Formation and Activities of the AAPM

Transcription

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J. S. Laughlin and P. N. Goodwin: History of the AAPM: 1958–1998
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PERIOD 1 „1958–1968…
1958
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gail Adams, Chair
1959
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gail Adams, Chair
1960
. . . . . . . Gail Adams, Chair, President
1961
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Warren Sinclair
1962
.......................
1963
.................
Marvin Williams
1964
.................
Edward Webster
1965
...................
1966
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Robert Shalek
1967
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lawrence Lanzl
1968
...................
Medical Physics, Vol. 25, No. 7, July 1998, Part 2
John Hale
John Laughlin
John Cameron
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The formation and successive activities
of the AAPM are summarized in this portion of this report. For some considerations
of convenience, the activities of the AAPM
have been grouped in periods approximately of decade length: Period 1, 1958–
1968; Period 2, 1969–1978; Period 3,
1979–1988; and Period 4, 1989–1998.
PERIOD 1 „1958–1968…
The American Association of Physicists
in Medicine was founded on 17 November
1958 in Chicago by physicists prior to the
annual meeting of the RSNA. A description
of many of the details of the founding
events has been given by Gail Adams.21
The initial event, of several, was an
evening discussion held by Gail Adams,
Warren K. Sinclair, and John S. Laughlin,
who had been attending a National Cancer
Institute ~NCI! sponsored conference at the
National Institutes of Health ~NIH!. As expressed by Gail Adams in recent correspondence: ‘‘It really all started in May, 1958
during the first attempt to promote clinical
cancer trials in Radiation Therapy at a
meeting called by the NCI and held at the
Stone House on the NIH grounds. Among
those present were Warren Sinclair and you
and I. After a day of meeting, the three of
us went for the famous walk. The consequential topic was that physicists in medicine had no cohesiveness, and no organized
way in which to express the needs and aspirations of our field broadly. My recollecMedical Physics, Vol. 25, No. 7, July 1998, Part 2
tion is that we determined that night to
make an attempt to provide a national forum... .’’
As commented by Warren Sinclair: ‘‘I
remember that in discussions between Gail
Adams, John Laughlin and I in the pro tem
years ~and probably also with others! we
had thought of the AAPM as primarily a
professional body serving the professional
interests of its members in the now distinct
role of medical physics in a hospital environment. Initially we believed that there
were already enough other scientific and
medical societies providing scientific meeting programs and journals @Radiation Research, Health Physics, the physics program of the Radiological Society of North
America ~RSNA!, the Society of Nuclear
Medicine, and others#. Therefore, AAPM
did not need to serve this role by adding a
new scientific program and journal... .’’
There followed a series of meetings in
different parts of the country as well as
substantial correspondence, with increasing
interest by physicists. A Steering Committee of 16 members was identified, and undertook arrangements for a meeting of the
Committee and for a General Organizational Meeting in Chicago, mid-November
1958. Robert K. Clark arranged for both
meetings in the Downtown Branch of the
University of Chicago. At the Committee
meeting on 16 November 1958, Gail Adams was elected chairman and a Temporary
Constitution was adopted. The 12 members
of the Board of Directors were: G. Adams,
R. Yalow, L. Preuss, C. Braestrup, M.
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FIG. 1. Gail Adams, 1959.
Greenfield, J. Hale, J. Krohmer, R. Loevinger, J. Marvin, W. Moos, W. Sinclair,
and E. W. Webster. The suggestion by Carl
B. Braestrup that the name of the new organization be ‘‘The American Association
of Physicists in Medicine’’ was tentatively
adopted.
About 50 physicists were present the
next day, 17 November 1958, at the General Organization meeting and voted unanimously to proceed with formation of the
AAPM. The Temporary Constitution provided for a Board of 12 Directors with wide
area representation, and that the chairman
and other officers would be elected by the
Board from the membership of the Board.
Gail Adams was confirmed as the elected
chairman and was asked to represent the
new Association at the forthcoming meeting in Munich of an International Committee meeting of hospital physicists called by
the HPA ~Fig. 1!.
The ad hoc International Committee
meeting was to be held following the Ninth
International Congress of Radiology meetMedical Physics, Vol. 25, No. 7, July 1998, Part 2
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ing in Munich the following July 1959. At
this meeting in Munich, hosted by the Hospital Physicists’ Association ~HPA! of the
United Kingdom, the delegates voted to
form an International Committee of Medical Physics. This led eventually to the formation of the International Organization
for Medical Physics ~IOMP!, whose membership consists of national medical physics societies.
At this point, with the definitely positive
conclusion of the General Organization
Meeting, and evidence of increasing recognition of its presence, the new Association
was clearly organized for primarily professional purposes and these were further defined in the adopted Temporary Constitution as:
~A! To promote the application of physics to medicine and biology.
~B! To secure and to maintain high professional standards for physicists in
medicine and biology.
~C! To encourage interest and training
in medical physics and related
fields.
~D! To prepare and disseminate technical information in medical physics
and related fields.
~E!
To serve and to represent the professional interests of physicists in
Second Annual Meeting. The second annual meeting of the Association took
place in Chicago on 16 November 1959.
Between the first and second annual meetings of the Association, the Board had six
meetings.
Actions of the Association included:
Elections. Confirmed that Officers
should be elected by and from the Directors.
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TABLE I. Charter membership of the AAPM as recorded on 4 December 1959.
G. D. Adams
R. M. Adams
J. H. Anson
S. Aronow
N. A. Baily
L. M. Bates
H. A. Bevis
J. N. Bierly
H. Blatz
J. Blizard
C. B. Braestrup
G. L. Brownell
G. W. Callendine, Jr.
G. H. Cameron
J. R. Cameron
J. C. Carlson
V. G. Castro
L. Chandler
R. K. Clark
A. Cole
C. J. Collica
K. R. Corey
K. E. Corrigan
R. F. Cowing
M. Dauer
F. B. deFriess
W. D. DeVore
W. C. Dewey
J. E. Durlacher
L. A. Du Sault
E. A. Edelsack
W. H. Ellett
E. W. Engelman
R. D. Evans
S. Feitelberg
A. Feldman
T. Fields
E. F. Focht
T. R. Folsom
A. L. Forsaith
M. Fried
R. Garrett
R. Golden
P. N. Goodwin
R. O. Gorson
M. A. Greenfield
E. N. Grisewood
A. W. Hackney
J. Hale
A. A. Halko
H. S. Hayden
H. R. Haymond
R. H. Haynes
J. F. Herrick
J. M. Heslin
F. G. Hickey
G. J. Hine
M. Hodara
A. Jacobson
L. E. Jacobson
M. F. Jahns
R. A. Jalbert
C. D. Janney
W. R. Konneker
J. S. Krohmer
D. B. Kusner
H. C. Lanz
L. H. Lanzl
H. V. Larson
J. S. Laughlin
R. Loevinger
M. K. Loken
W. J. MacIntyre
S. J. Malsky
F. X. Masse
W. Mauderli
J. K. Mayer
A. L. McCrea
M. L. Melton
M. L. Meurk
T. G. Mitchell
Constitution. A Constitution Committee was selected and instructed to provide
that the Board of Directors be renamed the
Executive Board and elected for one-year
terms, and the chairman be renamed as
president and limited to one term. The
Board also added J. S. Laughlin to assist in
writing the Constitution and L. H. Lanzl for
adequate representation of the Chicago
area.
ACR Teaching Committee. A committee was formed to investigate collaboration with the American College of Radiology ~ACR! on educational activities
relating to radiological physics.
Examination of the New Constitution
was the primary concern at the Annual
Meeting, and it was subsequently mailed
out to members for approval. The mail ballot returns were 72 ‘‘aye’’ and 2 ‘‘no.’’
R. T. Mooney
V. C. Moore
J. M. Morgan
W. S. Moos
C. J. Mott, Jr.
I. T. Myers
C. E. Newton, Jr.
D. G. Oldfield
A. L. Orvis
J. Ovadia
L. Pape
W. T. Powers
L. E. Preuss
R. S. Quick
E. H. Quimby
J. Rivera
C. V. Robinson
W. C. Roesch
H. H. Rossi
R. J. Schulz
N. E. Scofield
R. J. Shalek
G. Shapiro
K. Shivanandan
E. Siegel
W. Siler
C. S. Simons
W. K. Sinclair
W. E. Siri
L. Stanton
R. E. Steele
E. E. Stickley
L. A. Strait
R. W. Swain
O. Tamuzs
M. S. Tausig
E. R. Testa
J. W. Thomas
E. Tochilin
J. C. Trump
K-C. Tsien
S. J. Vacirca
J. L. Weatherwax
E. W. Webster
K. D. Williams
M. M. D. Williams
E. D. Witherell
P. Wootton
K. A. Wright
A. A. Yalow
R. S. Yalow
V. E. Yoder
Third Annual Meeting. The third
annual meeting of the Board and Association required three sessions ~4–7 December
1960!. Actions included:
Election. The members had retained
the same Board and the same officers were
retained by the Board.
Professional. Warren Sinclair had
prepared a ‘‘Questionnaire on Professional
Activities’’ and analyzed and distributed
the results.
Placement Service. Jack Krohmer
agreed to undertake the establishment of
the Placement Service.
HPA Contact. Bob Loevinger established a communication link with the
HPA.
IAEA Panel. Ted Webster and Gail
Adams participated in a panel convened by
the IAEA on Isodose measurement and
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publication of appropriate charts and illustrations.
ACR–AAPM Panel. The first result of
the collaboration with the ACR on education was the jointly sponsored ‘‘Panel Discussion of Physics Training Programs for
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Residents in Radiology’’ held on 5 December 1960.
Membership. The Secretary recorded
the Charter Membership roll of 132 names
on 4 December 1959. This list appears in
Table I.
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Gail Adams
The terms of Gail Adams as chairman
lasted from November 1958 into November
1960, and as president lasted about 44
hours, ending with the commencement of
the presidential term of Warren Sinclair to
which he had been elected by the Board on
7 December 1960. With strong collegial
support, Gail had been the prime mover in
successfully launching the AAPM.
At the time of his leadership of the new
Association, Gail was Research Physicist
and Associate Director of the Radiology
Laboratory of the Medical School of the
University of California at San Francisco
~UCSF!. Gail originally came from Ohio
where he had graduated from the Case
School of Engineering before entering the
graduate school of the physics department
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of the University of Illinois in 1940. His
thesis research was on the determination of
the cross sections for pair production. He
had earned the Ph.D. degree by late 1943,
and had attained the rank of Assistant Professor of Physics on the Faculty. Throughout his career at Illinois, Gail had worked
closely with Kerst, creator of the betatron,
on problems in nuclear physics and on the
further development of the 20-MeV betatron, and on the design and construction of
the 300-MeV betatron. This unit was successfully completed and launched on meson research in 1950.
In 1948 Gail had a major role in the
design and development of the procedures
and equipment necessary for treatment of
a patient with a glioblastoma. This treatment was carried out under the clinical
guidance of Henry Quastler. Some details
are included in the description of contributions of Kerst and his laboratory to medical
physics in the Specific Topics section of
this paper.
In 1951 Gail accepted the position
working with Robert S. Stone, Chair of Radiation Therapy at UCSF, to develop the
70-MeV G.E. synchrotron for radiation
treatment ~Fig. 2!. Gail dealt successfully
with the dosimetry of 70-MeV ~peak energy! x rays and the design of ancillary apparatus to control such high-energy x rays
for effectively planned treatment. He had
also developed a strong teaching program.
In 1965 he accepted the position of Clinical
Professor of Physics and Radiation Physics
and of Vice-Chairman of the Department of
Radiological Science, Health Sciences
Center, University of Oklahoma. Here he
developed a graduate program in radiation
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FIG. 2. Adams shown with apparatus at University of Oklahoma in 1969 designed for irradiation of biological
systems in a constant magnetic field.
physics in addition to his other responsibilities, before retiring as Professor Emeritus
in 1984.
Adams is shown in Fig. 2 with an elec-
tromagnet and pole faces designed to provide a constant magnetic field throughout a
specified volume for irradiation of biological systems.
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Warren Sinclair
Warren Sinclair, the incoming second
AAPM president, was uniquely qualified in
his own experience in medical physics to
lead the newly created organization. Warren had his undergraduate education in science at the University of New Zealand in
Dunedin. He then held a research position
in a Government laboratory where, in one
of his projects, he had developed the instrumentation necessary to assay the quantity
of uranium in different ores. Next, he emigrated to London to accept a position in the
Department of Medical Physics with W. V.
Mayneord, Chairman of the Department.
Warren was, therefore, experienced not
only in an active medical physics scientific
and service program in a leading British
medical center, but was also familiar with
the functioning of the HPA, which had
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been established by British medical physicists in 1943 to serve their professional and
scientific interests. Warren had emigrated
to the U.S.A., where he was in charge of
the M. D. Anderson Physics Department.
The original motivation of the organizers had been to establish a professional society not in competition with the scientific
societies in which they were active and in
whose journals they published. However,
during his term, Warren had come to the
conclusion that the AAPM, in order to have
full credibility for its professional role, and
also to remain relevant to the scientific interests of its members, would have to have
a strong scientific program. The Board of
Directors agreed with Warren and with the
advisability of planning for strong scientific
programs. Sinclair also realized that Association members would need a publication
outlet for their medical physics papers and
proposed joining up with the existing journal of the HPA in the United Kingdom,
Physics in Medicine and Biology, and using
it as our official journal. With the approval
of the AAPM Board and the blessing of
Ted Webster in his presidency, Warren
worked out an arrangement with J. Rotblat,
then editor of PMB, to have PMB become
also the official journal of the AAPM in
1964, and Warren agreed to serve initially
as American Editor. The Canadians later
joined too and PMB became their official
journal. In 1969 after five years as American Editor, Sinclair’s research obligations
caused him to step down. He asked John
Hale to assume the American editorship.
AAPM sponsorship of PMB ceased in 1974
with the launching of Medical Physics. The
title page of PMB for 1968 is shown in Fig.
3 and illustrates this collaborative arrangement.
Another significant achievement at this
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time was the creation of a ten-page pamphlet entitled ‘‘The Medical Physicist’’
written by Ted Webster, assisted by Gail
Adams. This document was written to acquaint graduate students in physics, as well
as our medical and scientific colleagues,
with what medical physics is, what the
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medical physicist does, how they are
trained, and a resume of various treatment
and diagnostic applications. The document
commences appropriately with a citation to
an early medical physicist, Leonardo da
Vinci. Revisions of this historic document
have kept it current.
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FIG. 3. Title page for the 1968 volume of Physics in Medicine and Biology.
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John Hale
John Hale was the third president of the
AAPM, serving for the year 1962. John had
been an active member of the Board, and
was already familiar with the problems of
the new Association and had been a participant in dealing with them.
John had been a student at Duke University, earning his A.B. degree in 1943.
After graduation he spent five years in the
United States Navy. When he was discharged, he spent a year working as an engineer for Motorola. Then he entered the
graduate program at the University of
Pennsylvania’s Moore School of Electrical
Engineering, where he earned an M.S. degree in 1949. With the encouragement of S.
Reid Warren, Jr. in the Moore School, John
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became the University’s first part-time radiation safety officer and later joined Richard H. Chamberlain, a world-renowned radiologist, as the first full-time radiological
physicist in the Department of Radiology.
John pursued graduate studies on a parttime basis, and was the first student to enter
a new interscience program created by
Warren combining Moore School graduate
engineering courses with Medical School
courses in basic medical sciences. John
earned his interscience Ph.D. degree under
Warren ~a pioneering radiological physicist! in 1957. His thesis research was the
measurement of W for low-energy x rays.
John, together with the help of Bob Gorson, who joined him in 1951 for a period of
eight years, developed a comprehensive radiological physics program in radiation
therapy and nuclear medicine, and later in
diagnostic radiology. John initiated a
graduate degree training program for medical physicists, which included Peter Bloch,
David George, Robert Gould, Charles
Metz, and Margit Lassen.
RSNA Collaboration. John worked
closely with officials of the RSNA on instituting and accommodating our scientific
program in their schedule, and was able to
gain their cooperation in the growing needs
of the AAPM.
NAS. During his term he established
an affiliation of the AAPM with the U.S.
National Committee on Medical Physics,
under the auspices of the National Academy of Sciences.
Science Committee. John promoted
authorization of a Scientific Committee on
Radiation Dosimetry.
Program. John encouraged development of a scientific program for the annual
meeting.
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Marvin Williams
Marvin Martin Dixon Williams, a pioneer in medical physics, head of physics at
the Mayo Clinic, was elected to be the
fourth President of the AAPM and served
throughout 1963 ~Fig. 4!.
Marvin was born and raised in Walla
Walla, Washington. He majored in physics
and mathematics at Whitman College in
Walla Walla and earned his B.S. in science
in 1925. He probably first heard of the field
of radiation physics when his physics professor read a detailed letter from Edith
Quimby, class of 1912, describing her work
and activities. Marvin entered the graduate
school of the University of Pennsylvania
where he earned the M.S. in physiology in
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1929. At the same time he worked at the
Philadelphia General Hospital under the direction of James Weatherwax and assisted
on graphs and drawings for his textbook.
He also enjoyed a close association with
the Memorial Hospital physics group ~G.
Failla, E. Quimby, L. Marinelli, and J.
Rose!. In 1931, shortly before he left for
China, he was instructed by them on the
assembly and installation of a radon plant.
In 1929 he entered the Mayo Graduate
School of the University of Minnesota,
earning the Ph.D. in biophysics in 1931.
In May 1931, he and Orpha Stewart
were married and they left for Peiping,
China for their honeymoon, where he had
accepted the position of Radiation Physicist
and Assistant Professor at the Peiping
Union Medical College. He undertook the
construction and installation of a radon
plant with a half gram of radium in solution
in it, and supervised its operation; repaired
and calibrated the x-ray equipment; and
taught radiation physics to the residents and
technicians. In 1935, Marvin and Orpha returned to Rochester, Minnesota where he
had accepted appointment from Bryl Kirk-
FIG. 4. Marvin Williams (left, president) and Raymond
Tanner.
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lin of a staff position in the Mayo Clinic
Biophysics Section, with subsequent promotion to the rank of Professor.
Marvin was an early examiner for the
American Board of Radiology and was certified by them in 1947 in the first group of
physicists so recognized. He was on the
ABR ‘‘physics credentializing committee’’
from 1951 to 1973, and participated in the
examination of about 3,000 radiologists
and 250 physicists. For 15 years, on the
invitation of the Board, he attended and
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participated fully in their meetings. Marvin
also worked closely with the NCRP and
was active in the the American Radium Society. In 1963, he received the Gold Medal
of the RSNA. Later, the ACMP honored
his memory by naming their highest annual
award of merit: the ‘‘Marvin M. D. Williams Award.’’
Marvin had worked closely with radiologists in the RSNA and was influential in
achieving full acceptance of physicists as
members of the RSNA.
