to the Moorhead lowwater Phase, ~10,7 00 14C yr B.P.( ~12,400 cal yr B.P.), close to the beginning of the Young
Dryas chronozone remains elusive. An active outlet routing water eastward or northwestward
was recently tested and rejected from available field data. Without evidence for an active outlet,
the evaporation hypothesis is being pursued. Here we present initial results for increased aridity
during the Younger Dryas from Rabbit Lake, Minnesota.
Rabbit Lake is located just above the Herman strandline, in the southeastern corner of the
Lake Agassiz basin. It is expected to record similar hydrological conditions as in Lake Agassiz
itself. From a Livingstone core with a radiocarbon age of 11,800 ± 45 14C yr B.P. (13,700 ±114
cal yr B.P.), preliminary results indicate increased aridity. The dated unit consists of uniform dark
gray mud and is overlain by massive, red-brownish mud with intermixed salts assumed to be of
Younger Dryas age. Preliminary results from XRF measurements (ITRAX X-ray Fluorescence
Core Scanner) of the S/Ti, Ca/Ti, and Si/Ti profiles are well correlated. High sulfur content
together with high calcium content may suggest formation of gypsum within the sediments, a
signature of a dry climate. The high Si/Ti ratio may represent a higher quartz content, consistent
with gypsum formation during a drier climate.
In addition to the Rabbit Lake cores, sediment cores containing YD-aged sediment and
samples for OSL dating were collected from Fargo, ND, within the Lake Agassiz basin. The results
of bulk elemental composition (XRF), LOI, and grain size, do not show evidence for evaporative
enrichment. However, this does not exclude the closed basin hypothesis due to the planar
erosional unconformity at these sites.
To further test the evaporation hypothesis, our future work involves examining a sampling
transect north of Grand Forks to an elevation below the lowest point of the Moorhead low.
Friday, 3 May 2013
T1. Advances in Glacial Sediment Characterization:
Implications for Groundwater Flow and Contaminant
Transport Modeling
classification that can synthesize information on archetypal surficial aquifers. A simple glacial
landform or depositional facies model approach does not suffice, because it fails to integrate the
complexity of geographic, geological and hydrological controls on the occurrence of aquifers. One
approach is the play concept used in the petroleum industry that involves the three components
of source, reservoir, and trap (seal). These concepts have direct parallels to aquifers, namely
as hydrology, aquifer geology, and geology of confining units. Data for characterization of the
play type may be drawn form legacy, and archival sources along with project specific data
collection of data on sediment facies, physical properties, geophysical signatures, geochemistry,
hydrochemistry, hydrology, etc within a basin analysis framework. Characterization of these three
elements is used to formulate aquifer play types common to the surficial (glacial) sediment cover
of Canada, and in doing so highlight the benefits and drawbacks inherent with development of
each. The aquifer play type is identified by a compound play term based on landforms and/or
stratigraphic architecture followed by depositional environment (e.g. moraine, subaqueous fan).
In the embryonic application of the play concept to aquifer studies completed primarily by the
GSC, but also described in the broader literature, we provide a cursory review of play types for
archetypal surficial aquifers within the list of 30 key Canadian Aquifers. Specifically, four play types
are reviewed: i) bedrock interface buried valleys, ii) sediment hosted buried valleys, iii) stratified
moraines, iv) glacilacustrine / glacimarine basin eskers.
Application of the play concept to hydrogeology offers the same opportunity as in the
hydrocarbon context, of providing an analogue for aquifers that may have received less study
but have similar characteristics. The play concept can also provide a framework to discuss
groundwater extraction from different areas based on similar aquifer and hydraulic conditions.
23-2
8:35 AM
Dunkle, Kallina M.
[218395]
GROUNDWATER FLOW MODEL CALIBRATION DIFFICULTIES IN AREAS WITH GLACIALLYDEPOSITED AQUITARDS: AN EXAMPLE FROM GLACIAL LAKE OSHKOSH
DUNKLE, Kallina M., Department of Geosciences, Austin Peay State University, PO Box
4418, Clarksville, TN 37044, [email protected], HART, David J., Wisconsin Geological and
Natural History Survey, University of Wisconsin-Extension, 3817 Mineral Point Rd, Madison,
WI 53705, and ANDERSON, Mary P., Geoscience, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1215 W
Dayton St, Madison, WI 53706-1692
In Outagamie County, Wisconsin, glacio-lacustrine sediments form a regional aquitard comprised
of very low hydraulic conductivity (K) lacustrine clays with embedded sand and gravel bodies.
Several techniques were used to infer preferential flow paths occurring through connected
high K zones at this study site. A combination of hard and soft data was used to create 300
three-dimensional hydrostratigraphic models of the site using multiple-point geostatistics. A
representative set of six hydrostratigraphic models was selected, imported into groundwater flow
models, and calibrated to head data. Results from particle tracking indicated preferential flow
of individual particles moving through high K units in faster time than nearby particles moving
through low K units.
During the calibration process, several problems arose related to boundary conditions that
did not occur in previous models of glacial aquifers in Wisconsin. Specified head boundaries
obtained using telescopic mesh refinement from a larger regional model were much too high for
the glacial Lake Oshkosh site, likely due to a lack of calibration data in that area, less detailed
information for the glacial deposits in the larger regional model relative to the telescoped model,
the large volume of low K material, and, most importantly, the existence of strong vertical flow at
this site. Additionally, a soil-water balance model and baseflow estimates at the basin scale gave
recharge rates that were higher than calibrated recharge values. Comparison of particle tracking
results and isotope values from previous studies suggests that a lower value for K of clay is more
appropriate than was used in the calibration, which would allow higher values of recharge in the
model. In general, when working in areas with vertical flow through thick glacial aquitards, local
stream gaging data are essential for model calibration at the site scale and caution should be
used in assigning boundaries from a larger regional model.
23-3
8:55 AM
Slomka, Jessica M.
[218334]
DECONSTRUCTING THE SUBSURFACE: ARCHITECTURAL ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF
QUATERNARY GLACIOFLUVIAL DEPOSITS, LIMEHOUSE, ONTARIO, CANADA
SLOMKA, Jessica M. and EYLES, Carolyn H., School of Geography and Earth Sciences,
McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada, [email protected]
Thick successions of glacial deposits host significant aquifers in northern North America.
However, glacial depositional environments are dynamic and result in complex sedimentary
successions that make characterization of the aquifers they host, difficult. This paper utilizes
architectural element analysis (AEA) to characterize heterogeneity within a Quaternary age
coarse-grained glaciofluvial deposit exposed in the Limehouse Pit, Ontario and provides an
analogue for the analysis of more deeply buried aquifers in the region.
AEA is a methodology that involves identification of the scale and form of sedimentary units
and their bounding surfaces and allows documentation of three-dimensional textural variability
(heterogeneity) in sedimentary successions. Exposures of glaciofluvial sediment were logged in
an active aggregate pit in Limehouse, recording grain size, sedimentary structure, clast lithology,
shape, size, and orientation, thickness, unit contacts, and facies types. Nine facies were identified,
including gravel facies (Gm, Gp, Gt), sand facies (Sr, Sp, St, Ss) and fine-grained facies (Fl
and Fd). Variations in facies associations and the geometry of unit contacts (4th-order bounding
surfaces) allowed demarcation of five architectural elements (AEs), including gravel sheet (GS),
sand complex (SC), concave fill (CF), fine-grained sheet (FS), and gravel foreset body (GFB)
elements. The spatial arrangement of AEs and higher order bounding surfaces also allowed the
discrimination of six larger scale element associations (EAs), including those representing sandy
braided river (EA1), delta front (EA2), gravelly braided river/ delta top (EA3), delta front/ lacustrine
(EA4), braided river/ deltaic (EA5), and sand-dominated fluvial (EA6) environments.
AEA is utilized here to both enhance paleoenvironmental reconstructions of the study area
and to also capture three levels of heterogeneity in the exposed glaciofluvial deposits that can
be applied to detailed aquifer characterization and computer-based modeling. Outcrop analogue
studies such as this provide insight to the architecture of more deeply buried coarse-grained
deposits that form important aquifers, and can be utilized to enhance paleoenvironmental
reconstruction of subsurface alluvial deposits elsewhere.
23-4
23-1
8:10 AM
Russell, Hazen A.J.
[218638]
APPLYING THE “PLAY” CONCEPT TO ARCHETYPAL CANADIAN SURFICIAL AQUIFERS
RUSSELL, Hazen A.J., Geological Survey of Canada, 601 Booth Street, Ottawa, ON K1A
0E8, Canada, [email protected], SHARPE, David, Geological Survey of Canada,
601 Booth Street, Ottawa, ON K1A OE8, Canada, and CUMMINGS, Don I., DC Geoscience,
12 Rue Décarie, Gatineau, QC QC J9H 2M3, Canada
The Geological Survey of Canada (GSC) is currently assessing 30 key Canadian aquifers. This
represents a small fraction of the aquifers in Canada. Consequently, there is a need for an aquifer
9:15 AM
Lemke, Lawrence D.
[218475]
DRAWING THE DOG: DETERMINISTIC HYDROSTRATIGRAPHIC MODELING OF A COMPLEX
GLACIAL AQUIFER SYSTEM USING AN ALLOSTRATIGRAPHIC APPROACH
LEMKE, Lawrence D., Department of Geology, Wayne State University, 0224 Old Main, 4841
Cass, Detroit, MI 48202, [email protected], FRAHM, Andrew L., Dept. of Geology, Wayne
State University, 0224 Old Main, 4841 Cass Ave, Detroit, MI 48202, and PAPPAS, Lena K.,
Dept. of Geology, Wayne State University, 0224 Old Main, 4841 Cass, Detroit, MI 48202
Complexity and glacial sediments go hand in hand. Consequently, modeling three-dimensional
variability in glacial aquifer systems can require considerable experience, perseverance, and
SESSION NO. 23
imagination, even when abundant subsurface data are readily available. In practice, subsurface
information is usually sparse, and evaluating model uncertainty constitutes a significant challenge.
This study employs hybrid models incorporating stochastic variability within a deterministic
hydrostratigraphic framework to model spatial variability of physical hydrogeologic properties and
assess contaminant transport prediction uncertainty in a complex glacial aquifer system.
The approach is illustrated with a case study in Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA, where plumes
of groundwater containing 1,4-dioxane have migrated several kilometers in different directions
through 80m of underlying glacial drift. The deepest known plume appears to be advancing
toward the Huron River beneath a groundwater Prohibition Zone established in 2005. 1,4-Dioxane
is readily soluble in water but resistant to microbial degradation and adsorption to soil particles.
Thus, it provides a tracer-like record of solute transport. More than 130 monitoring wells and 20
extraction wells have been drilled to detect, trace, and remediate 1,4-dioxane in the area. These
wells form the basis of an allostratigraphic interpretation of the three-dimensional distribution of
aquifer and aquitard units, constrained by available hydraulic head and contaminant concentration
data, that is described in this presentation. Stochastic modeling of aquifer and aquitard properties
within that deterministic hydrogeologic framework is described in a companion presentation.
23-5
9:35 AM
Pappas, Lena K.
[218547]
ADDING THE SPOTS: STOCHASTIC MODELING WITHIN A DETERMINISTIC
HYDROSTRATIGRAPHIC FRAMEWORK TO ACCOUNT FOR SMALL-SCALE VARIABILITY
AND UNCERTAINTY IN A COMPLEX GLACIAL AQUIFER SYSTEM
PAPPAS, Lena K., Dept. of Geology, Wayne State University, 0224 Old Main, 4841 Cass,
Detroit, MI 48202, [email protected] and LEMKE, Lawrence D., Department of Geology,
Wayne State University, 0224 Old Main, 4841 Cass, Detroit, MI 48202
Glacial sediments contain variable and complex textures and sedimentary structures that can
impede attempts to predict field scale subsurface groundwater flow or contaminant transport
behavior. Refinement of deterministic hydrostratigraphic models to account for small-scale
variability using stochastic modeling provides a means to assess flow and transport uncertainty.
This study illustrates the application of a hybrid modeling approach integrating deterministic and
stochastic components to assess uncertainty in selected contaminant transport metrics. The
site is located in central Washtenaw County, Michigan, USA, where monitoring wells have been
installed in more than 130 locations as part of an ongoing remediation effort.
Natural gamma radiation counts were recorded in monitoring well logs located throughout
the site. Measurement intervals in each well were classified as aquifer or aquitard based on
their position within a deterministic allohydrostratographic interpretation. Sequential Gaussian
simulation was used to create an ensemble of realizations of gamma values conditioned to
gamma well log measurements within a 14km2 area of a regional groundwater model. Aquifer
and aquitard simulations were generated separately and merged into a single 3D model honoring
the original allohydrostratographic interpretation. Hydraulic conductivity was then assigned in
each 30x30x3m MODFLOW model cell based on an experimentally determined exponential
relationship between hydraulic conductivity and gamma count values. 100 stochastic realizations
were ranked a priori using harmonic mean K values for flow paths along the primary migration
direction between the source area and the Huron River, a potential groundwater discharge
location at the site. Relevant transport metrics (e.g., first arrivals and breakthrough times at the
river calculated using MODPATH and MT3D) were compared among realizations to evaluate the
degree to which stochastic variability influences transport and whether a priori rankings can be
used to identify realizations representing the range of transport behavior uncertainty predicted
using the full ensemble.
23-6
10:25 AM
Keefer, Donald A.
[218826]
SEDIMENTOLOGIC MODELING AND TRANSMISSIVITY MAPPING TO SUPPORT
GROUNDWATER FLOW AND CONTAMINANT TRANSPORT MODELING IN GLACIAL
SEDIMENTS
KEEFER, Donald A., THOMASON, Jason F., and BROWN, Steven E., Illinois State
Geological Survey, Prairie Research Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign,
615 E. Peabody Dr, Champaign, IL 61820, [email protected]
Over the past decade, geologists and hydrogeologists at the Illinois State Geological Survey
(ISGS) have been trying to provide users with maps and accompanying information that better
support decisions about groundwater quantity and quality problems. Recent advances within the
ISGS into new methods in 3-D geologic and hydrogeologic mapping have provided opportunities
to push out new map products that further benefit hydrogeologic problem solving.
A strategy is evolving at the ISGS where sedimentologic models of varying complexity are used
with 3-D maps of sand/gravel aquifer distribution and thickness to produce sets of transmissivity
maps that provide insight on the predicted ranges and distributions of hydraulic conductivity.
The complexity of the sedimentologic models are based on the quantity and quality of available
data, confidence in the conceptual models governing the overall glacial framework, and the
objectives being addressed by the mapping efforts. On one end, transmissivity maps reflect
general sedimentologic shifts, such as proximal to distal relationships based on distance from ice
margins, together with broad ranges in hydraulic conductivity from published table-based sources.
This approach results in generalized maps reflecting broad zonation of estimated maximum
and minimum transmissivity values. At the other end of the complexity spectrum, geostatistical
methods are used with the traditionally-developed 3-D maps to simulate a number of possible
distributions of sediment lithotypes or facies within aquifers. Then these lithotype distributions are
populated with geostatistically-simulated values of porosity and permeability to create a range of
possible 3-D models of the aquifer hydraulic properties. These can be ranked and upscaled as
appropriate for the groundwater problem at hand.
23-7
10:50 AM
Mulligan, Riley P.M.
[218370]
DETERMINING THE 3-D GLACIAL SEDIMENTOLOGY AND HYDROSTRATIGRAPHY OF THE
SOUTHERN PART OF THE COUNTY OF SIMCOE, SOUTHERN ONTARIO
MULLIGAN, Riley P.M., School of Geography and Earth Science, McMaster University, 1280
Main St. West, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada, [email protected], EYLES, Carolyn H.,
School of Geography and Earth Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, and
BAJC, Andy F., Ontario Geological Survey, 933 Ramsey Lake Road, Sudbury, ON P3E 6B5,
Canada
Increasing urban expansion and agricultural growth are placing growing stresses on existing
groundwater reserves hosted within Quaternary sediments in southern Ontario. Preserving
the quality of groundwater resources requires a detailed knowledge of the three-dimensional
distribution of subsurface geologic units. In the South Simcoe region of Ontario this is made
possible through integration of data from fully-cored boreholes and sediment outcrops.
54 2013 GSA Abstracts with Programs Analysis of 56 outcrop exposures in cutbanks along the Nottawasaga River and 6 fully-cored
boreholes within the former Lake Algonquin plain have led to the identification of six lithofacies
associations (FA1–6). The stratigraphy is floored by the late Wisconsin Newmarket Till (FA1) which
is locally overlain by ice-proximal debris flows (FA2). These glacial sediments are overlain by
glaciolacustrine silt rhythmites (FA3) that pass upwards into deltaic sand (FA4) and channelized
fluviodeltaic sand and gravel (FA5). Lying above the fluvial deposits are widespread sand and silt
rhythmites (FA6), which coarsen up-section toward the ground surface. Qualitative observations
of groundwater discharge through these FAs at outcrop faces has yielded important data on
the internal heterogeneity of subsurface units, as well as possible preferential groundwater
flow pathways through both aquifer and aquitard units within the region. The sand-rich surficial
layers (FAs 4-6) within the Lake Algonquin plain form an unconfined aquifer system that permits
extensive infiltration of surface water. The lower aquitard units (FAs 1 and 3) form a regionally
significant hydraulic barrier for surficial water sources, directing shallow groundwater laterally
into the Nottawasaga River. Coarse-grained interbeds are observed within the lower aquitard
units and create layers or conduits of high hydraulic conductivity that permit transport of shallow
groundwater. The potential connection of coarse-grained layers could create hydraulic windows
through the aquitards, allowing surficial water sources to reach more deeply buried aquifer units.
Understanding the geometry and interconnectedness of these subsurface sediments is essential
for planning drinking water supply for growing urban communities in the region and for the
prediction of contaminant migration pathways.
23-8
11:10 AM
Weaver, Laura K.
[218660]
EXAMINING THE INFLUENCE OF ENHANCED HYDROGEOLOGIC KNOWLEDGE ON
STRUCTURAL UNCERTAINTY IN THREE-DIMENSIONAL RECONSTRUCTIONS OF
GLACIGENIC SEDIMENT
WEAVER, Laura K.1, ARNAUD, Emmanuelle2, ABBEY, Daron1, SHIKAZE, Steven1,
MEYER, Jessica R.3, and PARKER, Beth L.3, (1) Matrix Solutions Inc, 31 Beacon Point
Court, Breslau, ON N1B 1M0, Canada, [email protected], (2) G360 Centre for
Applied Groundwater Research, School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph,
Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada, (3) G360 Centre for Applied Groundwater Research, School
of Engineering, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd E, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
Three-dimensional (3D) hydrogeologic representations of the subsurface focus on the spatial
distribution and interconnectedness of hydrogeologic units inferred from lithology, primary and
secondary structures, fluid chemistry, hydraulic head, and hydraulic conductivity data, in addition
to other data sources. These conceptual models are guided by a hydrogeologic framework
developed from depositional environment interpretations and may form the basis for numerical
groundwater flow modeling. Although sophisticated 3D interpolation software and numerical
efficient of modeling codes enable parameterization and simulation of complex systems,
the availability and quality subsurface data limits the modeled complexity. Uncertainty in the
distribution and geometries of subsurface units between field data points may be reduced through
the inclusion of stratigraphic knowledge in the interpolation process.
To explore the influence of enhanced (hydro)geologic understanding on framework
development, three conceptual block models were constructed for glacial sediment associated
with ice marginal deposition. Unit volumes were generated using: 1) associations based on
sediment texture, b) an imposed conceptual framework on genetically-linked, texturally similar
sediment, and 3) an imposed framework on genetically-linked, texturally similar sediment with
the addition of control points. Increasing amounts of “expert” knowledge is incorporated into
each model, moving from a model developed solely on the available data, through the inclusion
of regional stratigraphic knowledge, and furthered with additional inferences based on expected
facies associations. The distribution and interconnectedness of sediment were interpolated across
the study area using interpolation algorithms in a 3D software environment.
The resulting hydrogeologic unit geometries were evaluated for plausibility given the
established glacial history of the area and error associated with the interpolation. The influence of
hydrogeologic knowledge on output unit distributions and the resulting structural uncertainty was
investigated by comparison of unit distributions and geometries, relative unit volumes, and fit of
the top of unit elevations to borehole observations across the three conceptual block models.
23-9
11:30 AM
Dogan, Mine
[218733]
INTEGRATING 3D GPR FACIES ANALYSIS AND HIGH RESOLUTION HYDRAULIC
CONDUCTIVITY DATA: IMPLICATIONS FOR TRANSPORT MODELING IN HETEROGENEOUS
MEDIA
DOGAN, Mine1, VAN DAM, Remke L.1, HYNDMAN, David W.1, and BUTLER, James J. Jr2,
(1) Department of Geological Sciences, Michigan State University, 206 Natural Science
Building, East Lansing, MI 48824, [email protected], (2) Kansas Geological Survey,
University of Kansas, 1930 Constant Ave, Lawrence, KS 66047
The transport of solutes through aquifers is primarily controlled by the spatial distribution of
hydraulic conductivity (K). With limited availability of K data, as is common in many field studies, it
is not possible to accurately simulate transport using the classical advection-dispersion equation,
particularly in heterogeneous deposits. Although alternative approaches for simulating transport
through such deposits may provide reasonable representations of average plume behavior,
they do not replicate observed concentration histories at observation wells. We postulate that a
suite of novel high-resolution characterization methods may provide the necessary subsurface
data to significantly improve flow and transport simulations through heterogeneous porous
media. To this end, we combined 3D ground-penetrating radar (GPR) data with high-resolution
K (HRK) and electrical conductivity (EC) data from direct-push profiles, at a heterogeneous
fluvial deposit in northeastern Mississippi. The full-resolution GPR data cubes, collected using
standard field equipment, were used to generate 3D facies models, which include information on
major bounding surfaces, dip angles and directions, and connectivity. The HRK and EC profiles,
collected using equipment mounted on Geoprobe drilling rigs, provided information on vertical
distribution of hydraulic and electric properties at intervals of a few centimeters. Comparative
analysis of the geophysical and drilling data reveals a good correlation at the major facies
boundaries. Data integration has enabled construction of hydrostratigraphic models of these
heterogeneous deposits and realistic modeling of flow and transport.
SESSION NO. 24
Friday, 3 May 2013
The Holocene, Part I
24-1
8:00 AM
Hladyniuk, Ryan
[218332]
THE N-ALKANE AND CARBON-ISOTOPE SIGNATURES OF ORGANIC CARBON IN LAKE
ONTARIO SINCE 14,000 CAL YR BP
HLADYNIUK, Ryan, DILDAR, Nadia, and LONGSTAFFE, Fred J., Department of Earth
Sciences, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, Biological and
Geological Sciences Building, London, ON N6A5B7, Canada, [email protected]
The n-alkane abundances and carbon-isotope compositions of organic matter (OM) from Lake
Ontario sediments reveal a complex history of variation in both source and lacustrine productivity
over the last 14,000 cal yr BP. Glacial sediments containing ~0.2-0.3 % organic carbon (OC) are
dominated by C23 through C29 n-alkanes. These compositions most likely represent allochtonous
contributions of peat, higher terrestrial plant matter and clay-associated OM delivered by glacial
meltwaters from the periglacial environment. Subordinate amounts of C17-C19 n-alkanes
may indicate limited primary lacustrine productivity at this time. Transition from glacial to postglacial conditions in the Lake Ontario basin was marked by a lowering of water levels, rising
OC contents, and increased abundances of C17-19 n-alkanes. Little systematic carbon isotopic
variation was found for individual n-alkanes in the glacial and transitional sediments: C17-C19,
–30 per mil; C21, –33 to –30 per mil; and C23+, –33 to –32 per mil, which likely reflects wellmixed, multiple OM sources. Hydraulic closure of Lake Ontario beginning at about 12,300 cal yr
BP produced its lowest recorded levels. Approximately equal abundances of C17-C19, C23-C25,
and C27+ n-alkanes at this time are tentatively interpreted to indicate lacustrine, (submergent)
macrophyte and terrestrial OM contributions. C17-C19 n-alkanes showed little carbon isotopic
variation from the older sediments. However, a 2 per mil decrease in carbon-13 for C23 and
enrichments of ≤8 per mil for C25+ n-alkanes (C25> C27> C29) occurred by the end of hydraulic
closure. Increased littoral zone productivity may have been favoured by low lake levels. Warming
beginning at 8,300 cal yr BP triggered a transition from cold/dry to warm/wet conditions, during
which water levels gradually rose. OC in associated lake sediments reaches 2 % and contains the
highest fraction of C27+ n-alkanes, which have carbon isotopic compositions of –33 to –30 per
mil. These data suggest that Lake Ontario received significant terrestrial OM from its catchment
at this time. The progressive 5 per mil depletion of carbon-13 in C17 and C25 n-alkanes upwards
through this interval remains to be explained.
24-2
8:20 AM
Loope, Walter L.
8:40 AM
Yansa, Catherine H.
24-4
9:00 AM
Sonnenburg, Elizabeth
[218504]
PALEOENVIRONMENTAL RECONSTRUCTION OF THE ALPENA-AMBERLEY RIDGE
SUBMERGED LANDSCAPE DURING THE LAKE STANLEY LOWSTAND (CA. 8.4-9 KA CAL
BP), LAKE HURON
SONNENBURG, Elizabeth, Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Ruthven
Museums Building 4016, 1109 Geddes Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, [email protected]
The Great Lakes basin has high potential for submerged archaeological sites due to considerable
water level changes during deglaciation and as a result of Holocene climate change. The
Holocene period in the Great Lakes basin (ca. last 12,000 years) was marked by several phases
of drier climate and low lake levels (lowstands) including major events between ca. 11,300-8,400
cal BP recorded in sediments in Lake Huron and Georgian Bay (Lake Hough and Lake Stanley
lowstands). During the Lake Stanley phase water levels in the Lake Huron basin were up to
70-100 m below present and large areas of the lake bed were exposed terrestrial landscapes.
In 2007 and 2008, a 300 meter-long series of boulders was discovered on the Alpena-Amberley
Ridge in 30 m of water in Lake Huron during a side-scan sonar survey. The boulders, when
mapped, resembled caribou drive lanes which are well-documented in the Arctic. During the Lake
Stanley lowstand phase, the Ridge was a sub-aerially exposed causeway separating the lake into
two basins, and the discovery of the potential drive lanes provides compelling albeit circumstantial
evidence that the Ridge supported human habitation during the early Holocene. Little is known
about the paleogeography and environment of the Ridge since there is limited sedimentation,
and most lake-level and paleoenvironmental research in Lake Huron has focused on the more
sediment loaded basins of the Georgian and Saginaw Bays. In 2011 and 2012, a total of sixtyseven core, sediment and rock samples were collected by divers and ponar sampler on an
ROV. Thirty-six surface sediment grab samples and six short (10-25 cm) cores were obtained
for analysis of microdebitage, microfossils, grain size, and organic content. Cores were subsampled at 2 cm intervals for analysis, lithofacies logged in detail and photographed. Preliminary
paleoenvrionmental reconstructions based on results from these samples indicate that during the
last Lake Stanley phase, the Ridge was a relatively stable landscape with sub-artic vegetation,
small shallow ponds, sphagnum bogs, wetlands and rivers, and would have provided numerous
potential resources for both caribou and pre-historic hunter-gathers.
[218627]
CAN PALEOECOLOGICAL PROXIES ADEQUATELY FORECAST SURFACE COVER ACROSS
NORTH CENTRAL NORTH AMERICA? (A CAUTIONARY TALE)
LOOPE, Walter L., United States Geological Survey, N8391 Sand Point Road, P.O. Box 40,
Munising, MI 49862, [email protected]
Pollen stratigraphy provides the core body of paleoecological perspective across north central
North America. Pollen based methodologies have matured over nearly a century and are
now joined by a vast and vetted literature focused on paleolimnology, wetland dynamics, soil
stratigraphy and landscape ecology. The COHMAP project of the 1970s and 80s placed these
data sets in spatial context across the continent and more recent updates and refinements of
these maps have been developed. The utility and importance of paleoecological models are more
apparent given recognition of anthropogenic climate forcing. Concurrent with their adoption and
broad use in discussions of such forcing, however, caveats and limitations of paleoecological
data, prominently voiced by their authors, must be honored. Linda Brubaker, a pioneer in the
application of pollen stratigraphy to Upper Michigan, recognized in 1975 that patchy habitats
often impose permanent control on vegetation pattern on varying spatial scales. The scale of
patchiness varies across landscapes and greatly complicates their classification as well as
any assessment of their projected behavior. In broad and roughly uniform landscapes these
complications may be minimal; in patchy landscapes, they may defy intuition and interpretation.
As Brubaker pointed out, some of the more obvious drivers of patchiness in the upper Midwest
are differences in soil texture and development and in the nature of regolith. These differences
are invisible in broad pattern but detectable on a local level. Pollen-based maps of surface cover
in eastern Upper Michigan prove inadequate in detecting the major climatic anomaly that drove
hydrologic closure of the Upper Great Lakes ~10-8 ka. In contrast, an intensive study of 2 ponds
within a small sandy tract in Alger County clearly identifies this and other major droughts at that
time, albeit on different scales. Maps of Quaternary vegetation at sub-continental scales are
useful across uniform environments but may fail to portray important local and even regional
differences. This has long been recognized and expressed by pollen practitioners but may be
glossed over by modelers who need to summarize projected change across the continent.
24-3
suggest that this lake received little influx of clastic material. The pollen and plant macrofossil
records indicate four intervals of vegetation change. A pine-oak forest characterizes Zone I
(~8500 to 7000 cal yr BP), prior to the arrival of beech in the region. Zone II (~7000-3200 cal yr
BP) is that of a beech-maple forest with oak patches. Percentages of beech and maple are higher
than in the two comparative pollen records, indicating that moisture provided by the lake-effect
climate prevailed in the Miner Lake area during the peak Holocene warmth. Zone III (~3200-200
cal yr BP) is characterized by cooler and moister conditions, as suggested by expansion of the
beech-maple forest. Median grain size is most variable in Zone III. Zone IV (last 200 years) is
distinguished by a spike in disturbance weeds, a sharp decrease in %OM, a dramatic increase
in %CaCO3, and a sharp decrease in median grain size, likely resulting from agriculture. In
summary, the paleoclimate record of Miner Lake was, for the most part, invariant during the past
several millennia, which suggests that a “lake effect” climate induced by nearby Lake Michigan
was a more dominant control than the regional climate for this site.
[218716]
A 8500-YEAR RECORD OF LAKE-EFFECT CLIMATE FROM MINER LAKE, SOUTHWESTERN
LOWER MICHIGAN
YANSA, Catherine H., Department of Geography, Michigan State University, 227 Geography
Building, East Lansing, MI 48824-1117, [email protected] and RAWLING, J. Elmo III,
Geography/Geology, University of Wisconsin Platteville, 1 University Plaza, Platteville, WI
53818
Miner Lake (42.7°N, 85.8°W) in Allegan County, southwestern Lower Michigan, is located
30 km east of Lake Michigan. Today, the local vegetation is comprised of primarily beech-maple
forest and has a lake-mediated climate characterized by higher snowfall and warmer winter
temperatures than inland locations. The objective of our research was to test whether the lakeeffect climate in the past was a more dominant influence on the local climate of the Miner Lake
area than regional paleoclimate patterns. We did this by analyzing sediment cores from Miner
Lake for pollen, plant macrofossils and sedimentology (particle size, % organic matter (OM), and
% calcium carbonate (CaCO3)), and compared these data to paleoclimate data from two lakes
from inland locations with similar latitudes.
Over the past 8500 cal yr BP, the sedimentology and paleobotany of Miner Lake indicate that
there has been little environmental change in the area. In general, the %OM increases from ~25
to 40%, %CaCO3 decreases from ~20 to 10% and the median grain size ranges from ~10 to 25
microns. The high %OM and CaCO3, and fine median grain size in the sediments of Miner Lake
24-5
9:40 AM
Thompson, Todd A.
[218327]
THE ELEVATION OF THE PEAK NIPISSING PHASE (MID HOLOCENE) AT OUTLETS OF THE
UPPER GREAT LAKES
THOMPSON, Todd A., Indiana Geological Survey, Indiana University, 611 North Walnut
Grove, Bloomington, IN 47405-2208, [email protected], JOHNSTON, John W.,
Department of Physical and Chemical Sciences, University of Toronto Mississauga,
3359 Mississauga Road N, Mississauga, ON L5L 1C6, Canada, and LEPPER, Kenneth,
Department of Geosciences, North Dakota State University, P.O. Box 6050, Dept. #2745,
Fargo, ND 58108-6050
The Nipissing phase of ancestral Lakes Michigan, Huron, and Superior was the last pre-modern
highstand of the upper Great Lakes. Reconstructions of past lake-level change and glacial
isostatic adjustment (GIA), as well as activation and abandonment of outlets is dependent on
an understanding of the elevation of the lake at each outlet. More than one hundred years of
study has established the gross elevation of the Nipissing phase at each outlet, but the mixing
of geomorphic and sedimentologic data has produced interpreted outlet elevations varying by
least several meters. Vibracore facies, optically stimulated luminescence and radiocarbon age
control, and ground-penetrating radar transects from new and published studies were collected to
determine peak Nipissing water-level elevations for the Port Huron (Lake Huron), Chicago (Lake
Michigan), and Sault (Lake Superior) outlets. These data and published relative hydrographs
were combined to produce one residual hydrograph for the Port Huron outlet from 6,000 to
3,500 calendar years ago that best defines the rise, peak, and rapid fall of the Nipissing phase.
Establishing accurate elevations at the only present-day unregulated outlet of the Great Lakes
and the only ancient outlet that has played a critical role in draining the upper Great Lakes
since the middle Holocene is a critical step to better understand GIA and water-level change
geologically and historically. The geologic context may provide the insight required for water
managers to make informed decisions to best manage the largest freshwater system in the world.
24-6
10:00 AM
Hanson, Paul R.
[218692]
IMPACT OF THE NIPISSING AND ALGOMA HIGH LAKE PHASES FROM OSL DATING OF
BAYMOUTH BARRIER SYSTEMS IN THE DOOR PENINSULA, WISCONSIN
HANSON, Paul R., School of Natural Resources, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 3310
Holdrege Street, Lincoln, NE 68583, [email protected] and RAWLING, J.E. III, Geography
and Geology Program, University of Wisconsin-Platteville, Platteville, WI 53818
This study focuses on the geomorphology and geochronology of three baymouth barrier systems
at Clark, Europe and Kangaroo Lakes in the Door Peninsula of Wisconsin. The Lake Michigan
shoreline in the peninsula contains abundant evidence for fluctuations in lake level as evidenced
by strandplains and beach ridges that lie up to ~ 7 m above the present shoreline. Our study was
conducted on three baymouth barriers that contain beach ridges that were buried by varying
depths of eolian sand in the form of sandsheets, as well as parabolic and transverse dunes with
relief of up to 21 m. The purpose of this study was to document when the barriers were deposited
and when the subsequent eolian activity occurred. Our chronology for barrier emplacement and
dune development is based on 65 OSL samples which were collected from lacustrine sediment
within the barrier fills (n = 17) and the overlying eolian sand (n = 48). Sediment samples were
collected using bucket augers or a vibracoring device at depths ranging from 0.5 to 4.1 m below
the ground surface. Our OSL ages show that baymouth barriers in each of our study sites were
constructed between ~ 5.9 to 3.9 ka, and most of our ages correspond closely to the Nipissing
high lake level phase. Both geomorphic and geochronological evidence from the Kangaroo Lake
site shows portions of this barrier were re-occupied after the Nipissing phase. Our OSL ages
from lacustrine sediment taken from within the barrier suggest this occurred at 3.3 to 2.5 ka,
SESSION NO. 24
correspondingly closely with the Algoma high lake level phase. The majority of our eolian ages
fall into two primary groups that overlap with or are slightly younger than the ages acquired from
the barriers. OSL ages from dune crests and sand sheets suggest that dune formation most likely
ceased between 4.5-3.7 (n = 20 OSL ages) and again around 2.5-1.8 (n = 11 ages) ka. Both
geomorphic and geochronological evidence suggests that dune development was rapid, and
that dunes were primarily active during recessional phases of Lake Michigan when sand supply
was elevated. This project was carried out in large part through the efforts of undergraduate
researchers and was funded through the National Science Foundation’s Research Experience for
Undergraduates (REU) program.
24-7
10:20 AM
Johnston, John W.
