RESTCo Link

Light Intensity and
Primary Productivity Under
Sea Ice Containing Oil
W.A. ADAMS
Technical Report No. 29
L I GHT I NTENS I TY AND P R I MARY P RODU CT I V I TY UNDER
S EA I C E CONTA I N I NG O I L
W . A . Adams
G l a c i o l o gy D i v i s i o n
I n l a nd Wa ters D i rec to r a te
Dep t . o f the E n v i ronme n t
5 6 2 Boo t h S treet
Ottawa , On ta r i o
K1 A O E 7
Bea u fort S e a Tec h n i c a l Report # 29
B e a u fort Sea Proj ect
Dep t . of the E n v i ronment
5 1 2 Federa l Bui l d i ng
1 23 0 Go vernment S t .
V i c to r i a , B . C . V8W l Y4
December 1 975
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I wou l d l i ke to t h a nk H . A . M . C hew , P . F l avel l e , B . J . Gau r ,
M . H i n cke , J . Jas per , R . J . Magu i re , D . S h i n d l er a n d R . G . Tru cco for thei r
s ub stan ti a l contri buti on to the f i e l d p rog ram a n d h e l p i n the s eemi ng l y
end l e s s a n a l ys i s o f the data a n d s amp l es . T h e l og i s t i c s u pport a n d prel i m i nary
d ata p rovi ded by Norcor E n g i n eeri ng and Research L td . , Ye l l owkn i fe a n d
the fi e l d eq u i pment l en t by Po l ar Cont i nenta l S h el f P roj ect , Departmen t o f
E ne rgy , Mi n e s and Resource s , Ottawa contri b u ted i n many ways to maki ng thi s
p roj ect p o s s i b l e . T h e cooperati on a n d a s s i s ta n c e o f the fo l l owi ng a re
g ra tefu l l y acknow l edged ; t h e U n i ve rs i ty of Toron t o O i l S p i l l S t u dy Gro u p
( J . A . H e l l ebu s t , T . Hutch i n s o n , D . Mac Kay , a n d G . Greene ) , t h e Water S u rvey
of C a n a da , l nuvi k ( H . L . Wood ) , the Water Qua l i ty Bran c h , C . C . l . W . ,
B u r l i ngton ( W . Trave r s ey ) , the Nati o n a l M u s eum , O ttawa ( D . J . Faber a n d
R . K . S . L ee ) , the l nuvi k Res earch L ab . , D . l . N . A . ( R . M . H i l l and J . O s t r i ck ) ,
t he Arcti c B i o l og i ca l Stat i o n , D . O . E . ( E . H . G ra i n g er a n d S . Hs i ao ) , a n d the
C a r l eton U n i vers i ty S c i e n ce Works hop ( A . A . Raffl e r a n d W. Ferg u s on ) .
TAB L E O F CONTENTS
Page
1.
SUMMARY
1
2.
INTRODU CT I O N
2.1 General na ture o f s tudy
2.2 Spec i fi c o bj ecti ves
2.2.1 I rrad i a nce
2.2.2 via ter Qua 1 i ty
2.2.3 B i o l og i ca l
2.3 Rel a t i o n to o ffs hore exp l oratory d r i l l i ng
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3.
CURR ENT STATE OF KNOWL EDG E
3.1 L i g h t penetra t i o n thro u g h s ea i ce
3.2 A l bedo of sea i c e a fter a n o i l s p i l l
3.3 Effect of o i l o n p r i ma ry produc ti v i ty a s s oc i a ted wi th
sea i c e
5
5
6
4.
DESCR I PT I O N OF STUDY AREA
9
5.
M ETHODS
5.1 I rrad i a nce fi el d pro g ram
5.1 .1 Sea I c e
5.1 .2 Open Wa ter
5. 1 . 3 �lon i tor sys tem
5.2 Wa ter q u a l i ty p a rame ters
5.2.1 Mul ti pa rameter s u r v ey
5.2. 1 . 1 Sep tember , 1 974
5.2.1 .2 May - J u n e , 1 975
5.2.2 Co nducti v i ty - temperature s u rvey
5.2.3 Water a na l ys i s fo r maj o r i o n s
5.2.4 Fi el d a n a l y s i s for to ta l a l ka l i n i ty and p H
5.2.5 Ch l o ro p hyl l a na l ys i s and i c e c o re a b s o rp t i o n
coeffi c i ents
5.3 B i o l o g i ca l s amp l i n g
5.3.1 Fi e l d proced u re
5. 3.2 I denti fi cati o n procedure
5.4 P r i ma ry produc t i v i ty
10
10
10
10
11
11
11
11
12
12
13
13
R ESU LTS
6.1 I rrad i a nce
6.2 vla ter q u a l i ty
6.2.1 Mul ti parameter s u rvey
6.2.1 .1 Sep tember , 1 974
6.2. 1 .2 May - J u ne , 1 975
6.2.2 Co nduct i v i ty- temperature.
6. 2.3 Wa ter a na l ys i s
6.2.4 Al kal i n i ty a n d p H
6.2.5 C h l o ro p hyl l a na l ys i s and i c e core o p ti c a l
properti e s
6.3 B i o l og i c a l i de n tifi c a t i o n resu l ts
6.3. 1 Fi el d o bs erva ti o n s
6.3.2 Q u a n t i ta ti ve re s u l t s of i denti fi c a t i o n s tudy
6.4 Prima ry produc ti v i ty
16
16
17
17
18
l�
18
19
19
D I SCUSS I O N
7.1 I r rad i a nce
24
24
6.
7.
8
13
13
13
14
14
19
20
20
21
22
Page
7.2
7.3
7.4
Water q u a l i ty
Pri mary prod u c t i v i ty
S u rface mel t ponds
25
27
30
8.
CONCLUS I ONS
31
9.
IM P L I CAT I ONS AND RECOMME N DATI ONS
9 . 1 Sc i en t i f i c
9 . 2 Offs hore d r i l l i ng
9 . 3 Open Quest i on
31
31
32
32
1 0.
ll .
N E E DS FOR FU RTH E R STU D I ES
1 0 . 1 Gaps i n knowl edge
1 0 . 2 Pro p o s ed fut ure wo r k
R E FE R E NC E S
33
33
33
34
ABBREV IAT I O NS U S E D
40
L I ST OF TABL ES
41
TABLES 1 - 2 2 I nc l u s i ve
43 to 1 08
F IGURES 1 - 4 0 I nc l u s i ve
1 09 to 1 56
-
1
-
B EAUFORT SEA P ROJ E CT TEC HN I CAL R E PORT N O . 2 9
L I G HT I NTENS ITY AND PR IMARY PRODUCT IV ITY UND E R SEA I C E C ONTA I N I NG O I L
W . A . Adams
G l a c i o l o gy D i v i s i o n
I n l and W a te rs D i rectorate
En v i ronmen t C a n a da
5 62 Boo th S tree t
O ttawa , On ta r i o
K1 A O E 7
1.
S UMMARY
F i e l d a n d l a bora to ry wor k u n derta ken b e tween J u l y , 1 9 7 4 an d November ,
1 9 75 i s p res en ted . F i e l d wor k was a s s o c i a te d wi th an exper i men ta l d i s ch a rg e o f
6 4 m 3 of crude o i l u n d e r sea i ce i n Bal aena Bay n ea r th e ti p of C a p e Pa rry
( N7 0 ° 0 2 ' , W 1 24 ° 54 ' ) . The pene tra ti on of s o l a r rad i a ti on th rou gh the wa te r
co l umn wa s mea s ure d p r i o r to freeze u p i n 1 9 74 a n d b e l ow the i ce cov e r d u r i ng
the s p r i n g me l t peri o d un ti l o pe n wa te r in 1 9 75 . W a te r q ua l i ty parame ters ,
pri mary produ cti v i ty , a n d mi cro b i o l og i ca l a b u n d a n ce a n d i den ti fi ca ti on s tu d i e s
were made on p a r t o f the bay e x posed t o th e o i l a n d compa re d t o a con trol a re a .
The open wate r i n the bay was fo un d to be s tra ti fi ed i n to a warm s a l ty bo ttom
wa ter l ay e r a n d a col d fre s h upper water l ayer a bo u t 4 m th i c k i n Sep temb e r ,
1 9 74 . Dur i n g the s p ri n g me l t , the s tra ti fi ca ti on was even mo re p ro n o un ce d wi th
a col d water mas s h a v i ng a s a l i n i ty of 30 - 32 p . p . t. l y i n g b e l ow a 2 - 3 m warmer
fre s h mel t - water i ce l aye r . The h i g h tra n s pa rency o f the water mas s in th i s
bay a s observed i n Septemb e r 1 9 74 , was a g a i n fo u n d duri n g May a n d J un e , 1 9 75 ,
b u t l ower l i gh t l evel s ( ap p ro x i ma te l y 50% ) we re fou n d bel ow th e i ce con ta i n i n g
the e n trapped o i l . Th e d i ffu s e a tte n u a t i o n coeff i c i e n ts ( 400 - 700 n m ) of i ce
and wa ter were fo und to be g rea ter i n c l o s e p ro x i m i ty to the o i l d i s charge .
However , des p i te th e l ower l i g h t l eve l s , th e p r i ma ry pro d u c ti v i ty , a s mea s u re d
by 1 4 C u p ta ke , was fo u n d to b e s l i g h tl y e n h a n ce d for s ta ti o ns c l ose to the o i l .
The ab undance an d n umber of genera o f phytop l a n k ton ( ap p rox i ma te l y 40 ) s upport
the 1 4 C up ta ke res u l ts , i n d i ca t i n g a s l i g h t e n h a n cemen t o f tota l ab undan ce and
a g reate r vari e ty of genera presen t i n th e o i l con tam i n a te d s ampl e s . M i n o r
d i ffe rences were obs e rved i n tempe ra ture , s a l i n i ty a n d i n t h e c h emi cal a n a l ys i s
of the wa te r be l ow th e o i l di s ch a rg e . The o i l con tam i n a te d a rea was s ubje c ted
to a c l e an - up p rocedure w h i ch i n vol ved i gn i ti n g the o i l when i t formed poo l s on
th e i ce s u rfa ce . The a i r b orne comb u s ti o n p ro d u c ts were o b s e rved to con tami n a te
a wi de a rea s urroun d i n g th e s p i l l . Me l t ponds i n th i s l a rge a re a were fou n d to
con ta i n a den s e mi xed a l g a l pop u l a t i on i n c l u d i n g s ome b l u e - g reen a n d s everal
macrophy ti c a l gae , the l a tte r wh i ch a re norma l l y a ttac h e d b e n th i c s pe c i e s . The
o i l con tami n a ted a rea was f re e o f i ce abo u t ten day s pri o r to the rema i nder of
�e b� .
-22.
2.1
I NTRODUCTI O N
Gene ra l n a ture o f s tudy
The phys i ca l , chemical a n d b i o l og i ca l con s e q ue n c e s of o i l s p i l l s on
o pen wa ter i n a tempera te c l i ma te h a ve been the s ubject of cons i derab l e s tudy
because of the freq uency a n d s e ri o u s con s e q u e n ce s of majo r s p i l l s i n b o th th e
ma r i ne a n d fre s h water e n v i ronme n ts . A rev i ew o f the l i te ra t u re o n th e s e
s p i l l s has been g i ven b y Bruns k i l l e t a l . (1 973). In th e Arcti c , the e ffec ts
of an o i l s p i l l o n th e e n v i ronmen t are m u ch l es s wel l unde rs tood , wi th l ower
temperatures de crea s i n g the ra te of b i o degrada ti on a n d the fate of o i l s p i l l ed
i n i ce covered wa ters be i ng u n certa i n ( fo r rev i ews s ee Ga n tch e ff , 1 971 ,
and Eedy , 1 974). The scope o f the present i mpact s tudy i s l i m i ted to
a s s e s smen t of s ome p hys i ca l a n d c h em i ca l pa rame ters of the i ce cove red A rcti c
sea s ubjected to u n de r - i ce crude o i l d i s c ha rges , e s pec i a l l y tho s e pa ram e ters
wh i ch s tron g l y i n fl uence mar i ne p l an t g rowth s uch a s l i g h t i n tens i ty . The s e
h ave b e e n co rrel a te d wi th a l g a l a c ti v i ty , di vers i ty , a n d abun dan ce .
I t i s i m po rtan t to emph a s i ze tha t thes e res u l ts have been o b ta i n ed
from a con tro l l ed wi n te r o i l di s c harge experi ment ca rri e d o u t on a re l a ti ve l y
l a rge s ca l e compa red to prev i ou s f i el d o i l d i s charge experi men ts , a t l ea s t two
orders of ma g n i tude l a rge r . I n a d d i t i o n , the b i o l o g i c a l effects o b served are a
res u l t of a real i s ti c l ow l evel o f i n s u l t f rom a crude o i l d i s ch arge o n a
natural a q ua t i c ecosys tem . By th i s , i t i s mean t tha t the e ffe c ts have n o t been
p roduced under con tro l l ed l a bora to ry or fi el d con d i t i o n s des i gned to exaggerate
th e i mpact o f o i l by e n hanc i n g the con ce n tra ti o n o f o i l rel a ti ve to water o r by
reduc i n g the b i o l ogi c a l d i ve rs i ty . More detai l e d i n fo rma ti o n on the b i o chem i c a l
a n d phys i o l og i ca l mec h a n i sms b y wh i ch o i l i n tera cts w i th a g i ven o rgan i sm can
o f cours e be obta i ne d by i so l a ti n g i t and co n duc t i n g ca refu l l y con tro l l ed
l a bo ra to ry experi ments , b u t i n s i tu i nves ti g a ti on s p ro v i de a n opportun i ty to
o b s e rve the e ffec ts wh en the impac t o f o i l i s on the to t a l comp l ex i n te ra c ti n g
ecosys tem i n i ts n a tu ra l e n v i ronme n t .
2.2
2.2 . 1
Speci fi c Obj ecti v e s
I rra d i a n ce
U n derwa ter i rrad i a n ce was to be meas ured a t s ta t i ons th ro u g ho u t
Ba l aena Bay ( s ee F i gure l ( a ) ) i n Sep tembe r , 1 974, p r i o r to the wi n te r u n de r - i ce
o i l d i s ch arge tes ts a n d aga i n i n the s p ri n g fol l ow i ng th e tes ts . D i ff u s e
a t te n u a ti on coeff i c i e n ts a n d ref l ec tanc e fun c t i o n s o v e r th e r a n g e 4 0 0 nm to
7 00 nm we re to be cal c u l a te d from th e da ta. Spectral i n fo rma ti on i n two
reg i on s o f photo syn the ti c i mporta n ce were to b e mon i tore d . D i urna l a n d
s ea s o n a l time dependence , a s wel l a s depth a n d h o r i zo n ta l d i s tri b u t i o n of s o l a r
ra d i a ti on were to b e cons i dered fo r correl ati o n wi th i ce cond i t i o n s , presence
o f en trap ped o i l , and p r i ma ry p roducti on.
- 32.2.2
W a te r q u a l i ty
A s urvey o f wa te r q u a l i ty p a rame ter s a s a f u n c t i on of depth
th ro u g h o u t Ba l ae n a Bay , i n c l u d i n g tempe ra ture , con duc ti v i ty ( s a l i n i ty ) ,
d i s s o l ved o xygen , pH , o x i da ti on - reducti on poten ti a l a n d c h emi c a l ana l ys i s for
major i on s was to be ma de p r i o r to a n d fol l owi n g the o i l s p i l l s .
2 . 2.3
Bi o l ogi ca l
Bi o l og i c a l s tud i es o f the rate of c a rbon f i xa t i o n by phy to p l a n k to n
u s i n g th e 1 4 C me thod were to be con d u c ted d u ri n g the s p r i n g by i n s i tu
i n c u ba t i on a t the s ta ti o n s s hown i n F i g ure 1 ( b ) i n Ba l a en a Bay . W a te r a n d i ce
samp l es from the s e s ta t i ons were to be exam i n e d for v a r i e ty and n umbers o f
phy topl a n k ton . The p r i mary p ro d u cti v i ty d a ta o b tai n ed w a s t o be a s s e s sed to
dete rmi ne whe ther the re wo u l d be s i g n i f i ca n t effec ts res ul t i n[ from the o i l
d i s c h a rge duri n g the wi n te r .
2 .3
Re l a ti on t o offs hore expl o ra to ry d ri l l i ng
The dri l l i n g a c ti v i ti es a s s o c i a ted w i th ex p l ora ti on for p e tro l e um i n
the Beaufort Sea a re p l a n n e d for the i ce- free s e a s o n l i ke l y to b e two mon th s
l ong and e n d i ng i n ea r l y Oc tob er . The re s u l ts o f s uch ac ti v i ty o n the wa te r
q u a l i ty an d p r i ma ry p rod ucti v i ty , s ho u l d the re b e an acc i d en ta l b l owo u t , depend
on the l oc a t i on of dri l l i n g and th e ti m i n g . Th e waters o f the Mackenz i e R i ver
a re extreme l y ri ch i n n u tr i e n t , b u t beca use of the h e a vy l oa d o f s us pended
ma teri a l , l i g h t of s uffi ci e n t i n tens i ty to s up port p h o to sy n th e s i s i s re s tr i c te d
t o th e u p p e r 0 .5 m o f th e wate r co l umn ( Gra i n ge r , 1 9 76 ) . T h i s turb i d fre s h
wa ter extends o u t i n to th e Bea ufo rt Sea over l y i n g the mo re den s e o ce a n i c wate r
mas s . The refore to a s s e s s the nature o f d i s r u p t i o n s t o the ecosy s tem from
dr i l l i n g a c t i v i ty , i t mu s t be de term i ned whe ther th e s i te i s i n rel a ti ve l y
c l ea r mari ne waters o r i n the turb i d o u tf l ow o f the Mackenz i e R i ver. W i th i n
th i s turb i d reg i on , the p ro d uc t i v i ty d u r i n g the o p en water p e r i od i s ve ry l ow
due to l i gh t l i m i ta ti on s , s o tha t further reduced l i g h t l ev e l s due to an o i l
s l i c k a re u n l i ke l y to prod uce any s i gn i f i ca n t effec ts o n p ro d u c t i v i ty . A
b l owo u t o r acc i dental re l ea s e o f o i l wo u l d b e u n l i ke l y to s i gn i f i can tl y a ffec t
p hy to p l a n k ton p roduc t i on due to mod i f i ca ti on o f th e l i gh t reg i me under o p e n
wa te r cond i ti on s i n a ny cas e , beca u s e t h e o i l wou l d b e rap i d l y d i s persed by
wi nd a n d wave ac ti on . Shou l d the d r i l l i ng a c ti v i ty b e i n a n a re a free o f
s us pe nded mate r i a l wi th wa te r t ra n s parency s uch a s tha t fo und under the
perma n e n t pa c k i ce o r i n the s hore zone , away from reg i o ns of h i gh turbi di ty
c a u s e d by ri ver bo rn e s e d i me n t , the res u l t of a n o i l d i s ch a rg e co ul d be q u i te
d i fferen t . I n th i s s i tua ti on , the sys tem co u l d wel l b e n u tr i en t l i m i ted a n d
th e c rude o i l i ts e l f ( o r by- p ro d uc ts o f i ts bacte r i a l deg rad a t i o n o r res i d ue s
from c l ea n - up p ro ced u re s i n vo l v i n g d i s persan ts o r b u rn i ng ) co u l d bri n g a bo u t
profo und changes i n the l e vel o f p r i ma ry p rod uc t i v i ty a n d i n the d i s tri b u t i on
of m i croo rga n i sms . Th i s s i tua ti on wo u l d b e l i ke l y to occ u r i n May and J un e i n
s ea i ce o r i n l eads expo s ed to a con ti n uo u s d i s c h a rg e o f o i l where th e s ea s on
and water c l ari ty a re s u c h to ens u re th a t l i g h t ;s n o t a l i mi ti n g fa cto r i n
photosynth e s i s . Dur i ng the i ce cove red peri od , th e re i s l e s s o f a di fferen ce
i n the l i g h t reg i me b e twee n th e Macke n z i e R i v e r turb i d zone a n d the zone o f
-4c l earer mar i ne wa ters . I t h a s been reported by Gra i ng e r ( 1 9 76 ) tha t under- i ce
wa ter turbi d i ty i s reduced d ue to a redu cti o n o f ri ve r fl ow duri n g wi n te r
mon ths and a s e ttl i ng o u t o f s us pe n d ed s e d i me n t . Th i s fa c t woul d re d u ce th e
d i ffere nces i n s ubma ri n e l i g h t be tween th ese two zones . Howeve r , di fferences
i n tempera ture , s a l i n i ty , and nu tr i e n t a va i l ab i l i ty wo u l d be pre s en t , so tha t
even i f l i g h t l eve l s were reduced by a n e q u i v a l e n t amo un t , th e presence of o i l
from a b l owo u t i n a n d under the i ce wo u l d n o t h a v e a s i mi l ar e co l o g i cal
co nsequence i n the two zones .
- 53.
3.1
CURRENT STATE OF KNOWL EDGE
L i gh t pene tra t i o n th rough s ea i ce
The u n i ts trad i ti o n a l l y u s ed to expre s s the i n tens i ty of l i g h t
p as s i ng th ro ugh i ce o r th e water co l umn h a ve bee n based o n ene rgy . Th i s sys tem
has wo rked wel l s i n ce many ol der i ns trumen ts meas ured energy d i rectl y a n d o ften
res ul ts were a ppl i ed to con s i dera t i o n s of the fl ow of energy i n food chai n s .
As s u g g e s te d by Lewi s ( 1 9 75 ) , h owever , a mo re a p propr i a te mea s u remen t sys tem i s
b a s e d o n the n umber of p h o tons i n a g i ve n s pec tra l ran ge . The ra te o f pho to­
synthe s i s , or of pho to chem i ca l rea c t i o n s i n genera l , de pends on the n umb er o f
q ua n ta of the a p p ro pri a te energy , not th e to ta l l i g h t e nergy . There i s n o
d i s ti nc t i on b e tween a n e ne rgy or q ua n tum un i t sy s tem i f the s pec tra l
compo s i ti o n o f th e l i g h t does no t vary , bu t i n na tura l waters th ere i s a
cons i derab l e s pe c tr a l s h i ft to l ower wa ve l e n g th s w i th i ncreas i n g depth . Mos t
of the meas u remen ts i n th e p re s e n t wo r k have been made wi th q ua n t um meters i n
u n i ts of m i croe i n s te i n s m - 2 s - 1 (�Em - 2 s - 1 ) for a s pec i fi ed wavel e n g th . Th e
e i n s te i n un i t i s an Avoga dro number of p h o tons ( 6 . 02 3 x 1 0 2 3 ) of a s pec i fi ed
wa ve l e n g th . Whe re the rad i a ti on h a s b ee n meas ured i n e ne rgy u n i ts , a s i n the
c a s e of th e s ol a ri me ter da ta , the common ra d i ometr i c u n i t , watt m - 2 ( or mW cm - 2 ) ,
o r th e l an g l ey ( 1 50 gram - ca l or i e cm - 2 ) h ave been u s e d . Un i ts for l i g h t
mea s u remen t have been rev i ewed by S tri ck l a n d ( 1 9 5 8 ) a n d Mag u i re ( 1 9 74 ) .
<
The theore t i ca l a nd p racti ca l a s pec ts o f u n de rwa te r l i g h t meas u re­
me n ts h ave been d i s c us s e d i n th ree rece n t mo n o g ra p h s , Wi l l i ams ( 1 9 70 ) , Tyl e r
an d Sm i th ( 1 9 70 ) , a n d Je r l ov ( 1 9 68 ) . Th e compl e x i ty o f th e i n te ra c ti on of
l i g h t as i t pas s es th rough a natural wa te r bo dy i s a res u l t o f the no n ­
homogeneous n a ture of the med i um. N a t u ra l wa te r , o p ti ca l l y s pea k i n g , cons i s ts
of p u re wa te r con ta i n i n g d i s s o l ved mate r i a l wh i c h a b so rb s l i gh t i n s pec tra l
reg i on s ch aracte ri s ti c of th e d i s s ol ved s pec i es and s us pended p a r ti c l es of
vari e d s i ze a n d s ha pe wh i ch b o th abs o rb a n d s ca tte r l i gh t . The temperature
and pres s u re g ra d i e n ts in the wa te r col umn a nd th e s u rface con d i t i o n s of the
wate r a l s o i n fl uence i ts o p ti ca l properti e s .
The r a d i a t i on f i e l d o f i ce - covered wa te r i s mod i f i ed by th e changes
produced i n th e s ol a r ra d i a t i on a s i t e n co u n ters the s now a n d i ce l ayer p r i o r
t o e n te r i n g the water col umn . T h e o p ti cal p rope r ti e s o f s now a n d i ce h a ve
been s tudi e d from two per s pec t i ve s . I n the l a borato ry , p hy s i ci s ts an d chemi s ts
h ave pre p a re d p u re s ampl e s a n d s tu d i ed the o p ti ca l p ro p er t i e s wi th a v i ew to
ach i ev i n g a bas i c un de rs ta n d i ng o f i ce a s a ma te r i a l . I c e ex h i b i ts many
un u s u a l fea tu res due to the d i re c t i o n a l n a tu r e o f hydrogen b on d i ng and the
compl exi ty th a t th i s engenders i n a mo l e cu l a r s ol i d . E a r l y work has been
revi ewed by Dorsey ( 1 940 ) and the re a re re cen t rev i ew s by Gl en ( 1 9 74 ) and by
E i s enberg a n d Ka uzma n n ( 1 9 69 ) . P u re i ce a b s o rbs r ad i a ti o n s tron g l y only i n
the i n frared reg i on , be i n g tran s pa re n t i n the v i s i b l e and ra d i o fre q uency
reg i on s . Wa te r mo l ecu l es absorb i n the far U . V . ( Herzber g ( 1 9 6 7 ) , Dorsey
( 1 9 40 ) , a n d On aka e t a l . ( 1 96 8 ) ) n e a r 1 25 nm a nd 200 n m . Th e penetra t i on o f
l i gh t th rough a n i ce-or s now med i um , h owever , depe nds to a grea t exte n t on the
l i gh t s ca tte r i n g prope rt i es of th e b u l k med i um a s wel l a s o n th e i n d i v i d u a l
crys ta l p ro pe r t i es . The s e ra d i a t i on tra ns fe r p ro ce s s es a r e a prope rty of the
phys i ca l n a ture of the s n ow or i ce . Th e den s i ty ( p re s e n c e of a i r o r bubb l e s
i n i ce ) the di s tri b u ti on s o f b u b b l e s i ze , th e cry s tal gra i n s i z e , th e free
wa te r con te n t , and p rese nce o f con tam i n a ti on , b i o l og i ca l or o th e rwi s e , a re
J
/
-6 i mporta n t fac to rs (Wel l er ( 1 96 9 ) , May k u t et a l . (1 9 75 ) , Carras e t al . ( 1 9 75 ) ,
and Thomas ( 1 9 6 3 ) ) . Ma gu i re (1 9 7 4 ) has comp i l ed a n e x tens i ve l i tera tu re s u rvey
on fac to rs i n fl u en c i n g the a t te n ua ti on of s o l a r rad i a t i on by the s now a n d i ce
cover over l a kes . I t i s poi n ted o u t th a t l i g h t l evel s s uffi c i en t fo r mo s t
ph otosyn theti c a c t i v i ty a re no t p resen t i n wa ter bel ow i ce i f s n ow i s deeper
th an 20 cm on c l ear i ce o r even l es s th a n 20 em on c l o udy i ce . The meas ure­
men t of under- i ce l i g h t l eve l s i n the f i e l d h a s genera l l y been carri ed o u t by
b i o l og i s ts concerned w i th p h o to sy n thes i s . The mea s u reme n ts a re u s ual l y of
p h o to sy n theti cal l y a c t i ve rad i a ti on ( P . A . R . ) f rom 400 to 7 00 nm o r i n genera l
o f rad i a ti on i n the v i s i b l e reg i on and the a t te n ua t i o n i s ex pres sed by a
d i ffuse a t ten ua t i on coeff i c i en t wh i ch comb i nes the effe c t o f s n ow , i ce and
wa ter. Wel ch et a l . (1 9 7 5 ) has des cri bed l i g h t mea s u remen ts i n Res o l u te Bay ,
N . W . T . , wh i ch wereused i n p r i ma ry pro d u cti v i ty es ti ma tes . I n fres h water ,
the I . B . P. C h a r L a ke projec t h a s res u l ted i n a series o f p u b l i ca t i on s on
s tud i es o f the ro l e of l i gh t l evel s i n p r i ma ry produc t i o n in p o l ar l a kes
(Sch i n d l er et a l . (1 9 74 ) , Wel ch et a l . ( 1 9 74 ) , a n d Ka l ff et a l . ( 1 9 74 ) ) . The
i mpo rtance of the ro l e of s now cover-1n l i g h t a tte n u a t i on-rn the wa ter bel ow
an i ce cover i s g rea tl y emphas i zed by these i nves ti g a tors and a l s o by
Os trofs ky et a 1 . ( 1 9 7 5 ) a n d D u th i e et a l . ( 1 9 74 ) wo r k i n g on l a kes i n wes tern
Labra do r . !Gra i nger ( 1 9 7 1 ) h a s g i ven- i rr a d i a nce v a l ues a t var i o u s dep th s fo r
wa ter i n Fro b i s he r Bay , N . W.T . , mea s u red du r i ng b i o l o g i c a l s tudi es . I n a l mos t
a l l of the work reported there h a s been a l a ck of s pe c tral i nforma ti o n . The
Arcti c Sea -Ai r I n terac t i o n G ro u p at Un i vers i ty of Was h i ng to n h a ve recently
deve l o ped a po rtab l e s ubmers i b l e s pec tro p h o tome ter (Rou l e t e t a l . , 1 9 74 ) w h i ch
has been u sed to s t udy f i rs t-yea r sea i ce near Po i n t Ba rrow�Al a s ka i n June ,
1 9 72 (May k u t et a 1 . , 1 97 5 ) . The effec t of vari o us s urfa ce i ce c on d i ti ons o n
the i rra d i a nce-o ver the range 400- 1 000 nm wa s eva l u a ted . The s pec tral
s i gna ture of mar i ne a l gae was o bserved . L i gh t a ttenua t i on a l s o depends on the
s a l t con te n t of the i ce (Da v i s et a l . , 1 9 7 3 ). The rad i a t i o n a b s o rpt i on of c l ear
i ce i n the reg i on 0 . 3 to 3 . 0�m naslOl2en reV i ewed by Goodr i c h (1 9 7 0 ) .
3.2
Al bedo of sea i ce after an o i l s p i l l
The s u rface of sea i ce i s h i g h l y var i a b l e , e s pec i a l l y i n the s p ri n g
duri ng the mel t per i od. There a re fo u r ma i n o p ti ca l ca tego r i es o f i ce wh i ch
h ave been recogni zed by May k u t et a l . (1 9 75 ) : s now co vered i ce , w h i te i ce ,
wh i ch i s d ra i ned mel t i ng i ce abo ve�e l o c a l wa ter ta b l e , b l ue i ce w h i ch i s
mel ti n g i ce s a tu rated w i th wa ter a t the l oc a l wa ter tabl e , and i ce covered by
me l t ponds . I n o rde r to pred i ct under- i ce l i g h t l evel s the a l bedo o f these
vari o us s urfa ce types , the i ce th i ckne s s , a n d the a tten ua ti o n coeffi c i en ts o f
the wa ter , s n ow a n d i ce m u s t b e known . I n a d d i t i on , the h o r i zon ta l
d i s tr i b u t i on o f the i ce th i c knes s a n d s u rface ty pe s h a ve t o b e mea s u red . A t
the moment th i s k i n d of c ompl ete des cri p t i o n i s n o t a va i l a b l e , a l tho u g h the re
ha ve been s tudi es o f s ome o f the p a rameters . The a l bedo o f the n a tura l
un perturbed Arc t i c i ce cover h a s been d i s c u s sed by Ku k l a a n d Ku k l a ( 1 9 74 ) ,
Campbel l a n d Ma rti n (1 9 7 3 ) , Aye rs et a l . (1 9 74 ) , Campbel l a n d Ma rti n (1 9 74 ) ,
May k u t and Un terste i ner (1 9 7 1 ) , Lange l ben ( 1 9 7 1 ) , a n d H a n s o n (1 9 6 1 ) . A ser i es
o f f i ve publ i ca ti ons by the Arcti c Me teo ro l ogy Research Gro u p a t McG i l l
Un i vers i ty (see Larson and O rv i g ( 1 962 ) ) reports on radi ati on s tu d i e s re l a te d
to the hea t b a l ance i n the Arcti c .
There i s a l a rge red u c ti o n i n the a l bedo o f a n i ce , s now o r wa ter
-7s u rface when covered by crude o i l . Th i s h as been d i s cu s s e d by Aye rs e t a l .
( 1 9 74 ) and Ma rti n and Campbe l l ( 1 97 3 , 1 9 74 ) wi th res p e c t to the i ncrea s e-- d -­
a b s o rp t i on of s o l a r energy due to the e ffec ts o f o i l o n e i ther wa ter i n l eads
o r o n i ce s urfa ces i n the Arct i c i ce pac k . I n a l i te ra ture s urvey o n th e
behav i o ur of o i l u n de r i ce , Keev i l ( 1 9 74 ) has col l ected 1 5 refe rences , a l l
dati ng between 1 970 and th e pre s e n t , w i th one exc e p ti o n . To i n d i c a te the
pau c i ty of ra d i a t i o n s tu d i e s on the s e a - i ce-o i l sys tem i n th i s s u rvey on l y
the d i s c us s i on by Campbel l and Ma rti n ( 1 9 7 3 ) referred to above , concerns
the effect o f o i l o n the a l bedo o f sea i ce . Corre l a ti on s have been made
b e tween s o l a r ra d i a t i on ( c l ea r s ky and c l o u dy s ky ) and the s urface o i l
tempera ture and i ce tempera t ure i n a r t i f i c i al p o n ds s ub j e c ted to wi n ter o i l
s p i l l s at Sh i rl ey ' s Bay i n Ottawa , re po rted by Scott ( 1 9 74 ) and by Sco tt,
Adams a n d C h e n ( 1 974 ) . Wor k by Gl a c i o l ogy D i v i s i o n and the Ottawa D e tachment
of C C I W i s con ti n u i n g a t Sh i r l ey ' s Bay
The effect o f o i l on the s urface o f
wa te r h a s rece i v ed s ome a tten t i o n . Smi th ( 1 9 7 3 ) h a s commented o n experimental
d i ff i cul t i e s exp eri enced from very th i n o i l s l i ck s on the wa te r s urface i n i ce
h o l e s duri ng a ttempts to ma ke very p rec i s e mea s u remen ts o f d i ff u s e l i gh t
a tten u a t i on by the water co l umn thro ugh i ce h o l e s f rom Fl e tcher ' s I ce I s l a n d ,
T - 3 i n th e Arc t i c Ocean. The ap pearance o f a n o i l fi l m on a na tural wate r
body , bas ed o n cons i dera ti o n s o f th e o i l f i l m th i c kn e s s and v i ewi ng a ng l e , h a s
been d i s c us s ed b y M i l l ard a nd Arvesen ( 1 973 ) . O i l on th e s urface of wa te r
i nc re a s e s l i gh t refl ectance i n the v i s i b l e reg i on by 2 to 3 % depend i ng o n th e
refrac ti ve i ndex o f th e o i l on the wa ter s u rface , the v i ewi n g a n gl e. and the
po s s i b l e con tri b u t i o n of fl uore s cen t re tu rn for the b e n zo i d compon e n ts i n th e
o i l . The v i s ual a p peara n ce of o i l s l i ck s on water h a ve been re l a ted to o i l
th i c knes s emp i ri ca l l y by Al l en ( 1 9 70 ). A report h a s been ma de on mi crowave
radi ometry wh i ch i n di ca te s tha t th i s techn i q ue perm i ts q u a n ti ta ti ve e s t i ma tes
of th e exten t a nd th i c kn e s s of s ea s u rface o i l s l i cks (Ho l l i n ger and Men n e l l a ,
1 9 7 3 ) . Th ere i s a comme n t by S tra ughan ( 1 9 7 1 ) th a t s o l a r ra d i a ti on ( v i s i b l e )
penetra ti on th ro ugh the s ea s urface mea s u re d d u r i ng a p l a n k to n s urvey wa s
reduced to 2 . 0 perc e n t of the no rma l l evel by o i l rel e a s e d i n th e San ta Barb a ra
Cha nnel b l ow- o u t i n 1 969. Th i s wa s a ra the r mas s i v e s p i l l e s t i ma ted to h a ve
had a vol ume of from 500 to 5000 bbl / day ( 8 x 1 0 to 8 x 1 0 2m3 ( S tra ughan a n d
Abbo tt ( 1 9 7 1 ) a n d Ho l mes ( 1 969 ) ) a n d t h e l i g h t mea s ureme n ts were made i n the
v i c i n i ty of the o i l ri g where the s l i c k wou l d l i ke l y be th i c kes t . Mea s u remen ts
of l i g h t i n te n s i ty e ffec ts produced by a th i n No rma n Wel l s ' Crude o i l f i l m are
repo rted by Adams , Sco tt a n d Snow ( 1 974 ) based on a fi el d e xp e r i ment conducted
on a s h a l l ow l a ke in th e Mac ke n z i e De l ta i n 1 9 7 3 . Sens o rs p l a c e d bel ow th e
wa te r were u s e d to record the s o l ar rad i a t i o n pas s i n g th rou g h the s l i ck a t
wavel eng th s o f 4 5 0 n m a n d 680 n m wi th a 2 0 n m b a n d- p as s . Res ul ts i n d i ca te d
th a t a s the s l i c k was b l ow n over th e s en s ors th e re l a ti ve i rradi ance at 4 5 0 n m
w a s reduced b y t h e s l i ck t o 2 5 % o f t h e pre-s p i l l v a l u e wh i l e th e e ffect a t
680 n m was to reduce the i rra d i a nce t o about 5 0 % o f th e p re - s p i l l v a l ue. The
s l i c k th i c kness res pon s i b l e for th e s e res u l ts i s e s t i ma te d to be l es s th a n
0 . 1 cm , b u t g rea te r tha n a mono l ayer , bas ed on v i s u al a p p e a rance o f the s l i ck
a t th e ti me a n d l a te r es t i ma ted from col o ured 1 6 mm mo t i on p i ctu res of the
s l i c k a s i t formed a fi l m on the wa te r over the s ensors .
<
I n s umma ry , the a va i l ab l e data i n th e l i tera ture o n the movemen t of
o i l en trapped i n s ea i ce a n d i ts effe cts on the a l bedo or on th e rad i a ti o n
regi me i s n o t s uffi c i e n t t o enabl e a s a t i s facto ry pred i c ti on o f t h e the rma l
effe c ts expected e i the r l oca l l y o r on a l arger s ca l e where c l i ma t i c phenomena
m i gh t be a ffec ted. The major rea s o n fo r th i s l a c k o f predi cti ve ab i l i ty i s
tha t un perturb e d i ce a n d s now covered wate r h a s no t y e t been ful l y i nves ti g ated
-8-
i n the cas e of e i th er fre s h o r ma r i n e wa ters . Ra d i a t i o n penetra ti on throu g h o u t
a n i ce cover a n d the th e rmal a n d b i o l o g i ca l con s equences of th i s l i gh t f i e l d
m u s t be better unders too d befo re a n adeq u a te th eory of th e e ffec ts o f o i l o n
th e sys tem ca n be deve l o p e d .
3. 3
Effec t of o i l on p r i ma ry p ro d u cti v i ty a s s oc i a ted w i th s ea i ce
Pho to sy n the s i s by ma r i n e p l a n ts depends on a s uffi c i e n t s u p p l y o f
a v a i l a b l e n u tri e n ts , l i g h t l ev e l s o f P . A . R . s uffi ci e n t f o r th e s pec i es i n
q ue s ti o n , a p propri a te tempera ture a n d s a l i n i ty cond i t i o n s , a n d i n s ome cases a
s u i ta b l e s u b s tra te fo r a tta chme n t. An o i l s p i l l i n tro d uces a n enormo u s vari e ty
o f ch emi ca l s i n to the wate r w h i ch ca n produce mo d i f i c a t i o n s to the b i ochem i s t ry
of th e p l a n t a s wel l a s d i rect phys i ca l damag e due to c l ogg i n g a n d co a ti ng o f
p l a n t s u rfaces . Thes e f i rs t order effec ts , s ome o f wh i ch may be l ong te rm , a re
ac compa n i e d by s econd o rder effec ts when the e n v i ronme n t of the p l a n t i s
mo di fi e d by the prese nce of the o i l . F u rth e rmore , a ny perturba t i o n of the
pri ma ry p ro d ucers i n the food ch a i n wi l l h a v e unpred i c tab l e cons equences
throug h o u t th e who l e ecosys tem.
Si nce i t h as been repo rted th a t a s ubs ta n ti a l pro p o rti o n of the
p r i mary prod ucti v i ty by phy top l a n k ton i n Arcti c a n d An tarc t i c wa ters o ccurs
wi th i n the s ea i ce s tructure ( B u n t a n d Woo d ( 1 9 63 ) , B u n t (1 9 63 ) , Meg u ro et a l .
( 1 96 6 ) , Bun t and Lee ( 1 972 ) , Ma theke and Horn er (1 9 74 ) , Horner (1 973 ) , Horn er­
a n d Al exa nder (1 9 72 ) , Apol l on i o (1 961 ) , C l a s by, Horner a n d A l exan der ( 1 9 73 ) ,
and Wel ch and Ka l ff (1 975 ) ) o r a tta ched to the u n ders u rfa ce of the i ce ( May k u t
a n d Gren fel l (1 9 74 ) ) , o i l p re s en t i n a n d be l ow s e a i ce co u l d s e ri o us l y affe c t
p r i mary produc ti v i ty. Mechan i ca l effects produce d on s u ch g rowth by o i l
penetra ti n g i n to the bri n e cha nnel s a n d coa t i n g i ce s u rface s co u l d be very
damag i n g . As wel l , the effec ts on pho to sy n thes i s tha t red u ced l i gh t i n tens i ty
due to abs o r p ti on of s o l a r ra d i a t i o n by the o i l co u l d be s u bs ta n ti al . The re
i s no l i te rature on th e effe c t o f o i l on th i s a l g a l commun i ty . I n fac t , th e
rel a ti ve i mportance of th i s b l oom to the to ta l Arcti c mar i n e ecosys tem has y e t
to b e es tabl i s hed . I t i s c l e a r , howeve r , tha t s ub s ta n ti a l a l g a l bl ooms occ u r
i n the s pr i n g before th e i ce co ver mel ts afte r the i n te n s i ty o f s o l a r radi a ti on
h a s be come s u ffi ci e n t to mel t the a ccumul a ted s n ow cover on the i c e.
Modi fi c a t i on s to the therma l and s a l i n i ty s tructure o f the water - i ce sys tem
c o u l d have s i g n i f i can t effec ts on th i s a l g a l commun i ty , b u t s i nc e l i ttl e i s
known a b o u t the di s tr i buti o n of p r i ma ry pro d u c ti v i ty thro u g h o u t the water
col umn d ur i n g the a n n u a l me l t p roces s , the ma g n i tude o f th e effec ts ca n no t b e
p red i cted .
-9 4.
DESCR I PT I ON OF STUDY AREA
A s i te fo r the o i l d i s ch a rg e experi men ts wa s c h o s e n i n a protec ted
bay s h own on Fi g u re 1 ( N 700 021 , W1 24° 541 ) whi ch i s a b o u t 1 5 km s o u th of a
DEW l i ne s ta t i on ( P I N MA I N ) . The o i l was rel eas e d i n a sma l l cove o n the north
s i de of th i s bay ( s ee i n s e r t N o . 2 of F i g ure 1 ( a ) o r ( b ) .