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Edward Webster
Edward ‘‘Ted’’ Webster was elected as
the fifth AAPM president at the annual
meeting in November 1963 and served until the next annual meeting in 1964. His
first day as president ~22 November 1963!
is memorable because President John F.
Kennedy was assassinated in Dallas, Texas
on that day and the first decision of the new
AAPM president was to continue the scientific program planned for that afternoon.
Ted was from England, where he received his early training at the University
of London in electrical engineering, receiving his B.Sc. in 1943. Following graduate
studies in applied physics, also at the University of London, he gained his Ph.D. in
1946. His thesis research concerned the
measurement of ultrashort ionization times
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in gas discharge devices, which involved
the construction and use of a novel
cathode-ray oscillograph for recording
high-speed electrical transient phenomena.
Subsequently, he joined the staff of the English Electric Company in its newly completed High Voltage Research Laboratory.
During 1947 and 1948 he led a small team
which built and tested two pressurized Van
de Graaff generators: a 2-MV unit for the
British Atomic Energy Research Establishment at Harwell and a 5-MV unit for the
Cavendish Laboratory at Cambridge University, both based on Massachusetts Institute of Technology designs. This experience led to the award in early 1949 of an
international traveling fellowship which
brought him the opportunity for three years
of postdoctoral study at MIT primarily in
nuclear physics, nuclear engineering, and
instrumentation with Robley Evans, Clark
Goodman, and Harold Edgerton. During
that period he was a member of the pioneering team organized by John Trump at
MIT jointly with radiologists from the Lahey Clinic in Boston in a cancer treatment
program using 2-MV x rays and rotational
therapy. This experience was his apprenticeship in medical physics. Ted returned to
London University for the years 1952 and
1953 as a Lecturer primarily on reactor design and radiation measurements.
In November 1953 he returned to Boston to the newly created post of Physicist in
the Department of Radiology at the Massachusette General Hospital. From 1958 onwards he was invited to join the other
physicists ~Otto Glasser, Marvin Williams,
and Edith Quimby! as a co-examiner in radiological physics for the ABR.
Ted had already been active on several
projects for the new AAPM, as described
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above, including on the constitution, and
composition of ‘‘The Medical Physicist.’’
During the year he appointed the membership of the Scientific Committee on Radiation Dosimetry, which brought out its first
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report in 1966. Ted was also chairman of
the committee that designed the AAPM
membership certificates and also supported
strongly AAPM sponsorship of PMB as our
official journal.
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later with linear accelerators. In 1948 he
became Assistant Professor in the Department of Radiology of the University of Illinois School of Medicine, Chicago. John
designed advanced instrumentation for the
dosimetry of both photon and electron
beams, including miniature parallel-plate
chambers and absorbed dose calorimetry,
and investigated the magnitude of the polarization density effect, of vital importance
to the use of electrons. Treatment planning
procedures for the betatron photons and
electrons were developed and clinical application commenced. John was promoted
John Laughlin
John Laughlin was elected to serve as
the sixth president of the AAPM, for the
year 1965.
John attended schools in Salem, Oregon
and majored in physics at Willamette University and at Haverford College. He then
became immersed in nuclear physics at the
University of Illinois and earned the Ph.D.
in 1947 with research on the exchange
forces between neutrons and protons carried out with a high-pressure cloud chamber and a cyclotron operated in a pulsed
mode. He also carried out a research and
development program on the betatron. The
photodisintegration thresholds determined
by the betatron staff were useful in calibration of the energies of both photon and
electron beams from the betatron and also
FIG. 5. Some text from the initial incorporation of the
AAPM.
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to Associate Professor and to the Graduate
Faculty.
In 1952 John accepted the position of
Attending Physicist and Chair of the Department of Medical Physics at the Memorial Sloan–Kettering Cancer Center
~MSKCC!, and was able to carry on a
therapy physics program, to develop a diagnostic dose measurement program, and
also to establish a nuclear medicine counting and scanning laboratory. In 1953 the
physics treatment planning group, working
directly with the residents and attendings in
Radiation Therapy, was able to initiate automatic computer methods in planning.
Similar techniques were introduced in
quantitative patient scanning apparatus for
both local activity determination and for total body activity measurement. The installation of an isochronous cyclotron in 1967
facilitated the variety of labels for metabolic studies. Innovations in the teaching
program commencing in the mid-fifties included the addition by the Hospital of two
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clinical physics positions on the House
Staff ~residents!. In 1989, John stepped
down as Chairman to Acting Chairman
during the search for a new Chair.
Items during the 1965 term:
NCRP. The AAPM became a Collaborating Organization of the NCRP.
RSNA. Due primarily to the efforts
of Williams and Hale, physicists became
eligible for membership in the RSNA.
Incorporation. The necessity for incorporation of the new Association was
recognized and, in the latter part of John’s
term, was carried out by Ted Webster
through his initiative with the Prentice–
Hall Corporation. Some of the text of this
initial incorporation is shown in Fig. 5 and
defines the five original objectives of the
new Association.
First ICMP, Harrogate. A significant event in the world of medical physics
occurred this year with the first International Conference on Medical Physics held
at Harrogate, United Kingdom.
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Robert Shalek
Robert ‘‘Bob’’ Shalek was elected to
serve as the seventh president of the
AAPM for the year 1966 ~Fig. 6!.
In his early years Bob resided in Oak
Park, Illinois. Later, he became a student at
the University of Illinois in Champaign, Illinois. He graduated and then served three
and a half years in the U.S. Army. He returned and entered the graduate program at
Rice University, Houston, in physics, mathematics, and biophysics, receiving the
Ph.D. in 1953. He then had a postdoctoral
year in London at the Royal Cancer Hospital ~now Royal Marsden Hospital! with W.
V. Mayneord, Head of their Physics Department.
He returned to the M. D. Anderson Hospital and, among other activities, worked
with Leonard Grimmett on his newly deMedical Physics, Vol. 25, No. 7, July 1998, Part 2
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signed cobalt irradiator, the first in the
U.S.A. His major interest was in the development of brachytherapy, and he had a substantial role in its resurgence at M. D.
Anderson in the two decades after 1950. As
chairman of the Physics Department at M.
D. Anderson from 1961 to 1984, he
was responsible for the development of
their major training program in medical
physics.
From 1968 to 1984, Bob served as the
first Director of the AAPM Radiological
Physics Center ~RPC!. The RPC has been
superbly conducted, and is discussed in detail in the section on Specific Items.
Later, Bob completed Law School and
in retirement has lectured and written on
legal matters affecting medical physicists.
Bob has also been the recipient of the
AAPM Coolidge Award, the ACMP Williams Award, and the ASTRO Gold Medal.
Other AAPM activities in 1966:
First Midyear Topical Scientific
Meeting. This first AAPM midyear topical meeting was held in Madison. This was
an important and successful venture and
contributed to the eventual transfer of our
annual meeting to its present midyear location.
AIP Affiliate. An achievement of
major significance for the AAPM was its
acceptance by the American Institute of
Physics as an ‘‘AIP Affiliated Society.’’
This relation became stronger with the
years and the AAPM achieved full membership in 1973.
Scientific Committee on Radiation
Dosimetry „SCRAD…. SCRAD completed its report, ‘‘Protocol for the Dosimetry of High Energy Electrons,’’ published in Physics in Medicine and
Biology.
FIG. 6. Board Meeting, December 1966, Chicago. Seated, left to right: Clarence Karzmark, Rosalyn Yalow, Paul Goodwin, Wayne Meyers, Robert Gorson,
Arnold Feldman, Robert Shalek (president), Lawrence Lanzl, Moses Greenfield, James Kereiakes, Walter Mauderli, Kenneth Wright, Leonard Stanton, and
Charles Simons. Standing, left to right: Past presidents John Laughlin, Warren Sinclair, and Marvin Williams.
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Lawrence Lanzl
Lawrence ‘‘Larry’’ Lanzl was elected
by the Board to serve as the eighth AAPM
president for the year 1967.
Larry had carried out his undergraduate
studies in physics at Northwestern University, had served on the Manhattan Project,
and pursued his graduate studies in physics
at the University of Illinois. Larry had participated in the first use of the high-energy
x-ray beams from the betatron for patient
treatment at Urbana, Illinois. He and his
wife, Elisabeth, carried out pioneer radiobiological studies with Henry Quastler,
who directed the clinical aspects of this initial medical application of the betatron.
Larry had also worked with Lester
Skaggs on the initial extraction of the electron beam from the betatron, and also with
1263
Al Hanson on studies of electron scattering
and bremsstrahlung formation.
Larry later accepted a position on the
faculty of the University of Chicago, where
he and Lester Skaggs continued their collaboration. Larry designed a unique telecobalt unit which accommodated a compact
source of small size and high specific activity to produce dose distributions with minimum penumbra. He and Skaggs also designed a novel linear accelerator with a
‘‘scanning electron beam’’ so as to produce
specifically shaped incident beam fields.
Larry later accepted a faculty position in
the Radiation Therapy Division at Rush–
Presbyterian Hospital, where he was Head
of the Medical Physics Department. He
was involved in the development of graduate degree programs at the University of
Chicago and at Rush University. In 1992,
the Lawrence H. Lanzl Medical Physics
Research Institute was founded in Seattle in
his honor.
Some activities during his term:
Quarterly Bulletin. Lanzl was responsible for initiation of the Quarterly
Bulletin, as the Association newsletter was
first entitled, with James Kereiakes as Editor. Subsequently, Shirley Vickers became
its Editor. The Quarterly Bulletin served
the cohesiveness of the AAPM well and
was eventually absorbed in the new journal, Medical Physics, in 1974 until 1976,
when it reappeared as the AAPM Newsletter with Andy Bukovitz as Editor.
High Energy Radiation Therapy
Dosimetry. The AAPM sponsored a
Symposium on High Energy Radiation Dosimetry, co-chaired by John Laughlin and
Larry Lanzl, and held at the New York
Academy of Sciences, 15–17 June 1967
~Fig. 7!. This Symposium attracted senior
radiation scientists from Canada, Great
Britain, France, Germany, and Finland, as
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FIG. 7. Relaxing between scientific sessions at the 1967 Midyear Symposium were, left
to right: Lawrence Lanzl (president, symposium co-chair), John Laughlin (symposium
co-chair), Lester Skaggs (symposium discussant), and Eric J. Hall from the United
Kingdom (symposium discussant).
well as from the U.S. Abstracts of the papers presented at this international symposium were published in the Quarterly Bulletin ~Vol. 1, No. 1, September 1967!.
Radiation Physics Center. Larry had
been called on to assist the Committee on
Radiation Therapy Studies and the NCI,
who desired to have complete and uniformly accurate dosimetry among the different institutions carrying out multiinstitutional therapy studies in specified
sites. Larry drew up an outline of the responsibilities of such a Center with the as-
sumption that the AAPM would have the
responsibility for its initial establishment
and for its oversight. The scientific committee recommended that the RPC be established at the M. D. Anderson Hospital
with Robert Shalek as Director. A Steering
Committee with John Laughlin as chairman
was asked to provide oversight for the
AAPM. The RPC has supplied a vital service to achieve a uniform physical basis for
the ensuing clinical studies, and is discussed in detail in the section on Specific
Topics.
1265
John Cameron
John R. Cameron was elected to serve
as the ninth AAPM president for the year
1968.
John was born and raised in northern
Wisconsin and attended local schools. After serving in the U.S. Army Signal Corps
he matriculated at the University of Chicago, majoring in mathematics for a B.S. in
1947. He proceeded through graduate
school at the University of Wisconsin in
physics for the M.S. and Ph.D. degrees,
completed in 1952. For the next six years
he studied nuclear physics and taught as an
Assistant Professor at the University of São
Paulo, Brazil, and at the University of Pittsburgh. John then returned to the University
of Wisconsin, accepting appointment in a
newly created faculty position for a physicist in the Department of Radiology, as
1265
well as a faculty position in the Physics Department. John established a radioactive
isotope research laboratory, which collaborated on metabolic research projects with
the clinical laboratories. Another phenomenon he studied was that of radiation induced thermoluminescence. This effect had
been initially identified by a retired Professor of Chemistry, Farrington Daniels. John
proceeded to develop the science of thermoluminescent dosimetry, which has had
many applications in the monitoring of
both treatment and diagnostic uses of radiation. John was also a pioneer in developing
the instrumentation to measure bone density using iodine-125 as an external source.
As a consequence of the increasing interest in a number of important applications
of physics to clinical problems, and the
utility of training programs which had been
established, the University of Wisconsin
authorized the Department of Medical
Physics in 1981, with John as its first chairman.
Some activities of the Association during 1968 included ~Fig. 8!:
Constitution Modification. The AIP
advised the AAPM, an affiliate member of
the AIP, that the IRS was reviewing the tax
classification of the AIP and other organizations, and advised that some of the emphasis on professional activities in our
Constitution could jeopardize the tax-free
status of the AIP and of the AAPM as
charitable organizations under Section
501~c!~3! of the Internal Revenue Code.
Cameron appointed an ad hoc committee
chaired by Bob Gorson to consider this
problem. In compliance with the AIP advice, the Committee recommended that
items ‘‘B’’ and ‘‘E’’ ~see Fig. 5! be removed and other changes made. Their report, and the Board action of approval, ap-
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FIG. 8. Herb Attix (left) and Greta Ehrlich.
FIG. 9. Ralph Worsnop and H. J. Koffman at UCSF diagnostic physics symposium. (Edward R. Epp in background.)
pear in the Quarterly Bulletin of September
1968 ~Vol. 2, pp. 12–13! and on pp. 1267–
1268 of this paper. This problem, though
later resolved, contributed to concerns as to
the ability of the AAPM to meet its professional responsibilities to its members.
Radiological Physics Center. During his term as president, the Radiological
Physics Center was established at the M. D.
Anderson Center Physics Department with
Bob Shalek as its Director. It is still operating effectively today.
Annual Meeting. It was agreed with
the RSNA that our annual meetings would
still be held at the same time in Chicago,
but that they would be operated separately.
Midyear Symposium. A midyear
AAPM symposium on the Physics of Diagnostic Radiology was held at the UCSF in
1968 ~Fig. 9!.
Summer School. The first AAPM
Summer School, on the subject of radiation
dosimetry, was planned for 4–9 August
1969 in Burlington, Vermont. Peter Almond was in charge of the school, which
was very successful with 64 in attendance.
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PERIOD 2 „1969–1978…
1969
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Robert Gorson
1970
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . James Kereiakes
1971
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Peter Almond
1972
. . . . . . . . . . . . Fearghus O’Foghludha
1973
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Clarence Karzmark
1974
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Raymond Tanner
1975
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Jack Krohmer
1976
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Jacques Ovadia
1977
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . William Hendee
1978
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Peter Wootton
1269
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steered him into that position, which soon
brought him to the attention of Richard H.
Chamberlain and Eugene P. Pendergrass of
the Department of Radiology, who invited
him to join John Hale in radiological physics. John and Bob worked together at Penn
for eight years during which both of them
were active in the Philadelphia radiological
community including Jim Weatherwax, Leonard Stanton, Ted Sopp, Wayne Myers,
Jim Bierly, Jean Mesaros, and S. Reid Warren, Jr., working on problems of mutual interest such as the ‘‘Philadelphia millicurie’’
analogous to the ‘‘New York millicurie.’’
In 1959, Bob conducted a comprehensive study of the needs in radiological
physics at Thomas Jefferson for Philip J.
Hodes ~who had left Penn to resurrect Radiology at Jefferson!. Bob was then invited
to develop a radiological physics program
at Jefferson. The new Radiological Physics
Robert Gorson
Robert O. Gorson ~Bob! was our tenth
president and served the AAPM in this capacity in 1969 ~Figs. 10–12!.
Bob was early interested in science, particularly astronomy, which is still a hobby
of his today. After high school he enrolled
in the University of Pennsylvania ~Penn! as
a part-time student while working as a machinist at the Philadelphia Navy Yard. After serving in the Navy as an aviation electronics technician for two and a half years,
he returned to Penn in 1946 on a full-time
basis, majoring in physics. He continued on
to a masters in physics on a part-time basis
while working as the University’s part-time
Health Physicist, replacing John Hale. It
was S. Reid Warren, Jr. of the Moore
School of Electrical Engineering who
FIG. 10. Robert Gorson (president).
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FIG. 11. Second International Conference, 1969. Left to
right: Robert Gorson (president), Lois Gorson, Shirley
Quimby, and Edith Quimby.
Division grew to over 24 persons ~including Ben Galkin, Bob Curley, Jack Wallace,
Dorothy Driscoll, and later Margit Lassen!,
providing services to Diagnostic Radiology, Radiation Therapy, and Radiation
Safety for the University and physics support for the Stein Research Center. Bob
worked closely with Simon Kramer, Chief
of Radiation Therapy, and with Robert
Brent, Chief of Radiation Biology. Among
the many physics trainees were N.
Suntharalingam ~who returned later to head
radiation therapy physics after obtaining
his Ph.D under Cameron!, Cari Borras,
Farideh Bagne, Raymond Wu, Joe Ting,
and Gerry Kutcher.
Bob and John Hale both were active in
the formation of the AAPM. Bob was a
charter member of the NCRP and served on
its Board of Directors and on many committees for over 23 years, as well as Committee 3 of the ICRP for eight years. He
also served on numerous committees of the
ACR, RSNA, AAPM, ACMP, NCI and
USPHS. He served as chairman and examiner for the American Board of Health
FIG. 12. Second International Conference, 1969. Outdoor entertainment at Castle Hill, Ipswich, MA. Left to
right: Edward Webster (past president), Dorothea Webster, and Robert Shalek (past president).
Physics, examiner for the American Board
of Radiology, and treasurer for the American Board of Medical Physics. He became
a fellow of the ACR, AAPM, and ACMP
and received career achievement awards
from the AAPM and the ACMP.
Bob was the first president to obtain
some outside administrative assistance for
routine service needs ~collecting dues,
mailing notices, publishing the Quarterly
Bulletin, etc.!, which he negotiated with the
AIP to start providing the AAPM in 1969.
As first chairman of the AAPM History
Committee, Bob initiated a long-term
project to retrieve AAPM documents of
historical value and to conduct videotaped
interviews of senior medical physicists and
scientists to be stored in the AAPM/AIP
archives at the American Center for Physics in College Park, Maryland. Over 90
persons have been interviewed to date.
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FIG. 13. Left to right: Edward Sternick, Mary Lou Meurk,
and John Cunningham.
James Kereiakes
James G. Kereiakes was the eleventh
AAPM president with his abbreviated term
from 1 January 1970 to July 1970. Abbreviation of his term was due to AAPM calendar change of the annual meeting from
December to July ~Figs. 13–16!.