[218447]
A SAULT-OUTLET-REFERENCED MID- TO LATE-HOLOCENE PALEOHYDROGRAPH FOR
LAKE SUPERIOR CONSTRUCTED FROM STRANDPLAINS OF BEACH RIDGES
JOHNSTON, John W., Department of Physical and Chemical Sciences, University of
Toronto Mississauga, 3359 Mississauga Road N, Mississauga, ON L5L 1C6, Canada,
[email protected], ARGYILAN, Erin P., Dept. of Geosciences, Indiana University
Northwest, 3400 W. Broadway, Gary, IN 46408, THOMPSON, Todd A., Indiana Geological
Survey, Indiana University, 611 North Walnut Grove, Bloomington, IN 47405-2208, BAEDKE,
Steve J., Department of Geology and Environmental Science, James Madison University,
MSC 6903, Harrisonburg, VA 22807, LEPPER, Kenneth, Department of Geosciences, North
Dakota State University, P.O. Box 6050, Dept. #2745, Fargo, ND 58108-6050, WILCOX,
Douglas A., Dept. of Env. Science and Biology, The College at Brockport, State University of
New York, 350 New Campus Drive, Brockport, NY 14420, and FORMAN, Steven L., Earth
and Environmental Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, 845 W. Taylor Street, Chicago,
IL 60607
The most detailed Lake Superior paleohydrograph relative to the current outlet near Sault
Ste. Marie, Ontario/Michigan, was constructed from four strandplains of beach ridges. This
provides a history of water-level, glacial isostatic adjustment (GIA), and the active outlet prior to
monitoring and regulation. Four relative paleohydrographs that are offset and subparallel owing to
differences in GIA were produced from 321 basal foreshore elevations and 56 optically stimulated
luminescence ages. Subtracting modeled elevations in defined millennial lake phases between
relative paleohydrographs and similarity between an inferred Sault Ste. Marie (hereafter, Sault)
paleohydrograph and data near the zero isobase corroborates rates of GIA derived from waterlevel gauges. A change in trend in the Sault paleohydrograph is related to the final separation
of Lake Superior from Lake Michigan/Huron and is the youngest age reported at 1,060 +/- 100
years. A near-horizontal trend in the Sault paleohydrograph for the past millennium has an
intercept that is close to the historical average for Lake Superior. A consistently linear trend from
about 2 to 1 ka suggests a relatively stable outlet similar to the past millennium, but a decreasing
trend from 3 to 1 ka suggests an outlet other than the Sault. Although intercept data beyond the
last millennium are similar in elevation to the reported bedrock sill near Chicago (Hansel et al.
1985), we argue that the Port/Huron outlet was the active outlet during this time and the inferred
paleohydrograph of Baedke and Thompson (2000) requires reevaluation.
Friday, 3 May 2013
25-1
8:00 AM
Tangtong, Chaiyanun
[218459]
EVALUATION THE POTENTIAL OF EXPOSURE PATHWAYS OF ARISTOLOCHIC ACIDS
INDUCED BALKAN ENDEMIC NEPHROPATHY
TANGTONG, Chaiyanun, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Michigan State University,
Engineering Building, 428 S. Shaw Lane, East Lansing, MI 48824, [email protected],
LONG, David T., Geological Sciences, Michigan State University, 206 Natural Science, East
Lansing, MI 48824, and VOICE, Thomas C., Civil and Environmental Engineering, Michigan
State University, East Lansing, MI 48824
Aristolochic acids (AAs) were proposed as chemicals that induced Balkan endemic nephropathy
(BEN) which is a kidney disease that occurs in certain rural villages in Balkan countries. Scientists
suggested the consumption of bread contaminated with AAs during the harvest may be the
exposure pathway. Aristolochic acids is known as a nephrotoxic and carcinogen in human and
confirmed as a cause of Chinese herb nephropathy (CHN) which is renal failure disease in
patients taking Chinese herb medicine. The recent toxicological studies clearly showed the link
between BEN and Aristolochic acids but the exposure pathway is still not understand. In this
study, fate and transport of Aristolochic acids in soil will be explored. The sources of AAs in the
area are hypothesized to be released from the plant as root exudates or their decomposed bodies
to soil and we hypothesized that uptake and accumulation of AAs by crop plants may response
as contaminated food. To evaluate this hypothesis, octanol-water (Kow) and soil-water (Kd)
partition coefficient was measured. The Kow was directly measured by the shake flask method and
indirectly by HPLC method. The soil sorption/desorption kinetic and isotherm was assessed by
batch experiment method using soils with greatly difference of organic matter and clay contents.
The plant uptake was investigated by growing the food plants in AAs nutrient solution. The results
show that AA I and II were slightly hydrophilic ( log Kow<2) under neutral condition but that they
were hydrophobic in acid solution (log Kow>4). Behavior is affected by ionization of AAs which is
controlled by pH. Thus, AA can be mobile in the environment condition. The sorption isotherm was
fitted well with Freundlich equation. The sorption capacity factors (Kf) had positive correlation with
organic matter content but not with the clay. The linearized, organic-carbon normalized partition
coefficient (log Koc) was found to be over than 3. This means the main sorption mechanism is
hydrophobic interaction between AA and functional groups of organic phase in the soil. AA was
also found to sorb to dissolved organic carbon (DOC) which could enhance transport As in
environment. From the Kow and Koc, we expect that AA will adsorb and accumulate in the plants.
However, additional study is required to fully understand the plant uptake processes.
8:20 AM
Haque, Md. Aminul
[214417]
MINERALOGY AND WATER CHEMISTRY OF SHALLOW AQUIFER OF MATLAB SOUTH,
CHANDPUR DISTRICT, BANGLADESH
HAQUE, Md. Aminul, Environmental Programs, University of Northern Iowa, Cedar Falls, IA
50614, [email protected] and HASAN, M. Aziz, Department of Geology, University of Dhaka,
Bangladesh, Dhaka-1000, Bangladesh
The study was done in Matlab South Upazila in SE Bangladesh where the main source of
drinking water is groundwater from shallow alluvial aquifers. Groundwater chemistry is linked
to subsurface sediment characteristics like lithofacies distribution and mineral composition of
aquifer sands. Study of these sedimentological properties along with hydrochemical analysis of
groundwater samples have been carried out to find out the relation of sediment characteristics
with groundwater chemistry. Lithofacies distribution has been delineated using grain size and
sediment colors. In general two main lithofacies groups, channel fill (sandy) and over bank (siltclay) deposits, have been identified. These deposits were further subdivided on the basis of
color such as white, off-white, red and black. Red and off-white colors are the characteristics of
oxidized/less reduced sediments whereas the black color indicates a more reducing condition.
Mineral composition significantly varies with the sediment color and grain size. Red color
sediments contain less metastable minerals (hornblende, actinolite, kyanite and pyroxenes
etc.) than off-white and black sediments. Biotite and chlorite is relatively high in black and white
sediments than red or off-white sediments. Mineral composition and sediment color also vary
within different size fractions of the same sediment facies. Finer fractions have more metastable
minerals than coarser fractions.
Hydrochemical analyses of groundwater samples collected from aquifers of respective
color groups shows that the red and off-white sands yield Na–Ca–Cl–HCO3 to Na-Ca–Cl or
Na–Cl type water whereas black/white sands yield Ca-Mg-HCO3 to Ca-Na-HCO3 type water.
Groundwater of red and off-white sediments contain low amount of dissolved arsenic (As) but
high manganese (Mn) and black sediments shows very high concentration of As but relatively low
Mn. The black group of sediments represent a reducing geochemical environment indicated by
high concentrations of dissolved As, NH4¯, PO4³¯ and HCO3¯, and very low SO4²¯ in groundwater.
Whereas, the groundwater from red, white/off-white group of sediments show low As, NH4¯,
PO4³¯, and HCO3¯ concentrations but relatively high SO4²¯ indicating a less reducing/oxidizing
environment.
25-3
8:40 AM
Brown, Diana
[218480]
UNDERSTANDING SOURCES FOR DISSOLVED CHLORIDE IN MICHIGAN GROUNDWATER
BROWN, Diana1, LONG, David T.2, LI, Shu-Guang3, and VOICE, Thomas C.3, (1) Geological
Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MN 48824, [email protected],
(2) Geological Sciences, Michigan State University, 206 Natural Science, East Lansing,
MI 48824, (3) Civil and Environmental Engineering, Michigan State University, East lansing,
MI 48824
No natural near-surface mineral sources exist for Cl in groundwater systems of the State
of Michigan. Yet elevated concentrations are observed and suspected to be related to both
anthropogenic activities and hydrogeochemical dynamics. The wide spread use of halite from
road salting is clearly one type of anthropogenic source. Previous work has documented the high
Cl concentrations in near-surface groundwater in the Saginaw Bay lowland area to be related
to the up-welling of lower saline solutions. Through cooperation between the State of Michigan
and Michigan State University, a water chemical data base is being developed for the state. The
data base allows for a more detailed study of groundwater Cl distribution in the state and testing
of hypotheses for two Cl sources, halite and brine. The data from the state were studied in light
of data collected by the U.S. Geological Survey (Michigan RASA Project). Data were reduced
by creating iso-concentration plots, geochemical modeling (Phreeqc), solute-solute plots and
solute-Cl/Na ratio plots. The results in general support the hypotheses. Na/Cl ratios indicate the
influence of halite and brines, iso-concentration and vertical concentration plots indicate the
presence of brine in the Michigan lowland area as had been suspected and is consistent with
the hydrogeology of the Lower Peninsula of Michigan. However, the Cl/Na ratios indicated more
diverse patterns. Using data from Allegan County as an example, at low Cl concentrations, molar
Cl/Na ratios span a wide range that is greater and lower than 1 (halite stoichiometry). As Cl
concentrations increase, ratios approach 1 and then at higher concentrations ratios trend above
1 (brine). The distribution of data above and below the Na/Cl ratios of 1 are constrained within
an envelope that indicate mixing. Trends in the ratios <1 can be modeled as mixing between a
saline end-member and native groundwater. At ratios >1, the nature of the very high ratio/ low Cl
concentration end-member is unclear to help establish a mixing model, however, geochemical
modeling indicates these ratios may in part be related to ion-exchange reactions. Finally, a
positive correlation was found between Cl and Ca concentrations indicating possible increased
dissolution of calcite in the aquifer as a result of increasing ionic strength.
25-4
9:00 AM
Mohammed, Abdelmawgoud
[218548]
PRELIMINARY INTERPRETATIONS OF ISOTOPE AND CHEMICAL DATA OF SAMPLES FROM
THE NUBIAN SANDSTONE AND ADJACENT AQUIFERS IN EGYPT
MOHAMMED, Abdelmawgoud1, KRISHNAMURTHY, R.V.1, KEHEW, A.E.1,
SULTAN, Mohamed1, CROSSEY, Laura J.2, and KARLSTROM, Karl E.2,
(1) Department of Geosciences, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI 49008,
[email protected], (2) Department of Earth and Planetary
Sciences, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131
The importance of studying groundwater in arid regions has increased in recent decades due to
larger human populations in desert areas. The Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System of northeastern
Africa is a case in point as one of the largest confined aquifer systems in the world with several
nations relying on this water resource (Egypt, Libya, Sudan and Chad). Groundwater has been
identified as the biggest and in some cases the only future source of water to meet growing
demands and the development goals of each Nubian Sandstone Aquifer country, and evidence
shows that massive volumes of groundwater are still potentially available. This study focuses on
select Nubian aquifer derived groundwater samples and other shallow and surface water bodies
from Egypt using chemical and isotopic characteristics.
The isotopic composition of groundwater samples from wells tapping the Nubian Sandstone
Aquifer in the Eastern Desert (-49.5‰ to -58.2 ‰ for δD and -5.6‰ to -7.9‰ for δ18O respectively)
is enriched compared to the samples from wells in the Western Desert (-72.3‰ to -82.7‰ for δD
and -9.4‰ to -11.1‰ for δ18O respectively). This might be due to the influence of recharge from
modern precipitation and anthropogenic activities. Groundwater samples from the Quaternary
aquifer in the Eastern Desert can be separated into those influenced by irrigation canals in
hydraulic communication with the Nile River and those that are not in contact with surface water.
The former has a range of isotope values of -4.1‰ to -29.6 ‰ for δD and 1.1‰ to -3.4‰ for δ18O
respectively, and the latter has the range of 24.7‰ to 21.8 ‰ for δD and 4.0‰ to 3.3‰ for δ18O
respectively. The implications of chemical and isotopic data will be discussed in a regional context.
SESSION NO. 26
25-5
9:20 AM
Gebrehiwet, Tsigabu
[218798]
EVOLUTION OF δ13C VALUES DURING ABIOTIC OXIDATION OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS IN
CIRCUM-NEUTRAL ANAEROBIC CONDITIONS UNDER BICARBONATE AND PHOSPHATE
BUFFERED SYSTEMS
GEBREHIWET, Tsigabu1, KRISHNAMURTHY, R.V.2, and KRISHNAMURTHY, R.V.2,
(1) Biogeochemical Systems, University of Idaho, 2785 Eagle Dr. Apt B-206, Ammon, ID
83406, [email protected], (2) Department of Geosciences, Western Michigan University,
Kalamazoo, MI 49008
We conducted experiments to investigate abiotic oxidation of organic compounds as a function
of electron acceptors, media composition, and pH in the presence and absence of fluorescent
light. Methodologies involved were time series determinations of aqueous iron (II)/(III), dissolved
inorganic carbon (DIC) and its carbon isotope ratio (d13C). The evolution of DIC and stable isotope
of carbon were used as proxies for the oxidation of citrate and lactate under strict anaerobic
conditions, variable pH (5-9) and 30°C, dark and light (fluorescent) conditions. Ferric citrate
(δ13C, -25‰), citric acid (δ13C, -32‰) and sodium lactate (δ13C, -25‰) were used as organic
compounds, while HFO and Ferric citrate were used as electron acceptors. Sodium bicarbonate
(δ13C, +10‰) or potassium phosphate was used as buffering agent. Mixing between carbon
isotopes from the added bicarbonate and carbon dioxide produced from the oxidation of organic
compounds were observed. Type of buffer showed little effect on the redox process. HFO media
generated more DIC compared to ferric citrate containing media. Light and pH played major
roles in the oxidation of citrate and lactate in the presence of ferric iron. Under dark conditions
in the presence or absence of Fe (III) the DIC produced was very low in all pH conditions. The
slower redox processes observed in our study, compared to previous studies, could be due to
the inhibiting effect of chloride ions on photochemical reactions due to the scavenging effect of
chloride ion on hydroxyl radicals. d13C values of DIC in both bicarbonate and phosphate buffered
systems, at neutral pH condition, approached the 13C values of citrate/lactate used. Inhibition of
DIC production was also observed upon photo exposure when Fe (III) was absent. Isotopically,
the bicarbonate system showed mixing between the bicarbonate and the carbon dioxide produced
from the oxidation. Such studies have implications in understanding geochemical processes and
their reaction mechanisms in waste water treatment, enhancing in situ degradation of organic and
inorganic compounds, cycling of nutrients in wetland ecosystems, sources and sinks of chemicals
in the atmosphere, and are also important in extreme environments and even on other planetary
atmospheres.
25-6
10:00 AM
Atekwana, Eliot
[218690]
ASSESSING THE TEMPORAL EVOLUTION OF DISSOLVED INORGANIC CARBON IN
SURFACE WATERS THAT INTERACT WITH ATMOSPHERIC CO2(G)
ATEKWANA, Eliot, Boone Pickens School of Geology, Oklahoma State University, 105 Noble
Research Center, Stillwater, OK 74078, [email protected] and ABONGWA, Pride,
School of Geology, Oklahoma State University, 105 Noble Research Center, Stillwater, OK
74078
Documenting the transformation of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) during the interaction of
surface waters (e.g., rivers, lakes) with atmospheric CO2(g) is vital to understanding carbon cycling.
We exposed an artificial solution of NaHCO3 and groundwater (potential source of surface water)
and lake water samples to the atmosphere in a laboratory setting for 850 to 1000 hrs, until they
attained chemical and isotopic equilibrium with atmospheric CO2(g). All samples were prepared in
duplicate and one set was agitated to simulate mixing in surface waters. The DIC concentrations
of the NaHCO3 samples increased with no C loss and the δ13CDIC was enriched to a steady state
for the mixed sample. We modeled the increase in the DIC concentrations as evaporation and the
increases in the δ13CDIC as equilibrium carbon isotopic exchange with atmospheric CO2(g). The DIC
concentrations in the mixed groundwater samples initially decreased due to CO2(g) outgassing
and the accompanying increases in δ13CDIC was modeled as kinetic isotopic fractionation. After
the initial decrease, the DIC concentrations increased continuously while the δ13CDIC increased
to a steady state. The increasing DIC concentrations was modeled as evaporation and the
increasing δ13CDIC as equilibrium carbon isotopic exchange with atmospheric CO2(g). Overall, the
unmixed samples showed similar temporal trends to the mixed samples, even though the samples
did not achieve chemical and isotopic equilibrium with atmospheric CO2(g). Both the mixed and
unmixed lake samples showed only small increases in temporal DIC concentrations and a slight
initial decrease, followed by a small increase in the δ13CDIC during the experiment. The minor
changes suggests that these samples were closer to chemical and carbon isotopic equilibrium
with atmospheric CO2(g). Our models based on the DIC concentrations and δ13CDIC can be used
to assess processes and their temporary trajectory during carbon cycling in surface waters with
variable water residence times.
25-7
10:20 AM
Robinson, Amanda
25-8
10:40 AM
Vannier, Ryan
[218117]
EVALUATING RECENT TRENDS IN ENVIRONMENTAL TRACE METAL ENRICHMENT USING
INLAND LAKE SEDIMENTS
VANNIER, Ryan, LONG, D., and ROBINSON, Amanda, Geological Sciences, Michigan State
University, 206 Natural Science Building, East Lansing, MI 48824, [email protected]
Environmental regulation has reduced the loadings of metals to the environment since the
advent of the Clean Air and Water Acts in the 1970’s. Reducing emissions may have changed
transport pathways since this legislation targeted major sources of metals which influenced the
environment on a regional scale. Watershed-scale processes may now provide the significant
contribution to metals loadings. Thus, our working hypothesis is that the reduction of major
emission sources has allowed local influences and watershed features to affect metal transport
pathways. If true then there should be differences in watershed attributes/influences (e.g.,
%urban, population density) changed the pathways of metals transport of these metals. In this
study we examine Pb, Cu, Zn, and Ni because these metals 1) build from previous studies, 2)
exhibit similar environmental behaviour but separate pathways, 3) represent various degrees of
contaminant enrichment. To test this hypothesis, sediment accumulation rates of these metals
at decadal intervals were compared to selected watershed attributes. Sediment cores were
collected from the deepest portion of 35 inland lakes representing diverse land uses. Cores
were sectioned; microwave digested, and analyzed using mass spectrometry. Sedimentation
rates, ages and sediment focusing were determined via 210Pb/137Cs/stable Pb profile analysis.
Similar to the previous work, the data show regional sources of the metals studied to subside
upon introduction of environmental legislation in the 1970’s. However, watershed-scale sources
provide a more significant portion contaminant loading in nearly all lakes studied, preventing lakes
from reacquisition of reference condition values. When compared to landscape attributes, these
patterns provide some insights into the causes for the continued contaminant loading. Population
density and percent urban provide excellent predictors for recent metals loadings. Lead also
showed excellent correlation with slope percent. Unexpectedly all metals showed a change in
watershed attributes influencing accumulation rates between the two decades, even though some
have not had a significant atmospheric transport pathway or contaminant loading. The reasons for
this are subject to further study.
25-9
11:00 AM
Conway, Maura C.
[218734]
DATING A SEDIMENT CORE USING SPHEROIDAL CARBONACEOUS PARTICLE
CHRONOLOGY SUPPLEMENTED WITH TRACE METAL AND DIATOM COMMUNITY
STRUCTURE ANALYSES
CONWAY, Maura C.1, SCHROEDER, Lauren A.1, MCLEAN, Colleen E.2, and
ARMSTRONG, Felicia P.2, (1) Youngstown State University, Youngstown, OH 44555,
[email protected], (2) Geological and Environmental Sciences, Youngstown
State University, 2120 Moser Hall, One University Plaza, Youngstown, OH 44555
Spheroidal carbonaceous particles (SCPs), a type of insoluble fly-ash, are produced from the
incomplete combustion of fossil fuels and are deposited in lake sediments. They are not damaging
to the environment, but they are associated with detrimental agents such as heavy metals, sulfur,
and organic pollutants. SCPs are not influenced by chemical and biological decomposition;
therefore, they provide a baseline reference for ecosystem disturbance from atmospheric pollution
deposition. We hypothesize that using SCPs will track anthropogenic inputs of atmospheric
pollution; and that they can be used as a proxy for human influence as well as a primary dating
tool since different SCP concentrations in lake sediments archive the local historical occurrence
of industrial fossil fuel combustion. This allows for the opportunity of cores from reservoirs in
regions with a history of steel mills (e.g. Northeast Ohio’s Mahoning Valley) to be dated primarily
by a SCP chronology instead of costly alternatives, such as 137Cs and 210Pb dating methods.
Developing a method to date cores using a SCP chronology is significant to the historical
environment reconstruction process since it fills in data gaps by describing historical variables
and their effects in the environment.
To examine this hypothesis, a sediment core was taken from the depositional basin of Mosquito
Creek Reservoir using a 5-cm diameter piston corer and was immediately sectioned at 1.12cm
resolution on shore. Mosquito Creek Reservoir, which is located in Trumbull County and in part of
the Mahoning Valley industrial region, was dammed in accordance with the Federal Flood Control
Act in 1944 to alleviate floods on the Mahoning River. Even though Mosquito Creek Reservoir
is relatively young, significant anthropogenic atmospheric inputs are able to be recorded. A
chronology was constructed by comparing SCP concentrations to a local historical timeline of
events involving industrial fossil fuel combustion, and it was supplemented with trace metal and
diatom community structure analyses for validation. This study will lend a better understanding of
using a SCP chronology to date cores while filling in data gaps for similar regions and reservoirs
where steel mills were or are prevalent today.
[218732]
SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL TRENDS OF POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBON
LOADINGS ACROSS THE STATE OF MICHIGAN
ROBINSON, Amanda1, VANNIER, Ryan1, LONG, David T.1, VOICE, Thomas C.2, GIESY,
John P.3, BRADLEY, P.W.4, and KANNAN, K.5, (1) Geological Sciences, Michigan State
University, 206 Natural Science, East Lansing, MI 48824, [email protected], (2) Civil and
Environmental Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, (3) Zoology,
Michigan State University, 203 Natural Science, East Lansing, MI 48824, (4) Animal Science,
Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, (5) Albany, NY 12201
Previous works on large lakes, i.e. for the upper Great Lakes region, indicate atmospheric
deposition as the key pathway for PAH loading; greatly influenced by local source emissions, e.g.
the Chicago-Gary industrial complex. The underlying hypothesis is that PAH loadings have been
reduced with emission legislation, leading to the evolution of a more well-mixed atmospheric
system with reflection of a more regional pattern of deposition. Sediments from several inland
lakes through Michigan were analyzed temporally for PAHs and Pb-210, attaining inventories
and accumulation rates. If the hypothesis is true, (1) during peak concentration of PAH loadings
a decreasing industrious south to north spatial depositional gradient will be observed, (2) a
consistent regional signature will be observed. Corrected PAH accumulation rates and inventories
were used to assess aerial accumulation of the upper Great Lakes region and their subsequent
watersheds. The corrected inventories and correlating dates of initial appearance of PAHs show
a spatial depositional gradient. The later, suggests northern migration of PAH onset over the
region, influenced by local atmospheres rather than a regional pattern. PAH accumulation rates,
concentrations and peak historical date trends do not follow the regional pattern indicating local
watershed influences.
Friday, 3 May 2013
T11. Working With Pre-Service Teachers—Issues
and Ideas
26-1
8:10 AM
Mathai, Rani V.
[218294]
ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES IN INDIA AND CONSERVATION EDUCATION AT JUDSON
UNIVERSITY: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF TWO ELEMENTARY EDUCATION CURRICULA
MATHAI, Rani V., School of Education, Judson University, 1151 N. State Street, Elgin, IL
By the date of this conference, I should be back in the US after a Fulbright Fellowship term of
six months at the Indira Gandhi Open University (IGNOU) in Delhi, India. IGNOU’s School of
Education provides teacher training through Open and Distance Education (ODE) mode. My
project was to help the School with the creation of online teaching materials using virtual teaching
platforms such as the Blackboard, Moodle, etc, in Science Education, and to prepare resource
manuals for K-12 Science education. I also organized and led several teaching workshops for
schoolteachers in the best practices of curriculum planning. One such workshop has been
designed specifically for the elementary school teachers in the teaching of Environmental Studies.
Indian school curriculum blends sciences and social sciences for elementary students. Their
teachers train accordingly, with their own curriculum designed to develop growing “environmental
care and concern” in the student.
SESSION NO. 26
At Judson University, in the Elementary Education Program has a required course in
“Conservation Education”, which is essentially an Environmental Studies Curriculum. After a
week-long intense, experiential learning in Environmental education, students prepare and teach
a Social Studies unit in an elementary classroom. Here again, there is a Science-Social Sciences
connection.
I propose to do a comparative analysis of the IGNOU and Judson University curricula for
Environmental Education for elementary training and thus provide fresh ideas for pre-service and
in-service training for Earth/Environmental Science teaching and learning.
26-2
8:30 AM
Honeycutt, Christina Ebey
[218186]
INTEGRATIVE LEARNING IN A CONTENT COURSE: DEVELOPING FUTURE TEACHER
UNDERSTANDING OF CORE CONCEPTS AND SCIENCE PRACTICES
HONEYCUTT, Christina Ebey, Earth and Environmental Science, University of Illinois at
Chicago, 845 W. Taylor, Chicago, IL, IL 60607, [email protected] and VARELAS, Maria,
Department of Curriculum and Instruction, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1040 W. Harrison,
Chicago, IL 60607
The recent publication “A Framework for K-12 Science Education” by the National Research
Council (2012) emphasizes three critical dimensions that should guide teaching, learning, and
assessment of science: science practices, crosscutting concepts, and core ideas. To prepare
teachers to meet the expectations outlined in this framework, UIC has developed a series of
interdisciplinary science content courses. One of these courses, Physical Systems in Earth
and Space Science (Physical Systems), integrates core concepts from both Earth and physical
science (see Ebey-Honeycutt, 2012). Physical Systems places an emphasis on integrative
learning by not only addressing connections between physics, astronomy, and Earth science, but
also integrating practices and crosscutting concepts into the story of these sciences.
Using the Physical Systems curriculum as a model, we discuss how science practices can be
integrated into courses aimed at pre-service teachers. Examples of practices outlined in the K-12
Framework include: asking questions; developing and using models; analyzing and interpreting
data; and constructing explanations.
The final project of the course highlights this integration. Students are given the choice of
seven science narratives. They are prompted to explore not only what the scientist discovered but
also how the scientist used science practices to construct a hypothesis and gather supporting
evidence. Students are required to submit both a report and a graphic novel. The students used
their graphic novel to illustrate their narratives with relevant scientific plots, graphs, and maps.
26-3
8:50 AM
Francek, Mark
[218407]
ENGAGING, EASY TO INCORPORATE DEMONSTRATIONS FOR THE EARTH SCIENCE
CLASSROOM
FRANCEK, Mark, Geography, Central Michigan University, Dow 285, Central Michigan
University, Mt. Pleasant, MI 48859, [email protected]
Pre-service teachers can acquire greater understanding of course material when traditional
lectures and lesson plans are combined with interactive demonstrations. Demonstrations have
the capacity to promote student interest, stimulate inquiry, and render abstract earth science
concepts more concrete. The three steps in interactive demonstrations: prediction, experience,
and reflection move the student beyond the role of passive observer, encouraging the student to
challenge or confirm prior beliefs in light of the demonstration. The author will display a number of
easy to incorporate demonstrations for weather, geology, astronomy, and hydrology.
26-4
9:10 AM
Feig, Anthony D.
[218157]
MACGYVER WEEK AND OTHER NOVEL TASKS IN A METHODS CLASS FOR PRESERVICE
EARTH SCIENCE TEACHERS
FEIG, Anthony D. and COOPERRIDER, Leah, Department of Geography, Central Michigan
University, CMU DOW 278, Mt. Pleasant, MI 48859, [email protected]
Methods courses are typically the first (and all too often the last) opportunity for preservice
teachers to integrate content knowledge with training in writing lesson plans and conducting
presentations. Writing and running mock trials of lesson plans are important, but methods classes
lend themselves to a variety of other experiential methods, especially in unplanned and/or
spontaneous formats. Such activities can be cooperative, collaborative, or individualistic, and can
hone skills and move students out of their comfort zones.
Several tasks are described: during MacGyver Week, students are given a random
assortment of materials scavenged from instructional laboratories, and they must devise
relevant demonstrations of Earth/physical science processes. During the Microteach, students
are assigned an Earth science topic and must focus on a fundamental scientific principle. The
Nanoteach is similar in format, but more tightly focused and more kinesthetic. Students narrate
uncaptioned Earth science graphics during Explain-the-Figure Day. To study the teaching of
evolution, students read the Kitzmiller V. Dover legal decision and conduct an asynchronous,
guided discussion.
Some patterns emerge from the application of these tasks. Students are able to replicate
compelling demonstrations during MacGyver Week, but are often at a loss to explain the
fundamental scientific concept(s) behind the demos. Elementary education (ELE) students show
greater skill and comfort than secondary (SEC) students in spontaneous activity, but generally
lower levels of content knowledge. SEC students are more resistant to spontaneity and activities
that allow for little planning time. All students express some degree of dissonance between the
methods setting and a “real classroom.” This translates into some students not following up
on their content gaps/delivery deficiencies. Regardless, tudents do engage in metacognitive
reflection, thinking about a teacher’s workload by classifying themselves as either “planners”
or “wingers.”
26-5
9:30 AM
Cooperrider, Leah
[218179]
REFLECTIONS FROM AN UNDERGRADUATE PRESERVICE EARTH SCIENCE TEACHER
COOPERRIDER, Leah1, FEIG, Anthony D.1, and FRANCEK, Mark2, (1) Department
of Geography, Central Michigan University, CMU DOW 278, Mt. Pleasant, MI 48859,
[email protected], (2) Geography, Central Michigan University, Dow 285, Central
Michigan University, Mt. Pleasant, MI 48859
There are numerous misconceptions about many topics in the field of Earth science. These
include seasonality, groundwater, the water cycle, ozone, the greenhouse effect, and cloud
composition. Undergraduate preservice training in both science content and science methods
courses often ignores misconceptions or only mentions them indirectly. Research shows that
some preservice teachers maintain these misconceptions into their careers, perpetuating the
cycle of erroneous knowledge.
Preservice teachers who receive extensive training in theory and foundations are often at a
loss when it comes to applying those theories, writing lessons and classroom management.
58 2013 GSA Abstracts with Programs Preservice field experience typically consists of observation, “midtier” and student teaching
experiences. However, placements are often made unrelated to students’ majors. This creates
internal dissonance for many students that may lead to their attrition.
The following recommendations are made based on student experience. Students should
actively participate in their learning by communicating what they want to learn and by seeking
guidance and assistance from faculty. Students should also convey when they are struggling and
express their thought processes about topics. Faculty in content courses should actively address
misconceptions in their teaching. Faculty in methods courses must train preservice teachers in
strategies for addressing misconceptions and reducing their persistence among young learners.
Methods courses should also train students to address and respond to the religiosity of students
and parents, especially in rural settings. One way to accomplish these goals is through an
advanced methods course, or an apprenticeship/shadow experience with science faculty in a
college classroom.
26-6
9:50 AM
Ludwig, Matthew A.
[218730]
WE COULD ALL USE A LITTLE “CPR” TO RESUSCITATE OUR CLASSROOM ASSESSMENT
LUDWIG, Matthew A., The Mallinson Institute for Science Education, Western Michigan
University, 3325 Wood Hall, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI 49008,
[email protected]
This session will be a short workshop on implementing peer evaluation using the Calibrated Peer
Review website.
Calibrated Peer Review is an instructional website that allows instructors to assign, collect,
and evaluate complex writing assignments. For each CPR cycle, students submit assignment text
electronically, review calibrations of instructor produced work samples, and finally anonymously
evaluate randomly assigned anonymized peer work samples. Although CPR was born in science
courses, CPR is discipline and level independent.
CPR has been successfully implemented by the author in secondary general and elementary
science methods courses. CPR provides the ideal solution to reach at least three important goals.
1) Students are required to read and analyze their peers efforts. 2) Pre-service teachers are given
an authentic opportunity to evaluate real student work. 3) A significant portion of the grading
workload is meaningfully offloaded onto the students.
The remainder of the talk will be a short tutorial of the CPR website.
Friday, 3 May 2013
T15. Paleontology as a Murder Mystery: How the Study
of Predation and Taphonomy Reveals the Means,
Motives & Opportunities of Ancient Perpetrators and
Their Victims
27-1
8:00 AM
El-Sherif, Noran
[218563]
PALEOECOLOGY OF THE DECLINE OF STROMATOLITES IN THE ORDOVICIAN
EL-SHERIF, Noran, 2209-6 Zink Rd, Fairbourn, OH 45234, [email protected]
A stromatolite is a “laminated benthic microbial deposit.” Its uniqueness arises from surviving
since 3.5 billion years ago, and never disappearing. Stromatolites recorded a peak time during
the Mesoproterozoic (from 1600 to 1000 Ma), after which it witnessed abrupt rises and falls in
abundance with the steepest decline in the Ordovician period (from 495 to 443 Ma), from which
it never recovered from until the present day. A number of researchers have hypothesized the
reasons behind the decline of stromatolites, but a consensus has not been reached yet. Thus
the decline of stromatolites remains an enigma to be solved. Additionally, a literature gap exists
regarding the reasons that specifically led to the Ordovician decline. Accordingly, the focus of
this literature-based MSc. thesis is to find the reasons that led to the stromatolites decline in the
Ordovician – through merging abiotic and biotic palaeoecological tools of that time – an approach
that has not been implemented before in the study of stromatolites.
27-2
8:20 AM
Dattilo, Benjamin
[218788]
FROM LAGERSTÄTTE TO LAG: PRELIMINARY BEDDING-SCALE TAPHONOMIC AND
GEOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF PHOSPHATE DISTRIBUTION IN THE CINCINNATIAN
DATTILO, Benjamin1, FREEMAN, Rebecca L.2, GERKE, Tammie L.3, BRETT, C.E.4,
MCLAUGHLIN, Patrick I.5, SCHRAMM, Thomas J.6, MEYER, David L.7, MORSE, Aaron8,
and MASON, Milam4, (1) Department of Geosciences, Indiana University Purdue University
Fort Wayne, 2101 E. Coliseum Blvd, Fort Wayne, IN 46805-1499, [email protected],
(2) Earth & Environmental Sciences Department, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
40506, (3) Department of Geology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221-0013,
(4) Department of Geology, University of Cincinnati, 500 Geology/Physics Building,
Cincinnati, OH 45221-0013, (5) Bedrock Division, Wisconsin Geological and Natural History
Survey, 3817 Mineral Point Rd, Madison, WI 53705-5100, (6) Department of Geology
and Geophysics, Louisiana State University, E235 Howe-Russell Geoscience Complex,
Baton Rouge, LA 70803, (7) Dept of Geology, Univ of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221,
(8) Department of Geological Sciences, Ball State University, 2000 W. University Ave,
Muncie, IN 47306
Phosphate particles in the Upper Ordovician (Cincinnatian) of the Cincinnati region are common,
originate as <0.5 mm pore fillings in bioclasts, and are visibly concentrated in some grainstones.
These grainstones developed as shells accumulated during periods of low sediment input,
episodic winnowing, and obrution. This suggests that an organism initially buried alive would have
been repeatedly reworked and mixed with freshly-buried organics as the shell bed evolved from
lagerstätte to “lag”. Theoretically, the burial of organic material could have introduced phosphorus
(P) into the sediment, with specific redox conditions for phosphate precipitation provided by
decay-induced micro Eh gradients. This iterative burial-exhumation process may have enhanced
phosphogenesis.
We tested this hypothesis by examining samples from the Maysvillian Fairview and Corryville
formations. The samples represented the gamut of the shell-bed “maturity” spectrum; 1) obrution
deposits, 2) slightly-winnowed shelly packstones, and 3) comminuted-shell grainstones. The
SESSION NO. 27
distribution of P and other elements was determined by scanning XRF analysis of polished slabs
and by SEM/EDS analysis of polished thin sections.
These analyses revealed interesting relationships between fossils and P. Live-buried fossils and
calcareous concretions formed around such fossils are enriched in P compared to surrounding
silt or mud. This P is associated with concentric rings of pyrite and/or Mn. Winnowed shell beds
contain visibly recognizable grains with far higher P concentrations than those of articulated
remains, yet some disarticulated columnals contain similarly high concentrations of P only in the
stereom around the lumen.