The Pa rry pe n i ns u l a i s fo r the mos t part l ow - l y i ng a n d do tted w i th
smal l l a nd - l o cked l a kes . I n th e reg i on s u rro un d i ng the o i l s p i l l cove
( 70° 01 IN, 1 24° 55IW ) , e l e v a t i o n s g re a te r than 61 m above sea l evel a re
u n commo n . The l a rge bay on wh i ch th i s cove i s l o ca te d i s the e a s t a rm of
Bal aena Bay l o ca te d 1 6 km s o u th o f the n o r th ti p of Cape Parry . The terra i n
has been exten s i vely a l te red by g l a c i a t i o n wh i ch ended 1 0 , 000 years a go
( Pearl ( 1 96 9 ) ) . Th i s was th e L a u re n ti de ( p re - Wi s co n s i n ) g l a c i a l s ta ge , d u ri n g
wh i ch the d i rec t i on of g l ac i a l f l ow was a p p ro x i ma te l y e a s t to wes t ( C ra i g 1 960 ) ,
as can be s e e n by the o r i e n ta t i o n o f roches mo u to n nes . The cres ts of h i l l s are
ex tremel y rounde d a n d the s l opes have been smoo thed. La rge boul ders s ca tte red
randoml y over the h i l l s ( e rrati cs ) a re very noti ce abl e . Mos t o f the ground
cons i s ts of a medi um - s i ze d cl a s ti c ti l l whi ch i s rel a t i v e l y wel l con so l i da ted .
The s u rface i s fa i r l y ro ugh a l though i t a p pe a rs s mooth i n o u tl i ne . Th e ti l l i s
compo sed ma i n l y of weathere d do l omi te. Fres h l y expo s e d s urface s h a ve a very
coa rs e crys ta l l i n e a ppearance. The u n de rl y i n g bedro c k i s b rown l i me s tone , of
O rd i v i c i a n - S i l u ra n a g e ( ap p ro x i ma te l y 425 m i l l i on yea r s o l d ) . Whe re outc ro ps
o cc u r , exfo l i a ti o n i s evi den t , fo rm i n g s crees of ang u l a r parti c l es . Th i s i s
due to the ac t i on of fro s t a n d i s e s pe c i a l l y obv i o us a l on g the s teeper p a r ts o f
th e s ho rel i ne o f th e bay . Th e re th e s crees wi l l eventua l l y form a beach .
Cons i de rab l e wi n d e ro s i o n a l s o occurs a s the a n n u a l a v erage w i n d s peed i s 1 9 km
per h o u r . W i n d borne s o i l ma te ri a l wa s v i s i b l e o n the s n ow and i ce on th e bay
i n May and J une , 1 9 75. The i n terti da l zone o f the sma l l cove o n wh i ch th e
NORCOR camp was es tabl i s he d i s made u p o f b l a c kened ro cks underl a i n by a l ayer
o f heavy mud . These roc k s have been ro unded by wave a n d i ce a c t i on. Beyond a
dep th o f about two metres the bay bo ttom b ecomes fa i rl y s mo o th due to a h e a vy
accum u l a ti o n o f o rga n i c detr i tus and w i n d borne s i l t . Th i s was n o t i ced i n
dee per wa ter ( s i x to s even metre s ) by W . A. Adams d u r i ng a SCUBA d i v i n g
reco nna i s s ance o f th e o i l s p i l l cove. Howeve r , th i s mu ddy bottom cov e r wa s n o t
p resent i n a l l p a r ts of t h e bay . A b o t tom o f s ma l l , l i gh t- co l ou red s tones was
o b s e rved at the c u rrent - swept mo u th at the wes te rn e nd and the s h a l l ow areas
toward th e eas te rn end o f the b ay . T i d a l c u rren ts u p to 0 . 45 m s ec - 1 were
mea s u red wi th a c urren t meter a t the mo u th o f the bay , b u t were e xtreme l y smal l
i n the res t o f th e bay . Max i mum ti dal cu rren ts wo u l d b e s l i gh tl y h i g h e r th an
th i s a s i nd i ca te d by th e t i de tab l es and th e t i me that the curren t was meas ured .
- 10 5.
5.1
5.1 .1
METHODS
I rradi ance f i e l d program
Sea i ce
The mea s u remen ts of s o l a r i rradi ance un de r s ho refa s t s ea i ce were
made during th e peri o d May 1 1 to J un e 2 3 , 1 9 75 , a t l o ca t i o n s i n d i cated i n
F i g u re 1 ( a ) . The Norma n We l l s ( NW ) o r Swa n H i l l ( SH ) crude o i l d i s ch a rges
were made th roug h o u t the wi n te r f rom bel ow the i ce i n to the ci rcu l a r a reas
e n cl o s ed by pl a s t i c s k i rts hang i ng bel ow the i ce s h ee t . Th es e are s h own on
the map in F i g u res 1 ( a ) a n d ( b ) a n d ca n be s e e n i n the a e r i a l photo g raphs i n
F i g u re 2. Observati o n s u s i n g underwa ter v i deo e q u i pmen t a n d by a d i ve r
i n di c a te d tha t the o i l was con ta i n e d wi th i n the s k i rted a re a s ( NO RCOR , 1 976 ) .
However , s ome fine l y d i s pe rs e d o i l was fo und to h a ve e n te re d the wa ter col umn
s i n ce the d i ve r fo und h i s gear to be co n tam i n a te d by a f i l m of c rude o i l
( N ORCO R , 1 9 76 ) . A q u a n tum meter ( Model L I - 1 85 , L ambda I n s t rumen t s Co rp . ,
Lin co l n , Nebras ka ) was u s e d w i t h two underwa te r q uan tum s e n s ors ( Lambda mode l
L I - 1 9 2S ) mou nted o n th e ends of a b l a c k me ta l bar 1 metre i n l en g th , one u p­
fa ci ng to record downwel l i n g i rra d i an ce a n d one down - fac i ng to record u pwe l l i n g
i rrad i ance . Lewi s ( 1 9 75 ) s ug ges ts u s i n g a q ua n tum i n s trume n t s i n ce i t i s more
s u i ted to the s tudy of p h o to c h emi ca l proce s s e s s uc h a s p h o to sy n thes i s than a n
i ns tr ument meas u ring l i g h t i n energy un i ts . The s e n s o rs were s i l i co n
photod i ode s mo u n ted a s s h own i n F i g u re 3 ( a ) wi t h a response betwee n 4 00 a n d
7 00 n m a s s h own i n F i g ure 3 ( b ) . Th e t i me o f t h e rea d i n gs a n d t h e c l o ud
cond i t i on s were rec orded to ena b l e corre l a ti o n s to be made wi th a ng l e of s o l a r
i nc i dence a nd v a r i a ti ons o f s o l a r s p ect rum. The h o u s i n g s a re des i g ne d to l i mi t
co s i n e erro r to l es s than 2% for a n g l es l es s th a n 82% from the norma l ax i s to
th e pl ane of th e s e n s o r . I rrad i a nce i s mea s u red to a n accu racy o f 5 % . The
rea d i n g s taken i n wa te r h ave to b e co rrec ted for an i mmers i o n e ffect by
mul ti p l y i n g the va l ues by 1 . 4 a s o u tl i ne d by Smi th ( 1 969 ) . The a b s o l u te
ca l i bra ti o n s a re tra ceabl e to N . B . S . ( Lambda , 1 9 74 ) . The two s en s o rs h ad a
di ffere nce i n res pon s e o f 0 . 5 % wh i ch wa s n o t cons i dered s i g n i fi ca n t . Ho l es
thro ug h th e i ce were c u t wi th a 2 5 cm d i ameter power a uger ma k i n g as 1 i ttl e
d i s turba nce of the i ce and s n ow s urfa ce a ro u n d the h o l e as poss i b l e . The
g enera l chang es i n s u rface cond i t i o n s on Bal aena Bay were do c umen ted w i th
p h o tographs ta ken over the s i te from a h e l i cop ter ( s e e Fig ures 2 ( a ) - ( d ) . Some of
the i rra d i ance pro fi l es we re made wi th and wi tho u t the h o l es bei n g covered by
p i ec e s of 3 cm th i ck, green foam rubber to tes t for the " hol e effect" menti o n e d
b y S ch i n dl er e t a l . ( 1 974 ) . S urface a l bedo mea s u reme n ts were m a d e a t th e t i me
of the un de r-lee-rea d i ngs by ma n ua l l y o r i e nti n g the s e n s o r s up port 30 ± 1 0 cm
ho r i z o n ta l l y above the i ce s u rfa ce faci n g th e di rec t i o n of s un . The s e n s o r
s upport a n d a s s o c i a te d s u rface e l ectro n i cs a n d cabl i ng i s s hown i n th e
p h o to g raph i n F i g u re 4 . I ce and s now depth s were recorded fo r s ome o f th e
prof i l es i n o rder to es ti mate a ttenua ti on coeffi ci e n ts of the i ce and snow
cover i n depende n t l y of th e wa ter col umn . Temperatu re errors of s e n s o r s
were ± 0. 1 5% max i mum.
5.1 .2
Open wa te r
I n a dd i t i on to the meas ureme n ts i n th e s p r i n g of 1 9 75 des cr i bed
abov e , a s urvey wa s conducte d of the s ame bay in the open wate r p e ri o d ,
J
.?
- 1 1-
Septemb er 5 - 1 0 , 1 9 74 , from a sma l l i n fl a ta b l e boat. The s ta ti on s s urveyed
a re s�own on F i g ure 1 (a ) . Fl oa ti n g i ce wa s o b s erved a t th i s t i me o n l y a t th e
wes t e nd of the bay near the o u tl e t . Fo u r o f the s ame typ e o f u nderwater
s e ns o rs as des c r i b ed above were u s ed for the s e meas u reme n ts . Th ree s ensors
we re a ttac hed to a wa ter q ua l i ty sonde by mea ns of P . V . C . col l a rs f i t ted to
the ends of a l umi n um s up port a rms b o l ted to the s o nde , two to record
downwe l l i n g i rrad i a nce a nd one to rec o rd u pwe l l i ng i rradi a nce wh i l e a fo u rth
sensor un i t wa s a ttached to th e deck of the bo a t to re co rd i nc i de nt radi at i on
as s hown i n F i g ure 5 a nd i n th e p h o to g raph i n F i g u re 6 . The s o nde was ro ta ted
d ur i ng l i gh t readi n g s to avoid p u t t i n g underwa ter s en s o rs i n the boat's s h adow .
5.1.3 Mon i tor sys tem
Two unde rwa ter i r rad i a nce sys tems, each cons i st i ng of fi ve l i ght
sens o rs on a t ub u l a r s up po rt, were pl aced at 6 . 1 m depth i n the bay i n
Sep tember 1974 c l ose to the s i te of the pro po sed wi nte r o i l di s cha rges ( s e e
Fig ure 1 ( b) s ta t i o ns I S l and I S2 ) . The s u pport p l a tfo rms pos i t i oned t h e
s ensors a t de p th s betwee n 3.4 m a nd 6 m. Th e s e s e n s o r s were pho
' tod i ode
inte rfe re nce fi l ter comb i n a ti on s e q u i p ped w i th opera ti o n a l ampl i f i e rs (United
Dete ctor Tec h no l ogy , ty pe UDT-500 ) mo un ted i n cos i ne co rre c ted a l um i n um
h o u s i ngs con nec ted by ca b l es to a power s up p l y , reado u t , t i mi ng , and reco rding
sys tem i n a n i n s trume n t h o u s i n g on s h o re . De ta i l s o f th i s sys tem h ave been
des cri bed p rev i o us l y (Adams et a l , ( 1 9 74 ) and Adams ( 1 9 74 ) . Fortun a tel y the
o ut p u t of the sens o rs was ma n u a l l y reco rded at i n te rv a l s t h ro u g h o ut the
ex pe r i me n t s i nce a fa u l t devel o ped in the d i g i ta l - ta pe c a s s e tte da ta - l o ggers
wh i ch i n val idated s ome of the taped d a ta.
The two l i gh t- s en sor s up po r ts were dep l oyed by me a ns of an i n fl ated
boat . A SCUBA d i ve r ens u red th a t th e s u p po r ts p rov ided a h o ri zo n ta l platform
when s e ttl ed on the bo ttom . ( F i g u re 7 (a ) i s a p h o togr a p h o f the s u pport prio r
to i ts pl acement on the bo ttom o f the cov e ) . Some o f the l i g h t
s e nsors were e q u i pped wi th neutra l -d e n s i ty f i l ters t o pro v ide i n form a t i on on
th e downwel l i n g i rrad i ance over the who l e- v i s i b l e a nd pa r t of the UV a nd IR
reg i ons whi l e o th ers were e q uipped wi th 45 0 a nd 6 80 nm fi l ters ha v i n g a 20 nm
ba nd-pa s s . The con s tr u c t i on deta i l s o f th e s e s en s o rs bu i l t a t the Ca rl eto n
Uni vers i ty Sci ence Wo rks hops , Ottawa , are g i ven i n F i g u r e 8 . The s e n s or s upport
design and de ta i l s o f the i r pl acement i n the bay can b e s e e n i n F i g u re 9. The
tempe ra tu re prof i l e o f the water bel ow the i ce cover was mea s ured by mea ns of a
th erm i s tor ch a i n s tr u n g o n e a c h s up po r t and recorded on a second da ta l o gger i n
th e e q u i pmen t s h el te r o n s ho re.
5.. 2
I�a te r gual i ty pa rame ters
5.2 . 1
5.2.1.1
�1u l ti parame ter s urvey
Sep temb e r , 1 9 74
A Hyd ro l a b Surveyor Model 60 i n s i tu VJa te r q u a l i ty sy s tem (Hydro l a b
Corp., A u s t i n , Texa s ) wa s u s ed from a n i nfla tab l e b o a t to meas u re fi ve
pa rame te rs as a functi on o f dep th at the s ta t i on s s hown i n F i g u re 1 (a ) . The
-12a rran g emen t of the s o nde c o n ta i n i n g the s ens o rs, l i gh t s en s o r a t ta chmen ts and
top deck un i ts i s shown i n Fi gure 5 . A d i a ph ragm typ e s tra i n- ga u g e p re s s u re
s e n s o r, prov id i ng a fu l l - s ca l e res pons e for 2 0 m depth , wa s u s ed to mea s ure
the d i s ta nce i n me tres between the s onde and the wa ter s urfa ce. Acc u ra cy of
Tempera ture o f the wa ter drawn
± 0 . 2 m was fo und by check i n g c a b l e l eng th .
through the s onde by the c i rcul a t i on p ump on the underwa ter u n i t was meas u red
by therm i s to r probes . The a cc u r a cy of the temperature read i ng s was ± O.l o C ,
the rep rod uc i b i l i ty ± 0 . 05 °C. A four-el ec trode sys tem tha t e l i mi n a te s errors
due to cabl e res i s tance a nd el ec trode pol a r i z a t i on a nd he l p s reduce fo u l i ng
e ffe c ts on e l ect rodes was u s ed to meas ure conduc ti v i ty i n m mhos cm I ( m siemen s
cm I ) correc ted to 2 5 ° C wi th an a c c uracy o f ± 0.2 m mhos cm I• A membrane type
g o l d -s i l ve r pa s s i ve , pol a ro g raph i c ce l l was u s ed i n conj unc ti on wi th a mo tor
dri ven c i r c ul a tor on the unde rwa ter u n i t to meas ure d i s s o l ved oxygen
concentra ti o n in p"p.m. to a prec i s i on of ± 0 . 05 p.p.m . The concentra t i on wa s
a u toma ti ca l l y c o rrec ted for the tempera ture coe ff i c i e n t of the membra ne
permeab i l i ty , b u t not for s a l i n i ty effec ts. The probe was c a l i b ra ted a g a i n s t
the oxygen i n a i r a nd che cked by mea ns of Wi nk l e r a n a l y s e s ( s ee S tri ckl and and
Parsons ( 1 9 68 ) ) . A gl a s s e l ec trode a nd s i l ver- s i l ver chl or i de s o l i d s tate
re ference probe were used to mea s u re p H on a s ca l e of 2 to 1 2 wi th a n a c c u r a cy
o f ± 0 . 05 pH un i ts . The o x i da ti o n red u c t i o n ( redo x ) pote n ti a l ( O . R . P. ) of the
wa ter wa s mea s u red wi th a pla ti n um O . R.P. probe whi ch sha red the s ol i d s ta te
refere n ce probe of the pH sys tem. Correc ti o ns fo r the probe res ponse
depende n ce on tempera t ure were a p p l i ed i n s tr ume n ta l l y . Res u l ts are reported
i n mV u n i ts on a 0 to ± 1 000 mV s ca l e . Probe res po n s e was checked by tes ti n g
w i th a s tanda rd s o l u t i on prepa red ac cord i n g to L i gh t ( 1 9 72 ) . The prec i s i on of
these meas ureme n ts wa s ± 1 mV . Sen s o r c a l i brati o n s were s tabl e over the peri od of
mea s u rement s .
5.2.1 .2
May - J u n e, 1 97 5
The s o nde, cal i bra ted a s des cr i bed i n 5.2.1 . 1 , wa s l owered through
25 cm ho l es c u t th ro u gh the i ce a t s everal s ta ti ons i n Bal aena Bay d u r i ng May
and J u ne , 1 9 75 , and wa te r q u a l i ty pa rame ters recorded man ua l l y. I n addi ti on,
a d a ta l og g i ng sys tem us i n g a d i g i ta l ta pe ca s s e tte u n i t s i mi l a r to tha t
des cri b ed for the i rrad i ance an d tempe ra tu re mo n i tors, was i n te rfaced to the
Hydro l a b Su rveyo r a nd to a Lambda L I - 1 85 q uan tum me ter mul ti p l exed to fou r
L ambda model L I - 1 92S und e rwater q ua n tum s en s ors. The me te rs and da ta l ogger
were p l a ced next to the i ce hol e in an a l umi n um box c o n ta i n i n g a 1 5 c m l i n i ng
of po l y u re thane foam i n s u l a ti on. The wate r q ua l i ty s o nde and the q u a n tum
s ens o rs were l owered to a fi xed depth and the sys tem l e ft to rec o rd the data
on a n ho u r l y (or on a one m i n u te ) bas i s. Power was p ro v i ded by a 1 2 V ba tte ry
and con s e rved by ha v i n g the s e ns o r sys tems s h u t down e x c e p t j u s t pri o r to the
meas uremen t cyc l e once e a ch ho u r.
5.2.2
Cond u c ti v i ty - temper a tu re s u rvey
A Hydrol a b mode l TC- 2 cond u c ti v i ty me ter wi th type 50 3 H tempera tu r e
compe n s a ted fo u r- el ec trode a . c . conducti v i ty p robe w a s u s ed to o b tai n
tempe ra ture and conducti v i ty p rof i l es th ro u gh the i ce i n Ba l aena Bay i n May
a nd J u n e, 1 9 75 , a t the s ta ti ons shown i n Fi g u re 1 ( b ). The tempera tu re
s e n s o r, a the rm i s to r, was ca l i bra ted a g a i n s t a pl a t i n um re s i s tan ce thermometer
s tanda rd i n O ttawa to o b ta i n a n a c c u ra cy of ± 0.0 5 ° C . The cond u c ti vi ty
read i n g s , tempe ra tu re compe n s a ted to 2 5 ° C, were checked a ga i n s t s tand a rd KCl
-13s o l u ti o ns a t va r i ous tempera tures be tween 0° a nd 2 5 ° C a nd th e overal l a c c u racy
i n the cond u c t i v i ty e s t i ma ted to be ± 0 . 5% of the range. I c e cores ob ta i ned
wi th a 3 - i n ch S I P R E c o re r were s e c ti oned and the conduc t i v i ty of the me l ted
s e c t i ons de termi n ed i n the l abora tory i n O ttawa .
5.2 . 3
Wa ter a n a l y s i s for ma j o r i ons
Wa ter s ampl es were rec overed thro ugh hol es dri l l ed in the i ce a t the
s ta ti on s shown i n F i g u re 1 (b ) w i th a n opaque 2 9, P.V.C. Van Dorn s ampl e r .
Th i r ty- one o n e - l i tre s ampl e s s to red and sh i p ped i n pol ye thy l ene bo t tl es were
anal yzed for fo u r teen parame te rs by the vJa te r Q u a l i ty Bran ch , Ana ly ti cal
Labora to ry at Canada Cen tre for I n l a nd Wa ters , Burl i n g to n .
5 .2 .4
F i el d ana l ys i s fo r total a l ka l i n i ty and p H
Wa te r samp l es o b ta i ned d u r i n g May and J u n e , 1 9 75 , through ho l es i n
the i ce a t the s ta t i o ns shown i n F i g ure 1 (b ) a t the t i me of i n s i t u
prod u c t i v i ty mea s u reme n ts were taken the same day i n 300 ml s top pered g l a s s
B.O . D. bo ttl es t o a work te n t a t the f i e l d camp whe re p H w a s de te rm i n ed to
± 0 . 05 p H u n i ts wi th a g l a s s e l ec trode u s i n g the F i sh e r Sc i e n t i f i c Ac cume t
Po rtab l e p H me te r , mode l 1 50 . Tota l a l k al i n i ty was de termi n ed by ti tra ti on
wi th s ta nda rd hyd roch l ori c a c id s o l u ti o n us i n g methyl o ra n ge i nd i ca tor as
des cri bed in S tandard Me thods ( 1 9 7 1 ) .
5 . 2. 5
Ch l o ro phyl l an a l ys i s a nd i c e core abs o rp ti on coeff i c i e n ts
A s e c t i on (from 88 cm to 1 1 3 c m ) of an i ce core ob ta i n ed wi th a
3 i n ch S I P R E c o rer we s t of s ta ti o n BH6 i n Bal aen a Bay , wel l away from the o i l
s p i l l s , on r"lay 25 , 1 9 75 , was a n a l yzed for ch l o ro phy l l 'a' u s i n g the me thod
-outl i ned i n S tand a rd Me thods (1 9 7 1 ) .
Sec t i on s of the above core (No. 3 a t abo u t 90 cm dep th ) , s e c t i on s of
a c o re taken i n N W2 on �1ay 24 , 1 9 75 , (No. 4 and No . 7 a t 50 cm a nd 1 1 0 cm ) and
a s e c ti on of a core taken i n S H 2 on May 1 1 , 1 9 75 , (No . 3 a t 4 0 cm ) we re shaped
wi th a l a the i n a c o l d room a t - 1 0 ° C i n to cy l i nde rs a bo u t 3 . 2 cm i n d i ame te r .
The i ce s amp l es were p l aced i n a cy l i ndri ca l hol der , tempe r a t u re con t ro l l ed to
-4° C , and the a bsorp t i on coeff i c i e n ts de te rm i ned from the s pec tra obtai ned
us i n g a Cary 1 4 s p e ctro pho tome ter i n the G l a ci o l o gy Di v i s i on Labora tory i n
O ttawa.
5.3
5.3 . 1
Bi o l og i ca l s amp l i ng
F i e l d p ro ced u re
Wa te r s ampl es for pl a nk ton i den ti f i ca t i on and ab unda n ce a n a l ys i s
�vere taken a t the t i me , de p th , and l o ca t i on o f p r i mary p rod u c t i v i ty experi men ts
a nd s to red i n 1 20 ml po l y e thyl ene b o t tl es w i th forma l i n to g i v e a 5%
p res e rva ti ve s o l u t i on. Some 1 l i tre p o l ye thyl ene b o t tl e s were used to s to re
-14a nd pre s erve ma cro phy ti c alga"' samp l es i n 5 % forma l i n s o l u ti on .
5 . 3.2
Ide n ti fi c a t i o n pro cedu re
Samp l es were s o rted and i de n ti fi ed by R . G . Trucco work i n g a t the
Canad i an Oceanograph i c Iden ti f i ca ti on Centre , N a t i o n a l M us e um of Natural
Sci ence s , O ttawa . The p ro ced ure used i n the v i s ua l exam i n a ti on and mea s uremen t
of s ampl es and the b i b l i o graphy co n s u l ted i n the i den t i f i ca t i on i s g i ven i n
C . O . I . C . , 1 9 7 5 . Some of the s urface mel t pond wate r s ampl es con ta i n i n g
ma cro phy t i c a l gae were s o r ted a nd iden ti f i ed b y Dr . R.K . S . Lee , Phycol ogy
Secti o n , N a t i o n a l Herba r i um of Can ada , O ttawa .
5 .4
Pri ma ry prod ucti v i ty
Pri mary prod uc t i v i ty wa s d e te rm i n ed from the uptake o f rad i oacti ve
carbon us i ng the meth od o u t l i n ed by Str i ck l a nd and Parsons ( 1 968) . A two l i tre
Van Dorn s ampl e r con s tructed from o pa q u e P.V . C. wa s u s ed a t the s ta t i o n s
i nd i ca ted i n F i g u re 1 ( b) to recove r wa ter s ampl e s from d i ffe re n t de p ths
thro u gh ho l es dri l l ed in the i ce. The s ampl i ng l o ca t i on s , dep ths , ti mes a nd
da te s are shown i n Tabl e 1 . Gl a s s B.O . D . b o t tl e s ( 30 0 ml ) , one l i gh t and
dupl i ca te dark ( opa q ued wi th b l ack ta p e o r bl a ck p a i n t) , were fi l l ed compl e te l y
from the V a n Do rn s amp l er . O n e ml a l i q uo ts of 1 0 � Cu r i e Na H 1 4 C0 3 were
i n j e c ted i n to each bottl e u s i n g a l on g need l e syri nge . The bottl es were the n
s us p e nded thro ugh the h o l es from the to p o f the i ce us i n g nyl on ro pe , the l i gh t
b o ttl e above the dupl i ca te dark bottl es , a t the o r i g i n a l s ampl i ng dep th for
i n c uba ti on times as shown i n Tab l e 1 . C a re wa s take n to avoid the water be i n g
tra n s ferred from the Van Do rn s amp l er i n to bo ttl e s for i nc u b a t i o n from bei n g
exposed to day l i gh t i n o rde r to e l i m i n a te the danger o f l i ght sho ck to the
phy to p l a nkton . Du ri n g the i n c ubati on peri od ca rbon i s fi xed by the
pho to syn the ti c a nd h e te ro troph i c a c ti v i ty of o rga n i s ms i n the s ampl e . The
ra t i o of 1 4 C fi xed to 1 4 C a va i l a b l e , m u ti p l i ed by tota l i no rga n i c c a rbon
a v a i l ab l e , g i ve s the amo unt o f carbon f i x ed by p r i ma ry prod ucers for the
i n cubati on p er i od . The tempera t u re , s a l i n i ty , a l ka l i n i ty , a nd p H of e a ch wate r
s ampl e , w a s mea s u red a t the ti me o f i n c u b a ti on , i n o rder t o ca l cu l a te to ta l
i no rg a n i c carbon . I rrad i ance profi l es were rec o rded a t the s ta ti o n s j us t p ri o r
to , o r afte r the i n c u b a t i ons . The bottl es were recovered afte r i n c ub a t i o n and
take n i n a dark con ta i ner to a wo rk te n t at the c amp for fi l tra ti on. A b l a nk
g l as s sc i n ti l l a ti on v i a l was p repared from e ach bottl e wh i ch con ta i ned a f i l te r
( 0.45 w m M i l l i po re R) , 0 . 5 m l of unf i l te red s ampl e , a nd 1 0 ml of Aqua s o l
( New Eng l a nd N u c l ea r) . The s ampl e was then f i l tered a nd the fi l ter p l aced i n
s c i n ti l l a ti on v i a l w i th 1 0 ml o f Aq u a s o l . The v i a l s were c o u n ted by the Ottawa
Deta chmen t , CC I W , O ttawa , u s i n g a Beckma n LS-230 l i q u i d s c i n ti l l a t i on coun ter
sys tem for a 1 0 m i n u te max i mum o r 1 % error m i n i mum , wh i chever o cc urred fi rs t .
Da ta wa s p u n ched by the s c i n ti l l a t i o n co un te r sys tem o n paper tape whi ch was
read on a paper tape reader ( Hewl e tt Packard 986 3A) i n terfa ced to a c a l cul a to r
( Hewl ett Pack a rd 98 30A) . A correc ti on was then a p pl i ed for backgro u nd and
counti ng eff i c i e ncy , the a l i q u o t co u n ts co rrec ted for vo l ume , and the rati o
o f fi l te red s amp l e c o u n t to to ta l un fi l te red sys tem count p r i n ted by the
ca l c u l a tor . Thes e c a rbon u p take ra t i o s were en tered i n to the cal c u l a to r a l o n g
wi th the parameters ne ces s a ry t o ca l cu l a te to ta l i norga n i c carbon and the to ta l
-15-
carbon fi xed wa s ca l c u l a ted . The di fference between l i ght bo ttl e and da rk
bottl e upta ke i s the net pho to sy n the ti c p r i m a ry produc ti v i ty s u bjec t to c e rta i n
q u a l i f i ca t i on s e . g . s ee Parsons a nd T a k ahashi ( 1 9 7 3) .
-166.
6.1
RESU LTS
I rrad i a nce
The downwe l l i n g and upwel l i ng i rrad i ance da ta a re presen ted i n
Tabl e 2 . I t i s pos s i b l e to cl a s s i fy the s ta ti o n p rofi l e s accord i n g to the
rel a ti ve ma g n i tudes o f the upwe l l i n g to the downwe l l i ng i rrad i ance ra ti os or
refl ectance functi o n s a t a g i ve n de p th : mos t s ta t i o n p ro f i l es show rati os of
2 % or l e s s wh i l e a few s ta ti o n s s how h i ghe r ra ti os . Si x p rofi l es a re p l o tted
fo r s tati on DHl i n Fi g u re 1 0 , two o f wh i ch i nd i cate ex treme l y hi gh u pwe l l i n g
to downwel l i ng rati o s . I t i s po s s i bl e tha t the s e hi gher ra t i o s a re due to the
s enso r s upport n o t ha n g i n g hor izo n ta l l y . Howeve r , the freq uent o b s erva t i o n o f
thes e h i gher ra ti o s fo und i n J u ne s ug ge s ts tha t they are not an a rti fa c t of
the meas urement techn i q ue. The zero depth res u l ts repo rted i n Tab l e 2 were
ob ta i ned above the i ce s u rface and have been u s ed to ca l cul a te the al bedo s
shown i n Tab l e 3 . As ex pec ted , the hi ghes t a l bedos a re reco rded over f re sh
s now , 0.7 to 0.9 , wet s n ow o r i c e g i v i ng abo u t ha l f o f these val ues , and the
p re s e nc e of o i l o n the s urface red uc i n g the a l bedo to v a l ues of 0 . 1 to 0 . 3 .
The eq u a t i o n rel a t i ng a tte n u a t i on coeff i c i en t , k , to the i n tens i ty o f l i ght , I ,
p e netra t i n g to a depth , d whe re I i s the i n c i de n t l i ght i n tens i ty i s g i ven by
o
the formul a :
(1 )
The a tte n u a t i on coeff i c i en ts o f the downwe l l i n g i rrad i an ce were o b ta i n ed from
l e as t-mea n - s q u are fi ts of the l og a r i thm of the downwe l l i n g i rrad i a n ce a t a
g i ve n depth d i v ided by s urface i rrad i ance pl o t ted a s a f un c ti on o f de p th . An
exampl e of one o f thes e pl o ts is shown in F i g u re 1 1 for s ta ti on C H 1 . The
i rrad i a nce read i n gs fo r th i s p rofi l e , made for the two cases , wi th the hol e
covered and uncov e red , were each fi tted by a l i n ear l ea s t- mean-s q ua re ( l . m . s . )
p roced ure and gave the s ame a tte nua ti on coeff i c i e n ts ( s l opes) and i n te rcepts
fo r e a ch cas e wi th i n the es timated experi me n ta l e rror of the mea s u reme n ts . I n
s ome profi l es a defi n i te "ho l e effe c t " wa s n o ted i . e. the c urve tu rned u p o r
down a t the sha l l ow end whi ch l ed us t o rej e c t the d a ta c l os e to the i ce and
ob ta i n a tte nuat i o n coeffi ci e n ts from the deeper l i n ea r p a rt of the cu rve. The
under- i ce a tte n ua ti on coeffi c i e n ts conta i n ed i n Ta b l e 4 whi ch a verage
0 . 21 5 ± 0 . 09 7 m 1 , have been gro uped i n to twen ty - three s ta t i ons cl ose to the
o i l hav i n g a mea n o f 0 . 2- 37 ± 0 . 1 0 7 m 1 , and twel ve con trol s ta ti ons ha v i ng a
mea n o f 0 . 1 73 ± 0 . 080 m 1 , whe re the uncerta i n ty q uo ted i s the s tandard
de v i a ti on of the l . m.s . fi t . I t can b e s e e n from the h i s to g ram i n F i g u re 24 ,
tha t there i s a g re a te r s p read i n the v a l ues o f the a tte n u a ti on coeff i c i en ts
for the o i l g roup tha n the con tro l g ro up and tha t the mean i s hi ghe r than fo r
the con tro l group. The atte n ua t i o n coeffi ci e n ts from the open water i rradi ance
da ta of Sep tembe r , 1 9 74 , a re g i ven in Ta b l e 5. The i rrad i ance res ul ts from
Se p temb e r , 1 9 74 , from wh i ch the s e coeff i c i e n ts a re de ri ved , a re pl o tted i n F i g u res
1 2 , 1 4 , 1 6 , 1 8 , 20 and 2 2 . The mea n a tten u a t i o n coeffi c i en t i s 0 . 290 ±
0 . 06 2 m- 1 ( b a s ed on 26 p rof i l es) whi ch i s h i gher than the mea n u nder i ce
a tten uati on coeffi c i e n t . By ma k i n g u s e o f the meas u red i ce dep th , the a l bedo
data to ca l cu l a te the rad i a t i o n e n te ri ng the i ce , and the r ad i ati on at the
b o t tom of the i ce sheet b a s ed on the fi tted i rrad i a n ce p rofi l e s , the a tten u a ti on
- 17coeff i c i e n ts of th e i ce
Jun e 23rd. Th e resu l ts
a tte nua t i o n coeff i c i e n t
for the mea n of th e o i l
cover h a ve b e e n ca l cul a te d f o r June 1 7 th a n d
a re pre s e n ted i n Tab l e 6 . T h e mean con tro l s ta t i o n
i s 0 . 0 1 3 ± 0 . 00 3 cm 1 compared t o 0 . 0 1 8 ± 0 . 004 cm- ]
s ta ti ons .
To g i ve an i nd i ca ti on of the effe ct of th e o i l on i rradi ance at the
dep th s bei n g us ed for i n s i tu pro duc t i v i ty mea sureme n ts unde rtake n dur i n g the
pe r i o d of th ese s tudi es, the mean of o i l a n d co n tro l s ta ti o n i r ra di a n ce da ta
a t 2.5, an d 5.0 m dep th s h a s been pl otted a s a fun c t i o n of day number i n
Fi gu re 2 5 . There i s a gradua l i n crea s e i n i rradi a n ce as the i ce s heet mel ts ,
but a co n s i derab l e fl uctua t i o n due to v a r i a ti o n i n i ce surface cond i t i o n s ,
moveme n t of o i l e n tra p ped i n the s ea i ce , a n d va r i ati o n i n l i gh t atte nua t i o n of
th e i ce cover i ts e l f w i th water con te nt on d i ffere n t days . The effect of th e
o i l i n re duc i n g the l i gh t i n te n s i ty i s s h own i n F i gure 26. wh i ch i s a d i rect
p l o t of i n te n s i ty ra ti os ra th er th an a l og a r i thmi c ra t i o for th e peri od duri n g
wh i ch both con tro l and o i l a reas were i n ves ti g a te d . On o n l y one occa s i o n di d
th e o i l -s tati on me an rati o exc eed the contro l - sta ti on mea n rat i o a nd th a t was
o n June 2nd when i t ra i n ed hea v i l y and numbers of mel t ponds devel o ped on
th e i ce re sul t i n g in o i l mov i ng th roughout the s p i l l a rea . The o i l can be
s een as it appe a red June 7th i n the photogra ph, F i gure 2 ( b ) . Th e reduce d
l i gh t i nte ns i ty was mo re p ronoun ced a t 5 .0 m th a n a t 2.5 m w i th a n average
re duct i o n of 43% at 2.5 m and 5 5 % a t 5 . 0 m ove r th e pe r i o d l a te May unt i l the
end of ,June.
The va r i a ti on of i rra d i a n ce ra t i o s , i n �n (1/10), wi th day numb er at
2 . 5 m and 5 . 0 m depth s fo r four s ta t i o n s ( BH 7 , CH1 , DH2 and DH 1 ) are g i ven i n
Fi gu re 28. The vari a t i o n wi th t i me obs erved i s n o t a regul a r i n crea s e i n
�n (1/10) as th e i ce dep th de creas es a s mi gh t h ave b e e n expecte d , but refl ects
the var i a b i l i ty of surface con d i t i on s . There i s a g rea te r d i ffere nce b e tween
the 2.5 m and 5.0 m �n ( Il Io ) v a l ues i n th e o i l s ta ti on s CH1 , DH1 , and DH2
th a n i n th e BH7 con tro l sta t i on. Grea te r atte nua ti o n i n the water co l umn due
to a g rea te r abunda n ce of p l a nk ton i c s ca tterers and sus pende d o i l drop l e ts near
the o i l coul d ac coun t fo r th i s effe ct.
The l i gh t s e ns or output vol ta ges from the under i ce i rrad i a nce
mon i tors a re di re c t l y pro porti o n a l to l i gh t i n te n s i ty . These vo l tages
i n di cate d qua l i ta ti vely th at fo r the mon th of Jun e : (1) th e rate of da i l y
i n cre a s e i n i rradi a n ce was grea te s t as de tec ted by th e 450 nm a n d 680 nm
fi l te r-equi p ped sensors as compa red to the n eutra l - de ns i ty fi l te r- equ i p ped
s e ns ors; ( 2) the rate of i n cre a s e i n the obs erved i nte n s i ty w i th t i me was not
s i g n i f i can tly d i ffe re n t b e twee n the 680 nm and 450 nm l i gh t ; ( 3) th e ra te of
i n cre ase was l eas t for th e sens ors a t a de p th of 5 . 9 5 m and greate s t fo r th e
s e ns ors jus t bel ow th e i ce a t 3 . 35 m; ( 4 ) there was n o v i s i bl e b i ol o g i ca l
grow th o n th e d i ffusers o f th e l i gh t dete cto rs w h e n the mon i to rs were recovered
from the bay i n d i cati n g th a t the above obs e rva ti o n s mus t be a ttri bute d to
effe cts of l i g h t atte nua t i on i n th e wa te r co l umn and i ce s heet above the
s e n s o rs and not to e p i p hy t i c g rowth o n the d i ffus ers .
6.2
6 . 2. 1
Wate r gua!"!!y_
Mul ti pa rameter survey
-186.2.1 .1
S e p tember , 1 9 7 4
6.2 . 1 . 2
May - June , 1 9 75
T h e da ta from t h e s ta t i ons s h own i n Fi gure 1 ( a ) h a ve been p l o tted
as a s e t of s i x s e ts of profi l e s , each s e t cor re s p o n d i n g to a s e r i e s of
s ta ti ons i n Ba l ae n a Bay, These a re s hown i n Fi gures 1 2 to 2 3 . The d i s s o l ved
o xygen ( D.O . ) has not been corre c ted ·fo r s a l i n i ty e . g . at 32 p . p . t . and O°C ,
th e D . O . correc t i o n fa c tor i s 0 . 8 .
The tempera ture , D . O . , con duc ti v i ty , p H a n d O . R . P . resu l ts a re g i ve n
i n Tab l e 7 f o r s everal s ta ti o ns on d i ffere n t da te s . The h i gh D . O . va l ues are
i n d i cati ve of s a tura te d or sup e rs a tura te d cond i ti on s . At O°C a n d 0 p . p . t .
s a l i n i ty , oxygen s a tu ra ted water con ta i n s 1 4 . 6 p.p.m . , and a t OOC a n d 3 0 p . p . t .
s al i n i ty , o xygen s a tura te d wa ter con ta i n s 1 1 . 8 p . p.m . The resu l ts ob ta i ne d
from th e d a t a l ogg i ng expe r i m e n t were i n v a l i da te d b y a ma l fun c t i o n i n the
reco rde r .
6.2.2
Conducti v i ty- tempera ture
The con ducti v i t i e s h a ve been c o n ve rte d to s a l i n i ti es at 25°C wh i ch
a re g i ven for a l l s ta t i o n s a n d da tes dur i n g May a n d Jun e , 1 9 75 , i n Ta b l e 8 .
The wa te r tem pera tures obta i n ed a t the s ame ti me a re g i ve n i n Tabl e 9 . To
i n di ca te th e tre nds of th e s e temp erature and s a l i n i ty v s de p th p rofi l es wi th
ti me , and the re l a ti o n be tween the two pa rame te rs , th e tempe ra ture and
s a l i n i ty data h a s been p l otted tog e the r a g a i n s t de p th for co n trol s ta ti on BH7
b e twee n May 2 4 and June 25 th in Fi gure 27 . The deve l o pme n t of a d i s ti nc t
h a l o c l i ne i s e v i de n t a nd i ts rol e i n de te rmi n i n g the th e rma l s tructure of th e
wate r can b e s ee n e s p e c i a l l y th rough mi d to l a te Jun e . The tempe rature and
s a l i n i ty at 2 . 5 m a nd 5 . 0 m dep th s fo r four s ta ti on s ( CH1 , BH7 , DH1 , and DH 2 )
h ave been p l o tte d a g a i n s t time i n Fi gure 28 . Th e s e p l o ts s h ow a s teady
i n crea s e i n th e tempe ra ture d i fference b e twee n th e warmer 2 . 5 m wa te r c omp a re d
to th e 5 . 0 m wa te r wh i ch deve l o ps a few days e a rl i er a t th e s ta ti ons D H 1 , DH2
and CHl wh i ch a re c l o s e to the e n tra p pe d o i l . The d i ffe ren ce wh i ch devel o p s
i n th e s a l i n i ty b e tween t h e 2 . 5 m and 5 . 0 m de p th s , corres ponds roug h l y i n
time w i th th e deve l o pment of the tempera ture d i ffe rence . H owever the s a l i n i ty
t i me de pe n de n ce does n o t s eem to s how a di s t i n c t d i fference b e twee n BH7 and
the o th e r s ta ti ons .
The s ta t i o n s h a ve been g roupe d i n to those c l o s e to the e n trap ped
o i l , and he nce p o s s i b l y i nfl ue n ce d by i t , and th ose s e p a ra te d from th e o i l
s p i l l area ( the B H s eri e s o f s ta t i on s a n d o th ers i n Ba l a e na Bay away from th e
cove , s ee Fi gure 1 ( b ))- cal l ed con trol s ta t i ons . Mea n val ues of temperature
and s a l i n i ty h a v e bee n c a l cul a ted for the two g roups for each day measuremen ts
were made . The s e resul ts a re p l o tte d i n F i gure 2 9 for 2 . 5 m a n d 5 . 0 m de pth s .
A d i ffe rence de vel ops betwee n the mean o i l a n d con tro l wa te r temperatu re s
e s pe c i al l y a t 2 . 5 m o f about 0 . 5°C. The o i l g roup of s ta t i on s wa rms more
qui ckl y wi th ti me th a n th e con trol g roup. Th e re a pp e a rs to be a p p rox i mate l y
1 p . p.t. h i g h e r s a l i nities i n th e o i l g roup.
I ce cores from con trol a n d o i l a re as of Ba l a e n a Bay were s e c t i oned
as fol l ows: N W2 ( core No . 1 ) , May 24, 1 9 75 , 7 s e cti o n s ; N ( co re N o . 2 ) ,
May 20 , 1 9 75 , 5 s e c ti ons ; SH2 , May 1 1 , 1 9 75 , 9 s e c ti o n s ; a n d a co n tro l core
- 19 taken wes t of BH6 between the i s l an d and t h e ma i n l a n d , May 2 5 , 1 9 75 , 3 s e c t i ons .
The cores were s h i p ped frozen to O ttawa whe re they were kep t i n a freezer un ti l
a n a l ys i s i n Jul y , 1 9 75 . T h e s ec t i o n s were me l te d i n the dark to el i m i n a te
pho to sy n th e s i s duri n g mel ti n g and o i l wh e n pre s e n t was remo ved w i th a separa tory
fun nel . Conducta n ces mea sured a t 20 kH 2 h a v e been conve rted to s a l i n i ti e s both
of wh i c h a re re po rted fo r th e measureme n t temperature , 2 2°C . The resul ts are
p res en ted i n Tab l e 1 0 . T h e re i s a h i gher average s a l i n i ty i n th e cores
con ta i n i n g o i l th an in th e con tro l core . T h e re a re al s o s e c t i o n s of h i gher
s a l i n i ty above th e o i l l en s es w h i ch repres e n t o i l tra p pe d i n the i ce when th e
i ce s heet was fo rmi n g .
6.2 . 3
Wa ter a n a l y s i s
T he resul ts of wa te r s a mp l e a na l ys es are g i ve n i n Tabl e 1 1 i n two
s e c t i ons corres pondi n g to 5 . 0 m and 2 . 5 m dep th s .