Jim Kereiakes matriculated at Western
Kentucky State College, receiving the B.S.
degree in physics, and studied at the University of Cincinnati for both the M.S. and
Ph.D. degrees in physics. His major research project was on ‘‘X-Ray Diffraction
of Compressed Crystals.’’ He joined the
faculty of the University and at the time of
his election as president, was serving as
Professor of Radiology ~Radiologic Physics! in the Department of Radiology of the
University of Cincinnati College of Medicine.
He was responsible for substantial contributions in teaching, training, research,
clinical service, and in professional affairs.
He initiated training programs in radiological physics and in nuclear medicine. Jim
was very active in the American Board of
Radiology certification program over a period of 27 years and was responsible for
important aspects of this program.
He has had a highly productive research
career with over 200 publications on con-
FIG. 14. Garrett Holt (left) and John Cunningham.
1273
FIG. 15. Left to right: Garrett Holt, Gus Bahr, and James
Kereiakes (president).
tributions in nuclear medicine and in physical aspects of diagnostic radiology and of
radiation oncology. His developments in
nuclear medicine included pediatric radiopharmaceutical dosimetry, and he was early
in development of techniques for studies of
dynamic function with gamma cameras. He
is also the author of several textbooks including co-authorship, with Bob Waggener
and Bob Shalek, of the three-volume Handbook on Medical Physics. At their annual
meeting in 1984, the RSNA awarded their
Gold Medal to Jim Kereiakes.
1273
Quarterly Bulletin. Jim was the initial Editor of the Quarterly Bulletin and
successfully launched this publication,
which has proved vital to communication
within our membership and to the stability
and growth of the AAPM. In its continuing
service to the members it has appeared in
later years as the Newsletter.
First Solo Annual Meeting. A major
innovation for the AAPM was the successful planning of the first AAPM annual
meeting independent of the RSNA in
Washington, 13–15 July 1970. This
achievement of an independent annual
meeting has been followed ever since, and
marked the maturity of the AAPM.
Presidential Election. Kereiakes was
the last AAPM president to be elected by
the Board of Directors. The new By-Laws
provided for elections by the membership.
ACR. Jim also encouraged collaboration with the American College of Radiology and was a member of the initial joint
AAPM–ACR committee.
FIG. 16. Standing, left to right: Dale Trout, Shirley Vickers, Colin Orton, Stewart Bushong, John Wright, Marty
Rozenfeld, Mary Lou Merck, Ken Williams, N. Suntharalingam, Bengt Bjarngard. Seated, left to right: Fearghus
O’Foghludha, Ben Galkin, Peter Almond, Jim Kereiakes, and Leonard Stanton.
1274
Peter Almond
Peter R. Almond was our twelfth president serving his term from July 1970 to
July 1971.
Peter studied for his B.Sc. at Nottingham University before immigrating to the
U.S.A. He continued his education at Rice
University, Texas, completing his work for
the M.A. and for the Ph.D. in medical
physics. He was on the staff of the M.D.
Anderson Hospital and Tumor Institute of
the University of Texas as physicist ~later
as head of radiation physics!, and also as
Professor of Biophysics. His research activities included: the dosimetry and use of
beams in radiotherapy, the evaluation of
neutrons for clinical radiotherapy and basic
radiation measurements and dosimetry protocols.
1274
While president of the AAPM, in addition to the many and varied responsibilities
in its stewardship, he found time for other
projects:
Summer School. During the year before his presidency, Peter organized the
first midyear summer school on a scientific
topic, which was held at Burlington, Vermont as described in the preceding term. Its
success has helped to make the scientific
summer school become an AAPM tradition.
Separate Annual Meeting. He supported the concept of an independent annual meeting, initiated the year before in
our annual meeting in Washington, D.C.,
and supported the work of Stewart Bushong in organizing the AAPM annual meeting to be held in Houston, 13–15 July
1970, which marked the closing of Kereiakes’ term and the beginning of Almond’s
term as president.
Journal. Peter supported the future
establishment of our own journal, Medical
Physics, and was involved in the negotiations. PMB had rejected the request by the
AAPM to participate in the operation of
their journal and in its profits. There was
considerable doubt, and consequent opposition to this venture. However, sufficient
support developed and the Journal was
eventually authorized with Adams as Editor.
Dosimetry Task Groups. Peter was
active on Task Groups concerned with dosimetry of high-energy electrons and x rays
on both a national and international basis.
Service Organizations. Peter has
been invited to serve on many specific organizations related to the interests of the
AAPM. These have included service on the
NCRP, ICRU, NRC, Chair of the ACMP,
the ABMP, and NCI grant study sections.
1275
Fearghus O’Foghludha
Fearghus T. O’Foghludha was the thirteenth AAPM president, serving from the
annual meeting in July 1971 to that in July
1972.
Fearghus had been a student at the National University of Ireland, for the B.Sc.,
M.Sc., and Ph.D. ~1961! degrees with a
major in physics. His interests were in radiation and nuclear physics. While a student, Fearghus served as Assistant Physicist at University College, Dublin, and later
as Senior Physicist at St. Luke’s Hospital.
He immigrated to the U.S.A. and became
Associate Professor of Radiation Physics at
the Medical College of Virginia in Richmond, VA, where he rose to Professor and
1275
Chairman of the physics division. He later
transferred to Duke University Medical
Center as Professor and Director of the
physics division, 1970 to 1988, where he
was located at the time of his presidency.
He is now Emeritus Professor of Radiation
Physics and has held teaching positions in
other colleges. He has also served as a Visiting Scientist at the University of Lund, as
Editor of Medical Physics ~1985–87!, and
as North American Editor of Physics in
Medicine and Biology ~1976–79!. His research interests have been in ionizing radiation dosimetry and in gamma ray spectroscopy.
Events in 1972:
Coolidge Award. An important relationship arranged for the AAPM by Fearghus was with William D. Coolidge, retired
Director of the General Electric Research
Laboratory. Coolidge accepted Honorary
Membership in the AAPM and also expressed his appreciation on having the proposed major annual award of the AAPM
bear his name. Coolidge was already 100
years old and, in consideration of his
health, Fearghus arranged for an officer of
General Electric, Vincent D. Manti, to
present the first AAPM Coolidge Award
Plaque to Coolidge ~Figs. 17 and 18!.
Coolidge’s scientific achievements were
particularly significant in the field of radiation physics. Coolidge had studied electrical engineering at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, graduating in 1898. He
continued his studies in Germany, earning
his Ph.D. at the University of Leipzig
~summa cum laude!. He returned to teach at
MIT and in 1905 joined the General Electric Research Laboratory. In 1910, General
Electric announced his invention of ductile
tungsten, which proved vital in the produc-
1276
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FIG. 17. In July 1972 the Coolidge Award was formally presented to Dr. William D. Coolidge at Schenectady, NY.
The presentation, which formalized the award made by the AAPM, is being made by Mr. Vincent D. Manti of the
General Electric Research and Development Center.
tion of viable incandescent light tubes in
many different forms and power levels. In
1913, his achievement of his unique x-ray
tube was announced. With its high vacuum
and heated cathode, it completely revolutionized the production of x rays, and
placed their use and the field of radiology
on a controlled and reproducible basis.
Coolidge was awarded 83 patents for his
pioneering inventions. His pioneer achievements in our field make this award for
meritorious work particularly appropriate
for the AAPM.
AIP Membership. First formal negotiations for American Institute of Physics
membership status of the AAPM in the AIP
were pursued.
Joint APS Symposium. First joint
scientific symposium with an AIP ‘‘sister’’
society, The American Physical Society,
was held on 27–30 March 1972, at Atlantic
City.
Proposed Journal. Progress was
made in clarifying the nature of the proposal for our own journal.
Professional Interests. In several
editorials, Fearghus addressed questions
concerning the professional and scientific
roles of the AAPM, with his concern that
further delay in fine-tuning our course of
action was detrimental to the future of the
AAPM, always eloquently expressed: ‘‘It
seems inevitable then, that the ‘professional’ interests of our members, now totally uncatered for, must be served by a
separate body ~preferably a wholly con-
1277
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FIG. 18. William D. Coolidge on the cover of September 1973 issue of the AAPM Quarterly Bulletin.
trolled subsidiary of AAPM, along the general lines of the College of Medical Physics
which former President Cameron has advocated!.’’ The Scientific Committee’s de-
tailed report included their favorable evaluation as the Steering Committee for the
Center for Radiological Physics at Houston.
1278
Clarence Karzmark
Clarence J. Karzmark, ‘‘Karz,’’ was the
fourteenth AAPM president, commencing
his term during the annual meeting in June
1972 and serving until the annual meeting
in July 1973 ~Figs. 19–22!.
Karzmark studied at the University of
North Dakota, majoring in electrical engineering for two years. After a period with
the Air Force, Karz returned and completed
his studies in physics at North Dakota. He
continued in physics at the University of
Indiana graduate school earning his Ph.D.
in 1955. In addition to his studies in physics, he had acquired considerable experience in radar and electronic communication. Earlier experience in radio servicing,
amateur radio, and broadcast radio engineering served him in good stead.
He accepted the physics responsibility
in radiation therapy at Stanford University
and remained there until his retirement in
1278
1988. During the early sixties he spent a
year in London at Hammersmith and at St.
Bartholomew’s becoming familiar with
their training programs. He was impressed
with the British system of hospital physics
and medical physics departments in medical schools. In addition to publications on
dosimetry and treatment planning with linear accelerators, together with Craig Nunan
and microwave engineer Eiji Tanabe, he
wrote and published a very useful text on
linear accelerators. An earlier linac primer,
written with Robert Morton, is intended for
technologists and oncologists.
Science Council. Karzmark served at
a time of rapid expansion of medical physics in the U.S. resulting in new problems
and opportunities for scientific and professional growth, often resulting in contributions to medical procedures. Such advances
were facilitated by the formation of a Science Council, responsible for coordinating
and directing the work of six categorical
Science Committees. Similar Educational
and Professional Councils were soon established.
FIG. 19. Robert Shalek (left, past president) receiving
the 1973 Coolidge Award from Gene Robinson.
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FIG. 22. San Diego, 1973. Left to right: Robert Loevinger, Alex Turner, Caridad Borras, John Cunningham,
and Lawrence Lanzl (past president).
FIG. 20. Left to right: Clarence Karzmark (president),
Edward Epp, and Jack Krohmer.
AIP Membership. It was announced
that the AAPM had been accepted as a full
member of the AIP.
Journal. There was a growing sentiment among members to inaugurate an
AAPM journal. Alternatively, if it could be
arranged, AAPM might assume a larger
role in the publication of PMB with the
HPA. In a joint editorial with HPA president John Mallard, in the AAPM Bulletin of
December 1972 ~Vol. 6, No. 4!, Karzmark
and Mallard invited exploration of joint op-
FIG. 21. Jacques (left) and Florence Ovadia.
eration of PMB by both the AAPM and
HPA. Earlier the AAPM Board had voted
to publish our own journal subject to monetary constraints. The strong support and
enthusiasm for an independent AAPM
journal became increasingly apparent. Volume 1 of the new AAPM journal, Medical
Physics, was dated 1974.
Professional Society. Results of a
questionnaire by the ad hoc ‘‘American
Committee for Medical Physics,’’ created
in June 1972 and chaired by Bob Gorson,
on a proposed new professional society
were that, with 304 responding out of 717
mailed forms ~42%!, 69% were in favor,
12% opposed, 14% in doubt, and 5% undecided. A subsequent meeting was held by
Ray Tanner, AAPM president-elect, and
John Laughlin, AAPM representative to the
AIP Board, with AIP Director, H. W. Koch
and Wallace Waterfall, Secretary of the
AIP, and a representative of the American
Acoustical Society ~who had similar questions! on 25 and 26 June 1973, to review 13
proposed activities of the new society as
supplied by Bob Gorson. It developed that
the AIP had no problem with most of the
items with the possible exception of professional certification, some types of lobbying,
and negotiations for remuneration of a
‘‘union type’’ of activity. Since these ac-
1280
tivities were not considered important at
that time, the ad hoc committee put into
abeyance their plans. Please see subsequent
actions and report of the ad hoc committee
on p. 1283.
AAPM Accredited Dosimetry Labs.
The Scientific Committee formed a
subcommittee, Task Group 3 with John
Cameron as Chairman, to work with the
National Bureau of Standards on the
1280
development of policies for regional
calibration facilities, and to assist the
establishment of Regional Calibration
Laboratories ~RCL!. At the December
meeting of the Scientific Committee
provisional status was recommended for
RCL’s at Memorial Hospital, NY, and at
M. D. Anderson Hospital, Houston, Texas.
Final authorization was given both labs the
following year.
1281
Raymond Tanner
Raymond ‘‘Ray’’ L. Tanner was our fifteenth president, serving from 1 July 1973
to 30 June 1974 ~Figs. 23–27!.
Ray Tanner earned his B.S. degree in
Physical Science and Mathematics at Memphis State University. He then had a teaching assistantship at Memphis State and was
strongly influenced by Carl Nurnberger’s
experience in radiological physics. In 1956
Ray was accepted in the graduate physics
training program at Memorial–Sloan Kettering and Cornell Medical. He completed
his first year very successfully and decided
to return to Memphis where he and Margaret were married in 1957. Ray had a teaching position at Memphis State and remained there until 1962 when he entered
the medical physics program at the University of California at Los Angeles ~UCLA!
1281
led by Moses Greenfield. He completed his
graduate work and received his Ph.D. in
1967, and returned to a faculty position at
Memphis State. Ray was serving as Professor of Medical Physics at Memphis State
when he was elected president of the
AAPM.
Presidential Newsletter. In order to
assist communication during his term, Ray
initiated a monthly newsletter which he
wrote personally and circulated to all Committee Chairpersons, officers, and the
Board of Directors. This procedure proved
useful for information and coordination
purposes.
Journal. Formation of our own scientific journal had been advocated by Gail
Adams and a membership vote strongly
supported it. The Board authorized its establishment to commence publication on a
bimonthly basis by January 1974, with Gail
as editor and Ben Galkin as business manager. This team launched it successfully,
and it has published continuously since.
The first issue contained an Editorial by
Gail, a warm introduction by president
Tanner, and a ‘‘Bulletin’’ section devoted
to AAPM affairs, Committee reports, and
Chapter notes. This section was a continu-
FIG. 23. ‘‘The Mutants.’’ Left to right: Barbara Heller,
Saul Harris, Shirley Vickers, and Mortimer Heller.
1282
FIG. 24. Nagalingam (left) and Siva Suntharalingam.
ation, or replacement, of the Quarterly Bulletin. A brief description and history of the
journal is given in the section on Specific
Topics.
Councils. Tanner proposed establishment of Education and Professional Coun-
FIG. 25. Early June 1974. Left to right: Jack Krohmer
(president-elect), Raymond Tanner (president), and Peter Wootton.
1282
FIG. 26. Raymond (left, president) and Margaret Tanner.
cils, both of which were adopted and written into new Rules, which were approved
by the membership at this time ~1973–74!,
having been started in the preceding Karzmark administration in connection with formation of the Science Council. It was significant that, after a year of investigation
and controversy, the Board at the San Diego meeting decided to deal more extensively with professional matters within the
AAPM. Three of the committees of the
new Professional Council were existing
Committees: the Committee on Professional Information, the Committee on Insurance, and the Committee on Legislation
and Regulation. A new Committee on
Clinical Relations was formed and the
long-dormant Committee on Ethics was reformed. Jack Krohmer and Bob Gorson
agreed to serve as chairman and vicechairman, respectively, of the new Council,
and pledged to work diligently in devising
methods of providing for the professional
needs of the entire AAPM membership.
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FIG. 27. Richard Riley, University of Kansas.
Proposal for Centers for Radiological
Physics. Ray asked Bob Shalek and John
Laughlin to visit the NCI in Washington to
express our interest in the possible establishment for several Centers of Radiological Physics to meet an evident technological need. Subsequently, Ray encouraged
the writing of an appropriate grant proposal, which resulted in the contract for the
AAPM Coordinating Committee and for
formation of six CRP’s on a competitive
basis. The CRP’s were intended to transfer
the advanced technology of radiation measurement and calibration; of specific radiological procedures, such as for mammography; and for treatment planning. A ten-year
provision for this technology transfer
project had been envisaged. See pp. 1366–
1367 for more detailed discussion.
RSNA. President Tanner was invited
to speak at a meeting of the RSNA Board
and proposed joint sponsorship of the Winter meeting. This arrangement was ac-
cepted and implemented the following
year, and is still an important feature of
AAPM membership.
ACMP. A significant letter appeared
in the AAPM Quarterly Bulletin for September 1973 from the members of The
American Committee on Medical Physics
~R. O. Gorson, M. L. Meurk, A. Wright, J.
Cameron, F. O’Foghludha, S. Vickers!.
The detailed letter announced a decision
reached by the members to suspend plans
to create The American Academy of Medical Physics in view of two recent developments: ‘‘when it became apparent that the
AIP would no longer object to the AAPM
engaging in most of the professional matters included in a possible list of activities
for the AAMP, the principal reason for creating a professional group outside of the
AAPM appeared to vanish’’; and also referred to the recent action of the AAPM
Board to create the Professional Council
rather than rely on an outside group.
1284
Jack Krohmer
Jack S. Krohmer was the sixteenth
AAPM president from the time of the annual meeting in 1974 to that in 1975. Jack
commenced service as president-elect in
1973 at the annual meeting in Kansas City
~Figs. 28–30!.
Jack Krohmer was born in Cleveland
and matriculated at the Western Reserve
University, receiving his B.A. in 1943 with
majors in chemistry and mathematics. He
then entered the army, in which he served
until the end of World War II. Jack returned to Western Reserve, receiving the
M.A. in physics in 1947. At the University
of Texas Southwestern Medical School,
where he had joined Fred Bonte, he earned
the Ph.D. in biophysics in 1961. From 1957
to 1963 Jack had been on the faculty of the
1284
University of Texas, leaving to accept the
position of Research Professor at the
Roswell Park Memorial Institute for three
years. He joined the staff of the Geisinger
Medical Center and the Radiology Associates of Erie during the period 1966 to 1979.
His research activities have included the
design of the Sr-90 opthalamic applicator,
imaging with radioactive labels and radiobiological studies.
From 1979 to 1984 he was Professor of
Radiology and Radiation Oncology at
Wayne State University School of Medicine, retiring in 1985. He has been very active in retirement and formed his own consulting firm, has served as ‘‘locum tenens’’
for many radiology departments, and has
carried out shielding designs for radiological facilities extensively. For the AAPM he
was responsible for the Placement Service
from its inception in 1958 to 1972.
Jack also served on the Board of Trustees of the ABR from 1972 to 1993, following the term of Marvin M. D. Williams. In
1992, Jack was honored with the award of
the RSNA Gold Medal, and the ACR presented him with the recognition of their
Gold Medal in 1994.
AAPM Activities:
Publications Committee. An impor-
FIG. 28. Presentation of 1975 Coolidge Award to Marvin
M. D. Williams. Left to right: Marvin Williams (past president), Arnold Feldman, and Jack Krohmer (president).
1285
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FIG. 30. Left to right: John Hale (past president), Robert
Loevinger, Adele Hale, and Warren Sinclair (past president).