These observations suggest that obrution of macrofossils contributed and/or fixed P in the
sediment, and that P was mobile after deposition. The concordance between P and pyrite or Mn
confirms that Eh gradients influenced precipitation. The fact that visibly-high concentrations of P
are limited to disarticulated remains may signify that phosphogenesis progresses over cycles of
winnowing, but the similarly high concentration of P in the lumen regions of some disarticulated
columnals hints that the process was initiated in the earliest stages of decay when organic-rich
lumenal tissues were still present.
27-3
8:40 AM
Babcock, Loren E.
[218789]
CARNIVOROUS TRILOBITES: MORPHOLOGIC, ICHNOLOGIC, AND TAPHONOMIC
EVIDENCE
BABCOCK, Loren E., School of Earth Sciences, The Ohio State University, 275 Mendenhall
Laboratory, 125 S. Oval Mall, Columbus, OH 43210, [email protected] and BRANDT,
Danita S., Department of Geological Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI
48824
Mounting evidence from polymerid trilobites and their trace fossils suggests that many, and
perhaps the majority, of taxa were active predators or scavengers. Morphologic evidence from
the exoskeleton includes attachment mechanisms allowing active movement of the hypostome,
and in some, hypostome morphology (e.g., forked serrated blades capable of slicing prey).
Spiny appendages may have assisted in restraining prey.
Numerous Rusophycus-Planolites trace fossil associations representing the interactions
of trilobites and ‘worms’ provide clear documentation of trilobite attack strategy and prey
manipulation. A large variety of Rusophycus predation traces are now known. The trilobites’
incursions into the sediment for purposes of feeding are remarkably precise, suggesting that
chemosensory skills may have played a large role in locating prey that was concealed within
sediment.
Fossilized alimentary tracts, preserved through early diagenetic mineralization, provide another
source of information about trilobite ‘paleogastronomy,’ the dietary habits of trilobites. Numerous
trilobites are now known to preserve digestive tracts, and nearly all have mineralized (not
sediment-filled or sclerite-filled) guts. This implies that the guts were fluid-filled at the time of death
and burial, a condition common in extant carnivorous arachnomorph arthropods.
27-4
9:00 AM
Brandt, Danita S.
[218616]
ICHNOLOGIC EVIDENCE FOR PREDATORY TRILOBITES: HOW LITERALLY CAN WE READ
THE RECORD?
BRANDT, Danita S., Department of Geological Sciences, Michigan State University, East
Lansing, MI 48824, [email protected]
Superimposition of trilobite trace fossils (Rusophycus) with “worm” burrows (e.g, Paleophycus) is
used to support interpretations of trilobite predatory behavior. However, the stratigraphic range of
these “trilobite hunting burrows” is not entirely coincident with the stratigraphic range of trilobite
taxa presumed to have been predatory, based on the morphological criterion of having had
spinose gnathobases. Trilobites with spinose gnathobases reportedly range from the Cambrian
through the Permian; Rusophycus is also known over the same range. Trilobite/worm burrow
associations are relatively rare. Specimens interpreted as showing this predator/prey interaction
have been described from four different stratigraphic localities ranging from the Cambrian to the
Silurian. If trilobites with spinose gnathobases were predatory, why are there no trilobite hunting
burrows from post-Silurian strata? If the correlation of possession of spinose gnathobases with
a predatory habit is causal, then a literal reading of the fossil record of trilobite hunting burrows
suggests that our characterization of post-Silurian trilobite limbs is incomplete, and that, after the
Silurian, trilobites did not occupy the predator niche. The elimination of this trophic option would
have reflected the reduction of trilobite diversity through the Mid-to-Late Paleozoic.
27-5
9:20 AM
Peteya, Jennifer A.
[218506]
DIETARY PREFERENCES OF THE CAMBRIAN TRILOBITE ELRATHIA KINGII: INFERENCES
FROM FOSSILIZED DIGESTIVE TRACTS
PETEYA, Jennifer A. and BABCOCK, Loren E., School of Earth Sciences, The Ohio State
University, 275 Mendenhall Laboratory, 125 S. Oval Mall, Columbus, OH 43210, peteya.2@
osu.edu
Specimens of the common trilobite Elrathia kingii from the Wheeler Formation (Cambrian Series
3) of western Utah were studied for their digestive tract contents using standard microscopic,
computed tomographic (CT) imaging, and microtomographic (micro-CT) imaging techniques.
Specimens showing fossilized alimentary tracts are complete dorsal exoskeletons retaining the
librigenae, preserved in cone-in-cone calcite concretions. Examined specimens have collapsed
glabellas that approximate the margins of the stomach cavity. Remains of the digestive system
are outlined by a thin crust of pyrite, perhaps reflecting early mineralization of a biofilm associated
with decay early in the taphonomic process. Similar pyritic crusts have been observed on the
hypostome and near the exoskeletal margin. A circular stomach is located in the anterior part of
the glabella, and it is followed by a thin, slightly tapering tube that extends the length of the axis.
Neither sediment fill nor macerated sclerites have been found in the gut of E. kingii, which tends
to rule out the possibility that this trilobite was either a sediment deposit-feeder or a scleriteingesting durophagous carnivore. Instead, the presence of an open, pyrite-lined gut suggests
a fluid-filled alimentary tract at the time of death, and implies a carnivorous feeding strategy
involving separation of the skeletal parts of prey prior to ingestion.
27-6
9:40 AM
Devera, Joseph
[218330]
DEATH BY COMMON HOUSEHOLD TOOLS: MECHANICAL ANALOGY AND THE
FUNCTIONAL MORPHOLOGY OF THE HYPOSTOME IN GENUS ISOTELUS (DEKAY)
EVIDENCE FROM ISOTELUS IOWENSIS (OWEN)
DEVERA, Joseph, Illinois State Geological Survey, Prairie Research Institute, University of
Illinois, 5776 Coal Drive, Suite 121, Carterville, IL 62918, [email protected]
The forked morphology of the hypostome in the Genus Isotelus (DeKay) is analogous to the
common straight claw hammer. The claw portion of the hammer is strikingly similar in form and
function to that of the isotelid hypostome. Cross-sections of both isotelid hypostome and claw
hammer reveal a flat to slightly curved ventral surface and a beveled, dorsal surface on the inner
side of each tine. The notch of the fork in the hypostome narrows toward the anterior end of the
structure, identical to a claw hammer. This morphology implies a prying function for the isotelid
hypostome. The forked morphology together with the partially arched, enrollment habit observed
in Isotelus iowensis(Owen) fossils, suggests a dual prying/digging habit for feeding purposes.
All isotelid cephalons are convex, spade-like and were well adapted for digging in soft, lime-mud
environments where they are typically preserved. This idea supports the predatory habits for
asaphid trilobites proposed by Forety and Owens.
Isotelid species including I. maximus, I. gigas, I. rex and I. iowensis all attain a relatively large
size compared to other trilobites. This relates to food intake that had high nutritional value. A
number of specimens of I. iowensis have been found in association with Chondrites isp. burrows.
In the Maquoketa Shale, a distal tempestite bed containing anoxic mud (now pyritic shale) yields
trilobites “frozen” in time. They appear to have been feeding at the level of an abundance of
Chondrites isp.burrows.
The forked shape of the isotelid hypostome was an adaptation for infaunal polychete worm
extraction. The flattened shovel-like cephalon was well adapted for digging into soft sediment.
The morphological fits between common household tools i.e. claw hammer and spade and the
hypostome and cephalon in the Genus Isotelus is remarkable. This strategy made the isotelids
highly successful as predators on and in muddy infaunal environments.
27-7
10:20 AM
Drumheller, Stephanie K.
[218637]
NO ANIMAL WAS SAFE IN THE TRIASSIC: MULTIPLE PREDATION ATTEMPTS ON A LARGE
(5-6 METER) CARNIVOROUS “RAUISUCHIAN” FROM THE LATE TRIASSIC OF NEW MEXICO
DRUMHELLER, Stephanie K., Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, The University
of Tennessee, 306 EPS Building, 1412 Circle Drive, Knoxville, TN 37996, [email protected],
STOCKER, Michelle R., Jackson School of Geosciences, The University of Texas at Austin,
Austin, TX 78712-0254, and NESBITT, Sterling, Department of Geology, Field Museum of
Natural History, Chicago, IL 60605
Hypotheses of past diets and feeding behaviors are informed by important, but rare, direct
evidence of trophic interactions in the fossil record (e.g. bite marks). We present evidence of
three independent predation events on a single femur from a large loricatan (=”rauisuchian”)
from the Upper Triassic Chinle Formation (~210 MYA). The predation events consist of 1) at
least one failed predation attempt by a large phytosaur; 2) a feeding event by a large predator
at or soon after death; and 3) a second possible feeding event peri- or postmortem. Evidence
of the first attack is in the form of partially healed punctures and a large embedded tooth crown
(>5 cm in length based on CT data) in the proximolateral portion of the femur. We identify the
tooth as phytosaurian based on a rounded cross section and a straight long axis. Reaction tissue
in the punctures and surrounding the tooth indicates that the loricatan survived those injuries.
The second event is represented by a group of bite marks on opposing sides of the femur; all
are roughly 8 by 5 mm in size and fusiform, indicating that the trace maker’s teeth were laterally
compressed and had carinae that possibly were serrated. The spacing and morphology of these
marks indicates that the actor was a large predator, but the taxonomic identification is unclear.
These bite marks exhibit obvious impact trauma with no reaction tissue, indicating that the attack
occurred at or near time-of-death. The third event consists of scores present near midshaft that
are oriented roughly perpendicular to the long axis of the femur. No reaction tissue is present,
which suggests that this event also occurred at or after time-of-death. This specimen provides
a rare opportunity to interpret ancient feeding and predation by multiple actors on a single prey
animal over a period of the life and death history of that individual. Our analysis of this specimen
indicates 1) loricatans had the potential to survive major predation attacks and 2) seemingly
top predators clearly were targeted by other members of the fauna. Though the Late Triassic
loricatans often are interpreted as top terrestrial predators in part because of their large size
(most loricatans are ~3-6 m total length), the attacks recorded by this specimen demonstrate that
size alone should not be the sole factor in determining trophic status.
27-8
10:40 AM
Peterson, Joseph E.
[218101]
FLUVIAL TRANSPORT POTENTIAL OF ARCHOSAUR TEETH: A PRELIMINARY
INVESTIGATION IN SHED TOOTH TAPHONOMY
PETERSON, Joseph E. and COENEN, Jason, Department of Geology, University of
Wisconsin-Oshkosh, Harrington Hall 211, Oshkosh, WI 54901, [email protected]
The rate of tooth replacement in dinosaurs has been well-studied as a part of paleobiology. The
tooth replacement rates for sauropods have been determined to be very rapid, replacing teeth in
as little as 30 days. Theropods have a considerably lower replacement rate, replacing teeth over
a nine-month span. In the Late Jurassic Morrison formation the shed teeth of large theropods
such as Allosaurus are more abundant than the shed teeth of sauropods. However, this is at odds
with the relatively higher abundance of sauropod skeletal remains. While this disparity may be
due to ecological or behavioral influences, such as predator/prey ratios or migratory strategies,
taphonomic processes, such as fluvial transport potential, may also be influential. To investigate
taphonomic influences on shed tooth abundances, an experiment was designed to test the
fluvial transport potential of shed theropod and sauropod teeth. Teeth of Alligator mississipiensis
were utilized to model dinosaur teeth; shed crowns of A. mississippiensis represented conicalshaped theropod teeth, and full teeth were used to model peg-shaped teeth of diplodocids. Teeth
were placed in a recirculating flume parallel to flow and measured for entrainment velocity and
relative transport distance prior to burial. Preliminary results show a significant difference in the
entrainment velocities of shed theropod and diplodocid teeth. Sauropod teeth exhibit greater
relative transport distances with increases in flow velocity, while theropod teeth show variable
relative transport distances and entrainment velocities; theropod teeth are transported farthest
at a relatively low velocity (14.2 cm/sec). Based on these preliminary data, distinct differences
are expected in the preservation conditions and abundances of shed teeth; sauropod teeth are
expected to be more abundant in the fossil record, and perhaps found as lag clusters while
theropod teeth are expected to be in lower relative abundance and exhibit abrasion and fracturing
due to prolonged transport. Further investigations are planned to expand flume experiments
with resin casts of larger teeth of Allosaurus, Diplodocus, and Camarasaurus to more accurately
model tooth shape.
27-9
11:00 AM
Noto, Christopher
[218496]
PREDATORY BEHAVIOR OF A GIANT CROCODYLIFORM FROM THE WOODBINE
FORMATION (CENOMANIAN) OF TEXAS
NOTO, Christopher, Biological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Parkside, 900 Wood
Rd, PO Box 2000, Kenosha, WI 53141, [email protected], MAIN, Derek J., Earth and
Environmental Science, University of Texas at Arlington, Box 19049, 500 Yates St, Arlington,
TX 76019, DRUMHELLER, Stephanie K., Department of Geoscience, The University of
Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, and KING, Lorin, Dept. of Science, Math and Physical Education,
Western Nebraska Community College, 1601 E. 27th Street, Scottsbluff, NE 69361
There is little direct evidence of feeding behavior in Mesozoic crocodyliforms. Here we report
the remains of a possible crocodyliform feeding ground from the Cretaceous of Texas. The fossil
SESSION NO. 27
locality, known as the Arlington Archosaur Site (AAS), occurs in exposures of the Woodbine
Formation in Tarrant County. The AAS preserves components of a coastal delta-plain ecosystem,
including dinosaurs, crocodyliforms, turtles, and lungfish. Feeding traces consist of pits, scores,
and a puncture that occur on multiple turtle shell fragments and two dinosaur limb bones. These
traces are attributed to a crocodyliform based on diagnostic bite marks and comparisons to
the morphology of the AAS crocodyliform. Marks on shells suggest an inertial feeding strategy
followed by crushing. Dinosaur bones come from juvenile individuals and the marks are consistent
with traces produced during disarticulation of prey by living crocodylians. The feeding ecology
implied by these traces is similar to that of modern generalist crocodylians inhabiting similar
environments. Considering the number of diagnosable crocodyliform feeding traces, numerous
shed crocodyliform teeth, and the comparative absence of feeding traces from other predators,
the AAS crocodyliform is interpreted as the apex predator.
In association with the vertebrate fossils, 150 coprolites were recovered, demonstrating
cylindrical, spiral, and scroll morphologies. The cylindrical coprolites are interpreted as
crocodyliform intestinal tract material while scroll morphologies are assigned to general reptilian
and possible crocodyliform. The coprolites are not deformed, and retain their original shape.
This is indicative of rapid burial in a low energy environment soon after defecation. In modern
coastal plains, crocodylians live and feed together in regions referred to as feeding grounds.
The coprolites, turtle shells, teeth, and archosaur remains were mapped within a single horizon,
and were disarticulated. Their association is interpreted as evidence of a crocodyliform feeding
ground. Crocodyliforms therefore are not only important predators in ecosystems but also played
an important taphonomic role in the assembly of vertebrate remains from the surrounding
community through the formation of feeding grounds.
27-10
11:20 AM
Koy, Karen A.
[218344]
TAPHONOMY OF VERTEBRATES IN A TEMPERATE FOREST SETTING: A TIMETRANSGRESSIVE SEQUENCE
KOY, Karen A. and HELWIG, Zane, Biology, Missouri Western State University, 4525 Downs
Drive, Saint Joseph, MO 64507, [email protected]
For the last four years, a juvenile pig carcass was placed near a prairie/forest boundary were
placed within a forest-prairie border environment. In the summer of 2012 the four carcasses were
recovered for examination. The skeletal remains were collected, cleaned and reconstructed in the
lab. Missing and damaged bones were recorded and photographed. The major bone elements
(skull, mandible, and long bones) were evaluated for taphonomic grade, using the Behrensmeyer
evaluation criteria. The time-transgressive series showed the sequence of bone decay within
a temperate forest setting. Bone decomposition for the two carcasses exposed the longest
reached beyond Stage 5, with full destruction. The two least exposed carcasses did not advance
beyond stage 3. The highest level of damage occurred in the head and scapula. These carcasses
experienced faster bone weathering in a temperate setting compared to the setting in Amboseli
National Forest, where the decay scale was originally developed.
Friday, 3 May 2013
T17. Special Poster Session on Undergraduate
Research (Posters)
28-1
BTH 1
Osman, Matthew
[218434]
δ18O AND δD FRACTIONATION TRENDS IN SURFACE SNOW ACROSS THE MATTHESLLEWELLYN DIVIDE, JUNEAU ICEFIELD, ALASKA AND BRITISH COLUMBIA
OSMAN, Matthew, Geology Department, Augustana College, 639 38th St, Rock Island, IL
61201, [email protected] and MARKLE, Bradley, Department of Earth and
Space Sciences, University of Washington, 4000 15th Avenue NE, Seattle, WA 98195
A lack of understanding of parameters that govern stable isotope fractionation in precipitation
in regions of particularly complex meteorological conditions and high relief has long presented
problems for paleoclimate and hydrologic studies. With a goal of obtaining high resolution data
of local orographic effects on isotopic variation in precipitation, 123 surface snow samples were
taken at 0.5 to 1 km increments along a 35 km transect spanning the Matthes and Llewellyn
glaciers in southeast Alaska and British Columbia. These samples were obtained during late
July to early August 2012 at elevations ranging from ~1260 m to 1870 m and were analyzed for
δ18O and δD onsite using an LGR Liquid Water Isotope Analyzer. δ18O and δD were found to
decrease with elevation, as expected. Isotopic plots show a strong correlation and are similar to
the theoretical global meteoric water line, displaying a linear trend of y = 7.86x – 19.48 and r2 =
0.898. In hopes of determining the dominant types of localized weather systems causing these
fractionation trends, results are compared alongside open-system Rayleigh fractionation models,
NOAA back trajectory air-mass simulations, and nearby-recorded meteorological data. We
attempt to place these weather systems into synoptic-scale meteorological contexts as a proxy for
delineating orographic fractionation parameters on the Juneau Icefield.
28-2
BTH 2
Smith, Matthew D.
[218611]
TRACE ELEMENT CONCENTRATIONS IN SPELEOTHEMS FROM RIVER BLUFF CAVE,
GREENE COUNTY, MISSOURI: PRELIMINARY RESULTS
SMITH, Matthew D.1, JOHNSON, Aaron W.1, DORALE, Jeffrey2, and MOTTALEB, M. Abdul3,
(1) Natural Sciences, Northwest Missouri State University, 800 University Drive, Maryville,
MO 64468, [email protected], (2) Department of Geoscience, University of
Iowa, 121 Trowbridge Hall, Iowa City, IA 52242-1379, (3) Natural Sciences, 800 University
Drive, Maryville, MO 64468
River Bluff Cave in Greene County, Missouri contains numerous speleothems that have not
been touched by humans. Speleothem ages range from 1.8 million years ago to the present,
making it an ideal location in which to investigate recent climate variation. Speleothem samples
were collected from two locations in the cave. Powdered carbonate samples were collected by
dental drill from growth zoning visible in the cross section of the speleothems. Sample masses
ranging from 11 to 27 mg were dissolved in aqua-regia and analyzed for Ba, Co, Cu, Fe, Mg,
Mn, Pb, Sr, and Zn, using ICP-OES. Total metal concentrations were adjusted for dilution
during dissolution and are reported here as micrograms metal per gram of sample (ppm).
Trace metal concentrations varied widely. Barium, copper, and zinc were not found to occur at
concentrations above the detection limit. Lead occurred only intermittently, ranging from 0 to
60 2013 GSA Abstracts with Programs 44.1 ppm. Other metals present include (in ppm): cobalt (0.3-113); iron (6.56-80.7); magnesium
(93.5-151.5); manganese (0.17-1.99); and strontium (9.3-24.0). Studies indicate that variations
in magnesium, iron, and strontium concentrations may be used to infer relative changes in the
volume of water moving through the cave system. Since most cave water is meteoric in origin,
these variations may indicate wetting or drying climates. The relationship to concentration is
inverse for magnesium and strontium and direct for iron. Samples from River Bluff cave show an
increase in Sr and corresponding decrease in Fe, indicating drying over the time period during
which speleothem growth occurred. Mg concentrations do not exhibit a similar trend, likely due
to thermal variation which changes the mg-calcite partitioning coefficient. In addition, samples
exhibited spikes in Pb and Co concentrations. These spikes may be the result of high flows
which tend to enrich metals that commonly are associated with colloids. Both Pb and Co may be
adsorbed to the surfaces of clays or as amorphous metal oxides that can be mobilized during
high water flow events. These data hint at an overall climate drying event punctuated by periods
of increased moisture. The next step will be to link these data to geologic ages and to stable
isotope compositions in an effort to account for the impact of temperature change on speloethem
chemistry over time.
28-3
BTH 3
Kuhn, Ryan M.
[218515]
TRACE ELEMENT DISTRIBUTION IN PRECIPITATES FORMED AT VARIOUS PH VALUES:
GREEN VALLEY COAL MINE, INDIANA
KUHN, Ryan M., SEANEY, Derek L., BRAKE, Sandra S., BURCH, Kyle R., and LATIMER,
Jennifer C., Department of Earth and Environmental Systems, Indiana State University, Terre
Haute, IN 47809, [email protected]
This study evaluates the distribution of trace elements in precipitates formed from acid mine
drainage (AMD) adjusted to various pH levels. AMD was collected from the Green Valley
abandoned coal mine site in western Indiana from three locations (upper, mid-, and lower
sections) in a constructed channel lined with carbonate rip-rap. Effluent pH at the sampling sites
was 3.8, 3.5, and 3.4, respectively. The AMD was transported on ice to the laboratory and initially
treated with hydrogen peroxide to oxidize ferrous Fe to ferric Fe. Sodium hydroxide was then
titrated into the AMD solutions from each site to incrementally increase pH to induce precipitation.
Samples were centrifuged to separate precipitates and aggregated into 1 pH increments. Dried,
powered precipitate samples were analyzed using a hand-held X-ray florescence (XRF) analyzer.
Elements detected above the analytical detection limit in order of abundance were S>Fe>Al>C
a>Mg>Mn>Si>Cl>Zn>K>Cr>Ba>Cu>W>Ti>V>Te>Cs>Co>Sc>Nb>Sn>Bi>Sr>Ni>Cd>Mo>Sb>
Zr>Rb>Pb>U. Data indicate that S, Al, Ca, Si, Cl, K, Cr, Cu, Ti, V, Sr, and Rb were detected in
precipitates that formed over the entire tested pH range from 3 to 12. Iron, Ba, Te, Cs, Sn, Bi, and
Sb showed peak co-precipitation/adsorption in precipitates forming at pH<4. Scandium, Nb, Cd,
Mo, Zr, and Pb appeared in precipitates forming between pH 5 to 12, with higher concentrations
occurring in precipitates forming at higher pH levels; whereas, Mn and Zn formed in precipitates
over the same pH range but showed peak concentration at pH 8. Cobalt and Ni were detected in
precipitates formed at pH 8; whereas, Mg and W were detected in precipitates forming at pH 12.
Uranium was restricted to precipitates forming between pH 4 to 8. Analysis of these precipitates
by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy for comparison with the XRF data
is pending.
28-4
BTH 4
Nichols, Cody A.
[218624]
MINERALOGICAL COMPARISON OF METAMORPHOSED ROCKS FROM THE BALLANTRAE
OPHIOLITE AND THE SLISHWOOD GAP SERPENTINITE, UK AND IRELAND
NICHOLS, Cody A. and ROHS, C. Renee, Natural Sciences, Northwest Missouri State
University, 800 University Dr, Maryville, MO 64468, [email protected]
In the area of Scotland and Ireland we visited two sites with the intention, through the research
of the minerals and textures found in each, to determine potential origins and whether those
locations could share a common genesis prior to their metamorphism. In Ireland, the Slishwood
Gap Serpentinite (SGS) is estimated at an age of 900 million years and is likely to be ultramafic in
origin. The Ballantrae Ophiolite (BO), found in Scotland, is interpreted to have been accreted from
an island arc and estimated to be 470-490 million years in age. During the spring 2012, samples
were collected at both sites. Multiple samples were prepared for thin section analyses and X-Ray
Diffraction. To prepare the samples for XRD, they were crushed and sieved to a size <63µm
before analyzing with a Rigaku Miniflex ranging in 2θ from 5° to 70°. Analyses of thin sections
from the SGS revealed antigorite as the most prevalent serpentine mineral in these samples,
making up more than half of the mineral base (approx. 70%). A smaller but also noticeable
presence of opaque minerals, mostly magnetite (5-10%), was observed. Other minerals frequently
occurring included lizardite and crysotile, additional polymorphs of serpentine, as well as
dolomite. There were a few larger pyroxene crystals found in some of the samples. Interpretation
of diffraction patterns revealed the presence of serpentine polymorphs, antigorite, lizardite, and
crysotile as well as dolomite. In contrast, thin sections of the BO revealed minerals including
quartz, plagioclase feldspar, and K-feldspar. The textures were congruent with metasedimentary
rocks as well as siltstone and greywacke textures. The preservation of sedimentary structures
is consistent with low grade metamorphism along with some evidence of foliation. XRD shows
the presence of quartz, albite, calcite, and clinochlore. Another sample taken from the BO is a
conglomerate. It contains mostly well rounded pebbles of different lithologies. Rocks from the BO
likely originated from a marine, sedimentary environment associated with an accretionary terrain.
Based on the minerals found in each it can be said with reasonable certainty that they originated
from very distinctly different parent rocks. The metamorphism that altered these rocks, while low
grade in each, resulted in very different minerals and textures.
28-5
BTH 5
Jilek, Ellen
[218646]
NUMERICAL MODELING AND EXPERIMENTAL OBSERVATIONS OF LAVA FLOW COOLING
JILEK, Ellen, Department of Geography and Geology, University of Wisconsin, Whitewater,
120 Upham Hall, 800 Main Street, Whitewater, WI 53190, [email protected], BESSLER,
Stephanie A., Physics, University of Wisconsin, Whitewater, 151 Upham Hall, 800 Main
Street, Whitewater, WI 53190, EICHSTEDT-ANDERSON, Ethan M., Arts and Design/
Metals, University of Wisconsin, Whitewater, Whitewater, WI 53190, ARRIOLA, Leon
M., Mathematics, University of Wisconsin, Whitewater, Whitewater, WI 53190, and
BHATTACHARYYA, Prajukti, Geography and Geology, University of Wisconsin - Whitewater,
120 Upham Hall, 800 Main Street, Whitewater, WI 53190
Lava flows are both destructive and beautiful. It can move upwards of 60 miles per hour, and
destroy anything and everything in its path. The 2002 eruption of the Nyiragongo Volcano in
the Democratic Republic of Congo is an example of the destructive potential of lava flows. The
ultimate goal of our project is to determine possible ways to minimize the damage caused by lava
flows by either stopping, or at minimum creating a barrier to divert them.
In order to achieve our goal, we are using numerical modeling, as well as physical
experimentations using a furnace for melting basaltic rocks to study how the physical properties
of basaltic lava might be controlled by its cooling rates. We are studying different ways of cooling
SESSION NO. 28
the leading edges of an artificial lava flow poured out from a furnace to create a solid barrier to
contain and ultimately stop the flow.
For our numerical modeling, we are using a modified Navier-Stokes equation to account for the
non-uniform temperature profile throughout the lava flow, in combination with a simplified heat
flow equation to determine how the physical properties of the flowing lava might be affected by
varying the cooling rates. Those equations, however, use simplified assumptions such as radial
flow of lava, uniform cooling rate, uniform flow rate, etc., which may not always hold true for reallife lava flows. We are testing those assumptions by changing the boundary conditions of our
physical experiments, such as changing slope of the lava flow, using water or ice to induce nonuniform cooling rates, etc.
We are also exploring how liquid rocks can be used as a medium for art. Despite the obvious
beauty of natural lava flows, there are very few artists, notably the artists associated with the
Syracuse University Lava Project, who are working with lava as a medium for sculpture. We are
exploring the potential use of the molten rocks as an artistic material by letting molten rocks flow
over other shaped materials.
Our presentation will focus on the preliminary results of our numerical and physical models, and
discuss potential ways to address lava flow hazards. We will also present lava in a new light as a
sculptural medium to broaden the aesthetic vision of this powerful force.
28-6
BTH 6
Birren, Thomas H.
[218109]
GEOCHEMISTRY OF THE NICKEL LAKE MACRODIKE AND IMPLICATIONS FOR CU-NI
SULFIDE EXPLORATION
BIRREN, Thomas H., Carleton College, 300 N. College St, Northfield, MN 55057, birrent@
carleton.edu, HAILEAB, Bereket, Geology, Carleton College, One North College Street,
Northfield, MN 55057, and GIBBONS, Jack, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721
1.1 billion years ago, the Nickel Lake Macrodike(NLM) intruded various Archean and
Paleoproterozoic country rock units in association with failed Midcontinent Rift magmatism. The
NLM is a member of the Layered Series of the Duluth Complex and was the conduit to the sulfidebearing South Kawishiwi Intrusion (SKI). The SKI and other related intrusions are currently the
focus of fevered exploration and as the feeder dike to the SKI, the NLM is an area of important
study. The NLM intruded in three main phases: a heterogeneous and locally sulfide-bearing
troctolite phase, an oxide-gabbro phase, and a layered troctolite phase. The dike is roughly 1 km
wide and extends northeast to southwest for 6 km through swamp and dense forest straddling the
border of the Boundary Waters Canoe Area in northern Minnesota.
Crustal contamination is the major source of sulfur in the sulfide deposits of the various
intrusive suites in the Duluth Complex. The Paleoproterozoic Biwabik Iron Formation and the
Virginia Formation (1.8 Ga) are incorporated as the main sources of sulfur. The goal of this study
is to conceive a plausible model of country rock incorporation. Do trace element (specifically
REE) values differ significantly between the three main phases of the Nickel Lake Macrodike?
Assuming the parental magmas had the same initial values (North Shore Volcanic Group) can
country rock incorporation be qualified? What are the consequences of these findings in aiding
exploration for magmatic Ni-Cu ore deposits?
Rock chemistry, particularly trace elements, indicates that the NLM became increasingly
more evolved with each phase of intrusion. The heterogeneous troctolite exhibits greater crustal
contamination than the earlier phases. Because this is the sulfide-bearing phase of the NLM, this
indicates that REE analysis may be an effective tool in aiding exploration.
28-7
BTH 7
Targos, Courtney
[218723]
GEOCHEMISTRY AND MINERALOGY OF THE UBEHEBE VOLCANIC FIELD, DEATH VALLEY
TARGOS, Courtney1, HUYSKEN, Kristin T.2, and KNIPE, Dawn2, (1) Department of
Geosciences, Indiana University Northwest, 3400 Broadway, Marram Hall, Room 243, Gary,
IN 46408, [email protected], (2) Department of Geosciences, Indiana University Northwest,
3400 Broadway, Gary, IN 46408-1197
The Ubehebe Volcanic Field is located in northern Death Valley occupying an area of about
3 km2. The area contains at least twelve recognizable volcanic craters that formed through
phreatomagmatic eruptions, some of which dissect previously formed cinder and spatter cones.
Eruption of the youngest, largest crater (Ubehebe; 700-800 m wide, 235 m deep) blanketed the
crater rim and surrounding area (15 km2) with at least 50 layers of basaltic scoria and ash. Recent
research has put the timing of the eruptions between 0.8 and 5.1ka and relates them to the local
groundwater table. However, while they have been classified as basalts, there has been very little
work focused on the geochemical variation of the rocks that make up the volcanic field.
Samples were collected from three craters in the southern cluster. Among our findings are
mineralogical and textural differences from crater to crater, including disequilibrium features in
orthopyroxene phenocrysts and quartz xenocrysts. Major and trace element analysis of 22 basalt
samples is currently underway to determine the complete compositional range, and whether
compositional differences exist among these three craters with the goal of understanding the
nature of the magma and the geologic processes that operated when this volcanic field was
produced.
28-8
BTH 8
Henderlong, Peter J.
[218554]
COMPARING THE CHEMISTRY OF THE ELZEVIR BATHOLITH TO THE WESLEMKOON AND
NORTHBROOK BATHOLITHS, ONTARIO, CANADA
HENDERLONG, Peter J., Dept. of Geosciences, Indiana University Northwest, 3400 W.
Broadway, Gary, IN 46408, [email protected] and HUYSKEN, Kristin T., Department of
Geosciences, Indiana University Northwest, 3400 Broadway, Gary, IN 46408-1197
The Elzevir Batholith is located about 200 km northeast of Toronto, ON, Canada. It is part of a
suite of tonalitic batholiths that intruded approximately 1270 Ma as part of a magmatic arc. Similar
ages and major element compositions have led studies to suggest that these batholiths may be
petrogenetically related. The purpose of this study is to compare new data from the Elzevir to
already published data from earlier works and to compare the composition of the Elzevir to the
nearby tonalitic batholiths in the suite.
Eleven samples were analyzed to find major oxide and 11 trace element concentrations using
X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF). Our major oxides lie on the same chemical trend as the published
data, but have a narrower range (67.50 - 71.45 wt.% SiO2 compared with 64.76 - 75.70 wt.% SiO2
for published values).
The Elzevir samples show the greatest similarity to the Weslemkoon batholith located directly
north. When comparing the Elzevir and Weslemkoon Batholiths, the major oxides show chemical
similarities. However, elements Zr, Zn and Ti present differences between the two batholiths. Our
Elzevir samples occupy a compositional gap that exists in the Weslemkoon. Most of the published
data matches a lower Zr compositional trend also found in the Weslemkoon samples.
The Elzevir and Northbrook Batholiths have chemical similarities with respect to major oxides.
However, Elzevir data have lower Sr concentrations relative to the Northbrook. Rb/Sr ratios also
show a distinct division between the batholiths.
Elzevir samples are currently being analyzed for 29 trace elements using Laser Ablation
Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS). These analyses will help further
distinguish between the Elzevir and surrounding batholiths. The Weslemkoon and Northbrook
batholiths can be distinguished from one another based on trace elements Sm, Y, Nb and Th. We
anticipate our results will allow us to determine how the Elzevir compares.
28-9
BTH 9
Conner, Jeremy
[218778]
AMS AND IMAGE ANALYSIS DATA AT MULTIPLE SCALES SUPPORT A MULTIPLE SHEET
EMPLACEMENT MODEL FOR THE MAIDEN CREEK SILL, HENRY MOUNTAINS, UTAH
CONNER, Jeremy, Earth & Atmospheric Sciences, Central Michigan University, 314 Brooks
Hall, Mount Pleasant, MI 48858, [email protected], MORGAN, Sven, Department
of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Central Michigan University, 314 Brooks Hall, Mount
Pleasant, MI 48859, STUDENT, James J., Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Central
Michigan Univ, 314 Brooks Hall, Mt. Pleasant, MI 48859, and HORSMAN, Eric, Dept. of
Geological Sciences, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27858
Anisotropy of Magnetic Susceptibility (AMS) and image analysis data have been used to
investigate possible contacts across magma sheets in the Maiden Creek Sill (MCS) from the
Henry Mountains, Utah, USA. Thirty-one cores were drilled along an 8 m vertical traverse on
the margin of the sill. The MCS is composed of at least two sheets which are locally divided by
a thin sliver of sandstone. The AMS data illustrate there is an abrupt 10x change in magnetic
susceptibility (K) across the sheet-on-sheet contact where the sandstone sliver is absent. This
contact is also defined by a 1-2 cm thick solid-state shear zone. There are also several “drop offs”
(~10x) in K possibly indicating several different sheets, or contacts at lower levels.
The magnetic foliation changes from subvertical to subhorizontal at the sheet-on-sheet contact.
To further investigate the Shape Preferred Orientation (SPO) of the minerals, and to determine
the controls on the magnetic foliation, image analysis was done using the Auto-Correlation
Function (ACF) and Intercepts method. We used the 3rd contour of the ACF image, which
correlated with the finer grains, to calculate the SPO and we used cm-scale images to determine
the SPO using intercepts. These SPO’s conflict with the AMS foliation data although we are
continuing to collect more SPO data at different scales to determine which grain size carries the
AMS foliation. The AMS foliation data are consistent with multiple sheets being emplaced and
possibly reflects a bull-dozer track-like emplacement model. Further research on the AMS and
image analysis is being conducted to test emplacement models.
28-10
BTH 10
Elson, Joshua D.
[218746]
EDMAP-SUPPORTED GEOLOGIC MAPPING OF THE JANE QUADRANGLE, MCDONALD
COUNTY, MISSOURI
ELSON, Joshua D., CAUTHON, Matthew J., and EVANS, Kevin R., Geography, Geology,
Planning, Missouri State University, 901 S. National, Springfield, MO 65897, jde419@
live.missouristate.edu
The Jane quadrangle is located in south-central McDonald Co., Missouri, in the southwest corner
of the Springfield Plateau. This project updates an earlier, incomplete geologic map published
in 1959. Our map is based on more than 800 data points collected using a handheld GPS aided
with the use of a stratigraphic column measured along US Hwy 71. The resulting geologic map
provides new insights to the structure and stratigraphy of the area.