6. 2 . 4
Al ka l i n i ty a n d p H
T h e resul ts o b ta i ned from th es e a n a l yses h a ve n o t been g i ve n
expl i c i tl y i n the re port, h owev e r th ey were us ed i n th e cal cul a ti on s to convert
carbon up ta ke coun t ra ti o s to to ta l carbon fi xed fo r each s amp l e a s de s c r i bed
in Se c t i on 5 . 4 .
6.2.5
Chl orophy l l a na l ys i s an d i ce core o p ti ca l p roperti e s
The s e c t i o n o f the con trol co re ana l y z e d for c h l o ro p hy l l co n ta i ne d
76 Wgl I ch 1 orophyl l ' a ' . T h i s i n d i cate s th a t there w a s a s i gn i f i ca n t
popu l a t i on of p h o tosyn th e ti c orga n i sms p res en t i n th e i ce a t about 1 metre
depth on May 2 5 , 1 9 75 .
1 .
The resul ts of th e s pe c tra run on te n s ampl es cut from the i ce cores
a re g i ve n in te rms of abs orbance i n T a bl e 1 2 ( a) . Th e a ttenua t i o n co eff i c i e n ts ,
KA , a re g i ven i n Tab l e 1 2 ( b) .
T h e re does n o t s eem to be a d i ffere n ce b e tween
c o n trol and o i l K A value s . Howe ve r , th e v a l ue s of KA , exce p t for NW2 ( 7) whi ch
a verages about 0 . 8 cm 1 , h ave a mea n of abou t 0 . 5 cm- 1 w h i ch i s about a factor
of te n h i gher th an th e d i ffus e a ttenua ti on coeffi c i e n ts me a sured i n the fi e l d .
The s ampl es were qu i te bub b l y a nd p o rous i n a p pearance w h i l e i n the f i e l d th e
i ce woul d h ave been s a tura te d wi th wate r i . e . l es s s c a tte r i n � from bub b l es a n d
a l ower KA . T h e re i s g re a te r a tte nua ti o n o f t h e b l ue e n d o f the v i s i b l e
s pec trum w h i c h i s expected s i nc e the i ce refl ec ts more of the b l ue l i gh t i . e .
a ppears b l ue- gree n to th e obs e rver . Onl y one s ampl e a p p ea red to h ave o i l
e n trap ped i n i t and th i s s amp l e , N o . 8 , g a ve much h i g h e r a tte nua t i o n
coeff i c i en ts a s expe cte d from s tud i es of th e a b s o rban ce of crude o i l .
An abs o rbance s pec trum from 800 to 300 nm of Norman We l l s ' crude was
run d i l ute d i n n - h e p tane ( 5 . 3% c rude by we i gh t) i n 1 mm cuve t te s v . s . h e p tane .
The tra nsmi tta nce of pure crude o i l for a 1 cm p a th l e ng th was cal cu l a ted from
th e s pectral da ta . Be l ow 600 nm l es s tha n 0 . 3% of l i g h t i s tra n s mi tte d . Oth e r
perc e n t tra nsmi ttances a re : a t 650 n m , 1 8% , a t 700 nm , 8 3% , a t 750 nm a n d
800 nm, 1 0 0% . Thes e re sul ts a re n o t h i gh l y accura te , b u t d o g i ve s ome
- 20 i nd i ca ti on of the effect o i l wi l l p ro duce on the s pec tra l di s tri b u ti on of so l a r
rad i a t i o n bel ow a n o i l s l i ck i n i ce o r wa te r .
6.3
6. 3 . 1
B i o l og i ca l i de n ti fi ca t i on res ul ts
F i e l d obs erva ti ons
Duri n g th e May - J un e , 1 9 7 5 per i o d at Ba l a ena Bay i ce cores were
e xami ned v i s ua l l y wh e n poss i b l e for ev i de n ce of the epo n ti c i ce a l gae commun i ty
des c ri bed earl i e r i n Sec t i on 3 . 3 . N o obv i o us d i s co l o ura ti on of th e un ders i de
of core s was obse rved . General observ a t i o ns on con d i ti ons i n Ba l a ena Bay i n
May - J u n e , 1 9 75 , a re re porte d i n p o i n t fo rm i n Ta b l e 1 3 . On J un e 4 , 1 9 75 , da r k
a reas o f a few c e n t i me tres i n di ame te r were no ted j us t bel ow i ce s urfa ces w h i ch
were f ree of s n ow c l ose to CHl ( s e e Fi g u re 1 ( b) ) . Th i s l oc a t i o n was e xpo s e d
to fa l l ou t from a b u rn o f crude o i l i n early May whi ch res u l ted i n th e s now
me l t i n g from the a rea p ri o r to me l t i ng from th e res t o f th e cove a n d bay ( s ee
F i g u re 2 ( a) , bottom) . Wi th i n a few day s the s e dark a rea s devel oped i n to wa te r
f i l l e d me l t ponds o n th e s urface h a v i n g d i ame ters from 3 o r 4 cm to h o l es
0 . 5 m w i de and 0 . 5 m dee p . The temper a tu re and cond u cti v i ty of a s e ri e s of
these h o l es , wh i ch were cal l ed al g a l mel t ponds , bec a u s e th ey con ta i n e d an
ab un d a n t mi xed al g a l commun i ty , were meas ured a nd a p pea r i n Tab l e 80 a n d
Tab l e 9 0 . There a re genera l l y l ow s a l i n i t i e s 1 t o 5 p , p . t . a n d temp era tures
we l l above O°C a n d i n s ome mel t pon ds a s h i gh as +4 ° C at th e bo ttom of the
hol e s cl ose to the a l ga e . The appearance of s ome of the s e mel t ponds and th e
a l g ae wi th i n them can be s e e n i n the p h o tographs i n Fi g u re 30 . The m i crob i o ta
i n wate r sampl ed a nd f i xed from th e s e ponds has b een i de n t i fi e d ( s ee C . O . I . C . ,
1 9 7 5 , for a de ta i l e d bre akdown i n to genera p res e n t i n fo u r mel t ponds cl ose to
C H1 ) , The mel t ponds con ta i ne d pl an k ton p o p u l a t i on s we l l i n exce s s of th ose
o f the unde r - i ce wate r co l um n o r of th e i ce i ts e l f ( se e Ta b l e 1 4 ) . The re wa s
a l s o p re s e n t i n these mel t ponds a v a r i e ty o f ma cro phy ti c a l gae s ome o f wh i ch
h ave been i den ti f i e d accord i n g to s ta ti o n l o ca ti o n i n Tabl e 1 5 . The rel a ti v e
p e rcent ab unda nce o f the p l a n k ton i n t h e a l ga l mel t ponds i s g i ven i n Tabl e 1 6 .
The i den ti f i ca t i o n n umber co de i s g i ve n i n T a b l e 1 7 . Some o f the pl a n k ton a re
s hown i n p h o togra p h s i n Fi gu re 31 . There are cons i de ra b l e concen tra ti o ns o f
g reen and b l ue - g reen a l gae p res en t i n th e s e mel t ponds . Duri ng the rem a i n de r
o f J un e afte r th e cl ean - up proce d u re bega n o n the afternoon o f J une 7 , 1 9 7 5 ,
when th e c rude o i l was i g n i te d ( s e e F i g u re 3 2 ( a) - ( d) ) , th e s u rface o f the i ce
s u rro und i n g the oi l s p i l l cove gradua l l y became pockma rke d by a l gal mel t pon ds .
A s urvey was con d ucte d J un e 1 8 , 1 9 75 i n wh i ch i t was e s t i ma ted th a t from 0 . 1 to
0 . 5% of th e i ce s urface was co ve red by a l g a l mate r i a l ( s e e Tab l e 1 8 ) . The
s u rvey bega n 25 m from s h ore on the wes t s i de of the o i l s p i l l cove a n d we n t.
1 82 m s o u th wi th a wi dth o f 1 0 m . Th i s was typ i ca l o f s u rfa ce co n di ti o n s
wi th i n a rad i us o f abo ut 0 . 5 km of the o i l s p i l l co ve i n l a te J u n e . An a b s en ce
of th e s e c h a ra c teri s ti c s urface mel t pon d s con ta i n i n g a l gae over the res t o f
Bal aena Bay , was confi rmed by wa l k i n g s u rveys d ur i ng m i d to l a te J un e . Th e i ce
s u rface b e tween Bal aena Bay a n d the DEW l i ne s ta t i on P I N t1A I N was s u rveyed o n
J une 1 9 a n d J un e 2 1 on a wal k o u t from the camp a t Bal aena Bay t o th e D E W l i n e
s ta t i o n and bac k . There we re n o me l t ponds wh i ch res emb l ed the a l gal me l t
ponds i n Ba l a ena Bay near th e o i l s p i l l s s e e n o v e r the 1 3 km di s tance cove red
on the s ea i ce .
-2 16.3.2
Quan ti tati ve res u l ts of i den ti f i ca ti on s tudy
The b i o ta a b undance i nforma t i o n f rom the C . O . I . C . , 1 97 5 , h a s been
s umma r i ze d in F i g u re s 3 3 a n d 34 . The upper code mar ked a rea o f each bar
rep re s e n ts the mo re a b un da n t g roup of s ta t i o n s ( i . e , o i l o r con tro l ) wh i l e the
l ower code ma r ke d a rea of l es s a b u n da n t s ta ti on s i s to be cons i dered
s uperi mpo s ed ove r th e fo rmer g ro up s . The fi ve mos t a b u n dan t genera s hown i n
F i g ure 3 3 a re al l d i a toms a n d a re mo re a b u n d a n t i n the o i l g ro u p o f s ta ti ons .
Gyros igma (450 ) i s s hown a g a i n i n F i g u re 34 to i n d i ca te th e rel a ti ve magn i tude
of the l es s abun dan t b i o ta . T h e a b undances o f a l l the taxa s h own i n th e
h i s tog ram for the con tro l s ta ti o n sampl es a re arranged i n o rder of decrea s i n g
re l a ti ve cel l coun ts ( no t appl i ca b l e to s ome o f the co de d b i o ta s uch a s 1 00 annel i dea o f c o u rs e ) un ti l code n umber 1 1 0 a fte r wh i ch there a re e i g h t ta xa
p re s e n t on l y in the o i l s ta ti o n sampl es . O f th ose ta xa p re s e n t in b oth o i l
an d con tro l s ta ti ons o n l y two d i a toms , Chae toceros and Co cconeis a n d a
d i nofl agel l a te , Gonyau lax , a re p res e n t i n s i gn i fi can tl y h i gh e r abundance i n
th e o i l than i n the con tro l .
The di s tr i b u ti ons of o rgan i sms w i th d e p th h a s been de te rmi n ed i n the
wa te r col umn fo r th ree s ta ti ons ( BH7 , DH1 , a n d I I ) a n d i n an i ce core ta k e n i n
s hore- fas t s ea i ce 29 km north o f Ca p e Parry , P l an k ton a b un da n ce h a s been
pl o tted aga i ns t de p th i n F i g u re 3 5 . Th e re i s a n i n d i ca t i o n o f a pea k i n cel l
co un t cl o s e to th e h a 1 0c l i n e , 2 . 5 ± 0 . 5 m , and a l s o o f a g ra d u a l i n crea s e i n
cel l cou n t wi th depth . The i ce co un ts a re l ower than th e water cou n ts , b u t o f
th e s ame order of mag n i tude a s i n wa te r c l os e to the un ders i de o f th e i ce s hee t .
Fi gu res 36 , 37 , and 38 i n d i c a te the va r i a t i o n i n ce l l co un ts o f
and Navicu la fo r t h e m e a n a b u n dances o f the o i l a n d con tro l s ta ti on s
a t 2 . 5 m a n d 5 . 0 m de p th s . T h e re does n o t s eem to be a con s i s ten t pa ttern of
cel l co un t wi th ti me between o i l a nd con tro l s ta ti o ns e v i den t from these p l ots .
There i s s ome e v i den ce o f a g ra d ua l i n crea s e i n b o th o i l a n d con trol dai l y
me ans fo r the 5 . 0 m dep th ab undances o f Nitz s chia wi th ti me wh i l e the 2 . 5 m
mea n s decrease wi th ti me . Th i s i s howeve r , n o t e v i den t i n the time co urse of
the ab undance of Navicu la . The s i gn i fi can ce i n the da i l y v a r i a t i on of
d i ffe re nces b e tween de p th o r b e tween o i l vs con trol s ta ti o n res u l ts i s
q ue s t i on a b l e a c cord i n g to the s ta t i s ti cs of th e s ampl e a b undance s . The
a b un dance i n c rea s e appare n t cl ose to day n umber 1 5 5 co u l d be a res u l t of
n u t r i e n t a dd i ti ons to the s u rfa ce wa te rs i n th e bay from runoff due to heavy
rai n s J une 2nd a n d 3 rd .
Nitzs chia
A s ta t i s ti ca l s umma ry of the ab undance data ma k i n g a d i v i s i on o f
s ta t i on s i n to con tro l a n d o i l g ro ups i s g i ven i n Ta b l e 1 9 . The re i s a n
i n crease of 1 2 . 3% i n the n umb e r o f g e nera p re s e n t i n the o i l gro up o ver th e
n umbe r pre s en t i n th e con trol g ro u p of s ta ti on s . Th i s a r i s e s a s fo l l ows : 5 5%
of the i n cre a s e comes f rom a n i n creas e a t the 5 % l e ve l , 3 2 % comes from a n
i n c rease a t th e 1 % l evel ( new ge nera ) , 1 2% comes f rom the 2 5 % l evel , a n d 1 %
f rom the 50% l evel .
To i n ves ti gate not on l y the change i n to ta l n umber o f genera , b u t a t
the s ame t i me th e di s tr i b u t i o n o f a bundan ces over the gene ra presen t , the use
o f a d i vers i ty i ndex , H , h as been recommended by Haedr i ch ( 1 9 75 ) . I t i s
-22cal cul a ted from the e q u a t i o n
H
=
l:
p . I n (p . )
1
1
(2)
whe re P i i s the n umber o f i n d i v i du a l s o f th e i th s pe c i e s ( or genera i n th i s
case ) d i v i ded by the total n umber of i n d i v i d ua l s . Us i n g the me an d i s tri buti o n s
f o r oi l a n d con tro l , H i s 1 . 35 for t h e c o n trol s ta ti on s an d 1 . 45 fo r t h e o i l
s ta t i o n s . To a s s e s s the deg ree o f s pe c i fi c c h an ge b e tween these s amp l e s , a n
i n de x of overl a p ca l l ed the p erce n ta ge s i mi l a r i ty ( PS ) c a n b e def i ned a s
fo l l ows :
(3)
where P i a i s the n umber o f i n d i v i dual s o f the i th s pec i es ( o r genera ) i n s am p l e
' a ' d i v i de d by the to tal n umber of i n d i v i d ua l s i n s amp l e ' a ' ; P i b i s de fi ned
the s ame for s amp l e ' b ' . Th i s fun cti on has been di s cu s s e d by Hae dri ch ( 1 9 75 )
a n d can be ca l cu l a te d f rom the s ame data req u i red to ca l c u l a te H . Fo r the o i l
a n d con tro l g ro u ps o f s ta t i ons i t i s 92 . 9% .
6.4
P r i ma ry producti v i ty
The gross ca rbon fi xed ( m mo l C ) , per vo l ume (m 3 ) , pe r hour for th e
l i gh t and dark bo ttl es i s g i ven i n Tab l e l B . The s ta t i ons h a ve been gro upe d
i n to fo u r cate go r i e s ; c o n tro l , " i n fl ue nced by o i l " , " i n o i l " , a n d s ur face me l t
pon ds . The " i n f l uenced by o i l " a n d " i n o i l " ca te go ri es a re s omewh a t a r b i tra ry
a n d h a ve been comb i ne d for mos t o f the tre a tme n t i n to an " o i l II ca tegory . Th e
dark - bo ttl e val ues a re h i gh re l a t i ve to the l i gh t- bo ttl e va l ues . The
i mpl i ca ti ons of th ese res u l ts wi l l be di s cu s s e d i n Se cti on 7 . The da ta has
been comb i ne d i n to two g ro u p s depend i n g o n th e a p p rox i m a te i n c ub a ti on t i me s i n
Tab l e 20 . The mean o f th e l i g h t- bo t tl e res ul ts , dark - b o t tl e res u l ts , a n d the
di ffe re n ce s in the s e means , s h ows th a t the re i s an i n crease i n th e ne t pri mary
p roducti v i ty i n the comb i ned " o i l " s ta ti ons over the c o n tro l s ta ti ons o f 5 5 %
for the fo u r- h o u r i n cuba t i o ns an d o f 1 5% fo r th e twen ty - fo u r h o u r i n c ubati o n s .
I n o rde r to comb i ne the 24 - h o u r a n d 4 - h o u r i n cuba ti on data , th e to tal
ra di a t i on recei ve d at the i n s i tu i nc ub a t i o n l o ca ti o n s d u r i n g the i nc u b a ti on
ti mes was ca l cu l a te d for e v e ry e x pe r i me n t . I n order t o ca l cu l a te the s e val u e s ,
we made use of th e s ol a ri me ter da ta rec o rded a t Ba l aena Bay by N ORCOR ( 1 9 76 )
u n ti l J une 7 , 1 9 75 . Th i s d a ta p rov i de d an h o u r l y v a l u e o f r a d i a t i on meas ured
above the i ce s u rface in l an g l ey u n i ts ( c a l . cm- 2 ) . To ex ten d the h o u r l y
s o l a ri m e te r da ta un ti l t h e e n d o f J un e whe n t h e producti v i ty expe r i me n ts we re
te rmi n a ted , the s o l ar rad i a t i on u n a tte n u a ted by th e a tmo s phere recei ved at
l a t i tude N 70 o , was comb i n ed wi th the wea the r reco rds ( h o u r l y c l o u d opac i ty a n d
cl oud amo u n t ) o f the A tmo s p h e r i c E n v i ronme n t Serv i ce , P I N t�A I N , Cape P a rry ,
wea th e r s ta ti on , to o b ta i n v a l ues e q u i v a l e n t to th e s o l a r i me te r reco rd . Then
u s i ng th e di ffu s e a tten ua ti o n coeffi c i e n ts for the s n ow , i ce , a n d wate r
o b ta i ned from th e i rrad i an ce meas u remen ts a t e a ch o f the i ce s ta ti on s , the
s o l a r radi a t i on rece i ved a t e a ch under- i ce i n cuba t i o n l oca ti on over the peri od
o f i n c uba t i on was e s t i ma ted. The average prod uc t i v i ty per l a ngl ey was then
ca l cul a te d a n d the da i l y net p ro d uc t i v i ty ca l c u l a te d by mul ti p l y i n g th i s average
- 2 3p rod u c ti on by th e to ta l r a d i a t i on rec e i ved a t that i n cuba t i on s i te duri n g th a t
day . The dai l y rate o f p ro d u c t i on p e r un i t s u rface ( m Z) was cal cul a te d from
the 2 . 5 m and 5 . 0 m res ul ts a ccord i ng to th e me th od o u tl i ne d by Vol l e nwe i de r
(1 9 6 9 ) . T h e fi n a l res ul ts o f th i s ca l c u l a t i o n a re pre s e n ted i n a h i s tog ram i n
F i g u re 39 . There are 1 7 s ta t i o n s i n th e con trol g roup wi th a mea n of
6 . 7 m mo l C m z d 1 and 3 8 s tati ons i n the o i l g ro up wi th a mea n o f
8 . 4 m m o l C m z d 1 wh i ch i s a 2 5 % enhan ceme n t of o i l above con tro l . The
va r i a ti on of mean net pri mary p rod uc t i on wi th time i s gi ven i n F i g u re 40 for
the o i l s ta t i on s a n d the con trol s ta t i on s . There a re two s p i kes i n th e o i l
s tati on p o i n ts , a l a rge one aro und J une 2 wh en th e re was h e avy ra i n a n d a
sma l l e r one J un e 9 fo l l ow i n g the beg i nn i ng o f cl ean - up b u rns of s urfa ce o i l
pool s J une 7 . The o i l po i n ts l i e above th e contro l p o i n ts except i n l a te J un e
when there does n o t appea r to be a s i gn i fi c a n t d i ffe rence b e tween th e o i l a n d
the con tro l s ta t i on s . I t s h ou l d be p o i n te d o u t th a t the s pread of v a l ues i n
the n e t p ro du c t i v i ty i n the h i s tog ram c u rves i n Fi g ure 3 9 res u l t i n l a rge
meas ure from the var i a t i o n i n n e t p ro d u c t i v i ty wi th t i me as seen i n Fi g u re 40 .
- 247.
D I SCUSS I O N
7.1
I rra d i ance
Th e opti ca l p ro pe rti es o f n a tura l waters o r tho s e of i c e a re genera l l y
mo re s ens i ti ve to the p re s e nce o f s us pe nded l i gh t- s ca tte r i n g ma te r i al than to
vari a t i on i n th e s a l i n i ty o r to the concen tra t i on o f o th e r d i s s ol ved materi a l .
I n gene ra l , the a tte n u a t i on of v i s i b l e rad i a t i o n i s d ue more to s ca t te r i ng
p ro ce s s es th an to a b s o rp ti on o f ra d i a ti o n ( Lewi s , 1 969 ) . I n the p re se n t s tudy ,
th e under- i ce wa ter had a d i ffuse a tte n u a t i o n coeff i c i e n t of 0 . 2 1 5 m - 1 compared
to 0 . 0444 m - 1 a s fo und by Smi th ( 1 9 7 3 ) for Arcti c ocean wa te r . However , the
meas u remen ts of Sm i th ( 1 9 7 3 ) were ma de off- s ho re bel ow the perma n en t Arc ti c i ce
pack i n ea rl y May befo re th e d i s a p p e a ra n ce o f the s now cove r an d ons e t of
p l a n k ton i c g rowth . Res u l ts re porte d by Gra i n ge r ( 1 9 71 ) on l i gh t i n te ns i ti es
i n Fro b i s he r Bay cl o s e to l a n d , a s i n the p re s en t work , for both open wate r a nd
i ce - covere d cond i t i on s , h ave been a n a l yzed to o b ta i n the fo l l ow i n g mean
- wa ter
di ffu s e a tte nua ti ons - coeffi c i e n ts : under a n i ce cove r , 0 . 31 ± 0 . 1 7 m 1 ; - open
wa te r , 0 . 20 ± 0 . 0 3 m 1 ; mea n of i ce covered and o pen wate r 0 . 2 1 ± 0 . 08 m 1 • The
mea n di ffu s e atte n ua t i on coeffi c i e n t i s cl ose to the val ue o b ta i n e d , 0 . 1 5 m 1 ,
i n th e p resen t work . The h i gh e r u n de r- i ce coeffi ci en t i s n o t s i gn i fi ca n t l y
grea ter th a n th e open-wate r v a l ue d u e t o th e few va ri abl e d a t a re ported from
i ce s ta ti on s . Howeve r , the h i gh e r a t te n ua t i o n fo un d i n o p e n wa te r i n the
p re s e n t s tu dy ( s ee F i g u re 24 ) i s s i gn i fi can t , a n d res u l ts from s e d i me n t
s us pe n ded through wave a c t i on i n the s h a l l ow water o f the b ay and th e s umme r
p l a n k to n b l oom . I t i s a l s o n o t i ceabl e i n the o pe n water data of Tab l e 5 , th a t
th e a tte n ua ti on coeff i c i en ts were genera l l y g re a te r i n the s h a l l ower s ta ti on s
a s a res u l t o f s us pe ns i o n o f sca tte r i n g ma te r i a l by ti de and wave a c ti on .
The re fl ecta n ce f u n c ti o n , o r upwe l l i ng to d ownwel l i ng i r ra di ance
ra ti o , was repo r te d by Smi t h ( 1 9 73 ) , to be 0 . 0 1 89 ± 0 . 0006 b e twee n 40 and 1 2 0
metres be l ow th e o ff- s ho re pack- i ce . �10s t o f the r a t i os foun d i n Bal aena Bay
were of th i s ma g n i tude , h oweve r , they vari ed w i th dep th to a much g re a te r
ex te n t as wo u l d b e ex pec te d i n a s h a l l ow bay . Al s o , i t i s p os s i b l e th a t d u e to
the p res e n ce of a s harply de f i n e d h a l o cl i ne , fo u n d both i n Se ptember , 1 9 74 a n d
i n May and J un e , 1 9 75 , s c a tte r i n g mate r i a l i n cl ud i n g o i l em ul s i fi e d by water
percol a t i ng th ro ugh th e porous sea i ce i n the s p ri n g , co u l d h a ve been trapped
i n the den s i ty g ra d i e n t of the h a l o c l i ne . The h i g h e r ra ti o s fo u n d l a te r i n
J un e a s the o i l began to move th rough the b r i n e c h a n n e l s to the s u rface ,
s ugges t th a t o i l a n d/ o r p l a n k ton i c s catte r i n g l aye rs were presen t . Th e
v a ri a ti on i n th i s ra ti o s hown on F i g u re 1 0 for an o i l s ta ti o n DH1 , b e tween 2
and 3 metres , s upports s uch a n expl a n a t i on . I n addi t i on , the mea n a tte n uati o n
coe ffi c i e n t o f o i l s ta ti o ns i s 40% g re a te r tha n th a t o f the mean o f u n de r- i ce
con trol s ta t i ons . Al th o ug h the range o f a tte n ua ti on coeff i c i en ts of bo th o i l
a n d co n tro l s ta t i on s i s l a rge , a s can b e seen i n the h i s to g ram o f the res u l ts
i n F i g u re 24 , the l a rg er ra n g e o f val ues fo r th e o i l s ta ti o ns , s u g ges ts the
p resence o f a h i gher co n cen tra ti on o f p l an k ton under the o i l i n s ome o f the
o i l s ta ti on s . Th i s i s s upported by the p ri ma ry p roduc t i v i ty s tu d i es . Al s o the
pre s e nce of s c atte r i n g l ayers of emul s i f i e d o i l d ro p l e ts in the wa te r col umn
wo u l d g i ve ri s e to grea ter a tten ua t i o n by s c a t te r i n g and a b s orpti on i n the o i l
s ta ti on s .
The average a tte nua t i o n of th e i ce a n d s n ow co ver J un e 1 7 th a n d 2 3 r d
- 2 5was 0 . 0 1 5 cm - 1 whi ch comp a res to v a l ues o f 0 . 1 cm = l a n d 0 . 5 cm- 1 for soft new
s n ow or h ard powder s now res pec t i v e l y a nd 0 . 0 2 cm 1 for c l e a r Ottawa Ri ver i ce
repo rte d by Magu i re ( 1 9 75 ) . T h e l ower mean a tten uati on o b s e rved i n the i ce
co ve r a t Ba l a ena Bay i s due to the h i gh mel t-wa ter content o f the d ecay i n g
s e a i ce i n l a te J une . However , i ce s amp l es returned t o Ottawa g a v e KA val ues
cl ose to 0 . 5 cm - 1 ( s ee Section 6 . 2 . 5 ) cl ose to the s now val ues of Ma g u i re
( 1 9 75 ) . The mea n a tte n u a t i on of th e i ce i n th e o i l s ta ti o n s i s 40% greate r
th an th a t o f th e mean of con trol s ta t i o n res u l ts , wh i ch i n d i c a te s tha t o i l
trapped i n th e i ce a n d pond i ng on the s u rface a s wel l a s b i o l o g i ca l a c ti v i ty
i n th e i ce prod u ce s a s i mi l a r effe c t i n th e i ce i ts e l f a s i n th e wate r co l umn
be l ow th e i ce . Due to the h i gh a b s o rb ance o f crude o i l , v e ry l i ttl e o i l i n an
i ce s heet co u l d grea t l y reduce th e transmi tte d radi a ti on ( s ee Sec ti on 6 . 2 . 5 ) .
The ob s e rva ti on of a red uc ti o n of i rra d i ance a t 2 0 5 m a n d 5 . 0 m
de pths p re s e n te d graph i ca l l y as a fun cti on o f ti me i n Fi g ure 2 6 , s h ows tha t by
the e n d of J une , wh en the o i l d i s charge a re a was i ce - free a n d the b u l k o f the
o i l b u rned off , mecha n i cal l y remove d , o r b l own to the e dges of the open a rea ,
the con tro l and o i l , a reas h a ve very l i ttl e d i ffe rence i n s u b s u rface i rra d i ance .
The ob s e rv a t i ons of the i n te n s i ty of fi l te red l i g h t i s on l y
i n te rpreta b l e q u a l i ta ti vel y . S i n ce the bandw i d th s ch o s e n fo r th e b l ue - g reen
a n d red fi l ters are th ose abs orbed by p h o to sy n th e ti c p i gmen ts in al gae ,
va ri a ti on of th e res pons e of th ese s e ns o rs s ho u l d b e d i rec tl y rel a ted to the
concen tra ti on o f phy top l a n k ton i n the wa te r and i ce above th e s en s o rs . L i g h t
i n th e b l ue- g reen (450 nm ) re gi on wo ul d be a tten ua te d by crude o i l m u c h mo re
than in th e red (680 nm) ( s ee Se c t i o n 6 . 2 . 5 ) . S i nce both red and b l ue-green
res ponded s i mi l a r l y , i t can b e con c l u ded th a t phytopl a n k to n was proba b l y
re spon s i b l e for th e va r i a t i on s obs erved o v e r the peri o d of o b s e rvati ons i n th e
fi l te red s en s o r res ponses . The n e u tra l de ns i ty e q u i pped s e n s o r s were not as
s ens i t i ve a s the fi l ter eq u i pped s e ns ors and wo u l d not g i ve a s i gn i f i ca n t
res pon s e fo r s e l ecti ve a b s orp ti on i n th e red and b l ue- g reen b y phyto pl an k ton .
Th i s l a c k of v a r i a t i on re l a ti ve to th e fi l tered s en s o rs was o b s e rved . The
g re a te r v a r i a ti o n o bs e rved for th e s en so rs j u s t bel ow th e i ce p roba b l y refl ec ts
the downwa rd mo vemen t of th e d a r k ada p te d s p r i n g phy to p l an k ton b l oom i n
res po n s e to the h i g h e r under i ce l i g h t l evel s a s th e s n ow cov er wa s me l te d an d
the i ce became more tra n s pa ren t . There seems to be no ev i dence o f a d i fference
i n res pon s e between th e s e n s o rs p l a ce d cl o s e to the o i l d i s cha rge and th o s e
pl aced fu r th e r away from i t .
7.2
Wa ter qual i ty
Th ro ugho u t th e A rcti c Ocean the re i s a s u rfa ce l ayer ( 1 00 to 1 50 m
dee p ) of l ow s a l i n i ty water (30 to 32 p . p . t . ) o f l ow temperature , bel ow wh i ch
l i es a s econd l ay e r , where th ere i s s uffi c i en t depth , o f h i g h e r s a l i n i ty wate r
(34 - 3 5 p . p . t . ) wh i ch i s s omewh a t wa rme r . The s u rface l ayer o f l ow s a l i n i ty
i n the Arcti c Ocea n , wh i ch con s ti tute s mo s t of the Bea u fo r t Se a wa te r mas s ,
res u l ts from run - o ff from r i v e rs s u ch as the Ma cken z i e wh i ch h as been s tu d i e d
by Cameron (1 9 5 2 , 1 9 5 3 ) a n d as part o f th e Bea ufo r t Sea P ro j e c t by Herl i n ve a u x
and de L a n g e Boom (1 976 ) a nd from the s u rpl u s prec i p i ta t i o n over evapora t i o n
a s d i s c u s s e d by Z e n kev i tc h (1 96 3 ) . Howeve r , i n th e p a rt o f Bal aena Bay s tu d i ed
i n th e pre s e n t p roj e c t the max i mum de p th i s abo u t 1 8 m. The m o u th of the bay
- 26i s q u i te s h al l ow h a v i n g a s i l l a t on l y 2 or 3 m de p th somewh a t i s o l a ti n g th e
bay from wa ter ma s s es i n th e Beaufort Sea . The s tra t i f i ca t i on of s a l i n i ty a n d
tempera ture observed i n Se p temb e r , 1 9 74 , i n di ca te d th a t the l ower wate r ma s s
i n th e bay wa s wa rmer a nd mo re s a l i ne th an the upper few metres . Whe n h o l es
were d r i l l ed i n May i t wa s fo u n d th a t a u n i fo rm h i gh s a l i n i ty (32 p . p . t . ) and
l ow temperatu re ( - 1 . 6 ° C ) pers i s ted t h ro u g h o u t th e wa ter co l umn .
Some e v i den ce o f a hel i o th e rma l e ffect i n th e bay can be seen i n th e
profi l es wh i ch s h ow a ri s e i n tempera ture c l os e to the dark s o l a r rad i a t i o n
abs o rb i ng bo ttom (Hudec a nd So n ne n fe l d , 1 9 74 ) . The p re s e n ce of th e very
e x treme h a l o cl i n e du ri ng l a te May a nd J u n e , 1 9 75 , i n whi ch th e den s i ty grad i e n t
o f the s a l t p re ven ts convecti o n a n d mi x i ng b e tween the up per few me tres of
fre s h wa te r abov e the ha l o c l i ne and th e denser wate rs bel ow , te nds to s tabi l i ze
the wa te r col umn and g rea t l y i nfl ue nce s the n a ture of b i o l o g i cal a n d th e rmal
p roce s s es in th i s upper l ayer con ta i n i n g the mel ti n g i ce sheet. The e x tent to
wh i ch the devel o pme n t o f th i s tempe ra ture- s a l i n i ty gradi e n t i n Arct i c waters
i nfl uences the fo rmati on of the pol a r i ce by mod i fy i n g th e h e a t f l ux f rom the
un derl y i n g wa rmer wa te r ma s ses has been d i s cus s ed by Aagaard and Coa chman
( 1 9 75 ) . They co ncl ude th a t th e de s tructi on of the h a l ocl i ne and the rel ea s e
of h e a t from the warmer deep wa te r mas s cou l d res tri c t the fo rma ti on of wi n te r
i ce . I t a ppears from the re s ul ts o b ta i ned i n the p re s e n t s tu dy th a t the o i l
e n trapped i n the i ce h as no t bro u g h t about a s i g n i f i ca n t cha nge i n the
devel o pment o f th e rmal and s a l i n i ty s tra t i f i ca ti o n . The s l i gh tl y h i gher
s a l i n i ti es cl o s e to th e o i l a re p robabl y a res u l t of d i s s o l ved i o n i c compo n e n ts
from the crude o i l . A ma r ke d tempera ture i n v e rs i o n wh i ch devel o pe d i n the
upper l ayer of fre s h water above the h a l ocl i n e d u r i ng l a te J un e i s i n d i cati ve
o f the ex ten t to wh i ch the water mas s e s are s e pa rated by the ha l o c l i ne a t 1 . 5
to 2 . 5 m de p th . Th e behav i o u r of the tempe ra ture and s a l i n i ty p rof i l es
correl a te wel l wi th amb i e n t a i r tempera t u res a n d prec i p i ta t i on records a t the
s i te .
Some o f the tempera tures th at were rec o rded i n th e wa ter under the
i ce seemed to be l owe r than wou l d be predi cte d on th e bas i s of th e s a l i n i ti e s .
To i n ve s t i ga te the po s s i b i l i ty o f s u percoo l i ng , th e temperature - s a l i n i ty pro b e
ca l i b ra t i o n wa s careful l y chec ked i n Ot tawa , I t d i d no t dev i a te from the
s peci fi ca t i ons g i ven i n Sec t i o n 5 . 2 . 2 . I n a ddi t i o n , th i n p l a tes o f i ce were
s e e n on the cabl e a nd ri s i n g th ro ugh the water co l umn from bel ow the bottom o f
the i ce s heet wh i l e mea s urements were i n p ro g re s s . I t i s s u gges te d i n
a g reeme n t wi th th e i n terpreta t i o n o f s i mi l a r phe nomena o b s erved by Keys et a l .
( 1 969 ) i n D i s rael i F i o rd , th a t l ow s a l i n i ty wa te r was b e i n g fro zen a t the-- ­
i n terface o f the col der more s a l i ne water a t the ha l o c l i n e a n d th a t there
co u l d have been s ome s upercoo l i n g as s o c i a te d wi th th i s freez i ng p roces s .
T h e chemi cal compo s i t i o n of wa ter a nd i ce i s o f i mporta n ce i n
de term i n i n g the l ev e l of pr i ma ry produc t i v i ty p o s s i b l e i n the i ce-wa te r sys tem .
The f i xa ti on o f a mo l e of carbon by p h o to syn th es i s i s accomp a n i e d by the u p ta ke
o f n i trog e n a n d p h o s ph orus i n the ra t i o C : N : P : = 1 06 : 1 6 : 1 ( F l emi n g , 1 940 ) a n d
the rel ease of a mo l e o f oxyg en g a s . I t i s the refore pos s i b l e t o re l a te the
p r i ma ry p roduc t i on to one o r to severa l of the s e chemi c a l p a rame ters i f th e
sys tem i s c l o sed (i . e . gases a re not l os t to the a tmos phere and curren ts do
n o t a l te r conce n tra ti on s ) , and i f res p i ra t i o n a n d de compos i ti on p ro ce s s es a re
s mal l i n compa r i s o n to photo sy n th e s i s ( R i chards , 1 9 65 ) . When an i ce cover
forms o ver a wa ter body the rate of exchange o f gases wi th the atmo s p h e re i s
g rea tl y re duce d . The h i gh conce n tra t i o n s of di s s o l v ed oxygen reporte d i n
-27Sec t i on 5 . 2 . 1 repre s e n t concen tra ti o n s some t i me s e q u i va l e n t to s a tura ti o n o r
s u pe r s a tura t i on con di ti o n s i n a g reement w i th a l evel o f oxy ge n p ro du c ti on tha t
wou l d be ex pected i n May a n d J u n e i n a s ha l l ow b ay s ea l ed by i ce o r i n a b l oom
con d i t i on i n o pe n wa te r , (September 1 9 74 ) . Un fo rtun a te l y , the re a re no p ri mary
produ c t i v i ty res ul ts to con f i rm tha t a b l oom con d i t i o n e x i s ted i n Se p tembe r ,
1 9 74 . The l ow s a l i n i ty o f s ea i ce ( se e Secti o n 6 . 2 . 2 ) compared to s e a wate r
from wh i ch i t fo rms has b e e n obs erved by o t h e r s a n d th e u n de rl y i ng mech a n i sms
d i s cussed i n g rea t deta i l ( La ke and Lew i s , 1 97 0 ) . Th e forma ti o n of s ea i ce
does no t p roceed by a un i form mecha n i sm b u t i n a t l eas t th ree s ta ges wh i ch
re s u l ts i n th ree recog n i z a b l e forms o f s ea i ce . These h a ve b een di s c u ss e d by
Orado vs kiy ( 1 9 74 ) for Anta rcti c s ea i ce . I ni t i a l l y , the i ce fo rms o n o p e n
wa te r ac compa n i ed by s n ow fa l l i n g a n d mi x i ng wi th t h e wa te r , th e n sea i ce
beg i n s to form from bel ow th e new i ce s he e t from s ea wa te r , a n d fi n a l l y toward
the end of w i n ter un derwater i ce , ra th e r l es s dense th an th e s econd form of
i ce , g rows down from th e i ce s h ee t . Th e s e p roces s es a re a ccompa n i e d by a
comp l ex zone refi n i ng effe ct by wh i c h poc k e ts o f n u tri e nts a re con centra te d i n
th e i ce and bel ow th e i ce . S i n ce a l ens o f o i l wo u l d p reven t s a l t f rom
di ffus i ng down from th e s o l i d - l i q u i d boundary , the observ a ti o n s i n i ce core
s ecti o n s o f h i g h e r s a l i n i t i es ( s ee Secti o n 6 . 2 . 2 ) a s s oc i a ted wi th o i l pockets
i s expecte d . O ur sampl i n g meth ods u s i ng the 2 l i tre Van Do rn s amp l e r were no t
on a mi cro s ca l e wh i ch wo u l d h a ve been neces s a ry to s how u p the deta i l s of th i s
phenomen om i n th e wa te r co l umn j u s t be l ow the i ce . I n the i ce c ore s a l i n i ty
res ul ts , th e re were i n di ca ti o n s of th e compl ex n a t u re o f the nu tri e n t
d i s tr i b u t i o n s i n ce s a l i n i ti es ( hence n u tr i e n t concen trati o n s ) were q u i te
va r i abl e down th e l e ng th o f the cores . The v a r i a t i on i n i ce type ( de ns i ty ,
crys tal o r i enta ti on , s a l i n i ty , p resence a n d s i ze d i s tr i b u ti on o f gas bubbl e s )
wi th pos i t i on i n th e core i s accompa n i ed by a wi d e va r i a ti on i n the o p t i c a l
p roperti e s o f th e i ce ( s ee Sec t i o n 6 . 2 . 5 ) . I f th ese phe nomena were g rea t l y
affe c ted by the p res ence o f th e e n tra pped o i l , there mi g h t h a v e been expec ted
to have been s ome c h a n g es i n water ch em i s try i n th e wa ter col umn bel ow th e i ce
co n ta i n i n g th e o i l . Th e res ul ts do n o t s h ow any con s i s te n t var i a t i o n th a t can
be a ttri b u ted to o i l .
7.3
P r i ma ry p ro d u c ti v i ty
The res u l ts i n F i g u res 3 9 a n d 4 0 i n d i ca te tha t the re was a l evel of
p r i m a ry produc ti v i ty ty p i ca l of Arct i c mari n e waters at 7 0 0 N l a ti tu de i n
Ba1 aena Bay d u r i n g the mo n th s o f May and J une , 1 9 75 . Th e p rodu cti v i ty v a l ues
o b ta i ne d by P e tersen ( 1 964 ) i n 1 9 59 a nd 1 9 60 fo r Godhavn h a r bo u r , We s t
Green l a n d a l s o a t a b o u t 7 0 0 N l a ti tude , h a ve been s ke tched o n F i g ure 40 . Our
produ cti v i t i e s a re o f th e s ame order o f ma g n i tude a s those o f Pe te rs e n . I f i t
i s a s s umed th a t the s ea i ce , l i g h t a n d n u tri e n t con d i ti o n s a re s i mi l a r i n
Godh a v n , th e to ta l a n n u a l p hy to p l a n k to n p rodu cti o n i n Ba1 aena Bay m i g h t b e
s i mi l a r to th a t report�d ey Peters en , 3 mo l Cm - 2 y r - 1 • I n fac t ta k i n g a year l y
average o f 1 0 m m o l Cm 2 d 1 f o r Ba l aena B ay f rom F i g ure 4 0 , a l l owi n g fo r h i gher
s ummer p roducti v i ! i e s !o b a l a n ce l ower w i n te r p roduc ti v i ti e s , a va l ue very
cl o s e to 3 mo l Cm 2 y r 1 i s ob ta i n ed for Bal aena Bay . To e s tab l i s h. the
rel a ti ve l ev e l of pri mary produ cti v i ty i n Bal aena Bay compa re d to mari n e waters
th roughout northern l a ti tudes and in temeer a te l a ti tu de s , Tab l e 2 1 h as been
comp i l ed . It wou l d appear th a t 3 mo l Cm 2 yr - 1 rep re s en ts a modera te l y
p roducti ve mar i ne sys tem for th e Canad i a n Arcti c e . g . Wel ch a n d Kal ff ( 1 9 7 5 )
- 28 repo rt � . 7 mol Cm - 2 yr - 1 for Res o l u te Bay , Gra i n ger ( 1 9 7 6 ) reports 4 . 2 - 8 . 3 mol
Cm 2 y r 1 fo r Fro b i s h e r Bay , and the re a re a s e r i es of l owe r va l ues . Bi
compa r i s on , i n tempera te ma r i ne wa te rs , va l ues o f te n rea ch 1 0 - 2 0 mo l em 2 y r 1 .
Th e max i mum poss i b l e i n s i tu p r i ma ry p rod u c t i v i ty i n the natural e n v i ronmen t
i s e s ti mate d to b e from 1 50 - 300 mol Cm- 2 y r- 1 ( Pa rs on s a n d Ta kahas h i , 1 9 73 ) .
_
II
!