~2!
FIG. 29. Doris (left) and Jack Krohmer (1992 RSNA
Gold Medalist).
tant innovation by Jack for the AAPM was
his appointment of a Publications Committee, with E. W. Webster as chairman, and
G. D. Adams, D. W. Glenn, W. R. Hendee,
J. G. Kereiakes, F. M. Kahn, C. A. Kelsey,
S. D. Vickers, and A. E. Wright as members. Its need was made evident by the
birth of the Journal and also by the anticipation of other publications. Its mandate
was for supervision of all AAPM publications. The first publications authorized in
1974 were a new edition of the Membership Directory and a revised third edition
of the popular booklet, ‘‘The Medical
Physicist.’’ In 1975, the Committee approved two new types of publications
which have proved important:
~1!
The AAPM Monograph Series, with
the first approved being ‘‘Biophysical Aspects of the Medical Use of
Technetium-99m,’’ by J. G. Kereiakes and K. R. Korey.
~3!
The AAPM Report Series. The first
of these reports was ‘‘Phantoms for
Performance Evaluation and Quality
Assurance of CT Scanners’’ prepared by a task force chaired by P. F.
Judy.
The Newsletter Series. This bimonthly series was authorized in
1975 by the Committee with Andrew G. Buckowitz as Editor.
~Summarized from a report by E. W. Webster.!
Placement Service. Jack was the first
director of the Placement Service, and
handled it very effectively for 14 years.
RSNA. Jack was chair of the Physics
section of the RSNA Program Committee
and had a major role, with Marvin Williams, John Hale, Ed Epp et al., in establishing the confidence of the RSNA in the
AAPM.
Clinical Committees. Another instance of Jack’s leadership was his encouragement of AAPM participation in RSNA
and ACR committees. In 1972 there were
36 AAPM members on these committees,
increasing to 58 in 1974, and to 72 in 1975,
where it has remained.
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1286
FIG. 32. 1976 Coolidge Award recipient, Harold Johns.
Jacques Ovadia
Jacques Ovadia was the seventeenth
AAPM president with responsibility during
the nominal year 1976: from the annual
meeting in July 1975 to that in July 1976
~Figs. 31–36!.
Jacques was born in Vienna, Austria
FIG. 31. Florence (left) and Jacques Ovadia (president).
and attended local schools. His family immigrated to the U.S., and Jacques matriculated in Brooklyn College, where he received the B.A. in 1974 with majors in
physics and mathematics. He entered the
University of Illinois graduate school in
1947 with a major in nuclear physics and
received the Ph.D. in 1951. He then became an Instructor in Radiology in the University of Illinois College of Medicine and
worked on the radiation physics program
FIG. 33. John Cameron (past president) speaking at the
Ottawa meeting.
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1287
FIG. 36. Jacques Ovadia (president).
FIG. 34. Edwin McCullough viewed at work.
with the high-energy x rays and electrons
from their medical betatron. He became a
Research Associate in the Biophysics Division of the Sloan–Kettering Institute from
1952 to 1956 and worked primarily on
high-energy electron beam dosimetry and
treatment planning. He also carried out a
precise determination of the specific ionization in air by collimated beams of monoenergetic electrons. In 1956 he was appointed
Chief of Radiation Physics at the Michael
FIG. 35. 1976 Summer School. Left to right: John Cunningham, Andrée Dutreix, and Jacques Ovadia (president).
Reese Hospital working with the successive Chairs of Radiation Oncology ~Eric
Uhlman and Lionel Cohen!, until his retirement in 1991.
Events in 1975–76:
Newsletter. The Quarterly Bulletin
had continued within Medical Physics in
the years 1974–75, and then terminated. It
was replaced by the Newsletter, a separate
publication with Andrew Bukovitz as Editor on a six issues/year basis. Its first issue
appeared January 1976.
Executive Office. Smith, Bucklin and
Associates, Inc., were chosen to serve as
AAPM’s Executive Office. They had been
visited and reviewed by J. Ovadia ~president!, W. Hendee ~president-elect!, and J.
Krohmer ~past president!, and their recommendation was approved by the Board.
Sharon Pierce became the AAPM Executive Director.
ICMP. The Fourth International Conference of Medical Physics met jointly with
the AAPM at the Eighteenth Annual Meeting held 25–30 July in Ottawa, Canada.
Regional Calibration Labs. AAPM
added the Victoreen Co. Calibration Laboratory to its list of AAPM approved Regional Calibration Laboratories ~previously
approved Regional Calibration Laborato-
1288
ries at Memorial Hospital and M. D.
Anderson Hospital!.
Summer School. The 1976 AAPM
Summer school was held at Trinity College, Burlington, Vermont, site of the original school in 1969, and was also on dosimetry.
Placement. Edward Sternick, chair of
the Placement Service operating under the
auspices of the Professional Council, re-
1288
ported increasing activity in listings and inquiries.
Membership. William Carlton, chair
of the Membership Committee, reported a
strong growth in membership with 72 new
members accepted during the first half of
1976, and 80 applications pending review.
Publications. Ted Webster, chair of
the Publications Committee, announced the
third edition of ‘‘The Medical Physicist.’’
1289
William Hendee
William R. Hendee was the eighteenth
AAPM president with responsibility as
president for the 18 months from July 1976
to 31 December 1977 ~Fig. 37!. This unusually long term was due to the decision
of the AAPM, approved by the membership, to have the administrative calendar of
the AAPM agree with its fiscal calendar,
which was the calendar year.
Details of Bill Hendee’s academic career not only do credit to his scholarship,
but also reveal his conflicting loves of football and of physics. He played football at
Tulane University until his Junior year
when he decided that physics was his priority, and he transferred to Millsaps College, where he earned his B.S. degree in
1959, followed by his Ph.D. in physics
1289
from the University of Texas in 1962. After
three years as Associate Professor and
Chairman of Physics and Astronomy at
Millsaps College, he joined the faculty of
the University of Colorado Health Sciences
Center, where he spent several years in radiological research and in teaching of residents and of physicists. He established
M.S., Ph.D., and Postdoctoral programs in
medical physics at the University of Colorado. From 1977 to 1985 he served as Professor and Chairman of the Department of
Radiology. The only other instance of a
non-M.D. physicist serving as chairman of
a clinical department is that of Karl W.
Stenstrom, earlier a Fellow with William
Duane at Harvard University, and who
served as Director of Radiation Therapy at
the University of Minnesota until his retirement in 1956.
Bill was elected president of the AAPM
during the first part of his service as Radiology Department Chairman. In 1985, Bill
joined the staff of the American Medical
Association as Vice-President of Science
and Technology, and in 1991 he joined the
faculty of the Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, where he is the Senior
Associate Dean of Research and Vice
President of Technology, and Professor of
FIG. 37. Left to right: Peter Wootton (president-elect),
Marvin Williams (past president), Helen Kereiakes, and
William Hendee (president).
1290
Radiology, Biophysics, and Radiation Oncology. His research interests have included: development of back projection
computations from multiple projections for
determination of attenuation coefficients
for inhomogeneity corrections in radiation
treatment; optimization of pulse sequences
for soft tissue visualization in magnetic
resonance imaging; and quality optimization of x-ray imaging parameters. He has
produced over 300 peer-reviewed publications, and a number of books.
Some AAPM activities:
Bill devoted his first Presidential Column to a detailed distinction between the
physics topics and concepts relevant to
education of diagnostic residents and those
needed by residents in radiation oncology.
Definition of Year. At the nineteenth
annual Board meeting, secretary John
Wright reported overwhelming approval by
the membership to a proposed by-laws revision mailed to each member, changing
AAPM’s administrative year to agree with
its fiscal year, the calendar year.
Strategic Planning Task Group
„SPTG…. In his second Column, Bill
commented that, with the growth of the
AAPM, the officers became increasingly
enmeshed in responding to somewhat routine needs of committees, concerns of
members, administrative matters with
Headquarters, and review of the society’s
budget, with the consequence that too little
time was given to the long-range direction
of the Society and avoidance of future
problems. Accordingly, Bill proposed that
every few years, a group of a few individuals should concentrate on how well the Society is serving various responsibilities to
the members. Accordingly, he established a
President’s Committee with the acronym
SPTG comprised of five individuals to adMedical Physics, Vol. 25, No. 7, July 1998, Part 2
1290
dress broad questions dealing with: nature
of the desired AAPM educational program;
how to address the professional interests of
members; enhancement of research programs of members; how to increase the
AAPM impact on influencing federal and
state legislation; how to attract the brightest
and best physicists to the AAPM? The
composition of the SPTG was the president, president-elect ~Wootton!, both candidates for president-elect ~Bjarngard and
Wright!; and J. Hilbert, with Wootton serving as chairman.
NCRP Election. As a result of the
1977 NCRP election, Warren K. Sinclair
became its new president, occupying the
vacancy left by the retirement of Lauriston
Taylor; Edward Webster was re-elected to
the Council, and Herb Attix was elected to
the Council.
Nobel Prize to R. Yalow. Rosalyn S.
Yalow received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine on 10 December 1977,
‘‘for the development of radioimmunoassays for the peptide hormones.’’ Yalow
was one of the founders of the AAPM,
vice-chairman under the temporary constitution ~1958–59! and a board member-atlarge ~1962–65!. She carried out her graduate studies and earned the Ph.D. in nuclear
physics in the physics department of the
University of Illinois, and spent most of her
career at the Veterans Administration Hospital in the Bronx, New York. There she
first developed their radioisotope service,
then turned her talents to research in endocrinology, with Solomon Berson, as her
collaborator until his death in 1972.
Yalow’s Nobel lecture was entitled ‘‘Radioimmunoassay: A Probe for the Fine
Structure of Biologic Systems.’’
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FIG. 39. Rosalyn Yalow.
Peter Wootton
Peter Wootton was the nineteenth
AAPM president serving for the year 1978
~Figs. 38–48!.
Peter, who was born in England, was
FIG. 38. Rosalyn Yalow (left) and Peter Wootton (president).
educated in English schools and at the University of Birmingham in physics ~B.Sc.,
1944!, accepted the position of Physicist in
the research and development laboratories
of a private firm for four years. He was
then appointed Radiation Physicist of the
FIG. 40. Left to right: Shirley Vickers, Lillian Chaney,
and Edward Chaney.
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FIG. 41. ‘‘At the Banquet.’’ Left to right: Orpha Williams,
Aaron Yalow, and Rosalyn Yalow.
FIG. 43. Norman (left) and Rose Baily.
Royal Infirmary, Glasgow. In 1951 he immigrated to the U.S. and became Instructor
in Radiological Physics at the University of
Texas M. D. Anderson Hospital until 1953.
He then accepted the position of Radiation
Physicist of the Tumor Institute, Swedish
Hospital, in Seattle, Washington ~where
Herb Parker was originally employed! until
his retirement in 1996. His research interests covered different applications of radiation physics in medicine, especially dosimetry of all types of ionizing radiations; and
the effects of such physical factors as highpressure oxygen and pulsed radiation in radiobiology; and fast neutron treatment. Peter’s contributions in these areas led to his
work for the NCRP and to his membership
on the NCI Committee on Radiation Oncology Studies.
AAPM events during 1978:
JCAHO. Peter, Bill Hendee, and
other colleagues arranged a meeting with
FIG. 42. Robert Shalek (past president).
FIG. 44. 1978 Coolidge Award recipient, Lawrence
Lanzl (past president).
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FIG. 47. Rosalyn (left) and Aaron Yalow.
FIG. 45. Peter Wootton (president).
the JCAHO in their Chicago Office with
the objective of providing information on
the essential and scientific role of medical
physicists in hospitals such that their positions on the medical staff were recognized
as appropriate.
Kerst. ‘‘A Symposium on High Energy Radiation Therapy’’ was sponsored by
FIG. 46. Rosalyn Yalow (left) and Arnold Feldman.
the North Central and Midwest Chapters of
the AAPM held at the University of Wisconsin, 2 June 1978, and arranged by J. R.
Cameron and L. A. DeWerd in honor of
Donald W. Kerst. This symposium included papers on dosimetry and treatment
planning with high-energy radiations, neutron radiotherapy, and pi-meson radiotherapy.
1978 Annual Meeting. San Francisco, 31 July–4 August 1978, drew a
record attendance of over 1,100 members.
Rosalyn Yalow, Nobel Laureate, spoke on
FIG. 48. Left to right: Robert Barish, John Laughlin (past
president), and Hal Anger.
1294
‘‘Radioimmunoassay: A Role of a Physicist in Biomedical Investigation.’’
Mammography. A conference on
‘‘Reduced Dose Mammography—A Clinical and Scientific Evaluation,’’ organized
by Wende Logan and E. Phillip Muntz, was
held at Roswell Park Memorial Institute,
4–6 October 1978.
‘‘Essentials
of
Education
and
Experience for Radiological Physicists.’’
This report presented by Jack Krohmer and
1294
approved by the AAPM Education Council
and by the ABR was a comprehensive
guideline identifying the areas of
experience and education necessary in the
training of physicists for certification.
Report on Ultrasound Test Objects
and Test Methods. A comprehensive
identification by the AAPM Ultrasound
Task Group and the AIUM Standards Committee of developments needed for quantification of ultrasound methodology.
1295
PERIOD 3 „1979–1988…
1979
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Bengt Bjarngard
1980
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Robert Waggener
1981
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Colin Orton
1982
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ann Wright
1983
. . . . . . . . Nagalingam Suntharalingam
1984
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Edward Sternick
1985
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . James Purdy
1986
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Edwin McCullough
1987
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Paul Carson
1988
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gary Barnes
1295
1296
1296
FIG. 49. Gordon Brownell.
Bengt Bjarngard
Bengt E. Bjarngard was the twentieth
member to serve as AAPM president with
his term as the year 1979 ~Figs. 49–55!.
Bengt Eric Bjarngard matriculated in
Swedish schools followed by study in the
Gymnasium for three years in the science
track with emphasis on physics and mathematics. He was then admitted to the University of Lund for advanced study. He
studied and worked with Kurt Liden, whom
he also assisted as a Teaching Assistant for
other students in radiation physics. Research studies initiated by Bjarngard included: developments in solid-state radiation dosimetry, spectral analysis of
scattered radiation, and measurement of patient radiation exposure during dental radiography. In 1962 he submitted his comMedical Physics, Vol. 25, No. 7, July 1998, Part 2
pleted studies on the above projects to Kurt
Liden and received the Ph.D degree, having
already received the M.S. in 1958 from the
University of Lund. From 1961 to 1965
Bengt had the position of Research Physicist with the Atomic Energy Company at
FIG. 50. Jerome (left) and Betty Dare.
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FIG. 53. Left to right: Ralph Worsnop, William Powers,
John Laughlin (past president), and Harold Johns.
FIG. 51. Robert Gorson (past president) with Coolidge
Awardee, Herbert Parker (right).
Nyköping, which supported his research
and development on thermoluminescent
dosimetry ~TLD!. In 1965 Bengt accepted
the position of Research Physicist at Controls for Radiation, Inc., in Cambridge,
Massachusetts and immigrated to the
U.S.A. In this position, Bengt carried out
FIG. 52. Bengt Bjarngard (president).
development of TLD dosimeters for specific purposes until 1968.
In 1968 the Joint Center for Radiation
Therapy ~JCRT! was established to provide
radiation therapy services to four of the
Harvard Medical School teaching hospitals,
and Bengt joined them with the responsibility for physics. Bengt recruited and built up
a talented physics staff including Jim
Galvin, George Chen, Wendell Lutz, and
others, with well-designed facilities. Bengt
has contributed significantly on aspects of
radiation dosimetry, automatic conformal
radiation treatment, treatment planning factors and measurement of nuclear contamination. At the time of his election as
FIG. 54. Left to right: Arnold Feldman, Robert Waggener (president-elect), Herbert Parker, and Bengt Bjarngard (president).
1298
FIG. 55. Left to right: Arnold Feldman, Robert Waggener (president-elect), John Cameron (past president),
Bengt Bjarngard (president), and Ulla Bjarngard.
AAPM president, Bengt was Associate
Professor of Radiology at Harvard Medical
School and Director of Physics and Engineering of the JCRT.
Education of Physicists. Bengt has
emphasized the importance of a thorough
command of physics and mathematical fundamentals, prior to clinical residency training. The scope of the application of different areas of physics in the major current
advances in imaging and treatment illustrate this need.
Some events during 1979:
The Professional Council reported that
the Joint Commission on Accreditation of
Hospitals ~JCAH! had taken two important
actions of great interest:
~1! A helpful and positive ‘‘Definition
of Qualified Medical Radiation
Physicist,’’ as corrected in a later
Newsletter.
~2! Physicists may now be included as
members of the medical staffs of
hospitals if the hospitals so desire.
The Professional Council was also preparing sample by-laws statements for possible
use in discussing medical staff membership
with clinical colleagues.
First Winter Institute of Medical
Physics „WIMP 1…. Gary Fullerton and
1298
Ned Sternick reported that 50 medical
physicists had met in Dillon, CO, 4–8 February to discuss ‘‘Fiscal Responsibility in
Medical Physics.’’ Contractual arrangements, liability, budgeting, billing, and collection of professional fees for services
were discussed in detail. The Institute
planned annual meetings.
Travel Awards. The International
Affairs Committee announced that Radiation Measurements Incorporated ~RMI!,
John Cameron, President, offered to establish two travel awards of $500 each to assist attendance at the Fifth ICMP in Israel
in August.
Tax Status. The AIP informed the
AAPM the IRS no longer questioned AIP’s
tax-exempt status ~Newsletter, Vol. 4, No.
3, 1979!. A chronological summary of the
events in the status of our incorporation is
provided in the section on Specific Topics.
Guidelines on Ethical Practice. At
the December 1978 Meeting of the Board,
an eight-point ethical guideline proposed
by the Professional Council, was approved.
Details were given in the report by George
Callendine, Council chair.
Conference
on
Practice
of
Radiological Physics. The ACR Committee on Physics and the AAPM cosponsored a conference on the professional
aspects of the practice of medical physics
held 21–22 October, in New Orleans.
The 21st Annual AAPM Meeting
was held in Atlanta, GA and drew 1,000
members and guests. The meeting opened
with the President’s Symposium on
‘‘Nuclear Medicine in the CT Era.’’
Following the introduction by president
Bengt Bjarngard, speakers included
Gordon Brownell, Thomas Budinger,
Barbara Croft, and Paul Lauterbur.
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FIG. 56. John Cameron (left, past president) receiving
the 1980 Coolidge Award from Nagalingam Suntharalingam.
Robert Waggener
Robert Waggener was the twenty-first
president, serving in 1980 ~Figs. 56–58!.