The Lower Ordovician Cotter Dolomite is the lowest unit exposed in the area; only the
uppermost 20m is exposed in the Jane quadrangle. A disconformity separates the Cotter from the
overlying Upper Devonian Chattanooga shale which is approximately 15m thick. A disconformity
separates the Chattanooga from the overlying Mississippian complex which forms the caprock for
much of the Springfield Plateau. The first succession within the Mississippian is the Kinderhookian
shelf sequence consisting of 12 cm of the Bachelor Formation, 2.5-7.5m of the Compton
Formation, and 1-3m of the Northview Formation. The upper succession is the Osagean shelf
sequence which is gradational and consists of 4-14m of the Pierson Formation, 22m of the Reeds
Spring Formation, 50m of the Elsey Formation, and 3-10m of the Burlington-Keokuk limestone.
Several faults were mapped in the area including two major faults: the Brush Creek Fault trends
east-west across the quadrangle with the up-thrown side to the south displacing approximately
10-15m of strata, and the Pineville Fault trends southwest-northeast in the northwest corner of the
quadrangle with the up-thrown side to the southeast displacing approximately 15-20m of strata.
Soft sediment deformations, including slump mounds, are present in the Compton with major
bed truncations in the Compton and Pierson. These structures reflect tectonism occurring on the
passive margin of Southern Laurentia during the early to mid-Mississippian.
28-11
BTH 11
Larson, Mark O.
[218649]
HIGH RESOLUTION GRAVITY SURVEY TO DETERMINE LOCATION AND EXTENT OF
FAULTS IN THE JANE 7.5-MINUTE QUADRANGLE, MISSOURI
LARSON, Mark O., Geography, Geology, Planning, Missouri State University, 901 S.
National, Springfield, MO 65897, [email protected], MICKUS, Kevin, Geology,
Missouri State University, Springfield, MO 65897, and EVANS, Kevin, Geography, Geology,
and Planning Department, Missouri State University, 901 S. National Ave, Springfield, MO
65804-0089
Detailed geological and geophysical mapping of the Jane 7.5-minute quadrangle in SW MO was
undertaken by a group at Missouri State University in 2012. The area is composed of Lower
Ordovician and Early Mississippian limestone, dolostone, and shale. Numerous low amplitude
structural features and faults were found by surficial geological mapping.
In order to further investigate these structural features, a high resolution gravity survey,
including a number of profiles at 0.1 mile spacing, was conducted to determine the extent and
subsurface nature of the faults in the region. An initial Bouguer gravity anomaly map shows a a
general low anomaly in the northern portion of the map, and higher gravity in the southern portion
which is probably caused thinning of the Paleozoic sediments toward the south. A horizontal
derivative map gravity anomaly map amplifies an anomaly that lines up with an extensive
surficially mapped fault. Residual gravity anomaly maps constructed using wavelength filtering
and horizontal derivatives and 2-D forward models constrained by surface mapping and density
measurements will be constructed in order to better understand the geometry and location of
identified and unidentified faults.
28-12
BTH 12
Cook, Tamara J.
[218449]
JAVASCRIPT TRAVEL TIME SIMULATOR
COOK, Tamara J., Plant and Earth Science Department, University of Wisconsin - River
Falls, 805 Juniper Dr, Somerset, WI 54025, [email protected]
A seismogram may appear to be a chaotic record of noise, but amidst the noise there are
unidentified earthquake onsets (UEOs). These UEOs are the wave phases before they are
identified. Currently, to identify these, one would have to use the Jeffreys-Bullen tables to
SESSION NO. 28
manually look up and correct the travel time for each of these UEOs to determine which phase
they belong to. With the use of JavaScript and HMTL, a website calculator was made to achieve
these travel times in a more convenient way. The code uses the spherical law of cosines and
bilinear interpolation to complete the task. The only thing necessary of the user, is to input the
latitude and longitude of the observation site (seismic station) and the earthquake site, along with
the focal depth of the earthquake. The program then outputs the travel times for all the possible
wave phases. A once tedious task has now been made simple, allowing geologists to focus on
the implications of these travel times for the phases, rather than using valuable time to manually
calculate them.
28-13
BTH 13
DeWolf, Cris L.
[218122]
MIQUAKES: SHAKING UP EARTH SCIENCE, MATHEMATICS, & PHYSICS EDUCATION IN
MICHIGAN
DEWOLF, Cris L., Chippewa Hills High School, 3226 Arthur Rd, Remus, MI 49340,
[email protected], FUJITA, Kazuya, Department of Geological Sciences, Michigan State
University, 206 Natural Science Building, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 488241115, SCHEPKE, Chuck, Roscommon Middle School, 299 West Sunset Drive, Roscommon,
MI 48653, RUDDOCK, Judy, Michigan Earth Science Teachers Association, Flushing, MI
48433, SINCLAIR, Jay, Ida Middle School, 3145 Prairie Street, Ida, MI 48140, SVOBODA,
Michele R., Mill Creek Middle School, 100 Betty Street, NE, Comstock Park, MI 49321, and
WAITE, Greg, Gmes, Michigan Technological University, 1400 Townsend Dr, Houghton,
MI 49931
MIQuakes, a regional educational seismograph network, is part of the Seismographs in Schools
(SIS) program of the Incorporated Research Institutions for Seismology (IRIS). The Michigan
Earth Science Teachers Association (MESTA) sponsors the network in cooperation with IRIS,
Michigan State University and Michigan Technological University. MIQuakes follows the MESTA
philosophy of “teachers helping teachers”. Experienced teachers help other teachers maintain
instrumentation and provide professional development. The universities provide technical and
content support.
MESTA teachers in the IRIS SIS program developed MIQuakes in 2010. In 2011, recipients
of 5 more seismometers were chosen based on geographic distribution, and cross-grade level
and interdisciplinary teams. Today, MIQuakes includes 17 K-14 schools operating AS-1 and EAIS102 seismometers. One station shares “live” data on-line, while others upload data from specific
events to the SIS website.
Having instruments able to show students when and where earthquakes occur can stimulate
interest and foster deeper exploration of Earth science topics. As not all teachers want to have
a seismometer of their own, professional development features activities that allow teachers to
use seismic data in many science disciplines. With AmaSeis, teachers view and work off-line
with earthquake data from multiple sources, including MIQuakes. Plans exist to update to newer
software as IRIS or other academic sources release it.
Five teacher workshops were held in 2011-2013. A science presentation, teacher-led activity,
and discussion of recent seismic events was a goal of each. Attendance has included teachers
with seismometers as well as those interested in learning more about seismology.
Developing, and/or adopting previously developed classroom activities relating mathematics,
physics, and Earth Science continues. Adapting lessons to use data from MIQuakes stations
is a goal. Development and vetting of activities prior to workshops is a challenge, especially
as the group has grown. The experience and needs of participants has become more variable
and providing meaningful content to the entire group has become more difficult. One solution
may be to have workshops targeted at specific sub-groups depending on their desired level of
involvement.
28-14
BTH 14
Fordyce, Samuel W.
[218705]
VISUALIZING EARLHAM COLLEGE’S MILLER FARM: A VISITOR’S MAP AND GUIDE
FORDYCE, Samuel W. and FADEM, Cynthia M., Geology, Earlham College, 801 National Rd
W, Campus Drawer #132, RIchmond, IN 47374, [email protected]
Miller Farm is located on roughly 40 acres of land along the Whitewater river. A digital elevation
model produced from differential GPS data will form the basis for an educational sign and map
displayed the farm’s entrance, highlighting the farm and surrounding forest, marshes, streams,
and historical ruins. This educational display, funded by Earlham College’s Student Action
Research Grant Initiative, will raise awareness of the farm’s rich heritage and resources, and
encourage community participation in the farm’s programs.
We used a Magellan DGPS to collect elevation and location data, and processed them in
ArcGIS. Our digital elevation model will be printed on a durable outdoor signboard, along with
background information for and photographs of the features highlighted on the map. This project
is an interdisciplinary effort of Earlham’s Miller Farm, Geology Department, and Center for
Environmental Action, combining collection of field topographic data, processing in GIS, and
exhibit design with the goal of encouraging and welcoming visitors to explore the farm.
28-15
BTH 15
Couts, Kimberly E.
[218713]
SEASONAL AND LONG-TERM (1996-2012) TRENDS IN THE CONCENTRATIONS AND
RATIOS OF DISSOLVED SILICA AND DISSOLVED INORGANIC NITROGEN IN THE GREAT
MIAMI RIVER AT MIAMISBURG, OHIO
COUTS, Kimberly E.1, CRISP, Alexis A.1, GOODWIN, Grant M.1, HAGEN, Benjamin P.1,
MOBLEY, Tilden J.1, WILSON, Elizabeth L.2, and FORTNER, Sarah K.3, (1) Geology,
Wittenberg, P.O. Box 720, Springfield, OH 45501, [email protected],
(2) Geology, Wittenberg University, Springfield, OH 45501, (3) Department of Geology,
Wittenberg University, Springfield, 45501
Nutrient balance controls the health and survival of ecosystems. A low ratio (<1) of dissolved
silica (DSi) to dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) may limit diatom growth. Here we explore, DSI,
DIN, and DSi:DIN long-term and seasonal behavior from April 1996 to September 2012 for the
Great Miami River below Miamisburg, Ohio. We examined a high-resolution dataset from the
National Center for Water Quality Research at Heidelberg University with over 7000 samples
collected (8-hour to daily resolution). The Great Miami River below Miamisburg drains an area of
6954 km2 and is located within the Till Plains, underlain by limestone, dolomite, and shale. Land
use is primarily agricultural (>80%), but includes several major urban areas. The ratio of DSi
to DIN shows a significant decrease through time associated with a corresponding significant
decrease in DIN concentrations. There was no significant trend in Si concentrations through the
long-term record. Seasonally, the lowest mean monthly DSi:DIN (<0.70) occurred between MarchMay, corresponding with low mean DSi concentrations (<0.20 mM), and high mean monthly
flow (>150 m3/s). The highest mean monthly DSi:DIN occurred in July (1.47) during summer low
flow (<70 m3) when mean DIN concentrations drop by more than 30% from the previous month.
Of note, is that only during summer months were DSi:DIN ratios above 1, suggesting that DIN
loading has impaired the nutrient balance within the river. To improve our understanding of the
controlling processes of the DSi:DIN ratio during its low period, we plan to compare with a late
62 2013 GSA Abstracts with Programs winter-early spring diel study in Buck Creek (363 km2), a dominantly agricultural sub-watershed of
the Great Miami River also influenced by urbanization. Our goal is to understand the controls of
DSi:DIN for distinct scales of observation within the Ohio River Basin.
28-16
BTH 16
Gilliom, Alden Jane
[218550]
GROUNDWATER STORAGE IN WESTERN CHINA AND EASTERN TIBET OBSERVED FROM
PRECIPITATION-DISCHARGE HYSTERESIS
GILLIOM, Alden Jane, Geology, Oberlin College, 52 W Lorain St, 418 Carnegie Building,
Oberlin, OH 44074, [email protected], HENCK SCHMIDT, Amanda, Geology, Oberlin
College, 52 West Lorain Street, Oberlin, OH 44074-1044, ANDERMANN, Christoff, Oberlin,
44074, and ROTHENBERG, Miriam, Anthropology, Oberlin College, King Building 305, 10 N.
Professor St, Oberlin, OH 44074-1019
The hydrological cycle is a crucial element of Earth’s surface processes. Unless we understand
how Earth stores the water moving through it as part of the hydrological cycle we cannot
determine the availability of this high demand resource.
The purpose of this study is to determine the transitive processes of precipitation to river
discharge in western China, on the eastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau. This transfer of water
produces a dynamic lag ‘hysteresis’ between the input of precipitation and discharge.
In this context, hysteresis refers to discharge that peaks after the peak precipitation; this is
dependent on local conditions and the complicated transport processes inherent to groundwater
movement. The relationship between precipitation-discharge hysteresis has important implications
for potentially increasing demand for water, decreasing quality of water available, and decreasing
availability of groundwater due to climate change. Andermann et al. (2012) analyzed precipitation
and discharge data in the Nepali Himalayas, detected hysteresis, and concluded that groundwater
storage in aquifers was the driving factor behind the hysteresis. They examined the contributions
of precipitation, glacier melt, and snow fall to the annual water budget and found that there is a
lag time of approximately 45 days, which suggests the existence of fractured basement aquifers.
We applied their original study techniques to our study area in the eastern margin of the Tibetan
Plateau by plotting discharge as a function of precipitation for 25 years of daily discharge data
collected by the Chinese Hydrology Bureau in two small (<1400 km2) watersheds. The data
exhibited a well-defined hysteresis loop and allowed us to infer that precipitation is slowed due to
groundwater storage before reemerging as discharge.
Our ongoing analysis includes processing the 25 years of daily data, analyzing the results, and
putting them into regional context. We are completing the quantitative analysis to accompany the
hysteresis loops showing that groundwater storage occurs in the study area. Our next step will be
to analyze and interpret the final results for quantitative confirmation of the hysteresis process.
These results will help to better manage the water resources available now as well as plan for
future strain on water resources.
28-17
BTH 17
Schmus, Matthew
[218315]
EFFECTS OF FRACTURES ON GROUNDWATER FLOW TODAY
SCHMUS, Matthew, Geography and Geology, Univeristy Wisconsin-Whitewater, 4522 W
Sumac Pl, Milwaukee, WI 53219, [email protected], BHATTACHARYYA, Prajukti,
Geography and Geology, University of Wisconsin - Whitewater, 120 Upham Hall, 800 Main
Street, Whitewater, WI 53190, and HART, David J., Wisconsin Geological and Natural History
Survey, University of Wisconsin-Extension, 3817 Mineral Point Rd, Madison, WI 53705
Joints and fracture planes within crystalline bedrock controls groundwater flow in most of Central
Wisconsin. Prior work conducted on three bore holes in the area around Pittsville, WI, has shown
that interconnected fractures might control groundwater flow in that region. The data collected
from those bore holes include (a), major and minor open joints or fractures, (b), partially open
joints or fractures, (c), filled fractures or joints, (d), bedding, banding, or foliation planes, and (e),
induced fractures. We are using the borehole data for this project. The goals of this project are to
identify parent and daughter fractures, if present, determine how the dominant fracture orientation
patterns might change with depth, and, find any lines of intersection which might create pathways
for groundwater flow. We are also investigating regional stress directions based on the fracture
orientation data in the study area.
We are analyzing fracture orientation data from the studied three bore holes using stereographic projections and gamma logs to investigate how the orientations of different types of
fractures might have changed with depth, and also to determine whether the orientations of joints
and fracture planes were influenced by pre-existing structures in any way. We are also using
three-dimensional visualization tools within the ArcScene® software program to create a model
of the fracture planes, and to identify existing fracture network patterns, if any. We are using the
T-Tecto® software package to investigate regional stress directions.
Preliminary data shows that dominant fracture orientation patterns change with depth in each
of the three bore holes, and that the changes in fracture orientation can roughly be correlated with
presence of spikes on the borehole gamma log, possibly indicating that lithologic changes might
have played a role in controlling fracture formation. Each of the three bore holes show unique
fracture orientation patterns, and little or no similarity in how those orientations change with depth.
Some of the fractures show evidence of past fluid flow in the form of veins. Since some of the
fractures are not filled, this might indicate multiple episodes of fracture formation. Here we present
our data, and discuss the implications in terms of present day groundwater flow.
28-18
BTH 18
Richardson-Coy, Robin
[218251]
DIATOM IDENTIFICATION HANDBOOK FOR THE GLEN HELEN NATURE PRESERVE,
YELLOW SPRINGS, OHIO
RICHARDSON-COY, Robin, Earth and Environmental Sciences, Wright State University,
260 Brehm Labs, 3640 Colonel Glenn Highway, Dayton, OH 45435-0001, richardson-coy.2@
wright.edu and TEED, Rebecca, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Wright
State University, 260 Brehm Labs, 3640 Colonel Glenn Highway, Dayton, OH 45435
Diatoms are a class of phytoplankton with wide species diversity. These microscopic organisms
play a significant role in aquatic ecosystems both chemically and biologically. They are an
important component of aquatic food chains. Each species of diatom has a specific range
of water chemistry conditions in which its populations will thrive. Diatoms are identified most
commonly by their siliceous cell walls, which vary between species. The siliceous cell walls of
diatoms also allow them to be preserved as fossils in sediments. It is possible to make inferences
about historical water chemistry based on the species of diatoms preserved in sediment. Past
water chemistry changes for a specific ecosystem can aid understanding of both natural and
anthropogenic impacts as well as possible future problems such as eutrophication or ecosystem
degradation.
The Glen Helen Nature Preserve is a 1000-acre preserve under management of the Glen
Helen Ecology Institute through Antioch College in Yellow Springs, Ohio. The Glen is a valuable
resource for both teaching and research from the university to the elementary school level. It
is a recreational area with scenic trails, diverse flora/fauna, and two streams (Birch and Yellow
Springs Creek). This education center is used for hands-on learning for environmental topics such
SESSION NO. 28
as geology, ecology, biology, and resource conservation. With such a wide variety of educational
opportunities, this ecosystem brings together students and researchers from many branches of
science.
This study was conducted as a service learning project to collect diatom samples from Glen
Helen, to relate the diatom species to water chemistry data, and to provide teaching materials for
the numerous education activities taking place in Glen Helen. Permanent slides will be made from
samples collected from water, macrophytes, and sediments. Diatoms will be identified, sketched,
and photographed to develop a teaching set of diatom identification for the Glen Helen area that
will be published as a handbook for use in the Glen Helen educational activities. The diatoms
will provide an additional layer of data to complement the ongoing water chemistry study being
conducted by Wright State University and Antioch College students.
28-19
BTH 19
Brinkmann, Sarah
[218522]
DIATOM COMMUNITIES NEAR ACID MINE DRAINAGE AT GREEN VALLEY LAKE, WEST
TERRE HAUTE, INDIANA
BRINKMANN, Sarah, BRAKE, Sandra S., and STONE, Jeffery, Department of Earth and
Environmental Systems, Indiana State University, Terre Haute, IN 47809, sbrinkmann@
sycamores.indstate.edu
Green Valley Lake is located in West Terre Haute, Indiana, near an abandoned coal mine. Acid
mine drainage (AMD) leaching from the site of the abandoned mine has impacted this area for
almost 55 years. Seasonally, the pH of effluent streams drops as low as 3 in some areas. Elevated
levels of SO4, Fe, Al, and heavy metals occur in streams (and groundwater) that may contaminate
Green Valley Lake.
Diatoms are a golden-brown algae with a siliceous skeleton; they are an important primary
producers that are abundant and typically well-preserved as fossils in most lake systems. To
explore the environmental impact of AMD on this system, we sampled the lake plankton and
sediments for fossil diatoms, which are known to be highly sensitive to acidity in lakes and
streams. The purpose of this study is to analyze the spatial distribution of diatoms in the lake and
sediments. Samples were collected from the plankton and sediment from 11 locations around
the lake. Our hypothesis is that diatom diversity should increase away from areas of riverine
discharge into the lake. Results from this study will help determine how AMD has influenced
the structure of the diatom community in the lake and provide a baseline measurement for the
modern lake system so that the long-term resilience of these communities can be analyzed in
future studies.
28-20
BTH 20
Smart, Saundra M.
[218589]
INFLUENCE OF DIATOM DIVERSITY IN AN INDIANA STREAM IMPACTED BY ACID MINE
DRAINAGE
SMART, Saundra M., STONE, Jeffery, and BRAKE, Sandra S., Department of Earth
and Environmental Systems, Indiana State University, Terre Haute, IN 47809, ssmart1@
sycamores.indstate.edu
Acid mine drainage (AMD) associated with the abandoned Green Valley coal mine site in West
Terre Haute, IN, discharges into West Little Sugar Creek (WLSC), a nearby natural stream.
The area has been impacted by AMD for nearly 55 years, denoting WLSC as one of Indiana’s
most contaminated water systems. Despite various remedial efforts, AMD still discharges into
WLSC, where pH drops to as low as 3. The acidic effluent and stream water contains elevated
concentrations of SO4, Fe, Al, and trace elements, many of which exceed state and federal
surface water quality standards. Local aquatic life is adversely impacted by the high acidity and
high concentrations of dissolved constituents. Downstream of the mines site, metal concentrations
decrease and pH increases due to dilution from surface water runoff and groundwater discharge
into the stream.
To assess the environmental impact of AMD on the ecology of the WLSC stream system, this
study evaluates changes in diatom species upstream and downstream of the discharge zone.
Diatoms were selected because of their abundance in most water systems, high diversification,
and siliceous frustules, the latter of which is often preserved in sediment. Diatoms are known
to be highly sensitive to environmental changes, such as toxic metal concentrations and acidity.
We hypothesize that the low pH and highly toxic conditions of WLSC will decrease species
diversification downstream. Specifically, we examine changes in riverine diatom communities
downstream from the discharge site to determine how far downstream the influence of acid
mine drainage persists and to establish a baseline for seasonal fluctuations to help evaluate the
resilience of these communities.
28-21
BTH 21
Burns, Anastasia Marie
[218664]
EVALUATION OF FACTORS INFLUENCING NITRATE CONCENTRATIONS IN GROUNDWATER
IN EAU CLAIRE COUNTY
BURNS, Anastasia Marie, UW-Eau Claire, 1824 1/2 Brackett Ave, Eau Claire, WI 54701,
[email protected] and GROTE, Katherine R., Geology, University of Wisconsin-Eau
Claire, 105 Garfield Ave, Eau Claire, WI 54702
In Eau Claire County, about 6.4% of private wells have nitrate concentrations exceeding
the Enforcement Standard (ES) of 10 mg/L. This project investigates whether high nitrate
concentrations can be correlated to geologic and hydrologic parameters or to land management.
If such correlations are found, they can be used to develop a risk assessment map for Eau Claire
County that could be used to predict areas that are at an elevated risk for nitrate contamination.
To aid in this study, the Eau Claire County Health Department provided nearly 6,000 nitrate
concentrations from groundwater samples acquired in private wells over a period from 1999 to
2004 and again from 2005 to 2009. Using GIS, these data sets were joined to maps of depth
to bedrock, depth to water table, soil texture, soil taxonomy, geomorphology, and land use. The
resulting data sets enabled correlations to be made between these parameters and nitrate
concentrations, and to observe how these correlations changed with time between the two data
sets. The factors which appeared to have the most impact on nitrate concentrations were land
use, depth to the water table, and depth to bedrock. Agricultural land typically had the highest
nitrate values, although the nitrate concentrations in urban areas increased significantly with time.
Areas with higher bedrock tended to have higher nitrate values, while areas with shallow water
tables had lower average nitrate values.
To better investigate the factors controlling nitrate contamination, combinations of factors that
independently appeared to influence nitrate concentration were considered. These analyses
helped to show which combinations of natural and anthropogenic conditions were most likely
to result in high nitrate concentrations. Although analysis of different combinations of factors is
ongoing, the areas which seem most likely to have high nitrate concentrations are rural areas with
intermediate water tables (5-50 ft beneath the surface), highly developed (more urban) areas with
shallow bedrock, and areas with both shallow bedrock and shallow water tables.
28-22
BTH 22
Peters, Carl E.
[218462]
GEOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF HEAVY METALS IN SEDIMENTS SURROUNDING THE
BAUTSCH-GRAY MINE SUPERFUND SITE, JO DAVIESS COUNTY, ILLINOIS
PETERS, Carl E., Geology Department, Augustana College, 639 38th Street, Rock Island, IL
Mining operations at the Bautsch-Gray lead mine site, located near Galena, IL, for the last
eighty-six years have resulted in elevated levels of lead, zinc, and arsenic within the surface
materials surrounding the mine property. Although remediation began in September of 2010
with the removal of 2600 m3 of contaminated soil from the mine site and neighboring residential
properties, there has been continued migration of mine tailings. This has prompted a need to
better understand the extent of contamination in the properties surrounding the mine tailings,
at depth, and within particle sizes of mine tailings. A total of 29 surface soil samples, six depth
samples, and two grain size analysis samples were taken from properties west, northeast,
north, and south of the mine site. Samples were analyzed for heavy-metal contamination with an
X-Ray Fluorescence spectrometer (XRF). Of the 29 surface samples, three samples exceeded
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) regulatory limits for heavy-metals in soils, and 24
samples exceeded background levels for heavy-metals. The highest concentrations of lead, zinc,
and arsenic contamination were measured at 510ppm, 3024ppm, and 100ppm respectively.
No migration of heavy-metals was seen to occur downward through the soil profile, suggesting
that transportation of contaminants is occurring primarily due to runoff directly from the mine
tailings. From this research it was determined that heavy-metals have continued to migrate into
the properties west and north of the mine, with lead, zinc, and arsenic levels still exceeding EPA
regulatory limits and background levels.
28-23
BTH 23
Krehel, Austin W.
[218634]
WIND STEERING AND SEDIMENT TRANSFER ASSOCIATED WITH STORMS IN A BLOWOUT
DUNE AT SAUGATUCK HARBOR NATURAL AREA, MICHIGAN
KREHEL, Austin W., Geological and Environmental Sciences, Hope College, Holland,
MI 49423, [email protected], YURK, Brian, Department of Mathematics, Hope
College, PO Box 9000, Holland, MI 49422-9000, and HANSEN, Edward C., Geological and
Environmental Sciences, Hope College, 35 E 12th Street, Holland, MI 49423
The effects of 8 extratropical cyclones on wind directions, wind speeds, sand erosion, and
sand deposition were studied in a blowout dune in the Saugatuck Harbor Natural Area on the
southeastern shore of Lake Michigan during Fall, 2010 and Spring and Fall, 2011. The blowout
is on the limb of a parabolic dune isolated from the beach by an established foredune ridge. It is
53m long, 8 m high, SE trending and opens to the northwest with two notches on the western
limb. Wind speeds and directions were measured with anemometers and wind vanes at 6 different
localities within the dune while erosion and deposition were measured with an array of 211 pins.
Regional wind directions at a high angle (E, NE, S, SSW) to the opening of the dune, led to
bifurcated flow of relatively low velocity winds within the trough, which can sweep sand out of the
trough and deposit it in the northwest notch. Regional winds at a lower angle to the dune opening
(WSW, W, NW, N), were steered up the axis of the trough with the loss of wind energy increasing
with increasing steering angle. These winds are associated with erosion along the trough axis
and deposition on the southern outer slope. Winds with a strong westerly component are also
funneled through the notches leading to scoring along the inner limbs of the dune and deposition
within the trough and eastern outer limb. The exact response of a dune to a given storm is the
result of a complex interplay between wind direction, which depends on cyclone track, and local
topography.
28-24
BTH 24
Salzwedel, Mitchell
[218651]
THE EFFECT OF LONG-TERM LAND USE CHANGES ON SOIL ORGANIC CARBON IN
SOUTHERN WISCONSIN
SALZWEDEL, Mitchell and DOLLIVER, Holly A.S., Department of Plant and Earth Science,
University of Wisconsin-River Falls, 410 S. 3rd St, River Falls, WI 54022, mitchell.salzwedel@
my.uwrf.edu
Transformation of undisturbed Wisconsin prairies to agricultural soils has resulted in a loss
of soil carbon. Tillage of agricultural soils exposes soil organic matter (SOM) to oxygen, and
the carbon in SOM will oxidize to the atmosphere. Soil carbon greatly improves the physical,
chemical, and biological properties of the soil. Equally as important, carbon locked in the
soil does not impact carbon concentrations in the atmosphere, which contributes to global
climate change. The objective of the study was to quantify the amount of organic carbon in
undisturbed versus agricultural soils. A total of six paired sites were selected for this research.
Undisturbed soils were classified as areas that have not been disturbed for 50+ years. In all cases
disturbed and undisturbed areas were less than 100 meters apart and sampled at three depth
intervals: 0-10 cm, 10-40 cm, 40-100 cm. Total organic carbon was on average 44.3% lower in
agricultural versus undisturbed soils. Data from the depth intervals also shows that differences
in carbon concentrations between undisturbed and agricultural soils were most significant in the
40-100 cm interval (57% higher in undisturbed) compared to the 0-10 cm interval (22% higher
in undisturbed). This data supports that a tremendous amount of carbon has been lost to the
atmosphere due to land use conversion.
28-25
BTH 25
Hein, Jordan A.
[218760]
QUANTIFYING BANK EROSION AND CHANNEL SEDIMENTATION ON THE TORCH, RAPID
AND GRASS RIVERS IN NORTHERN LOWER MICHIGAN
HEIN, Jordan A.1, KENDALL, Anthony D.2, and BUDD, Blaze M.2, (1) Department of
MI 48823, [email protected], (2) Department of Geological Sciences, Michigan State
University, 206 Natural Sciences Bldg, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824
Rapid sedimentation and bank erosion have steadily reduced the navigability of the rivers in the
Chain of Lakes watershed in Northern Lower Michigan during the last several decades. Historical
documentation indicates that these rivers were once deep enough for steamboat travel, but now
are all but impassable by even shallow draft watercraft. Beyond the navigational issues presented
by sedimentation, bank erosion threatens property and water access. This study focuses on three
rivers: the Torch, the Rapid, and the Grass. Each of these rivers have been affected by dramatic
anthropogenic changes during the last 150 years, including extensive land cover change, channel
modification, and base level changes via damming the terminal lake on the Chain.
Here we present work that quantifies bank erosion over the last eight decades via aerial
and satellite imagery analysis, along with the current channel bottom depths via bathymetric
measurements. This work demonstrates that significant changes have occurred, and continue to
occur, to bank positions. Sections of the river with the most bank change are also the shallowest,
indicating that the channel continues to evolve toward a new dynamic equilibrium. We illustrate
how sections with the least change are those that have had the most active management, and
SESSION NO. 28
suggest means by which further erosion and shallowing could be prevented, and potentially
reversed.
28-26
BTH 26
Freeman-Ballew, Elizabeth
[218722]
PRELIMINARY LOSS-ON-IGNITION DATA FROM CRYSTAL LAKE, OHIO
FREEMAN-BALLEW, Elizabeth, Earth and Environmental Sciences, Wright State University,
Dayton, OH 45435-0001, [email protected], DEUTER, Leigh H., Earth and
Environmental Sciences, Wright State University, 3640 Colonel Glenn Hwy, Dayton, OH
45435, and TEED, Rebecca, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Wright State
University, 260 Brehm Labs, 3640 Colonel Glenn Highway, Dayton, OH 45435
Crystal Lake located in Medway, Ohio (39°N 53’, 84°W 01’), is an 11 meter deep kettle lake,
formed during the Wisconsinan glacial event, close to the glacial ice boundary. Lake sediment
cores extending from 1130 to 2000 cm below the lake surface were collected in 2008. Loss
of ignition (LOI) is a method used to estimate the amount of organic matter and carbonate in
the sediment. The results from an LOI analysis, of the upper levels of the core indicate a high
frequency variation in the percentage of organic material in the sediment (1200-1550cm) of
4 to 18% with an average of five to six fluctuations per meter. Previous studies of gastropod
and diatom species indicate lake level change; perhaps these lake level changes affected
the percentage of organic material. The current investigation includes: 1) LOI analysis of the
remaining sediment (1650-2000cm), to determine if the variations continue or change in older
sediments 2) radiocarbon dating of a wood fragment found at 1302cm 3) collaboration with
researchers who are trying to understand the modern trophic status and groundwater system of
the lake. Continued research at this site will enrich the overall understanding of the sedimentary
history of the lake, while also shedding light on the paleoclimate of southwestern Ohio during the
last glaciation.
28-27
BTH 27
Morrison, Sean M.
[218779]
INCISION AND LATERAL MIGRATION ALONG TERRACES OF THE LOWER CHIPPEWA
RIVER VALLEY, WI, USA: A GPR INVESTIGATION
MORRISON, Sean M.1, STRUVE, Matthew W.1, ROEGLIN, Lauren E.2, JOL, Harry M.2,
FAULKNER, Douglas J.3, and RUNNING, Garry Leonard IV4, (1) Departmet of Geography
and Anthropology, University of Wisconsin Eau Claire, Eau Claire, WI 54702, morrissm@
uwec.edu, (2) Department of Geography and Anthropology, University of Wisconsin-Eau
Claire, Eau Claire, WI 54702, (3) Geography and Anthropology, University of Wisconsin,
Eau Claire, WI 54701, (4) Geography and Anthropology, University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire,
Eau Claire, WI 54702
The Lower Chippewa River Valley in west-central Wisconsin displays numerous terraces formed
by episodes of incision and followed by lateral migration. Sediments deposited during the lateral
migration of the river are primarily composed of sand while the underlying sediments consist
of a mix of sand and gravel deposited by glaciofluvial process as the paleo-Chippewa River
aggraded during the late Wisconsinan. Using high resolution ground penetrating radar (GPR)
data, the depth to which the Chippewa River laterally migrated following each episode of incision
was determined. GPR data was collected along numerous terraces using Sensors and Software
PulseEkko 100 and 1000 GPR systems while laser leveling was used to determine topographic
changes. High frequency antennae were used to attain the level of detail needed to determine
the depth of deposits related to lateral migration. Step size varied from 0.1 m to 0.5 m, while
antennae separation ranged from 0.5 m to 1.0 m. Common midpoint surveys (CMP) were
conducted and resulted with a near surface velocity of 0.10-0.11 m/ns at most sites. The radar
facies of the top most depositional layer were examined in order to better understand the nature
of the river during times of lateral migration. The reflections show horizontal to sub-horizontal,
semi-continuous reflections to a depth of three to four meters. The radar stratigraphic analysis
suggests a well-defined episode of incision followed by lateral migration [braided river process] on
all investigated terraces.
28-28
BTH 28
Warbritton, Matthew J.
[218377]
3-D MODELING ON THE EFFECTS OF BASELEVEL CHANGE ON RIVER DELTAS
WARBRITTON, Matthew J.1, NILGES, Tayloy P.1, and LONDOÑO, Ana C.2, (1) Earth and
Atmospheric Science Department, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, MO 63103, mwarbrit@
slu.edu, (2) Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Saint Louis University, 205 O’Neil Hall, 3642
Lindell Blvd, Saint Louis, MO 63108
Climate change may impart changes to river deltas and surrounding areas that may have a
detrimental effect on coastal cities. Three dimensional models can be used to observe and
predict changes in delta structure by changing parameters thought to be affected by climate
change. Using an Em-4 stream table we will investigate the effects of varying parameters on
the delta. We will be recording delta measurements and images to construct 3-D models in
order to better understand and visualize the changes occurring to the deltas. Being able to
control baselevel, sediment grain size, discharge, and other variables will allow us to conduct
experiments addressing several different scenarios. We expect to find a significant change in delta
progradation, number of lobes, and water cover over the delta with changes in baselevel. This
research will have implications for understanding how the rise in baselevel may affect surrounding
land and population areas due to flooding, possible changes in delta and stream patterns, and
potential delta migration.
28-29
BTH 29
Cullen, Patrick
[218528]
ASYMMETRY OF LATE PENNSYLVANIAN GLACIO-EUSTATIC FLUCTUATIONS IN THE
NORTH AMERICAN MIDCONTINENT
CULLEN, Patrick1, MILEWSKI, Stormy1, BAUMANN, Eric Jr2, ALGEO, Thomas J.3,
MAYNARD, J. Barry4, HERRMANN, Achim D.5, and HECKEL, Philip H.6, (1) Geology,
University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, [email protected], (2) Geology, University
of Cincinnati, 5359 Little Turtle Dr, South Lebanon, OH 45065, (3) Department of Geology,
University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221-0013, (4) Department of Geology, University
of Cincinnati, 345 Clifton Court, Cincinnati, OH 45221, (5) Geology & Geophysics, Louisiana
State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, (6) Department of Geoscience, University of Iowa,
Iowa City, IA 52242
The growth and decay of continental icesheets are highly asymmetric processes. During the
Pleistocene, growth proceeded slowly (for up to 100 kyr) as ice mass built up over large areas,
whereas decay proceeded quickly (~8-12 kyr) in response to global warming and icesheet
disintegration. Similar patterns have been inferred for icesheets during pre-Pleistocene ice
ages, but the evidence for differential rates of growth and decay is mainly circumstantial,
e.g., the greater thickness of regressive versus transgressive facies in Upper Pennsylvanian
cyclothems of the North American Midcontinent region. In this study, we quantified relative rates
of eustatic regression (= icesheet growth) and transgression (= icesheet decay) in Midcontinent
64 2013 GSA Abstracts with Programs cyclothems on the basis of fine-scale (5-10-cm) cyclicity. Although the exact origin of this cyclicity
is not known with certainty, it is unquestionably (quasi-)periodic and record the ~21-kyr orbital
precession cycle. At any given locale on the Midcontinent Shelf, the onset and termination of
black shale deposition marked, respectively, the transgression and regression of the chemocline.