The pl a n k ton i c p ri ma ry p ro d u c t i v i ty rep o r ted i s o n l y one of three
s o u r ces of p rodu cti on i n th e es tu a ri n e an d i ns hore e cosys tem . Ben th i c
p rod u c ti on an d i ce a l g ae can a ccoun t for a l arge p roporti on of the to ta l
p ro d ucti v i ty i n th es e e n v i r onme n ts ( We l ch a n d Kal ff , 1 9 75 ; Me the ke a n d Horne r ,
1 9 74 ) . However methods to meas ure the p roducti v i ty of s e a i ce a l gae a re q u i te
e l aborate and req u i re the use o f a d i ve r ( C l a s by , e t a l . , 1 9 73 ) a n d were n o t
a ttemp te d as part of th i s p rojec t . A s i n d i cated i nSe cti on 6 . 2 . 5 , 1 . 76 ]1g 9, - 1
ch l o ro phyl l l a l was foun d i n the i ce c o re a n a l y s i s for a core ta ken May 25 ,
1 9 75 . Th i s i s l ower th an va l ues g i ven by C l a s by , e t a l . ( 1 9 7 3 ) wh i ch ranged
from a h i gh of 3 x 1 0 3 ]1g C h l . l a l 9,- 1 i n l a te May-ro-a-l ow o f 300 ]1g C h l . l a l
9, - 1 J une 8 i n the b ot tom s urface o f s e a i ce a t Ba rrow , A l a s ka i n 1 9 72 . Bec au s e
the core s e c t i on we a n a l y z e d wa s n o t from the i ce bo ttom , where i ce a l g a l
a c t i v i ty wou l d h a v e b e e n ma x i m um , i t i s re as onab l e to concl ude th a t Ba l aen a B ay
probab l y di d h a ve an epon ti c i ce a l ga e b l oom , perhaps a s great as th a t i n th e
Ba rrow s tudy ( �la the ke and Horne r , 1 9 74 ) w h i ch gave p ro ducti v i ti es of th e o rde r
1 2 m mo l Cm - 2d - 1 • Th e p roduc ti v i ty observed i n mel t p on ds on th e i ce s urfa ce
i n Bal aena Bay w i l l be d i s cu s s e d s e para te l y i n Sec ti o n 7 . 4 . I n a s h a l l ow
( average de p th , 8 m ) n o n - turb i d i n - s ho re a re a s u ch as Ba l aen a Bay , ann u a l
b e n th i c p roduct i v i ty w o u l d l i ke l y b e a bo u t a facto r o f ten g reater t h a n the
comb i n ed epon ti c an d pl a n k ton i c p rod u c t i o n as was foun d by C l a s by et al . ( 1 9 7 3 )
n ear Barrow , Al a s ka , a t i n - s h ore s i te s about 5 m i n de p th . We l ch an d Ka'l ff
( 1 9 75 ) h a ve cal cul a te d the o ppos i te rel a ti ve mag n i tudes of the ben th i c and
p l a n k ton i c producti on in Res o l u te Bay w h i ch h a s an a verage dep th s l i gh tl y
g re a te r th an Bal aena Bay ( a ve ra ge dep th , 1 1 . 3 m ) . They es t i ma te th a t 3 3%
p h o tosyn th es i s i s benth i c and 67% i s p l a n k ton i c , and th a t due to s n ow cov e r ,
the e pon ti c con tri bu ti on i s neg l i g i b l e . I t wo u l d s eem th a t a l l th a t ca n be
conc l uded from the l i te ra tu re is th a t ben th i c a nd epon ti c p roduc t i on i s
p ro ba b l y of n e a rl y e q ua l ma g n i tu de to p l a n k to n i c produ c t i o n .
The h a rmfu l chemi ca l effe c t s o f crude o i l o n a q ua ti c p l a n ts i s
general l y con s i dered to be due to the l i gh te r fra c ti o n s o f the c rude o i l ( s e e
Ba ke r , 1 9 7 1 ; a n d Sn ow and S c o t t , 1 97 5 ) . The s e l i g h t fra c t i ons h a ve b e e n fo u n d
t o rema i n tra pped i n th e i ce f o r t h e rema i nd e r o f t h e w i n te r w h e n c rude o i l i s
d i s ch a rged under a n unbro ke n i ce s hee t ( NO RCOR , 1 9 7 6 ) s i n ce the weath e red
crude a p peari n g on the i ce s urfa ce of Bal aena B ay i n J un e was es s en ti a l l y
unchanged i n i ts i n i ti a l p ro pe r ti e s . Des p i te the p resence o f h i gh
con cen tra ti ons of the s e toxi c compo unds th a t mus t therefo re h a ve been p res e n t
i n the wate r i n the cove nea r the d i s ch a rge d o i l whe n the o i l began mov i n g
th rough the i ce , the a b un dance a n d s p e c i e s compo s i ti on o f th e p hy topl a n k ton
does n o t s eem to h ave been g re a t l y perturbed w h e n compa red to the nearby
p hy topl an k ton commun i ty o u ts i de of th e cov e . Th i s res ul t i s i n a g re emen t wi th
the effe cts o bs e rved on phy to p l an k ton by Hel l eb u s t et a l . ( 1 9 75 ) when Norman
We l l s l crude was a p p l i ed to open wa te r i n a sma l l s ub a rcti c l a k e n e a r Norma n Wel l s ,
N . W . T . By contra s t , i t h a s been reported by S h i nd l er et a l 0 97 5 ) that the a b u ndance
o f ba cteri a i s en hanced , b u t i n i t i a l d i v e rs i ty i s reducedlby crude o i l i n
w i n te r te s ts i n s ma l l fre s h wa te r pon ds n e a r O ttawa. Roe de r e t a l . ( 1 9 7 5 ) h a v e
repo rted th a t the d i a tom commun i ty i n fre s h wa ters i n n o r th e rn Can a da a re n o t
Ou r res u l ts a l s o i n di ca te a
g ros s l y affe c te d b y the pres ence o f crude o i l .
- 29 s l i gh t e n h a nc emen t i n p hy to p l an k ton abundan ce an d a greate r di ve rs i ty i n de x fo r
the o i l s ta t i ons th an for the con trol s ta t i o n s .
The h i g h dark- bottl e g ro ss pro d u c ti v i ti es fo u n d i n o u r s tu dy a re of
i n te res t beca u s e h i gh da r k co un ts h ave been repo rte d by o th e r i n ves ti g a tors
u s i n g th e 1 4 C up ta ke me th o d . Th i s p he n ome non s eems to o cc u r i n waters
con ta i n i n g h i gh o rg a n i c l o ads . Pe te rs e n ( 1 9 64 ) reported th a t in one exp e r i men t
h e found h i gh ca rbon u p ta ke i n b oth l i gh t a n d dark b o t tl e s i n Godh avn harbour
a fter a factory s h i p h ad s pe n t about o n e month p repa r i n g f i s h fi l l e t wh i ch
p o l l u te d the h a rb o u r wi th f i s h offal a n d i n addi t i on a s pe rm wh a l e h a d b ee n
ta ken i n to th e h a rbour fo r fl en s i ng .
H e s ugges ts tha t un u s u a l l y h i gh
bac te ri al a c ti v i ty co u l d have a c coun te d for th e h i g h 1 4 C u p ta ke . The p re s e n ce
of h i gh concentra ti o n s of orga n i c c ompo n e n ts d i s s ol ve d i n th e wa ter from the
crude o i l c ou l d h a ve p rodu ced h i gh dark bottl e res u l ts f rom a s i mi l a r b a c teri a l
mech a n i sm , b u t they we re ofte n h i gh i n th e control s ta t i o n s wel l away from the
o i l . Cons i de rabl e exper i me n ta l e ffort h a s been a p p l i e d to s tu dy i ng the dark
s u rv i val o f phy top l a n k ton and h e te ro trop h i c carbon u p ta ke by p hy to p l a n k ton
( Bun t and Lee , 1 9 72 ; Horn e r a n d Al exande r , 1 9 72 ; Smay da a n d Mi tch e l l - I nnes s ,
1 9 74 ) . The re i s no a g re eme n t o n whe th e r p hy to p l a n k ton s ur v i ve the da r k o f th e
po l a r wi n te r wi th i ts e x te n de d p e r i od l ow- l i g h t l evel s and i n te n s e c o l d u nde r
s now - covere d i ce , by hete ro tro ph i c u p ta ke o f s ui tab l e d i s s o l ved organ i c
compo unds o r rema i n es s en ti a l l y dorman t . Expe r i men ts i n the l aborato ry wi th
i s o l a te d c u l tures h a ve n o t bee n c onc l us i ve i n s e ttl i n g th i s q ue s ti on s i n ce th e
s i tua ti on i n th e na tural env i ronmen t i s u n do ub te d l y more comp l ex wi th a mi xed
popul a ti on of bac ter i a a n d mi c roa l gae . ( Smay da and M i tche l l - In n e s , 1 9 74 ) . I n
a ny even t , th e ob serv a t i on of many h i g h da r k- u p ta ke val ues i n Bal aena Bay i s
n o t i n cons i s ten t wi th e i th e r hypothe s i s i . e . b a c te r i a l a c ti v i ty o r
phy to p l an k ton h e te ro trophy .
A l tho u g h the av a i l ab i l i ty of a s u ffi c i en t s u pp l y of e s s e n t i a l
n u tr i e n ts i s a nece s s a ry con d i t i on for p h o to syn the s i s by phy to p l a n k to n , th e
s pri n g ma ri ne b l oom i s s e l d om l i mi te d by n u tri en ts a n d i n fact the re i s
con s i derab l e e v i den c e th a t n u tri en ts s u ch a s n i trogen conce n tra te beca u s e
ammo n i a i s absorbed a n d a ccumul a ted i n t h e i ce ( s ee O rado v s k i y , 1 974 ) . The
l e ve l s of n i troge n , 0 . 36 - 1 . 07 � g at 1 - 1 , a n d p h o s p h o rus , 0 . 1 4 - 0 . 9 7 �g a t 1 1 ,
i n the sea wa te r bel ow the i ce i n s p r i n g i n Bal a e n a Bay a re as h i gh o r h i g h e r
th an th e v a l ues found i n F rob i s he r Bay by Gra i n ger ( 1 9 71 ) o r a t I g l o o l i k by
Gra i n g e r ( 1 95 9 ) . I t th e re fore appears tha t i n Bal aena Bay , e xcept i n s ur face
me l t ponds whe re n i trogen con cen trati on was fo un d to be l ower , <0 . 3 6 �g at 1 - 1 ,
l i g h t i s th e g row th l i m i ti n g f a c tor . The i n te n s e a l g a l a c ti v i ty i n s u rface
me l t ponds wh i ch rece i ve d ex tremel y h i gh l i gh t l e vel s , s ug ges ts tha t the un de r
i ce p l an k ton i s a s hade a d a p te d fl o ra . When the re i s c on s i derab l e verti cal
s tab i l i za ti on of the water col umn th ro ugh o u t the e uphoti c zone , a s i s fou n d i n
Ba l ae na Bay , p l a n k ton a d a p t phys i ol o g i ca l l y to t h e wi de l y v a ryi n g l i gh t
i n te n s i ti es even th o ugh th e o cc u rre nce o f s pe c i es may b e n e a r l y i de n ti c a l a t
d i ffe re n t dep th s a s was found i n the p re s e n t s tudy ( S teemann N i e l s en a n d
Hansen , 1 9 59 ) . I t therefore a p pears th a t even th ough l i g h t l evel s were l ower
unde r the i ce c l o se to the o i l a rea i n Bal aena Bay , the h i gh e r p l a n k ton
a b u n da n ce , perh a p s due to red u ced z oo p l a n k to n g ra z i n g as a res u l t of chem i cal
i n h i b i t i on from componen ts i n th e crude o i l , more th an comp e n s a te d fo r the
l ower l i g h t l ev e l s and ac co unts fo r th e n e a r l y e q u i val en t p rod u c ti v i ty of the
o i l a n d con tro l g roups of s ta t i ons .
I t does n o t appear l i ke l y from p hys i ol og i ca l s tu d i es of di a toms
-30reported by Steemann N i e l s e n and Hansen ( 1 9 59 ) , S o ro k i n and Ko nova l o va ( 1 9 7 3 ) ,
Marre ( 1 9 62 ) , B u r s a ( 1 9 6 1 ) , a n d Gu i l l ard ( 1 9 62 ) , t h a t t h e rather s ubtl e
changes i n tempe ra t u re and s a l i n i ty o b s e rved i n Bal aena Bay c ou l d have a
s i g n i fi cant effect on the phyto pl an kton pri ma ry p ro d u ct i v i ty o r s peci e s
d i s t ri b u t i on . T h e i de n t i fi cati on study i n B a l aena Bay confi rms the s u cce s s i on
of s p ri n g " s hade " adap ted Pennatae di atoms to s ummer o pen water " s un " a da pted
Centriceae d i atoms d i s c u s s ed by B u r s a ( 1 9 6 1 ) w h i ch i s c h aracteri s t i c of
i ce- i nfested Arc t i c waters .
7.4
Su rface me l t po nds
The ob s e rv at i o n o f macro p hyt i c sea weeds g rowi ng abundantly i n me l t
ponds on B a l aena B ay was u n expected . As di s c u ss ed i n Sect i on 7 . 3 the l i ght
l evel s a v a i l ab l e for p h oto synt h es i s wou l d h ave been s eve ral orders of magn i tude
g reater i n t h i s envi ro nmen t t h a n bel ow the i c e i n the water col umn wh i l e
n utri e n t l evel s we re s i mi l a r . The d i atom c e l l abundances, i n Tab l e l � i nd i c ate
very l a rge d i ffe rences i n cel l c o u n ts betwee n the p l a n k to n i c ( 1 - 1 5 x 1 0 3 cel l s
�_ l ) a n d me l t pond ( 5 - 5 0 x 1 0 5 cel l s �- l ) wat e r s ampl es . I n add i t i o n , there
were very abundant Ch lorophy ta ( g reen a l g a e ) e s p ec i a l l y Chae tomorp ha me logonium
( Web . & Mo h r ) KU tz , c a l l ed f i l amen tous al gae i n t he s u rveY, i n Ta b l e 1 8 , and
Phaeo p hyta ( b rown a l g ae ) , e s pe c i al l y Fucus dis ti chus L . , c a l l ed a branc hed
al gae i n the s u rvey i n Tabl e 1 8 . As s o c i ated w i th t h e s e s eaweed s we re c l umps
o f bl u e g reen al gae and d i atom co l o n i e s . Some i nd i c at i o n o f the i ntense
g rowt h i n these mel t ponds i s ev i dent i n th e p h oto g raphs i n Fi g u res 3 0 ( a ) - ( d ) .
Al t h o u g h no q u a n t i tat i ve mea s u rements o f i nc reas e o f b i oma s s wi t h t i me
were made , i t was c l e a r that t h e al gae were g rowi n g beca u s e the s i z e o f t he
p l a n ts i n c re a s ed from day t o day . S i nce s u rface mel t ponds i n a re a s o f i ce
i n the v i c i n i ty o f Bal aena Bay , but far from the o i l s p i l l , d i d not deve l op
s u ch b i o ta , i t i s i mp o rtant to a s s e s s what condi t i o n s coul d h a ve s t i mu l ated
th i s b l oom . The st i mu l ati o n of b l ue g re e n a l gae i s o ften as s o c i ated w i th
eu trop h i c cond i ti ons i n fre s h water ( Roeder et a l , 1 9 7 5 ; Snow and Sc ott ,
1 97 5 ; a n d Hel l ebust e t a l , 1 9 7 5 ) . The l ower-n i tro g e n val ues fou n d i n the me l t
ponds a re i ntere s t i ng-slnce b l ue g reen al ga e a re known to h ave n i tro g e n f i x i n g
capabi l i ty . I t i s po s s i b l e th at d i s s ol ved n i t ro ge n gas i n t h e s e s u rface ponds
a re cycl ed thro u gh the e p i p hyti c b l u e - g reen a l gae commu n i ty to the ma c rophyt i c
b rown and g reen al g ae a n d t h at l ow n i t rogen i n the water refl ects the h i g h
co n s umpt i o n due to the v i gorous a l gae acti v i ty . An a dd i t i o n a l s o u rce o f n i t rogen
was a v a i l a bl e c l o s e to the o i l s p i l l s . Th i s was from n i t rogen conta i n i ng o r g a n i c
mol ec u l es i n the c rude o i l . S cott ( 1 9 7 5 ) h a s e s t i mated that Norman Wel l s c rude
cont a i n s a bo u t 0 . 5% n i troge n . Pe rh a ps even mo re s i gn i fi c a n t was the m i nera l
content of the oxi d i zed crude o i l wh i ch fel l o v e r the i c e s u rfa ce fo l l owi n g
t h e c l e a n - u p b u rn s . I n ag reeme n t wi th the h i gh m i neral compo s i t i on ( es peci a l l y
S i , �20% , P , � 1 0% ) of a i r bo rn e p a rt i c u l ate col l e cted down -wi nd fol l ow i ng a
f i re t ha t b u rned 200 barrel s o f c rude o i l per h o u r fo r s everal wee ks i n 1 9 7 3
a t an o i l we l l near Gl e n ro c k , Wyo . ( Va n Val i n et a l , 1 97 5 ) , an a n a l ys i s o f
Norman Wel l s and Swan H i l l c rude o i l revea l s the-p re s e n ce o f a co n s i de rabl e
v a r i ety of met a l s ( s ee Tab l e 22 ) that w o u l d h av e been p resent i n t he s oot
o b s erved on the i ce s u rface . I t i s p o s s i b l e t h at one o r more of these meta l s
perh aps , vanadi u m o r z i n c , co u l d have been l i m i t i n g , a n d when p re sent i n t h e
me l t ponds , the a l gal b l ooms were sti mul ate d . Kanwi s he r ( 1 957 ) h a s s t u d i ed
the cap a c i ty o f Fucus to s u rvi ve freez i n g and d ryi n g cyc l e s i n the Arc ti c a t
tempe ra t u re s a s l ow a s -40 0 C . Fucus i s a b l e t o b e g i n p hotosyn t he s i s i mmed i a te l y
u pon thaw i n g . In the areas o f mel t pon d a l gae g rowth , the frozen Fucus was
pro b ab l y p resent i n the i ce from the p rev i o u s a u t umn a l ong w i th p i ece s of g reen
al gae and di atom s p o res wh i c h rev i ve d i n the mel t p o n d s u nder what mu s t h ave
been n e a rl y i deal g rowth co nd i t i o n s .
- 31 The consequences o f t h e s e al gae c ommun i ti es to the s t ru ctu re an d
th ermal p ro p e rti es o f the i ce s heet were co n s i clerab l e . As t he a l gae was s trong l y
rad i a t i on absorb i n g , e s pe c i a l l y the dark b rown Fucus , a n d p os s i bl y metabo l i c heat ­
i nq was p res ent , con s i derab l e l o c a l me l t i ng occu re d a s d i s cu s sed e a rl i e r
( Se ct i on 6 . 3 . 1 ) . Th i s heat was concentra ted a t the bottom i c e -water i nterface
o f the me l t ponds . Several me l t pon d s were o b s e rved i n wh i ch the a l g ae mel ted
down t h ro u g h the i ce a depth of about 1 m and t he n fel l i nto the water bel ow ,
l eavi n g a h o l e s omewhat re s embl i n g a seal b reat h i n g hol e . The e xtent of
coverage of the i ce by a l gae growth i n me l t po n d s s u g g e s t s that b i o l o g i c a l
a cti v i ty i s a s i g n i fi cant f actor to con s i de r i n heat bal a n ce s tu d i es o f the sea
i ce re g i me .
8.
CONC LUS I ONS
8. 1
L i ght l e vel s i n the v i s i b l e re gi o n meas u red d u ri n g May and J une i n B a l aena
B ay i n t he area expo s e d to the w i nter u n de r i ce d i s ch a rge s of crude o i l
were s i gn i f i c an t l y reduced comp a red to u n co n t ami n at ed a reas of t h e bay .
2 . Sal i n i ty was i n c re a s ed an d the temperature s l i gh t l y rai s ed i n the water
col umn di rect l y be l ow the o i l con tami n a te d i ce , but the effects were
re stri cted to the top few me t res o f the water col umn . Chemi cal compo s i ti o n
o f t he water bel ow t he i ce was not s i g n i f i c antl y pertu rbed by t h e presence
of the o i l . B a l aena B ay h a s water p roperti es and hydro graphy typi c a l of
the i n - s ho re Beaufo rt Sea .
3 . Pri mary p ro ducti v i ty by t he p hytop l an k ton bel ow the i ce i n Bal ae na B ay
was moderate ( - 3 mo l C m - 2 y r- 1 ) by Arct i c stan dards a n d s l i g h t l y
e n h a n ced by the o i l d i s c h a rges .
4 . Phyto p l an kton a b u n da n c e a n d di v e rs i ty i n the water unde r the i ce was
enh anced by t he o i l d i s ch a rge . The p hyto p l a n kton con s i s ted mo s t l y of
g l aci o phyl i c Pennatae d i a toms .
5 . A di verse and a bu nd a n t a l gae fl ora i n c l u d i ng ma c ro p hytes was fo u n d i n
s u rfa ce me l t po nds exposed to a i rbo rne c omb u s t i o n p ro d u cts of the c rude
o i l bu rned from the i ce i n Ba l ae n a Bay . Th i s a l gae was not noted o n the
s u rface of th e i ce i n l oc ati o n s remo te from the o i l s p i l l a re a . Th e a l gae
p resent i n me l t ponds i n c l uded b l u e - g reen , b rown and g reen a l g a e spec i e s
not fo u n d to be p resent i n water bel ow the i ce .
9.
I MPL I CAT I ONS AND RECOMMENDATI ONS
9.1
Sc i en t i fi c
1 . The redu ct i o n i n l i g ht l eve l s a n d o t her p e rturba t i on s p ro d u ce d by
o i l e n trapped i n s ea i ce h ave n o t red uced t h e s p ri n g p l an kton i c pri m a ry
p ro d u cti vi ty n o r grea tl y c ha nged phyt o p l a n kton d i vers i ty . Thi s s ugge sts
that i n the Arcti c , the pl an kton i c compone n t o f t h e fo od c h a i n i s
rel ati vel y s tabl e when exposed to a c ru de o i l i ns u l t c om p a re d to oth e r
mo re vu l n e ra b l e components a t h i gher t rop h i c l evel s .
2 . These res u l ts a p p l y to t he expo s u re o f a n e n c l o s e d n o n - t u rb i d
ma ri ne bay to two k i nds o f c rude o i l , Norman Wel l s a n d Sw an Hi l l , a n d
s ho u l d be extrapol ated wi t h c a ut i o n t o other l o cat i o n s o r to e s t i mat i n g
t h e e ffects o f o ther k i n d s o f c rude o i l o n p r i ma ry produc t i v i ty . Howeve r ,
i n -s o -fa r as the re s u l ts depend on the p hy s i ca l p ro p e rti es of t h e crude
-32o i l s u c h e xt ra po l ati o n to o t h e r crude o i l types i s j us t i fi e d .
3 . The procedure s u s e d to c l e a n u p the crude o i l at B a l aen a Bay
by b u rn i n g the crude o i l from the i ce s u rface i n l ate s pri n g ,
produced un expected l y l a rg e a n d d i verse a l g a l produ cti on i n mel t
ponds o n t he i ce s u rfa ce wh i ch i n thems e l ves c a u s e d a s i g n i fi c a n t
mel ti n g of the i ce . Th i s emp h a s i z e s t h e n eed t o h av e a g o o d under­
s tand i n g o f the ma ri ne sea i ce ecosys tem i f the res pon s e to
dr i l l i ng acti v i ty i s to be p re d i ctabl e . The ti mi n g a n d l o cat i on o f
di ffe ren t c l e a n u p p rocedu re s a r e c ri ti c a l to mi n i mi z i ng the effect
of c ru de o i l on the e n v i ronme n t .
4 . The ten - d ay i n c re a s e i n the o pen wat e r pe ri o d p ro d uced by an
e a rl y mel t of the i ce cover co ntami n ated by crude o i l wi l l i n duce
an earl i e r change-over i n the d i a tom comm u n i ty to the open water
CentY'iceae " s u n ll fl o ra w i th u n kown ecol o g i c a l conseq uences .
9 .2
Offs h o re d r i l l i ng
1 . The fact that crude o i l di s cha rged be l ow t he i ce d ur i n g wi n te r
s preads over a r e 1 a t i v e 1 y confi n e d a rea a n d then i s t ra pped by t h e
g rowi n g i ce s h ee t s eems t o have l i mi ted h armf u l e ffects of t h e o i l
o n th e s pri ng p l a n k ton pri mary p rodu cti o n . Effo rts to remove o i l
trapped i n poc kets i n the i ce s heet d u ri ng the wi nter wou l d not b e
n e ce s s a ry t o protect the p l an kton d i atom commun i ty e s peci a l l y i n
deep wate r .
2 . The p referred peri o d t o remo ve t h e o i l from s e a i ce by combus t i on
or by me chan i c al me a n s i s the s ho rt t i me between bri ne c han n e l
devel o pment , when t h e o i l ri s es t h ro u g h t h e p o ro u s i ce a n d fo rms
poo l s on the s u rfa ce of the i ce , and brea k u p . The e co l o g i c a l danger
a s s oc i ated wi th combus t i o n i s the u n ce rt a i nty a s to the effe cts that
e n h anced p ro d u ct i o n and modi fi ed fl oral and faun a l compo s i ti on
over a wi de a re a mi ght have on the total e co sys tem .
9.3
Open Qu es t i o n ( not veri fi abl e from t h i s s t u dy )
1 . The s pri ng p l a n kto n i c compo n e n t of the total p r i mary p ro du c t i o n
h as been as s e s s ed a n d f o u n d t o be l i tt l e a ffe cted by the crude o i l .
I t i s known that the s e a i ce ( epont i c ) a n d the benth i c contri but i o n s
a re often a s l a rge a s t h e p l an kton i c p ro du ct i v i ty . T h e sea i ce
commu n i ty wo ul d l i kel y be v e ry s ev e rel y red u ced by oi l c on tami n a ted
i ce s i n c e i t g rows on the u n de r s i de of the i ce s u rface whi c h wo u l d
be o i l coated . The benth i c p rodu cti v i ty whi c h o cc u r s i n t h e s ho rt
open water peri o d wou l d l i ke l y be a ffected o n l y i f o i l were c arri ed
to the bottom a d s o rbed o n s i n k i n g detri t u s .
2 . Oi l di s c h a rges i n wi nter un der i ce- cov e re d t u rb i d mari n e waters
( s uc h as those i n Mackenz i e Bay ) wo u l d p ro d u ce a s i mi l ar s l i gh t
enhancement i n s p r i n g p l a n k to n i c p roduct i v i ty , b u t s everly redu c e
benth i c p ro du cti on due to s i n ki n g o i l a t brea k u p .
10.
10.1
N EEDS FOR FURTHER STUD I ES
- 33 -
Gaps i n k n owl edge
1 . Th e e ffect o f d i fferent typ e s o f c ru de oi l o n t he p ri mary
p roducti vi ty o f the i ce- covered Arct i c ma r i ne sy s tem i s not known .
2 . The experi mental o i l s p i l l s cond u c ted i n t h i s s tu dy were i n
very c l e a r water . For a more comp l ete understandi n g of t he Bea u fort
Sea e n v i ro nme n t a l re s p o n s e to o i l , i nforma t i on deri ved from a s i mi l a r
s p i l l experi ment i n t u rb i d water mu s t be obtai n ed .
3.
The rea s o n s fo r h i g h da rk- bottl e
l4
C u p ta ke a re not u n de rs tood .
4 . The o c cu re n c e o f h i gh a l gae producti v i ty i n s u rface mel t ponds o n
sea i ce i s not wel l documen ted nor a re t h e n u t r i e n t dyn ami cs o f s u c h
sys tems u n derstoo d .
5 . The changes i n duced by o i l i n s e a i ce on t h e s pectra l di s t r i but i o n
o f l i g ht i n and bel ow t h e i ce a re not known a n d yet s uc h i n forma t i o n
i s vi tal t o unders t an d i n g t h e res pon s e mec h a n i sm o f phyto p l a n kton t o
c h a nges i n l i ght-i ntens i ty b ro u g h t a b o u t by an o i l s p i l l .
10.2
Proposed fut u re wo rk
1 . The o i l s p i l l s i te a t Bal aena Bay s ho u l d be v i s i ted e a ch year '
fo r t h e next t h ree o r four years to es tabl i s h a base l i n e by w h i ch
i ts beha v i o u r i n 1 9 74/ 7 5 , when the o i l s pi l l s were c on d u cted , can be
as ses s ed . Th i s i s espec i a l l y i mportant i n understa n d i n g the me chan i sm
o f s u rfa ce me l t pond fo rma t i o n ( re l ated to a v e ri fi cati on of the
p roposed o i l comb u s ti on p roduct hypothes i s to e xp l a i n a l gae a b u n dan ces
o n the s u rface ) .
2 . An experi ment s i mi l ar i n ma gni tude to B a l aena B ay , b u t i n a
t u rb i d es tuari ne e n vi ronment , s ho u l d be con ducted i n the Beaufo rt Sea .
3 . The changes i nduced i n the s pe ct ra l d i s t r i b ut i o n s o f l i gh t penet rat i n g
snow- and i ce - covered water s h o u l d b e me as u re d i n s pri n g and c o rre l a t ed
wi th b i o l o g i cal , chem i c al and p hys i c a l wate r q u a l i ty parameters . Th i s
i n fo rmati o n i s req u i re d t o p ro p e rl y des cri b e t h e s e a i ce e n v i ro nmen t
whi ch wi l l b e a ffected by the o ff-s h o re dr i l l i n g p ro g ram .
4 . A s c i enti fi c tas k force s ho u l d b e as s emb l e d wi t h defi n ed a reas o f
res po ns i b i l i ty t o u n derta ke a fi e l d p ro g ram i n t h e B ea u fo rt Se a
i mmed i ately fol l ow i n g t h e o c c u r e nce o f a n a c c i dental b l ow- o u t . Thi s
g ro u p wou l d have no di rect cl e an - u p res pon s i b i l i ty , b u t wou l d take
advan ta ge of th e pert u rbat i o n t o the e n v i ro nment b ro u g h t about by t h e
l a rge re l ease o f o i l a n d gas to i n c re a s e s c i en ti fi c u nderstan d i ng o f
t h e Bea u fort Sea and the refo re a i d i n i ts f u t u re man a gement . T h e i n i ti al
pers on n e l for the o rg an i z at i o n o f t h i s tas k force co u l d be obta i n ed from
the Beaufo rt Sea Project i nve s ti gators , b u t the t a s k fo rc e wou l d h a v e
t o be k e p t c u rrent b y a ppoi ntment o f n ew memb e rs t o avo i d l o s s of
o p e ra ti o n a l capabi l i ty .
- 34 11 .
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Steema n n N i el sen , E . 1 9 58 . A s u rvey o f rece n t Da n i s h mea s u reme n ts o f the
orga n i c p roduct i vi ty i n th e s e a . Rappo rts et P ro ces - V e rb a u x des Reu n i o n s ,
Con s e i l i n tern a t i o n a l po u r 1 I Expl o rat i on de l a Me r . 1 44 , 92 - 5 .
Steeman n N i e l s e n , E . and Vagn Kr . Hansen , 1 9 59 . Li g h t adapta t i o n i n mari n e
p hytop l an kton popul ati o n s and i ts i nterrel a t i o n w i t h temperature .
Phys i ol og i a P l anta rum g, 3 5 3 - 7 0 .
Steven , D . M . 1 9 7 1 . Pri ma ry producti v i ty o f the t ro p i c a l western At l anti c
Ocean n e a r Barbado s . Ma ri n e Bi o l o gy . lQ, 2 6 1 -4 .
S t raug h n , D . 1 9 7 1 . Water Po l l u t i o n by Oi l . I n s t i tute of Petro l e um , Londo n .
Symp . i n Scot l and , 1 9 70 . Ed . Peter Hepp l e . p . 2 85 .
Straugh n , D . and B . C . Abbott . 1 9 7 1 . The Santa B a rb a ra o i l s p i l l : eco l o q i ca l
c h a nge and natural o i l l ea k s i n Water Po l l u t i o n by Oi l . I n s t . Pe t . , London .
Stri c k l and , J . D . H . 1 9 58 . So l a r ra d i a t i on p enetrat i n g t h e ocean . A rev i ew
of requi rements , data and me thods of me as u rement s , wi t h parti c u l a r reference
to p hotosyn thet i c prod uc t i vi ty . J . Fi s h . Re s . Bd . Canada . � ( 3 ) ,
453 - 9 3 .
Stri c k l and , J . D . H . a n d T . R . Parsons . 1 9 6 8 . A P ra c t i c a l Handbook of Sea Water
An a l ys i s . Fi s h . Res . Bd . Canada , Bu l l . , 1 6 7 , 3 1 1 ( pro ducti v i ty , p . 26 7 ) .
Thomas , C . W . 1 9 63 . On the transfe r o f vi s i b l e rad i a t i on th ro ug h sea i ce and
s n ow . J . G l a c i ol ogy i, 481 - 4 .
Ty l e r , J . E . , a n d R . C . Smi th . 1 9 70 . Mea s u reme nts o f Spe c t ra l I rrad i a n ce
Unde rwa te r . Go rdo n a n d Breac h , N ew York . p p . 1 0 3 .
Van V a l i n , C . C . , R . F . Pue s c he l , and F . P . Parungo . 1 9 7 5 . Fo rmat i on of
c l oud a n d i ce n u cl ei by the comb u s t i o n o f c r u de o i l . J . App . Meteor .
Ii, 1 200 - 3 .
Vol l enwe i de r , R . A . 1 9 69 . A ma n u a l o n methods fo r me a s u r i ng p r i mary pro d u c t i o n
i n aquati c envi ronmen t s . I . B . P . Ha ndbo o k No . 1 2 . Bl a c kwe l l Sci en t i fi c
Publ i ca t i o n s , Oxfo rd . p p . 21 3 .
Wel c h , H . E . and J . Ka l ff 1 9 74 . Ben th i c photosyn t he s i s an d res p i ra ti on i n
C h a r Lake . J . Fi s h . Res . Board Canada 11, 60 9 - 2 0 .
Wel ch , H . E . and J . Ka l ff . 1 9 7 5 . Mari ne metabol i sm a t Reso l ute Bay ,
Northwe s t Terri tori es . Proceed i n g s C i r cumpol a r Co nference on Northern
Ecol ogy , Nati onal Res earch Co un c i l o f Canada , Ottawa . In p re s s .
We l l e r , G . E .
1 9 69 .
Radi a t i on d i ffu s i o n i n Antar cti c i ce med i a .
Wi l l i ams , J . 1 9 70 . Opti c a l Properti es of the Sea .
I ns t i t u te , Anapol i s . p p . 1 2 3 .
Nature 2 2 1 , 3 5 5 - 6
U n i ted States Naval
Zen kevi tch , L . A . 1 9 6 3 . B i o l oqy of the s e as of the U . S . S . R .
P u b l i s h ers , New Yo r k . pp . 955 .
I n te rs c i ence
40
ABBREV IATI ONS USED
B.O.D.
B i o l og i ca l o xygen d emand
CCIW
Canada Cen tre for I n l a n d Waters
DEW
D i s ta n t Earl y Warn i ng ( Sta ti o n )
D.O.
Di s so l v ed Oxyg en
I BP
I n tern a t i o n a l B i o l o g i c a l Proj ect
IR
I n fra red
N.B.S.
Na ti o n a l Bureau of Standard s
O.R.P.
Oxygen red u c t i o n potenti a l
P . ,11 R .
P ho to sy n theti c a l l y a c t i v e rad i a ti o n
P.V.C.
Po l yv i nyl c h l o r i de
UV
U l tra v i o l et
. .
-41 -
TAB L E S
1.
Under i ce p r i ma ry produ c t i v i ty , Ba l a e n a Bay , N . W . T . , May-J u n e , 1 97 5 .
( A ) Dates , s ta t i o n s a nd depth s ; ( B ) Res u l t s i n l i g ht and dark bottl e s .
2.
Downwe l l i ng and u pwe l l i ng i rradi a n c e u nder i ce i n B a l aena Bay , N . W . T . ,
May- J un e , 1 9 75 .
3.
Sea i ce a l bedo resu l ts , May- J u ne , 1 9 7 5 , B a l a en a Bay , N . W . T . (measu red
30 cm above s u rface ) .
4.
D i ffu s e a tten u a ti on coeffi ci e n ts , KH20 , of water u n de r i ce i n B a l a e n a
Bay , N . W . T . , May-J u n e , 1 9 7 5 ( u n i ts of m - l ) .
5.
D i ff u s e atten u a t i o n coeffi c i ents , K H 20 ' o f open water i n B a l aena Bay ,
N . W . T . , S ep t . 5- 1 0 , 1 9 74 ( un i ts of '
m- l ) .
6.
D i ffu s e atten u a t i o n coeff i c i e n t s of i ce and water i n B a l a e n a Bay , N . W . T . ,
J u ne , 1 97 5 .
7.
Hydro l ab S u rveyor d a ta , B a l a e n a Bay , N . W . T . , May-J u n e , 1 9 7 5 .
8.
S a l i n i ty i n water a t s ta t i o n s i n Ba l a ena Bay , N . W . T . , May - J u n e , 1 9 75 .
9.
Water temperatures a t s tati o n s i n Ba l aena Bay , N . W . T . , r�ay-J u n e , 1 9 7 5 .
1 0.
Conduct i v i ti es and s a l i n i t i es o f i ce c ores from B a l a e n a Bay , N . W . T .
11.
Water q u a l i ty res u l ts from Ba l a en a Bay , N . W . T . , May- J u ne , 1 97 5 .
( a ) 5 . 0 m ; ( b ) 2 . 5 m depth s .
1 2.
Opti c a l p ro perti es o f i ce cores from Ba l a e n a Bay , N . W . T .
( a ) a b sorbance ; ( b ) attenuati o n c oeffi c i e n t .
13.
G enera l obs erv ati o n s o n weather a n d i ce condi ti o n s , Ba l a e na Bay , N . W . T . ,
May-J u n e , 1 9 7 5 .
1 4.
P l a n kton abun dance i n cel l s pe r l i tr e i n Ba l a e n a Bay , N . W . T .
1 5.
A l gae con ten t of s u rface me l t ponds i n B a l aena Bay , N . W . T .
( a ) J u ne 4 , 1 97 5 ; ( b ) J u n e 1 4 , 1 97 5 .
16.
Abund a n c e p ercen t s ( re l a t i v e ) for a l ga l me l t p o n ds .
17.
I d e nti fi cati o n c ode for m i c rob i ota from B a l a e n a B ay , N . W . T . , May-J u n e , 1 97 5 .
1 8.
I ce s urface a l g a e s u rvey west o f o i l s p i l l , J un e 1 8 , 1 9 75 .
1 9.
Summary of number of p l a n ktoni c g enera i n c o n t ro l a n d o i l g ro u p s o f
s tati o n s i n Ba l a e n a Bay , N . W . T . , May- J u ne , 1 97 5 .
20.
Mean p r i mary p r�d u c t i V i ty res u l ts , May- J u ne , 1 97 5 , B a l a e n a Bay , N . W . T .
(m mo l C m -� h - ) .
- 42 21 .
P hytop l a n kton p rodu cti o n e s t i ma te s from s evera l far northern mari n e
l oc ati o n s a nd from s ome compara b l e reg i o n s i n l ower l a ti tudes ( from
Grai nger ( 1 9 7 4 ) wi t h s om e addi ti o n s )
.
22 .
Ana l ys i s o f u nweathere d crude o i l s amp l es .
43
Tab l e 1
A.
Under- i ce �rimar� �roduct; v i t�, Bal aena Ba�! N . W . T . , Ma�-June , 1 975
Dates , s tati on s , and de p ths of mea su remen ts ( for s ta ti on l ocati ons see s i te p l a n ;
cl ass o f s tati on : C , c ontrol ; I , i nfl uenced by oi l ; 0 , i n oi l )
S tati on
De�thLm
Time i n
Time out
May 1 3
DHl ( I )
May 1 6
DHl ( I )
May 26
DHl ( I )
4.5
6.5
2.5
4. 5
2.5
5.0
2.5
5.0
2.5
5.0
2.5
5.0
2.5
5.0
2.5
5.0
2.5
5.0
2.5
5.0
2.5
5.0
2.5
5.0
2.5
5. 0
2.5
5.0
2.5
5.0
2.5
5.0
2.5
5.0
2.5
5.0
2.5
5.0
2.5
5.0
2.5
5.0
0 . 58
0 . 25
2.5
5.0
2.5
5.0
1 2 : 30
1 2 : 50
13:1 5
13:1 5
9 : 30
9 : 20
1 0 : 20
10:10
1 1 : 25
1 0 : 50
9 : 20
9 : 25
1 0 : 05
1 0: 10
1 0 : 30
1 0 : 40
9 : 45
9 : 50
1 5 : 30
1 5 : 30
1 6 : 50
1 6 : 55
1 6 : 00
1 5 : 55
1 6 : 35
1 6 : 25
1 7 : 00
1 7 : 05
22:1 0
22: 1 0
1 8 : 00
1 8 : 05
1 9 : 05
19: 15
21 : 1 5
2 1 : 25
1 6 : 30
1 6 : 30
1 8 : 30
1 8 : 30
1 7 : 30
1 7 : 30
21 : 55
21 : 55
1 5 : 00
1 5 : 00
1 0 : 50
1 2 : 25
1 6 : 30
1 6 : 50
17:1 5
1 7 :15
1 3 : 35
1 3 : 35
1 4 : 37
1 4 : 37
1 5 : 00
1 5 : 00
1 3 : 20
1 3 : 20
1 4 : 00
1 4 : 00
1 4: 1 5
1 4: 1 5
1 3 : 30
1 3 : 30
1 9 : 20
1 9 : 20
21 : 1 0
21 : 1 0
1 9 : 57
1 9 : 57
20 : 3 5
20 : 35
1 5 : 40
1 5 : 40
1 9 : 58
1 9 : 58
1 6 : 20
1 6 : 20
17:1 5
17:1 5
1 9 : 00
1 9 : 00
1 4 : 00
1 4 : 00
16:1 5
16:15
1 5 : 25
1 5 : 25
1 6 : 50
1 6 : 50
1 5 : 45
1 5 : 45
1 4 : 55
1 4 : 55
Date
DH2 ( I )
BH7 ( C )
May 29
DHl ( I )
DH2 ( I )
BH6 ( C )
BH7 ( C )
May 30
BH7 ( C )
DHl ( I )
DH2 ( I )
CHl ( I )
June
1-2
DHl ( I )
DH2 ( I )
CHl ( I )
BH7 ( C )
BH6 ( C )
June
4-5
DH1 ( I )
DH2 ( I )
CH1 ( I )
June
6-7
AMP#l
AMP#2
DH1 ( I )
DH2 ( I )
COll1T1en t
- l os t one dark bottl e
- fi rs t 24 hr set of data
- no c l ear i c e , snow covered
- we t s n ow around h o l e
- water dra i n i ng from mel t
pond i nto hol e
- s n ow de p th 1 3 cm for
1 0 m rad i u s of ho l e
- 1 3 cm wet snow
around ho l e
44
( Cont ' d )
Tab l e
Date
June
6-7
Stati on
De�th/m
C Hl ( 1 )
2.5
5.0
2.5
5.0
2.5
5.0
2.5
5.0
2.5
5.0
2.5
5.0
2.5
5.0
2.5
5.0
2.5
5.0
2.5
5.0
2.5
5.0
2.5
5.0
2.5
5.0
2.5
5.0
0. 5
0 . 325
0 . 1 25
0 . 25
0.5
0 . 37 5
s u rface
0.5
2.0
5.0
2.0
5.0
2.0
5.0
2.0
5.0
2.0
5.0
2.0
5.0
2.0
5.0
BH7 ( C )
June
9
CHl ( 1 )
SH2 ( 0 )
NW6 ( C )
DHl ( I )
June 1 0
SHl ( O )
NW2 ( 0 )
tlW4 ( 0 )
DH2 ( I )
June 1 1 - 1 2
BH2 ( C )
BH8 ( C )
FHl ( C )
BH7 ( C )
June 1 4
June 1 6- 1 7
DAl
UAl
DA2
UA2
DA3
UA3
DA4
UA4
BH7 ( C )
SH2 ( 0 )
NW6 ( 0 )
SHl ( O )
NW4 (0 )
NW2 ( 0 )
DH2 ( 0 )
Time i n
Time out
Coment
1 5:25
1 2 :35
1 2 : 35
1 5 : 25
09 : 50
1 3 : 30
09 : 50
1 3 : 30
22: 1 5
02 : 00
22: 1 5
02 : 00
23 : 3 5
03 : 00
03 : 00
23 : 35
03 : 30
0 0 : 1 5 ( June 1 0 )
00 : 1 5 ( June 1 0 )
03 : 30
02 : 30
23 : 00
02 : 30
23 : 00
2 2 : 55 (June9) 1 8 : 25
- at 1 4 : 30 bott l es
22 : 55 ( June9 ) 1 8 : 25
i n SH1 , NW2 , and
NW4 were ex p osed
1 9 : 30
00 : 1 5
00 : 1 5
1 9 : 30
to d i rec t dayl i ght
01 : 20
. 22 : 00
for about 5 mi n .