Bob received an M.A. in Physics from the
University of Texas in Austin while working as a Radiation Specialist for the Texas
Department of Health. He received his
Ph.D. in Biophysics from the University of
Texas in Houston, followed by a year of
postdoctoral training at the M. D. Anderson
Tumor Institute in Houston. He then joined
the Radiology Department, University of
Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, and at the time of his election was
chief physicist and Professor of Radiology
there.
As president he was concerned with the
professional role of the Society, and urged
the members to do more to take control of
their profession, such as forming their own
certification board, and developing accreditation procedures for training programs.
New AAPM Headquarters. The Finance Committee, headed by treasurer Ann
Forsaith, was concerned about the increasing charges being submitted by the management firm of P. M. Haeger. Thus it was
decided to write a document describing the
management needs of the AAPM and to
use this to seek proposals from other management firms, as well as from Haeger.
FIG. 57. Left to right: Morris Hodara, Bengt Bjarngard
(past president), and Sal Vacirca.
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FIG. 58. Left to right: Edward Siegel (editor), Bengt
Bjarngard (past president), and Jean St. Germain.
Colin Orton took the lead in writing such a
document. The resulting proposals were
1300
presented to the Board at the annual meeting in Minneapolis. The Board instructed
EXCOM to negotiate a contract with the
American Institute of Physics ~AIP!. This
contract was accepted by the Board at its
October meeting in Dallas, and a transition
team headed by Colin Orton and including
Ann Forsaith, Joe Blinick, Arnold Feldman, and Ann Wright transferred the headquarters operations to the AIP offices in
New York. There the AAPM affairs were
handled by the new executive secretary,
Anke Junge, who was formerly with the
publications division of AIP.
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1301
FIG. 60. Arnold Feldman (left) and Ann Wright
(president-elect).
Colin Orton
Colin Orton was the twenty-second
Colin was born in London, England. He received a BSc. in Physics at Bristol University, and MSc. and Ph.D. in Radiation
FIG. 59. Robert Shalek (at the podium, past president)
presenting the 1981 Coolidge Award to James Kereiakes (past president).
Physics while at St. Bartholomews’ Hospital Medical College, under the mentorship
of Joseph Rotblat. In 1966 he came to the
U.S.A. as Chief Physicist and Assistant
Professor at the New York University
Medical Center. In 1975 he transferred to
the Rhode Island Hospital with the rank of
Associate Professor in Brown University.
During 1981 he accepted a position as
Chief of the Physics Division, Radiation
Oncology Center, Harper–Grace Hospitals
in Detroit, and Professor of Radiation Oncology and Radiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine.
International Affairs. Under Colin
FIG. 61. Board at work.
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FIG. 62. 1981 Coolidge Awardee, James Kereiakes
(past president).
Orton’s leadership the AAPM became
more involved in international affairs. A
proposal prepared by a committee headed
by Caridad Borras was submitted to the International Organization for Medical Physics ~IOMP! for the AAPM to host an InterAmerican Conference on Medical Physics
in conjunction with the 1984 AAPM meeting in Chicago. Gary Fullerton chaired a
committee that prepared a proposal for the
AAPM to host the 1988 International Conference on Medical Physics ~ICMP! in the
United States. This proposal was approved
by the AAPM Board at the Boston meeting,
and submitted to the IOMP for their consideration at the 1982 meeting in Hamburg.
Origins of the ACMP. For several
FIG. 63. Left to right: Herb Attix, Shirley Attix, and Peter
Wootton (past president).
1302
FIG. 64. Publications Committee: John Cameron (chair,
past president).
years there had been debates among AAPM
members as to the role of the Society in
meeting the professional needs of its members. Originally formed as a professional
society, the AAPM had been gradually
transformed into a primarily scientific society. Although the Professional Council had
been formed to answer these concerns, a
questionnaire sent to the membership in
1980 showed that most respondents wanted
more professional representation. Many
members felt that there was need for an additional organization, modeled after that of
the radiologists, who had the American
College of Radiology ~ACR! for professional matters, while the Radiological Society of North America ~RSNA! served scientific ones. While it was true that boardcertified physicists could be members of
the ACR, not all medical physicists were
FIG. 65. Honorary Member Juan del Regato speaking.
1303
~1!
FIG. 66. Colin Orton (president).
certified, and those who were constituted a
very small fraction of the ACR membership; thus the ACR could not be expected
to pay much attention to their needs. A ballot sent to the AAPM membership showed
a majority in favor of the formation of a
separate organization.
To resolve this long-standing debate,
president Orton appointed a committee
consisting of Ann Wright ~president-elect!,
Bob Waggener ~past-president!, Jack Morgan ~chairman of the Professional Council!,
and Alex Turner ~chairman of the Professional Information and Clinical Relations
Committee!. They were asked to study the
ways in which the professional interests of
the members could best be served and to
submit definite proposals to the Board at
the Boston meeting. They recommended
that the Board should sponsor the establishment of an American College of Medical
Physics. The following is the text of the
motion approved by the Board:
~2!
1303
The Board agrees to the formation of an
American College of Medical Physics Constituting Panel, whose first task will be to
determine the desirability of an ACMP, outline specific functions of the College, formally contact the ACR to evaluate the impact of an ACMP on the activities of the
ACR, and strive for a strong association between the two Colleges. Following this,
they will be entrusted with drafting a set of
goals with a schedule for their attainment,
including guidelines and philosophy for the
operation of the College. These, together
with proposed membership requirements,
will be presented to the Board for approval.
It is proposed that the Constituting Panel
consist of ten persons, elected by the membership. Members should be asked to nominate potential candidates; ten signatures
should be required for each nominee.
Subsequently, a ballot containing some
20 names, mostly senior members, was sent
to the AAPM membership, together with
brief biographies of the nominees. The following were elected: Gail D. Adams, Peter
Almond, Stewart Bushong, Arnold Feldman, Jack Krohmer, Colin Orton, Nagalingam Suntharalingam, Robert Waggener,
Peter Wootton, and Ann Wright. At a meeting of the Panel at the RSNA in Chicago,
Gail D. Adams was chosen chairman. He
called for suggestions and comments from
the AAPM membership, with the aim of
formulating the basic structure of the
ACMP for presentation at the AAPM meeting in New Orleans in August 1982.
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FIG. 67. Robert Shalek (left, past president) presenting
the 1982 Coolidge Award to Gail Adams (past president).
Ann Wright
Ann Wright was the twenty-third president, serving in 1982 ~Figs. 67–69!. Before
becoming a medical physicist, she had a
successful 18-year career with an international business organization. In 1967 she
was awarded a National Cancer Institute
Fellowship to study at the M. D. Anderson
Hospital and Tumor Institute, University of
Texas, Houston. There she obtained an
M.S. in Medical Physics, and a Ph.D. in
Radiological Physics in 1970. She then
went to Galveston where she rose to the
rank of Chief Physicist and Professor of
Radiology, University of Texas Medical
Branch at Galveston. She was very active
in the Southwest Chapter and a former treasurer of the AAPM. As president, Wright’s
goal was to enhance the professional status
of the medical physicist; specifically, to determine what the AAPM should do to
change the stature of the medical physicist
in the hospital administrator’s eye. Later
she was a leader in the efforts of the South-
FIG. 68. Peter Wootton (past president).
1305
FIG. 69. Left to right: Past presidents Warren Sinclair,
Gail Adams (Coolidge Awardee), and John Laughlin.
west Chapter to obtain State licensure in
Texas, a long struggle supported by the
AAPM and the ACMP.
American College of Radiology
Commission on Physics. In what was
perceived by some as a reaction to the
pending formation of the ACMP, the ACR
announced that their Board of Chancellors
had voted to establish a Commission on
Physics, which would mean that the chairman of that Commission would have a seat
on the ACR board, and thus could plead the
physics cause first hand. At the ACR meeting in September, Ray Tanner was appointed by the ACR as the first chairman of
the new Commission on Physics.
AAPM Newsletter. At the August
1305
meeting in New Orleans, the Publication
Committee chose Robert Zamenhof to be
the Editor of the AAPM Newsletter, replacing Andrew Bukovitz, who had served
more than six years. Bruce Curran was selected as Associate Editor. Zamenhof and
Curran were both physicists at Tufts–New
England Medical Center in Boston.
NMR Committee. Also at the August meeting the Board recognized the
emerging role of NMR imaging by approving the establishment of a committee on
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance. Stephen
Thomas was appointed chairman, charged
with forming task groups to work on the
problems likely to confront physicists
whose institutions planned to acquire an
NMR unit.
New Executive Secretary. In September the Executive Secretary, Anke
Junge, announced her desire to return to the
Publications Division of AIP. A search
committee consisting of N. Suntharalingam, Joe Blinick, Ned Sternick, and president Wright interviewed a number of candidates and selected Elaine Osterman, who
had an extensive background in organizational management. She began her duties in
October, and remained as AAPM executive
secretary ~later titled ‘‘executive director’’!
until the AAPM headquarters were moved
to the new AIP building in Maryland in
1996.
1306
Nagalingam Suntharalingam
Nagalingam Suntharalingam was the
twenty-fourth president, serving in 1983
~Figs. 70 and 71!. ‘‘Suntha’’ was born in
Ceylon ~now Sri Lanka! and received a
BSc. in Physics from the University of
Ceylon in 1955. In 1958 he came to the
U.S.A., and, while working at the Thomas
Jefferson Hospital in Philadelphia, it was
recommended that his ability was such that
he should continue his education as a medical physicist. He was accepted at the University of Wisconsin, where he worked
with John Cameron on thermoluminescent
dosimetry, and obtained a Ph.D. in Radiological Science in 1967. At the time of his
election he headed the Medical Physics division in the Radiation Therapy Department, Thomas Jefferson University HospiMedical Physics, Vol. 25, No. 7, July 1998, Part 2
1306
tal, Philadelphia, and was Professor of
Radiology and Radiation Therapy in Jefferson Medical College.
AAPM as a Sponsor of the ABR.
As president, Suntha initiated and
presented the first request to the American
Board of Radiology for acceptance of the
AAPM as one of the sponsoring
organizations. Suntha, Ned Sternick, and
Ann Wright met in May with the Trustees
of the ABR. But this was only the
beginning of a long process, which did not
become completed until 1995!
25th Anniversary. The highlight of
1983 was the Twenty-Fifth Anniversary
Meeting of the AAPM held at the
Waldorf–Astoria Hotel in New York City.
The Local Arrangements Committee
chaired by Jean St. Germain worked hard
to make this a memorable occasion. The
anniversary banquet, held in the Grand
Ballroom of the hotel was attended by
more than 1,000 persons and included the
Awards Ceremony for 1983. ~A copy of the
Program is shown on p. 1308.! New to the
Awards Ceremony was the Sylvia Sorkin
Greenfield Award, to be presented annually
to the authors of the best paper pub-lished
in Medical Physics during the preceding
FIG. 70. Edward Webster (past president), 1983
Coolidge Awardee.
1307
FIG. 71. Nagalingam Suntharalingam (left, president)
and Ann Wright (past president).
year. Speakers at the banquet included Gail
Adams on the history of the AAPM, John
Laughlin on the current status of the Society and its programs, and Jack Fowler on
the future of physics in medicine. As historian, John was asked to provide an historical review of the AAPM and its antecedents and perspectives, which was published
at this time.22
Also new to the annual meeting was the
first ‘‘Young Investigators’ Symposium’’
with prizes for the best presentations. As of
1307
1996, the Young Investigators Award is
named after John R. Cameron.
As part of the anniversary celebration, a
special Quarter Century Bulletin was prepared by Chris Marshall, Alan Schoenfeld,
and Shirley Vickers following suggestions
by Jean St. Germain. It contained pictures
of all the past presidents, highlights in the
history, and articles on the origin of the
AAPM as well as other aspects.
Task Group 21 Report. 1983 saw
the publication of the report of Task Group
21 of the Radiation Therapy Committee of
the AAPM. This subcommittee was formed
‘‘for the purpose of reviewing both the
concepts and the data employed for high
energy dosimetry and to make revisions as
required.’’ The committee, supported by a
contract with the Bureau of Radiological
Health, was chaired by Robert J. Schultz
and included Peter Almond, John R. Cunningham, J. Garrett Holt, Robert Loevinger, N. Suntharalingam, Kenneth Wright,
and Ravinder Nath. Their report, ‘‘Protocol
for the determination of absorbed dose
from high energy photon and electron
beams,’’ known simply as ‘‘TG-21,’’ with
subsequent modifications became the accepted method for the calibration of Cobalt
teletherapy units and linear accelerators.
1308
1308
1309
Edward Sternick
Edward Sternick was the twenty-fifth
president, serving in 1984. ‘‘Ned’’ received
a Ph.D. in Medical Physics from UCLA in
1968 and then joined the Therapeutic Radiology Department at Dartmouth–Hitchcock
Medical Center in Hanover, NH, where he
became a pioneer in the application of
computers to radiology. In 1978 he went to
the Tufts–New England Medical Center in
Boston as Director of the Medical Physics
Division.
Topical Symposium. In March the
AAPM sponsored a Mid-Year Topical
Symposium in Mobile, AL, on ‘‘Multiple
Regression Analysis: Applications in the
Health Sciences.’’ Although a midyear
symposium did not become an automatic
annual event, the AAPM, through the ConMedical Physics, Vol. 25, No. 7, July 1998, Part 2
1309
tinuing Education Committee, did cosponsor many topical symposia in cooperation with local chapters.
First Inter-American Meeting. The
1984 Annual Meeting of the AAPM in Chicago ~Fig. 72! was combined with the first
Inter-American Meeting of Medical Physics. The success of the meeting was due to
the efforts of many individuals, particularly
the members of the International Affairs
Committee of the AAPM, under the direction of Cari Borras. Local arrangements
were handled by the Chicago chapter, with
the committee chaired by Larry Lanzl. The
International Affairs Committee established a fund to enable deserving LatinAmerican physicists to attend the meeting.
Contributions were received from individuals, AAPM Chapters, and Corporate Members. From this fund 16 travel grants were
awarded, as well as 10 scholarships to attend the AAPM summer school the following week.
Trilateral Summit. In his column in
the November AAPM Newsletter, president
Sternick proposed to establish regular trilateral ‘‘summit’’ meetings among the
leaders of the AAPM, ACMP, and Physics
FIG. 72. Left to right: Robert Loevinger, Adele Hale, and
John Hale (past president).
1310
Commission of the ACR to share information, develop a strategy of continued dynamic growth, and create unifying, nondivisive policies within the respective
1310
memberships. The first of these meetings
occurred the following spring in Chicago,
and they have continued periodically since
then.
1311
James Purdy
James A. Purdy was the twenty-sixth
Jim received his Ph.D. degree in Nuclear
Physics from the University of Texas at
Austin in 1971, and then received postdoc-
FIG. 73. Jack Krohmer (past president), 1985 Coolidge
Awardee.
1311
toral training in medical physics at the M.
D. Anderson Hospital in Houston. In 1973
he joined the Radiology Department of the
Washington University School of Medicine
in St. Louis, becoming Chief of Radiation
Therapy Physics and Associate Director of
the Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology’s
Radiation Oncology Center.
Purdy was well known for his research
and innovative contributions to radiation
therapy physics, particularly the development of conformal therapy. He has remained very active in the AAPM, having
served as chairman of the Science Council,
participated in numerous task groups, and
lectured in several AAPM International
Workshops on radiation oncology physics.
He has also been very active in other organizations, particularly the American Society of Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology ~ASTRO! and the American College of
Medical Physics ~ACMP!.
As president, Purdy appointed a number
of ad hoc committees, including one to
study the role of the AAPM in diagnostic
imaging and to suggest programs to vitalize
the association in that area. Another committee was given the task of developing a
FIG. 74. James Purdy (left, president) presenting the
1985 Coolidge Award to Jack Krohmer (past president).
1312
1312
FIG. 76. Left to right: Edwin McCullough (presidentelect), Elaine Osterman, James Purdy (president), and
Edward Sternick (past president).
FIG. 75. Left to right: Vernon Smith, Bruce Curran, Colin
Orton (past president), and Arnold Cohen.
document to define the roles, responsibilities, and status of the clinical medical
physicist. The resulting document proved
to be useful to AAPM members in dealing
with hospital administrators. Upon the recommendation of an ad hoc committee to
review the need to preserve the archives of
the AAPM, he approved a new committee,
the AAPM History Committee, chaired by
Bob Gorson, to receive and preserve the
records of the AAPM.
Purdy also proposed the formation of an
American Board of Medical Physics
~ABMP! to be sponsored by the AAPM,
ACMP, and other appropriate organizations. A survey, which he circulated to the
membership, showed about a 50–50 split
of the respondents for and against the formation of an ABMP. However, the previous year Purdy had proposed to the ACMP
that they should take a role in the certification of medical physicists. Thus in 1985 the
ACMP decided to sponsor an ABMP and
invited the AAPM, along with other orga-
nizations, to help in the initial formation
process. The AAPM board voted to accept
the ACMP’s invitation, and an ABMP
Constituting Panel was formed, chaired by
Ned Sternick, with physicists representing
nine organizations, including the AAPM.
International
Affairs. President
Purdy appointed an ad hoc committee on
Foreign Medical Physicists Membership/
Publication Assistance to develop recommendations by which AAPM resources
could be used to disseminate scientific and
technical information to medical physicists
in countries where salaries are too low to
maintain membership in the AAPM or purchase AAPM publications. Purdy was also
very active in promoting international relations in medical physics, visiting both
China and Japan, where he participated in
the Twenty-Fifth Anniversary of the founding of the Japan Association of Radiological Physicists ~JARP!. As a gesture of
goodwill, the AAPM presented the JARP
with a complete set of AAPM Reports,
Monograms, and Symposium Proceedings.
In response, JARP established two AAPM
libraries, at Kyushu University and at the
National Institute of Radiological Sciences.
1313
1313
FIG. 77. Leonard Stanton (left) and Edwin McCullough
(president).
Edwin McCullough
Edwin McCullough was the twentyseventh president of the AAPM, serving in
1986 ~Figs. 77 and 78!. Ed received an
M.Sc. in Nuclear Physics from the University of Maryland in 1967, and his Ph.D. in
Radiological Physics from the University
of Wisconsin, Madison, in 1971. He was
then appointed a Postdoctoral Research Associate at Madison, and was, for a brief
time, a Visiting Scientist at the MRC Cyclotron Unit at Hammersmith Hospital,
London. In 1973 he joined the staff of the
Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, as head of
the Radiation Physics section, division of
Radiation Oncology. He published widely
in radiation therapy, and also some in diagnostic physics, such as the evaluation of CT
scanners. He served on numerous AAPM
committees and task groups, including
chairman of the 1980 Annual Meeting Program Committee. As president he appointed several ad hoc committees, including one to provide liaison to the
Constituting Panel of the ABMP, and one
to provide guidelines for AAPM publications.
Special Interest Groups. At the
1985 annual meeting in Seattle Don Ragan
requested that the Science Council consider
FIG. 78. Committee meeting.