Relative rates of chemocline transgression and regression can be assessed based on the
number of small-cycles below and above the maximum flooding surface of each cyclothem. We
analyzed two Upper Pennsylvanian cyclothemic black shales, the Hushpuckney and Heebner,
along transects from SW Iowa to central Oklahoma in order to reconstruct lateral changes in
transgression-regression patterns. Although the number of cycles with each study unit varies
somewhat as a function of position on the shelf, the transgressive and regressive portions of the
black shale facies typically contain ~4±1 and ~8±2 cycles, respectively. On this basis, we infer
that transgressions proceeded roughly twice as quickly as regressions. It should be noted that
our conclusions are limited to only the late transgressive and early regressive stages of glacioeustatic cycles recorded by the black shale facies of cyclothems, and that rates of glacio-eustatic
change during peak intervals of transgression and regression may have been different. Highresolution stratigraphic analysis of cyclothems, as undertaken in this study, has the potential to
provide insights into contemporaneous icesheet dynamics.
28-30
BTH 30
Carnes, Jennifer L.
[218367]
CARBONATE LAKES ON BASALT FLOWS (MIOCENE KIRI KIRI FORMATION, LAKE TURKANA
REGION, KENYA)
CARNES, Jennifer L., Department of Geological Sciences, Ohio University, 316 Clippinger
Labs, Athens, OH 45701-2979, [email protected], GIERLOWSKI-KORDESCH, Elizabeth,
Department of Geological Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701-2979, TABOR,
Neil J., Roy M. Huffington Department of Earth Sciences, Southern Methodist University,
3225 Daniel Ave, Dallas, TX 75275-0395, and RASMUSSEN, David Tab, Anthropology,
Washington University, One Brookings Drive, St. Louis, MO 63130
The formation of lakes directly upon basalt flows is a rare phenomenon because of the high
porosity and permeability of these volcanic rocks. Accumulation of lake sediments can only
occur where the regional groundwater table intersects the lava flow; in this case, carbonate
sedimentation occurs because of the weathering of Ca-rich feldspars as groundwater flows
through and on the basalt. A modern example in Kenya is present at the volcanic area at the
southern end of Lake Turkana with a Miocene example preserved approximately 85 km to the
west within the Kiri Kiri Formation. Round outcrops of limestone occur within basalt depressions in
this formation over a several square kilometer area. Each circular to semi-circular depression filled
with limestone ranges on a scale from one meter to tens of meters wide. The thickness of these
carbonate pond and lake deposits ranges from decimeters to several meters. Four main facies are
present with many vertebrate and invertebrate fossils. Vertebrate remains include a monkey skull,
crocodile scutes or scales, turtle shell fragments, and related bones. Invertebrate remains include
a diversity of gastropods. Carbonate facies, as determined from thin section petrography, include
fossiliferous massive micrite, microbial mounds, rhizolith-rich micrite, and debris-rich limestone.
Textures indicate mostly subaqueous conditions with only very rare mudcracked horizons. The
high groundwater table maintained these lakes and ponds, establishing a complex ecosystem.
28-31
BTH 31
Baumann, Eric
[218536]
INTENSIFIED WEATHERING AT THE PERMIAN-TRIASSIC BOUNDARY IN THE BALATON
REGION OF HUNGARY
BAUMANN, Eric Jr1, CULLEN, Patrick2, MILEWSKI, Stormy2, and ALGEO, Thomas J.3,
(1) Geology, University of Cincinnati, 5359 Little Turtle Dr, South Lebanon, OH 45065,
[email protected], (2) Geology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221,
(3) Department of Geology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221-0013
The Permian-Triassic boundary (PTB) mass extinction, the largest biocrisis in Earth history,
has been intensively investigated in marine and terrestrial sections in many parts of the world.
However, marginal marine deposits, representing the interface between the marine and terrestrial
environments, have received relatively little attention. In this study, we analyzed samples from
the Balaton region of southwestern Hungary, representing marginal-marine facies (mainly finegrained limestone and dolostone) of latest Permian-Early Triassic age and open-marine facies
(mainly fossiliferous wackestones and packstones) of Middle-Late Triassic age. Redox conditions
were uniformly oxic throughout the study interval, as indicated by uniformly low concentrations of
pyrite S (<0.05%), trace-metals at or below PAAS levels, and Corg:P molar ratios between 5 and
50. Geochemical proxies such as TOC (avg 0.1±0.1%), P (0.03±0.03%), and excess Ba (~0 ppm)
are consistent with generally low productivity in the Balaton region at that time. However, our
sampling was not continuous, so short episodes of anoxia or increased productivity would not
necessarily have been detected in this study. One proxy that shows significant secular variation
in our dataset, however, is the CIA (chemical index of alteration). This is the ratio of Al oxides to
Al plus alkali oxides in a sample, with low values (~0.5-0.6) indicative of fresh material and high
values (1.0) indicative of strongly weathered and leached material. CIA values are 0.75-0.85
through most of the Late Permian to Late Triassic study interval, but we observed a short-term
increase of CIA values to 0.85-0.95 in immediate proximity to the PTB. We interpret this increase
to be indicative of a transient episode of strong chemical weathering in conjunction with the endPermian crisis. A similar pattern has been reported from other PTB sections (e.g., Algeo et al.,
2012, GSA Bulletin, 124:1424-1448), although the CIA values documented here are significantly
higher, possibly owing to the relative proximity of the study area to strongly weathered continental
source rocks. Marginal marine areas such as that of the Balaton region have potential to provide
significant new insights into the PTB crisis.
28-32
BTH 32
Woodford, Libby R.
[218168]
PALEOGEOGRAPHIC INTERPRETATION OF THE LATE CAMBRIAN GROVELAND MINE
STRATIGRAPHY, DICKINSON COUNTY, MICHIGAN
WOODFORD, Libby R., Department of Earth, Environmental and Geographical Sciences,
Northern Michigan Universtiy, 3009 Seaborg Science Complex, 1401 Presque Isle
Ave, Marquette, MI 49855, [email protected] and REGIS, Robert S., Earth,
Environmental, and Geographical Sciences, Northern Michigan University, 3009 Seaborg
Science Complex, 1401 Presque Isle Ave, Marquette, MI 49855
In 2010, fossilized phosphatic lingulid brachiopods were discovered in quartz arenite and shaley
sandstone outcrops near the Groveland Mine, which is located near Felch, MI in Dickinson
County. The sandstones are often correlated with the Cambrian Munising Formation, because
their proximity to the type locality, and position within the Michigan Basin, though no formal
studies have yet been conducted to correlate them. The Munising Formation is also largely
unfossiliferous except for the Prosaukia Zone within the Late Cambrian Miner’s Castle Member.
The assemblage within the Prosaukia Zone is typically sparse, and composed of whole or
fragmented brachiopods and rare fragments of trilobites. At the Felch outcrop, the abundance of
brachiopds present in strata is abruptly dense and then absent. Core samples and outcrops from
the Groveland Mine contain a few trilobite fragments and a couple different (as yet) unidentified
SESSION NO. 28
(orthoconic cephalopod-like) fossils, as well as the brachiopods. The fossil assemblage,
sedimentology and stratigraphy here appear to represent an equatorial shallow marine, nearshore
to transitional (deltaic) tidal-influenced environment. Paleogeographic models place this area of
Michigan on the southern coast of Laurentia during the Sauk I transgression. The moderate relief
of the Proterozoic basement rock in this area most likely led to shallow embayments as the Sauk
Sea transgressed onto the land, accentuated by tidal ebb and flow. We attempt to paint a clearer
picture of the paleogeography of this portion of Laurentia during the Late Cambrian.
28-33
BTH 33
Moore, Rebecca J.
[218699]
PETROGRAPHIC ANALYSIS OF CAMBRIAN SANDSTONE CEMENT IN WESTERN
WISCONSIN: IMPLICATIONS FOR THE COMPOSITION AND QUALITY OF FRAC SAND
MOORE, Rebecca J., Geology, University of Wisconsin- Eau Claire, Eau Claire, WI 54702,
[email protected], RASMUSSEN, Amy K., Geology, University of Wisconsin - Eau Claire,
Eau Claire, WI 54702, MAHONEY, J. Brian, Department. of Geology, University of Wisconsin
Eau Claire, Eau Claire, WI 54702, and SYVERSON, Kent M., Dept. of Geology, University of
Wisconsin, Eau Claire, WI 54702
Industrial sand mining has been expanding rapidly in western Wisconsin as demand for frac
sand has increased. Concerns have been expressed about the potential for dust from the mining
process causing non-occupational silicosis. Because the sand grains are large and hard, most
respirable dust is likely derived from the sandstone cement. The purpose of this study is to use
petrographic analysis to determine the cement mineralogy for major sandstone units in western
Wisconsin.
Samples have been collected from the Mount Simon, Wonewoc, Jordan, and St. Peter
Formations (Cambrian Period, listed from oldest to youngest) in western Wisconsin. Samples
were cut, impregnated with epoxy, and made into polished thin sections. Thin sections were
examined using a petrographic microscope. Standard point counting and photomicrograph
techniques are used to determine the mineralogy and relative percentages of the grains, cement,
and voids.
Qualitative observations (11 thin sections thus far) for each formation reveal authigenic K-spar,
hematite, and quartz cements. The most abundant cement is authigenic K-spar, and the majority
of samples have high porosity and little cement. Mount Simon Fm. sandstone (the oldest unit)
contains large amounts of hematite and authigenic K-spar cement, with or without sericite.
Wonewoc Fm. cement compositions vary, but abundant hematite and authigenic K-spar are
present throughout the formation. Jordan Fm. cements differ markedly. Some rocks are primarily
cemented by calcite. One sample from the upper Jordan Fm. is completely cemented with quartz,
which has eliminated primary porosity and makes the rock extremely difficult to disaggregate and
process. St. Peter sandstone has polycrystalline quartz grains rimmed with minor amounts of
hematite and authigenic K-spar.
A more extensive suite of samples is currently being analyzed. Quantitative results will
presented at the meeting. The relative abundance of K-spar and hematite cements should reduce
the concentration of crystalline silica in the respirable dust fraction. Also, multiple generations of
cement and the high porosity values suggest repetitive cycles of cementation and diagenesis.
28-34
BTH 34
Kunz, Stephen E.
[218784]
SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY OF THE TYLER FORMATION (LOWER PENNSYLVANIAN/
MORROWAN) IN THE WILLISTON BASIN, NORTH DAKOTA
KUNZ, Stephen E.1, SANDS, Jonathan1, MARKS, Adam1, MCMULLEN, John1, and
LEONARD, Karl W.2, (1) Anthropology and Earth Science, Minnesota State University
Moorhead, 1104 7th Avenue South, Moorhead, MN 56563, [email protected],
(2) Anthropology and Earth Science, Minnesota State Univsity Moorhead, 1104 7th
Avenue South, Moorhead, MN 56563
This research is being done because Carboniferous rocks in North America are commonly
cyclical (repeating lithofacies) because of changing climate conditions resulting in sea level
changes during an “Icehouse” world. The Tyler Formation (Upper Carboniferous: Morrowan)
occurs in the Williston Basin of Western North Dakota. It contains meter-scale cycles of repeating
lithofacies. A sequence stratigraphic analysis of this formation would improve temporal and spatial
resolution of this interval, as well as provide environmental and climatic significance to the nature
of the cycles.
The examination of core samples and well logs of the Tyler Formation examined along multiple
transects from the basin center to the edges has shown cyclical lithofacies patterns repeating
throughout the formation. These cycles begin with calcareous mudstones overlying a brecciated
carbonate, then show carbonaceous shales and interbedded mudstones and limestone, and
are capped with a brecciated carbonate interval. Lower cycles contains fossils (inarticulate
brachiopods, bivalves) that indicate more restricted or shallow marine conditions, whereas middle
and upper part fossils (crinoids, brachiopods, bryozoans) indicate more open-marine conditions.
The lower cycles indicate a transgressing sea, whereas the middle and upper cycles occur above
a maximum flooding surface or horizon. It’s expected that the middle and upper Tyler cycles will
show greater lateral basin extent than the lower cycles.
An enhanced stratigraphic framework is expected from this analysis, which will aid in future
studies of fossil distribution patterns of the Tyler, may provide more insight into the climatic
conditions of the Carboniferous in the Williston Basin, and improve the economic development of
this formation.
28-35
BTH 35
White, Nathan
[218368]
SIGNIFICANCE OF LATE TRIASSIC CHARCOAL, AND LATE TRIASSIC AND LATE JURASSIC
WOOD PETRIFICATION PROCESSES AND MINERALOGY, SOUTH-CENTRAL UTAH
WHITE, Nathan, Geology, Augustana College, 639 38th St, Rock Island, IL 61201, [email protected]
The Late Triassic Chinle Formation and Late Jurassic Morrison Formation crop out extensively
near the town of Hanksville, Utah, and contain an abundance of well-preserved petrified
wood. Enclosing rock types include siltstones, sandstones, conglomeratic sandstones, and
conglomerates. Petrified wood samples were collected and analyzed using thin section
microscopy and x-ray fluorescence spectrometry (XRF) in order to describe the petrification
processes and mineralogy of the samples. Of particular interest is the presence of a nearly
complete charcoal rind encasing one of the in-situ petrified logs. Triassic-aged charcoal is
extremely rare, not only in Utah, but throughout the world. Due to the rarity of Triassic charcoal,
scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used in order to validate that the sample was indeed
charcoal. SEM analysis revealed structures that are indicative of charcoal, even after being
mineralized, without a significant amount of silica like the petrified log it encased. All petrified
wood samples show a combination of replacement and impregnation, however, Triassic petrified
wood shows mostly replacement of cell walls by silica and other accessory minerals probably due
to high wood decay rates, whereas Jurassic petrified wood shows mostly cell impregnation by
silica and other accessory minerals due to lack of wood decay.
28-36
BTH 36
Milewski, Stormy
[218385]
THE NORTH AMERICAN STRATIGRAPHIC RECORD OF LATE PENNSYLVANIAN GLACIOEUSTASY
MILEWSKI, Stormy1, CULLEN, Patrick1, BAUMANN, Eric Jr2, ALGEO, Thomas J.3,
MAYNARD, J. Barry4, HERRMANN, Achim D.5, and HECKEL, Philip H.6, (1) Geology,
University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, [email protected], (2) Geology, University
of Cincinnati, 5359 Little Turtle Dr, South Lebanon, OH 45065, (3) Department of Geology,
University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221-0013, (4) Department of Geology, University
of Cincinnati, PO Box 210013, Cincinnati, OH 45221, (5) Geology & Geophysics, Louisiana
State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, (6) Department of Geoscience, University of Iowa,
Iowa City, IA 52242
During the Late Paleozoic Ice Age (LPIA), the Southern Hemisphere continent of Gondwana
was heavily glaciated. However, the number and size of continental icesheets then in existence
has been a matter of debate. The Midcontinent region of North America provides a potentially
detailed record of changes in continental ice volume during the LPIA in the form of glacio-eustatic
fluctuations. The Midcontinent was extensively flooded during highstand intervals (= ice-volume
minima) and largely subaerially exposed during lowstand intervals (= ice-volume maxima),
indicative of regular changes in continental ice mass thought to have been driven mainly by the
Earth’s ~400-kyr long-eccentricity orbital cycle (Heckel, 1986, Geology, 14:330-334). We analyzed
compositional variation through the Edmonds drillcore from northeastern Kansas, which spans
the ~6-Myr-long interval from the mid-Desmoinesian through early Virgilian. This core contains
15 to 20 major cyclothems that record regular fluctuations in continental ice mass, representing
one climate mode. Additionally, the core contains two thick siliciclastic intervals, comprised mainly
of the Tacket and Weston shales, that represent extended lowstand intervals coinciding with the
Desmoinesian-Missourian and Missourian-Virgilian stage boundaries, respectively. Each of these
lowstand intervals contains several lithologic cycles documenting the continued influence of
the 400-kyr orbital period. On this basis, we calculate that each lowstand interval lasted ~1.2 to
1.6 Myr. These lowstand intervals represent a second climate mode characterized by a lesser
volume of continental ice, presumably due to melting of one or more icesheets in the Southern
Hemisphere, relative to the highstand intervals that comprise the majority of the study interval. An
analysis of this type, if extended over a wider stratigraphic interval, has the potential to provide a
highly detailed record of changes in continental ice volume during the LPIA.
28-37
BTH 37
Meidlinger-Chin, Vernon
[218390]
BRAINCASE AND ENDOCRANIAL ANATOMY OF CRYOLOPHOSAURUS ELLIOTI
(DINOSAURIA: THEROPODA) FROM THE EARLY JURASSIC OF ANTARCTICA
MEIDLINGER-CHIN, Vernon, Geology, Augustana College, 3401 6th Avenue, Rock Island,
IL 61201, [email protected]
Cryolophosaurus ellioti, a theropod dinosaur discovered in 1991, represents both the most
complete dinosaur skeleton from Antarctica and the largest theropod from the Early Jurassic.
Previous studies of the anatomy of Cryolophosaurus have focused on the postcranial anatomy
and the bony aspects of the skull (Smith et al., 2007). No research has hitherto been conducted
on the soft tissue anatomy of the brain. The holotype skull contains a nearly complete and
undistorted cranial cavity, roughly approximating the shape and size of the living brain. Through
the use of noninvasive CT scanning methods, we have created a digital endocast, which forms
the basis of this study. This research provides a detailed comparative anatomical description
of the braincase and endocranial anatomy of Cryolophosaurus, including the position of the
cranial nerves, the angles of the pontine and cephalic flexures, and relative position of the major
lobes. These data allow us, for the first time, to estimate the intelligence of Cryolophosaurus
through calculations of encephalization quotient. Additionally, the introduction of phylogenetically
informative endocast features clarifies the position of Cryolophosaurus within the theropod
evolutionary tree; the dissimilarity of the endocast of Cryolophosaurus to those of Allosauroids
and Coelurosaurs suggests that Cryolophosaurus occupies the basal position in Theropoda
hypothesized by Smith et al. (2007). Thus, this research reveals new behavioral, paleobiological,
and phylogenetic insights of Cryolophosaurus, with implications for the rest of Theropoda.
28-38
BTH 38
Fisher, Elizabeth A.
[218454]
CHARACTER ANALYSIS OF THEROPODA: A BRIEF STUDY CONFINED TO BRAINCASE
CHARACTERS AND FOCUSING ON BASAL TAXA
FISHER, Elizabeth A., Geology, Augustana College, 639 38th St, Rock Island, IL 61201,
[email protected]
Phylogenetic study of basal Theropoda has largely been ignored historically due to a paucity of
specimens, but recent discoveries of many basal theropods and development of new technologies
have encouraged a new interest in the study of these early theropods. Because paleontology
is limited by the specimens available for study, the effort to collect more data often results in
the attempt to find and use as many characters as possible in phylogenetic studies. This study
arises from an interest in assisting researchers in the use of braincase characters for their
analyses. Until recently, braincases where considered to be conservative and of not much use for
phylogenetic studies. In this study, 51 braincase characters derived from 3 recent phylogenetic
studies (Carrano, Benson, and Sampson 2012; Smith, et al. 2007; Turner, et al. 2007) were
analyzed by tracing the character history in the phylogenetic program Mesquite against a tree
constructed from the aforementioned papers. This analysis aims to identify characters falling into
1 of 3 groups: 1) characters which support this phylogeny, 2) characters which contradict the
hypothesized relationships between taxa or suggest that the characters reflect environmental
rather than genetic constraints, and 3) characters which require a more complete scoring to
provide information on the type of pattern reflected by the character history. At least 16 characters
are possible synapomorphies or generally support the tree and at least 5 characters seem to be
contrary to the relationships hypothesized in the tree.
28-39
BTH 39
Yeider, Lindsey
[218427]
A NEW METHOD OF AGE DETERMINATION OF MAMMUTHUS COLUMBI
YEIDER, Lindsey, Geology, Augustana College, 639 38th St, Rock Island, IL 61201,
[email protected]
Numerous hypotheses have been proposed as to the aging of ancient proboscideans, namely
Mammuthus columbi, the Columbian mammoth. Of the proposed hypotheses, none has
been proven in terms of accuracy. These methods leave a large margin of error resulting from
application to a large range of species, in particular their use for fossil assemblages that may be
missing specific anatomical features used for age determining methods. Richard Law’s (1966)
work on African Elephant Age (AEY) and Sylvia Sikes’ (1966a) foramen mentale hypothesis
employ measurements and visual comparisons to make rough estimates about the ages of
Mammuthus columbi, but these methods may only be used when the lower mandible is present.
My research introduces another technique that may prove to be more accurate and less
destructive. It focuses on measurements of Columbian tusks in comparison with lower mandibular
SESSION NO. 28
ages (AEY) to create a trend for use with only isolate tusks when the rest of the anatomy is
disarticulated or not associated. I expect more accurate age profiles of kill sites and natural death
scenarios because this method would encompass a larger portion of the population that was
not accounted for due to missing anatomical features. In addition, it would save specimens from
destructive age dating techniques that may be utilized on the tusks otherwise.
28-40
BTH 40
Endicott, Robert E.
[218757]
CERAMIC PETROLOGY AND SOIL MICROMORPHOLOGY OF THE DANILO BITINJ AND
POKROVNIK SITES, DALMATIA, CROATIA
FADEM, Cynthia M. and ENDICOTT, Robert E., Geology, Earlham College, 801 National Rd
Ongoing analysis of materials from the Danilo Bitinj and Pokrovnik sites is part of the Early
Farming in Dalmatia Project, an interdisciplinary effort toward understanding the origins of
European agriculture. These Neolithic sites host ceramic, faunal, and lithic artifacts. Danilo
Bitinj is the type-site for the Danilo Phase of the Middle Neolithic. As such it has long been
recognized for its archaeological significance and appreciated for its rich ceramic record. Earlier
work on ceramic samples and thin sections yielded a typology based on paste and temper
attributes. Spectroscopic and petrologic analyses focused on fabric type, mineral inclusion type
and diversity, and inclusion size. Preliminary petrologic and x-ray diffraction analyses indicated
ceramic raw materials may have been sourced on-site.
Our current work expands this investigation to include a high-resolution soil XRD dataset
and further soil micromorphology. We are also re-examining ceramic thin sections and using
appearance in thin section and bulk mineralogy to compare natural and cultural materials.
Petrologic analysis confirms mineralogical uniformity amongst soil and ceramic samples, the chief
constituents being quartz and calcite. Comparative analysis allows better understanding of the
relationship between Dalmatian Neolithic soil materials and ceramic artifacts. Confirmation of the
ceramic typology also enables archaeological analysis of the pottery assemblages from these
sites and provides a framework for analysis of Early and Middle Neolithic ceramic assemblages
in the region.
Friday, 3 May 2013
The Holocene, Part II
29-1
1:30 PM
Van Dam, Remke L.
1:50 PM
Fulton, Albert E.
[218666]
[218486]
HOLOCENE PALEOZOOLOGICAL RECORDS OF THE ALLEGHENY WOODRAT (NEOTOMA
MAGISTER) AT THE NORTHEASTERN PERIPHERY OF ITS FORMER RANGE: A
BIOGEOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS
FULTON, Albert E. II, Department of Geography, Michigan State University, 673 Auditorium
Road, East Lansing, MI 48824-1117, [email protected]
Bones of the regionally-extirpated Allegheny woodrat (Neotoma magister) have been recovered
from zooarchaeological and paleontological contexts in Holocene-age deposits at twelve cave
and rockshelter sites at the northeastern periphery of its former range in New York State and
Connecticut. Analysis of the physical characteristics and geographic context of these sites
indicates a species preference for areas with extensive rock outcrop and talus, particularly
those containing carbonate, conglomerate, sandstone, and gneiss bedrock. Paleofaunas
associated with woodrat fossils demonstrate an affinity with the historically dominant oakchestnut climax forest association, although some paleofaunas indicate the local presence of
mixed conifer-northern hardwood forests. Radiocarbon age estimates of woodrat bones are at
present unavailable, although indirect age estimates based on stratigraphic provenience indicate
the presence of woodrats in the region since at least 8290±100 14C yrs B.P. Many Holocene
paleozoological occurrences are either located beyond the species’ known historic distributional
limits or are situated in areas of marginal habitat outside of known historic metapopulations. A
geographic information systems (GIS) analysis of the study area using digitized soil survey data
indicates soil map units containing extensive areas of rock outcrop – a critical limiting factor in
Allegheny woodrat distribution – constitute potentially suitable woodrat habitat. By combining
digitized soils data with historic woodrat records and paleozoological occurrences, four historic
and two prehistoric metapopulations have been delineated that refine and expand the probable
extent of the woodrat’s former Holocene range within the region. By the time of the woodrat’s
extirpation in New York State in 1987, only two of the six metapopulations were still active. The
2:10 PM
Loope, Henry M.
[218305]
EARLY HOLOCENE EOLIAN ACTIVITY, HURON MOUNTAINS, UPPER MICHIGAN
LOOPE, Henry M.1, LIESCH, Matthew E.2, LOOPE, Walter L.3, JOL, Harry M.4, GOBLE,
Ronald J.5, ARNEVIK, Arik L.4, and LEGG, Robert J.6, (1) Department of Geography,
University of Wisconsin-Madison, 550 N. Park St, 160 Science Hall, Madison, WI 53706,
[email protected], (2) Department of Geography and Institute for Great Lakes Research,
Central Michigan University, Dow Science Complex 284, Mount Pleasant, MI 48859,
(3) United States Geological Survey, N8391 Sand Point Road, P.O. Box 40, Munising, MI
49862, (4) Department of Geography and Anthropology, University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire,
Eau Claire, WI 54702, (5) Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of
Nebraska - Lincoln, 214 Bessey Hall, Lincoln, NE 68588, (6) Earth, Environmental and
Geographical Sciences Department, Northern Michigan University, 3113 New Science
Facility, 1401 Presque Isle Avenue, Marquette, MI 49855
Multiple lines of evidence document dry climatic conditions in the upper Great Lakes region
during the early Holocene (ca. 9 ka), including hydrologic closure of lakes in the Michigan,
Huron and Superior basins. The terrestrial response to early Holocene dry climate was recently
investigated in eastern Upper Michigan through optical (OSL) dating of eolian sand. Ages from
eastern Upper Michigan document dune activity and synchronous reduction in ground cover
between 10 and 8 ka (Loope et al., 2012). This project, located within the Huron Mountains
in west-central Upper Michigan, aims to extend the potential spatial distribution of terrestrial
response to early Holocene dry climate. Data collection included: 1) surficial geological mapping
through use of soil survey data and bucket augering, 2) nine ground penetrating radar (GPR)
transects totaling three kilometers in length documenting subsurface stratigraphy, 3) highresolution topographic mapping of a large (10 m high) parabolic dune using a total station,
4) collection of six samples for optical dating of eolian sand from three sites, 5) particle size
analysis of eolian and glaciolacustrine sediments. Results from augering, GPR, topographic
surveying, and particle size analysis indicate eolian sand (from 0 to >6 m in thickness) overlies
coarse-grained (medium sand to pebbles) and fine-grained (fine silt) glaciolacustrine sediment.
We interpret the glaciolacustrine sediment as nearshore (coarse-grained) and offshore (finegrained) deposits of an unnamed glacial lake that stood at ca. 255 m asl in the study area. Based
on its altitude and location north of the Yellow Dog Plains (presumed Marquette Stadial ice margin
ca. 11,500 cal yr BP), the unnamed glacial lake existed sometime between 11,500 and 10,600 cal
yr BP. Optical ages on eolian sand range between 9.6 and 8.6 ka (mean of 9.2 ka), indicating a
gap between glacial lake drainage and eolian activity. Optical ages from the Huron Mountains are
in alignment with those from eastern Upper Michigan, suggesting a westward extension of dune
activity and terrestrial response to early Holocene dry climate.
29-4
DEPOSITIONAL HISTORY OF THE LAKE ST. CLAIR DELTA, MICHIGAN, USING GEOPHYSICS
AND CORES
VAN DAM, Remke L., Department of Geological Sciences, Michigan State University,
206 Natural Science Building, East Lansing, MI 48824, [email protected], STORMS, Joep E.A.,
Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Department of Geoscience and Engineering,
Delft University of Technology, Stevinweg 1, Delft, 2628 CN, Netherlands, and YANSA,
Catherine H., Department of Geography, Michigan State University, 227 Geography Building,
East Lansing, MI 48824-1117
Lake St. Clair, located between Michigan and Ontario, is the smallest of the Great Lakes. The
evolution of Lake St. Clair has been influenced by Late-Wisconsin ice re-advances, isostacy, and
changes in outlet points of the Great Lakes system during deglaciation. A shift to the Port Huron
outlet during the Nipissing-I highstand around 5500 years BP, prior to which Lake St. Clair was a
separate basin, resulted in Lake Huron/Michigan draining through the St. Clair and Detroit Rivers
to Lake Erie. Loss of stream competence at the inflow of Lake St. Clair led to the formation of a
deltaic system, which currently has a surface area of approximately 230 km2. Compared to the
other Great Lakes, the postglacial history of the lake and depositional history of the delta are
poorly studied. We used coring, ground-penetrating radar, and electrical resistivity methods to
characterize this deltaic system. Our results show four main depositional phases. The sequence
starts with Wisconsin-age glacial till (Phase I), followed by late glacial (glacio-) lacustrine deposits
(Phase II). Phase III is an Early Holocene swamp environment (Scirpus & Brassicaceae seeds
were dated at 9620 +/- 50 years BP). Phase IV is a typical coarsening upward delta progradation
sequence with lacustrine clays, silts and sands. A paleosol (Eleocharis & Scirpus seeds dated at
1630 +/- 50 years BP) in the upper part of the deltaic sequence indicates a possible lake-level low.
29-2
relationship between woodrat metapopulation expansion and contraction and palynological
records of changes in regional forest composition during the Holocene is explored.
2:30 PM
Brinks, Linden E.
[218452]
THE EFFECTS OF TWO FALL STORMS ON A LAKE MICHIGAN FOREDUNE
BRINKS, Linden E., GERBER, Kathryn E., SIN, Jen-Li, SWINEFORD, Jacob T., and ZAPATA,
Alek K., Geology, Geography, and Environmental Studies, Calvin College, 3201 Burton SE,
Grand Rapids, MI 49546, [email protected]
Storms have an effect in shaping beach-dune systems but few studies describe specific effects
of storms on a foredune environment. We studied changes that autumn storms made to a
foredune located at P.J. Hoffmaster State Park on the east coast of Lake Michigan. We used a
number of methods including on-site anemometers and a wind vane, erosion pins, GPS, photos,
observations, and storm data from the National Weather Service. Two storms were observed
during our study period with a week of lower wind speeds between them. The first storm,
remnants of Hurricane Sandy, lasted several days with very strong winds and little precipitation.
The second storm had more precipitation, was shorter in duration, and had higher maximum wind
speeds. During the storms, high waves reduced the wind’s access to loose sand on the beach.
Nevertheless, there were large amounts of sand transport from the backbeach to the foredune
with deposition occurring on the windward slope of the dune. Both storms were responsible for
a significant amount of dune change, whereas very little change took place in the week between
the storms.
29-5
2:50 PM
Fisher, Timothy G.
[218613]
TEMPORALLY CONSTRAINED AEOLIAN SAND SIGNALS AND THEIR RELATIONSHIP TO
CLIMATE, OXBOW LAKE, SAUGATUCK, MICHIGAN
BACA, Kira J.1, FISHER, Timothy G.2, and GOTTGENS, Johan F.1, (1) Department of
Environmental Sciences, University of Toledo, 2801 West Bancroft Street MS604, Toledo,
OH 43606, (2) Environmental Sciences, University of Toledo, MS #604, Toledo, OH 43606,
[email protected]
Interrelationships among late Holocene climate, the dynamics of coastal dunes and sedimentation
in adjacent small lakes along coasts of the upper Great Lakes have been studied for over a
decade. Nonetheless, many questions remain as to relationships between climate variability and
dune activity. In this study wind, temperature, precipitation, drought, evaporation, and lake level
are correlated individually with 210Pb/137Cs/7Be dated sand deposits from core samples taken in
a small lake in the lee side of small dune ridges near Saugatuck, Michigan. Linear regressions
were run to evaluate the strength of their relationship year-by-year, and at offsets of one to two
years. Visual correlations were also attempted by evaluating the trends in the annual data sets.
While year-by-year R2 values were not strong, or mixed results made them inconclusive, visually
examined trends showed more promising correlations. The strongest correlations exist among
sand percent by weight, winter drought, and lake level. While small discrepancies among trends
occur, results show a relationship among rising or high lake levels, wet conditions, and strong
eolian activity (based on increased presence of sand in lake sediment). The implications of this
research are that dune activity is linked to periods of wet conditions and storminess. Results can
be used as a modern analogue for coastal dune activity during times of high lake level.
29-6
3:30 PM
Grote, Todd
[218695]
HOLOCENE FLOODPLAIN EVOLUTION IN NORTHWESTERN PENNSYLVANIA
GROTE, Todd, Department of Geography and Geology, Eastern Michigan University,
205 Strong Hall, Ypsilanti, MI 48197, [email protected]
Multiple cutbank and back-hoe trench exposures throughout the French Creek watershed in
northwestern Pennsylvania were used to reconstruct floodplain evolution during the Holocene.
Two distinct stratigraphic units are recognized within the French Creek watershed; a prehistoric
unit and a historic unit of post-settlement alluvium (PSA). Land conversion from forest to largely
agricultural cover beginning in the late 1700s and peaking in the mid to late 1800s is largely
responsible for the production and deposition of PSA as modern point bars and vertically accreted
SESSION NO. 30
alluvium. Usually a distinctive dark, and sometimes over-thickened, buried A horizon developed
in fine-grained vertical accretion deposits marks the contact between the prehistoric and historic
units within vertical stratigraphic exposures. Thirteen 14C assays derived from the French Creek
floodplain and two tributaries suggest the prehistoric alluvial fills are multi-aged, a phenomenon
typical along laterally mobile, meandering streams.
Numerous archaeological sites and pedological data suggest a relatively stable floodplain
environment for the past several thousand years. The dark prehistoric soil that usually separates
the historic and prehistoric stratigraphic units, or is at other times the surface soil, may be the
product of Native American utilization of the floodplain environment. Although archaeological
and pedological evidence indicates some patches of pre-late Holocene alluvium exist, a lack of
widespread alluvium older than ~ 4-5 ka suggests that lateral migration has removed much of the
earlier Holocene fill. The removal of alluvium from the alluvial valley has thus hindered a thorough
understanding of geomorphic, paleoenvironmental and archaeological records.
29-7
3:50 PM
Karsten, James W.
[218698]
SAND TRANSPORT AND VEGETATION ON TWO LAKE MICHIGAN COASTAL BLOWOUTS
KARSTEN, James W., LEPAGE, Gabriel, MESSINA, Michael G., SHISLER, Daniel Jay,
and SMITH, Jory, Geology, Geography, and Environmental Studies, Calvin College, 3201
Burton St, Grand Rapids, MI 49546, [email protected]
Sand transport and vegetation are very important influences on blowout evolution, but not much
research has been done on how these two elements affect Lake Michigan coastal blowouts.
This study investigated the patterns of vegetation and sand transport on two large, saucer-type
blowouts in Fall 2012. The study location was Kitchel-Lindquist Dunes Preserve in Ottawa County,
Michigan, which is separated from Lake Michigan by a road and a row of houses. A variety of
methods were used including erosion pins, sand traps, GPS mapping, and observation and
classification of vegetation. The two blowouts are active, with significant sand movement over
the rims from the southwest in the direction of the prevailing winds. There was no sand observed
moving into the dune system from the west, so any sand transported was being reworked
locally. The wind patterns and areas of erosion and deposition within the blowouts were variable.
The floors of the blowouts were bare sand and the vegetation was concentrated on the rims
and leeward slopes. The vegetation observed was mostly American Beach Grass (Ammophila
brevilugata) and Little Bluestem (Schizachyrium scoparium). The plant communities suggest the
blowouts are relatively young(less than 200 years old) and the area was stable before blowout
development. The geomorphology of the Kitchel-Lindquist blowouts and others like them is
dynamic, and more study is needed to better understand the processes at work in these coastal
landforms.
29-8
4:10 PM
Monaghan, G. William
[218748]
MILLENNIAL-SCALE CYCLES OF COASTAL DUNE FORMATION DURING THE LATE
HOLOCENE, LAKE MICHIGAN
MONAGHAN, G. William1, ARBOGAST, Alan F.2, LOVIS, William A.3, and KOWALSKI,
Daniel2, (1) Glenn A. Black Laboratory of Archaeology, Indiana Univ, 423 North Fess Ave,
Bloomington, IN 47405, [email protected], (2) Geography, Michigan State University,
121 Geography Building, East Lansing, MI 48824, (3) Department of Anthropology, Michigan
State University, 354 Baker Hall, East Lansing, MI 48824
Published OSL (n=107) and 14C (n=123) assays from the northern and eastern shores of Lake
Michigan indicate that coastal dunes were constructed during six episodes that were identified
through a Probability Density Distribution (PDD) of the OSL ages. PDD peaks mark times when
dunes were more active. PDD lows represent intervals of dune stability. OSL PDD peaks are
cyclical on millennial scale (5.5, 4.3, 3.3, 2, 1, and 0.3 ka). The 14C ages were collected from
paleosols and archaeological sites stratified within dunes and mark intervals of dune stability.