01 : 20
22 : 00
each ( extens i ve fog presen t )
- th i s se t frozen ,
02 : 05
22 : 45
22 : 45
0 2 : 05
not u sed
2 0 : 00
1 7 : 30
June 1 2 very foggy
20 : 00
1 7 : 30
1 8 : 20
20 : 30
1 8 : 20
20 : 30
1 7 : 45
1 9 : 40
1 7 : 45
1 9 : 40
17:15
1 7 : 25
17:15
1 7 : 25
19:1 5
a l l June 1 4 s tati ons
1 3 : 00
are a l gal me l t p onds
19:19
1 3 : 30
19:17
1 3 : 20
on s urface of i ce
1 9 : 21
exce p t DA4 whi ch i s
1 3 : 20
1 9 : 30
1 4 : 47
a water fi l l ed cra c k
i n the i ce
1 9 : 54
1 5: 15
1 9 : 39
1 5 : 30
1 9 : 35
1 5: 1 5
1 7 : 20
- l i gh t c overs not u s ed
1 7 : 40
on hol es for t hi s o r
1 7 : 20
1 7 : 40
fol l owi ng ex p erimen t s
1 8: 1 0
1 8 : 42
on June 22-23 or June 25-26
18: 1 0
1 8 : 42
1 8: 1 9
19: 19
18: 19
19: 19
1 8 : 35
1 9 : 49
1 8 : 35
1 9 : 49
1 9 : 25
21 : 1 0
1 9 : 25
21 : 1 0
22: 55
19:10
22 : 55
19:10
1 9 : 35
23 : 40
1 9 : 35
23 : 40
45
Tab l e
( Cont ' d )
Date
June 1 6- 1 7
Stati on
De� th/m
Time i n
Time out
CHl ( I )
2.0
5.0
2.0
5.0
2.0
5.0
2.0
5.0
2.0
5.0
2.0
5.0
2.0
5.0
2.0
5.0
2.0
5.0
2.0
5.0
2.0
5.0
2.0
5.0
2.0
5.0
2.0
5.0
s u rface
1 .5
. 3.0
5.0
18: 15
18:15
20 : 00
2 0 : 00
1 6 : 00
1 6 : 00
1 8 : 45
1 8 : 45
1 9 : 30
1 9 : 30
20 : 40
20 : 40
21 : 25
2 1 : 25
22 : 50
22 : 50
23 : 25
23 : 25
1 8 : 00
1 8 : 00
20 : 30
20 : 30
21 : 1 5
21 : 1 5
23 : 45
23 : 45
00 : 30
0 1 : 45
1 9 : 35
1 9 : 35
1 9 : 35
1 9 : 35
1 7 : 37
1 7 : 37
1 8 : 57
1 8 : 57
1 8 : 25
1 8 : 25
1 7 : 25
1 7 : 25
1 8 : 00
1 8 : 00
1 8 : 40
1 8 : 40
1 9 : 00
1 9 : 00
19: 1 5
19:1 5
1 9 : 30
1 9 : 30
20 : 40
20 : 40
2 0 : 50
2 0 : 50
2 1 : 00
2 1 : 00
21 : 1 5
21 : 1 5
21 : 20
21 : 20
20 : 1 0
20: 1 0
20: 1 0
20: 1 0
ISl ( I )
June 22-23
BH7 ( C )
BH4( C )
FHl ( C )
CHl ( I )
SHl ( O )
I S2 ( I )
NW2 ( 0 )
June 25- 26
BH7 ( C )
CHl ( I )
SH2 ( 0 )
NW2 ( 0 )
#7 ( 0 )
I I (C)
Comment
- b r i g h t s u n l i gh t for fu l l
p eri od of i ncubati on
- co l on i es of di atoms s een
c l i ng i n g to bott l es o r
ro pes when bott l es bei ng
retri eved after i ncubati on
- no mas s i ve col on i es of
d i atoms on bottl es or ro pes
46
Tab l e 1 ( Con t ' d )
B.
Produ cti v i ty res u l ts i n l i ght and dark bottles ( uni ts : m mol
(i )
Station
BH7
Control s tati ons
Depth/m
Date
5.0
May 26
29
30
June 2
7
11
16
22
25
May 26
29
30
June 2
7
11
June 1 6
22
25
May 29
June 2
May 29
J une 2
June 1 1
June 1 1
Ju¥ 1 1
June 1 1
. June 22
June 22
June 25
June 25
June 25
June 25
June 1 1
22
June 1 1
June 22
2.5
BH7B
2.0
BH6
5.0
2.5
BHa
BH2
BH4
II
FH1
C fi xed m
5.0
2.5
5.0
2.5
5.0
2.0
5.0
3.0
1.5
0.0
5.0
2.5
2.0
L i ght
Dark 1
Dark 2
0 . 259
0 . 252
0 . 231
0. 0368
0 . 0701
0 . 0872
0 . 051 6
0 . 0372
0 . 0374
0 . 303
0 . 293
0 . 235
0 . 0436
0 . 0406
0 . 0866
0 . 0474
0 . 0429
0 . 0328
0 . 270
0 . 1 86
0 . 254
0 . 0877
0 . 0905
0 . 0827
0 . 0776
0 . 0804
0 . 0332
0 . 0284
0. 0336
0. 041 7
0 . 0250
0 . 00632
0. 1 02
0 . 0382
0 . 0972
0 . 1 72
0 . 284
0 . 256
0 . 234
0 . 099 1
0 . 0600
0 . 0401
0 . 0341
0 . 023 1
0 . 0299
0 . 1 43
0 . 230
0 . 239
0 . 03 1 6
0 . 0224
0 . 0375
0 . 0292
0 . 02 1 3
0. 0268
0 . 254
0. 0923
0 . 242
0 . 0423
0 . 0556
0 . 0565
0 . 0552
0 . 05 1 4
0 . 0273
0 . 0259
0. 0226
0 . 0264
0 . 0245
0 . 00293
0. 0644
0 . 0204
0 . 0589
0 . 0273
0 . 21 5
0 . 271
0 . 228
0 . 03 1 3
0. 1 1 8
0 . 0430
0 . 01 92
0 . 021 5
0 . 0234
0.310
0 . 227
0 . 249
0 . 0325
0. 0373
0 . 0 1 46
0 . 0240
0 . 01 58
0 . 0241
0. 254
0 . 0471
0 . 254
0 . 03 5 1
0 . 0544
0 . 0604
0 . 0544
0 . 0601
0 . 0270
0 . 0259
0.0172
0. 0238
0. 0220
0 . 00259
0. 0957
0 . 0246
0 . 0370
0 . 01 6 5
-3
hr
-1
)
47
Tabl e 1 ( Con t ' d )
(ii )
S tati on
DHl
Infl uenced by o i l s ta t i ons
Depth/m
Da te
L i gh t
Dark 1
Dark 2
5.0
May 26
29
30
June 2
5
7
9
May 26
29
30
June 2
5
7
9
May 26
29
30
June 2
5
7
16
May 26
29
30
June 2
5
7
June 1 6
May 30
June 2
5
7
9
16
22
25
May 30
June 2
5
7
9
June 1 6
22
25
June 1 6
June 1 6
June 22
J une 22
0 . 203
0 . 0395
0 . 206
0 . 0309
0 . 1 04
0 . 0873
0 . 31 2
0 . 0284
0 . 252
0 . 237
0 . 529
0 . 1 00
0 . 1 52
0 . 244
0 . 338
0 . 1 90
0 . 1 93
0 . 1 25
0 . 1 23
0 . 06 58
0 . 0607
0 . 223
0 . 227
0 . 207
0 . 456
O. 131
0 . 0999
0 . 0466
0. 302
0 . 0662
0. 0989
0 . 0963
0.313
0 . 04 1 6
0 . 0325
0 . 0330
0 . 269
0 . 0273
0 . 0801
0 . 0878
0 . 360
0 . 0474
0. 0362
0 . 0262
0 . 1 94
0 . 0499
0 . 1 04
0 . 0302
0 . 224
0 . 236
0 . 231
0 . 0448
0 . 0744
0 . 0601
0 . 1 30
0 . 262
0 . 287
0 . 227
0 . 0267
0 . 0939
0 . 1 52
0 . 248
0 . 1 59
0 . 25 5
0. 214
0 . 0606
0 . 0860
0 . 0632
0 . 0481
0 . 203
0 . 0276
0 . 1 94
0. 1 1 1
0 . 0778
0 . 0868
0 . 01 1 8
0 . 225
0 . 0375
0. 0996
0 . 0954
0 . 1 94
0 . 021 6
0 . 0246
0 . 0 1 48
0 . 269
0 . 0324
0 . 03 1 7
0 . 0338
0 . 1 82
0 . 04 1 6
0 . 00798
0 . 01 1 4
0 . 0303
0 . 0383
0 . 0298
0 . 0297
0 . 320
0 . 537
0 . 238
0 . 0370
0 . 0771
0. 0846
0 . 0923
0 . 0081 1
0 . 226
0. 213
0 . 0229
0 . 1 70
0 . 0831
0 . 228
0 . 1 84
0 . 261
0 . 1 92
0 . 0865
0 . 0457
0 . 0586
0. 0513
0. 174
0 . 232
0 . 23 1
0 . 043 5
0 . 0503
0 . 1 77
0 . 01 74
0 . 234
0 . 0372
0 . 0668
0 . 1 25
0 . 1 42
0 . 021 2
0 . 0333
0 . 0205
0 . 226
0 . 0366
0 . 0538
0 . 0963
0 . 245
0 . 0253
0 . 0 1 39
0 . 01 28
0 . 0245
0 . 0237
0 . 0358
0 . 0256
2.5
DH2
5.0
2. 5
CHl
2.0
5.0
2.5
2.0
ISl
IS2
5.0
2.0
5.0
2.0
48
Tab l e 1 ( Con t ' d )
(iii)
I n oi l s ta t i ons
Ligh t
Dark 1
Dark 2
0 . 1 43
0 . 0451
0 . 0439
0 . 0238
0 . 1 48
0 . 04 1 5
0 . 04 1 9
0 . 04 1 1
0.117
0 . 0424
0 . 1 41
0 . 0403
0 . 253
0 . 0432
0 . 223
0 . 0379
0. 1 1 1
0 . 0329
0 . 02 1 8
0 . 1 55
0 . 0337
0 . 031 3
0 . 1 93
0 . 0631
0 . 0266
0 . 21 3
0 . 0263
0 . 0452
0 . 0337
0 . 0277
0 . 1 07
0 . 0829
0 . 0323
0 . 01 37
0 . 0978
0 . 0344
0 . 01 68
0 . 01 3 1
0 . 1 00
0 . 0386
0 . 0923
0 . 021 3
0 . 1 77
0 . 0325
0 . 1 09
0 . 0349
0 . 444
0 . 0299
0 . 0182
0 . 0859
0 . 02 1 5
0 . 028 1
0 . 1 52
0 . 0253
0 . 01 7 5
0 . 1 03
0 . 021 0
0 . 00978
0 . 0229
0 . 02 1 0
0 . 1 01
0 . 0351
0 . 0324
0 . 0259
0 . 07 59
0 . 0258
0 . 0272
0 . 01 88
0 . 0664
0 . 0274
0 . 0872
0 . 0270
0 . 225
0 . 0299
0. 1 1 4
0 . 06 1 5
0 . 1 69
(}" 0260
0 . 0230
0 . 01 9 1
0 . 0279
0 . 0324
0 . 0822
0 . 0478
0 . 0 1 32
0 . 1 02
0 . 0 1 50
0 . 01 59
0 . 0222
0 . 021 2
Da te
Ligh t
Dark 1
Dark 2
June 5
June 5
June 1 4
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
0 . 0488
0 . 0 1 96
0 . 0755
0 . 1 37
0 . 467
0 . 043 5
0 . 304
0 . 1 68
0 . 08 1 2
0 . 0974
0 . 0206
0 . 0320
0 . 049 1
0 . 1 00
0. 1 1 9
0 . 09 1 6
0 . 0685
0 . 0379
0 . 0928
0 . 0284
0 . 01 98
0 . 259
0 . 0534
0 . 0834
0 . 270
0 . 0421
0 . 302
0 . 0356
1 . 1 83
0.113
Depth/m
Da te
5.0
June
2.5
2.0
June
June
NW4
5.0
June
NW6
2.5
2.0
5.0
J une
June
June
SH1
2.5
2.0
5.0
June
June
June
2.5
2.0
June
June
5.0
June
2.5
June
2.0
5.0
2.0
June
June
June
S ta t i on
NW2
SH2
#7
( iv)
S t a t i on
AMP#l
AMP#2
DA1
DA2
DA3
DM
UA1
UA2
UA3
UA4
9
16
22
25
9
16
22
25
9
16
9
16
9
16
9
16
9
16
22
9
16
22
9
16
25
9
16
25
25
25
Surface me l t ponds
Dep th/m
0 . 58
0 . 25
0. 5
0. 1 25
0.5
0.0
0 . 325
0 . 25
0 . 375
0.5
49
Ta h l e
2
J rrad i a ncc
under
( downwe l l i n g
i cc
in
�l . t'I . '1' . , :-lay-Jun c ,
Bay
Balacna
0 ) , up'.... c l l i n q
(2) ,
un i t s ,
"E m
-2
s
-1
1975
)
Lo:-ation
2 . ')
1 '] : 4 'j
DHl
(1)
1050
(2)
3C)f)
63.7
0 . 49
58.8
46 . 2
n . 42
0 . 38
13.0
1 7 : 0 ')
13.3
0 . 35
l 1SO
16 . 1
0 . 1)7
18.5
12.7
24.S
28 . 0
10 . 4
17 . 1
19 . 6
0 . 34
0 . 35
O . )'i
5. ')
0 . 34
9 . 66
10 . 1
7.5
6.5
13.6
11. 3
0 . 34
0 . 42
0 . 46
9 . 38
7.98
7.28
n . 49
9 . ')
8.5
Q . 80
n. so
0 , 34
n . 35
D . 32
0 . 32
n . 31
0 . 29
0.25
9 . 10
f> . 4<1
4.m
3 . 64
2 . 80
2. 31
2.03
1.75
1 . S4
0 . 07
0 . 07
D . 07
n . n?
n . 07
0 . 07
n . 07
0 . 06
n. o,�
7.98
7. S6
7.42
7 . 42
7 . 42
7 . ·12
7.14
6.72
S . 7'1
n . 3l
0 . 29
G . 28
O . )'j
0 . 24
n . 24
0 . 24
0.21
0 . 00
0. 10
1 , 08
0,
:? RO
1.%
0 , 10
lO
n.nA
n. n?
n . r)]
n J lfl
0 . 07
0 . 07
3.78
3 . 8.1
3 . ·1 2
3 . 30
3 . rV)
2 . 93
2 . 73
2. S8
2. ·10
n.l1
0.13
n . 14
3 . 54
4 . 0(,
i) . U
3.85
0.14
0 . 14
n . lA
O . lS
0.:7
.2 . 9 1
2 . S �)
!. 1 8
3 . 12
.2 . 8 0
0 . 17
2.
'1 . 1 8
0 . 13
0,13
n.13
n . l·l
n . 14
1 . YI
0 . 1;
0 . 14
3 . 36
(l . I S
O . lS
O.IS
'1 . 1 7
0 . 17
0 . 17
0.18
O , 2()
91!7
2 . 53
2 . 7F,
2 . 87
3 . n7
3.1S
3 . 12
3 . 40
3 . S·)
3 . 42
1.46
3 . 0·;
2. ('6
BH; (CI
'Y . W
n . 17
O.
) In
0 . 20
IS
0 . 1 ·1
0 . 14
0 . 14
O . l·j
O . lS
0 . 1·1
0.13
o.qa
2 . ·Hi
7 . 74
2 . 88
3 . 00
n. 14
1. 0 1
3 . 2(,
3.51
3 . ·1 7
3 . ·�2
3 . 2S
.2 . 9 8
18
ri . 17
0 . 14
n . l ·;
O . 1 ·i
n . 14
0 . 14
n . 1 -)
0 . 14
0.13
0 . 1f}
1 2 : 30
l(/)()
S . 68
3 . ') 3
1 1 2'.
1 12)
I . M3
,',
'.'.. , "
'',.-,'.'
-1 . 4 8
:JHl
(e)
o . ,r )
Il . r.�
n . n,l
O . RA
n.n
0 . 59
f} J )'j
n J ) .j
3 , ')0
l J J4
3 . S)
3 . "7 8
n,nl
.02
0 . 73
run
J . 1l 3
." . 0 1
0 . 7n
n.03
n . ') )
0 . 69
0.03
RO
o . t>Cj
n . 78
0.03
n . n::
n.71
0.71
0.03
1 . 00
0 . 8.1
0 . (,0
n.n)
n.03
rLn2
0.01
0.01
n . 84
n . 1l 3
n . 80
n.
1. �,J
1 . 22
l . nR
n.R3
0.02
2 . 17
(un
n.n?
n . 74
0 . 7(\
n . !l4
n.n3
n.n3
f) . f) 3
f) . n l
O J )2
O J )2
O . so
1 .78
1 . 68
1. 40
n . I)7
0.63
f) . i)?
n . fiO
O. S9
0 . 04
0,03
n.n]
o.nl
0.01
n.nl
n.nl
O . r'll
1.%
l.82
1 . 88
1. SS
2 . 24
7S0
187
1.%
1') . ·1 2
35
(e)
1 'J25
eEl
(e)
fJ99
SI)")
·1 2 1
70 . 9
·L 7(,
1 . 1'; 2
(, .t . 7
72 . R
1 . <)0
·1 . 0 1
13
fl. .
3 . 29
1 . 1)8
':JR . :,
0 . R5
1 7 . r,
n . 7r,
1 ·1 . 3
. 20
J,01
91.7
1->. 1)
n . 34
i) . 2 0
14. 3
')() 0. 3
1 . () 4
1 . 6S
(l.J2
':> , 1 1
18
11.1
n . S7
2 . 73
9 . 2·1
n . 34
-) 1 . 5
l . Yl
J . 12
( i . J.t
l . S,1
·1 1 . 7
1 . 62
1 . SS
n . j<)
3 8 , {,
1 . 65
37 . 8
4R.0
1 . S3
1 . 60
1.62
31.8
l . S4
33.3
1 . ') 3
f) . g?
fl . 7 3
29 . 1
1 . 27
29 . 4
1 . 47
0.28
n.78
0 . sn
0 . 39
0 . 18
0 . 18
0.22
f) . 1 8
7 . 84
6 . 72
11.S
11.1
82 . 6
7 (, . 4
o. ss
o. SO
0 . 94
2.
')7.
7.84
f) . ·19
0 . 49
9.
0 . 62
S 4 . fl
0 . 2(}
fL 07
44.8
2. 38
2 . 24
2 . 24
(i . Afl
(i.S8
6 . 16
S . 32
n . 3 ·1
f). 3·1
n . 34
f) . 34
0 . 38
0.01
,I. ·18
/),·12
0 . 27
2 7 , ::
43.?
SR.7
1 . ?7
1 24
�)Hl
Fi2 . }
2 . 2·;
80 , 9
0.98
0.)
ROO
9l.1
21 : �,n
1. ')7
l . 19
0 . 06
S.S
3 , ,)
I) , C) ?,
1 . 7 "1
4RO
349
l 7 : 3")
1.Rl
3.%
:;. �J
Ju.",�'
4.5
3.5
40.6
0.01
0 . 49
38
1 . 32
1.32
50
Ta bl e
2
( Co n t / d )
Location
Date
Depth
.
June
Bm (e)
4.5
3.5
2.S
1m
5.5
6.5
7.S
9.5
8.5
- --------.- -�- -------
JI..ll1C
Junt'
4
Jl1:'.C:
283
10
10
10
1 6 : 10
Oll
1 7 : 30
1 7 : 50
1 8 : 05
1450
77.0
77.0
77.0
580
15.4
14 . 0
11.2
1200
68.6
54 . 6
56.0
320
18.2
14.0
4 . 20
800
21.0
18.9
22.4
200
16. 1
D!!l
950
SH2
1 9 : 20
SHl
1 150
10
740
1<) : 4')
.Tune 1 0
,
.JW1C
12
20 : I S
17:00
E1-!7
3 ' (,4
28.0
23.7
120
11.9
9.1
3 fi . 'i
34.7
so')
270
7 . 35
.11..1)1(:
12
1 7 : 30
mi2
485
JU'LC
D.7
17:45
Fm
188
12
490
Fl . 7
3S. 7
24,)
Date:
Tirre
(1-'.51')
8 . 40
17:21
.June
17
1 7 : 50
BHB
BH78
14.4
13.0
12.9
12.3
14.7
14.0
13.7
12.7
8 . 82
20 . 3
? R.t
12.3
7.3
11.9
11.2
3 . 84
4 . 06
13.0
7 . 84
23.5
24.5
4 . 34
) . )7
3 . 50
21. 3
2 . 80
2 . 46
17.6
1 . 82
11.3
7.6
h . Sf>
9 . 94
7 . 28
3.5
1 ·1 . 8
630
22.4
23.9
19 . 6
18.2
16. 1
15.7
13.2
11.6
1320
68.2
72 . 1
69 . 3
63.7
58. 1
'3 2 . 5
S 1 .7
SO . 7
46.9
38 . 1
3· L 3
31.5
30 . 1
SIS
53.5
42.7
39 . 9
35.7
31. S
27 . 3
24.S
21.7
19.9
19 . 6
17.S
16. 1
11.9
15.7
14.8
13.6
11.2
17.1
9 . 6tl
15.1
7 . 98
6 . 86
12.5
6 . 16
10.9
5.46
35.7
32.2
28.7
22.7
lB.�
5HZ
16.1
IS.
13.7
13. 3
1 2 . fi
n.S
16.5
16.8
<1
25. 2
17. 1
870
38.5
27 . 3
23.1
20 . 3
20 . 3
23.1
l C) . 6
1 7 . fi
13.9
205
32. 2
24.9
20 . 3
16 . 1
13. )
770
65.8
51.1
47.6
44.1
38.S
33.6
25.9
235
23.1
17.9
]4.8
16. 1
15.1
ll.S
10 . 5
6)0
39 . 3
35.0
34.7
30 . 1
27.7
25.9
23. 5
20.7
285
36.7
32.9
27 . 3
22.7
19.3
18.5
17. 1
14.3
720
56.0
53.5
66. 5
60 . 9
55. 3
46. 9
285
39.9
35. 3
35.7
35.0
31. 5
27 . 3
1020
41. 3
39.2
74 . 2
68.5
63.0
58.8
55 . 3
53.2
7 . 98 6 . 72
11.2
17
IB. 35
5m
June
17
18:57
151
June, 1 7
1 9 : 10
8.S
295
38. 5
JU'1C
7.5
6.5
5.5
865
17
23S
1 9 : 25
21.8
7 . 84
7.98
5.81
6. 16
5 . 88
33.s
33. 7
6.02
CJ . 94
7 . 00
462
June
17
6 . 86
26 . 6
1.82
11.9
011
17
June
33.7
8 . ·1
?6.6
1.%
ID0.1tion
JW1C
1 8 : 10
16.8
23.5
2.5
lR:20
S . ,l
22.4
33.6
36 . 8
30 . 8
2 . 24
34 . 2
21.0
1 . 54
·10 J i
35.0
37.8
7 . 14
22.4
1 . 68
2 . 38
2 . 80
740
26.6
2 . 24
3( L 2
2 . 10
21.0
4 . 34
29.4
2 . 80
57.4
11.3
·1 . 4 8
33.6
3.08
39.2
43.4
290
40.6
4 . 34
1B.2
19.6
5 . 74
6 . 30
37.B
42.0
4 . 20
19.6
Ui.8
8 . 12
0 . 35
3 . 78
21.0
7 . 00
9 . 10
0.42
43.4
5 . 46
28.0
7 . 28
<1
53.2
6 . 30
5 � . fi
3.QS
71.
4 . 06
0.42
63.0
7 . 70
4.48
10. 2
0 . 49
7 7. 0
57.8
68.6
10.8
0.%
6 . 58
5 . 88
250
.June
9 . 10
51.8
10 . 1
0 . 56
0 . 70
350
10
10 . 3
1 0 . ')
204
JU'1e 1 0
Juri(·
2 1 : 10
7 . 14
7 . 14
9 . 10
6 . 30
8 . 82
5 . 88
17.1
10.8
24.5
9 . 80
5 . 32
985
75.6
56.7
37 . 1
35.0
34 . 3
29 . 1
22.7
16 . 4
158
63.0
21.0
21.7
18.9
16.8
13.0
11.9
10 . 5
10.6
9 . 80
9 . 94
5 . 46
9 . 52
12.7
8.68
11.2
8 . 96
7 . 70
17. 2
18. 9
15.8
13.3
30 . 8
13.3
8 . 40
10 . 1
7.42
21. 3
8 . 12
39.9
7 . 14
31.2
7 . 00
2.94
9 . 94
10.6
8 . 54
7.98
9 . 10
6.58
9.5
51
Ta b l e 2 ( Co n t ' d )
Depth1
m
','UTr:
C'lS';')
loS
J U rl C'
Jun,�
Jt:!';'. '
0. S
5.5
4.5
3.5
2 . ')
------ -.------ ---.-
23
17:25
Bli4
1000
232
23
1 8 : 00
rm
1050
n
1 8 : 25
BI!7B
10S0
340
237
23
1 8 : 40
Gil
970
JUJ1e> 23
1 9 : 00
Sl!l
1000
23
1 0 : 1')
:: S 2
nn
280
275
JOO
364
13.4
273
12.S
231
0 . 1·1
9 CJ . 4
154
11.2
1 20
11.2
7 ') . 6
4 . 97
9 . 66
193
'37 . 4
178
03.8
8.%
·l . g O
(j . 7 2
1 1 ')
7 . Sfi
()1 . 0
7 . 00
9.S
41.9
3 . 64
R . 2fl
1 0 . ,j
B.S
III
7 . 14
195
174
7.5
-------------.-------�-- --..
3.02
46.9
3 . 82
43.4
2 . CJ4
52
Ta bl e 3
SFA ICE
ALBfIX) RESULTS
May-J1IDe ,
BALAENA BAY , N. IV. T .
(rreasured 30cm above surface)
J1IDe 1
May 2 8
BH6
BH7
1125 , 82 0
0 . 72 9
2 3cm snow
DHl
800 , 4 8 0
800 , 4 80
0 . 60 0
rough snow
9 70 , 8 3 0
DH2
1975
0 . 856
0 . 600
on
750 , 3 49
0 . 46 5
wet porous ice
BHn
309 , 2 0 6
0 . 667
2 3crn snow packed
- 30 cm snow packed
15cm snow
BI-I7
rough snow
DH2
0 . 72 3
5 8 1 , 42 0
0 . 663
187 , 12 4
June 4
June 4
(wet snOll)
0 . 49 3
845 , 490
(rough snow)
0 . 580
6 50 , 8 1
(thick oil '\, lmm)
DHl
1025 , 505
DH2
au
15�. snow on ice fresh
9 9 9 , 421
765 , 185
BH7
0 . L! 2 1
(oil emulsion in water)
2 8 3 , 206
0 . 242
0 . 125
June 10
BH7
on
NI%
DHl
150 0 , 7 8 0
(wet snow)
0 . 520
1200 , 32 0
(pitted ice-brOlln stained from oil)
0 . 2 67
1450 , 5 80
800 , 20 0
SH2
950 , 350
SHl
1150 , 2 50
NW4
7 4 0 , 12 0
Ni'12
740 , 29 0
(water surface)
(crystalline rrelt ice-black particles
blue transparent)
BH7
FHl
BH8
50 5 , 2 07
4 8 5 , 18 8
0 . 250
0 . 368
(blue ice , clean water)
0 . 217
(oily ice)
0 . 162
(brOlln stained ice and snow)
0 . 392
J1IDe 17
J1IDe 12
BH2
0 . 40 0
0 . 41 0
0 . 38 8
0 . 50 0
490 , 24 5
29 5 , 6 3 . 0 0 . 2 1 4
BH7B
all
SH2
1320 , 515
0 . 390
8 6 5 , L!62
0 . 53 4
NI%
7 7 0 , 2 35
0 . 305
ISH
720 , 2 8 5
SHl
NV72
Nl'14
870 , 20 5
6 3 0 , 285
1 02 0 , 2 8 5
9 8 5 , 158
0 . 236
0 . 452
0 . 39 6
0 . 230
0 . 16 0
June 2 3
1000 , 2 32
(granular wet ice)
0 . 232
BH7B 1050 , 2 37
(wet granular ice)
0 . 226
SHl
(white granular ice)
BH4
FHl
au
IS#2
1050 , 340
775 , 2 8 0
100 0 , 2 7 5
9 2 0 , 30 0
(whi te-green wet ice crystal-granular)
(surface of rrelt pond '\, 5cm deep)
(white granular ice)
0 . 323
0 . 289
0 . 27 5
0 . 32 6
(10cm snow)
0 . 72 1
53
Ta bl e 4
, of water under sea ice in Balaena Bay , N . W. T .
Attenuation coefficient , K
water
May-June ,
19 7 5 .
June 1
Location
May 17
Hay 2 1
May 2 5
May 2 8
DHl
0 . 476
0 . 281
0 . 1 86
0 . 42 3
(units o f m I)
June 17
June 2 3
0 . 117
0 . 20 1
0 . 32 2
N\%
0 . 278
0 . 27 '::
NW4
0 . 278
0 . 332
NI"i2
0 . 092
0 . 136
SH2
0 . 16 2
0 . 208
SHl
0 . 186
0 . 177
DH2
0 . 0 50
CHl
June 10
June 12
0 . 164
0 . 402
Bm
BH6
June 4
0 . 19 1
0 . 0 92
0 . 095
0 . 1 30
0 . 19 6
0 . 155
BH8
0 . 192
BH2
0 . 352
FHl
0 . 12 2
IS#l
0 . 2 13
0 . 229
ISjl2
BH7B
BH4
0 . 311
0 . 260
0 . 152
0 . 15 8
0 . 284
54
Ta bl e 5
Attenuation coefficient , K
of open water in Balaena Bay, N . \'J . T .
w ateL
Sept .
-1
(units of m
)
5-10 , 1 9 7 4
Station
K water
-1
/m
I - 1
0 . 336
2
0 . 266
3
0 . 252
4
0 . 268
5
0 . 34 3
II - 1
0 . 325
2
0 . 238
3
0 . 258
4
0 . 27 5
5
0 . 32 5
III - 1
0 . 27 0
2
0 . 129
3
0 . 29 8
4
0 . 256
5
0 . 245
V - 1
0 . 221
3
0 . 250
5
0 . 275
VI - 1
0 . 36 0
2
0 . 426
3
0 . 370
VII - 1
0 . 3 30
2
0 . 260
3
0 . 244
4
5
0 . 308
0 . 40 0
55
Ta bl e
6
Attenuation Coefficient of ioe and water in Balaena Bay , N . I'l . T .
June
,
1975
June 1 7
Location
ice
thickness
-1
/cm
Kice
/cm
June 2 3
ice
June 2 3 (COl11TeJ1 ts )
-1
/cm
Kice
-1
dm
l\l 2
-l
m
� 2o/
thickness
107
0 . 0086
. 31 1
0 . 0099
. 32 2
( Scm deep surface melt
/cm
SHI
142
0 . 015
. 177
SH2
117
0 . 024
. 20 8
N\'i12
135
0 . 016
. 13 6
N\v4
112
0 . 02 1
. 3 32
NV16
117
0 . 017
. 27 4
IS#l
122
0 . 012
. 229
CHI
130
0 . 017
. 20 1
89
BH7B
152
0 . 01 5
. 152
117
0 . 01 1
. 158
(wet granular ice)
BH4
33
0 . 01 2
. 2 84
(granular wet ice)
FHl
46
0 . 01 8
. 2 13
(white-green wet ice
IS2
86
0 . 0 099
. 260
(white granular surfac�
(white granular ice)
pond)
crystal granular)
56
Tab l e 7 H�dro1 a b Surve�or da ta , B a 1 aena Bal , N . W . T . , Mal - June 1 975
o
T/ C
Depth/m
Sta t i on
Time
Da te
� Cond o
£ti
-1
Ll1111h os cm
May 1 8
1 1 : 30
DHl
6
7
10
11
13
14
1 6 : 00
BH7
BH7
BH7
BH7
BH7
SHl
June 1 4
1 6 : 00
NW6
June 1 6
June 1 8
June 23
18 : 55
1 3 : 26
1 5 : 46
NW6
NW6
NU6
June
June
June
June
June
June
10: 1 0
1 3 : 05
1 4 : 20
1 2 : 32
-1.7
3.0
-0.7
1 .0
-1. 5
1.5
-1 .6
2.0
-1.6
2. 5
-1.6
3.0
-1 . 75
3.5
-1.8
4. 1
-1 .8
4.8
- 1 . 75
5. 5
- 1 . 75
6.2
-1 .7
6.6
6 . 9 { bo ttom } - 1 . 6
-1 . 7
6.3
-1 . 7
5.6
-1.7
4. 3
-2.4
3.5
-2.0
5.0
-0.7
3.0
-0.8
2.5
-0. 7
2.5
+0 . 5
0.2
+0 . 5
1 .0
+0 . 1
2.0
-0. 4
3.0
-0. 5
4.0
5 . 0 { bo tt om } - 0 . 2
d. 5
+0 . 5
+0 . 4
1 .0
+0 . 1
2.0
-0 . 4
3.0
-0. 5
4.0
-0. 4
5.0
-0.4
6.0
7 . 0 { bo tt om } -0 . 3
0.0
3.0
2.0
0.0
2.0
+1 . 5
1 5.0
1 3 . 56
14.8
1 5. 0
1 5 . 04
1 5 . 08
15.14
1 5. 16
1 5. 18
15.18
15.2
1 5 . 34
11.2
15.16
15. 14
17
16.6
17.6
17.8
19.0
13.8
13.9
19.0
18.5
1 8. 3
13.7
12.6
16.0
18.0
18. 2
18.3
18.5
19.6
20.
19. 4
20
41 . 7
11.2
40 . 5
41 . 1
42. 2
43 . 7
44. 0
44 . 2
44 . 5
44 . 7
45 . 0
45 . 2
45. 3
44 . 9
44 . 4
44 . 0
44 . 9
43 . 5
46 . 5
42 . 0
37 . 2
2. 1
2.5
42 . 5
45 . 0
41 . 0
41 . 5
2 . 45
3 . 45
41 . 0
41 . 0
41 . 0
41 . 5
42 . 0
42 . 5
43 . 2
43 . 0
43 . 2
8 . 73
9 . 27
8 . 53
8 . 50
8 . 46
8 . 42
8 . 26
8 . 52
8 . 43
8 . 40
7 . 35
8. 5
8. 7
9.3
6.6
8.8
10.0
6.7
7.8
7.8
6 . 85
5. 1 5
8 . 95
ORP/mV
+205
+ 1 89
+2 1 0
+213
+216
+228
+1 60
+ 21 5
- 1 20
- 1 60
+ 255
-5 50
-580
-370
+1 95
+385
+760
+440
+320
+360
+230
-240
+1 1 5
- 1 00
- 240
57
Tabl e
a
Water sa l i ni ty a t i c e s t a t i ons i n Bal aena Bay
May-June 1 97 5
( dept hs i n me ters , s ee s i te p l an f o r s ta t i on l oca t i ons )
A.
Con t rol s t a t i ons
BHl
De p t h
May 24
( p pt )
2.0
2 9 . 97
BH2
Depth
0. 0
0.5
1 .0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3 . !J
4.0
4.5
5.0
6.0
May 24
( pp t )
3 0 . 05
30. 1 2
30. 1 2
30. 1 2
30. 1 2
30 . 2 7
30 . 2 7
June 1 1
( ppt )
June 1 6
( ppt )
J u ne 1 8
( p pt )
0 . 64
0 . 97
1 . 05
4 . 37
28. 86
30 . 3 4
30 . 34
2 . 30
2 . 39
2 . 70
5 . 23
26 . 66
30. 05
30 . 49
2.17
2.13
2 . 08
4 . 88
26 . 08
29. 52
30. 1 2
30. 49
30 . 87
30. 79
30 . 64
31 . 24
30 . 87
3 1 . 02
58
Tab l e B ( Contd )
BH3
Dep t h
0. 0
0.5
1 .0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3. 5
4.0
4. 5
5.0
5.5
6.0
6. 5
7.0
8. 0
May 2 4 J u n e 1 6
( p pt )
(ppt )
3 0 . 57
30. 57
30 . 64
30 . 64
30 . 64
30 . 64
30 . 72
30 . 7 2
30 . 7 2
30 . 72
3 1 . 32
June l B
( ppt )
June 2 2
(ppt )
1 . 99
2 . 05
2.12
5.41
26 . 66
30. 1 2
30 . 34
1 . 95
1 . 96
1 . 99
5 . 00
2 5 . 0B
29 . 38
30 . 1 2
0 . 94
1 . B3
1 .B3
B . 50
27 . 1 7
28 . 64
29 . 1 5
30 . 87
30 . 72
29. 45
30 . 94
3 0 . 94
29 . 75
31 . 17
3 1 . 09
30 . 34
31 . 24
3 1 . 62
3 1 . 55
30 . 34
BH4
De p t h
0. 000
0. 500
1 . 000
1 . 500
2 . 000
2. 500
3 . 000
3 . 500
4 . 000
4. 500
5 . 000
5 . 500
6 . 000
6 . 500
7 . 000
7 . 500
8. 000
May 24
(ppt )
3 1 . 956
31 . 9 56
31 . 956
3 1 . 956
3 1 . 956
3 1 . 956
31 . 956
3 1 . 956
3 1 . 9 56
3 2 . 031
3 2 . 031
3 2 . 031
3 2 . 1 06
3 2 . 408
June 1 1
( ppt )
June 1 6
(ppt )
June 1 8
(ppt )
J une 22
( ppt )
1 . 61 9
1 . 673
1 . 477
2 . 487
3 1 . 207
31 . 207
3 1 . 282
2 . 930
2 . 930
3 . 030
5 . 363
2 6 . 589
3 1 . 058
3 1 . 207
2 . 958
2 . 941
2 . 930
5 . 91 1
27 . 1 66
30. 462
31 . 058
,1 . 390
1 . 827
6 . 463
1 5 . 970
28 . 47 4
28 . 9 1 3
29 . 427
3 1 . 3 56
3 1 . 806
31 . 581
30 . 31 4
3 1 . 956
3 1 . 956
3 0 . 240
3 2 . 1 82
32 . 03 1
3 1 . 806
31 . 956
3 2 . 33 2
3 2 . 031
3 2 . 031
3 2 . 483
3 2 . 558
3 2 . 483
3 0 . 462
3 0 . 983
3 0 . 388
59
Tab l e 8
( Con td )
BH5
De p th
May 24
(ppt )
2 . 000
2 . 500
3 . 000
3 . 500
4. 000
4 . 500
5 . 000
5 . 500
6 . 000
6 . 500
7 . 000
7 . 500
8. 000
8. 500
9 . 000
9 . 500
1 0 . 000
3 0 . 873
30. 948
3 1 . 023
3 1 . 023
31 . 023
31 . 023
31 . 061
31 . 061
31 . 061
3 1 . 061
31 . 061
31 . 098
3 1 . 1 73
3 1 . 437
3 1 . 47 5
3 1 . 47 5
31 . 51 2
BH6
De p th
r1ay 24
( pp t )
0. 000
0 . 500
1 . 000
1 . 500
2 . 000
2. 500
3 . 000
3 . 500
4 . 000
4 . 500
5 . 000
5 . 500
6 . 000
6. 500
7 . 000
7 . 500
8. 000
8. 500
9 . 000
9. 500
1 0 . 000
30. 53 7
31 . 956
31 . 956
3 1 . 956
31 . 956
31 . 994
3 1 . 994
31 . 994
31 . 994
3 1 . 994
3 1 . 994
3 1 . 994
31 . 994
32 . 031
3 2 . 332
32. 408
3 2 . 408
May 27
( pp t )
31 . 806
31 . 881
31 . 881
3 1 . 881
3 1 . 881
31 . 9 56
3 1 . 9 56
31 . 956
31 . 956
31 . 956
3 1 . 956
31 . 956
3 1 . 956
3 2 . 031
3 2 . 257
3 2 . 332
3 2 . 408
3 2 . 483
June 1
(pp t )
June 3
(ppt )
June 1 1
( pp t )
June 1 6
( ppt )
June 1 8
( ppt )
June 22
( p pt )
29 . 575
31 . 731
31 . 43 1
31 . 956
3 1 . 956
31 . 956
31 . 956
31 . 9 56
3 1 . 9 56
1 . 336
5. 998
7 . 936
8. 174
24 . 876
2 5 . 872
26. 302
26. 445
26 . 661
26 . 805
2 7 . 021
27 . 1 66
28. 474
28. 9 1 3
28 . 766
29 . 207
29 . 648
3 0 . 1 66
31 . 506
3 2 . 408
1 . 542
1 . 542
1 . 542
2 . 487
29 . 427
31 . 207
31 . 207
2 . 925
2 . 997
3 . 030
6 . 580
28 . 401
3 0 . 685
3 1 . 581
2 . 71 4
2 . 764
2 . 764
6. 172
26 . 805
30 . 834
3 1 . 1 32
0 . 729
0 . 729
0 . 773
1 4 . 7 77
27 . 687
29 . 381
30. 1 25
31 . 207
31 . 806
31 . 731
3 0 . 648
3 1 . 282
31 . 956
3 1 . 806
3 0 . 948
31 . 282
3 2 . 1 82
31 . 956
31 . 023
3 1 . 356
32 . 483
32 . 1 82
3 1 . 550
31 . 806
3 2 . 483
3 2 . 483
3 1 . 625
31 . 956
3 2 . 558
3 2 . 558
31 . 77 6
32 . 031
32 . 1 82
32 . 1 82
3 2 . 1 82
32 . 558
3 2 . 1 06
3 1 . 776
60
Tabl e 8
(Cont d )
BH7
Depth
0 . 000
0 . 500
1 . 000
1 . 500
2 . 000
2 . 500
3 . 000
3 . 500
4. 000
4 . 500
5 . 000
5 . 500
6 . 000
6 . 500
Z . OOO
7 . 500
8. 000
8. 500
9 . 000
May 24 May 26
( ppt )
( pp t )
3 1 . 061
31 . 061
31 . 061
31 . 061
21 . 061
31 . 061
31 . 061
31 . 098
31 . 098
31 . 098
3 1 . 098
31 . 1 73
31 . 361
31 . 550
31 . 625
30. 873
30. 948
30. 948
31 . 023
31 . 023
31 . 098
31 . 098
31 . 098
31 . 098
31 . 098
3 1 . 1 73
31 . 437
3 1 . 625
31 . 625
31 . 701
May 27
( ppt )
June 01
( pp t )
June 03
(ppt )
June 05
(ppt )
June 06
(ppt )
June 07
(ppt)
June 09
( ppt )
J u ne 1 0
( ppt )
30 . 1 25
30. 1 2 5
30. 1 99
31 . 023
31 . 023
31 . 023
3 1 . 023
3 1 . 023
31 . 023
3 1 . 023
3 1 . 061
3 1 . 098
31 . 1 73
31 . 47 5
31 . 625
31 . 625
30 . 798
30. 798
31 . 249
31 . 249
3 1 . 249
31 . 249
31 . 249
31 . 249
3 1 . 249
31 . 249
3 1 . 249
31 . 249
31 . 249
31 . 324
31 . 625
31 . 776
31 . 776
1 1 . 272
1 1 . 522
1 3 . 1 67
1 8 . 81 9
30. 723
30. 948
30. 948
30. 948
30. 948
30. 948
30. 948
30 . 948
30. 948
30 . 948
30. 948
31 . 249
31 . 550
31 . 625
32 . 003
8 . 442
1 2 . 658
1 7 . 87 7
23 . 236
3 0 . 1 99
31 . 098
31 . 098
31 . 098
31 . 249
31 . 249
3 1 . 249
31 . 249
31 . 249
3 1 . 249
31 . 249
31 . 324
3 1 . 701
31 . 852
3 2 . 003
6 . 706
6 . 884
7 . 1 22
7 . 1 22
28 . 274
30. 498
3 0 . 573
30. 573
30. 648
30 . 723
30 . 723
30 . 723
30 . 723
30 . 723
3 0 . 798
30 . 948
31 . 249
3 1 . 249
3 1 . 3 24
1 . 997
3 . 578
4 . 000
4 . 880
30. 050
31 . 249
31 . 249
0 . 245
2 . 837
3 . 345
3 . 635
30. 873
30 . 948
30 . 948
31 . 1 73
31 . 023
2 . 37 1
2 . 37 1
2 . 37 1
2 . 326
31 . 023
31 . 023
3 1 . 098
31 . 098
3 1 . 1 73
3 1 . 098
31 . 098
3 1 . 1 73
3 1 . 399
31 . 098
31 . 324
31 . 399
31 . 47 5
31 . 47 5
31 . 5 50
3 1 . 776
3 1 . 776
BH7A
De p t h
June 1 1
(ppt )
0 . 000
0 . 500
1 . 000
1 . 500
2 . 000
2 . 500
3 . 000
' 4 . 000
5 . 000
6 . 000
7 . 000
8 . 000
9 . 000
3 . 3 51
3 . 379
3 . 385
3 . 470
30 . 423
30. 948
31 . 1 73
31 . 1 73
31 . 1 73
31 . 249
31 . 47 5
31 . 928
31 . 776
31 . 852
61
Tab l e 8 ( Con td )
�H7B
De pth
1 452
June 1 6
( ppt )
1 790
June 1 6
( ppt )
0. 000
0. 500
1 . 000
1 . 500
2. 000
2. 500
3 . 000
4. 000
5 . 000
6. 000
7 . 000
8 . 000
9 . 000
1 . 684
1 . 881
4 . 063
4 . 585
27 . 383
30 . 31 4
31 . 731
3 1 . 806
3 2 . 1 82
32 . 332
3 2 . 558
3 2 . 709
33 . 1 64
2. 1 1 7
2 . 332
2 . 442
5 . 998
2B. 255
3 1 . 207
31 . 282
31 . 656
31 . 306
3 1 . 956
3 2 . 257
3 2 . 558
June 1 8
( ppt )
June 22
( p pt )
J u ne 2 5
( ppt )
1 . 466
2.310
3 . 51 7
5 . 709
'26 . 805
31 . 1 3 2
3 1 . 581
3 1 . 9 56
3 2 . 257
3 2 . 408
3 2 . 709
32 . 861
3 2 . 936
1 . 022
1 . 275
1 . 472
1 9 . 61 7
28. 766
3 0 . 240
3 0 . 909
3 1 . 731
31 . 806
3 1 . 956
3 2 . 332
3 2 . 483
3 2 . 634
1 . 1 00
1 . 1 62
1 . 99 1
21 . 388
29 . 944
3 1 . 058
31 . 207
3 1 . 73 1
3 1 . 956
3 2 . 408
3 2 . 558
3 2 . 634
33 . 1 64
BH8
De p t h
June 1 1
( pp t )
June 1 6
( ppt)
June 1 8
( p pt )
June 2 2
( ppt )
0 . 000
0 . 500
1 . 000
1 . 500
2 . 000
2. 500
3 . 000
4 . 000
5 . 000
6 . 000
7 . 000
1 . 1 24
0 . 965
1 . 058
3 . 232
2 9 . 455
2 . 042
2 . 042
2 . 1 36
4 . 787
2 7 . 541
3 0 . 050
3 0 . 498
3 0 . 873
30 . 94 8
3 1 . 249
3 1 . 625
1 . 731
1 . 720
1 . 686
5 . 065
26. 740
2 9 . 529
30. 1 25
3 0 . 423
30. 723
3 0 . 948
3 1 . 023
0 . 648
0 . 609
0 . 566
1 4 . 323
26. 958
29. 307
30 . 1 2 5
3 0 . 798
3 0 . 948
3 1 . 399
3 1 . 625
30. 423
30. 573
3 0 . 573
3 0 . 573
31 . 098
62
Tab l e 8
(Contd )
II
III
IV
Dep th
June 24
( ppt)
De p th
June 24
( ppt )
June 25
( pp t )
De p th
June 24
(pp t )
Dep th
June 24
( ppt )
0 . 000
0. 500
1 . 000
1:. 500
2. 000
2. 500
3 . 000
4. 000
5. 000
6. 000
7 . 000
8. 000
9 . 000
1 0 . 000
0. 452
0 . 452
4. 603
1 6 . 01 8
27 . 541
29. 752
30; 274
30. 873
30. 873
31 . 249
3 1 . 625
3 1 . 701
3 1 . 776
32. 003
0 . 000
0. 500
1 . 000
1 . 500
2 . 000
2 . 500
3 . 000
4. 000
5 . 000
6 . 000
7 . 000
8 . 000
9 . 000
1 0 . 000
1 1 . 000
1 2 . 000
1 3 . 000
1 4 . 000
1 5 . 000
1 6 . 000
1 7 . 000
1 8 . 000
0 . 457
0 . 468
1 . 720
1 3 . 487
27 . 1 76
29. 752
3 0 . 1 99
30. 873
3 1 . 249
3 1 . 249
3 1 . 399
3 1 . 625
31 . 625
3 1 . 625
3 1 . 701
3 1 . 701
3 1 . 701
31 . 701
3 1 . 701
31 . 701
32 . 003
3 1 . 701
0 . 367
0 . 407
4 . 776
1 6 . 084
29 . 01 1
30. 050
30 . 1 99
30 . 873
3 1 . 098
3 1 . 475
3 1 . 47 5
3 1 . 625
31 . 701
31 . 776
3 1 . 701
0 . 000
0 . 500
1 . 000
1 . 500
2 . 000
2 . 500
3 . 000
4 . 000
5 . 000
6. 000
7 . 000
8 . 000
9 . 000
1 0 . 000
1 1 . 000
1 2 . 000
1 3 . 00"
0 . 457
0 . 484
5 . 1 23
1 6 . 81 1
27 . 7 60
29 . 752
3 0 . 1 99
3 0 . 274
3 1 . 249
3 1 . 399
3 1 . 625
3 1 . 625
3 1 . 625
3 1 . 701
. 31 . 701
3 1 . 701
31 . 701
0 . 000
0 . 500
1 . 000
1 . 500
2 . 000
2 . 500
3 . 000
4. 000
5 . 000
6 . 000
7 . 00 0
8 . 000
9 . 000
1 0 . 000
1 1 . 000
1 2 . 000
1 3 . 000
1 4 . 000
1 5 . 000
1 6 . 000
1 7 . 000
1 8 . 000
1 9 . 000
20. 000
0. 348
0 . 359
4 . 949
1 2 . 467
28. 274
29 . 7 52
3 0 . 1 25
30. 498
30. 948
31 . 249
31 . 249
3 1 . 249
3 1 . 249
3 1 . 249
3 1 . 249
3 1 . 249
3 1 . 249
31 . 249
3 1 . 249
3 1 . 249
31 . 249
3 1 . 249
3 1 . 249
3 1 . 249
FHl
Dep t h
June 1 1
( ppt )
0 . 000
0 . 500
1 . 000
1 . 500
2 . 000
2. 500
3 . 000
4. 000
5. 000
6. 000
1 . 003
1 . 058
0 : 948
1 . 058
29 . 455
3 0 . 948
30. 948
30. 948
30 . 948
31 . 399
June 1 8 June 2a
( p pt )
( p pt )
1 . 953
1 . 942
1 . 925
5.414
2 5 . 800
2 9 . 233
30. 050
30. 349
30. 873
3 1 . 023
0 . 457
0. 528
0 . 620
1 3 . 423
24 . 939
28 . 421
28. 642
29 . 01 1
29 . 45 5
30 . 1 2 5
,
/
63
Tab l e 8 ( Con td )
FH2
B.