1314
a mechanism whereby members interested
in a topic, such as computers, which cut
across several committees, could form a
‘‘special interest group ~SIG!.’’ A report
prepared by Anthony Benedetto suggested
that SIG’s could be organized as semiindependent, after the manner of the
‘‘Councils’’ of the Society of Nuclear
Medicine. However, this would have required changes in the by-laws; instead, it
was proposed at the August meeting to es-
1314
tablish a Science Council Computer Committee. This was subsequently approved by
the Board.
Centers for Radiological Physics. In
February the National Cancer Institute announced the termination of the ten-year
Technology
Transfer
Demonstration
Project carried out by the six Centers for
Radiological Physics and the Coordination
Office run by the AAPM. These were all
phased out by April 1986.
1315
1315
FIG. 79. Left to right: Edward Webster (past president),
Gordon Brownell (Coolidge Award recipient), and Paul
Carson (president).
Paul Carson
Paul L. Carson was the twenty-eighth
president of the AAPM, serving in 1987
~Figs. 79–85!. Paul received his PhD. from
the University of Arizona. In 1971 he
joined the Radiology Department at the
University of Colorado in Denver. He had
published widely in diagnostic radiology,
particularly in ultrasound, and was well
known for his writings and courses on the
quality assurance of ultrasound equipment.
He was a Fellow of the American Institute
of Ultrasound, and Vice President of that
group ~1978–79!. In 1981 he went to the
Radiology Department of the University of
Michigan in Ann Arbor as head of diagnostic physics and Professor of Radiology. He
was the first entirely diagnostic physicist to
be elected president of the AAPM.
American Board of Radiology
Sponsorship. At its February meeting
the Board of the ABR agreed to support
AAPM sponsorship of the ABR with one
trustee, instead of the usual three. Leaders
of the American Roentgen Ray Society,
which had opposed AAPM sponsorship,
thought that the ARRS would accept that
compromise. The AAPM Executive Committee voted 3 to 2 to request ARRS approval with one trustee. However, in view
of strong feelings by many members, it was
FIG. 80. Left to right: Edwin McCullough (past president), Paul Carson (president), Joseph Sayeg, and
Gary Barnes (president-elect).
1316
1316
FIG. 81. Board Meeting. Left to right: Elaine Osterman
(executive director), Paul Carson (president), Edwin
McCullough (past president, board chair), and Jean St.
Germain (secretary).
decided to postpone a decision until the
Board meeting in July. At that meeting the
Board rejected the plan to seek sponsorship
with just one trustee, and agreed to continue to seek sponsorship with the normal
three trustees.
Special Interest Groups „SIG’s….
Following the recommendation of the Ad
Hoc Committee on Diversification, the
Board directed the Rules Committee to
create an administrative committee to
facilitate and coordinate the activities of
FIG. 82. Paul (left, president) and Pat Carson.
FIG. 83. Left to right: Edwin McCullough (past president), Paul Carson (president), and Gary Barnes
(president-elect).
SIG’s. Prakash Shrivastava was appointed
chairman, and at the November Board
meeting the committee plan was approved.
SIG’s could be formed by members
interested in new or rapidly growing areas.
The members would not write reports, but
might suggest ideas for reports to the
appropriate
scientific
committees.
Subsequently two SIG’s were formed,
Computers
and
Medical
Physics
~CAMPSIG! and Nuclear Medicine
Physics ~NUCSIG!.
FIG. 84. Left to right: John McAffee, Jean St. Germain,
and Paul Goodwin.
1317
FIG. 85. Left to right: Charles Lescrenier, Margaret Lescrenier, Helen Kereiakes, and James Kereiakes (past
president).
1317
AAPM Fellows. The Board requested the Membership Committee to develop a category of Fellow, to honor those
members who had made distinguished contributions to research, teaching, practice, or
service to the AAPM.
American Board of Medical Physics.
The Ad Hoc Committee on the ABMP
recommended to the board that the AAPM
accept the invitation of the ACMP to cosponsor the ABMP. The Board declined to
vote until position papers could be
developed on both sides of the issue. It was
later decided to poll the membership on
this issue, with a questionnaire included
with the 1988 ballot.
1318
1318
FIG. 86. Left to right: Faiz Khan (president-elect), Paul
Carson (past president, board chair), and Gary Barnes
(president).
Gary Barnes
Gary Barnes was the twenty-ninth president of the AAPM, serving in 1988 ~Figs.
86–91!. Gary received a Ph.D. in Physics
from Wayne State University, Detroit, in
1970, after which he spent two years as a
postdoctoral trainee in medical physics at
the University of Wisconsin, Madison. In
1972 he joined the Radiology Department
of the University of Alabama School of
Medicine at Birmingham, and at the time of
his election he was Director of the Physics
Division and Professor of Radiology. His
speciality was diagnostic physics, particularly the physics of mammography, and he
had served on many committees of the
AAPM, ARC, ABR, and RSNA. He had
been chairman of the AAPM Diagnostic
Imaging Committee, and at the time of his
election was chairman of the Science
Council.
World Congress on Medical Physics
and Biomedical Engineering. The highlight of 1988 was the meeting held in San
Antonio, TX, 6–13 August, co-hosted by
the AAPM. The Thirtieth Annual Meeting
of the AAPM was held in conjunction with
the Congress. Other participating organizations were the International Organization
for Medical Physics ~IOMP!, Canadian Association of Physics, Canadian College of
Physicists in Medicine ~CCMP!, International Union of Physical and Engineering
FIG. 87. Norman Baily (left) and Palmer Steward.
1319
FIG. 88. Craig Nunan (left) and Clarence Karzmark
(past president).
1319
FIG. 90. Left to right: Paul Carson (past president), Pat
Carson, Gary Barnes (president), Lolly Barnes, Faiz
Khan (president-elect), and Kathy Khan.
Sciences in Medicine ~IUPESM!, the Society for Biomaterials ~SFB!, and the International Federation for Medical and Biological Engineering ~IFMBE!. Gary Fullerton
was co-president of the Congress, Al Smith
was co-director of the Scientific Program,
and the Local Arrangements Committee
was chaired by David Kopp. It was a
record for medical physics and medical engineering meetings, with more than 1,500
papers and posters presented. Total attendance was 3,595: 2,557 physicists, engi-
neers, or scientists: 511 exhibitors: and 527
companions and children.
ABR and ABMP Sponsorship. At
the November 1987 AAPM Board meeting
a motion was passed to poll the membership on these two issues, with a ballot to be
included with the 1988 election ballot. The
questions were:
~1! If ABR sponsorship with one trustee
were offered at this time, would you
be in favor of accepting it?
FIG. 89. John Cunningham (left) receiving the 1988
Coolidge Award from Gary Barnes (president).
FIG. 91. Left to right: Elaine Osterman, Jean St. Germain, Gary Barnes (president), and Faiz Khan
(president-elect).
1320
Result: 421 in favor, 253 opposed.
~2!
Do you support AAPM sponsorship
of the ABMP at this time?
Result: 212 in favor, 478 opposed.
At the San Antonio board meeting in August a motion was passed to postpone
AAPM sponsorship of the ABMP indefinitely.
Scholarships. A task group of the
Awards and Honors Committee established
a scholarship program for medical physics
trainees, with the first awards to be made in
the spring of 1989. The Awards Committee
also set up a scholarship program to enable
junior physicists to attend the Summer
School, with the first awards to be for the
1989 session.
1320
State Licensure of Medical Physicists.
At the San Antonio meeting a professional
symposium was held on the topic, ‘‘Should
not licensure be required for medical
physicists as well as for our physician
colleagues?’’ Speakers included Ralph
Worsnop, William Hendee, Robert Gorson,
and Tom Payne, all of whom strongly
supported the case for licensure. Earlier
that year the ACMP had requested its
Region VIII ~the state of Texas! to be the
bellweather state of the attempt to obtain
licensure, and had appropriated $10,000
toward the support of that effort. At the
annual meeting in San Antonio the AAPM
voted
to
support
licensure,
and
appropriated $7,500 toward the Texas
effort.
1321
PERIOD 4 „1989–1998…
1989
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Faiz Khan
1990
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Alfred Smith
1991
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gary Fullerton
1992
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Robert Dixon
1993
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Richard Morin
1994
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ravinder Nath
1995
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Guy Simmons
1996
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Bhudatt Paliwal
1997
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Stephen Thomas
1998
. . . . . . . . . . . . . Lawrence Rothenberg
1321
1322
1322
FIG. 92. Left to right: William Hendee (1989 Coolidge
Award recipient), Faiz Khan (president), and Kenneth
Wright.
Physics and to Professor of Therapeutic
Radiology. He has carried out extensive research on radiation dosimetry of electron
Faiz Khan
Faiz M. Khan was the thirtieth AAPM
president with his term in the year 1989,
and also served on EXCOM on the preceding and following years ~Figs. 92–105!.
Faiz was born in Multan, Pakistan. He
matriculated at Emerson College, Multan,
earning the B.Sc. with majors in physics,
math, chemistry, and English in 1957; and
at the Government College, Lahore, Pakistan, for the M.Sc in 1959. He was employed as Health Physicist, Radiotherapy
Institute, in the Mayo Hospital at Lahore,
for three years. Faiz immigrated to the
U.S.A. and entered the University of Minnesota, earning the Ph.D. in biophysics in
1969. He was initially on the staff as Instructor in Radiology, rising over the years
to Director of the Section on Radiation
FIG. 93. Jeanne (left) and William Hendee.
1323
1323
FIG. 94. Coolidge Awardee William Hendee.
FIG. 97. Barbara (left) and Colin Orton (past president)
after the ‘‘Phun Run.’’
FIG. 95. Registration booth.
FIG. 98. Left to right: Steve Balter, Geoff Ibbott, Rick
Morin, Mark Edwards, Ann Wright, Paul DeLuca, and
Ray Tanner.
FIG. 96. Cake celebrating the twentieth anniversary of
the Phun Run.
FIG. 99. 1989 Officers and Board. Seated (from left to
right): Alfred Smith (president-elect), Elaine Osterman,
Faiz Khan (president), Gary Barnes (past president),
Kenneth Kase, and Guy Simmons.
1324
1324
FIG. 102. Left to right: Jack Krohmer (past president),
William Hendee, and Edward Chaney.
FIG. 100. Norman (left) and Rose Baily.
and photon beams, treatment planning algorithms, electron beam modeling, applications of computers in radiology, and bone–
tissue interface dosimetry. At Minnesota,
Khan developed an educational program
for resident physicists in clinical radiation
physics. Also, he authored a widely used
textbook on the physics of radiation
FIG. 101. Left to right: Sylvia Smathers, James
Smathers, June Almond, and Peter Almond (past president).
therapy. At the time of his presidency,
Khan was Professor and Director, and still
holds these responsibilities. Faiz was an active participant in the 1989 AAPM Summer
School and has emphasized the importance
of this feature of the AAPM ever since.
Residency Training. A major contribution by Faiz was his championship of
residency-type training programs for physicists. Although isolated instances of this
concept existed on a hospital supported ba-
FIG. 103. AAPM booth.
1325
1325
FIG. 104. Faiz Khan (left, president) and Gary Barnes
(past president, board chair).
FIG. 105. Elaine Osterman and Faiz Khan.
sis, the AAPM had nothing in place to emphasize this concept. Faiz supported the sequence of following a strong education in
the basics of physics and mathematics with
such residency programs to introduce clinical applications and educate physicists on
their objectives and details. He established
an ad hoc committee chaired by Ned Sternick to address all issues concerned with
hospital based clinical training programs,
with representation from the ACR, ACMP
and AAPM. The report of this ad hoc committee, entitled ‘‘Essentials and guidelines
for hospital-based medical physics residency training programs,’’ is available as
AAPM Report No. 36 ~AAPM, New York,
1990!. An invited editorial by Faiz Khan on
this subject was published in Medical Physics 18~3!, 1991.
ABR Sponsorship. Faiz re-addressed
~31 July 1989! the ABR asking for sponsorship status for the AAPM, with strong
initial support from all but two of the other
sponsoring organizations. An official response from the ABR ~31 March 1991! was
received by Khan accepting the AAPM as a
sponsoring organization with one Trustee.
Development. Faiz established a Development Committee chaired by Jean St.
Germain. The Committee was charged with
the responsibility of raising an Endowment
Fund for the purpose of funding academic
degree fellowships and clinical residency
physics fellowships, and directing implementation.
COMP Relationship. Faiz appointed
a committee chaired by Colin Orton to
study enhancement of the relationship between the AAPM and COMP.
1326
1326
FIG. 106. Alfred Smith (president).
Alfred Smith
Alfred R. Smith was the thirty-first
president of the AAPM, serving throughout
1990 ~Figs. 106–114!. ‘‘Al’’ Smith also
served as president-elect in 1989 and as
chairman of the AAPM Board during 1991.
Smith had studied for his B.A. degree at
Eastern New Mexico University with a major in mathematics, and earned his M.S.
and Ph.D. degrees at Texas Tech University with a major in Physics. His research
field was in solid-state physics. He then
spent a year as a Postdoctoral Fellow at the
M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, and served
on their staff from 1972 to 1978. During
this period he worked on developing neutron treatment beams and systems for neutron treatment, planning, and dosimetry.
From 1975 to 1982 he was at the Los AlaMedical Physics, Vol. 25, No. 7, July 1998, Part 2
mos National Laboratory in New Mexico
conducting clinical research with negative
pi mesons. He was director of clinical
physics and technology for the pion
project. From 1982 to 1985 he was on the
staff of the NCI in Bethesda where he
implemented national working groups to
evaluate treatment planning for heavy
charged particles, high-energy photons and
electrons, brachytherapy, and radiolabelled
antibodies. In 1985 Smith joined the staff
of the Hospital of the University of Penn-
FIG. 107. Peter Almond (left, past president) receiving
the 1990 Coolidge Award from Ann Wright (past president).
1327
1327
FIG. 111. Left to right: Edward Sternick (past president),
Jean St. Germain, Robert Gorson (past president),
Stephen Balter, and Lawrence Lanzl (past president).
FIG. 108. Left to right: Martin Rozenfeld, Geoffrey Ibbott, and Herb Attix.
sylvania as Physicist and as Professor of
Radiation Physics. There he worked with
Varian on development of the multileaf
collimator, and also on the first Varian liquid ionization chamber electronic imaging
system for portal imaging. From 1989 to
1991 Smith also devoted his innovative capabilities to his AAPM presidential responsibilities. In 1992 he joined the staff of the
FIG. 109. Joseph Sayeg receiving award for preserving
the history of the AAPM through photos.
FIG. 110. Left to right: Jacques Ovadia (past president),
Peg Wright, Kenneth Wright, and Florence Ovadia.
FIG. 112. Herb Attix.
1328
FIG. 113. Left to right: Kenneth Kase, Gary Fullerton
(president-elect), Elaine Osterman, Guy Simmons, and
Alfred Smith (president).
Massachusetts General Hospital ~MGH! to
work on proton therapy and serve as Director of the Proton Clinical Physics Group
and as Associate Director of the Northeast
Proton Treatment Center.
AAPM activities and accomplishments
during 1990 included:
Clarification of the Incorporation
Status of the AAPM. An excerpt from
the Newsletter article written by Smith in
1990 on this important topic in the Newsletter is given on pp. 1329–1330.
Physics Residencies. Obtained support by the ACR of the concept of clinically oriented Medical Radiation Physics
Residency Programs, which was also supported by the ACMP. Also, the AAPM
Board endorsed the document on the guidelines of such residency training programs.
This document was produced by a committee chaired by Ned Sternick.
ABR Sponsorship. A consequence
of continued support of the initiative by
Khan to achieve an official role for the
AAPM with respect to the ABR resulted in
their amending their by-laws to accommodate the AAPM as a sponsor with one
Trustee.
Trilateral Committee. Smith supMedical Physics, Vol. 25, No. 7, July 1998, Part 2
1328
ported the potentially important Trilateral
Committee giving it official status by listing it in the Membership Directory, and
holding the first official meetings of this
Committee. A Trilateral Task Group was
formed to write Practice Standards for radiation therapy physics, with the ACR–
COP designated to be the point group for
this activity.
Headquarters Office Review. Appointment of an ad hoc committee chaired
by Chris Marshall to undertake a study of
the functions of our Headquarters Office, to
survey options for the AAPM, and to recommend a relocation choice. This action
became necessary with the decision of the
AIP to move their headquarters to Maryland.
ACR Support. At their annual meeting the ACR approved a resolution strongly
supporting state licensure for medical radiological physicists.
Newsletter Editorship. With appreciation for Bruce Curran as retiring editor
of the Newsletter after several years of hard
work, David Kopp and Jack Lancaster were
appointed as Newsletter co-editors.
FIG. 114. History Committee. Left to right: Stephen Balter, John Cameron (past president), Robert Gorson
(past president), Joseph Sayeg, and John Laughlin
(past president).
1329
Beijing ICRMP. The importance of
the planned ‘‘Beijing International Congress on Medical Radiation Physics’’ for
27–30 May was emphasized in the Newsletter.
Residency
Accreditation. The
AAPM Board endorsed the previously described document on medical physics residency training to establish the criteria to be
used by our accreditation commission.
Clarification of the Incorporation
Status of the AAPM †excerpt from the
‘‘President’s Column’’ in the May/June
1990 „Newsletter, Vol. 15, No. 3…:
AAPM Articles of Incorporation
The original articles of incorporation of
AAPM ~filed in the District of Columbia, November 1965! stated five purposes for which
the organization was organized.
A. To promote the application of physics to
B. To secure and to maintain high professional standards for physicists in medicine and biology.
C. To encourage interest and training in
medical physics and related fields.
D. To prepare and to disseminate technical
information in medical physics and related fields.
E. To secure and to represent the professional interests of physicists in medicine
and biology.
In 1968, the AAPM sought to affiliate
with the AIP. The AIP required that affiliate
organizations have a 501~c!~3! federal tax status. The corporation applied to the Internal
Revenue Service for a ruling that it qualified
as a tax exempt, charitable, scientific, and
educational organization under Section
501~c!~3! of the Internal Revenue Code. The
IRS refused to issue such a ruling on the basis
1329
that the corporation was organized for the
purpose among others, of promoting the individual and professional interests of its members. In order to secure the 501~c!~3! status
the AAPM Board of Directors voted in June
1968 to amend the Articles of Incorporation
by eliminating the two purposes ~B & E! relating to professional activities and to amend
the By-Laws by eliminating a sentence of a
section entitled, ‘‘Duties of the President,’’
which read, ‘‘He shall call to the attention of
the Corporation any matter which affects its
professional interests.’’ They also amended
the section entitled, ‘‘Standing Committees,’’
by eliminating the Professional Ethics Committee and deleted an article on Discipline
which contained sections on Ethical Principles and Violation of Ethical Principles.
The Board of Directors recommended these
actions for approval by the AAPM members
at the 1968 Annual Business Meeting and this
action was taken.