A PDD of 14C ages was also created. OSL PDD peaks mark times of relative dune stability and
should be inversely associated with lows in 14C PDD if the coastal dune system is generally
regionally consistent. Comparing both PDDs shows that 14C PDD peaks only occur after peaks
(or within lows) of the OSL PDD, which indicates Lake Michigan coastal dunes are regionally
consistent.
The OSL and 14C PDDs were also compared to reconstructed middle and late Holocene lakelevel hydrographs and to a composite 7000-year-long continous record of El Niño events from
coastal South America. These data provide clues about what drives the millennial-scaled cycles
of coastal dunes along Lake Michigan. Three of the dune-building events are associated with
significant rising lake level (transgressive) events (5.5, 3.3, and 2.3 ka) while others occurred
during regressive (4.3 and 0.5 ka) or uncertain lake level events. Although likely important, the
specific connection between water level change and coastal dune building is more complex than
just “transgressive or regressive.”
The link between El Niño events and dune activity is clearer. Comparison of OSL and 14C
PDD with the El Niño record shows that dunes grew during intervals when El Nino events were
uncommon (i.e., <5 events/century). If these correlate with more La Nina events, then increased
storminess played a role in dune formation. Conversely, intervals of dune stability and soil
formation occur during intervals when El Niño events are more common (i.e., >10-15 events/
century) and have greater oscillation. Collectively, these data suggest that dunes are built or
stabilized when a complex set of climate, water-level, and sand-supply factors intersect within the
coastal zones to create the proper conditions to construct dunes.
Friday, 3 May 2013
T7. Cultural Geology: Heritage Stone, Buildings, Parks,
and More (Heritage Stone Task Group of the IUGS)
tandem with rich culture and history. They transcend boundaries of protected areas and operate
as a partnership of people and land managers to promote earth heritage through education
and sustainable tourism. Geoparks are numerous in Europe and Asia, but largely unknown in
the USA. In Michigan’s Keweenaw Peninsula and Isle Royale, with geology defined by Middle
Protoerozoic Rifting of Rodinia and Pleistocene to Anthropocene climate change, geology has
influenced human settlement and history in profound ways which makes the place ideal for a
Geopark.
Geopark development in the USA addresses an under appreciation (and perhaps ignorance)
of earth science which leaves America struggling to compete with the rest of the world in
issues such as energy resources, sustainability and global warming. These shortcomings in
earth science literacy have been addressed through an active NSF sponsored Math Science
Partnership focused on earth science education. University faculty, graduate students, middle
and high school teachers and students have made connections with national and state parks,
municipalities and citizen groups to develop geologic interpretations in order to engage the
public. These initial efforts include: 1. EarthCaches in our hometowns, 2. self-guided and android
Geowalks sponsored by local municipalities, 3.internships for Earth Science teachers in Midwest
national parks and 4. special recognition and educational applications for spots which capture
“sense of place”. Each of these activities has built local commitment to geological education which
resonates with communities where geology has historically driven and shaped culture. It is our
hope that these grassroots efforts will build a strong foundation for America’s first geopark.
http://www.geo.mtu.edu/~raman/Geopark http://mitep.mtu.edu/earthcache.php http://www.geo.
mtu.edu/~raman/SilverI/HoughtonEC
30-2
1:50 PM
Freeman, V. Rocky
[218728]
THE MATHER SURVEY COLLECTION AT MARIETTA COLLEGE: A RARE ASSEMBLAGE
OF EARLY NINETEENTH-CENTURY GEOLOGIC SAMPLES AND ITS IMPORTANCE IN
INTERPRETING NINETEENTH-CENTURY GEOLOGIC TERMINOLOGY
FREEMAN, V. Rocky1, HANNIBAL, Joseph T.2, and BARTLETT, Wendy1, (1) Marietta College,
Petroleum Engineering and Geology, 215 5th Street, Marietta, OH 45750, freemanv@
marietta.edu, (2) Cleveland Museum of Natural History, 1 Wade Oval Drive, Cleveland, OH
44106-1767
The first Ohio Geological Survey, known as the Mather Survey, produced two pioneering volumes
on Ohio Geology, both published in 1838. Geologic terminology has changed since that time,
however, resulting in some difficulty in determining exactly what these early Ohio geologists
meant by their use of terms such as buhrstone (used for manufacture of millstones), hornstone,
kidney and other types of iron ore, and hydraulic lime. Such items were of great economic
importance at the time of the Survey and some of them continued to be important into the
later nineteenth century. In February of 1842, a catalog of geological specimens collected by
the Mather Survey was submitted to the Ohio Legislature. This catalog listed labeled suites of
specimens, two of which were to be held in the State Cabinet, and the rest of which were to be
distributed to colleges in Ohio. Only one of these collections, the one sent to Marietta College, is
known to be extant. The Marietta College collection consists of 166 specimens from 16 counties
in Ohio. The Pennsylvanian Series is especially well represented; specimens collected in Jackson,
Tuscarawas, and Vinton counties account for close to half of the specimens. There are also
specimens from other areas of Ohio, however, and two specimens are from Indiana.
The specimens in the Marietta College collection provide objective evidence for early
nineteenth-century geologic terminology and rock and ore identifications. The Mather catalog
lists many additional specimens that may or may not still exist. Still, the catalog itself is important
as it contains locality information that complements the locality information in the 1838 Mather
Survey reports. Both the collection and the catalog are key elements in the interpretation of early
nineteenth-century geologic reports.
30-3
2:10 PM
Saja, David B.
[218636]
WELLINGTON DIMENSION STONE COLLECTION AT THE CLEVELAND MUSEUM OF
NATURAL HISTORY: A RARE EXAMPLE OF A WELL-DOCUMENTED COLLECTION OF 20TH
CENTURY DIMENSION STONES
SAJA, David B., Cleveland Museum of Natural History, 1 Wade Oval Drive, Cleveland, OH
The Department of Mineralogy at the Cleveland Museum of Natural History houses the Wellington
Dimension Stone Collection that contains just over 1,200 slabs of granite, diabase, gabbro, slate,
phyllite, marble, limestone, serpentine, travertine, and schists. There are 533 different slabs, some
with multiple samples that show different polished, honed and flame-etched surfaces, and a range
of available colors and patterns. Robert E. Wellington was an engineer and sales representative
of the Alberene Stone Company. A year after his death in 1987, the Museum acquired his entire
collection of papers and 1,137 sales samples. He was involved in the construction of over a
thousand buildings spanning a two decade period between 1967 and 1987. He sold products
from several stone companies including Georgia Marble, Green Mountain Marble, Tennessee
Marble, Alabama Limestone, Carthage Marble Corp., Georgia Granite Co., Vermont Structural
Slate Co., The Structural Slate Co., and Natural Slate Blackboard Co. His accounts covered
hundreds of orders from personal residences to Corporate Headquarters (e.g. Goodyear Tire,
Procter & Gamble), as well as churches, museums, hospitals, fire stations, city halls, universities,
high schools, restaurants, and cemeteries. Most of these buildings are located across Ohio, but
include others in Pennsylvania, Michigan, Indiana, Illinois, West Virginia, Kentucky, Delaware, and
Texas. This collection is a significant resource for Historical Preservation, in addition to Economic
Geology, because it also contains the bills of sale and stone installation diagrams for nearly
every building for which he sold material. These sheets list dates of installation, dimension stone
names, number of panels, and even notes on their installation. The collection is also unique in
that it is one of only a few surviving major collections available for research in the United States.
Already scanned in high resolution on a flatbed scanner, we are preparing to put these images
online as a searchable internet database with images and both trade names and geologic names.
Eventually we will have digital copies of the building data and a thin section made to accompany
each sample. The collection is available at the Museum for viewing by researchers (academic and
industry alike) who wish to use it.
30-4
30-1
1:30 PM
Rose, William I.
[218567]
BUILDING GRASSROOTS FOR A KEWEENAW GEOPARK
ROSE, William I.1, GOCHIS, Emily E.2, KLAWITER, Mark F.2, and VYE, Erika C.2,
(1) Geological and Mining Engineering and Sciences, Michigan Technological Univ, 1400
Townsend Dr, Houghton, MI 49931, [email protected], (2) Geological and Mining Engineering
and Sciences, Michigan Technological Univ, 1400 Townsend Drive, Houghton, MI 49931
Geoparks are nationally or globally significant geologic areas which have identities similar to
national heritage areas. They are defined by spectacular geologic features and processes in
2:30 PM
Hannibal, Joseph T.
[217675]
QUANTIFYING TRENDS IN STONE USED FOR BUILDINGS, STATUARY, AND OTHER USES
OVER TIME WITH ARCHAEOLOGICAL SERIATION CURVES
HANNIBAL, Joseph T., Cleveland Museum of Natural History, 1 Wade Oval Drive, Cleveland,
OH 44106-1767, [email protected]
Many publications have discussed trends in stone use over time, but such discussions have been,
for the most part, qualitative. Such trends can be shown in a quantitative manner using seriation
curves, a methodology commonly used by archaeologists and anthropologists, but underused by
geologists. The technique was originally developed for use in plotting changes in cultural items
SESSION NO. 31
such as pottery types over time, graphically representing time series. Such graphs have also been
used by a number of authors to show changes in stone used for gravestones over time.
Building on use for gravestone analysis, seriation curves can also be used to illustrate changes
in stone and other material used for sculptures, buildings, and other aspects of geological material
culture. Seriation curves can be used to plot already existing data gleaned (data-mined) from
publications and websites as well as from newly collected data. What is needed in either case is a
stone type and a date of completion, construction, or dedication. Larger data sets are better, but
even smaller data sets can result in illustrative seriation curves.
Seriation curves were constructed for building stone used for the exterior of houses of worship
in northeastern Ohio (based on Hannibal, 1999) and for stone types (marble, granite, sandstone)
and bronze (and other metal) used for Civil War statuary monuments (based on a Cincinnati
History Library and Archives website on Civil War Monuments in Ohio). Curves for churches
show early dominance of sandstone with subsequent but episodic dominance of limestone and
dolomite. Curves plotting Civil War statuary monuments indicate an early post-war preference for
marble versus granite, but a subsequent preference for granite in the post-war decades. Bronze
and other metal statuary, however, came to dominate stone in the 1920s. The seriation curves
for these and other cultural items made of stone offer interesting similarities and differences that
are related to availability, transport, weathering characteristics and other stone properties, and
cultural preferences.
Friday, 3 May 2013
Research, Pedagogy, and Public Policy
31-1
1:30 PM
Sack, Dorothy
[218356]
HUMAN IMPACTS ON THE DUNES NEAR LYNNDYL, UTAH
SACK, Dorothy, Department of Geography, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701,
[email protected]
Most studies of the impact of off-road vehicles (ORVs) on American deserts have been conducted
on nondunal desert landscapes or have emphasized ORV effects on dune wildlife only. Previous
researchers have suggested that documented adverse consequences to desert plains and
alluvial fans should be avoided by restricting ORV use to active sand dunes. The assumption that
ORVs have no significant physical effect on active desert sand dunes, however, has not been
adequately investigated. The research reported on here was undertaken to determine if selected
dune variables differ significantly between dunes used and dunes not used by ORVs.
The Lynndyl dune field, located in west-central Utah about 200 km southwest of Salt Lake
City, provides an excellent opportunity to study the effects of off-road vehicles on active desert
sand dunes. About 40% of the 575 sq km dune field is administered by the Bureau of Land
Management as a recreation area. Most of the recreation area is open to ORV use, which is
seasonally intensive, but ORVs are prohibited from a designated natural region that covers about
17% of the total recreation area. The adjacent used and unused portions of the dune field have
the same dune types, sand source, and climate.
Data on vegetation cover, water content, sediment compaction, and grain size distribution
parameters were collected from multiple barchanoid dunes distributed between the used and
unused portions of the dune field. Results show that the used dunes are significantly more
compacted than the unused dunes, including when controlling for grain size differences between
the two samples. In addition, variations in dune form and migration rates are explored with
sequential aerial photographs.
31-2
1:50 PM
Bleeker, Tyler
[218382]
EFFICACY OF SAND FENCES IN STABILIZING A STEEP ACTIVE DUNE BLOWOUT
BLEEKER, Tyler, MICELI, Cassandra, NIEUWSMA, Josh, and PRATHER, Eleighna,
Geology, Geography and Environmental Studies, Calvin College, 3201 Burton Street SE,
Grand Rapids, MI 49546, [email protected]
Sand fences are a common management technique used to mitigate wind erosion and stabilize
sand dunes. This project investigates the efficacy of sand fences in stabilizing an active dune
blowout on the eastern shore of Lake Michigan. Research was conducted on a 50-meter high
active dune at the Castle Park Preserve south of Holland, Michigan. In the spring of 2012, two
sand fences were placed on the steep windward face of the dune in an attempt to stabilize the
dune surface. In the fall of 2011 and 2012, erosion pins were used to measure rates of sand
erosion and deposition along the axis of the dune. In the fall of 2012, Leatherman sand traps and
grids of erosion pins were used to assess sand movement in proximity to the new sand fences.
Along the axis of the dune, rates of sand erosion and deposition showed a decrease from 2011
to 2012, although there was little visual evidence of sand accumulation around the sand fences.
Sand trap measurements demonstrated greater aeolian sand movement on the windward side of
sand fences than the leeward side. However, rates of erosion and deposition near the sand fences
were variable, showing areas of both erosion and deposition. Visual observations noted the
tendency of deposited sand to slide down the steep face of the blowout. This study demonstrates
that sand fences appear to be effective at reducing aeolian sand movement at this site, but they
appear to be having a more limited effect on reducing the overall movement of sand on the active
blowout face. When stabilizing steep slopes, dune managers should consider using sand fences
in conjunction with another technique that reduces the downslope mass movements of sand.
31-3
2:10 PM
Arevalo, Joseph M.
[218683]
EVALUATING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES AT MT. PISGAH
AREVALO, Joseph M., EMMONS, Taylor A., HAREFA, Sarah C., VAN WYK, Ashley L., and
ZONDAG, Jacob A., Geology, Geography, and Environmental Studies, Calvin College, 3201
Burton St. SE, Grand Rapids, MI 49546, [email protected]
Although many Great Lakes coastal dunes possess some level of management, few studies
examine whether or not the techniques employed are successful. This project evaluates the
effectiveness of management techniques implemented on a highly popular dune on Lake
Michigan. Mt. Pisgah is a large parabolic dune in Holland, Michigan that locals suspected was
being degraded by overuse, prompting the application of management techniques such as
planted vegetation, sand fences, stairs, and viewing platforms. This study’s methods included
using sand traps and erosion pins to measure sand transport, mapping management techniques
68 2013 GSA Abstracts with Programs and human impacts, and distributing a questionnaire on visitors’ perceptions of management.
Despite the remnant of Hurricane Sandy occurring during the study, little sand movement was
measured. Mapping showed that planted vegetation has significantly decreased the amount of
bare sand. The presence of litter and a network of unmanaged trails indicate that people are still
going places they are not allowed. Nonetheless, questionnaire results showed a positive public
reaction to dune management and a willingness to cooperate with guidelines posted on the
dune. In general, the management techniques have lowered the possibility of unwanted erosion,
increased control over access to the dune, and preserved many natural habitats and features.
However, there is room for improvement in the control of litter and unmanaged trails.
31-4
2:30 PM
Parkin, Ann
[218686]
UNMANAGED TRAILS AND MANAGEMENT ON A GREAT LAKES DUNE
PARKIN, Ann, KURTZ, Alexander, PERRY, Krystal, SCHULTZ, Veronika, and WILLIAMS,
Matthew, Department of Geology, Geography and Environmental Studies, Calvin College,
3201 Burton St. SE, Grand Rapids, MI 49546, [email protected]
While there have been many studies of Michigan coastal dunes, few studies have focused on
the interactions between dune management and human impacts. This project investigates how
management actions affect the unmanaged trails on the North Beach Dune, a large parabolic
dune in Ottawa County, MI. In 2004, the dune was advancing towards an important access road
at 0.67 m/year; subsequently the managers implemented a combination of stabilization strategies
including installing sand fences, extending the elevated boardwalk, planting vegetation, and
constructing signs limiting access to the dune. In Fall 2012, we examined the characteristics of
the unmanaged trails to evaluate whether the management efforts were successful, leading to a
more stabilized dune. We mapped all of the unmanaged trails on the dune using GPS. We also
measured the width of the unmanaged trails and the density of vegetation near the trails. We
compared photographs from 2007, 2009, and 2011 to look for changes. Our results showed an
increase in the number of unmanaged trails, but a decrease in trail widths. This stabilization of
the unmanaged trails contributes to the stabilization of the entire dune. The highest trail density
occurred in the area of the dune where the pre-2007 boardwalk ended; this suggests that
visitors climbed over the railing at the end of the boardwalk. We conclude that the severity of the
unmanaged trails has lessened since the management efforts have been implemented on the
dune. Our study shows that management can successfully reduce human impacts in the form of
unmanaged trails on a coastal dune.
31-5
2:50 PM
Griffey, Denisha
[218765]
THE EFFECTS OF ROAD SALT DEICERS ON REDOX STRATIFICATION AND SALINIZATION
OF EUTROPHIC LAKES IN SOUTHWEST MI, USA
GRIFFEY, Denisha, Geosciences Department, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI
49008, [email protected] and KORETSKY, Carla M., Geosciences Department,
Western Michigan University, 1903 W Michigan Ave, Kalamazoo, MI 49008-5241
Eutrophication in lakes can be caused by agricultural and residential runoff, due to an excess
of nutrients, particularly phosphorus and nitrogen. Previous studies suggest that seasonal
applications of the road salt deicers result in the increase of chloride concentrations which may
impact lake aquatic ecosystems and geochemistry. The goal of this study is to examine the
effects that road salt deicers have on the geochemistry of Woods and Wintergreen Lake, two
kettle lakes located in Southwest MI, USA. Woods Lake is located in urban Kalamazoo, MI it has
a surface area of ~ 9.7 ha and a max depth ~ 14m. Wintergreen Lake is located in rural Augusta,
MI, has a surface area of ~16.4 ha and a max depth of ~ 7.9 m. Water column samples were
collected during May, June, September, November, and December at 1 m intervals, using a van
Dorn sampler. The water samples were filtered with two samples from each depth acidified and
two un-acidified, and analyzed colorimetrically for Fe2+, Mn2+, total alkalinity, ΣNH4+, and ΣPO43-,
by IC for anions (Cl-, Br-, NO3-, SO42-, F-, PO43-), and by ICP-OES for major ions and trace metals
(Ca, Mg, K, Na, Co, Cd, Zn, Ni, Al). Using an YSI 650MDS/600QS probe, pH, temperature,
dissolved oxygen, and conductivity were measured in situ at 0.5 m intervals. Nutrient and redoxsensitive species profiles demonstrate that both Woods and Wintergreen Lake are eutrophic, in
agreement with results reported in prior studies. In Woods Lake, DO drops from >100% sat in
the epilimnion to < 2% in the hypolimnion. In fall, as DO decreases, dissolved Fe2+, Mn2+, ΣNH4+,
and ΣPO43- increase below 8 to 12 m depth, reaching ~230, ~50, ~950, and ~65 µM, respectively.
Conductivity increases from 475 µS/cm at the surface to >1000 µS/cm which suggests salinity is
contributed from road salt inputs. DO similarly decreases from >100% sat at the surface to ~4%
in the bottom waters of Wintergreen Lake during the summer. In contrast, in fall, it is ~86% at 6 m.
In summer, dissolved Mn2+ and ΣNH4+ are present at Wintergreen Lake, but smaller concentrations
(16 and ~25µM, respectively, at 5 m) compared to Woods Lake. Conductivity is much lower
than at Woods Lake, increasing slightly from ~237 µS/cm in the epilimnion to ~392 µS/cm at
6 m. Continued sampling will be used to assess seasonal changes in lake stratification and to
determine whether these two lakes are dimictic.
31-6
3:10 PM
Ransohoff, Rebecca Weiss
[218619]
CARBON STORAGE AND NITROUS OXIDE AND METHANE EMISSIONS IN MANAGED AND
UNMANAGED URBAN LAWNS AND FORESTS
RANSOHOFF, Rebecca Weiss, Earlham College, Department of Geology, Richmond, IN
47374, [email protected], SODERLUND, Lily, Department of Geology, University of
Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, and TOWNSEND-SMALL, Amy, Department of Geology
and Department of Geography, University of Cincinnati, 605 Geology-Physics Building,
Cincinnati, OH 45221
Urban lawns may be beneficial for the uptake of organic carbon (OC) to mitigate excess carbon
dioxide in the atmosphere. However, lawn maintenance may also contribute to atmospheric
greenhouse gas emissions. This study looks at OC stocks and GHG flux rates from urban forest
soils and both managed and unmanaged urban lawns in Cincinnati, OH to evaluate and quantify
the amount of carbon that is being sequestered over time, and to measure the emission and
uptake of GHG in the different kinds of soils in relation to overall emissions of GHG. OC stocks
were measured by collecting transects from lawns of varying ages to develop a chronosequence
to determine the amount that the soils can store over time. Both forest soils and lawns can
sequester CO2, but it appears that unmanaged and forest soils have higher carbon stocks than
managed lawns, and the ability of a managed lawn to sequester OC has a cap between 20 to
30 years. Flux data was collected following USDA-ARS chamber-based protocols, using static
chambers placed randomly at sites. It was hypothesized that the urban lawns, both managed
and unmanaged, would have a lessened ability to uptake GHG relative to the urban forest
soil. Although preliminary data upholds this hypothesis, further data are needed to study the
relationship between lawn maintenance and the inherent capacity of a lawn to uptake GHG.
SESSION NO. 32
31-7
3:50 PM
Wagner, Zachary C.
[218764]
THE REDUCTION OF RIVERINE SILICA TRANSPORT DUE TO INVASIVE RIPARIAN
VEGETATION
WAGNER, Zachary C., Geology, Gustavus Adolphus College, 800 W College Ave,
Saint Peter, MN 56082, [email protected], TRIPLETT, Laura D., Department of
Geology and Environmental Studies Program, Gustavus Adolphus College, 800 W College
Ave, St Peter, MN 56082, and KETTENRING, Karin M., College of Natural Resources, Utah
State University, 5210 Old Main Hill, NR 210, Logan, UT 84322
The plant Phragmites australis subs. australis, also known as the common reed, has spread
widely across the United States after its introduction on the eastern coast. On the Platte River
in central Nebraska, one effect of Phragmites invasion is that previously unvegetated or lightly
vegetated banks and islands have become stabilized by the vegetation. This has allowed
sediment to accumulate where it might otherwise have been transported downstream. Phragmites
may additionally reduce the amount of dissolved silica in rivers with riparian zones dominated by
it due to the production of silica phytoliths by the plant. Also, the dense growth habit of Phragmites
may locally slow river velocity and cause deposition of the river’s suspended load, which contains
some biogenic silica like diatoms, freshwater sponge spicules and phytoliths that have been
washed into the river. The combination of the biological and physical effects could significantly
decrease the total load of silica flowing down the river. This study explored the differences in
biogenic silica concentration in Platte River sediments occupied by live Phragmites, recently
killed Phragmites, native Salix (willow), and unvegetated tracts. A sodium hydroxide digestion
was used to dissolve biogenic silica in sediment, the silica was then quantified using a molybdate
colormetric test UV visualization and also inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry
(ICP-MS). The study showed that biogenic silica concentrations are higher in places dominated
by live Phragmites, indicating a loss of bioavailable silica in the river system. Biogenic silica
concentrations in sediments underlying killed Phragmites are lower, suggesting that when
the vegetation has died the silica is re-released back to the river system on a relatively short
time scale.
31-8
4:10 PM
Wilch, T.I.
[218694]
MONITORING AND CHARACTERIZATION OF THE UPPER KALAMAZOO WATERSHED, MI:
UNDERGRADUATE RESEARCH IN A LOCAL NATURAL LABORATORY
WILCH, T.I. and LINCOLN, T.N., Geological Sciences, Albion College, 611 East Porter St,
Albion, MI 49224, [email protected]
For more than 10 years, Albion College students and faculty have been engaged in monitoring
and research of the Upper Kalamazoo Watershed in Calhoun and Jackson Counties, MI. Our
initial studies were a response to citizen concerns about piping of effluent from a local village’s
sewage lagoons directly into Rice Creek, a tributary of the upper Kalamazoo River. The research
evolved into a multi-faceted watershed monitoring project supported in part by an EPA section
319 grant through the local conservation district. More recent studies have focused on diel
cycling of multiple water quality parameters and the interaction between the stream system
and groundwater systems in riparian zone wetlands. Detailed studies have largely been facultymentored, student-centered projects and have included individualized directed studies during the
academic year and college-sponsored, 10-week summer research experiences.
The Upper Kalamazoo Watershed provides an ideal natural laboratory for undergraduate
research. Stream reaches include 5th to 1st order tributaries of the Kalamazoo River, draining
an 1163 km2, mostly rural watershed. The watershed includes reaches that appear “natural”
and others that have been intensely altered by dredging and straightening, as well as multiple
in-stream dams that have altered the gradient.
Some of the basic findings of our research are novel and important in terms of watershed
processes and management. Students discovered and carefully documented diel turbidity
cycles and hypothesized that the turbidity cycles were driven by a biological wetlands pump that
intercepted groundwater for plant use during daytime hours. Much student work continues to
focus on testing this hypothesis. Other students’ work suggests that nitrate levels in the river result
primarily from a series of springs with quite high nitrate levels, while the bulk of the river water
derives from distributed base flow with much lower nitrate concentrations. Future work includes
building a foundational GIS database for the Upper Kalamazoo Watershed which will put in place
a much needed overarching structure for the local watershed research.
31-9
4:30 PM
Syverson, Kent M.
[218689]
WATER RESOURCE IMPACTS ASSOCIATED WITH THE SAND-MINING BOOM IN WESTERN
WISCONSIN: A COMPARISON BETWEEN AGRICULTURAL ACTIVITIES AND SAND
PROCESSING
SYVERSON, Kent M., Dept. of Geology, University of Wisconsin, Eau Claire, WI 54702,
[email protected]
The sand-mining industry has been booming in western Wisconsin to meet the demand for frac
sand. New sand facilities are located outside of the recently glaciated area where the upper
Cambrian Mt. Simon, Wonewoc, and Jordan formations are exposed. These units are quartz-rich
(commonly >95%) and have large tonnages of the strong, well-rounded 20/50- and 40/70-mesh
sand grains prized in the oil and gas industry.
The rapid increase in sand mining has led to concerns about truck traffic, reclamation,
generation of respirable dust, and water resources. Water quantity and quality issues rarely are
compared to familiar agricultural activities.
Dairy cattle drink between 20 and 50 gallons of water per day. A 1000-head industrial dairy
operation requires 20,000 to 50,000 gal/day for drinking water alone. A center-pivot irrigation
system can pump 1000 gal/minute from the ground. An irrigation system watering a corn field for
24 hours extracts 1.4 million gallons of water.
Industrial sand must be washed before it is shipped to users. EOG runs ~2 million gal/day
through its sand plant in Chippewa Falls, WI. Most of this water is recycled, so the plant requires
~18,000 gal/day of “make-up water.”
Flocculants quickly remove clay particles from the water, permit effective water recycling,
and greatly reduce the water demands for sand processing. Polyacrylamide, the most common
flocculant, is safe and used in most municipal wastewater treatment facilities. However,
polyacrylamide commonly has trace amounts of acrylamide -- a neurotoxin. If acrylamide gets into
the ground water, is it likely to cause health problems?
Acrylamide degrades to carbon dioxide and ammonia rather quickly in the environment
(US EPA, 1985). In oxygen-rich soils, 74-94% of the acrylamide breaks down within 14 days.
In oxygen-poor soils, 64-89% of the acrylamide breaks down in 14 days. In river water, 10-20
ppm levels of acrylamide degrade completely in 12 days. Because horizontal ground-water flow
velocities are typically on the order of centimeters/day, acrylamide will not persist long within the
ground water. This reduces, but does not eliminate, the chances for adverse health impacts. Other
activities such as applications of manure, nitrate fertilizers, and pesticides also must be monitored
carefully to protect water resources.
31-10
4:50 PM
Vye, Erika C.
[218678]
OPENING A CLEAR AND EQUITABLE DIALOGUE ON THE ISSUE OF MINING IN MICHIGAN’S
KEWEENAW PENINSULA
VYE, Erika C., Geological and Mining Engineering and Sciences, Michigan Technological
University, 1400 Townsend Drive, Houghton, MI 49931, [email protected], ROSE, William I.,
Geological and Mining Engineering and Sciences, Michigan Technological Univ, 1400
Townsend Dr, Houghton, MI 49931, and MACLENNAN, Carol A., Social Sciences,
Michigan Technological University, 1400 Townsend Drive, Houghton, MI 49930
The long mining history in Michigan’s Keweenaw leaves a shadow of environmental issues
which are threatening to some residents; others see mining as a hope for needed jobs. With
approximately 200 million tons of copper in the Keweenaw, recent exploration by Highland Copper
Company Inc. has triggered urgent public interest. As Earth scientists we recognize that mining is
a necessity, as is the need to do so in an environmentally responsible manner. The general public
needs to know more about Earth science in order to make informed decisions for a sustainable
and high quality future. How can universities better communicate geoscience information? We
wish to gain insight into what the general public knows about mining (environmental concerns,
mining practices, economic benefits) and what their attitudes are toward mining in this region
(do people want this? why or why not?).
Methodologies include a survey administered to the general public by random sample that
addresses what the public knows about mining; this will be followed by semi-structured interviews
with select respondents in order to deepen understanding of attitudes toward mining and the way
place attachment may affect peoples’ position and decisions on land use issues. Additional data
will be generated from an open discussion at a public meeting organized specifically to discuss
concerns and misconceptions identified throughout this process. We wish to use this data to
open a clear, genuine and equitable dialogue to discuss the issue of mining in our community.
Understanding misconceptions, concerns, and attitudes toward mining among all stakeholders
involved is critical in order to guide and develop open channels of communication within the
Keweenaw community.
31-11
5:10 PM
Phillips, Michael A.
[218466]
PROVIDING GEOLOGIC EXPERTISE TO LOCAL COMMUNITIES FACING ENVIRONMENTAL
CONCERNS
PHILLIPS, Michael A., Natural Sciences, Illinois Valley Community College, 815 N. Orlando
Smith Ave, Oglesby, IL 61348-9692, [email protected]
Tens of thousands of sites where environmentally hazardous substances have been released
into the environment or where industrial or mining operations are being proposed can be found
in communities across the North America. These sites are investigated by professionals under
the oversight of state and local environmental protection agencies. The oversight agencies have
programs to keep impacted people informed. Unfortunately, these efforts may not succeed
because local citizens and elected officials lack the technical expertise to understand what is
being done and why. The lack of understanding combined with investigations that can take years
can lead to resentment and mistrust.
Offering geologic expertise to a community working through an environmental investigation
can be both rewarding and educational. Environmental reports include a variety of basic geologic
information including stratigraphy, well logs, maps of surficial and bedrock deposits, and cross
sections. The reports may contain more detailed geologic material such as hydrogeologic
analyses, river discharge forecasts, estimates of minable reserves, and coastal erosion
projections. Communities impacted by these reports may lack the resources to hire their own
consultant and welcome input from academic professionals and students. The resulting effort can
provide benefits to all participants.
The community benefits from having an objective review and someone on their side. Students
benefit from working with real-world data; seeing how that data is collected, analyzed, and
presented by professionals; and by preparing summaries and critiques that are accurate and
easily understood. Academic professionals benefit from access to data they may utilize in
teaching or further research, helping local communities understand their environment, and by
working with other geologists to develop solutions to environmental issues.
This talk will conclude with several examples of community outreach including an analysis of
a mine proposal, a long-term consultation with a community advisory group seeking remediation
of a Superfund site, and the examination of a groundwater contamination concern. Effective
outreach can result in long-term professional relationships and access to additional opportunities
to provide assistance.
Friday, 3 May 2013
32-1
1:30 PM
Gilchrist, Ann M.
[217999]
STUDENT SURVEYS: USEFUL TOOLS TO ENGAGE NON-SCIENCE MAJORS IN LAB
ACTIVITY REVISIONS
GILCHRIST, Ann M., Geosciences Department, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo,
MI 49008, [email protected]
Like most universities, WMU offers an introductory-level geology course for general-education
students (non-majors). In early 2012, declining enrollment, poor student evaluations and negative
teaching assistant feedback drove the formation of a committee to revise this course. The issues
were: a lab that was not coordinated with lecture, a computer tutorial that was not engaging, and
a focus on memorization. The committee selected the Earth Science Literacy Initiative (ESLI) “Big
Ideas” as a guide for reform. New course goals were to help students develop an understanding
of how earth works, how it influences them and how their choices influence it. A revised course
developed in spring and summer was implemented in fall.
To ensure that the original issues were rectified, student surveys were developed and
completed for each lab session. These consisted of modified Likert ratings for overall lab quality,
6-9 Likert items such as was lab connected with lecture, did it have a clear purpose and improve
understanding, and concluded with open-ended questions on what was most helpful, least
enjoyable and recommendations for improvement.
As a member of the committee, the lab coordinator compiled data and reported the results.
Highest overall rated labs were stream tables, Michigan fossils, earth hazards and pit mining.
Comments indicated these were popular since most of the period was hands-on exercises and
student teams were larger.
SESSION NO. 32
Survey feedback requested a brief introduction to each subject, so videos from the American
Geosciences Institute on the ESLI Big Ideas became the opening for labs. Surveys also indicated
students did not like getting dirty; plastic gloves are now available in labs.
Though it is too early to tell if enrollment will increase, it is evident that survey data permitted
swift modifications for course improvement. Content learning with pre-test and post-test allow
educators to ascertain retention, but does not provide data for making adjustments during
instruction. Data-driven course reform using surveys provides rapid, easy to interpret feedback
and the opportunity to make adjustments during the instruction period.
32-2
1:50 PM
Barney, Jeffrey A.
[218790]
DO OUR GRADING PRACTICES SEND THE RIGHT MESSAGE?
BARNEY, Jeffrey A., Mallinson Institutute for Science Education, Western Michigan
University, 6575 N 44th St, Augusta, MI 49012, [email protected], PETCOVIC,
Heather, Department of Geosciences and The Mallinson Institute for Science Education,
Western Michigan University, 1187 Rood Hall, Kalamazoo, MI 49008, FYNEWEVER, Herb,
Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Calvin College, 3201 Burton SE, Grand Rapids,
MI 49546, HENDERSON, Charles, Physics Department, Western Michigan University, 1903
West Michigan Ave, Kalamazoo, MI 49008, and MUTAMBUKI, Jacinta M., The Mallinson
IOnstitute for Science Education, Western Michigan UNiversity, 3225 Wood Hall, Kalamazoo,
MI 49008
Grading practices can send a powerful message to students about what is expected. Research
in physics education has identified a misalignment between the goals of faculty instructors and
their actual scoring of student solutions: instructors encourage students to show their work when
solving numerical problems, yet sometimes grade student work in a way that can discourage them
from showing their work. This previous research identified three values that guide faculty when
making grading decisions: (1) a desire to see students’ reasoning, (2) a reluctance to deduct
points from solutions that might be correct, and (3) a tendency to assume correct reasoning.
When these values are in conflict, the conflict is resolved by placing the burden of proof on either
the instructor or the student. When the burden of proof is placed on the instructor, points are not
deducted for student work unless the instructor can find evidence of mistakes or incorrect student
reasoning. When the burden of proof is placed on the student, points are not awarded unless the
student shows evidence of correct reasoning.
In this study, we verified that this gap exists among earth science faculty and that the same
three values are present. We interviewed nine Earth Science instructors from two Midwest
research universities about their grading practices. Overall, we found that only 33% of earth
science instructors placed the burden of proof on students, requiring the students to demonstrate
correct reasoning in order to earn points. Similar to the physics study, we found that although all
of the instructors stated that they valued seeing student reasoning, over 50% of them placed the
burden of proof on themselves, and graded work in such a way that could actually discourage
students from showing their reasoning. This work may contribute toward a better alignment
between values and practice in grading student work, and promote learning environments that are
more likely to encourage students to show their work when solving numerical problems.
32-3
2:10 PM
Petcovic, Heather L.