Dep th
June 1 8
( ppt )
0 . 000
0 . 500
1 . 000
1 . 500
2 . 000
2 . 500
3 . 000
4. 000
5 . 000
6 . 000
7 . 000
1 . 997
1 . 986
1 . 969
4 . 89 7
2 6 . 450
30 . 1 99
30 . 498
30 . 873
31 . 023
31 . 324
31 . 625
' I nfl uenced ' by oi l s t a t i ons
NW Ho l e
De p t h
May 1 1
( ppt )
May 1 2
( pp t )
0. 500
1 . 000
1 . 500
2 . 000
2. 500
3 . 000
3 . 500
4. 000
4. 500
5. 000
5 . 500
6 . 000
6 . 500
7. 000
29 . 2ll7
29 . 575
29 . 427
30 . 834
3 1 . 058
31 . 058
31 . 058
31 . 058
31 . 058
31 . 058
3 1 . 058
31 . 058
31 . 058
27 . 600
30. 909
30 . 983
31 . 058
31 . 058
3 1 . 207
31 . 207
31 . 207
31 . 2 07
31 . 207
31 . 282
27 . 383
May 1 5
( ppt )
30. 537
30 . 834
30 . 909
3 0 . 983
3 1 . 058
3 1 . 058
31 . 058
31 . 1 32
31 . 207
31 . 282
May 1 6
( pp t )
May 20
( pp t )
3 0 . 834
30 . 909
3 1 . 058
31 . 207
31 . 207
3 1 . 282
31 . 282
21 . 282
31 . 282
31 . 3 56
31 . 058
31 . 058
3 1 . 058
31 . 1 32
31 . 207
31 . 207
31 . 282
31 . 282
31 . 282
31 . 3 56
64
Tab 1 e 8 ( Con td )
Ho l e 1
Dep t h
1 . 000
1 . 500
2 . 000
2 . 500
3 . 000
3 . 500
4 . 000
4 . 500
5 . 000
5 . 500
6 . 000
6. 500
7 . 000
7 . 500
8 . 000
8. 500
May 1 6
( ppt )
May 1 2
(ppt )
3 1 . 282
3 1 . 3 56
3 1 . 43 1
3 1 . 506
3 1 . 506
3 1 . 506
3 1 . 431
31 . 356
3 1 . 581
3 1 . 581
3 1 . 581
3 1 . 806
3 1 . 058
31 . 581
3 1 . 581
3 1 . 581
3 1 . 581
3 1 . 581
31 . 656
3 1 . 6 56
3 1 . 656
3 1 . 656
3 1 . 656
31 . 731
31 . 73 1
3 1 . 806
3 1 . 956
May 20
(ppt )
3 0 . 834
3 0 . 909
3 0 . 909
30. 909
3 0 . 909
3 0 . 909
30. 983
30. 983
3 0 . 983
3 0 . 983
3 1 . 020
31 . 058
3 1 . 207
3 1 . 356
Ho l e 2
Dep t h
1 . 500
2 . 000
2. 500
3 . 000
3 . 500
4 . 000
4 . 500
5 . 000
5 . 500
6 . 000
6 . 500
7 . 000
7 . 500
8 . 000
8. 500
9 . 000
May 1 2
( p pt )
3 1 . 356
31 . 356
3 1 . 43 1
3 1 . 506
3 1 . 506
3 1 . 506
3 1 . 506
3 1 . 506
3 1 . 506
3 1 . 506
31 . 581
3 1 . 656
31 . 806
May 1 6
( p pt )
May 20
( pp t )
3 1 . 506
3 1 . 43 1
31 . 506
3 1 . 581
3 1 . 581
3 1 . 581
3 1 . 581
3 1 . 656
3 1 . 656
3 1 . 656
3 1 . 656
31 . 73 1
31 . 806
3 1 . 956
32 . 03 1
32 . 03 1
3 0 . 760
3 1 . 058
3 1 . 058
3 1 . 1 32
31 . 207
3 1 . 207
3 1 . 207
3 1 . 2 07
3 1 . 282
31 . 282
3 1 . 3 56
3 1 . 506
31 . 73 1
3 1 . 806
3 1 . 9 56
65
Tab l e
8
DHl 1 635
Dep th
0 . 000
0 . 500
1 . 000
1 . 500
2 . 000
5 . 000
7 . 000
June 7
( pp t )
0 . 37 5
0 . 839
1 . 052
1 . 394
30. 798
30. 948
31 . 249
( Contd )
DHl 1 920
DHl 1 91 5
De p th
0 . 500
1 . 000
2. 000
Dep th
June 7
( ppt )
0. 403
0 . 457
27 . 395
DHl 1 925
June 7
( p pt )
1 . 1 07
3 0 . 498
1 . 000
2 . 000
DH l 1 955
Dep th
June 7
( ppt )
Depth
1 . 000
1 .118
2 . 000
June 7
( p p t)
30 . 1 25
DHl
Depth
0 . 000
0 . 500
1 . 000
1 . 500
2 . 000
2 . 500
3 . 000
3 . 500
4 . 000
4 . 500
5 . 000
5 . 500
6 . 000
6 . 500
7 . 000
7 . 500
May 1 0
( ppt )
May 1 2
( ppt )
May 1 6
( pp t )
May 20
( pp t )
May 22
( ppt )
May 23
( pp t )
May 24
( pp t )
May 27
( ppt )
1 0 . 288
1 0 . 1 04
1 0 . 227
30 . 834
31 . 1 3 2
31 . 207
31 . 207
3 1 . 2 82
31 . 282
31 . 3 56
3 1 . 3 56
3 1 . 431
3 1 . 506
3 1 . 581
8 . 353
8 . 234
8. 4730
3 1 . 058
31 : 282
31 . 282
3 1 . 3 56
31 . 282
3 1 . 356
'31 . 282
3 1 . 431
3 1 . 356
3 1 . 506
31 . 506
8 . 055
8. 1 1 4
8 . 833
3 1 . 506
3 1 . 506
3 1 . 506
3 1 . 506
3 1 . 506
3 1 . 581
3 1 . 581
3 1 . 581
3 1 . 61 8
31 . 61 8
8 . 234
8. 234
9 . 073
3 0 . 909
3 0 . 983
3 0 . 983
30 . 983
3 0 . 983
3 0 . 983
30. 983
3 1 . 058
3 1 . 058
3 1 . 058
3 1 . 058
3 1 . 207
8.413
8 . 533
9 . 254
3 1 . 207
3 1 . 506
3 1 . 806
3 1 . 881
3 1 . 881
3 1 . 956
3 1 . 956
3 1 . 956
3 1 . 956
3 2 . 03 1
3 2 . 1 82
3 2 . 1 82
8 . 3 53
8 . 234
8 . 77 2
3 0 . 760
3 1 . 058
3 1 . 1 32
3 1 . 207
3 1 . 207
3 1 . 282
3 1 . 282
3 1 . 356
3 1 . 506
3 1 . 656
3 1 . 656
3 1 . 9 56
8 . 833
8 . 833
9 . 43 6
3 1 . 806
3 1 . 806
3 1 . 956
31 . 956
3 1 . 956
3 1 . 9 56
3 1 . 956
3 1 . 95 6
3 1 . 956
3 1 . 956
3 2 . 031
3 2 . 257
9 . 01 3
1 0 . 288
1 0 . 41 0
3 1 . 806
31 . 806
31 . 881
3 1 . 881
3 1 . 956
31 . 956
3 1 . 956
31 . 956
3 1 . 956
3 1 . 956
3 2 . 031
66
Tab l e 8 ( Contd )
DH l ( Contd )
Dep th
0 . 000
0 . 500
1 . 000
1 . 500
2 . 000
2 . 500
3 . 000
3 . 500
4 . 000
4 . 500
5 . 000
5 . 500
6 . 000
6 . 500
7 . 000
7 . 500
J u ne 1
( pp t )
9 . 254
9 . 557
1 1 . 1 48
3 1 . 431
31 . 656
3 1 . 656
3 1 . 73 1
3 1 . 73 1
3 1 . 73 1
3 1 . 731
3 1 . 731
3 1 . 73 1
3 1 . 73 1
3 1 . 73 1
June 3
( ppt )
1 . 075
1 . 581
8. 533
3 1 . 431
3 1 . 881
3 1 . 956
31 . 956
3 1 . 956
31 . 956
3h 956
3 1 . 956
31 . 956
31 . 956
31 . 956
31 . 9 56
3 2 . 1 82
June 6
(ppt )
J une 7
( p pt )
June 8
( pp t )
1 . 21 1
1 . 281
1 . 308
1 . 662
28. 1 09
30. 3 1 4
3 0 . 685
1 . 455
1 . 783
2 . 073
2 . 498
3 1 . 656
3 2 . 257
32 . 332
1 .314
1 . 832
1 . 931
2 . 051
3 1 . 1 32
3 1 . 881
3 1 . 881
3 1 . 356
3 2 . 332
3 1 . 881
31 . 506
3 2 . 408
3 1 . 881
3 1 . 506
3 2 . 483
3 1 . 881
31 . 656
3 2 . 483
3 2 . 1 82
June 1 2
( ppt )
J u ne 1 6
( pp t )
1 . 559
2 . 1 83
1 . 936
38. 737
2 . 260
3 0 . 760
3 1 . 806
3 1 . 806
2 . 77 5
2 . 79 7
2 . 81 9
6.114
27 . 528
3 0 . 685
3 1 . 207
3 1 . 9 56
3 2 . 1 06
3 2 . 257
31 . 806
3 1 . 956
3 2 . 408
3 2 . 408
DH2
Dep th
0 . 000
0 . 1 50
0 . 250
0 . 500
1 . 000
1 . 500
2 . 000
2 . 500
3 . 000
3 . 500
4 . 000
4 . 500
5 . 000
5 . 500
6 . 000
6 . 500
7 . 000
7 . 500
8. 000
8. 500
9 . 000
9 . 500
May 22
( ppt )
3 1 . 806
3 1 . 806
3 1 . 806
3 1 . 806
3 1 . 881
3 1 . 881
3 1 . 881
3 1 . 881
3 1 . 881
31 . 881
3 1 . 881
3 1 . 956
3 1 . 9 56
3 1 . 9 56
3 2 . 1 06
3 2 . 332
32 . 408
3 2 . 483
3 2 . 483
May 23
( ppt )
3 1 . 058
3 1 . 058
3 1 . 058
3 1 . 058
3 1 . 058
3 1 . 058
3 1 . 1 32
3 1 . 1 32
3 1 . 207
3 1 . 207
3 1 . 207
3 1 . 282
3 1 . 506
3 1 . 581
3 1 . 806
3 2 . 03 1
32 . 33 2
3 2 . 408
3 2 . 558
May 24
( ppt )
3 1 . 881
31 . 881
3 1 . 9 56
31 . 9 56
3 1 . 956
3 1 . 956
3 1 . 9 56
3 1 . 956
31 . 956
3 1 . 9 56
3 1 . 956
3 1 . 956
3 1 . 9 56
3 1 . 956
3 2 . 031
3 2 . 408
32. 483
3 2 . 558
3 2 . 558
May 27
( ppt )
31 . 956
3 1 . 956
3 1 . 956
3 1 . 956
3 1 . 956
3 1 . 956
3 1 . 956
3 1 . 956
3 1 . 956
31 . 956
31 . 956
3 1 . 956
3 1 . 956
3 2 . 1 06
3 2 . 332
3 2 . 558
3 2 . 558
3 2 . 558
32 . 63 4
J u ne 1
( ppt )
28 . 274
3 0 . 349
3 0 . 798
3 0 . 798
3 0 . 723
3 0 . 798
30 . 798
3 0 . 87 3
3 0 . 873
3 0 . 948
3 0 . 948
3 0 . 948
3 0 . 948
3 0 . 948
3 0 . 948
3 1 . 47 5
June 3
( ppt )
June 6
( pp t )
1 . 26 5
1 . 499
4 . 647
3 0 . 983
3 1 . 806
3 1 . 881
3 1 . 9 56
3 1 . 95 6
32 . 03 1
3 2 . 03 1
3 2 . 03 1
32 . 03 1
3 2 . 03 1
32 . 03 1
32 . 03 1
3 2 . 031
32 . 1 82
3 2 . 634
3 2 . 785
3 2 . 785
2 . 07 3
2 . 23 8
2 . 680
3 1 . 058
3 1 . 656
3 1 . 73 1
3 1 . 73 1
3 1 . 806
3 1 . 806
3 1 . 881
3 1 . 881
3 1 . 881
3 1 . 881
3 1 . 956
3 1 . 956
3 2 . 1 82
3 2 . 332
3 2 . 483
32 . 483
67
Tabl e 8
( Contd )
DH 2 ( Contd )
Dep th
0 . 000
0 . 1 50
0 . 250
0 . 500
1 . 000
1 . 500
2 . 000
2 . 500
3 . 0QJJ
3 . 500
4 . 000
4 . 500
5 . 000
5 . 500
6 . 000
6 . 500
7 . 000
7 . 500
8 . 000
8 . 500
9 . 000
J u ne 1 6
( pp t )
J u ne 1 8
( pp t )
1 . 881
1 . 602
3 . 042
3 . 500
6 . 004
3 1 . 956
3 2 . 031
3 2 . 1 82
3 2 . 257
32 . 2 57
1 . 985
1 . 450
2 . 1 56
2 . 986
9 . 61 8
3 . 573
2 8 . 766
3 1 . 806
31 . 806 . 3 0 . 01 8
3 1 . 881
3 0 . 983
2 . 029
2 . 321
5 . 940
26 . 733
3 0 . 240
3 0 . 983
3 1 . 956
3 1 . 207
3 1 . 43 1
3 2 . 257
3 1 . 881
3 1 . 43 1
3 1 . 806
3 2 . 257
3 1 . 9 56
3 1 . 506
3 1 . 956
32 . 33 2
3 2 . 33 2
3 2 . 03 1
3 2 . 03 1
3 2 . 558
3 2 . 558
3 1 . 806
3 2 . 483
3 2 . 709
3 2 . 709
32 . 1 83
June 9
( pp t )
June 7
( pp t )
1 . 004
1 . 03 2
CH l
De p th
0 . 000
0 . 250
0 . 500
0 . 750
1 . 000
1 . 2 50
1 . 500
1 . 7 50
2 . 000
2 . 500
3 . 000
3 . 500
4 . 000
4 . 500
5 . 000
5 . 500
6 . 000
6 . 500
7 . 000
7 . 500
8. 000
8 . 500
9 . 000
May 29
( pp t )
J u ne 1
( pp t )
J u ne 3 . J une 6
( pp t )
( pp t )
3 . 237
0 . 002
26 . 302
0 . 004
3 1 . 806
27 . 745
0 . 01 0
3 1 . 88 1
3 0 . 537
31 . 881
31 . 956
31 . 956
3 1 . 956
3 1 . 9 56
3 1 . 956
31 . 956
31 . 994
3 1 . 994
3 1 . 994
32 . 03 1
3 2 . 257
3 2 . 408
3 1 . 881
3 1 . 881
3 1 . 881
3 1 . 881
3 1 . 881
31 . 881
3 1 . 88 1
31 . 956
3 i . 9 56
3 1 . 956
3 2 . 03 1
3 2 . 332
3 2 . 5 58
0 . 03 1
0 . 039
3 1 . 249
3 1 . 249
3 1 . 249
3 1 . 249
3 1 . 249
31 . 249
3 1 . 249
3 1 . 249
3 1 . 249
31 . 249
3 1 . 249
3 1 . 3 24
3 1 . 47 5
3 1 . 852
June 7
( pp t )
June 8
( pp t )
J un e 1 2
( pp t )
June 1 8
( pp t )
J u ne 22
( pp t )
June 25
( pp t )
2 . 847
3 . 338
3 . 09 7
1 . 581
1 . 71 7
1 . 1 89
3 . 242
3 . 360
3 . 03 6
1 . 99 6
1 . 7 28
1 . 1 94
3 . 29 3
3 . 3 60
3 . 02 5
2.117
1 . 75 5
6 . 463
3 . 590
3 . 3 04
2 . 947
5 . 824
1 2 . 45 5
1 7 . 01 7
29 . 752
3 0 . 798
3 0 . 873
3 0 . 873
30 . 873
3 1 . 731
3 1 . 73 1
3 1 . 956
3 1 . 1 32
3 1 . 881
3 1 . 88 1
3 0 . 760
3 1 . 656
3 1 . 73 1
27 . 528
29 . 944
3 1 . 207
2 8 . 766
30.314
3 0 . 834
3 0 . 31 4
3 1 . 058
3 1 . 1 32
3 1 . 956
3 1 . 88 1
3 1 . 956
3 1 . 806
3 1 . 207
3 1 . 73 1
3 0 . 948
3 2 . 1 82
3 1 . 9 56
3 2 . 1 82
3 2 . 03 1
3 1 . 581
3 1 . 881
3 0 . 948
3 2 . 1 82
3 1 . 956
3 2 . 332
3 2 . 1 82
3 1 . 806
32.332
31 . 098
3 2 . 1 82
3 2 . 1 82
3 2 . 408
32 . 33 2
3 2 . 1 06
32 . 634
3 1 . 5 50
3 2 . 861
3 2 . 709
3 2 . 709
3 2 . 5 58
3 2 . 1 82
3 2 . 634
2 . 27 6
2 . 41 6
2 . 41 6
2 . 41 6
2 . 41 6
2 . 41 6
2 . 41 6
3 2 . 63 4
68
Tab l e 8 ( Con td )
IS1
De p t h
June 1 3
( ppt )
June 1 6
(ppt )
J une 1 8
(ppt )
0 . 000
0 . 500
1 . 000
1 . 500
2 . 000
2 . 500
3 . 000
4. 000
5 . 000
1 . 565
1 . 565
1 . 509
2 . 500
29. 752
3 0 . 948
3 1 . 023
3 1 . 249
1 . 482
1 . 52 1
1 . 498
6 . 765
2 5 . 656
29. 901
3 0 . 648
3 0 . 873
1 . 886
1 . 958
2 . 043
3 . 800
2 6 . 378
29 . 45 5
3 0 . 1 25
30. 873
3 1 . 023
IS2
C.
De pt h
June 1 3
( pp t )
June 22
( ppt )
0 . 000
0 . 500
1 . 000
1 . 500
2. 000
2. 500
3 . 000
4 . 000
1 . 808
2 . 064
2 . 354
4 . 833
23 . 236
21 . 7 67
21 . 628
2 0 . 455
0. 278
0 . 338
1 .118
1 6 . 877
27 . 907
2 9 . 529
3 0 . 1 99
3 0 . 798
I n oi l s tati ons
SH1
Dep th
0 . 000
0 . 500
1 . 000
1 . 500
2 . 000
2 . 500
3 . 000
4 . 000
5 . 000
6 . 000
June 9
( pp t )
8 . 503
1 4 . 259
24. 227
2 5 . 082
30. 498
30. 873
30. 873
3 0 . 873
3 1 . 023
June 1 1
( p pt )
June 1 6
( pp t )
June 1 8
( ppt )
J une 22
( p pt )
1 . 399
1 . 399
1 . 73 1
2 . 724
29 . 1 59
3 0 . 573
3 0 . 573
3 0 . 798
3 0 . 798
3 1 . 023
0 . 948
1 . 003
1 .118
8 . 624
26. 088
29 . 1 59
29 . 7 52
30 . 050
3 0 . 1 25
1 . 21 7
1 . 31 1
1 . 388
4 . 949
2 6 . 595
2 9 . 752
3 0 . 1 25
3 0 . 873
3 0 . 948
3 1 . 249
0. 894
1 . 250
1 . 565
8 . 503
2 5 . 656
2 9 . 529
3 0 . 1 25
30 . 648
3 0 . 798
3 1 . 39 9
69
Tabl e 8 ( Con td )
SH2
Dep t h
June 8
(ppt )
4 . 367
4 . 372
4. 344
4. 383
30. 1 2 5
30. 798
30. 798
30. 873
30. 873
3 0 . 873
3 0 . 948
3 1 . 324
0 . 000
0 . 500
1 . 000
1 . 500
2. 000
2 . 500
3 . 000
4 . 000
5 . 000
6 . 000
7 . 000
8 . 000
8 . 500
June 1 0
( p pt )
June 1 2
( p pt )
June 1 6
( ppt )
June 1 8
( ppt )
0 . 522
3 . 300
3 . 351
3 . 47 5
3 0 . 274
31 . 098
31 . 173
31 . 324
31 . 3 24
3 1 . 324
31 . 47 5
31 . 625
0 . 51 7
1 . 709
2. 343
3 . 023
29. 085
30 . 423
3 0 . 423
3 0 . 798
3 0 . 798
3 1 . 023
31 . 173
3 1 . 1 73
3 1 . 324
0 . 67 5
1 . 063
1 . 786
6 . 647
26 . 8 1 2
3 0 . 349
3 0 . 498
3 0 . 948
3 1 . 023
31 . 399
3 1 . 625
31 . 852
0 . 877
1 . 31 6
1 . 548
5 . 3 50
25. 082
28. 863
30 . 050
3 0 . 349
30 . 873
3 0 . 948
30. 948
31 . 3 99
June 1 1
( ppt )
June 1 6
( p pt )
June 1 8
( p pt )
J u ne 22
( ppt )
2 . 277
2 . 669
3 . 500
3 . 894
29 . 648
31 . 3 56
3 1 . 581
3 1 . 881
3 1 . 956
31 . 9 56
32 . 03 1
3 . 680
3 . 657
3 . 663
1 8 . 3 42
28. 693
3 1 . 058
3 1 . 581
3 1 . 881
31 . 881
3 2 . 1 06
3 2 . 558
1 . 47 2
2 . 680
3 . 478
6 . 405
2 6 . 589
30 . 834
3 1 . 058
3 1 . 806
3 1 . 881
3 2 . 1 82
32 . 2 57
1 . 175
1 . 338
3 . 097
1 8 . 1 42
28 . 840
30 . 2 40
31 . 1 32
31 . 806
3 1 . 806
3 2 . 332
3 2 . 558
NW2
De p th
June 8
( ppt )
0 . 000
0. 500
1 . 000
1 . 500
2 . 000
2 . 500
3 . 000
4 . 000 .
5 . 000
6 . 000
7 . 000
21 . 732
25 . 872
25. 872
2 5 . 87 2
31 . 73 1
31 . 881
31 . 881
3 1 . 881
3 1 . 881
31 . 956
32. 1 82
NW4
De p t h
0. 000
0 . 500
1 . 000
1 . 500
2 . 000
2 . 500
3 . 000
4. 000
5. 000
6. 000
7 . 000
8. 000
J une 9
( ppt)
3 . 305
3 . 294
3 . 300
3 . 339
20 . 723
30 . 873
30. 948
3 0 . 948
30. 948
31 . 023
31 . 249
J u ne 1 1
( pp t )
June 1 6
( �p t )
June 1 8
(pp t )
0. 735
1 . 234
1 . 736
2. 1 64
29 . 455
30 . 873
3 0 . 948
31 . 023
31 . 023
31 . 098
31 . 625
31 . 776
0 . 57 7
0 . 702
1 . 349
6 . 765
27 . 760
29. 604
30 . 2 74
3 0 . 873
30 . 873
3 1 . 023
3 1 . 249
31 . 550
0. 462
0 . 648
2 . 1 36
5 . 647
25 . 800
2 9 . 391
29 . 7 52
30 . 349
30 . 648
30. 873
30 . 873
3 1 . 023
70
Ta b l e 8 ( Contd )
NW6
De p th
0 . 000
0 . 500
1 . 000
1 . 500
2 . 000
2 . 500
3 . 000
4 . 000
5 . 000
6 . 000
De p th
0 . 000
0 . 500
1 . 000
1 . 500
2 . 000
2 . 500
3 . 000
4 . 000
5 . 000
6 . 000
7 . 000
8. 000
D.
.
#5
June 8
( pp t )
4 . 37 8
4 . 51 6
4 . 51 6
4 . 551
28 . 71 5
29. 7 52
29 . 901
30. 1 2 5
30. 1 99
3 0 . 498
June 1 1
( pp t )
June 1 6
( pp t )
June 1 8
( pp t )
0 . 642
1 . 460
1 . 681
4 . 83 3
28 . 789
3 0 . 873
3 0 . 948
3 1 . 023
3 1 . 023
3 1 . 098
3 . 034
2 . 640
2 . 668
6 . 943
26 . 81 2
3 0 . 498
3 0 . 648
3 0 . 948
3 1 . 2 49
3 1 . 62 5
0 . 560
1 . 009
1 . 69 2
5 . 53 0
2 5 . 656
2 9 . 529
30 . 1 2 5
3 0 . 798
3 1 . 098
3 1 . 098
June 25
( pp t )
De p th
0 . 066
0 . 056
0 . 457
2 . 949
5 . 077
2 6 . 81 2
28 . 642
29.3 1
30. 1 5
30 . 873
3 1 . 550
3 1 . 2 49
0 . 000
0 . 500
1 . 000
1 . 500
2 . 000
2 . 500
3 . 000
4 . 000
5 . 000
6 . 000
7 . 000
8 . 000
9 . 000
�
#7
J u ne 2 5
( pp t )
1 . 5 54
1 . 498
1 . 664
1 6 . 41 4
28. 274
30. 1 2 5
3 0 . 1 25
3 0 . 349
3 0 . 873
3 1 . 023
3 1 . 550
3 1 . 5 50
3 1 . 701
Su rface mel t �onds
,
Sma l l Pond near SH7
De p th
0 . 000
0 . 1 00
June 5
( pp t )
3 . 800
5 . 589
Large Pond near SH7
De p th
0 . 000
0 . 1 00
0 . 2 50
0 . 500
0 . 600
June 5
( pp t )
1 . 747
3 . 373
4 . 862
6 . 41 1
7 . 003
71
Tab l e 8 ( Contd )
Newly Formed Pond 2
Newly Formed Pond 1
Dep th
June 5
(ppt )
Depth
0 . 1 50
5 . 239
0. 1 50
June 5
( p pt )
0.213
0 . 21 3
0.213
29. 752
0. 500
1 . 000
1 . 500
2 . 000
5 . 530
Large Mel t Pond
Tidal Crack Hol e BH7
De p t h
June 5
(ppt )
Dep t h
J une 6
( ppt )
0 . 000
0 . 250
0 . 500
0 . 650
3 . 23 2
5 . 239
7 . 003
7 . 241
Sma 1 1 Me 1 t Pond
Med i um Mel t Pond
Dep t h
June 6
( ppt )
De pth
June 6
( ppt )
0 . 000
0 . 3'00
2 . 388
4. 949
0 . 000
0 . 290
3 . 260
7 . 900
. 5M
D i am . Mel t Pond
20
CI11 •
D i am . Hol e near C H l
De p t h
June 6
( ppt )
Dep t h
J u ne 7
( p pt )
0 . 000
0 . 250
3 . 23 2
4. 057
0 . 000
0 . 250
0 . 500
0 . 600
2 . 61 7
5 . 589
6 . 293
6 . 293
DA2
DA1
De pt h
J une 1 4
( pp t )
Dep th
June 1 4
(ppt )
0 . 000
0 . 250
0 . 37 5
- 0 . 004
- 0 . 004
0.018
0 . 000
0.125
4 . 372
5 . 530
72
Tab l e 8
( Con td )
DA4
DA3
Dep t h
June 1 4
( pp t )
De p t h
J u ne 1 4
( pp t )
0 . 000
0 . 1 25
0 . 2 50
0 . 37 5
0. 500
0. 600
4 . 200
4 . 430
5 . 065
5 . 530
5 . 385
6 . 41 1
0 . 000
0.125
0 . 250
1 . 383
1 . 41 6
1 . 498
UA2
UAl
De p t h
June 1 4
( ppt )
Dep t h
J u ne 1 4
( pp t )
0. 000
0 . 1 25
0 . 250
0 . 325
2 . 556
2 . 556
3 . 345
3 . 61 2
0 . 000
0 . 1 25
0 . 250
2 . 053
2 . 1 36
2 . 668
UAA
UA3
Dep th
June 1 4
( ppt )
Dept h
J une 1 4
( ppt )
0 . 000
0.125
0. 250
4 . 453
4 . 660
4 . 891
0 . 000
0 . 1 25
0 . 2 50
0 . 375
0. 500
0 . 600
1 . 498
2 . 053
3 . 91 4
4 . 085
4 . 057
3 . 965
73
Tab l e 9 .
Wa t er t empera tu res a t Ba 1 aena Bay , May-June 1 97 5
( depth i n met ers , s e e s i t e p l an f o r s t a t i on l o ca t i ons )
A.
Control S ta t i ons
BH1
May 24
Dep t h
0. 5
1 .0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
s now
i ce
-1 .8
-1 .8
BH2
De p t h
s u rface
0. 5
1 .0
1.5
2. 0
2.5
3. 0
3.5
4. 0
4.5
5.0
5. 5
6.0
6. 5
s now
i ce
Mtly 24
- 1 . 95
- 1 . 95
-1 . 9
-1 . 9
-1 . 9
-1 .9
-1 . 9
-1 . 9
-1 .9
-1.9
-1 .8
20 em
2 m
June 1 1
June 1 6
June 1 8
+0. 1
+0. 1
+0. 1
+0. 1
-0. 4
-0.6
-0. 2
+0. 1
+0. 2
+0 . 3
+0. 7
+0.3
0.0
-0. 2
+0. 1
+0.1
+0 . 1
+0.7
+0.6
+0.4
+0. 1
-0.8
-0.3
0.0
-0.8
- 0 :2
-0 . 1
-0. 5
0.0
-0. 2
-0. 1
74
Tab l e 9 ( Contd )
BH3
De p th
s u rface
0. 5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2. 5
3.0
3. 5
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6. 0
6. 5
7.0
7.5
8.0
8. 5
s now
i ce
May 24
-1 .8
-1.8
-1 .8
-1 . 8
-1 .8
-1 . 8
-1 .8
-1 . 8
-1 . 8
-1 .8
- 1 . 75
-1 . 5
-1.4
<
25
2
an
June 1 6
J une 1 8
June 22
+ 0. 1
+0. 1
+0 . 1
+0 . 1
+0. 1
-0. 2
-0.5
+0 . 2
+0 . 1
+0 . 1
+1 .0
+0 . 4
+0.3
0.0
+0 . 3
+0 . 5
+0 . 9
+1 . 6
+1 . 4
+1 . 0
+0 . 6
-0 . 5
-0.3
+0 . 5
-0.6
-0. 5
+0. 2
-0. 5
-0.4
+0 . 2
-0. 5
0,0
+0 . 2
-0.3
-0.2
0.0
+0 . 4
.,.
...
.,.
m
BH4
Dep th
May 24
s urface
.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3. 5
4
4.5
5
5.5
6
6. 5
7
7.5
8
8.5
9.0
snow
i ce
- 1 . 85
-1 . 8
-1 . 8
-1 . 8
-1 . 8
-1 .8
-1.8
-1 . 8
-1 . 8
-1 .8
-1.8
- 1 . 75
-1 . 7
-1 . 5
-1 .4
30 . 5
2
an
m
June 1 1
June 1 8
June 2 2
+.1
+.1
+.1
+.6
+.1
-.2
-.4
+ ".1
+ .1
+ .1
+ .1
- .7
-1 . 0
-1 .2
0.0
0.0
0.0
+
.6
+ .1
0.0
- .3
+" .2
+ .2
+1 .0
+1 .4
+1 .4
+ 1 .0
+ .5
-.5
-1 . 3
- .4
+ .1
-.6
-1 . 3
- .5
0.0
-.6
-1 . 3
- .5
- .2
-.6
- .8
- .4
+ .1
-.5
- .8
- .8
-
-.4
- .7
- .5
- .1
June 1 6
. •
2
75
Tab l e 9 ( Contd )
BH5
De p th
May 24
.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
5
5.5
6
6.5
7
7.5
8
8.5
9
9.5
10
10.5
snow
i ce
-1 . 7
-1 .8
-1 .8
-1 .8
-1 . 8
-1 .8
-1 .8
-1 . 8
-1 .8
-1 .8
-1 .8
-1 .7
-1 .6
-1 . 5
-1 .4
-1 .35
-1 . 3
-1 . 2
4 5 . 7 cm
2
m
BH6
De pth
Surface
.5
1
1.5
2
2. 5
3
3.5
4
4. 5
5
5. 5
6
6.5
7
7. 5
8
8. 5
9
9.5
10
snow
i ce
May 24
May 2 7
- 1 . 85
-1.8
- 1 . 85
-1 . 8
- 1 . 85
-1 .8
- 1 . 85
-1 .8
-1 .8
-1 . 8
-1 .8
-1 .8
- 1 . 75
-1 . 8
-1 . 8
-1 . 8
-1 .8
-1.8
-1 . 8
-1 . 8
-1.8
-1 . 8
-1 .8
-1 .8
-1 . 8
-1 . 8
-1 .75
-1 . 8
- 1 . 65
-1 . 8
- 1 . 55
-1 .7
- 1 . 45 - 1 . 5
- 1 . 45
-1 . 4
-1 . 4
-1 . 4
-1 . 2
-1 . 1
30 . 5 em
2 m
June 3
+ .2
- .3
- .4
- .8
-1 .3
-1 . 5
-1 . 6
-1 . 6
-1 . 6
-1 . 6
-1 . 6
-1 . 6
-1 . 6
-1 . 6
-1 . 5
-1 . 5
-1 . 3
-1 . 2
-1 .2
-1 . 1
-1 . 0
June
June 1 1
June 1 6
-1 . 4
-1 . 5
-1 . 5
-1 . 5
-1 . 5
-1 . 5
-1 . 5
-1 . 5
-1 . 5
+ .1
+ .1
+ .1
+ .1
- .4
- .7
-1 .0
+ .4
+ .2
+ .1
+1 .0
+ .6
- .3
- .4
+.1
+.1
+.1
+.6
+.2
+.1
-.2
+ .1
+ .1
+ .1
+1 . 1
+1 .4
+ .9
+ .5
-1 . 1
- .5
-.3
+ .2
-1 . 5
- .9
- .6
-.4
+ .1
-1 . 5
-1 . 0
-
.5
-.4
- .2
-1 . 5
- .8
- .5
-.5
0.0
-1 . 4
- .7
- .6
-.5
.1
-1 . 1
- .6
- .5
-.5
.1
-1 . 0
- .6
- .5
-.4
.2
. 2 (10.6)
-
.
6 (l l m )
June 1 8
J u ne 2 2
77
Tab l e 9 ( Con td )
B H7
De pth
Surface
.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3. 5
4
4.5
5
5.5
6
6.5
7
7.5
8
8. 5
9
9.5
10
s now
i ce
May 24
May 26
-1 . 8
- 1 . 85
-1 . 8
- 1 . 85
-1.8
-1 . 8
-1 . 8
-1 . 8
-1 . 8
-1 . 8
-1 . 75
-1 . 75
-1 . 7 5
- 1 . 75
- 1 . 75
- 1 . 75
-1 . 7
- 1 . 75
-1 . 7
-1 . 7
-1 . 7
- 1 . 65
- 1 . 65
-1 . 6
-1 . 6
-1 . 5
- 1 . 45
- 1 . 35
-1.3
-1 . 1 5
-1 . 1 5
20.3 - 25.4 00 - 1 . 0
2m
May 27
-1 . 8
- 1 . 75
-1.8
- 1 . 75
-1 . 7
-1 . 7
-1 . 7
-1 .75
-1 . 7
- 1 . 75
- 1 . 75
,- 1 . 75
- 1 . 65
-1 . 5
- 1 . 35
-1 . 2
-1 . 0
June 3
June 1
June 5
J u ne 6
J u ne 7
June 9
J u ne 1 0
- .6
- .6
- .7
-1 .0
-1 . 5
-1 .6
-1 . 6
-1 . 7
-1.7
-1 . 7
-1 . 7
-1 . 7
-1 . 7
-1 . 7
-1 . 7
-1 . 5
-1 .3
-1 . 2
-1 . 0
-0.8
-1 .4
-1 . 4
-1 . 5
-1 . 5
-1 . 5
-1 . 5
-1 . 5
-1.5
-1 . 5
-1 . 5
-1 . 5
-1 . 5
-1 . 5
-1 . 4
-1 . 2
-1 . 1
-1.0
- .7
- .1
- .4
- .7
-1 .0
-1 .3
-1 . 3
-1 .3
-1 . 3
-1 . 4
-1 . 5
-1 . 5
-1 . 5
-1 . 5
-1 . 5
-1 . 5
-1 . 5
-1 . 2
-1 . 1
- .9
- .6
- .2
- .3
- .4
- .4
-1 . 2
-1 . 4
-1. 5
-1 . 5
-1 . 5
-1 . 4
-1 . 4
-1 . 4
-1 . 4
-1 . 4
+0 . 2
- .1
- .2
- .3
-1 . 4
-1 . 5
-1 . 5
- .1
- .1
- .1
- .1
-1 . 4
-1 . 4
-1 . 4
-1 . 5
-1 . 4
+ .1
+ .1
+ .1
0.0
.4
-1 . 1
-1 . 1
-1 . 1
-1 . 2
-1 . 6
-1 . 4
-1 . 2
-1 . 6
-1 . 5
-1 . 4
-1 . 6
-1 . 3
-1 . 3
-1 . 4
- .9
- .9
-0. 9
- .5
- .4
BH7A
Dep t n
Surface
.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3 ..S
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
June 1 1
+.2
+.2
+.2
+.1
- .3
-.7
-.7
-.7
-.7
-.9
-.9
-.7
- .2
-.1
- 1. 3
-1 .3
-1 . 2
-1 . 1
- .8
- .6
- .5
.,.