For reasons unknown to us now, the Articles of Incorporation filed in the District of
Columbia were never amended to reflect
these 1968 decisions. However, the articles as
printed in the AAPM membership directory
were amended and the two purposes relating
to professional activities were omitted ~see
page 31 of the 1998 Membership Directory!.
In order to enact the 1968 decision and to
insure our tax exempt status, legal counsel
has recommended that we change the Articles
of Incorporation as filed in the District of Columbia and we have initiated this action.
In 1973, the AAPM obtained full membership with AIP, based on the requirement,
among others, of a continuing 501~c!~3! IRS
status. That same year, after discussion with
AIP legal counsel, it was determined that the
AAPM could engage in limited professional
activities under a Professional Council organized as a standing committee. This was considered and approved at the Winter 1973
Board meeting.
It seems that under current interpretation
of the tax code relating to 501~c!~3! organization, the AAPM can carry out a rather broad
range of professional activities—indeed other
1330
organizations such as the ACR and ACMP
have 501~c!~3! status and engage in professional activities. Accordingly, there is little or
no reason to consider a reinstatement of purposes related to professional activities in the
Articles of Incorporation. In fact, our AIP le-
1330
gal counsel advises against such action on the
basis that it may endanger our coveted
501~c!~3! status. When the Articles of Incorporation have been changed to reflect the
1968 decisions of the Board of Directors and
membership, everything will be in order.
1331
1331
FIG. 116. At the reception. Left to right: Edward Webster
(past president), Dorothea Webster, Eunice Laughlin,
Peg Wright, John Laughlin (past president), Kenneth
Wright, and Alfred Smith (past president).
Gary Fullerton
Gary D. Fullerton was the thirty-second
AAPM president and served during the
FIG. 115. Gary Fullerton (president).
year of 1991 ~Figs. 115–130!. As usual, he
served three years on EXCOM during the
preceding year of 1990 as president-elect
and the following year of 1992 as chairman
of the Board.
Gary matriculated as an undergraduate
at the University of California, receiving
his B.A. with a major in physics in 1963.
He, and his wife, Nancy, then undertook
teaching assignments in Vienna, Austria.
By chance, their apartment for one year had
been the previous home, much earlier, of
Ludwig Boltzman. When they returned to
the U.S.A., Gary entered graduate school at
FIG. 117. 1991 EXCOM. Left to right: Robert Dixon
(president-elect), Bruce Curran, Alfred Smith (past
president), Elaine Osterman, Gary Fullerton (president),
and Kenneth Kase.
1332
FIG. 118. James (left, past president) and Helen Kereiakes.
the University of Wisconsin where he carried out a research study on the relation between osteoporosis and bone density. This
study made use of the original development
at Wisconsin of the concept and apparatus
for quantitative scanning measurement of
bone density at specific sites.
Gary was also involved in the Wisconsin Center for Radiological Physics for one
FIG. 119. Richard (left) and Carol Morin.
1332
FIG. 120. C. Clifton Ling reporting.
and a half years. Much of his survey work
was on mammography, which was of particular concern to the NCI and to each of
the six CRP’s. The dose measurements by
each of the six CRP’s demonstrated a large
variation in the exposure received by the
patients undergoing mammography in different hospitals with different staff and different x-ray units. Advice on equipment,
filtration, voltage, wave form, film, and
FIG. 121. RSNA presents AAPM with $50,000 for education.
1333
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FIG. 124. Ten Young Investigators with Arnold Feldman
(second from right) and Kenneth Wright (far right).
FIG. 122. Left to right: Stewart Bushong, Edward Webster (past president), and Jack Krohmer (past president).
measurement procedures by the CRP staff
in the different regions served a vital public
purpose in reducing markedly the exposure
in mammography.
In 1978, Gary accepted a position in San
Antonio as chief physicist, Radiation Sciences Division, Radiology Department of
the University of Texas Health Sciences
Center, with responsibility for graduate
school teaching and also with time for
clinical operations and studies. He was
asked to serve temporarily as the acting director of clinical physics. When they obtained a director, Gary was able to devote
time to his interests in diagnostic imaging,
FIG. 123. Left to right: Gary Fullerton (president), Nancy
Fullerton, Robert Dixon (president-elect), and Marsha
Dixon.
including the new field of magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy studies. In
1985, the University was able to reestablish
the graduate program with Gary as division
chief. He had competent colleagues to assist on the different clinical physics programs.
An opportunity existed to consider a
major expansion of imaging equipment and
program and for planning the establishment
of a Research Imaging Center, with a staff
of research oriented physicians and physicists. The equipment envisaged included
multiple magnetic resonance units to permit both imaging and spectroscopy studies,
a cyclotron for production of positron-
FIG. 125. Gary Fullerton (left, president) and Kenneth
Kase.
1334
1334
FIG. 126. Left to right: Robert Shalek (past president),
Jacques Ovadia (past president), Rose Baily, Bella
Greenfield, Moses Greenfield, and Norman Baily.
emitting nuclides as labels for compounds
of physiological significance, positronemitter tomography scanning apparatus, and
animal maintenance facilities. The program
received substantial support and has attracted both staff and graduate students.
Gary was elected AAPM president at
about the same time as he became the editor of a new journal for magnetic resonance
imaging. His position at the time of his
presidency was: Professor and Chief, Radiation Sciences Division of the Radiology
Department of the University of Texas
Health Sciences Center, San Antonio.
Events and actions in 1991:
FIG. 127. Left to right: Gary Fullerton (president), Kenneth Wright, and Moses Greenfield (1991 Coolidge
Award recipient).
FIG. 128. Christodoulos Constantinou and family.
Major Issues. In his first ‘‘President’s Column,’’ Gary identified five subjects to be dealt with in 1991, including:
headquarters relocation, the Centennial of
radiology and radiation physics, the professional role of the AAPM, and evaluation of
our liaison programs.
Relocation. As president, Gary reappointed the ad hoc committee appointed by
Al Smith to investigate and advise on the
relocation of our headquarters. Before the
end of 1991 this committee recommended
FIG. 129. Left to right: Gary Luxton, Phil and Lillian
Heinz, Bengt Bjarngard, and Ben Mijnheer.
1335
FIG. 130. Krishnadas Banerjee and daughter Rini.
relocating to the ‘‘American Center for
Physics’’ to be located at College Park,
MD.
Radiology Scope Expansion. Gary
called attention to the period of unprecedented change due to the introduction of
new technologies such as MRI, MRS,
SPECT, PET, digital angiography, and
other devices using computer imaging concepts. Guy Simmons agreed to chair a
presidential ad hoc committee on ‘‘The Future of Medical Imaging’’ to be formed to
develop an analysis of these changes and to
develop any changes the AAPM and its
members should consider to improve
AAPM interactions with radiology.
Professional Role of the AAPM.
Gary emphasized that, in recent years, the
formation of the ACMP and of the
ACR–COP had considerably influenced
the evolution of the professional role of the
AAPM. He believed that the predominant
view was that the AAPM plays a vital and
continuing role in the professional
development of medical physicists, and
1335
that this requires close coordination of
these groups, which would be achieved
through strong support of the Trilateral
Committee.
Liaison Programs. President-elect
Bob Dixon agreed to form an ad hoc committee to evaluate these relationships and
recommend any actions.
ABR Sponsorship. An official letter
~13 March 1991! was received from the
ABR advising that, in response to the earlier request by former president Khan for
AAPM sponsorship of the ABR, the ABR
approved of AAPM sponsorship with one
trustee on its Board of Trustees. Subsequently, EXCOM and the AAPM Board
accepted this offer by the ABR, and three
nominees were designated for selection of
one trustee by the ABR.
Accreditation of Medical Physics
Residency Programs. In accordance
with discussions with the Trilateral Committee, Gary appointed a presidential ad
hoc committee composed of representatives
of all three professional groups with Rick
Morin as chairman.
AAPM Development Program. The
importance of this project, which had a
goal of two million dollars for an endowed
fund for the education of medical physicists, was emphasized in an announcement
in the Newsletter by Jean St. Germain,
chair of the Development Committee.
World Congress on Medical Physics
and Biomedical Engineering. Kyoto
was the venue for this Congress which was
also the ninth IOMP Conference. Over
2,000 physicists and engineers attended
with about 200 from the U.S.
1336
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FIG. 132. Nagalingam Suntharalingam (past president)
and family.
Robert Dixon
Robert ‘‘Bob’’ L. Dixon was the thirtythird president of the AAPM during 1992
FIG. 131. John Cameron (left, past president) presenting the 1992 Coolidge Award to Nagalingam Suntharalingam (past president).
~Figs. 131–140!. He served on EXCOM for
three years, including the years preceding
and following 1992, and also had the Board
chairman responsibilities in the following
year.
Bob was early interested in radio technology, had his own transmitter, and was
also a Morse code expert. With the aid of
an ROTC scholarship, Bob attended the
University of South Carolina, earning his
B.S. in physics in 1963. From 1964–68 he
was an Instructor in reactor physics in the
U.S. Naval Nuclear Power School, and also
studied graduate school physics evenings at
Johns Hopkins University. At the Naval
Power School he worked with Hyman
Rickover. After his discharge from the
Navy he resumed graduate study at the
University of South Carolina earning his
Ph.D. in nuclear physics in 1970. Bob’s research interests have been in applications
FIG. 133. Officers at board meeting.
1337
1337
FIG. 134. Accreditation Committee. Left to right: Carolyn
Kimme-Smith, Joseph Blinick, George Callendine, and
John Kent.
of magnetic resonance in biophysics, thermoluminescence phosphor research in dosimetry, and computer applications in
medicine.
Bob became Professor of Radiological
Physics in the Department of Radiology of
the Bowman Gray School of Medicine,
Wake Forest University, SC, where he was
located at the time he became AAPM president. Bob is also a pilot, flying his own
single-engine trainer.
Trilateral
Committee. President
Dixon reported on the first all-day meeting
FIG. 135. Frances Harshaw (left) and John Andrew.
FIG. 136. C. Clifton Ling.
of the leaders from the three professional
medical physics organizations. He reported
effective discussion and analysis of problems, and corrective actions to be taken
concerning: retention of physicists in the
new JCAHO standards; existence of a requirement in the ACR practice accreditation for equipment quality control by a
physicist, or for a physicist’s role in the
FIG. 137. Clarence Karzmark (left, past president) and
Shirley Vickers.
1338
1338
FIG. 140. Headquarters location, American Center for
Physics, College Park, Maryland.
FIG. 138. Robert Dixon (president) and family.
FIG. 139. Jerome Dare.
review process; and encouragement of
physicists to be active in the local ACR
chapters; and the desirability of a consistent
definition of ‘‘Qualified Physicist’’ by all
three societies.
Education Endowment Fund Pledges.
Details of substantial donations by
physicists to this fund are given in a table
in Volume 17, No. 2, of the Newsletter.
Membership Growth. The total
membership of the AAPM had grown to
3,382 by June 1992!
Relocation. The Board of Directors,
after a comparison of the bids and services
proposed by the ACR and the AIP, and after a report by the Relocation Committee,
decided to accept the AIP proposal. ~See
Fig. 140.!
Accreditation. The AAPM Board of
Directors approved the by-laws for the independent accreditation commission for
educational programs. This commission
was to be independent of AAPM and to be
co-sponsored by the AAPM, ACMP, and
ACR.
1339
1339
FIG. 141. Geoffrey Ibbott at a meeting of the Professional Council.
Richard Morin
Richard ‘‘Rick’’ L. Morin was the
thirty-fourth AAPM president with responsibility during the year 1993 ~Figs. 141–
148!. Rick also served on EXCOM for
three years ~1992–1994! and was Board
chairman for 1994.
Rick attended schools in Miami and matriculated in Emory University, receiving
his B.A. with a major in chemistry. He was
greatly influenced by a course he had with
John Palms, chair of physics, and also studied with Robert Rohrer. He studied at the
University of Florida with Walter Mauderli
earning the M.S. with a major in Radiation
Biophysics in 1973. He then entered the
graduate school in medical physics at the
University of Wisconsin, where he was a
Graduate Assistant, and worked with NickMedical Physics, Vol. 25, No. 7, July 1998, Part 2
les, Holden, Kelsey, and others. He also
worked with radioactive gases for use in
nuclear medicine. At this point he transferred to the graduate school at the University of Oklahoma working in radiological
sciences with Raeside and Adams. With his
research dissertation, ‘‘Monte Carlo Simulation and Pattern Recognition in Computed Tomography,’’ he completed his
Ph.D. requirement in 1980.
Following his doctorate he accepted the
position of Assistant Professor at the University of Minnesota in Radiation Physics
FIG. 142. Lawrence Lanzl (left, past president) and
Nan-Zhu Xie.
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1340
FIG. 143. ‘‘The Mutants.’’ Performing at the night out.
Left to right: Mortimer Heller, Joseph Blinick, Frances
Harshaw, Shirley Vickers, and Penny Butler.
~Nuclear Medicine!, where he worked with
Merle Loken. He became Director of Physics in Diagnostic Radiology, responsible
for clinical, teaching, and research activities and was promoted to Associate Professor with Tenure. In 1987, he accepted appointment at Mayo Clinic Rochester as
Senior Associate Consultant, reaching the
position of Consultant in 1990 and relo-
FIG. 145. Mortimer Heller.
cated to Mayo Clinic Jacksonville. He was
appointed Professor in 1994. During his
presidential term he was a member of the
Consulting Staff at Mayo Clinic Jacksonville in Diagnostic Radiology and Radia-
FIG. 144. Joseph Blinick.
FIG. 146. ‘‘The Mutants.’’ Frances Harshaw, Shirley
Vickers, and Penny Butler.
1341
1341
FIG. 148. Officers at Board meeting.
FIG. 147. Awards and Honors Committee.
tion Safety Officer for Mayo Clinic Jacksonville and for St. Lukes Hospital. His
early and continuing research interests have
included computer applications in radiological practice, with particular emphasis
on the electronic practice of radiology.
In addition to its other problems, the
AAPM faced the necessity of relocation at
this time. In this connection, Rick Morin, in
his President’s Column of May 1993, paid
special tribute to Elaine Osterman for her
service as executive director during the past
decade: ‘‘she has presided over a steady increase in our membership and a significant
increase in attendance and sponsorship of
our Annual Meetings.’’ He went on to
thank her for her assistance on many trying
and important decisions and for her guidance, and wished her all the best in her new
position directing the Society of Women
Engineers in New York.
Some of the accomplishments during
his term were listed in the Newsletter and
in personal communication:
Transition. Successful transition of
AAPM Headquarters from New York City
to College Park.
New Staff. Recruitment and employment of new executive director and all office staff.
Electronic Media. The Ad Hoc Com-
mittee on Electronic Communications was
a forerunner of the AAPM website and the
Electronic Media Coordinating Committee.
Journal. The doubling of the publication schedule of our Journal, Medical
Physics, to a monthly schedule commencing January 1994, was noted.
Professional. Successful trilateral effort to avoid the loss of the CPT codes for
Physics Services. Effective communications with FDA, NRC, HCFA, JCAHO,
and Congressional and Cabinet offices.
Administration. Initiating a plan for
periodic strategic reassessment.
Closing thoughts by Rick Morin on the
AAPM following his presidential service:
I shall always be grateful to my colleagues on
EXCOM for tolerating the inconvenience and
many accommodations to change necessary
during my year: I continue to believe that
AAPM has an important role for members
~from students to Emeritus! in all three areas
of Medical Physics. To change focus would
be to leave important membership areas behind and shirk important responsibilities. Finally, I’m sure I join other Past Presidents in
stating that I shall always remember the tremendous generosity of AAPM members—we
are unique not only in talents and gifts, but in
our ability to help others. Whether by background or discipline, AAPM members are a
good lot. No matter the time, to lead the
AAPM is truly an honor. Thank you.
1342
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FIG. 149. Phun runner Peggy Lescrenier.
Ravinder Nath
Ravinder Nath was the thirty-fifth
AAPM president, serving in 1994 ~Figs.
149–157!. ‘‘Ravi’’ was born in India and
attended the University of Delhi, receiving
a B.S. in 1963 and an M.S. in 1965. He
came to Yale as a graduate student, receiving his Ph.D. in Physics in 1971. He spent
two years as a post-doc in the Physics Department, and then joined the Department
of Therapeutic Radiology as a research
physicist. At the time of his election he was
Professor of Therapeutic Radiology, Yale
University, and chief of Radiological Physics, Yale–New Haven Hospital. He had
served on many AAPM radiation therapy
committees and task groups, and had been
Chairman of the AAPM Radiation Therapy
Committee. As president he was very active in seeking AAPM participation in deMedical Physics, Vol. 25, No. 7, July 1998, Part 2
cisions by government agencies, such as
NRC regulatory revisions, and NIH priorities for diagnostic imaging research.
AAPM Sponsorship of the ABR. In
January the Board of Trustees of the
American Board of Radiology voted to increase the number of physics trustees from
one to three, thus making the AAPM a full
FIG. 150. Left to right: John Cameron (past president),
Arnold Feldman, and Moses Greenfield.
1343
1343
FIG. 151. Left to right: Guy Simmons (president-elect),
Ravinder Nath (president), and Richard Morin (past
president).
sponsor. Their action was later approved by
all the other sponsoring societies, thus successfully ending a 12-year quest. The
Board of Trustees also passed a resolution
stating that it would be a conflict of interest
for societies that sponsor the ABR to also
sponsor boards which offer certification in
any of the same specialties as the ABR.
This meant that the AAPM could no longer
consider becoming a sponsor of the American Board of Medical Physics.
New Headquarters Opened. On 22
April the American Center for Physics
~ACP!, in College Park, MD, was formally
dedicated. The new AAPM headquarters
occupy space leased from the ACP. At the
dedication M. R. C. Greenwood, Associate
Director for Science, White House Office
FIG. 152. A light moment at the Board meeting.
FIG. 153. Jerome Dare and his camera.
of Science and Technology Policy, expressed the commitment of the Clinton administration to physics education and research.
AAPM International Workshop. In
May the AAPM and the International Or-
FIG. 154. Hans Swenson.
1344
FIG. 155. At the Board meeting.
1344
FIG. 156. At the Board meeting.
ganization for Medical Physics ~IOMP! cosponsored a course/workshop on radiation
oncology physics in Tehran, Iran. The
course/workshop was organized by Azam
Niroomand-Rad of the AAPM International
Affairs Committee and Azim Arbabi, president of the Iran Association of Medical
Physics. AAPM faculty members included
Leroy Humpries, Faiz Khan, Azam
Niroomand-Rad, Bhudatt Paliwal, and
James Purdy.
FIG. 157. Paul Carson at Disneyland.
1345
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FIG. 159. Gail Adams (past president) presenting the
Hartman Radiology Lecture.
Guy Simmons
Guy Held Simmons, Jr. was the thirtysixth AAPM president with responsibility
for the year 1995 ~Figs. 158–169!. Guy
served three years on EXCOM including
Board chairman in 1996.