[218647]
GEOSCIENTISTS’ PERCEPTIONS OF THE VALUE OF FIELDWORK
PETCOVIC, Heather L., Department of Geosciences and The Mallinson Institute for Science
Education, Western Michigan University, 1903 W Michigan Ave, Kalamazoo, MI 490085241, [email protected], STOKES, Alison, School of Geography, Earth and
Environmental Sciences, Plymouth University, Drake Circus, Plymouth, PL4 8AA, United
Kingdom, and CAULKINS, Joshua L., RITES Project, University of Rhode Island, 9 East
Alumni Avenue, 116 Woodward Hall, Kingston, RI 02881
A perception exists that fieldwork, either in the form of course trips, multi-day excursions,
residential camps, or research, is essential to gaining expertise in the geosciences. Given the
financial, logistical, and liability challenges of extended field-based instruction, we ask: why does
the geoscience community view fieldwork as such an essential experience? And what particular
types of fieldwork are considered most valuable?
To address these questions, we developed a mixed open- and closed-response survey
asking about perceptions of fieldwork (including field camps and courses). Data were collected
anonymously at the 2010 and 2011 Geological Society of America national meetings where
participants (n=172; 46% female, 88% Caucasian, 89% working in the USA) completed surveys
in a booth in the exhibit hall. Survey participants responded to questions as a member of one
of three groups; 50% self-identified as learners (about half undergraduate and half graduate
students), 36% as instructors (dominantly holding academic positions), and 14% as industry
professionals (dominantly working in government or industry).
Over 90% of all respondents indicated that fieldwork should be an integral and required part
of undergraduate education. However, while 80% agreed that a residential field camp should be
required, only 35% supported the inclusion of bedrock mapping. Thematic coding of the openended items suggests that fieldwork is valued across all groups in promoting cognitive gains,
affective responses, and preparation for further study and/or work in the geosciences. When
rating the importance of possible fieldwork learning outcomes, all groups highly valued developing
a better understanding of geologic concepts, improving problem-solving skills, and increasing
confidence in problem-solving skills. Instructors also highly valued integrating knowledge from
different disciplines, whereas industry professionals placed high value in developing a better
understanding of how geologists think. This work will help the geoscience community identify
long-term goals and outcomes of educational fieldwork experiences.
32-4
2:30 PM
Rowbotham, Katherine L.
[218708]
GENERATING CONTENT KNOWLEDGE GAINS THAT STICK: CRACKING THE CODE IN A
FIELD-BASED WATER QUALITY COURSE
ROWBOTHAM, Katherine L., Mallinson Institute for Science Education, Western Michigan
University, 1903 W Michigan Ave, Kalamazoo, MI 49008-5444, [email protected],
and KORETSKY, Carla M., Geosciences Department, Western Michigan University, 1903 W
Michigan Ave, Kalamazoo, MI 49008-5241
In order to help students develop a holistic understanding of complex aquatic systems,
biogeochemical cycling, and the process of eutrophication, we created an upper level, field- and
lab-based course for undergraduates. Geoscience and Environmental Studies majors enrolled in
the course conduct an authentic, collaborative assessment of water quality, investigating urban
lakes with a history of eutrophication in Kalamazoo, MI.
70 2013 GSA Abstracts with Programs Primary data collection during the first two offerings of the course (Fall 2009 and Fall 2010)
included experience, attitude, and knowledge instruments and a series of four semi-structured
interviews with approximately 25% of enrolled students. The multiple-choice knowledge
instrument functioned as a pre-/post-test, assessing students’ knowledge of lake systems and
relevant biogeochemistry. As measured by this instrument, students enrolled during the first two
offerings of the course demonstrated substantial content knowledge gains – a 57% mean gain in
2009 and a 43.5% mean gain in 2010.
As we considered these content knowledge gains, several research questions emerged:
(1) Which aspects of the course might be responsible for promoting these knowledge gains?
(2) Might student engagement be connected to knowledge gained in some way? (3) Are these
gains durable? These questions generated several changes in the data collection procedure
for the third and fourth offerings of course (Fall 2011 and Fall 2012). The attitude survey was
eliminated and an engagement survey (deployed five times over the course of the semester)
was added. Further, semi-structured interviews included both content- and engagement-related
questions/probes. In addition to deploying the content knowledge instrument pre- and postcourse, we deployed it again approximately four months after the conclusion of the course
(along with an abbreviated experience survey). After completing these two instruments, students
participated in a final semi-structured interview.
Here, we will focus on content knowledge gained and retained by students in the third and
fourth offerings of the course and the specific aspects of the course that students report affect
their engagement with the course and its content.
32-5
2:50 PM
Callahan, Caitlin N.
[218731]
HOW A GEOLOGIST CAN GET LEAD ASTRAY: A VIDEO LOG STUDY EXAMINING HOW
ERRORS IN OBSERVATIONS AND INTERPRETATIONS YIELD ERRORS IN GEOLOGIC MAPS
CALLAHAN, Caitlin N., The Mallinson Institute for Science Education, Western Michigan
University, 3225 Wood Hall, Kalamazoo, MI 49008, [email protected],
and BAKER, Kathleen M., Department of Geography, Western Michigan University, 3238
Wood Hall, Kalamazoo, MI 49008
In this study, we integrate data capturing the physical actions, spoken thoughts, and navigation
paths of geologists as they make a geologic map. Eight geologists, from novice (undergraduate)
to expert (professional), wore a head-mounted video camera with an attached microphone to
record their visible actions and their spoken thoughts, creating “video logs” while in the field. Two
of the eight geologists, one novice and one expert, made similar errors on their final maps. Here
we focus on their two video logs as sources of insight into the origin and evolution of those errors;
we also contrast their spoken thoughts and actions with those recorded in two other video logs by
participants (also one novice and one expert) who produced more accurate maps.
The participants mapped a field area for which there exists a consensus understanding of the
underlying geology (i.e., an “answer key”). In addition to a head-mounted camera, participants
also wore a GPS unit to record their position throughout the day. Both the GPS data and video
logs are time-stamped, enabling the data sets to be synchronized. The videos were coded both
for instances of visible actions (e.g., measuring strike and dip, breaking a rock sample for a fresh
surface, or testing a rock sample with HCl) and for themes in spoken thoughts (e.g., procedural
and declarative knowledge, reasoning, or metacognition).
From analyses of the video logs, we find that for the two novices, data collection drives model
development. The differences in the accuracy of their maps are determined more by their
interpretations of the data. Both experts use an aerial photograph of the field area to propose an
initial interpretation of the underlying geology; their initial interpretations guide later data collection
and model refinement. The difference in the accuracy of their maps reflects the differences in their
initial interpretations and subsequent model development.
32-6
3:10 PM
Steffke, Christy
[218737]
CONVEYING INFORMATION WITH MAPS: A FUNCTION OF SYMBOLOGY
STEFFKE, Christy, Geocognition Research Laboratory, Michigan State University,
Department of Geological Sciences, 206 Natural Sciences, East Lansing, MI 48824,
[email protected] and LIBARKIN, Julie, Geocognition Research Laboratory, Michigan State
University, Department of Geological Sciences, 288 Farm Lane, 206 Natural Science, East
Lansing, MI 48824
Spatial data models are often represented using common cartographic schemes which may
not be the most effective for conveying information. For instance, map viewer experience and
understanding may be influenced by the way continuous-value data within a map is symbolized.
The impact of cartographic design characteristics has long been considered in disciplines specific
to map design or cartography, but much is left to be desired for map and image design across
the natural and spatial sciences as a whole. Effective symbology is pertinent for conveying
continuous-value data, but there also exists a need to balance efficacy with map aesthetics in
order to effectively communicate across various audiences. Similarly, Edward Tufte emphasized
the importance of symbolizing data using operative color schemes: “…avoiding catastrophe
becomes the first principle in bringing color to information: Above all, do no harm” (Envisioning
Information by Edward Tufte, 1990). Geoscience educators, for example, often use illustrated
depictions for conveying information to their students, but can neglect cartographic design
principles which may limit image efficacy or worse yet, distract the image viewer.
In this paired study, we used eye tracking and Amazon Mechanical Turk to illuminate participant
ability to estimate map values from a continuous-value dataset as a function of color ramp
used to symbolize the data. In Part 1 of this study, we carried out an eye tracking experiment
in which we quantified differences in apparent visual attention of experts and novices across
images symbolized using varying common color palettes. Eye tracking data from these free gaze
sessions indicated that participants interact differently when viewing continuous-value datasets
symbolized using different ramps. In Part 2 of this study, we used the Amazon Mechanical Turk
internet crowdsourcing tool to examine participants’ ability to estimate map values based on
the color ramp used to symbolize continuous-value map data. Amazon Mechanical Turk results
indicated that participant estimation of map values is strongly related to the color ramp used to
symbolize the data. As a product of this study, we hope to better guide symbology selection so as
to produce more effective maps for conveying information.
SESSION NO. 33
32-7
3:30 PM
Martin, Nicholas
[218658]
UNINTENDED CUING IN TEST DESIGN: COLLEGE STUDENT DATA AND SPATIAL ANALYSIS
OF EYE TRACKING
MARTIN, Nicholas, Geological Sciences, Michigan State University, 288 Farm Lane,
206 Natural Science, East Lansing, MI 48824, [email protected], LIBARKIN,
Julie, Geocognition Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, Department of
Geological Sciences, 288 Farm Lane, 206 Natural Science, East Lansing, MI 48824,
GERAGHTY WARD, Emily M., Department of Geology, Rocky Mountain College, 1511 Poly
Drive, Billings, MT 59102, and JARDELEZA, Sarah, Geocognition Research Laboratory,
Michigan State University, Department of Geological Sciences, 354 Farm Lane, 100 North
Kedzie Hall, East Lansing, MI 48824
The design of a test itself may be just as important for performance as a student’s knowledge
of the material being tested. In this study, a set of multiple choice questions containing common
test designer idiosyncrasies was created to evaluate the extent to which design influences
performance. Common idiosyncrasies included: longer answers, answers containing technical
language, and answers that correspond to language in the stem of the question. Results from
roughly 700 incoming college freshmen indicate that long or technical answers are chosen
much more often than other answers. Eye tracking data from 15 students indicate that attention
is unequal across all answer options; for example, participants spend much less time gazing
at response option “d” than at other options. Differences in attention to salient features of long
or technical answers provide evidence for mechanisms underlying the test taking observed in
college freshmen. These results suggest that some students are using underlying signals to
improve test performance. As a consequence, test scores are likely to be reflective of not only
the student’s knowledge of the material, but their ability to pick up on cues in the questions
themselves.
Friday, 3 May 2013
Assessment of Water Availability and Use in the
Glaciated United States
33-1
1:30 PM
Reeves, Howard W.
[218617]
USGS GLACIAL AQUIFER SYSTEM GROUNDWATER AVAILABILITY STUDY
REEVES, Howard W., USGS Michigan Water Science Center, U.S. Geological Survey,
6520 Mercantile Way, Suite 5, Lansing, MI 48911-5991, [email protected]
USGS Groundwater Resources Program is coordinating regional groundwater availability studies
for principal aquifer systems across the nation. These studies focus on assessment of the status
of groundwater resources and quantification of the response of these systems to development
and climate change. Each study provides groundwater resource information in a regional context
that is designed to help support local decisions. When completed, these studies will provide
insight on the major groundwater resources of the nation. The glacial aquifer system study is
challenged by the large spatial extent of the system, extreme spatial heterogeneity, climatic
range from semi-arid to humid, and the potential for strong hydraulic connection of shallow glacial
aquifers to surface-water features. In meeting these challenges, the study aims to provide analysis
for characterizing limitations on groundwater availability in regions within the glacial aquifer
system arising from climatic setting, hydrogeologic conditions, water quality issues, constraints
imposed by the desire to maintain environmental flows, or other features of the system.
33-2
1:50 PM
Bayless, E. Randall
[218125]
A STANDARDIZED DATABASE OF WELL-DRILLERS’ RECORDS FOR THE GLACIATED
UNITED STATES
BAYLESS, E. Randall, U.S. Geological Survey, [email protected]
A standardized database of well-drillers’ records in the glaciated United States and adjacent
portions of Canada is being compiled as part of the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) WaterSMART
program. The glacial aquifer system is the single largest aquifer system in the United States and
is present in parts of 25 states, stretching from the Atlantic to the Pacific Coasts and along the
International Boundary between the United States and Canada. For this effort, about 11.5 million
well-driller’s records have been acquired from State-managed databases and from the USGS
National Water Information System (NWIS) database. The number of well-drillers’ records per
state retrieved by this effort ranges from a few hundred in Maine to a few million in Minnesota. The
standardization of the well-driller’s database utilizes several computer programs that reduce the
compilation to well-drillers’ records that meet standards for completeness, accuracy, and contain
consistent terminology. Most importantly, the driller’s descriptions are translated into standardized
lithologic terms used in the NWIS Ground Water Site Inventory system. In addition to lithologic
descriptions, the database includes well-construction, pump-test, and water-use information that
is applicable to a wide variety of hydrogeologic studies. Maps will be generated for each state
that portray relative horizontal and vertical hydraulic conductivity, measured horizontal hydraulic
conductivity, transmissivity, thickness of unconsolidated deposits, and bedrock elevation, the
total thickness of sand and gravel. The project plans to make the information in the standardized
database publically accessible through a web portal.
33-3
2:10 PM
Unterreiner, Gerald
[218140]
NEW LIDAR-BASED INDIANA DNR POTENTIOMETRIC SURFACE MAPS
UNTERREINER, Gerald, Indiana Department of Natural Resources, Division of Water,
402 W Washington St, Rm W264, Indianapolis, IN 46204, [email protected]
The Indiana Department of Natural Resources (DNR), Division of Water (DOW) began a
new county-based potentiometric surface mapping project in 2011. A DOW customer survey
conducted in 2010 showed that potentiometric surface maps were rated the most important future
water resource product. The potentiometric surface project was begun upon completion of the
county-based statewide aquifer systems mapping. As with groundwater availability mapping, the
potentiometric surface mapping project relies heavily on the DOW water well database, which is
freely available online and contains over 400,000 water well records. All of the DOW groundwater
assessment maps and publications are posted on the Internet and are free for viewing, printing,
and downloading from the DOW main page at http://www.in.gov/dnr/water. The new potentiometric
surface mapping project utilizes airborne obtained LIDAR (Light Detection And Ranging) data
for surficial high-resolution digital elevation maps (DEMs). The LIDAR obtained point elevations
are assigned to located water wells within a Geographic Information Systems (GIS) program.
The static water well level obtained from the water well record is subtracted from the surface
elevation to obtain the potentiometric surface elevation. Geocoding was used in conjunction with
county parcels and address points to increase the number of located water well records available
for mapping. The products for the new potentiometric surface map series include: maps and
digital coverage of unconsolidated and/or bedrock potentiometric surface lines; text describing
potentiometric surface mapping; a spreadsheet of water well data used for potentiometric surface
mapping, with a separate lithology tab; GIS shapefiles of pertinent geographic and hydrologic
features displayed on the maps; and a potentiometric surface line Keyhole Markup Language
compressed (KMZ) file.
33-4
2:30 PM
Naylor, Shawn
[218497]
QUANTIFYING HYDROLOGIC BUDGET COMPONENTS IN INDIANA USING A NETWORK OF
METEOROLOGICAL AND VADOSE-ZONE INSTRUMENT ARRAYS
NAYLOR, Shawn, Center for Geospatial Data Analysis, Indiana Geological Survey, 611 North
Walnut Grove Ave, Bloomington, IN 47405-2208, [email protected], GUSTIN, Andrew R.,
Center for Geospatial Data Analysis, Indiana Geological Survey, Indiana University, 611
Walnut Grove, Bloomington, IN 47405, LETSINGER, Sally L., Center for Geospatial Data
Analysis, Indiana University, Indiana Geological Survey, 611 N. Walnut Grove Avenue,
Bloomington, IN 47405-2208, ELLETT, Kevin, Indiana Geological Survey, 611 Walnut Grove
Avenue, Bloomington, IN 47405, and OLYPHANT, Greg A., Geological Sciences, Indiana
University, Center for Geospatial Data Analysis, 1001 East Tenth Street, Bloomington, IN
47405
Weather stations in the United States that collect reliable, long-term meteorological data sets
are now widely distributed owing to advances in both instrumentation and remote data-server
technology. However, with the exception of Illinois, sites collecting soil-moisture and soiltemperature data remain sparse in the Midwest, and fewer locations exist where complete
meteorological data are collected along with vadose-zone data. Coupled monitoring networks are
important for establishing reliable land surface water and energy budgets and estimating deep
drainage in the soil profile. They also provide essential data for expanding our understanding of
soil moisture-climate coupling.
Accordingly, a network of 11 monitoring stations has been developed in Indiana. Nine of the
stations are located in glaciated environments including: ground moraine, moraine crest, outwash
terrace, and alluvial terrace settings with the remaining two sites situated in reclaimed-mine and
unglaciated highland settings. Each instrument array employs standard meteorological sensors,
including pyranometers used to measure incoming shortwave solar radiation at seven of the
sites and net radiometers at four of the sites. The resulting data are used to calculate potential
evapotranspiration (PET) using standard methods by the Food and Agriculture Organization
(FAO) of the United Nations. Vadose-zone instrumentation is installed at six of the glaciated sites
and includes time-domain reflectometry soil-moisture and temperature sensors at 0.3-m depth
intervals down to a depth of 1.8 m, in addition to matric-potential sensors at 0.15, 0.3, 0.6, and
1.2 m. Shallow water-table aquifers are present at three of the sites, and piezometers are used to
measure water-table fluctuations.
Beyond providing PET estimates using the FAO guidelines, the data will be used to determine
groundwater recharge using the soil-water-balance approach. The significance of quantifying
these hydrosphere components is especially important with more frequent drought conditions
creating increasing stresses on groundwater resources and agriculture in Indiana. Future landbased modeling efforts aimed at improving our understanding of soil-moisture and recharge
distribution will also benefit from having an established empirical data network.
33-5
2:50 PM
Lingle, Derrick
[218282]
ORIGIN OF HIGH LEVELS OF AMMONIUM IN GROUNDWATER, OTTAWA COUNTY, MI
LINGLE, Derrick, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI 49008, derrick.a.lingle@
wmich.edu and KEHEW, A.E., Geosciences Department, Western Michigan University,
Kalamazoo, MI 49008
Wells located in and around Hemlock Crossing Park in Ottawa County, MI have elevated levels
of ammonium (NH4+) in the groundwater. Ammonium can interfere with drinking water disinfection
processes and lead to the eutrophication of surface water bodies. Elevated NH4+ concentrations
generally originate from anthropogenic sources. Agricultural activity is common around Hemlock
Crossing Park. Manure, spread on fields for fertilizer purposes, could be leaching into the
subsurface and providing a source for the NH4+. Another possible source of the NH4+ is from the
decay of buried organic matter that was deposited during the ice-free mid-Wisconsin glacial
episode.
To determine if organic matter is present in the subsurface below Hemlock Crossing Park, a
complete core was recovered during the installation of a monitoring well using Rotasonic drilling.
The well boring tagged the Coldwater Shale bedrock, with the intent of acquiring a complete
record of glacial sediment in the area. Initial grain size analysis reveals that the local glacial
stratigraphy includes sediment from Glacial Lake Chicago, the Saugatuck till, possible Ganges
till, and Glenn Shores till. Of interest in the core was a layer of compacted peat. Organic matter
in the peat layer was dated at ~41,000 yr before present (B.P.) using radiocarbon analysis. The
peat layer is bounded by two sandy confined aquifers; both of which park and residential wells
draw water from. Results from water samples collected from park wells confirm that both aquifers
have elevated concentrations of Fe2+ and NH4+. This is indicative of a favorable environment for
anaerobic microbes, which can break down buried organic material into ammonium.
Future work will involve sampling from park and nearby residential wells and running analysis
for major ions and redox parameters. This will give a better understanding of factors that are
influencing the water quality. A through isotopic investigation, involving 3H and 14C dating as well
as δ18O-δ2H and δ15N-NH4+ signatures, will be used to determine if the elevated NH4+ originates
from manure applied to fields or from the decay of the buried peat layer. Results will be beneficial
to formerly glaciated regions with similar hydrological conditions where significant amounts of
buried organic matter and NH4+ may be present.
SESSION NO. 34
Friday, 3 May 2013
Geotechnical and Hydrogeology (Association of
Environmental and Engineering Geologists)
34-4
34-1
3:30 PM
West, Terry R.
[218203]
RECENT STUDIES IN APPLIED GEOLOGY, A CONTINUING STORY, TIPPECANOE COUNTY,
NORTHWEST INDIANA
WEST, Terry R., Earth & Atmospheric Sciences, Purdue University, 550 Stadium Mall Drive,
West Lafayette, IN 47907, [email protected]
Tippecanoe County, Indiana, home of Purdue University, is a convenient location for field studies
in applied geology for students and faculty. Undergraduate research projects of a short duration,
master’s studies and continuing field investigations by faculty members are facilitated by the close
vicinity of the field sites. Over the years, the author has had numerous opportunities to be involved
in this work. Studies have included ground water supply problems where shallow siltstone bedrock
prevails, the ancestral Wabash River channel location, wetlands associated with agricultural
farming, fields with drainage tiles versus those in undrained areas, environmental concerns
along the Wabash River floodway, siting of a new sanitary landfill and environmental concerns
for existing ones, gravel deposits in glacial terrain , soil erosion from residential construction
yielding sediment transport and deposition, consideration of the Lafayette dam and reservoir
proposed by the U. S. Army Corps of Engineers, right of way concerns for highway relocation,
expansion of university ownership into a former gravel pit property, eminent domain issues with
local government and Purdue University, evaluation of the geology and terrain at the Battle of
Tippecanoe, November 1811 and age dating of gravel deposits in the Wea Outwash Plain. A
brief summary of these projects will be presented with emphasis on the influence of geology and
topography of Tippecanoe County.
34-2
3:50 PM
Alfaifi, Hussain J.
[218648]
COMPARING SLUG TEST RESULTS IN UNCONFINED AQUIFERS ANALYZED USING
DIFFERENT METHODS
ALFAIFI, Hussain J., Geosciences, Western Michigan University, 4129 Chelten Ave,
Kalamazoo, MI 49006, [email protected] and HAMPTON, Duane R.,
Dept. of Geosciences, Western Michigan University, 1903 W. Michigan Avenue, MS 5241,
Kalamazoo, MI 49008
Slug test methods are used to determine aquifer hydraulic conductivity (K) in situ more quickly
and economically than with a pump test. This study compares slug test methods for unconfined
aquifers, including Bouwer and Rice (1976), Kansas Geological Survey (1994), Hvorslev (1951)
and Dagan (1978). Slug test data from several wells in two separate unconfined aquifers is
analyzed to examine the effects of having well screens either entirely submerged or crossing the
water table. This study attempts to answer questions such as: Does the Bouwer and Rice method
work? Does a big slug yield better results than a small slug? Does the option of assuming a well
skin make a significant difference in the slug test results?
To address these questions, experiments were conducted in a 7-foot diameter culvert installed
vertically in a 7.5-foot deep hole and then backfilled with uniform sand. Six monitoring wells were
installed in this uniform man-made unconfined aquifer, and two sizes of slug rods were used in
testing these wells. One rod was five feet long and 1 inch in diameter. The larger rod was almost
7 feet long and 1.5 inches in diameter, with an embayment in the bottom and a slot in one side
to make room for a pressure transducer and its cable. Tests also were conducted on five closelyspaced wells installed in a natural unconfined aquifer with different screen lengths and depths
relative to the water table. All wells tested at both sites were two inches in diameter.
Hydraulic conductivity (K) values calculated from tests in the culvert and the natural aquifer
show that the Bouwer and Rice method results are closer to the KGS results than to the Hvorslev
values. Bouwer and Rice K’s are noticeably smaller than KGS or Hvorslev K’s; the difference is
statistically significant. Bouwer and Rice K values have a smaller standard deviation than the
KGS or Hvorslev values. Hydraulic conductivity values obtained from tests using the big slug rod
are significantly bigger than K’s obtained using a smaller slug rod, regardless of analysis method
chosen. Since slug test K’s are invariably smaller than pump test K’s, the larger K’s obtained using
the big slug are believed to be more accurate. This means that better results are obtained when
slug size is maximized.
34-3
4:10 PM
Salim, Rachel
[218691]
LABORATORY MEASUREMENTS OF CAPILLARY RISE IN SANDS AND SILTS
SALIM, Rachel, Geosciences, Western Michigan University, 1903 W Michigan Ave MS
5241, Kalamazoo, MI 49009, [email protected] and HAMPTON, Duane R., Dept. of
Geosciences, Western Michigan University, 1903 W. Michigan Avenue, MS 5241, Kalamazoo,
MI 49008
Literature values for the height of capillary rise in fine sands, silts, and clays are contradictory. The
late C.W. Fetter (Applied Hydrogeology, 3rd ed., 1994) claimed that the height of capillary rise
varies from 1.5 cm in fine gravel to 100 cm in “very fine sand” up to 750 cm in “fine silt”. We found
these numbers for finer materials unbelievable. Our research goal is to measure capillary rise in
sands and silts, and use our data to identify believable equations and values in the literature for
sands, silts and clays.
Uniform sand grains 0.4-0.7 mm in diameter were carefully packed into two-inch diameter
glass columns. These were placed into clear tanks with water level held constant. The average
height of capillary rise observed above the constant water level was 13.5 cm, similar to Fetter’s
15 cm for a similar size sand. The sand was also treated with a water-repellent spray to test
capillary rise in a hydrophobic porous medium. This was done to show the effects that wettability
has on capillary rise. The capillary fringe was observed to be below the free water level in the
tank. In four hydrophobic sand columns, the average depression of the saturated zone was
5.75 cm. Capillary rise in a finer uniform 0.3-0.6 mm sand is currently being measured. Capillary
rise in silt with average grain size below 40 microns was also measured after the silt was mixed
with equal volumes of the 0.4-0.7 sand to make the column packing work better. The columns
are up to 264 cm high. In several silt column experiments, the silt cracked. All of the tests above
were repeated using kerosene instead of water; in two silt columns, the capillary rise of kerosene
72 2013 GSA Abstracts with Programs was 134 cm and there was no cracking. This value for kerosene scales to a water capillary rise of
228 cm.
We hope to identify equations for calculating capillary rise that come close to data values we
believe. We are focusing on the equation Fetter used as well as the Polubarinova-Kochina (1952)
(P-K) equation which is: hc = 0.45 ((1 – n) / n)/ d10 , with n = porosity, hc = capillary rise and d10
= effective grain diameter (hc and d10 in cm). Our tests with water in sand averaged hc = 13.5 cm
for 5 tests; the P-K value is 14.8 cm. The capillary rise in silt calculated using P-K was 181 cm;
Fetter’s value would be 188 cm. We hope to add water to a 25% silt, 75% sand column without
cracking to measure capillary rise and compare with these values.
4:30 PM
Jha, Rajan
[218794]
ESTABLISHMENT OF UNIVERSAL REGRESSION MODELS FOR PREDICTION OF STREAM
MORPHOLOGY BASED ON RELIEF, CLIMATE & WATERSHED VARIABLES
JHA, Rajan, Environmental & Water Resource Engineering, Virginia Tech, 800 newport
terrace, Blacksburg, VA 24060, [email protected]
Are stream properties decoupled from watershed characteristics? Or else do watershed
characteristics dictate the channel morphology? If they dictate then can we predict the values
of stream properties (Bankfull discharge, Width, Depth, Channel slope, Sinuosity and Meander
wavelength) based on the value of its watershed variables (namely: Rainfall/Runoff intensity,
Relief, Drainage area , Valley slope , Sediment supply , Watershed elevation , Forest cover,
Urban cover, Grass Cover , type of vegetation, Bank material, Soil type, Tectonic events)? The
answer to these questions can be very critical in establishing universal relationships that could
help us predict the values of hydraulic geometry for any stream across the globe. This research is
exactly based on finding answers to these questions and quantitatively figuring out the degree of
dependency of the watershed inputs to the stream variables. In “Part I” we do a qualitative study
of the watershed characteristics and reason how perturbations in any one of the characteristic
can lead to change in one or all of the stream properties. We try figuring the threshold values
of change of each stream property (width, depth, channel gradient and others) and thereby
determining how a stream accomplishes its objective of maintaining a “Quasi-Equilibrium state.”In
“Part II” we do an empirical study of formulating dimensionless regression equations in order to
predict bankfull hydraulic geometry. The results from Part II can be very helpful in deciding which
dimensionless watershed variable has the most dominant affect on each dimensionless channel
property. Based on a large data set of 600 data points, a cumulative universal regression model
is developed. Later the data set is segregated into state/region wise and equations are developed
separately for streams of 20 different states mainly belonging to USA, Canada, UK & New
Zealand. The regression results clearly indicate “annual average rainfall with distribution, drainage
area and mean basin elevation” as the most important and significant parameters which when
combined integrate the effects of other watershed variables namely: urban cover, forest cover,
sediment supply, etc.
34-5
4:50 PM
Byer, Gregory
[218354]
DISCOVERY OF CONCEALED SUBSURFACE STRUCTURES AND CONTAMINATION AT
HISTORIC INDUSTRIAL SITES THROUGH INTEGRATION OF GEOPHYSICAL EXPLORATION
INTO THE INVESTIGATION PROCESS
BYER, Gregory, ARCADIS U.S., Inc, 132 East Washington Street, Suite 600, Indianapolis,
IN 46204, [email protected]
Performance of environmental investigations on properties containing historic industrial
operations is a common occurrence. Guided by historic documents, the investigator must
endeavor to align past features with current site characteristics that often differ from one another.
In some situations, subsurface geophysical exploration helps the environmental geoscientist
make informed decisions about the placement of soil borings, wells, or test pits, and provides a
visceral image of the site.
The purpose of this paper is to illustrate to geoscience professional some of the circumstances
for which there may be tangible benefit from the use of geophysical techniques. Most often, the
geophysical survey is performed as a series of regularly spaced measurements within a defined
area of interest - measurements of electrical conductivity, magnetic field, and metal content are
the most widely used reconnaissance mapping techniques. Ground penetrating radar is also
frequently employed to provide 2D or 3D imaging of features discovered by reconnaissance
mapping. In some cases resistivity or seismic imaging are selected as a means of adding
geologic details, particularly when shallow bedrock is present.
The geophysical objectives often include the need for discovery of buried fuel, process
chemical, or waste containment vessels. Associated infrastructure often includes pipes for
conveyance of fluids to dispensing or treatment areas. Sumps, dry wells, and septic tanks are
often the target of interest due to liquid waste disposal into drain systems. Sewers and other
utilities often provide mobile contaminants a pathway for spreading away from the source area
and entering aquifers or streams. Knowledge of buried foundations provides confirmation of
the location of above or below ground storage, processing or treatment facilities from which
contamination originated.
The examples provided illustrate a variety of geologic settings, types of historical facilities,
contaminants, and site-specific characteristics and objectives. Tangible benefits resulted in each
situation shown. Whether to guide additional sampling activities or estimation of remediation
costs, the inclusion of geophysical exploration in site investigation activities may be well advised
for historic industrial facilities.
34-6
5:10 PM
Mickelson, David
[218388]
USING LIDAR TO MAP STABLE SLOPE SETBACKS ON LAKE SUPERIOR SHORE BLUFFS IN
IRON AND DOUGLAS COUNTIES, WISCONSIN
MICKELSON, David, Geology and Geophysics, U. of Wisconsin - Madison, 1215 W.
Dayton St, Madison, WI 53706-1692, [email protected] and LAUMANN, Jason,
Northwest Regional Planning Commission, 1400 South River St, Spooner, WI 54801
Primarily because of its proximity to the Minneapolis-St. Paul population center, there is
increasing development pressure on this part of the Lake Superior shoreline. Much of the
shoreline of Iron and Douglas counties has bluffs from about 30 to almost 100 feet (10-30m) high.
Our setback line is based on stable slope angle, rate of past recession, and a facility setback.
The bluffs consist almost entirely of clayey till, sandy, stony till or sand and gravel. The geology
of the bluff has been described in two earlier studies, and we use that vertical distribution of
sediment, modified by field observations in 2011, as the basis for interpretation of sediment type.
Stable slope angles for each sediment were established by measuring natural slopes in the area
and determining what angle appears to separate stable from unstable slopes. The stable slope
component of setback is the horizontal distance from the base of the bluff to where the stable
slope angle intersects the bluff top. This is calculated in a GIS. Most past shoreline recession
rates range from almost zero to about 6 feet (2 m) per year. Past annual recession rates,
determined in a separate study by comparison of orthophotos taken at least two different times
SESSION NO. 35
in the past, are multiplied by 50 years. These are added to the stable slope setback and a 75 foot
facility setback to produce a total setback line.
Friday, 3 May 2013
T21. Field Trips, Guidebooks, and Apps: Exploring the
Present, Past and Future of Geological Field Trips and
Field Trip Guidebooks
35-1
3:00 PM
Evans, Kevin R.
[217195]
MEMOIRS OF AN UNREPENTANT GEOLOGIC FIELD TRIP LEADER
EVANS, Kevin R., Geography, Geology, & Planning Dept, Missouri State University,
Springfield, MO 65897, [email protected]
Geologic field trips fall into three categories: student, professional, and recreational. Geoscience
teachers generally agree that student field trips offer some of the best opportunities for student
learning. This is perhaps attributable to the novelty for students and the immersive aspects that
enhance engagement. They clearly provide an opportunity for development of experiential skill
sets from observation, interpretation, and feedback through the Socratic method. Professional and
recreational field trips share many of the same attributes but tend to address more controversial
content or require greater physical exertion.
So how does one learn to plan and lead geologic field trips? Budgeting and liability advice
are available in the Geological Society of America Section Handbook, which is available online
(http://www.geosociety.org/sectionmanual/toc.htm#ft), but there are few other resources and
checklists for field trip leaders. Experience is not always the best teacher, but anecdotes can give
insight into the variety of mishaps that can befall a trip. This talk provides personal and secondhand examples of inclement weather, poor road conditions, bad navigation, vehicle breakdowns,
medical risks, natural hazards, and potential liabilities. All-in-all, there are few field trips where
negative extrinsic factors have not served to make them memorable — if not treasured — in
hindsight.
35-2
3:20 PM
Savina, Mary E.
[218743]
FIELD TRIPS: A “SIGNATURE PEDAGOGY” FOR GEOSCIENCE’S “TANGLED BANKS”
SAVINA, Mary E., Geology, Carleton College, 1 N. College St, Northfield, MN 55057,
[email protected]
According to Lee Shulman, each profession has a “signature pedagogy,” a type of assignment or
experience that sets that discipline apart. In geology, one of the signature pedagogies is the field
trip. As all of us know, outcrops, modern geologic environments and, in fact, other data sources
used by geoscientists are complex: much is missing, some things are overrepresented, etc. The
challenge of sorting it all out is what enticed many of us to geoscience in the first place. We don’t
have to search beyond our local exposures for the kind of messy, real-life problems that make
for excellent instructional material, both for geoscience students and others taking our classes.
At Carleton College, we base our undergraduate teaching on multiple field experiences: starting
early, happening often, and set up as inquiries. Because professional geoscientists use the “field
trip” signature pedagogy too, not only with their students, but with each other, writing a field trip
guidebook is something we can ask our students to do, along with writing in other professional
formats such as literature reviews, grant proposals and research results. Doing the research and
writing ahead of the trip gives students more ownership when the trip happens. Moreover, the
students responsible for the guidebook entries can then lead the problem-solving and discussion
at the field trip sites.
35-3
3:40 PM
Rawling, J. Elmo
[218641]
DEVIL’S LAKE FIELDTRIPS REBOOTED: MIXING TRADITION AND TECHNOLOGY
RAWLING, J. Elmo III1, ROWLEY, Rex1, GULTCH, Ben1, MCCARTNEY, M. Carol2, and
ATTIG, John W.3, (1) Geography/Geology, University of Wisconsin Platteville, 1 University
Plaza, Platteville, WI 53818, [email protected], (2) Wisconsin Geological and Natural
History Survey, University of Wisconsin - Extension, 3817 Mineral Point Road, Madison, WI
53705, (3) Department of Environmental Sciences, Wisconsin Geological and Natural History
Survey, 3817 Mineral Point Road, Madison, WI 53705
A field trip to Devil’s Lake State Park is an important legacy in Wisconsin’s earth science tradition.
By 1872, T.C. Chamberlain was leading educational field trips to the park while he was faculty
at the Whitewater Normal School (now UW-Whitewater). The combination of Precambrian and
Quaternary geology in the park results in a physical geography unique in the upper-Midwest
including steep bluffs with talus, moraines, folded rock, and an unconformity, all in close proximity.