78
Tabl e 9 ( Contd )
BH7B
Dep t h
Surface
.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
9.5
June 1 6
June 1 8
+.7
+.6
+. 5
+.4
+.3
+.1
-.1
-.1
-.4
-.5
-.5
-.3
+.1
+ .2
+ .1
0. 00
+ .9
+1 . 0
+ .3
+ .1
- .2
.3
- .3
.2
- .1
+ .1
+ .2
-
-
( 1 740)
June 1 6
June 2 2
+.5
+.4
+.2
+ .1
+.6
+.2
0.0
- .3
- .4
.5
+1 . 1
+ .5
+ .2
+1 .2
+1 .3
+ 1 . 25
+ .8
+ .4
+ .1
0.0
- .5
0.0
+ .1
- .4
+ .4
0.0
+ . 1 ( 9 . 25 ) + . 5
( 1 452 )
-
June 2 5
+1 . 5
+ .6
+ .5
+2 . 5
+2 . 0
+1 .8
+1 . 5
+ .8
+ .5
+ .5
+ .5
+ .4
+ .8
+ .9
BH8
Dep th
Surface
.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
5
6
7
8
J une 1 1
June 1 6
+ .1
+ .1
0
- .1
- .4
.9
+.2
+.2
+ .3
+.5
+.5
+.1
-.1
- .9
- .9
-1 . 1
- .7
- .4
-.4
-.5
-.5
-.5
-.1
-
June 1 8 June 22
+ .1
+ .1
+ .1
+1 .0
+ .6
+ . .3
0.0
+ .2
+ .3
+ .2
+1 . 5
+1 .4
+1 . 0
+ .6
.3
.3
.4
.3
.2
+ .5
+ .1
0.0
0.0
+ .3
-
-
79
Tab l e 9 ( Con td )
June 2 5
J une 24
S ta ti on
II
De pt h
Surface
.5
1
1.5
2
2. 5
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
+ .5
+ .3
+ .5
+1 . 2
+1 .8
+1 . 5
+1 . 2
+ .5
+ .4
+ .2
+ .4
+ .1
0. 0
- .1
- .1
III
+
+ .5
+ .5
+ .3
+1 .3
+1 .0
+1 .0
+ .6
+ .4
+ .2
0.0
- .2
- .2
- .3
- .4
- .4
- .4
- .4
- .4
.7
+ .5
+ .5
+1 . 2
+ .9
+ .9
+ .5
+ .5
+ .2
0.0
- .2
- .5
- .5
- .4
- .5
- .5
- .5
- .5
- .4
- .4
- .4
- .4
- .4
II
IV
+ .4
+ .4
+ .3
+ .7
+1 .0
+ .7
+ .6
+ .5
+ .1
0.0
- .4
- .3
- .1
- .1
- .1
- .5
- .4
- .3
- .2
- .2
- .2
- .2
- .2
- .2
+1 .0
+ .7
+ .5
+1 . 2
+1 . 1
+1 . 0
+ .9
+ .7
+ .4
+ .1
- .2
- .1
- .2
- .3
- .2
- .1
FHl
Dep th
s urface
.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
5
6
7
June 1 1
+
+
+
+
-
.1
.1
.1
.1
.4
.7
.8
- .8
- .9
-1 . 0
- .7
June 1 8
June 2 2
+ .1
+ .1
0. 0
+1 . 0
+ .9
+ .3
+ .1
+ .4
+ .2
+ .2
+2 . 1
+1 . 5
+1 . 3
+1 . 0
- .1
- .3
0.0
0 . 0 ( 6 . 5)
+
+
+
+
.5
.4
.4
.8
80
Tab l e 9 (Contd )
FH2 Temp .
J une 1 8
Depth
+
.2
.1
0.0
+ .6
+ .7
+ .4
+ . 1
- .3
- .4
- .3
- .2
- .1
surface
.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
4
5
6
7
8
B.
+
I I nfl uenced I by oi l stati ons
NW
Depth
.5
1
1.5
2
2. 5
3
3.5
4
4. 5
5
5. 5
6
6. 5
7.0
7.5
May 1 1
-1 . 8
-1 . 8
-1 . 8
-1 . 7
-1 . 8
- 1 .'8
-1 . 8
-1 . 8
-1 . 8
-1 . 8
-1 . 8
-1 . 8
-1 . 6
May 1 2
-1 . 8
-1 . 8
-1 . 8
-1 . 8
-1 . 8
-1 . 8
-1 . 8
-1 . 8
-1 . 7
-1 . 8
-1 . 7
-1 . 5
Hol e
May 1 5
May 1 6
May 20
-1 . 9
-1 . 8
-1 . 8
-1 . 7
-1 . 8
-1 . 8
-1 . 8
-1 . 8
-1 . 8
-1 . 8
-1 . 8
-1 . 7
-1 . 6
-1 . 8
-1 . 8
-1 . 8
-1 . 8
-1 . 75
-1 . 75
-1 . 6
-1 . 7
-1 . 7
-1 . 7
-1 . 7
-1 . 7
-1 . 7
-1 . 6
-1 . 8
-1 . 8
-1 . 8
-1 . 75
-1 .75
-1 . 75
-1 . 75
- 1 . 75
-1 . 8
-1 . 8
-1 . 8
-1 . 8
-1 . 8
-1 . 6
81
Tab l e 9 ( Contd )
Hol e 1
Depth
.5
1
1.5
2
2. 5
3
3. 5
4
4. 5
5
5! 5
6
6. 5
7
7.5
8.0
8. 5
May 1 2
May 1 6
May 20
-1 . 8
-1 . 8
-1 . 8
-1 . 8
-1 . 8
-1 . 8
-1 . 8
-1 . 8
-1 . 8
-1 . 8
-1.8
-1 . 8
-1 . 7
-1 . 7
-1 . 5
-1 . 8
-1 . 8
-1 . 7
-1 . 8
-1 . 8
-1 . 8
-1 . 8
-1 . 8
-1 . 8
-1 . 8
-1 . 8
-1 . 8
-1 . 7
-1 . 65
-1 . 6
-1 . 4
-1 . 3
-1 . 8
-1 . 8
-1 . 8
-1 . 8
-1 . 8
-1 . 8
-1 . 8
-1 . 8
-1.8
-1 . 8
-1 . 8
-1 . 8
-1 . 8
-1 . 8
-1 . 7
-1 . 5
-1 . 4
Hol e 2
Dep'th
.5
1
1.5
2
2. 5
3
3. 5
4
4.5
5
5.5
6
6. 5
7
7.5
8
8. 5
9.0
9.5
May 1 2
May 1 6
May 20
-1 . 9
-1 . 9
-1 . 9
-1 . 9
-1 . 9
-1 . 8
-1 . 8
-1 . 9
-1 . 8
-1 . 8
-1 . 9
-1 . 9
-1 . 9
-1 . 8
-1 . 7
-1 . 6
-1 . 8
-1 . 8
-1 . 8
-1 . 8
-1 . 8
-1 . 8
-1 . 8
-1 . 8
-1 . 8
-1 . 8
-1 . 8
-1 . 8
-1 . 8
-1 . 7
-1 . 6
-1 . 5
-1 . 4
-1 . 3
-1 . 2
- 1 . 85
-1 . 8
-1.8
-1 . 8
-1 . 8
-1 . 8 .
-1 . 8
-1 . 8
-1 . 8
-1 . 8
-1 . 8
-1 . 8
-1 . 8
-1 . 8
-1 . 7
-1 . 6
-1 . 4
-1 . 2
-1 . 1
82
Tabl e 9 . ( Contd )
DHl
Depth
Surface
.5
1
1.5
2
2. 5
3
3.5
4
4. 5
5
5. 5
6
6. 5
7
Bottom
May 1 0
May 1 2
0.0
-0. 1
- . 25
-1 . 4
-1 . 7
-1 . 7
-1 . 7
-1 . 8
-1 . 8
-1 . 8
-1 . 8
-1.8
-1 . 7
-1 . 6
-1 . 5
0.0
0. 0
- .2
-1 . 5
-1 . 6
-1 . 7
-1 . 8
-1 . 8
-1 . 8
-1 . 8
-1 . 8'
-1 . 8
-1 .8
-1 . 7
-1 . 5
May 1 6 · · May 20
- .2
- .35
- .6
-1 . 8
-1 .8
-1 . 8
-1 . 8
- 1 . 85
- 1 . 85
-1 . 8
-1 .8
-1 .8
-1 .8
-1 . 8
-1 . 5
- .5
- .6
- .7
-1 . 6
-1 .7
-1 .7
-1 .7
-1 . 7
-1 . 8
-1 . 8
-1 . 8
-1 .8
-1 . 8
-1 . 8
-1 . 6
-1 . 5
May 22
- .4
- .4
- .5
-1 . 5
-1 . 6
-1 . 7
-1 . 7
-1 . 7
-1 . 7
-1 . 7
-1 . 8
-1 .8
-1 .6
-1 . 6
-1 . 5
-1 . 3
May 23
May 24
May 27
- .5
- .4
- .5
-1 . 6
-1 . 7
-1 .7
-1 . 7
-1 . 7
-1 .7
-1 . 7
- 1 . 75
-1 . 7
-1 . 7
-1 . 6
-1 . 5
-1 . 4
- .3
- .3
- .4
- 1 . 55
- 1 . 65
-1 .7
-1 .7
-1 . 7
-1 . 7
-1 . 7
-1 .7
-1 . 7
- 1 . 65
- 1 . 55
-1 . 4
-1 . 3
- .4
- . 55
- .6
-1 . 7
-1 . 7
-1 .8
- 1 . 85
- 1 . 85
- 1 . 85
- 1 . 85
- 1 . 85
- 1 . 85
-1 . 8
-1 . 7
-1 . 5
DHl (Contd )
Depth
Surface
.5
1
1 .5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4. 5
5
5. 5
6
6. 5
7
7.5
June 1
+
.2
- .2
- .4
-1 . 5
-1 . 5
-1 . 5
-1 . 5
-1 . 6
-1 . 6
-1 . 6
-1 . 6
-1 . 6
-1 . 6
-1 . 6
-1 .3
June 6
June 7
June 8
+ .3
+ .3
+ . 1
+ .1
-1 . 0
-1 . 2
-1 . 3
+ .6
+ .2
+ .1
oj! . 1
-1 .1
-1 . 4
-1 . 5
+ .2
+ .2
+ .1
+ .1
- .9
-1 . 2
-1 .4
+1 .4
+ .6
+ .2
+ .2
- .3
- .6
- .7
-1 . 4
-1 . 5
-1 .4
- .8
- .2
-1 . 4
-1 . 5
-1 . 4
- .8
- .4
-1 .4
-1 . 5
-1 . 4
- .8
- .1
-1 . 4
-1 . 5
-1 . 2
-
.8
0.0
-1.0
-1 . 0
-1 . 0
- .7
June 1 2
J une 1 6
+
.4
+ .2
+ .2
+ .7
+ .5
+ .2
- .2
DHl June 7
hour
Bepth
surface
.5
1
1 .5
2
5
7
1 635
1 91 5
1 920
1 925
+ .2
+ .1
+ .1
+ .1
-1 .3
-1 . 0
1 95 5
-+:
.5
+ .4
+ .3
+ .1
- .1
-1 . 5
-1 . 4
-1 . 2
J u ne 3
+
.2
.2
- .2
-1 . 3
-1 . 3
-1 . 5
-1 . 5
-1 .5
-1 . 5
-1 . 5
-1 . 5
-1 . 5
-1 . 5
-1 .5
-1 . 5
-1 .3
-1 . 3
+
83
Tab l e 9 {Contd )
DH2
Depth
Surface
.5
1
1.5
22. 5
3
3.5
4
4. 5
5
5. 5
6
6.5
7
7.5
8
8. 5
g
9.5
Bottom
May 22
May 23
May 24
May 27
-1 . 75
-1 . 8
-1 . 8
-1 . 8
-1 .8
-1 . 8
-1 . 8
-1 . 8
-1 . 8
-1 . 8
-1 . 8
-1 . 8
-1 .7
-1 . 7
-1 . 6
-1 . 5
-1 . 3
-1.2
-1 . 0
-0. 9
-1 . 8
-1 . 8
-1 . 8
-1 . 8
-1 . 8
-1 . 8
-1.8
-1 . 8
-1.8
-1 . 8
-1 . 8
-1.8
-1 . 7
-1 . 7
-1 . 6
-1 . 5
-1 .4
-1 . 6
-1 . 6
-1 . 6
-1 .6
-1 . 6
-1 .6
-1 . 6
-1 . 6
-1 . 6
-1 . 6
-1 . 6 '
-1 . 6
-1 . 55
-1 . 5
-1 . 5
-1 .3
-1 . 1 5
-1 . 0
-0.8
-0 . 8
-1 . 7
-1 . 7
-1 . 7
-1 . 7
-1 . 7 5
- 1 . 75
-1 . 75
-1 . 7 5
- 1 . 75
-1 .75
-1 .75
-1 . 8
-1 . 7
-1 . 65
-1 . 6
-1 . 5
-1 . 5
-1 . 4
-1 . 25
-1 . 2
-1 .2
-1 . 1
-1 . 0
June 1
June 3
June 6
J une 7
June 9
June 1 6
J une 1 8
+ .5
+ .2
+ .1
+ .1
-1 . 0
-1 . 4
-1 .4
-1 . 4
-1 . 4
-1 . 4
-1 .4
-1 . 4
-1 . 4
-1 . 3
-1 . 3
-1 . 3
-1 . 3
-1 . 1
-1 .0
- .8
- .7
+ .2
0
- .1
- .35
-1 .4
-1 . 5
-1 . 56
- 1 . 69
-1 . 6
+ .5
+ .5
+ .2
+ .1
-1 . 0
-1 . 2
-1 . 2
+1 . 1
+ .7
+ .5
+ .7
+ .5
+0 . 0
- .1
+1 .0
+ .5
+ .5
+ .8
+1 . 0
+ .5
+ .3
-1 . 4
- .4
0.0
-1 . 6
-1 . 4
-
.4
- .2
-1 . 6
-1 . 4
- .5
- .3
-1 . 6
-1 . 3
- .5
- .3
-1 . 4
-1 . 1
- .4
- .3
-1 . 1
- .8
- .1
- .8
- .6
-0. 0
+ . 3 1 5cm+ . 1
- . . 2 250n -1 . 0
-1 . 3
- .8
-1 . 4
-1 . 5
-1 . 5
-1 . 6
-1 .6
-1 . 6
-1 . 6
-1 . 6
-1 . 5
-1 . 6
-1 . 5
-1 . 6
-1 . 6
-1 . 6
-1 . 6
-1 . 6
-1 . 6
-1 . 6
-1 . 6
-1 . 6
-1 . 6
-1 . 6
-1 . 6
-1 . 5
-1 . 3
-1 . 3
-1 . 2
-1 . 1
- .8
-0.8
C l ear Hole CH7 Temp.
Depth (M)
Surface
.5
1
1.5
2 1 . 75
2. 5
3
3.5
4
4. 5
5
5. 5
6
6. 5
7
7.5
8
Bottom
May 29
-1 . 7
-1 . 7
-1 . 7
-1 . 7
-1 . 7
-1 . 7
-1 . 7
-1 . 7
-1 . 7
-1 . 7
-1 . 7
-1 . 65
-1 . 6
-1 . 5
-1 . 3
-0.9
June 3
+ .2
+ .1
+ .1
+ 1
+ .1
-1 . 5
-1 . 5
-1 .5
-1 . 5
-1 . 5
-1 . 5
-1 . 5
-1 . 5
-1 . 5
-1 . 5
-1 . 5
-1.3
-0.8
-0 . 6
•
June 1
June 6
+ .1
+ .1
- . 8 . 25 :+ . 1
-1 . 0 . 5 : a
- 1 . 4 . 75 : 0
-1 . 5 1
� .1
-1 . 5 1 . 2 5 � . 1
-1 . 5 1 . 5 � . 1
-1 . 6 2
�1 . 0
-1 . 6 2. 5 �1 . 4
-1 . 6 3
�1 . 4
-1 . 6
-1 . 4
-1 . 6
-1 . 5
-1 . 6
-1 . 6
-1 . 5
- 1 . 55
-1 .3
-1. 5
-1 . 0
-1 . 5
- .6
-1 . 3
- .6
June 7
June 8
June 1 2
June 1 8
June 22
June 25
1
- .1
- .1
- .2
-1 . 4
-1 . 6
-1 . 6
0.0
- .1
- .1
- .1
-1 . 0
-1 . 2
-1 . 4
- .1
- .1
0.0
- .1
- .3
- .7
- .9
+ .5
+ .5
+ .4
+ .6
+1 . 0
+ .5
+ .1
+ .5
+ .4
+ .3
+1 . 3
+1 . 3
+1 . 0
+ .9
+-1 . 0
+ :5
+ .9
+2.5
+1 . 7
+1 . 6
+1 . 5
-1 . 6
-1 . 4
- .9
- .1
+ .6
+1 .3
-1 . 6
-1 . 5
- .8
- .4
+ .4
+ .6
-1 . 6
-1 . 4
- .8
- .5
+ .1
+ .4
-1 . 6
-1 . 3
- .8
- .4
0.0
+- . 5
- 1. 3
- .6
- .8
- .6
- .3
0.0
+ .3
- .5
- .3
0.0
+ .5
+ .7
•
.
+ .5
84
Tabl e 9 · ( Contd )
ISl
June 1 3
Depth
Surface
.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
4
5
6
June 1 6
+
+
+
+
+
+
+.5
+.4
+.4
+.3
-.2
-.6
-.7
-.7
-.1
.2
.1
.1
.4
.6
.3
0.0
- .5
0 . 00
June 1 8
+ .4
+ .1
0 . 00
+0 . 5
+ .8
+ .5
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
1S2
Depth
June 1 3
June 2 2
- .2
-.2
-.2
-.2
-.3
-.7
-.7
-.7
-.1
+ .5
+ .2
+ .4
+1 . 5
+1 .2
+1 . 0
+1 . 0
+ .7
+ .8
Surface
.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
4
5
C.
I n oi l s tati ons
SH1
Depth
Surface
.5
1
1 .5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4. 5
5
5.9
7
June 9
June 1 1
June 1 6
- .4
- .7
-1 . 1
-1 . 2
-1 . 3
-1 . 4
-1 . 4
+.4
+ .3
+.1
-.1
-.3
... . 6
-.1
+.4
+.3
+.1
+.4
+.5
+.1
-.1
+
+
+
+
+
+
.5
.1
.1
.5
.9
.5
0.0
+ .2
+ .2
+ .2
+ .8
+1 . 3
+1 .0
+1 . 0
-.3
+ .1
+ .7
-.5
-.2
- .1
.1
0.0
-1 . 3
-.7
-1 . 3
-1 . 0
�.8
-.6
..; . 3
June 1 8
-
June 22
+
.5
+ .5
+ .5
85
Tabl e 9 . ( Contd )
SH2
Depth
Surface
.5
1
1 .5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4. 5
5
5.5
6
6.5
7
7.5
8
8. 5
9
June 8 June 1 0
June 1 2
June 1 6
June 1 8
- .2
- .2
- .2
- .2
- .9
-1 . 1
-1 . 4
+ .3
+ . 05
0.0
0.0
- .8
-1 . 2
-1 . 3
+
+
+
+
-
.4
.2
.1
.1
.3
.7
.8
+1. 1
+ .7
+ .4
+ .6
+ .5
+ .1
- .1
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
-1 . 4
-1 . 3
- .8
- .4
- .3
-1 . 5
-1 .4
-
.8
- .5
- .4
-1 . 5
-1 . 4
-
.8
-
.5
- .5
- 1 . 45
-1 .3
- .7
- .5
- .4
-1 . 1
-1 . 1
- .3
- .4
- .9
- .6
- .7
- .6
- .4
- .1
- .2
.6
.2
.1
.6
.1
.5
.2
NW2
Depth
Surface
.5
1
1.5
2
2. 5
3
3.5
4
4.5
5
5. 5
6
6.5
7
7.5
8
June 8
June 1 1
June 1 6
June 1 8
June 2 2
-1 . 1
-1 .3
11
-1 . 4
-1 . 4
-1 . 4
-1 . 4
+ .4
+ .2
+ .1
0. 0
- .3
.6
- .7
+.2
+.3
+.2
+.5
+ .4
+.1
-.1
+ .5
+ .1
+ .1
+ .7
+1 .0
+ . 5·
+ .1
+ .5
+ .4
+ .4
+1 . 8
+1 . 5
+1 . 1
+ .8
-1 . 4
- .8
-.3
- .1
+ .5
-1 . 4
- .7
-.5
- .3
+ .3
-1 . 4
- .7
-.5
-
.2
0.0
-1 . 1
- .7
-.3
- .2
+ .1
-1 . 0
- .5
-. 1
0.0
+ .6
-
86
Tab l e 9 . (Contd )
NW4
Depth
Surface
.5
1
1.5
2
2. 5
3
3.5
4
5
6
7
8
8.5
9
June 9
J une 1 1
- .1
- .1
.1
- .1
-1 . 1
-1 . 3
-1 . 4
+ .2
+.1
+.1
+ .1
-.3
-.8
-.8
+
+
+
+
+
+
.4
.4
.2
.8
.5
.2
0.0
+ .5
+ .3
+ .5
+ .9
+ .9
+ 6
+ .1
-1 . 4
-1 . 4
-1 . 4
-1 . 1
-1 . 0
-.8
-.8
-.9
-.8
-.8
-.5
- .3
- .4
- .5
.5
- .4
0.0
- .4
-. .4
- .3
- .3
- .2
- .2
-
June 1 6
-
June 1 8
.
NW6
Depth
Surface
.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4. 5
5
5. 5
6
6.5
7
June 8
June 1 1
- .2
.2
- .2
- .2
-1 . 0
-1 . 1
-1 . 4
+ .4
+. 1
+.1
+ .1
- .2
-.7
- .9
+
+
+
+
-1 . 4
-.9
- .3
- .1
-1 . 4
-.9
- .4
- .1
-1 .2
-.6
- .3
- .3
), . 0
-.6
- .1
- .1
-
June 1 6
.3
.2
.2
.5
+ .4
0.0
.1
-
J une 1 8
+
+
+
+
.4
.2
.1
.5
+ .9
+ .4
0.0
87
Tab l e 9 . ( Con t d )
J u n e 25
S t a t i on
Dep th
Surface
� .5
1
1 .5
2
2. 5
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
D.
#5
#7
+ .5
+ .4
+1 . 0
+2. 3
+1 . 9
+1 .7
+1 . 5
+1 . 1
+ .6
+ .6
+ .5
+ .5
+ .7
+ .5
+ .4
+1 . 1
+2 . 5
+2 . 0
+1 . 8
+1 . 5
+1 . 0
+ .6
+ .4
+ .5
+ .3
+ .7
+ .7
Surface mel t ponds
A l g a l Mel t Ponds
Smal l near BH7
De p t h
Al g a l Mel t Ponds
Large near BH7
Depth
June 5
f
+ .9
+2.0
Surface
1 0 em
Su rface
1 0 cm
2 5 em
50 cm
60 em
15
em
Dep t h
June 5
dee p
+ .6
+ .9
+1 . 2
+2. 2
+2 . 2
A l g a l Mel t Ponds
Newly Formed Pond 2
A l ga l Mel t Ponds
Newly Formed Pond
Dept h
June 5
+.2
1 5 cm dee p
A l ga l Mel t Ponds
Ti dal Crack Hol e
De p t h
.5
1
1 .5
2
3
June 5
+ .1
+ .1
+ .1
- .7
-1 . 0
June 5
+.5
88
Tabl e 9 . (Co ntd )
A l ga l Mel t Ponds near CHl
Large
June 6
Depth
+ �l
+ .9
+ .9
+1 . 0
Surface
. 25
.5
. 65
.
A l gal Mel t Ponds near CHl
Smal l
June 6
Depth
+.2
+.5
Surface
.25
20
A l gal Mel t Ponds near CHl
Med i um
June 6
Depth
Algal Mel t Ponds near CHl
. 5 M d i am
June 6
Depth
Algal Mel t Ponds
D i am . Hol e near CHl
Surface
.25
. 5'
.6
June 7
+.1
+.5
+.5
+.5
DA2
DAl
o
. 25
. 37 5
.5
+.6
+.6
+.5
Surface
. 25
.4
em.
Depth
Depth
+.5
+.5
Surface
. 3M
June 1 4
+ .8
+ .7
+ 1 . 0 tA)
+1 . 1
Depth
o
. 1'25
June 1 4
+2 . 2
+3 . 2 (A )
89
Tab l e 9 . ( Contd )
DA4
DA3
June 14
Depth
o
. 1 25
. 25
. 37 5
.5
( . 6 ) Bottom
+1 . 8
+1 . 8
+1 . 5
+1 . 4
+3 . 5
+4 . 1
Depth
o
UA2
June 1 4
+ .8
+ .7
+1 . 4
+2 . 5
+2 . 7
0
. 1 25
.25
. 325
Bottom
0
. 1 25
. 25
. 375
June 1 4
Depth
0
+ .9
+ .1
+1 . 1
. 1 25
. 32 5
UA4
UA3
Depth
+.4
+ .4
+.3
. 1 25
. 25
UA1
Depth
June 1 4
June 1 4
+1 . 2
+1 . 0
+0 . 9
+0 . 7
Depth
0
. 1 25
. 25
. 37 5
.5
Bottom ( . 6 )
June 1 4
+ .4
+ .4
+ .7
+ .7
+1 . 0
+1 .0
90
Conductivity and s a l i n i ty o f i c e c or e s
Tab l e 1 0 .
0
from B a laena B ay at 2 2 C
Depth
/cm
Core
Conductivity
!k \ltl cm- 1
S a l i n i ty
(p . p . t . )
4 . 28
1. 26
1 . 77
2 . 26
0 . 60
0 . 88
0-20
20-40
57-77
7 7- 9 3
9 3- 1 1 3
113-133
133-150
1 5 0- 1 5 9
1.
1.
2.
1.
0.
1.
1.
1.
0 . 72
1. 00
1 . 21
0 . 69
0 . 10
0 . 60
0 .91
0 . 85
NW2 ( core # 1 )
( May 2 4 , 1 9 7 5 )
0-7
1-25
2 5- 4 3
43-73
73-81
81-101
101-130
0 . 36 1
3.88
1 . 96
5 . 55
5 . 04
7 . 37
1. 82
0
2
0
2
2
4
0
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
NW2 ( core # 2 )
( May 2 0 , 1 9 7 5 )
0-29
29-33
33-35
54-74
74-107
4 . 12
4 . 06
2 . 53
0.73
3 . 68
2
2
1
0
1
. 17
. 14
. 29
. 31
.93
Contro l
( May 2 5 ,
1975)
SH2
( May 1 1 ,
1975)
0-24
24-51
88-113
49
99
38
43
35
27
83
72
11
04
98
98
69
20
90
91
Tab le
Water 9ua l i t� r e sults from
11 ( a )
B a l aena Ba� ,
N .W.T.
( un i ts , mg Ee r l i tr e )
location date a l k a l in i ty c a l c ium chlo ride magn e s i um n i trogen phosphorus po
total P
NO + +NO +
Mg + 2
total CaCO 3 C a+ 3
Cl5 . Om depth
3
2
May 2 5
June
�� s s i um
DH2
117
360
17200
1220
. 010
. 025
360
BH7
118
360
17100
1240
. 00 5
. 025
360
DHl
10 3
265
12000
855
CHl
118
350
16400
1220
. 0 20
. 0 32
360
210
9700
700
. 005
. 020
200
8
DH2
69 . 5
270
NW2
119
360
17000
1240
. 005
. 029
360
NW4
118
360
16100
1240
. 005
. 0 31
360
SHl
118
340
16400
1240
. 010
. 0 30
370
290
13000
975
300
340
SH2
99 . 0
NW6
109
325
14300
1130
BH6
119
360
16500
1240
. 005
. 029
365
BH7 A
118
360
16700
1240
. 010
. 031
360
BH8
11 8
350
16900
1240
. 010
. 031
360
NW6
110
340
15100
1130
. 00 5
. 025
330
June 1 1
June 3 0
92
Table 1 1 ( a )
location date
5 . 0 depth
Cont ' d
sodium
Na +
su1ph� Z e
SO �
colour
( Hazen uni t s )
ph
conductance
turb idity
/).Imhoscm- 1 at 2 5 C{: ( Jackson uni t s )
May 2 5
DH 2
9900
2460
5
7.2
4 8 5 00
0.2
BH7
9 700
2500
5
7.7
48700
0.1
DH1
7050
1800
5
7.5
36100
0 .2
CH1
9700
2500
<5
7.8
48500
0.2
DH 2
5800
1550
<5
7.8
47100
0.2
NW2
9700
2 6 30
<5
7.8
4 8 30 0
0 .1
NW4
9 700
2500
<5
7.8
48200
0.1
SH1
9700
3850
<5
7.9
48300
0.2
SH2
8100
2000
5
7.6
40700
0.2
NW6
9 10 0
2200
5
7.8
4 5100
0.2
BH 6
9700
2500
<5
7.9
4 8600
0.2
BH7A
9 700
2400
<5
7.8
48300
0.2
BH8
9700
2450
<5
7.9
48200
0.2
NW6
9100
2300
<5
8.1
45000
0.2
June 8
June 1 1
June 3 0
93
Water Slua l i t:( results from
Table 1 1 (b )
Balaena Ba:( , N . W . T .
( uni t s , m!l Eer litre)
location date alka linity calcium chloride magne � ium nitrogen phosphorus pota s s i um
Mg +
Cl total caCo
Ca + 3
N 03 +N O'2
2 . 5m depth
total P
K+
3
May 2 5
DH2
117
360
17100
1240
. 020
. 027
360
BH7
119
350
17400
1240
. 02 0
. 02 4
360
2.1
43
2020
152
<0 . 005
0 . 0 30
44
82 . 6
250
12000
845
June 4
( algal melt pond )
June 8
DHl
270
CHl
117
360
16400
1 2 10
. 015
. 035
355
DH2
116
350
16700
1210
. 010
. 029
355
280
12900
960
. 00 5
. 029
275
NW2
95.0
NW4
117
360
16600
1 2 4,0
. 005
. 0 30
350
SHl
119
360
16800
1240
. 0 05
. 0 32
360
SH2
81 . 1
220
10700
7 80
250
NW6
74
205
9300
670
220
BH6
116
340
1 6 0 00
1200
. 00 5
. 0 30
350
BH2A
119
360
16300
1240
. 005
. 0 32
355
BH8
116
350
16400
1210
. 0 10
. 032
350
June 2 6
( I I control )
112
340
15400
1170
. 010
. 0 35
335
115
350
16200
1200
. 010
. 028
345
June 1 1
June 3 0
NW 6
94
Table 11 ( b )
location date
2 . 4 depth
Cont ' d
ph
sodium sulphate colour
SO -: 2 ' . ( H aten units )
Na+
4
conductan r e
turbidity
0
/ v mho s cm- at 2 5 C ( Jackson uni t s )
May 2 5
DH2
9 800
2550
5
7 .. 8
48500
0.2
BH7
9 7 00
3550
5
7.8
48400
0.1
375
<5
7.1
7280
0.2
June 4
( a lgal melt pond) 1 2 2 0
June 8
DHl
7100
1800
5
7.6
36100
0.2
CHl
9600
2600
<5
7.8
48400
0.2
DH2
9600
2550
<5
7.5
29700
0.2
NW2
· 7600
1950
<5
7.7
38500
0.4
NW4
9 600
2400
<5
7.8
47100
0.1
SHl
9600
2500
<5
7.8
47700
0.1
SH2
6600
1 6 50
5
7. 3
33600
0.3
NW6
5500
1400
5
7.3
29600
0.2
BH6
9400
3100
<5
7.8
46600
0.2
BH2A
9 600
2500
<5
7.8
47900
0.1
BH8
9500
2450
<5
7.9
48200
0.1
9200
2300
<5
8.0
45700
0 .2
9400
2400
<5
8.0
47200
0.3
June 11
June 2 6
( I I control )
June 3 0
NW6
95
T ab l e
12 (a)
#
Run
P ath
S amp l e
1
Con t ro l
2
Control
3
NW2 ( 7 )
4
NW2 ( 7 )
5
NW2 ( 4 )
6
7
(A)
of
Le n g th
i ce
A
cores
A
300
A
400
A
500
A
600
700
0 . 50
cm
0 . 257
0 . 241
0 . 231
0 . 237
0 . 250
1 . 01
cm
0 . 705
0 . 526
0 . 472
0 . 450
0 . 456
1. 01
cm
0 . 832
0 . 815
0 . 80 3
0 . 7 79
0 . 766
0 . 50
cm
0 . 460
0 . 458
0 . 426
0 . 410
0 . 417
1. 20
cm
0 . 6 19
0 . 582
0 . 572
0 . 551
0 . 562
NW 2 ( 4 )
1 . 70
cm
0 . 754
0 . 769
0 . 772
0 . 7 17
0 . 707
NW2 ( 4 )
1 . 67
1 . 50
cm
0 . 759
0 . 734
0 . 7 10
0 . 686
0 . 7 02
cm
1 . 795
(*)
( long )
>
8
SH2
1 . 907
1. 841
1. 797
9
SH2 ( 3 )
. 75
cm
0 . 347
0 . 288
0 . 267
0 . 254
0 . 250
10
SH2 ( 3 )
1 . 19
cm
0 . 60 4
0 . 459
0 . 40 5
0 . 39 5
0 . 399
T ab l e
Run
.
Ab s o rb a n c e
( 4 0 cm
dee p )
Co e f f i c i en t s
At t e n u a t i o n
1 2 (b )
#
2
S amp l e
K
K
300
(K
400
A)
( cm
K
-1
500
)
K
K
600
70 0
1
con tro l ( * )
0 . 514
0 . 482
0 . 470
0 . 474
2
control
0 . 698
0 . 52 1
0 . 468
0 . 446
0 . 451
3
NW2 ( 7 )
0 . 82 4
0 . 807
0 . 795
0 . 771
0 . 758
4
NW2 ( 7 )
0 . 834
5
NW 2 ( 4 )
6
NW2 ( 4 )
7
NW2 ( 4 )
8
SH 2
9
SH2 ( 3 )
10
SH2 ( 3 )
.','
*
all
i.e.
( l on g )
( l ong )
( 4 0 cm de e p )
s amp l e s
were
cut paral le l
cut
to
0 . 920
0 . 9 16
0 . 852
0 . 82 0
0 . 516
0 . 478
0 . 477
0 . 4 59
0 . 468
0 . 444
0 . 452
0 . 454
0. 422
0 . 41 6
0 . 454
0 . 440
0 . 425
0 . 411
0. 420
1. 82
1 . 75
1 . 71
1. 71
0 . 463
0 . 384
0 . 356
0 . 339
0 . 33 3
0 . 508
0 . 386
0 . 335
0. 328
0. 330
(off scale )
90
0
core
0 . 500
to
core
l e ng th
l en g th ) .
un l e s s
marked
long .
96
Ta b l e 1 3 . Genera l Ob s e rvati ons on Weather and I ce Cond i ti ons
Commen ts
Date
t�ay
May
May
May
May
t�ay
��ay
May
8
9
11
13
14
15
17
18
May
May
May
t1ay
May
20
21
22
23
24
May 2 5
��ay 2 6
May 2 7 - 3 1
June
June
1
1 -2
June
June
2
3
June
4-5
J u ne
5
June
6
June
7
June
8- 1 0
o
- s now cover on i 8 e c omp l ete , 2 0 - 2 5 cm a n d temp era t u re >O C
- temperature > 0 C , warm and s un n�
- warm wea t h er a n d very bri g h t , >0 C
c o l de r weathe r , -8 ° C
- b l owi n g s now , - 1 2 C
o
- c l ea r a n d col d , - 1 0 C
- c l e a r , co l d , - 9 C , wi ndy
- c l ea r , col d , -8 C
n o trace of a l g a l g rowth s ee n i n h o l es d r i l l ed or i n cores
recovered
- s n ow c ov 8 r becomi ng t h i n on i ce c l ose to camp
- co l d , -9 C , � i ndy \\l i th b l owi ng s n m'J
- wa rmer , - 6 . 5 C , 20 wi nd
wi ndy , co l d , - 1 1 C , bri g h t
- c l ear
- i ce a pp ea rs very perme a b l e to water a s s h own by drai nage thro u g h
wa l l s o f 1 8 i nc h a u g e r h o l e s du r i ng dri l l i ng
- bri g h t , - 3 C
- s n ow cover o b s c ured s p i l l s i te detai l except c l ear i c e mel t
p rodu ced by oi l bu rn
- s ome oi l appea red o n s u rfa ce ( SH2 ) and the s n ow appeared d a r k e r
over t h e ci rcu l ar boom area s o n the s p i l l s i te c ompa red to t h e
Bay i n g enera l
- there wa s n o s u b s ta n t i a l c ha n ge i n the a ppeara nce o f the i ce s u rface
wh i c h was comp l e te l y s n ow cove red
- s l i g h t o i l f i l m v i s i b l e on DHl
the oi l a ppeared on the s u rface a t every s p i l l to g i v e approx i mate l y
one thi rd oi l c ov e ra g e o f s p i l l area
- the snow on the Bay a ppe ared to extend i n ri dges a n d d r i fts
sep a rated by exten s i v e wet turq u o i s e b l u e c l ea r i c e a reas , fi r s t
no ted mel t p ond drai nage throuqh i ce
- a fter heavy rai n a l l day - water i n C Hl was s l i gh t l y turbi d
- i ce- p l u g formed i n CHl a t fres h water/ sea water i nterfa c e
- genera l a ppea rance a s J u n e 2 , b u t exte n s i ve s u rfa c e wa ter o f
brown - g reen c o l our a r ou nd s h ore ti d a l c r a c k s i n Bay a n d i n oi l
s p i 1 1 bay
- s n ow dri fts very l oc a l i zed ov e r about h a l f the s u rface of Bay
- o i l on s u rface of s p i l l a rea a bou t one h a l f coverage
- 1 3 1 0 , obs erved water fo u n ta i n i n g above i ce s u rfa ce - ti d e effect
- no oi l observed on DH1 , DH2
- s n ow c overage redu ced to abou t one thi rd a rea of Bay
- c l ea r i ce appears to have dark b l u e pa ttern a s we l l as prev i ou s
s hade o f b l u e
- DH2 - o i l g l obu l e s on top
- DHl - oi l y fi l m on s u rface
- i ce and oi l a p p earance s i mi l ar to June 6
- a fter b u rn of oi l aeri a l p hotos a n d o bs erva ti ons i ndi c ated SW
con tami nati o n of i ce s u rface by s oo t p a rti c l e s extendi n g � 1 km
out on Bay from s p i l l a rea
very d i s ti n c t s now p a ttern s e p a ra t i n g bl u e c l ear i ce areas
over Bay
- o i l i n s p i l l a rea c overs sma l l er to ta l a rea than before burn
�
97
Tab l e 1 3 . Gen e ra l Observa ti ons on Wea ther and I ce Condi ti ons ( Cont ' d )
Comments
Da te
June
8
June
9
June 1 0
June 1 1
June 1 2
June 1 4
June 1 6
June 1 8
J u ne 2 1
June 22
June 2 5
June 29
June 30
- oi l g l obu l e s on s u rface of CHl
- NW2 dri l l ed - � 1 ft down to water s u rface - a l l other hol e s ,
water a t s u rface of i c e
- NW4 dri l l ed - o i l mon o l ayer on top
- DH2 - oi l on s u rface - abou t t covered by b l a c k l ayer mon o l ayer everywh ere
- s ome oi 1 fi 1 m seen on N\�2 producti vi ty bottl e s
- DH2 - o i l thi c k over s ur face
- sma l l cru s tacea ( s h r i m p - l i k e ) co l l ected a rou n d producti v i ty bott l e s
- 2 . 5 m , NW2 - sma l l crus tacea c l u s tered a ro u n d bottl e , none a t NW4 ,
a n d are begi n n i ng to a p pea r a t a l m o s t a l l the hol e s
- B H 2 - drai nage c u rren t observed , ma k i n g cond/ temp read i ng d i ffi cu l t
- mos t of the me l t ponds d r a i ned
- DH2 ex treme l y o i l y
a cra c k C co l umn of me l t c h a n ne l s � 3 cm di am .
DH4
s ome o i ly burned res i d u e i n hol e
S H2
- SH2 - b u rn res i due parti c l es s een i n h o l e
- S H 2 - b l a c k re s i due i n h o l e
- DH2 - s l i c k of oi l 1 mm thi c k over t ho l e
s u rface of bay i s u n i forml y wh i te - i ce s o porous that water
d ra i n ed out l ea v i ng a cry s ta l l i ne i c e - s n ow over s u rface
- wate r rema i n s i n a l ga l mel t ponds and s h ort dra i nage c h a n ne l s
from these ho l es
- Van Darn wa s h ed wi th l ux deterge nt to get ri d of o i l
- extens i ve m e l t p ond devel opment u nder bri g h t s u n l i g ht
- BH4 - ( 1 7 50 ) s trong cu rren t down h o l e
- C H l - o i l p o c k ets i n i ce , none on s u rface
- S H2 - c l ea r , no oi l
- NW2 - b u rn l e ft heavy re s i due i n ho l e , l i tt l e l i g h t pen etra t i on
- fl owers a p p ea red on tundra
- a l g a l m e l t ponds � 46 cm deep - l a rge b l o oms - n o t open to
bottom yet
- s p i l l a rea comp l e te ly open
- 5 to 1 0 m open water s tri p a ro u n d s ho re of B ay and i s l a nd
- s n ow ( or drai ned- i ce c ry s ta l ) p a ttern covers a b ou t o n e thi rd
s u rface of Bay
- c l ear i ce a p p ears m i l ky b l ue w i th dark bl u e patches over
thi nner s e c ti o n s .
98
P l ankton abundance
Tab l e 1 4
Station
Date
( c e l ls l2er l i te r )
Del2th/m
AbundanceLce 1 1 s l2e r liter
May 2 8 , 1 9 7 5
BH7
2.5
768
June 4 , 1 �n5
BH7
2.5
1 4 , 80 0
June 1 , 1 9 7 5
BH7
5.0
1 , 000
June 1 1 , 1 9 7 5
BH 7
5.0
13, 600
May 2 8 , 1 9 7 5
DH2
2.5
11 , 70 0
June 1 , 1 9 7 5
DH2
2.5
2 , 180
June 1 ,
1975
DH2
5.0
1 , 09 0
June 8 ,
1975
DH2
5.0
1 4 , 10 0
June 4 , 1 9 7 5
June 4 ,
1975
AMP U
AMP # 2
s ur f ace near CH1
634 , 000
surface near CH1
6 6 8 , 00 0
June 4 , 1 9 7 5
AMP # 3
surface near CH1
4 , 110 , 00 0
June 4 , 1 9 7 5
AMP # 4
surface near CH1
581 , 000
June 4 , 1 9 7 5
DH1
8.0
559 , 0 00
99
Tab l e 1 5 ( a ) .
A l g a e content of s u rface me l t ponds i n
B a l a e na B ay , N . W . T . , J u n e 4 , 1 97 5
Stat i on
Date
Ar�p # 1
J u ne 4
B i ota
Focus distichus
L.
E p i p hyti c b l u eg reens a b u ndant .
AMP #3
June 4
Chae tomorpha meZogonium
( Weber
&
Mo h r ) Kutz .