FIG. 158. Joint AAPM–HPS Symposium. Left to right:
Ronald Kathren, Gail Adams, and Paul Frame.
Guy matriculated in the Western Kentucky University earning his B.A. in 1961,
acquired the M.S. at the University of
North Carolina in 1964, and achieved the
Ph.D. in nuclear engineering at the University of Cincinnati in 1972. He also served
on the faculty of the Western Kentucky
University. He joined the USPHS ~1961–
72!, and then joined the staff of the Veterans Administration Medical Center, Lexington, KY ~1972–93!. In 1991 he accepted
his present faculty position of Professor of
FIG. 160. Joe Windham.
1346
1346
FIG. 161. Left to right: Ravinder Nath (past president),
Charles Coffey, and Sal Trofi.
Radiology at the Medical Center of the
University of Kentucky, his position when
elected AAPM president.
In addition to dealing with the various
items seen by EXCOM, Guy was interested
in identifying long-range problems confronting medical physicists, as well as possible solutions. These concerns included:
Managed Health Care. In 1994, the
medical professions were concerned with
the significant changes on the horizon in
the delivery of health care in the U.S. Despite the demise of the Administration’s
health care proposals, the threat of governmental action had caused the industry to
begin to reorganize itself. The main topic
of the Radiology Summit in the summer of
FIG. 162. Left to right: John Cunningham, Sophia van
de Geijn, Johannes van de Geijn, and Margaret Lescrenier.
FIG. 163. Guy Simmons (president) and Arthur Boyer
(right).
1994 was the effect of managed care on
radiology. Bengt Bjarngard had agreed to
represent the AAPM at the Summit and
Guy asked him particularly to identify possible impacts on the medical physics profession. Bengt’s report included estimated
effects on manpower supply and demand;
on medical physics educational programs;
on quality of service to patients; alterations
in staffing patterns; and overall implications of a health care industry run by managers dedicated to maximizing financial
FIG. 164. Guy Simmons (president) and William Hanson (right).
1347
1347
FIG. 167. Runners, Boston, 1995.
FIG. 165. Guy Simmons (president) presenting the 1995
Coolidge Award to Robert Loevinger (right).
gain. Bengt’s report provided the basis for
several initiatives during Guy’s presidential
term.
Mammography Quality Assurance.
Subsequent to the enactment of the FDA
MQSA law, hearings were held to establish
interim rules. The AAPM argued for
requirement that individuals meet the
qualifications set forth in the prior AAPM
definition of a qualified medical physicist.
Because of the efforts of Keith Strauss,
Penny Butler, and others, the requirements
for entering after a limited grandparenting
period are more acceptable to our
standards.
FIG. 166. Stephen and Shelley Balter and their sons,
Peter and James.
Medical Physics. Guy regarded the
Journal as a major support of the scientific
credibility of the AAPM, and believed that
it now was recognized as the premier journal in our field. In order to conserve and
advance this situation, Guy established an
ad hoc committee chaired by Chris Marshall, which recommended continuation of
AIP as the publisher and also recommended the creation of a ‘‘Business Management Committee for Medical Physics’’
to allow it to operate more independently
and with more support in the future.
Strategic Planning Committee. Guy
appointed a further ad hoc committee
chaired by Rick Morin and consisting of
FIG. 168. ‘‘Up & Atom,’’ Boston, 1995.
1348
FIG. 169. Runners, Boston, 1995.
the Council Chairs and members at large,
distributed by discipline and location. A
survey questionnaire was designed to elicit
detailed responses specific to many different facets of the perception of the AAPM
by its members, and transmitted to the
membership. Over 300 detailed responses
were received. A copy of the report appears
in the July/August 1996 Newsletter with 52
summaries of responses, and was extremely
well received by the membership. Recommendations produced in this report have
been largely adopted by the Board.
Financial Status. The AAPM fared
well financially during this period, primarily because of the most successful Annual
Meetings of 1994, 1995, and 1996. The officers were able to return to reserve funds
monies that had been spent to cover expenditures necessary for the relocation of
Headquarters to College Park. The Annual
Meeting Coordination Committee, chaired
by Ken Vanek, adopted policies to insure
financially successful meetings in the future.
Certification Boards. At the first
Trilateral meeting during his term, Guy expressed his conviction that the situation of
1348
competing boards was detrimental to medical physics. As a result of ensuing discussions, a meeting of the three ABR physics
trustees with three members of the ABMP
board was arranged in January 1996. A
document resulted that suggested possible
options for resolving the competing board
situation. In the following months the
AAPM board passed a resolution at the
1996 Annual Meeting calling for the
AAPM president to appoint an ad hoc committee to determine the structure of a Council with trilateral membership to interface
between the medical physics community
and the ABR.
ABR Trustees. It was announced in
the Newsletter ~Vol. 20, No. 1, 1995!, that
the ABR Trustees had reviewed the nominations submitted by the AAPM and had
elected William Hendee and Guy Simmons
to the two new positions created on the
ABR Board.
Commission on Accreditation of
Medical Physics Educational Programs.
The CAMPEP board of directors modified
its by-laws to obtain the support of the
AAPM, ACMP, and ACR. Incorporation
occurred in February 1995. Two review
panels were established initially to enable
CAMPEP to carry out the guidelines for
accreditation reviews as previously
developed by the AAPM Commission.
Radiology Centennial. The radiology community celebrated 1995 as the
100th year anniversary of the discovery of
x rays by Roentgen. The AAPM participated, and an issue of Medical Physics was
devoted to the commemoration of the origins of radiation science and of the field of
radiology. The table of contents of this centennial issue, which was published in November 1995, is provided on p. 1349.
1349
1349
Table of Contents from Medical Physics,
Vol. 22, No. 11, Pt. 2, November 1995
Origins of the Science of Radiation Physics
and of the Field of Radiology
Introduction
John S. Laughlin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
A7
ORIGINS OF RADIATION PHYSICS
Notes on the legacy of the Röntgen rays
Ulf F. Rosenow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1855
Henri Becquerel „1852–1908…
Jean Dutreix and Andrée Dutreix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1869
Pierre and Marie Curie-Sklodowska
Jean Chavaudra . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1877
Radiology, physical science, and the emergence of medical physics
Montague Cohen and Nigel G. Trott . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1889
SPECIFIC CONTRIBUTIONS OF RADIATION PHYSICS TO RADIOLOGY
The founding and works of the National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements—Some
highlights
Lauriston S. Taylor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1899
Physics contribution to radiology in brachytherapy
Marilyn Stovall and Robert J. Shalek . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1907
The development of conformal radiation therapy
Benedick A. Fraass. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1911
Physicists in mammography—A historical perspective
Lawrence N. Rothenberg and Arthur G. Haus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1923
Magnetic resonance spectroscopy and imaging in radiology
Umar Mahmood and Jason A. Koutcher. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1935
A review of proton beam radiation therapy
Daniel W. Miller . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1943
CERTIFICATION OF RADIATION PHYSICISTS
Certification of physicists by the American Board of Radiology
Jack S. Krohmer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1955
The American Board of Medical Physics
Nagalingam Suntharalingam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1961
The development of the American Board of Health Physics
Frazier L. Bronson. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1965
History and perspectives of the American Board of Science in Nuclear Medicine
B. Wally Ahluwalia, John Hidalgo, and Thomas P. Haynie III . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1969
1350
1350
Bhudatt Paliwal
Bhudatt Paliwal was the thirty-seventh
AAPM president, serving in 1996 ~Figs.
170–189!. He also served in 1995 on EXCOM as president-elect, and also in 1997
as chairman of the Board.
He was born in India and earned his
B.Sc. and M.Sc. there. After working as a
medical physicist in India, in 1969 he immigrated to work as a physicist at the Hahnemann University Hospital in Philadelphia. In 1970 he received an IAEA
Fellowship to the University of Texas M.
D. Anderson Hospital in Houston, where he
received a Ph.D. in Biomedical Physics in
1973. He then joined the Radiation Oncology Department in the University of Wisconsin in Madison, where by 1983 he was
FIG. 170. Arnold Feldman with 1996 Achievement in
Medical Physics Award.
FIG. 171. AAPM Board of Directors honors retiring editor John Laughlin (past president).
1351
FIG. 172. Leonard Stanton and family.
1351
FIG. 174. Left to right: Stephen Thomas (presidentelect), James Galvin, Pat Windham, and Guy Simmons
(past president).
Professor in the Departments of Medical
Physics and of Human Oncology, and Director of Radiation Oncology Physics.
His research interests included the development and implementation of new and
improved techniques for hyperthermia and
radiation dosimetry, treatment planning and
delivery, as applicable to clinical radiation
treatment. This effort also includes the integration of computational technology, data
acquisition, and analysis on problems of tumor imaging. Recent areas of publication
have been: brachytherapy and basic dosimetry, 3-D dose compensation for external
beams, dosimetry of large dynamically
generated fields, and evaluation of 3-D
prostate protocol dosimetry using a solid
water anthropomorphic phantom.
Electronic Communication. One of
his first activities was undertaken in order
to address utilization of the explosion in
communication technology. A committee
was formed under the leadership of J.
Daniel Bourland with representatives from
each of the councils and services. In order
to give greater visibility to the Association
through the electronic communication media, EXCOM authorized the recruitment of
a full-time webmaster, Mike Woodward.
His efforts have resulted in the availability
of large amounts of scientific, educational,
FIG. 173. Melvin Siedband (left) and Hy Glasser.
FIG. 175. Left to right: Palmer Steward, Jeffrey Colvin,
and Paul Sunde.
1352
1352
FIG. 176. Sal Trofi.
professional, and administrative information on the AAPM website ~www.aapm.org!.
Certification Boards. The medical
physics community is now served by two
excellent certifying boards, but which have
FIG. 177. Pat (left) and Guy Simmons (past president).
FIG. 178. Jean St. Germain.
overlapping purviews and which are competitive. Neither of these two Boards reports to the AAPM. This situation illustrates a major division in the medical
physics community, which can only lessen
its professional significance generally, and
that of the AAPM, in particular, to an increasing extent in the future. In order to
analyze this complex problem and to devise
possible bases for attainment of a single
certifying board with general support, an
FIG. 179. Elizabeth (left) and John Spokas.
1353
1353
FIG. 180. James Smathers.
ad hoc committee consisting of senior
physicists capable of representing the interests of the AAPM, ABR, ABMP, ACR–
COP, and ACMP was formed: B. Paliwal
~chair!, J. Laughlin, A. Smith, E. Chaney,
F. Khan, D. Tolbert, and W. Grant. They
held a few all-day meetings on a frank and
friendly basis, interspersed with considerable electronic communication. The result
of their analysis was a concept expressed in
FIG. 181. Left to right: Laura Rothenberg, Heinz Barschall, and Lawrence Rothenberg.
FIG. 182. David Rogers at 1996 Summer School.
seven recommendations for constituting the
Medical Physics Certification Council, a
single certifying Board. Although the concept provided a basis for negotiation, this
was not agreed to by either the ABR or the
FIG. 183. Board Meeting.
1354
1354
FIG. 186. Karen (left) and Palmer Steward.
FIG. 184. Pat (left) and Shlomo Shalev.
ABMP. Hopefully, this subject can be revisited in the future so that the professional
interests of medical physicists will not always be limited by this wasteful competition.
FIG. 185. Bengt Bjarngard (past president) presenting
paper.
Medical Physics. During the past
several years, sustained attention and effort
and several innovations had brought the
Journal to a position of scientific leadership
and increased readership on a national and
international basis. Throughout its existence it had always operated with its expenses well below its income. It was felt by
EXCOM that future opportunities and challenges would require the more sophisticated attention of a Journal Business Management Committee and president Paliwal
appointed such a committee to focus on all
business related aspects of the Journal. The
FIG. 187. Left to right: Jack Cunningham, Mary Ellen
Masterson-McGary, and John Cameron (past president).
1355
1355
FIG. 188. Bhudatt (left, president) and Michelle Paliwal.
initial members were: J. Boone, C. Marshall, J. Laughlin ~ex officio!, J. Cameron,
H. Barschall, J. Smathers, Sal Trofi, and B.
Paliwal. On the recommendation of EXCOM and of the newly formed Business
Committee, the manuscript managing function was transferred to the AAPM Headquarters, and support for the editor and his
office was provided in his institution. The
Association leased additional space from
the ACP and the move was completed by
the end of 1996. For selection of the new
editor, president Paliwal appointed a selection committee consisting of A. Smith, J.
Smathers, and B. Paliwal, who selected
Colin Orton, who had excellent credentials,
for this responsibility.
CAMPEP. In 1995, then president
Nath appointed Paliwal to CAMPEP as the
AAPM representative. CAMPEP had two
representatives from AAPM ~Paliwal and
Tanner!, from ACMP ~Rothenberg, Sternick!, and from ACR ~Trueblood, Frye!.
This group further enhanced the objectives
FIG. 189. Janet (left) and Kenneth Hogstrom.
of CAMPEP by establishing an independent Accreditation Board. An Educational
Program Review Committee was formed
with Barnes as chair and the Residency
Training Program Review Committee with
Hogstrom as chair. Additionally, the Continuing Education Review Committee was
formed with Sprawls as chair. Eleven
Graduate Training Programs and one Resident Training Program have been accredited.
NIST. President Paliwal testified at
the Oversight Review of Research Laboratory Programs hearings. His testimony was
given to a Subcommittee of the House of
Representatives. The result was a significant increase in the NIST budget to support
their calibration program, which assists our
profession.
1356
1356
FIG. 190. Stephen Thomas (president).
Stephen Thomas
Stephen Thomas was the thirty-eighth
president of the AAPM, serving in 1997
~Figs. 190–204!. Steve received his Ph.D.
in Solid State Physics from Purdue University in 1973. He taught college physics for
a year, and then took a postdoctoral fellowship in Medical Physics at the University of
Cincinnati. He remained at Cincinnati and
is currently Professor and Director of
Medical Physics, Department of Radiology.
His research and publications have been in
the fields of nuclear medicine physics and
magnetic resonance imaging. His AAPM
activities included the chairmanship of the
first Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Committee ~1983–87!, co-director of the summer
school on NMR in Medicine ~1985!, and
chairman of the Program Committee
~1988–92!. He was a founding board member of the journal MRI, and is also on the
board of JMRI. He is a long-time member,
and now vice-chairman, of the MIRD
Committee of the Society of Nuclear Medicine
The Physics Certification Process.
As reported under Paliwal’s term, an ad
FIG. 191. AAPM Night Out.
1357
1357
FIG. 195. Left to right: Ingrid Thomas, Stephen Thomas
(president), and Donald Herbert.
FIG. 192. Left to right: Dulcie Wu, Raymond Wu, and
Rene Smith.
FIG. 193. Eunice (left) and John Laughlin (past president) during Night Out at the Milwaukee Public Museum
(with butterflies).
FIG. 194. At the Icebreaker.
FIG. 196. Left to right: Prakash Shrivastava, Bhudatt
Paliwal (past president), and Michelle Paliwal.
FIG. 197. Nagalingam Suntharalingam (left, past president) and Nan-Zhu Xie.
1358
1358
FIG. 200. Rene (left) and Maria Smith.
FIG. 198. Left to right: Judy Kelsey, James Lucas, and
Charles Kelsey.
hoc committee of senior members was
appointed
representing
the
ABR,
ACR–COM, ACMP, and AAPM. After
extensive review the committee formulated
FIG. 201. Ulf Rosenow (left) and Peggy Lescrenier.
FIG. 199. Paul DeLuca (left) and John Cameron (past
president).
FIG. 202. Sophia van de Geijn (left) and Johannes van
de Geijn.
1359
FIG. 203. Left to right: Charles Mistretta, Darlene Mistretta, and Paul DeLuca.
a proposal for a functioning Medical
Physics Certification Council within the
framework of the ABR as mandated by the
Board. However, the responses by both the
ABR and the ABMP for negotiation
toward support of a single certifying
council were negative.
To remove any
ambiguity, the AAPM Board of Directors
at its July meeting passed the following
resolution: ‘‘The AAPM reaffirms its sponsorship of the American Board of Radiology, and does not sponsor any competing
board.’’ At the invitation of the ABR,
president Thomas appointed three AAPM
members to work with the ABR physics
trustees and the chairs of the physics written examinations to restructure the ABR
physics examination to heighten its rel-
1359
FIG. 204. Benedict Fraass (left) and Alfonso Buffa.
evance to the practice of medical physics.
Structure of the AAPM Board. The
present board has 37 members: 12 elected
at large, 20 representatives from regional
chapters, and 5 officers. Many AAPM
presidents have felt that this was a size that
makes it unwieldy, and that too much meeting time was devoted to educating uninformed chapter representatives. Pastpresident Paliwal had appointed an Ad Hoc
Committee on the Composition of the
Board. This committee submitted its report
to the Board at its July meeting. Their recommendation was for a 15-member board,
with five officers, six Members at Large,
and four chairs of Councils. President Thomas referred the report to another committee for further study.
1360
Lawrence Rothenberg
Lawrence Rothenberg is the thirty-ninth
president of the AAPM, serving in 1998.
Larry majored in physics at the University
of Pennsylvania, earning the B.S., and then
matriculated in physics at the University of
Wisconsin in Madison, WI, where he received the Ph.D. in Nuclear Physics in
1970. After a year in the Physics Department there, he received a Postdoctoral Fellowship in Medical Physics at Memorial
Sloan–Kettering Cancer Center in New
York. He remained at Memorial Hospital,
and is currently Associate Attending Physicist, Department of Medical Physics, and
Associate Professor of Radiology, Cornell
University Medical College. His research
and publications have been mainly in the
1360
field of diagnostic radiology, particularly
mammography. He has served on many
AAPM committees, and has been chairman
of the Committee on Diagnostic Radiology.
He has also been very active in other organizations, including the ACMP, ACR, and
as an examiner for the ABR. He is a member of the NCRP, currently on their Board
of Directors, and has served on numerous
task groups for the NCRP, ICRU, and
ACR.
Future Goals for the AAPM. In his
columns in the AAPM Newsletter, president
Rothenberg has discussed the need for
physicists to become more involved in the
medical use of radiation outside of the departments of Radiology and Radiation Oncology. This includes magnetic resonance
imaging and ultrasound imaging, where
most facilities receive little input from
physicists regarding quality assurance and
equipment evaluation. Of even greater concern is the increasing use of radiation by
cardiologists and other physicians who often have had little or no training in the safe
and efficient use of radiation imaging
equipment. He urged physicists to get involved with these people by contacting
their departments and societies, developing
in-service training programs for nonradiology departments using radiation, and contacting federal and state legislators and
regulators about the importance of physicist involvement in new radiological techniques. The recent involvement of physicists in mammography has resulted in
programs to ensure safe and high-quality
imaging in this field; there is need for appropriate credentialing and quality assurance programs in other fields as well.

Formation and Activities of the AAPM

Transcription

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