Today more than 100 colleges and universities lead earth science field trips to Devil’s Lake
State Park and more than a million people visit the park each year for recreation. A field trip
there has been conducted as a part of the Geoscience curriculum at UW-Platteville since at
least the 1930’s. The trips are included in courses ranging from general education to advanced
undergraduate courses. Most of the general education students are non-science majors, and this
is one of the few science experiences they will have as an undergraduate. Therefore, this field trip
is a crucial link for STEM recruitment and successful student exposure to science content and
skills. However, every year several students are not able to meet the physical demands of the
trip due to a variety of reasons (disabilities, sports injuries, physical fitness, etc.). To address this,
we used mobile GIS to develop an interactive set of maps to allow these students to experience
Devil’s Lake virtually along with their classmates. Building on this work, we are creating an
interactive map-based mobile app and website for self-guided geology tours of the park, intended
for the broader audience of smart-phone and tablet users that visit the park for recreation. As
many as 31% of adults own tablets and 45% own smart-phones and they often use their mobile
devices for “just-in-time” information. The app and mobile website will provide that real-time
information about the geology of the park and it will expand access to science content and skills
to recreational park users.
35-4
4:00 PM
Huysken, Kristin T.
[218665]
PAIRED PROJECT-BASED FIELD TRIPS TO THE STARVED ROCK AREA, MATTHEISSEN
AND BUFFALO ROCK STATE PARKS, AND THE ILLINOIS AND MICHIGAN CANAL STATE
TRAIL – ILLINOIS
HUYSKEN, Kristin T., ARGYILAN, Erin P., and VOTAW, Robert, Department of Geosciences,
Indiana University Northwest, 3400 Broadway, Gary, IN 46408-1197, [email protected]
As pedagogies in undergraduate education shift toward an emphasis on discovery- and projectbased learning, incorporating field-based exercises into field trips and field trip guidebooks can
enhance the application of project-centered instruction. By nature, field investigations require
simultaneous application of multiple geological concepts and pedagogies (e.g., hypothesis
development, data collection, application of content knowledge, interpretation, graphical/spatial
analyses), and demonstrate the relevance of geo-scientific concepts in local and regional
contexts.
We have developed a pair of field-based projects that make use of State Parks and Natural
Areas in the Starved Rock area near LaSalle, IL, including excellent exposures in Mattheissen
State Park, Buffalo Rock State Park, and the Illinois & Michigan Canal State Trail. Our intent is to
give students level-appropriate experience in approaching real field problems and themes. We
have used these field-based projects for all levels of geology students, and pre- and in-service
teachers – sometimes revisiting or adding to previous projects to support student learning at
a variety of levels. The projects are independently scalable in the sense that the breadth and
length can be modified to accommodate different learning levels, student populations, and time
allotments. They can also be paired - providing opportunities for scaffolding of geologic concepts
from basic observation in two dimensions at the local scale to interpretations in three-dimensional
space at the regional scale, and provide a reflective component where intellectual advancement
can be demonstrated. Proximity of many Midwestern institutions to the Starved Rock area makes
it an ideal location around which to develop this project.
35-5
4:20 PM
Kay, Suzanne Mahlburg
[218102]
DIGITAL AND ON-SITE FIELD TRIP GUIDES TO THE CENTRAL ANDEAN PUNA PLATEAU
KAY, Suzanne Mahlburg, EAS, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, [email protected]
and COIRA, Beatriz, Conicet, Universidad de Jujuy, Jujuy, Argentina
Leading field trips to remote localities with difficult logistics is a challenging aspect of viewing
some of the world’s most spectacular geology. The increase in digital technology including the
ability to download and modify PDF images, use satellite imagery including that freely available
on Google and other websites and low cost on-line annotated color images has greatly enhanced
opportunities for digital field trips that provide an alternative to print field guides. A challenge
is to produce versatile field guides that allow access to these areas through digital technology
in parallel with print guides to use on site where access to digital technology can be limited or
expensive. A challenge in producing digital guides is adapting to constantly changing technology
that make those based on free web sites hard to sustain in comparison with print guides that
last for decades. In 2008, we attempted such a 7 day guide to the central Andean Puna plateau;
which was published along with four others from the 2006 Meeting of the Americas in Argentina
in Geological Society of America Field Guide 13. The guide contains a disclaimer that support
for vehicles is absent in most of the region, fuel may be unavailable, there are hazards in a
high altitude desert at elevations of 3500-4500meters and 4-wheel vehicles with experienced
drivers are needed. A road log is not provided; field sites are identified on maps with WSGS84
geographic coordinates. While in a remote region, the trip features some of the world’s largest
ignimbrites on the Earth’s second highest and most important volcanic plateau, mafic cinder
cones, andesitic to dacitic volcanic centers including the world’s highest active center, internally
drained salar and sedimentary basins, well exposed normal, thrust and strike faults, incredible
alluvial fans and erosional features on the plateau margins, a complexly deformed pre-Cenozoic
basement and breath taking scenery. Enough time has passed to view the guide with hindsight.
We don’t know if anyone has attempted the entire trip since the guide was published, but
know that parts of the guide have been used. The supporting Google site has changed with
improvements in higher resolution images in some areas and deterioration of the larger view in
the free version as local images have been added.
35-6
4:50 PM
Saja, David B.
[218644]
GOLD PANNING: A MUSEUM FIELD TRIP, EDUCATIONAL EXPERIENCE, AND RESEARCH
OPPORTUNITY
SAJA, David B., Cleveland Museum of Natural History, 1 Wade Oval Drive, Cleveland, OH
“Gold! Gold! Gold!!!” announced the first gold panning fieldtrip run by the Cleveland Museum
of Natural History in the summer of 1986. Run nearly every year since, it was originally led by
two museum educators (Robert Bartolotta and JoAnn Coburn), and is now led by Bartolotta
and by the Museum’s Curator of Mineralogy. Originally, the trip visited local parks just to look
and not collect, but now it is run in collaboration with the Buckeye Chapter of the Gold Panning
Association of America (GPAA), and travels to the Swank Claim in Richland County, a private
claim registered with the state. Rivers in northern Ohio are influenced by glacially carved valleys
and till deposits. Their sediment is dominated by various types and ages of glacial material from
clay beds to a wide variety of erratics brought from Canada. Mining at the Swank deposit is limited
to just the stream bed, which erodes an outwash valley deposit of possible pre-Wisconsinan till.
During the drive from Cleveland to the claim, glacial geology, the glacial history of Ohio, and the
physical geography of the glacial-outwash valley that cradles the prospect are discussed. Past
human exploitation of the deposit and how it is now maintained and regulated by the state EPA
and GPAA is also covered. At the claim, members of the GPAA demonstrate the technique of
panning for gold (acquire gravel from the river bottom and classify it by size and density to obtain
concentrated heavy sand) first with a simple plastic gold pan, and then with a small dredge. A
field microscope setup on the river bank allows participants to view their finds and learn the
mineralogy of sand using identified prepared slides. They are surprised to learn that sand is a size
classification and that its composition varies to include minerals like diamond, garnet, and rutile.
Each year unique glacial cobbles and a few kilograms of concentrate, discarded after panning,
are collected for research and museum specimens. The heavy black sands hold clues to the
origin of these glacial sediments. From composition, sphericity, and angularity one can discern
an original glacial-sand and two recent sand populations derived from the decomposition of the
glacial cobbles and from local sandstones. Despite advertising “do not expect to find nuggets”,
this trip remains very popular, especially in today’s economy with gold at $1,670 tr. oz.
SESSION NO. 35
35-7
5:10 PM
Hannibal, Joseph T.
[217200]
GUIDELINES FOR SUCCESSFUL INFORMAL GEOLOGIC WALKING TOURS AND FIELD
TRIPS
HANNIBAL, Joseph T., Cleveland Museum of Natural History, 1 Wade Oval Drive, Cleveland,
OH 44106-1767, [email protected]
The best informal geologic walking tours and field trips for members of the general public combine
aspects of formal (professional/for fellow geologists) and student geologic field trips with aspects
of commercial walking tours and trips. As with formal geologic trips and commercial tours, it
is important that the leader is authoritative and knows the topics covered inside out. It is even
better if the leader is an expert on the geology of the site or sites visited. Expertise, however, is
not enough. A good trip leader must also be engaging, entertaining, and prepared (as are good
commercial guides). Use of personal anecdotes and humorous stories help create rapport with
attendees. Optimal group sizes are between ~7 and 25 people (critical mass is necessary to
develop group synergy, but it is difficult to maintain a personal touch with a group >25). A leader
must also be attentive, making sure that she or he is heard and seen by all attendees as much as
possible. A simple megaphone is helpful. Pacing (not too much time at any one spot) is important
to keep the audience engaged. Props, including samples (minerals, fossils, rocks), poster-sized
illustrations (e.g., a cityscape with buildings and their stone types labeled), large maps, simple
sections, etc., help explain items seen, and are as important for informal tours and trips as they
are for formal trips. Handouts covering salient aspects of a trip are appreciated by attendees.
Some interactivity (not to the extent of student trips) should be included; this could be posing
simple questions or providing opportunities for the audience to make their own observations.
As with any good formal geologic field trip, it is important to add some kind of cultural aspect to
informal walking tours and field trips.
Informal walking tours and field trips must be publicized to be successful. Targeted audiences
work well (museum newsletters and websites, cemetery newsletters for cemetery geology trips,
brochures, handouts) but a feature article in a major media outlet is even better. Good tours and
trips also generate word-of-mouth advertising. With adequate promotion, the same tour or trip can
be offered year after year. Publication of guidebooks and articles covering these tours and trips do
not seem to diminish the audience for expert-led informal trips and can be used in whole or part
as trip handouts.
Index of Authors
How to use the indexing system:
The first number (preceding the dash) represents the session number in which the paper will be presented.
The second number (following the dash) indicates the presentation order of the paper within its session.
Example: Barone, Steven ….. 7-4*
Find Session #7 in either the Abstracts volume or the Technical Session portion of the
Program, and look at the fourth paper in the session.
Page numbers are not listed in this index. Refer to session number and order of presentation to locate the
author you are searching for.
*denotes presenter
A
B
Abbey, Daron 23-8
Abbott, Mark B. 10-2, 13-6
Abongwa, Pride 25-6
Aden, Douglas J. 14-2*
Ahmed, Mohamed 6-6*, 22-4
Al Harbi, Talal 6-4
Alfaifi, Hussain J. 34-2*
Algeo, Thomas J. 12-7, 28-29, 28-31, 28-36
Alharbi, Talal 6-6, 22-4*
Alshahrani, Saeed S. 12-1*
Andermann, Christoff 28-16
Anderson, Brad 3-2
Anderson, Charles W. 15-4
Anderson, Kari 4-1
Anderson, Mary P. 23-2
Arbogast, Alan F. 29-8
Arevalo, Joseph M. 31-3*
Argyilan, Erin P. 24-7, 35-4
Armstrong, Felicia P. 4-9, 25-9
Arnaud, Emmanuelle 23-8
Arnevik, Arik L. 29-3
Arriola, Leon M. 28-5
Artz, Joe Alan 13-8*
Atekwana, Eliot 25-6*
Attig, John W. 3-4, 3-5, 14-3, 35-3
Aucoin, Christopher D. 8-6*, 12-4, 16-5*
Aylsworth, Robert L. 18-1
Babcock, Loren E. 27-3*, 27-5
Baca, Kira J. 29-5
Baedke, Steve J. 24-7
Bajc, A.F. 14-8*
Bajc, Andy F. 23-7
Baker, Kathleen M. 32-5
Baker, Richard G. 13-5
Baratta, Vanessa M. 21-3*
Barnes, David A. 1-2, 1-3, 9-5
Barney, Jeffrey A. 7-3*, 32-2*
Barone, Steven 7-4*
Bartels, William S. 8-12, 8-13
Bartlett, Wendy 30-2
Bassett, Damon J. 2-2
Basso, Bruno 20-4
Baumann, Eric Jr. 8-14*, 28-29, 28-31*,
28-36
Bayless, E. Randall 33-2*
Beaulieu, Jake 1-7
Becker, Richard 6-1, 6-4, 22-5
Becker, Richard H. 6-2, 6-7, 6-8*, 22-6
Bessler, Stephanie A. 28-5
Best, James L. 3-10
Bettis, E. Arthur III 13-5, 13-7, 21-3
Bhattacharyya, Prajukti 28-5, 28-17
Bird, Brian 14-10
Bird, Broxton W. 10-1, 10-2, 13-6
Birren, Thomas H. 28-6*
74 2013 GSA Abstracts with Programs Blahnik, Caitlin 8-11*
Bleeker, Tyler 31-2*
Blockland, Joseph 3-2
Bluth, Gregg J.S. 4-1
Bornhorst, Theodore J. 5-1
Bouali, El Hachemi Y. 6-2*, 21-1*
Bourbonnierre, Rick 21-6
Bradley, P.W. 25-7
Brake, Sandra S. 28-3, 28-19, 28-20
Brandt, Danita S. 27-3, 27-4*
Brett, C.E. 27-2
Brett, Carlton E. 8-6, 8-15, 9-1, 12-4
Brinkmann, Sarah 28-19*
Brinks, Linden E. 29-4*
Brothers, Candice E. 18-2
Brown, Diana 25-3*
Brown, Lewis M. 15-8
Brown, Steven E. 14-1*, 23-6
Bruegger, Alison 11-6*
Bryant-Kuiphoff, Yonee’ E. 4-7
Bryk, Alexander B. 3-10
Budd, Blaze M. 28-25
Bull, Nicholas 1-3*
Bunda, Jacob 20-3*
Burch, Kyle R. 28-3
Burns, Anastasia Marie 28-21*
Burt, Abigail K. 14-7*
Butler, James J. Jr. 23-9
Byer, Gregory 34-5*
C
Callahan, Caitlin N. 32-5*
Camaret, B.N 9-6*
Carnes, Jennifer L. 28-30*
Caron, Olivier 3-10
Carrillo-Chavez, Alejandro 17-3
Carson, Eric C. 3-4*, 14-3*
Cassidy, Daniel 21-5
Caulkins, Joshua L. 32-3
Cauthon, Matthew J. 28-10
Chase, Ronald B. 21-1
Chiasera, Brandon 22-7*
Chiba, Kentaro 16-8
Chouinard, Kyle 22-5
Chouinard, Kyle J. 6-2, 6-4
Ciampaglio, C.N. 16-1
Cicimurri, David J. 16-1
Cioppa, M.T. 18-7
Claes, Christopher 8-13*
Coenen, Jason 27-8
Coira, Beatriz 35-5
Colgan, Patrick M. 3-8*
Compton, John G. 5-5
Conner, Jeremy 28-9*
Conway, Maura C. 25-9*
Cook, Alex 7-2
Cook, Tamara J. 28-12*
Cooperrider, Leah 26-4, 26-5*
Couts, Kimberly E. 28-15*
Crane, Renee 21-5*
Crisp, Alexis A. 28-15
Crossey, Laura J. 25-4
Crowley, Brooke 8-14, 17-3
Cullen, Patrick 28-29*, 28-31, 28-36
Cummings, Don I. 23-1
Cupples, William B. 12-10*
Currie, Philip J. 16-4
Curry, B. Brandon 3-9*, 11-6
D
Darby, Dennis A. 13-6
Dasgupta, Rajarshi 17-3*
Dattilo, Benjamin 9-3, 27-2*
Day, Jed 8-2*, 8-7
Deuter, Leigh H. 16-1*, 28-26
Devera, Joseph 27-6*
DeWolf, Cris L. 28-13*
Dildar, Nadia 24-1
Disbennett, Douglas 21-6*
Dogan, Mine 23-9*
Dolliver, Holly A.S. 28-24
Donoghue, Kellie 9-2*
Dorale, Jeffrey 28-2
Doucette, Ikumi D. 10-3*
Doughty, Travis M. 19-2*
Drumheller, Stephanie K. 27-7*, 27-9
Ducey, Patrick W. 11-1*, 14-9
Dunkle, Kallina M. 23-2*
E
Eichstedt-Anderson, Ethan M. 28-5
El Kadiri, Racha 6-4*
El-Sherif, Noran 27-1*
Ellett, Kevin 33-4
Elson, Joshua D. 9-4*, 28-10*
Emmons, Taylor A. 31-3
Endicott, Robert E. 28-40*
Engelmann, Carol A. 4-3
Erich, Kyla J. 21-4*
Eriksson, Kenneth A. 12-8
Ernstes, Angela L. 4-8
Ernstes, Joshua D. 4-8*
Esch, John M. 3-6*
Escobar, Jaime H. 10-1
Estifanos, Biniam Haileab 18-9*
Ethington, Raymond L. 2-2
Evans, David C. 16-8
Evans, James E. 12-2, 12-3, 12-5
Evans, James, E. 12-1
Evans, Kevin 9-3, 17-4, 28-11
Evans, Kevin R. 2-2*, 28-10, 35-1*
Evans, Scott D. 8-2
Eyles, Carolyn H. 23-3, 23-7
F
Fadem, Cynthia M. 10-3, 10-4, 28-14, 28-40
Farlow, James O. 16-4*
Faulkner, Douglas J. 28-27
Feig, Anthony D. 26-4*, 26-5
Fenerty, B.S. 14-9
Fisher, Elizabeth A. 28-38*
Fisher, Timothy G. 3-1, 3-2*, 22-8, 29-5*
Fleming, Anthony H. 14-4*
Fluegeman, Richard H. 17-6
Fontana, Thomas M. 8-12*
Fordyce, R. Ewan 16-2
Fordyce, Samuel W. 28-14*
Forman, Steven L. 3-5, 24-7
Fortner, Sarah K. 28-15
Fowler, J.K. 9-7*
Frahm, Andrew L. 23-4
Fraley, Kendle 5-2
Francek, Mark 26-3*, 26-5
Frank, Mark R. 5-2*, 5-5
Franko, Kelsey M. 17-2
Freeman, Rebecca L. 27-2
Freeman, V. Rocky 30-2*
Freeman-Ballew, Elizabeth 28-26*
Fugate, Joseph M. 18-2
Fujita, Kazuya 28-13
Fulton, Albert E. II 29-2*
Fynewever, Herb 32-2
Gemperline, Johanna 11-7
Geraghty Ward, Emily M. 32-7
Gerber, Kathryn E. 29-4
Gerke, Tammie L. 27-2
Gerson, Laura M. 18-10*
Gibbons, Jack 28-6
Gierlowski-Kordesch, Elizabeth 28-30
Giesy, John P. 25-7
Gilchrist, Ann M. 32-1*
Gilliom, Alden Jane 28-16*
Goble, Ronald J. 3-2, 29-3
Gochis, Emily 4-4
Gochis, Emily E. 4-3, 4-5*, 30-1
Goodwin, Grant M. 28-15
Gottfried, Michael D. 16-2*
Gottgens, Johan F. 29-5
Gouzie, Douglas 18-10
Gouzie, Douglas R. 1-4
Grabemeyer, Nick C. 4-7*
Grant, Kathryn F. 17-2
Green, Douglas H. 2-4
Green, Jeremy L. 8-4*
Griffey, Denisha 31-5*
Griffith, Elizabeth M. 13-6
Grigsby, Jeffry D. 17-6
Grimley, David A. 11-6, 13-9*
Grote, Katherine R. 17-2, 28-21
Grote, Todd 29-6*
Guensburg, Thomas E. 8-5*
Guenther, Merrilee F. 16-7*
Gultch, Ben 35-3
Gustafson, Alan J. 17-2
Gustin, Andrew R. 33-4
H
Hacker, David B. 13-6
Hagen, Benjamin P. 28-15
Hagni, Richard D. 5-4*
Haileab, Bereket 28-6
Hampton, Duane R. 1-3, 34-2, 34-3
Hanger, Rex 8-1, 8-11
Hanger, Rex A. 8-8
Hannibal, Joseph T. 30-2, 30-4*, 35-7*
Hannigan, Robyn 12-7
Hansen, Edward C. 5-1, 28-23
Hanson, Paul R. 13-2, 24-6*
Haque, Md. Aminul 17-1*, 25-2*
Harefa, Sarah C. 31-3
Harrison, Jeffrey M. 13-6*
Hart, David J. 23-2, 28-17
Hart, J. 18-7*
Hasan, M. Aziz 25-2
Hasan, Maggie 5-5
Hasbargen, Leslie 16-5
Hasenmueller, Nancy R. 8-2
Hayden, Travis G. 12-9*
Healy, Scott M. 17-4
Heckel, Philip H. 28-29, 28-36
Hein, Jordan A. 28-25*
Helwig, Zane 27-10
Henck Schmidt, Amanda 28-16
Henderlong, Peter J. 28-8*
Henderson, Charles 32-2
Herrmann, Achim D. 28-29, 28-36
Herrmann, Edward W. 13-10*
Hess, Rachel 9-3*
Higley, Melinda 3-2
Hilverda, Elaine 19-1
Hladyniuk, Ryan 24-1*
Hobbs, Trevor 13-3, 14-5*
Honeycutt, Christina Ebey 26-2*
Hooyer, Thomas S. 11-2
Horsman, Eric 28-9
Huck, Scott W. 12-5*
Hungwe, Kedmon 4-5
Huntoon, Jacqueline E. 4-3
Huysken, Kristin T. 28-7, 28-8, 35-4*
Hyndman, Dave 20-4
Hyndman, David W. 20-5, 22-2, 23-9
I
Iqbal, Mohammad 17-1
Ismail, Ahmed 11-7, 14-9
Ives, Brandon T. 9-4
G
J
Gant, Michael T. 17-4*
Gebrehiwet, Tsigabu 25-5*
Gehrman, Rachael C. 10-2*
Jackson, Susan 15-4
Jagoda, Susan Kaschner 15-2*
Jaques, Charlie A. 15-3
Jardeleza, Sarah 32-7
Jasinski, Briana L. 22-2*
Jeffery, David L. 16-3*
Jenkins, Julia H. 4-7
Jenschke, Matthew Clay 12-2*
Jha, Rajan 34-4*
Jilek, Ellen 28-5*
Johns, Elizabeth K. 1-4*
Johnson, Aaron W. 19-2, 28-2
Johnson, Daryl 8-1*, 8-8
Johnston, John W. 24-5, 24-7*
Jol, Harry M. 18-3*, 28-27, 29-3
Joshi, Siddharth Dilip 18-8*
K
Kahler, Dawn 4-8
Kannan, K. 25-7
Karaffa, Marni D. 14-4
Karlstrom, Karl E. 25-4
Karsten, James W. 29-7*
Kaunda, Rennie B. 21-1
Kay, Katherine E. 4-8
Kay, Suzanne Mahlburg 35-5*
Keefer, Donald A. 23-6*
Keen, Kerry L. 15-7*
Kehew, A.E. 25-4, 33-5
Kehew, Alan E. 21-1
Keith, Brian D. 12-6
Kelly, Bridget B. 17-2
Kelso, Paul 15-8
Kendall, Anthony D. 20-4, 20-5, 22-2, 28-25
Kerr, Phillip J. 13-5*
Kettenring, Karin M. 31-7
Kincare, Kevin A. 14-6*
King, Lorin 27-9
Klawiter, Mark F. 4-2, 4-3*, 4-4, 4-5, 30-1
Knipe, Dawn 28-7
Kominz, Michelle A. 9-5, 12-9
Koretsky, Carla M. 20-1, 31-5, 32-4
Koroleski, Kraig K. 22-7
Kowalewski, Michal 12-8
Kowalski, Daniel 29-8
Koy, Karen A. 27-10*
Kozlowski, Andrew L. 14-10*
Krantz, David E. 18-2
Krawczyk, Malgorzata 6-4
Krehel, Austin W. 28-23*
Krishnamurthy, R.V. 25-4, 25-5, 25-5
Krossman, K.E. 9-6
Kuban, Glen J. 16-4
Kuhl, Alexandria 18-5*
Kuhn, Ryan M. 28-3*
Kumler, Lori 4-9
Kunz, Stephen E. 28-34*
Kurtz, Alexander 31-4
L
Lane, Joe 7-1*
Larson, Mark 2-1*, 18-4*
Larson, Mark O. 9-4, 28-11*
Larson, Timothy 11-7
Latimer, Jennifer C. 28-3
Laumann, Jason 34-6
Lee, Charlotte I. 20-5*
Lee, Daphne 16-2
Legg, Robert J. 29-3
Legge, Evan A. 19-1
Lemke, Lawrence D. 23-4*, 23-5
Leonard, Andrea M. 8-2
Leonard, Karl W. 28-34
LePage, Gabriel 29-7
Lepper, Kenneth 3-1*, 3-2, 22-8, 24-5, 24-7
Letsinger, Sally L. 14-9, 33-4
Lewandowski, Katherine J. 15-3*
Li, Shu-Guang 25-3
Libarkin, Julie 32-6, 32-7
Liesch, Matthew E. 29-3
Lightfoot, Randall E. 21-2*
Lincoln, T.N. 31-8
Lingle, Derrick 33-5*
Lis, Jill 22-6
List, Daniel A. 9-1
Liu, Xiaodong 13-2
Liu, Xiuju 18-2, 22-8*
Londoño, Ana C. 28-28
Long, D. 25-8
Long, David T. 25-1, 25-3, 25-7
Longstaffe, Fred J. 24-1
Loope, Henry M. 29-3*
Loope, Walter L. 24-2*, 29-3
Lotimer, Leslea 20-2*
Lovis, William A. 29-8
Lowell, Thomas V. 3-1, 3-3*, 3-7, 22-8
Ludwig, Matthew A. 26-6*
M
Ma, Yuteng 18-6*
MacKay, Ross 21-6
MacLennan, Carol A. 31-10
Mahoney, J. Brian 28-33
Maike, Christopher 18-2*
Main, Derek J. 27-9
Malcuit, Robert J. 2-5*
Maldonado, Patricia 15-4
Malgieri, Thomas J. 8-6, 12-4*
Manche, Cameron 22-5*
Manger, Walter L. 2-2
Markham, Laura 15-4
Markle, Bradley 28-1
Marks, Adam 28-34
Marsey, C.W. 9-7
Martin, Dean R. 11-3
Martin, Nicholas 32-7*
Martin, Sherry L. 20-5, 22-2
Mason, Joseph A. 13-2
Mason, Milam 27-2
Masters, Simon 16-6*
Mateas, Douglas J. 5-3*
Mathai, Rani V. 26-1*
Mattheus, C.R. 9-6, 9-7, 19-3, 22-1*
Mattox, Stephen 4-4*, 4-6, 4-7, 4-8, 15-5*
Mattox, Stephen R. 4-3, 4-5
Matzke, Jeffrey A. 13-7*
Mayle, Emme 1-5*
Maynard, J. Barry 28-29, 28-36
McAfee, Robert K. 8-4, 16-9*
McCarthy, Stephanie M. 16-7
McCartney, M. Carol 35-3
McClenaghan, M.B. 11-4
McKee, Kathleen F. 4-3
McLaughlin, Patrick I. 27-2
McLean, Colleen 9-6
McLean, Colleen E. 4-9*, 25-9
McMullen, John 28-34
McRivette, Michael W. 8-13
Meidlinger-Chin, Vernon 28-37*
Menzies, John 11-4
Messina, Michael G. 29-7
Meyer, David L. 27-2
Meyer, Jessica R. 23-8
Miao, Xiaodong 11-5*, 13-2*
Miceli, Cassandra 31-2
Mickelson, David 34-6*
Mickus, Kevin 2-1, 18-10, 28-11
Mickus, Kevin L. 2-2, 18-4
Milewski, Stormy 28-29, 28-31, 28-36*
Miller, Ashley E. 4-3, 4-4, 4-5, 4-6*
Miller, James F. 2-2, 17-4
Miller, Kurtz K. 7-2*
Misterovich, Gregory 14-11*
Mobley, Tilden J. 28-15
Mode, William N. 11-2
Mogren, Saad 18-12*
Mohamed, Lamees 6-3*, 6-5*
Mohammed, Abdelmawgoud 25-4*
Molitor, Timothy H. 17-2*
Monaghan, G. William 29-8*
Mooi, Rich 8-5
Moore, Rebecca J. 28-33*
Morgan, Sven 28-9
Morrison, Sean M. 28-27*
Morse, Aaron 27-2
Mottaleb, M. Abdul 28-2
Mukhopadhyay, Manoj 18-12
Mulcahy, Connor 5-1*
Mulligan, R.P.M. 14-8
Mulligan, Riley P.M. 23-7*
Musch, Steven C. 19-1*
Mutambuki, Jacinta M. 32-2
N
Nagel, Linda M. 13-3
Nagelkirk, Ryan L. 20-4*
Nandi, Sourav K. 17-4
Naylor, Shawn 33-4*
Nembhard, Nicole S. 10-4*
Nesbitt, Sterling 27-7
Nichols, Cody A. 28-4*
Nicholson, Kirsten N. 17-6
Niessen, Frank 12-9
Nieuwsma, Josh 31-2
Nilges, Tayloy P. 28-28
Norton, M.S. 19-3*
Noto, Christopher 27-9*
O
O’Malley, Christina E. 15-3
Oches, Eric A. 13-9
Olyphant, Greg A. 33-4
Ortiz, Joseph D. 13-6
Osman, Matthew 28-1*
Over, D. Jeffrey 8-2
P
Pappas, Lena K. 23-4, 23-5*
Parker, Beth L. 23-8
Parkin, Ann 31-4*
Paulen, Roger C. 11-4
Pavey, Richard R. 11-3*
Pekalska, Aneta 22-6
Pennington, Wayne D. 2-3*
Perry, Krystal 31-4
Petcovic, Heather 4-4, 4-5, 4-7, 4-8, 7-4,
32-2
Petcovic, Heather L. 4-3, 15-6, 32-3*,
32-4, 32-5
Peters, Carl E. 28-22*
Peterson, Joseph E. 27-8*
Peteya, Jennifer A. 27-5*
Pethe, Swardhuni 17-6*
Phillips, Andrew C. 3-10*, 11-7*
Phillips, Michael A. 31-11*
Piispa, Elisa J. 4-1
Plymate, Thomas 1-1
Pollard, Alexander KH Sr. 15-8
Prather, Eleighna 31-2
Prentice, Michael L. 11-1, 14-9*
Prokocki, Eric W. 3-10
Putnam, Aaron E. 3-7
R
Ransohoff, Rebecca Weiss 31-6*
Raslich, Frank 22-7
Rasmussen, Amy K. 28-33
Rasmussen, David Tab 28-30
Rawling, J. Elmo III 24-3, 35-3*
Rawling, J.E. III 24-6
Reed, Mark S. 4-7
Reeves, Howard W. 33-1*
Regis, Robert S. 28-32
Reinhardt, Jason 13-3*
Rhede, D. 5-1
Rice, Jane 15-4*
Rice, Jessey Murray 11-4*
Richardson-Coy, Robin 28-18*
Rivera, Alexei A. 8-9*, 8-10*
Robert, Joe 10-1*
Robinson, Amanda 25-7*, 25-8
Rocheford, M. Kathryn 13-11*
Rodbell, Donald T. 10-2
Roeglin, Lauren E. 28-27
Rohs, C. Renee 28-4
Rooney, Tyrone O. 22-7
Rose, William I. 4-3, 4-5, 4-7, 4-8, 30-1*,
31-10
Rothenberg, Miriam 28-16
Rovey, Charles W. II 1-5, 1-6, 13-4*
Rowbotham, Katherine L. 32-4*
Rowley, Rex 35-3
Ruddock, Judy 28-13
Rudge, David W. 15-6*
Running, Garry Leonard IV 28-27
Russell, Hazen A.J. 23-1*
Rustem, Stephanie 15-4
Ryan, Michael J. 16-8
S
Sack, Dorothy 31-1*
Saja, David B. 30-3*, 35-6*
Salim, Rachel 34-3*
Salmons, Charles R. 15-1*
Salzwedel, Mitchell 28-24*
Samson, Josh B. 9-5
Sandau, Stephen 16-6
Sanderfoot, Benjamin 11-2*
Sanders, Jonathon D. 22-6*
Sands, Jonathan 28-34
Santistevan, Fred 12-7*
Sargent, Steve 14-9
Sauck, William A. 18-11
Savina, Mary E. 35-2*
Schaetzl, Randall 3-5*
Schepke, Chuck 4-1*, 28-13
Schieber, Juergen 9-2
Schmus, Matthew 28-17*
Schramm, Thomas J. 27-2
Schroeder, Lauren A. 25-9
Schultz, Veronika 31-4
Scott, Evan E. 16-8*
Scott, Henry P. 5-5*
Seaney, Derek L. 28-3
Sears, Lindsey 18-2
Selner, Maria D. 4-8
Sereres, Clayton 18-8
Shah, Mihir 12-3*
Shahpurwala, Aiman 22-7
Sharpe, David 23-1
Shields, Stephen A. 1-1*
Shikaze, Steven 23-8
Shisler, Daniel Jay 29-7
Siemer, Kyle W. 6-1*
Sigler, Von 22-6
Sin, Jen-Li 29-4
Sinclair, Jay 28-13
Sipola, Maija E. 13-1*
Slomka, Jessica M. 23-3*
76 2013 GSA Abstracts with Programs Smart, Saundra M. 28-20*
Smirnov, Aleksey V. 4-1
Smith, Jory 29-7
Smith, Matthew D. 28-2*
Smolenski, Rebecca Lynn 1-7*
Smrecak, Trisha A. 8-3*
Sobel, Elizabeth 18-4
Soderlund, Lily 31-6
Sonnenburg, Elizabeth 24-4*
Sosulski, John H. 1-2*
Sprinkle, James 8-5
Stansell, Nathan D. 10-2
Steffke, Christy 32-6*
Steinman, Byron A. 10-2
Stierman, Donald 18-2
Stierman, Donald J. 18-9
Stocker, Michelle R. 27-7
Stohr, Christopher 11-5
Stokes, Alison 32-3
Stone, Jeffery 28-19, 28-20
Storms, Joep E.A. 29-1
Stowe, M.S. 22-1
Stratton, Stephanie L. 1-6*
Struve, Matthew W. 28-27
Strydhorst, Natasha A. 19-1
Student, James J. 28-9
Sultan, Mohamed 6-2, 6-3, 6-4, 6-5, 6-6,
22-4, 22-5, 25-4
Svoboda, Michele R. 28-13
Swineford, Jacob T. 29-4
Syverson, Kent M. 28-33, 31-9*
T
Tabor, Neil J. 28-30
Talarico, Joe M. 9-4
Tamr, Radwan 18-8
Tangtong, Chaiyanun 25-1*
Targos, Courtney 28-7*
Tatum, Stephen 17-5*
Teed, Rebecca 28-18, 28-26
Thomason, Jason F. 11-5, 23-6
Thomka, James R. 8-6, 8-15*, 9-1*, 12-4
Thompson, Todd A. 12-6*, 24-5*, 24-7
Tinigin, Laura 22-5
Townsend Small, Amy 21-6
Townsend-Small, Amy 1-7, 31-6
Triplett, Laura D. 31-7
Tupper, M. Tobias 2-4*
U
Unterreiner, Gerald 33-3*
V
Van Arsdale, Roy B. 12-10
Van Dam, Remke 18-6
Van Dam, Remke L. 18-1*, 18-5, 23-9, 29-1*
Van Wyk, Ashley L. 31-3
VanderBilt, Lucas E. 19-1
Vannier, Ryan 25-7, 25-8*
Varelas, Maria 26-2
Vogelgesang, Jason 13-7
Voice, Peter J. 12-8*
Voice, Thomas C. 25-1, 25-3, 25-7
Votaw, Robert 35-4
Vye, Erika C. 4-3, 30-1, 31-10*
W
Wagenvelt, Kirk A. 9-5*
Wagner, Kaleb 22-3*
Wagner, Zachary C. 31-7*
Waite, Greg 28-13
Waite, Gregory P. 2-3
Walters, Kent A. 3-7*
Wang, Hong 13-2
Warbritton, Matthew J. 28-28*
Ward, Adam S. 21-3
Weaver, Laura K. 23-8*
Weirich, Frank 13-7, 21-3
Weiss Ransohoff, Rebecca 21-6
West, Terry R. 34-1*
White, Nathan 28-35*
Wilch, T.I. 31-8*
Wilcox, Douglas A. 24-7
Williams, Jeremy C. 12-7
Williams, Matthew 31-4
Wilson, Elizabeth L. 28-15
Woodford, Libby R. 28-32*
Wosik, Mateusz 16-7
Wulf, Shane 8-1, 8-8*
Wyman, Davina A. 20-1*
Y
Yang, Jianwen 18-7, 18-8
Yansa, Catherine H. 24-3*, 29-1
Yaqoob, Muthanna Yousif 18-11*
Yeider, Lindsey 28-39*
Young, Julie L. 4-7
Yurk, Brian 28-23
Z
Zaki, Abotalib 6-3, 6-5
Zambito, James J. IV 8-7*
Zapata, Alek K. 29-4
Zimmerman, Alexander N. Jr. 15-8*
Zmijewski, Kirk A. 6-7*
Zolynsky, Debra L. 4-2*
Zondag, Jacob A. 31-3

Abstracts - Geological Society of America

Transcription

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