E p i p hyti c b l u eg reens a b u nd a n t .
( Wi l l i e ) Ros env .
( Ep i p hyte , few )
Sorapion kj e Z Zmanii
Percursaria p ercursa
( C . Ag . ) Ros e n v . ( Few )
Stictyosiphon torti Zis
( Ru pr . ) Rei n ke ( Few )
Endophy t i c Bo Zboco Z eon piZiferum
P r i n g s h e i m (Abundan t )
B l u e g reens a b u nd a n t .
1 00
Tabl e 1 5 ( b )
A l g a e content of s ur fa c e me l t ponds i n
B a l aena Bay , N . W . T . , J u n e 1 4 , 1 9 7 5
Samp l e
UA l
UA2
DA2
DA3
Bi o ta I denti f i c a t i o n
1.
Chaetomorpha meZagonium ( Weber & Moh r ) Kutz
w/Pi Zay e Ua UttoraUs ("L . ) Kj e l l m ,.
Sphace Zaria arc tica H a rv . CZadophora s p .
2.
n1 CUS distichus
3.
Chaetomorpha capi Z Zaris ( Kutz )
w/ChaetoboZus gibbus Ros en v .
1.
Pucus dis tichus
2.
Sphace Zarica arctica Harv .
w/Ectochaete wittrockii ( W i l l e ) Ky 1 i n
Chaetomorpha capi Z Zaris ( Klitz ) ' B¢rq .
3.
Chaetomorpha me Zogonium
l.
n�cus distichus
2.
Stictyosiphon tortiZis
3.
Chaetomorpha me Zagonium
4.
PiZay e Z Za ZittoraZis
1.
D i a tom c o l o n i es and b l u e g reen a l g a e
2.
L.
B¢rq .
L.
( Weber
&
L . ( wi t h e p i p hytes )
(wi th e p i p hy te s )
( Ru pr . ) Rei n k e (wi th epi phytes )
( Weber
&
Moh r ) Kutz
( L ) Kj e l l m ( among others )
Chaetomorpha m e Zagonium ( Weber & Moh r ) Kutz
ChaetoboZus gibbus R o s e nv .
PiZay e Z Za ZittoraZis ( L . ) Kj e l l m .
wi t h epi p hytes :
( B l u e green a l g ae s
3.
Mo h r ) KU tz
Fucus distichus
w/ e p i p hytes
L.
&
di a toms )
1 01
Tabl e 1 6
Abun d a n c e p e r c e n t s ( r e l a t i v e ) f or a l g a l me l t
p o n d s ( MP - J u n e 4 , 1 9 7 5 ; DA a n d U A- J un e 1 4 , 1 9 7 5 )
I d e n t i f i c a t i on
N umb e r
0
11P 2
0
0
0
25
1
1
0
1
1
210
0
2 30
0
2 20
310
0
0
320
0
0
340
0
0
1
1
330
350
360
370
0
0
5
1
380
390
1
400
440
395
420
4 50
460
470
480
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
5
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
25
25
1
0
1
0
5
0
5
0
1
5
5
1
0
0
0
0
0
5
5
5
25
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
5
5
5
5
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
5
0
1
5
0
0
0
0
1
1
5
0
1
0
5
5
5
1
0
5
5
1
5
0
5
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
5
1
0
0
0
5
0
1
1
1
0
1
0
0
1
1
0
1
5
5
5
0
1
1
5
0
5
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
5
1
1
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
5
5
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
0
0
67
114
73
9
33
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
20
5
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
25
1
0
0
0
5
1
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
71
0
1
0
5
5
1
0
0
0
0
1
1
1310
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
5
0
5
0
1220
5
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
5
0
1
0
1
0
.)
c·
0
0
0
0
940
0
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
920
0
5
1
1
0
0
0
1
910
0
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
1
5
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
5
1
0
0
1
1
1
1
0
0
1
5
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
5
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
1
1
810
Total
UA4
0
1
0
1350
UA3
0
590
70 0
1230
UA2
1
1
1210
UAl
1
570
1120
DA4
1
1
0
1
9 30
DA 3
0
520
820
1
DA2
0
510
710
5
DAl
0
25
540
0
0
MP 4
0
490
500
MP 3
MP l
0
0
0
0
0
0
7
0
1
1
1
0
0
1
5
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
34
31
6
0
0
0
0
0
38
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1 02
I den t i fi ca t i on Code for Mi crobio ta from Bal aena Bay ,
Tab l e 1 7 .
N . W. T . May-June , 1 9 75
000
ALGAE ( un i den t i fi ed fi l amen t ous ) 460
1 00
ANNEL I DEA
110
200
210
211
220
221
230
231
240
POLY CHAETA
CHLOROPHYTA ( green al gae )
Bo lboco leon
B. pil iferwn
Chae tomorpha
C.
melagoniwn
Percursaria
P . percursa
Ulothrix
470
471
Licmophora
81 0
Copepoda
Me losira
830
Naup Hus
M.
jurgensii
900 CYANOPHYTA ( b l ue-green al gae )
480
Mas togloia
910
Anabaena
490
Navicula
920
Calo thrix
500
Nitzschia
930
Epiphy tic
940
Osci l latoria
501
N.
c los teriwn
502
N.
delicatissima
1 000 EUGLENOPHYTA
503
N.
frigida
1 01 0
Euglenoidea
504
N.
longissima
1 1 00 MASTI GOPHORA
505
N.
s eriata
1110
Cryp t ,monas
1 1 20
Diste
(nus
D.
sk'eculwn
510
Pinnu laria
31 0
Amphora
520
Pleurosigma
1 1 21
326
Amphiprora
530
Rhizosolenia
1 20 0 PHAEOPHYTA ( brown al gae )
330
Biddulphia
540
Rhoicosphenia
1 21 0
Fucus
340
Caloneis
541
1211
F.
350
Campylodiscus
550
Stauroneis
1 2 20
355
Ceratoneis
560
Surirel la
1 221
360
Chae toceros
Synedra
1 230
370
Cocconeis
Tha lassiosira
1 231
380
Coscinodiscus
590
Trachyneis
1 300 PYRROPHYTA
390
Cymbe Z Za
600
C I L I ATA
C I L I OPHORA ( ci l i ca t es ) 1 320
300
CHRYSOPHYTA ( d i a t oms )
510
580
395
Cyc lo t e l la
700
400
Diploneis
710
410
41 1
Eucamphia
E.
greenlandia
720
721
R.
curoata
1 31 0
Spiros tomwn
1 32 1
Tintinnopsis
1 330
T.
karajacensis
1 331
parvula
1 340
420
Fragi laria
722
430
Gomphonema
730
Didiniwn
1 341
440
Cramma tophora
740
Vortic e L la
1 350
450
Cyrosigma
800
T.
CRUSTACEA
dis tichus
Sorapion
S.
kje l lmanii
Stictyosiphon
S.
torti lis
Ceratium
Dinophysis
D.
arctica
Gonyaulax
C.
catenata
Minuscu la
M.
bipes
Peridiniwn
1 400 ROn FERA
1 50 0 SARCOD I NA
1 03
Ta b l e
18.
. .
Number Pos l t l o n
I c e s u r f a c e a l ga e s u r v e� w e s t o f o i l s � i 1 1
Hol e ty p e
ty p e de pt h di am.
cm.
cm.
Al gae p resen t
Pos i t i on
Hol e ty pe
ty p e de pt h
cm .
25
4
3.8
5. 1
ABC
3-74
4
25
4
1.3
5.1
A
75
2
26
4
1 . 3 l 0. 2 x 5 . l
B
1 5-76
4
smal l
26
4
1 .3
12.7
26
4 many smal l hol es
28
30 . 5
28
BC
77
2
C
84
4
12. �
78
4
ABC
79
1
BC
20 - 90
4
12.7
27 . 9
5-28
4
1.3
29
2
10.2
20. 3
ABC
91
2
20 . 3
ABC
30 - 92
4
29
4
10.2
29
5
7.6
1 5-30
4
8-33
8-40
BC
di am.
cm.
Al gae p resen t
B
1 0. 2
ABC
BC
12.7
AB
B
12.7
A
30. 5
25.4
ABC
5. 1
ABC
10. 2
17.8
BC
ABC
BC
93
a l o t of fi l amen t ous are t hru t he i CE
1 5. 2
7.6
ABC
2
4
A
93
4
10.2
AC
4
A
94
4
10. 2
BC
8-43
4
A
95
4
7.6
A
42
5
D
95
4
7.6
BC
6-50
4
12.7
A
1 00
fi l amentous everywhere
5-50
4
12.7
ABC
1 00
2
BC
1 00
4
10.2
A
ABC
101
2
15.2
1 5. 2
BC
12. 7
12.7
ABC
51
4
7-52
4
55
4
56
2
56
4
1 1 -57
4
2 - 58
2
60
4
60
4
6-61
4
5. 1 to 1 2 . 7
25.4
5.1
15.2
12.7
ABC
20 . 3
A
1 01
2
25 . 4
ABCD
5 - 1 05
4
7.6
AC
5-1 05
4
5. 1
AB
A
1 10
4
15.2
B
BC
25-1 1 0
4
BC
1 10
2
1 5. 2
20 . 3
ABC
15.2
15.2
ABC
1 7. 8
17.8
1 -61
ABC
110
2
A
9-1 1 0
4
C
20- 1 1 5
4
AB
1 20
A
smal l
-+
A
ABC
BC
sma l l patches of ABC (9 hol es )
63
4
62
4
A
1 20
17.8
20 . 3
BC
63
5
76.2
D
1 20
20 . 3
10. 2
BC
65
4
7.6
A
1 22
5
66
2
15.2
A
1 25
2
12.7
10.2
2-66
4
15.2
A
1 35
30. 5
27.9
15.2
D
ABC
1 04
Algae surve:i ( Cont ' d )
Table 1 8
Pos ition
Hole type
type depth diam .
em .
em .
Algae presen t
Pos i tion
Hole type
Algae
type depth diam . present
em .
em .
67
1
30 . 5
30 . 5
ABC
1 4- 1 3 5
4
3.8
A
68
68
2
2
12 . 7
25. 4
15 . 2
30 . 4
ABC
ABC
140
1 5- 1 4 5
5
2
15 . 2 12 . 7
BC
68
2
25. 4
27 . 9
AC
160
2
2 5 . 4 27 . 9
ABC
17- 6 9
4
A
162
4
12 . 7
ABC
70
5
8- 1 6 3
4
0
25.4
0
C
170
5
ABC
2-1 7 0
2
25 . 4 12 . 7
ABC
A
0
3- 6 9
4
72
1
30 . 5
25.4
73
2
17 . 8
15 . 2
B
3 -1 7 1
2
12 . 7 12 . 7
BC
73
4
10 . 2
BC
1 4- 1 7 5
2
1 5 . 2 15 . 2
BC
73
2
12 . 7
12 . 7
ABC
1- 1 7 6
2
20 . 4 20 . 3
ABC
74
1
35 . 6
22.9
ABC
176
4
7.6
BC
3-176
4
7.6
A
180
5
181
2
12 . 7
17 . 8
A
10-182
2
15 . 2
12 . 7
A
0
Algae Present
A
B
branched algae
filamentous algae
and Mohr )
C
o
(brown algae ) ,
s lime a lgae
gel algae
( green algae
Kutz )
( blue-green algae)
( d iatoms )
hole t:il2e
1
deep open
2
shallow open
3
closed
4
surface
5
crack
<
3cm deep
( Fucus di s t i cus L . )
( Chae tomorpha me tagonium (Weber
1 05
Table 1 9
Summary of numb e r of p l anktonic genera
in control and oil groups o f s ta t io n s i n
B a l aena Bay , N . W .
(mean
T . , May - June ,
1975
# gener a/ s amp l e )
Contro l
Leve l o f Abundance
Total
,tlo . o f genera
mean o f 4 1 s amp l e s
1%
5%
25%
18 . 2
32
10
50%
Total
6
230
I
4 . 44
0 . 78
0 . 244
0 . 14 6
5 . 61
RMS
4 . 71
1. 08
0 . 56
0 . 38
5 . 89
+DEV
3 . 19
( 67 . 7% )
0 . 58
( 5 3 . 3%)
0 .25
(44. 6%)
66
22
0 . 13
(33. 4%)
3.90
( 6 6 . 2%)
Oi l
324
me an of 6 7 s ample s
RMS
+DEV
% increase in mean
fiRMS
H DEV
10
422
4 . 84
0 .985
0 . 328
0 . 149
6 . 30
4 .97
1.56
0 . 66
0 . 39
6 . 66
4 . 07
( 81 . 9 % )
9%
5.9%
( 149 . 6% )
0 . 89
(56. 8%)
26%
44 . 4%
( 110 . 1% )
0 . 32
(48 . 9%)
34%
17 . 9 %
( 9 3 . 5% )
0 . 13
( 33 . 4% )
2%
2 . 6%
( 66 . 8% )
5 . 53
( 8 3 . 0%)
1 2 . 3%
1 3 . 1%
( 149 . 2% )
1 06
Table 2 0
Mean I2rimary I2roductivit:t results ,
1 9 7 5 Balaena Ba;( ,
-l
-3
h
)
( m mol C m
Ma;(- June ,
4 hr .
N . W. T .
incubation
Light
control
. influenced by o i l
(L)
Dark
(0)
0 . 264 + 0 . 025
-
0 . 2 4 6 + 0 . 03 6
-
-
0 . 245 + 0 . 08�
-
0 . 230 + 0 . 0 8 4
I.- iS
0 . 018
0 . 0 15
0 . 22 2 + 0 . 02 5
-
0 . 141 + 0 . 0 4 8
0 . 081
0 . 2 4 1 + 0 . 07 6
-
0 . 2 1 3 + 0 . 07 7
-
0 . 02 8
control
0 . 0624 + 0 . 0255
-
0 . 0369 + 0 . 0145
0 . 0255
inf luenced by o i l
0 . 0886 + 0 . 0427
-
0 . 0 5 2 8 + 0 . 0 259
0 . 0 358
0 . 0519 + 0 . 0254
-
-
0 . 0318 + 0 . 0 143
0 . 0201
-
0 . 0441 + 0 . 0 211
-
0 . 0292
in oil
c ombined o i l
2 4 hr .
-
incubation
in o i l
comb ined o i l
0 . 07 3 3 + 0 . 0 35 5
-
-
1 07
Table 2 1
Phytoplankton production estimates from several
far northern marine locations and from some comparab le
regions in lower lati tudes
( from Grainger
( 19 7 4 )
with
some additions )
Lo cation
Author
Production es timate
Far northern marine
Apo llonio
( 19 5 9 )
Arct i c Ocean
Apol lon io
(M S , 1 9 5 6 )
Cornwa l l i s I . ,
Canada
2
50 mmol c/m /year
2
1 6mmol c/m /day over
s ummer
( reasonable
extrapo lati on to
2
about 1 . 2mol c/m /year )
McLaren
Baffin I . ,
(1969)
2
1 mol c/m /year
land-locked fj ord
Steemann N ielsen
We st Green l and ,
(1958)
2.4, 7.9,
2
8 . 2mol C m /yr .
3 locations
Petersen
Bagge & Niemi
Welch & Kalff
Gr ainger
We st Greenland
2
3 mo l c/m /year
(1971)
Gulf of Finland
2 . 5- 3 . 3mol
(1975 ) ·
Resolute Bay , N . W . T .
2
2 . 7 molC/m /year
Frobisher Bay
2
4 . 2 - 8 . 3 molc/m /year
St . Margarets Bay ,
2
1 5 . 8 mol g C/m /year
(1964)
( 1 97 4 )
2
C/m /year
Lower latitude marine
Pl att
( 19 7 1 )
Nova S co t i a
Parsons , LeBras seur
& Barraclough
Ryther & Yentsch
Steven
(1970)
(1958)
(1971)
Sorokin and Konovalova
S t r . of Georgia
2
1 0 mol c/m /year
Bri t i sh Columbia
off New York
2
8 . 3 - 1 3 . 3mo l c/m /year
near Barbados
2
8 . 7 mol c/m /year
( 1 9 7 3 ) Japan Sea near
V l adivostok
2
8 - 2 5 mmol C/m /d
( winter/b loom )
under i c e
1 08
Ta bl e 2 2
Ana l y s i s
( provi d e d by
o f U nw e at h e re d
Norcor
Crude
&
En g i n e e r i ng
Oi l
Re s e ar ch
C rude
E l eme n t
N o rm a n We l l s
1 . 76%
S u lphur
( A1
A l um i n um
2
0
3
B a r i um
( CaO)
Ca l c i um
Copper
I r on
)
S o d i um
( Si0
( Na
Tin
Van a d i um
Z inc
2
2
O)
)
Oi l
Swan
Hill
2 .90%
p .p .m.
<
0 . 5
p . p .m.
<
0 . 5
p . p .m.
<
0 . 5
p . p . m.
<
0 . 5
p.p .m.
5
p . p .m.
<
0 . 5
p . p .m.
0 . 5
p . p .m.
0 . 3
p . p .m .
0 . 3
p.p.m.
0 . 5
p . p .m .
20
p . p . m.
0 . 5
p . p .m.
<
0 . 5
p . p . m.
1
p.p.m.
<
0 . 5
p .p .m.
<
0 . 5
p . p .m.
<
0 . 5
p . p .m.
<
1
p . p .m.
1
p . p . m.
<
0 . 5
p .p .m.
<
0 . 5
p . p .m.
3
p . p .m.
<
0 . 5
p . p .m.
20
p . p . m.
<
Nickel
S i l i con
Y e l lowkn i fe )
0 . 5
Lead
( M gO )
Ltd . ,
<
(Fe )
M a g n e s i um
S amp l e s
<
1 09
1400
B
E A
F O
U
S
E
R
T
4 ,."
U '"
OS E N
SEE INSE T # 1
APE PARRY
A
G U L F
(7
I N SET # 2
I2
1I 2
lI3
'L I TTLE OIL
SPILL BA Y '
m5
a :m: 1
Fi g u re l ( a ) .
Map o f s i te s howi ng September , 1 974 s u rvey s ta t i o n s .
N
Seale 75 m - 1 em
•
• CH1
O� �
V
N oreor
Camp
8 0A
�
. BH7
N
. B H8
• BH1
. B H6
• BH2
• BH3
. B H4
--'
--'
o
N
Seale
350 m - 1 em
e NW hOle
CAMP
50 m-+
2
NW. NORMAN WELL!;
SH: SWAN HILLS
PA· PANARCTIC BOOM
FIGURES DENOTE SKlAT LENGTHS (eM I
@
152
....... ��������CATIONS
�
0 1
15
SCALE
F i g u re l ( b ) .
"0
20 30m
Map o f s i te s howi ng May - J u n e , 1 97 5 s u rvey s t a ti o n s .
111
F i g u re 2 ( a ) .
F i g ure 2 ( b ) .
Photograph o f the o i l s p i l l s i te taken from a
hel i co p ter . Ba l aena Bay , �1ay 2 6 , 1 97 5 , s u rface
mel t effect o f earl y t1ay b u rn l ower centre .
Photo g r a p h o f the o i l s p i l l s i te ta ken from a
hel i co p ter . B a l aena Bay , J u n e 7 , 1 97 5 .
112
Fi g u re 2 ( c ) .
Photograph o f the o i l s p i l l s i te ta ken from a
hel i co p ter . Ba l a ena Bay , J u n e 1 0 , 1 97 5 .
F i gure 2 ( d ) .
Photograph o f the o i l s p i l l s i te ta ken from a
hel i copter . B a l aena Bay , J u n e 3 0 , 1 97 5 .
113
" C" - R I N G S E A l --+"--""<--+--?I
BLACK A N O D I Z E D A L . --t-7''"--7'--?''i
F i lT E R ASSEM B LY --+'--""<--+---"""":-1
PHOTO
- 01 O D E --I7"-r-7'-+-��
4 . 52 c m
3
�3
4 - 4 0 TAPPED
H O L E S FOR M O U N T I N G
4 - 40 STA I N L ESS
R E TA I N I NG S C R E W S
�______ X S F - B C l C O N N E C T O R
BY M A RS H a M A R I N E
�""---rr�
F i n u re 3 ( a ) .
Co n s tr uc t i o n deta i l s o f t h e L l - 1 9 2S u nderwa ter
i rradi a n c e q u a n tum s e n so r .
100
w
en
z
0
0..
en
w
0::
W
>
!;i
80
I
IDEAL
.......---� ....�
...
60
...J
W
0::
lz
W
U
0::
w
0..
QUANTU M S E NSOR -
40
20
0 '
r"'"
I
I
II
I
I
QUANTU M RESPONSE
,...,
I
+:>
I
I
400
500
SPECT R A L RES PON S E O F
600
WAV E L E NGTH
700
>
(nm)
TH E L I - 192 S Q UA N T U M SENSOR AN D
T H AT O F A N I D E A L Q U A N T U M S E N S O R
F i gure 3 ( b ) .
Spectral response o f the L l - 1 92S qua ntum s e n s o r a n d that o f a n i d eal q ua n tum s e n s o r .
115
F i g ure 4 .
Photo gra p h o f H . Chew hol d i ng the l i g h t s e n s o r s up p o r t
ready fo r depl oymen t thro u g h i ce i n B a l a e n a Bay , N . W . T .
J u ne 4 , 1 97 5 .
116
HYDROLAB
MODEL 60 SURVEYOR
S U R FACE READOUT UNIT
L A M B DA L H85
L I G H T READOUT UNIT
S U R FACE L I G H T
QUANTUM SENSOR
1 0 0 m. CABLE
SONDE
53 cm x 1 7 c m D I A .
UP-WELLING
I R R A D I ANCE SENSOR
p H , D . O. Conductivity , Depth ,
Temperat ure , O. R. P. , Sens o rs
DOW N - WEL L I NG
I RRA D I AN C E S E NSOR
WATER QUALITY SU RVEY
EQ U I PMENT
F i g u re 5 .
Water q ua l i ty s u rvey e q u i pmen t s howi ng c o n fi g u rati o n o f
u nd erwa ter i rrad i a n c e s en sors .
"'-l
Figure 6.
Photograph of Hydrolab Surveyor, September, 1974, ( modified to accept Lambda irradiance
sensors ) on the shore of the oil spill cove in Balaena Bay next to inflatable boat used
for survey.
118
Figure 7(a).
Photograph of equipment shelter (right) and irradiance
monitor support (centre) in oil spill cove, Balaena Bay,
N.W.T., September, 1974 looking west from shore at camp.
Underwater photograph
Balaena Bay.
119
_____
- LIGHT DIFFUSER
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PLEXIGLASS
O'RING
LIGHT FILTER
LIGHT DETECTOR ( UDT-500)
PCB Op/omp
BENDI X CONNECTOR
IO CM
F i g ure 8 .
Underwa ter i rrad i a nce s e n s o r s u s ed i n mo n i to r .
ALUMINUM
HOUSING
ALUMINUM
SUPPORT
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F i g u re
10.
M AY 1 8
MAY 2 1
MAY 2 8
JUNE 4
STAT I O N D H - I, 1975
- 1 5.00
JUNE 1 0
Depth profi l es i n the d i ffu s e refl ectance fu ncti o n ( u pwe l l i ng to downwel l i ng i rrad i a nce
rati o s ) fo r Stati o n DH- l .
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"
,
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,
,
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i[J
STAT I ON CH- I , J UNE I , 1 975
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Fi g u re 1 1 .
2 .00
4.00
i
D E P TH 1m
6.00
Pl o t o f £n ( I / I o ) v s depth a t s ta t i o n C H - l , J u ne 1 , 1 97 5 .
8;
,
8.00
&
10.00
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1 24
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20.00
d.
d.
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1-2
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+
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1-4
+
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F i g ure 1 3 . ' Sep tember , 1 974 , Wa ter q u a l i ty mea s u reme nt s : D i s s o l ved o xygen/p . p . m . ,
p H , O . R . P . a t Sta t i o n s I - l , I - 2 , I - 3 , I - 4 and I - 5 . ( See F i g ure
l ( a ) fo r s ta t i o n l oca t i o n s . )
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ll-3
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I
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I
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tn
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S e p t em b e r , 1 9 7 4 , via te r q u a l i ty m e a s u reme n t s : £ n ( I n ! I o ) , temp e r a t u re a n d c o n d u c t i v i ty a t
S ta t i o n s I I - l , I I - 2 , I I - 3 , I I - 4 a nd I I - 5 .
( S e e F i g u r e l ( a ) fo r s ta t i o n l o c a t i o n s . )
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Sep tember , 1 974 , It-i a ter q u a l i ty mea s u reme n t s : Di s s o l ved o xyg en/p . p . m . , p H , O . R . P . /mV a t
S ta t i o n s I I - l , I I - 2 , I I - 3 , I I - 4 a n d I I - 5 . ( See Fi gure l ( a ) for s ta t i o n l ocati o n s . )
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m- 3
m-2
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4.00
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8
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r
1
+
r
+
+
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++
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1
+
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8.00
Sep tembe r , 1 974 , W a t e r q u a l i ty m ea s u reme n t s : I n ( I / l o ) ' tem p e r a t u r e a n d c o n d u c t i v i ty a t
S ta t i o n s I I I - l , I I I - 2 , I I I - 3 , 1 1 1 - 4 a n d 1 1 1 - 5 .
( S e e F i g u r e l ( a ) fo r s ta t i o n l o c a t i o n s . )
2O.00r-
E
r m- 2
m- I
.......
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0
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0
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1
10.00
0.00
F i 0ure 1 7 .
l-
�
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+
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+
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l-
I
4.00
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I
4.00
0.00
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l-
l
l-
I
4.00
D E PTH 1m
0.00
+
+
+
+
I--
I
4.00 0.00
4.00
Sep tember , 1 974 , Wa ter q u a l i ty mea s u rements : D i s s o l v ed oxygen/ p . p . m . a t Sta t i o n s 1 1 1 - 1 , 1 1 1 - 2 ,
1 1 1 - 3 , 1 1 1 - 4 a nd 1 1 1 - 5 . ( Se e F i g u re l ( a ) fo r s ta t i o n l oc a t i o n s . )
N
():)
1 29
0.00
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'2'-
3
+
+
- 1 .0 0
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+
+
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+
+
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0.00
8.00
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0
.......
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0
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+
+
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+
+
12.00
8 00
1600
+
+
+
+
2.00
+
5500
V-I
+
V-3
8.00
+
45.00
+
+
4.00
+
12.00 0.00
+
V-5
+
4.00
DEPTH/m
+
+
800
+
+
+
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12.00
+
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6.00
0.00
0.00
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+
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+
35.00
+
+
25.00
0.00
F i g u re 1 8 .
+
4.00
+
8.00
12.00 0.00
4.00
DEPTH/m
8.00
12.00
16 00
000
S ep tem b e r , 1 9 7 4 , Ha t e r q u a l i ty m e a s u remen t s : £ n ( I / I o ) , t em p e r a t u r e a n d c o n d u c t i v i ty a t S ta t i o n s V - 1 , V - 3 a n d V- 5 .
( Se e
F i g u re 1 ( a ) fo r s ta ti o n l o c a t i o n s . )
+
4.00
1 30
E
20
V- I
ci
d.
.......
Z
W
�
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0 1 5.0
0
W
+
�
0
en
en
5
10.
0.00
9DO
8.50
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Q.
+
+
4.00
DEPTH 1 m
8.00
7.50
7.00
+
+
280.00
+
+
V- I
255.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
12.00 0.00
4.00
DEPTH 1m
8.00
4.00
6.
�
V- 5
V- 3
V- I
+
+
+
+
aDO
+
12.00
V- 3
+
+
+
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+
+
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16.00 0.00
+
+
a.: 230.
+
4.00
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+
.......
a::
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+
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180.00
0.00
F i g ure 1 9 .
4.00
8.00
12.00 0.00
4.00
DEPTH 1m
8.00
12.00
16.00 0.00
4.00
Sep tember , 1 974 , vIa ter q u a l i ty mea s uremen t s : Di s so l ved oxygen/ p . p . m .
a t Sta ti o n V - l ; p H a nd O . R . P . /mV a t Sta t i o n s V - l , V - 3 and V - 5 .
( See F i g u re 1 ( a ) fo r s ta t i o n l o c a t i o n s . )
1 31
+
-m-3
+
o
-
C
-
"
-2.00
- 3.00
=----:7.�:_:_----L-L----....J
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0.00
DEPTH 1m
4.00 000
a
a>
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a::
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0:::
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0�
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t-
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4.00
6.00
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2.
+
+
+
+
+
o���---��-------�-L-----�
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0.00
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4.00 0.00
4.00 000
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1ZI-1
5500
u
(/)
0
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400
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E
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+
8
25.00
0.00
F i g u re 20 .
+
++
4.00 000
+
4.00 000
DE PTH 1m
4.00
Sep tember , 1 974 , Water q u a l i ty mea s u rement s : £ n ( I / I o ) , tempera­
ture , and conduc t i v i ty at Sta t i o n s V 1 - 1 , V l - 2 and V I - 3 . ( See
F i g u re l ( a ) for s tati o n l o c a t i o n s .
aoo
+
+
+
+
+
+
7.00
6.
00
+
'2I-1
DEPTH 1m
4.00 000
4.00 000
+
+
+
+
'2I-2
4.00
+
+
+
�-3
205.00
100.00L..----'---'---"'--'
0.00
4.000.00
400 0.00
4.00
F i gure 2 1 .
DEPTH 1m
September , 1 974 , Water q u a l i ty mea s u remen ts : D i s sol ved o xygen/ p . p . m . ,
pH a n d O . R . P . /mV a t Sta t i o n s V I - l , V I - 2 and V I - 3 . ( See Fi g u re 1 ( a )
fo r s ta t i o n l o c a t i o n s . )
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�
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0.00
u
0
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a::
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1
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+
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J
+
25.0
0.00
F i g u re 22 .
+
+
+
+
I
I
+
+
I
12.00
DEPTH 1 m
lllI- 3
-
+
I
8.00
+
2
+
+
+
�
I
I
1 2.00
DEPTH 1 m
+
+
r
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
0.00
4.00
+
4.00
1 1l1I -5
I m-4
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w
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16.00 0.00
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t 1ZII- 5
+
I
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8.00
+
+
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4.00
0.00
8.00 0.00
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r
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±
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+
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8.00
DEPTH 1 m
I
12.00
.I
+
16.00 0.00
+
+
I
4.00
II
+
+
&00 0.00
September , 1 974 , vJa ter q u a l i ty mea s u remen ts : £n ( I/ I o ) , temperature a nd conduc t i v i ty at
Sta t i o n s V I I - l , V I I - 2 , V I I - 3 , V I I - 4 and V I I - 5 . ( See F i g u re l ( a ) for s t at i o n l oc a t i o n s . )
+
I
4.00
" ',
50
45
40
1-
35
0"
.
�
LL
a;
a:
il
30
",
25
open water --- - ---
'\
20
....
15
.....
....
oi l - - - - - - - - -
\
�
control
\
w
(J"1
\
....
10
5
0
.00
F i g u re 24 .
:mli :i:1i i l/i i/ i i i i:
.08
.
16
.24
Ce l l l i m it s of attenuat i on coeff i c i e n t ,
(m ·' )
.32
0
40
.tit!
KH20
H i s to gram o f d i ffu s e a tten u a t i o n coeffi c i ent data grouped i n to under- i ce o i l s ta t i o n s ,
u nd e r- i c e control s ta ti o ns , a n d open water s ta t i o n s .
0
48
� - - - - con t ro l
o
•
oil
2.5 m
-� - - - - - -- - - - - - -...
- - --
-
--
-5
-10
o
c
-­
w
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o
5.0 m
-5
____
__
__
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__
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__
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__
__
__
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__
__
__
__
__
- 1 0 'L____________________________________________________________________________________
60
1
55
1
50
1
1 45
1 40
1 35
1 30
Day N u m ber
F i g ure 2 5 .
1 65
1 70
Mea n o f £n ( I / I o ) fo r con trol a n d o i l s ta t i o n s a s a func t i o n o f t i me for 2 . 5 m and
5 . 0 m depth s .
1 75
2 . 00
•
Jr - - - - c o n t ro l
1 . 50
o
I�
�
l
oil
'-
o
e
0
I�
1 . 00
/- - /
0 . 50
IV-
I
I
I
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r::
o . oo �
1 40
--
--
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---�..:::--
..... ...- ......
____
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-
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--
-
--
-- --
--
A.
-
__ __ 1£
_____
__
__
__
__
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__
__
__
1 50
1 60
1 70
Day N u m be r
F i g u re 2 6 .
Ra t i o [o i l ( I l I o ) / control ( I l I o ) ] a s a func t i o n o f t i me for 2 . 5 m and 5 . 0 m dept h s .
1 80
W
'-J
·2
-1
!
!
oo
Temperature
10
0
1
!
!
jOe
Salinity /ppt
15
20
25
30
•
..
10
0
,
!
!
Salinity /Ppt
15
20
25
30
35
I
!
I
!
I
I
-2
·1
!
!
oo
+
•
�
•
�
,.
,.
,.
�
o
12
Temperature � - -....
May
Salinity ---e
•
•
•
�
"-.
"
1
10
15
20
25
30
o
35
..
..
'4
..
'"
"
�
.c
o
15
May
Salinity ---e
0
,
,
0
5
,-----L
+
J.
1
,
Salinity Ippt
15
10
+
t
+
20
25
35
30
!.\
�
'+
�
�,
.c
�
1
0
:
'+
12
Temperature --� ....
26, 1 97 5
Temperature /oC
-1
,
+
12
Temperature --......
24. 1 9, 5
Salinity lppt
-2
6+1
12
15
!
+
�
�
+
,
!
.t
•
t
6+
9
0
•
�
•
•
�
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+
+
+
Temperature /oC
rr---L---L--�--�
+
+
�
Temperature /oC
3+4
+
o
I
+
+
3++
4
�
-1
!
oo
35
rl--�--�--��-J
.c
-2
15
Salinity ---e
May
Temperature--�....
2 7 , 1 97 5
15
June
Salinity ---e
1, 1 97 5
W
CO
--'
0
·2
-1
!
I
0
I
,
4
+
•
t+
4It' .
...
Temperature
1
!
!
e=:
to
�,4
0
jOe
Sallnlty/ppt
25
30
1
+
!'
.c
4,..
,.
"
...
�
o
\
'+
12
15
o
35
-2
-1
!
!
I
Temperature ,1°C
��,
t
I
+
10
0
1
-2
-,
I
!
!
!
Sallnity/ppt
15
20
25
l'
�
\
:''''''
o
35
.........
Salinity ---e
F i g u re 27 .
June
3 , 1 97 5
Temperature ---....
15
5
0
10
0
1
·2
.,
!
!
I
!
Salinity Ippt
15
1 'Q
.... .. .. ¥
f
+
\
t
t
20
25
30
•
�
0
Salinity ---e
June
5, 1 9 75
Salinity ---e
.d!!f1; 6,
1
10
,
. -.. ....
f
+
0
1
!
!
Salinity Ippt
15
,.'
,
20
25
35
30
#<
\
f
-..,
+
\
�
':...
.c
0
12
Temperalure ---....
5
0
Temperature /oC
t
I
'''�",
'.
15
0
�
'\
.c
35
12
12
Temperature --- __
0
�:z:::::
i+
.c
30
Temperature /oC
1 9 75
I
I>
...
.,.
Salinity ---e
Temperalure - - -....
15
Tempera ture ( O C ) a nd s a l i n i ty ( p . p . t . ) v s depth ( m ) p rofi l es fo r s ta t i o n BH7 between
May 24 and J u ne 2 5 , 1 97 5 .
June
7. 1 97 5
I
Temperature
I
·2
I
·1
f
;
1
Sallmty / ppt
10
... - - -
,
0
�
15
20
,oe
I
25
1
--
30
\
g
o
'"''
o
o ,
...
Temperature ,oC
!
,
.....� � ...
;.
/
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g
o
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;
,
,
1
0
.,
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35
�,
�
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·2
3
15
20
·2
25
30
1
1
1
0
35
Salinity.' ppt
10
15
20
25
,
30
4-
g
o
" '�,
�
12
12
Temperalure ---......
15
Sahnity --e
!
0-
o
Temperature
1
·2
I
Salinity, ppt
I
I
10
15
,.if
..
l
f
J
+
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�
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o
I
1
0
·1
i
June
)I ...
/'
I
20
,
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I
35
1
I
o
.......
o
I ..
1
,
Temperature
!
1
0
·1
10
1
Salinity
ppt
1. L
#
L .. .
_ ..
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Jr-�� '"
15
20
f
f
�
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g
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Sahmty----e
June
15
°e
1 6 . 1 9 75 { 1 740)
I
25
30
35
I
!
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o
o "
F i g u re 2 7 . ( Co n t ' d ) .
June
,
I
10
15
_�
20
",�:--
g
o
,.
25
35
Safmlly--e
June
18. 1 9 7 5
1
�
o
I
1
'
5
I
1
0
10
,
Salinity. ppt
15
35
20
1 6 , 1 97 5 ( 1 452)
W
\.0
25
' r':===�_
30
� - - --;-.a
{
"
I
35
,
K'
/
,
,
4
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g
�
o
,.
30
°c
Temperature
.,
Ie
June
,
,,.-
\
''\
,.
12
Temperalure ---..
15
o
25
�/
Sallnlty ___
I
12
Temperature ---..
}-
,
20
"-
·2
30
f
;
.J ·
I
Salimty /ppt
,,/
/
�
•
�,
�
j\
15
1
0
.,
I
Temperat re--� ......
1 , . 1 97 5
Temperature ,oc
; ..
....
15
Salinity --0
-2
12
Temperature ---"
Temperalure---......
1 97 5
t'
12
15
15
-2
30
June ' O.
Temperature --� ......
9. 1 9 7 5
°c
25
12
15
f
£
I
Salinity Ippt
,
•
1
0
10
0
iii
0
,
-1
'1
l
4,"
�
�
o ,
35
loe
Temperature
,
-2
r¥
� ..r
�"" ''4
,oe
Temperature
I
·1
Sahni t y --o
June
22. 1 97 5
Temperature--� ......
15
Salinity ----e
Temperature ( O C ) a nd s a l i n i ty ( p . p . t . ) v s d epth ( m ) p rofi l es fo r s ta ti o n
BH7 between May 24 and J u ne 2 5 , 1 97 5 .
June
25. 1 975
1 40
2
()
'<...
Q)
:;
-;
Q;
0.
E
Q)
f-
CH-1
.2.5 m
45 .0 m
0
_ - - --
- - -k
.. ..
'
JIr---4
.. ..
-2
33
ci.
...; 32
� 31
>-
� 30
co
(f)
29
38 �----�-----+--+---�--��--+_-
o
_:_;::::!
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=____ __:-__-4
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c
==
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()
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Q)
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2
BH-7
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0
Q)
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E
Q)
f-
-2
.2.5 m
45.0 m
L_+--_+--J:;:tt=;:t���=---+----+--f
33
...; 32
ci.
� 31
� 30
co
(f)
29
28 �----�-----+--+--;_--_r--_1--;---�
o
-0
/Jr" .... ...
"
::::.
-5
c
l{)
'<t
- -- -
--
--1=
=-===.
I == _��
••
o
co
o
l{)
-1 0 +-----�----�--��--+_--+---�--+_--;_�
Day N u mber
Fi g ure 28 .
Tempera ture ( O C ) , s a l i n i ty ( p . p . t . , and �n ( I / I o ) pl otted aga i n s t
t i me ( day 0 , J a n u a ry 1 , 1 97 5 ) for 2 . 5 m and 5 . 0 m depths .
Stati o n CH1 and Sta ti o n BH7 .
1 41
2
DH-1
82.5 m
.6. 5. 0 m
33
0.
...; 3 2
31
�
>1§
�
30
(jJ 2 9
3 8 �____�____��----�----_+------�----�----_+------+-----�----�
0
0
"
::=.
E:
-5
-1 0
�
"
C1l
:s
til
lii
0.
E
C1l
f-
2
DH-2
8 2 .5 m
.6. 5 . 0 m
0
-2 '
33
�
>0.
...; 3 2
�
31
30
(ij
(jJ 2 9
2 8 �----�----+_--+--r---;
o
o
"
::=.
c
-5
o
""
L{)
L{)
L{)
<D
- 1 0+------r--��--�--_+--+_L{)
<D
co
Day N u mber
F i g u re 28 ( Con t ' d ) . Temp erature ( O C ) , s a l i n i ty ( p . p . t . ) , a nd £ n ( I / I o ) p l otted
a ga i n s t t i me ( day 0 , J a n u a ry 1 , 1 97 5 ) fo r 2 . 5 m and 5 . 0 m depths .
Sta t i o n DHl a n d Sta t i o n D H 2 .
1 42
2
mean
m data
• oil
.... control
5.0
33
...; 32
ci
.e- 3 1 1...-"'---4__
>'E 30
�
(/) 29
38 �---r--��--4----+---r---4---+--�---�
_
0
0......
.s
-5
=
-1 0
2
()
�
.2
e
ill
a.
E
ill
I-
• oil
mean
2.5
m data
.... control
�
0
-2 '
33
...,; 32
­
.......-.
..
3 1 '--->'E 30
�
(/) 29
28 �-----r----��---4--+--r---�---+-
�
o
0......
=
.s
.. ...IJro - ----
__
...... _ _
-5
o
�
�
�
0
�
�
�
�
ID
o
co
- 1 0 L----�---��----+_----�--------�--+_--_+--�r_---�--�
�
�
�
ID
�
Day N umber
F i g ure 2 9 .
Mean temperature ( O C ) , s a l i n i ty ( p . p . t . ) a n d £ n ( I / I o ) p l o tted a s
? funct i o n o f t ime ( day 0 , Jan u a ry 1 , 1 97 5 ) d i v i d i ng s t a t i o n s
l nto 0 1 1 control g ro u p s a t 5 . 0 a na 2 . 5 m depth s .
1 43
F i g u re 3 0 ( a ) .
Photograph o f a l g a l mel t pond , Ba l aena Bay , N . W . T .
i n d ra i ned s ea i ce S E o f ea s t c ha n n e l from cove ,
J une 2 5 , 1 97 5 .
Fi g u re 30 ( b ) .
Photo graph o f a l g a l mel t pond , B a l aena Bay , N . W . T .
i n s urface mel t pond UA3 , J u ne 1 4 , 1 97 5 .
-
-
a l gae
a l gae
1 44
F i g u re 30( c ) .
Photograph o f a l g a l mel t pond , B a l a e n a Bay , N . W . T .
g reen
a l g a e w i t h e p i p hyt i c bl u e - green and d i a tom col o n i es i n mel t
pond a s s oc i a ted w i t h soot , J u n e 4 , 1 97 5 .
F i gure 30( d ) .
Photograph o f a l g a l mel t pond , B a l a e n a Bay , N . W . T .
a l gae w i th ep i phyte s , J u n e 1 6 , 1 97 5 .
-
-
b rown
1 45
F i g u re 31 ( a ) .
Photogra p h o f Chry s o p hyta ( d i a toms ) from Ba l aena Bay , N . W . T .
(magn i f i ca t i on x 6 3 0 ) a p prox i ma te l ength , 2 0�m .
Navicula
F i g u re 31 ( b ) .
Photograp h o f Chrysophyta ( d i a toms ) from Bal a e n a Bay , N . W . T .
(ma g n i fi c a t i o n x 2 5 2 ) appro x i ma te l ength , 60�m .
Dip loneis
1 46
F i gure 3 1 ( c ) .
Photo g r a p h o f C h ry s o p hy ta ( d i a toms ) from Ba1 a en a Bay , N . W . T .
(mag n i fi ca ti o n x 63 0 ) .
Me losira
F i g u re 3 1 ( d ) .
P ho togra p h o f C h rysophyta ( d i a toms ) from B a 1 aena Bay , N . W . T .
(magn i fi c a t i o n x 6 30 ) .
Trachyneis
1 47
F i g ure 3 2 ( a ) .
P hotogra p h of c l ean- u p procedure - b urn i ng o f o i l
J u n e 7 , 1 97 5 .
F i g u re 3 2 ( b ) .
Pho togra p h o f c l ean- u p procedure - s oot o n i ce under
smo ke .
1 48
F i g u re 3 2 ( c ) .
Photo g raph o f c l ean - u p proced ure - d i s tr i b u t i o n o f a i rborne
comb u s t i o n products as s ee n from hel i c opter J u ne 7 , 1 97 5 .
F i g u re 3 2 ( d ) .
Photograph o f c l ean- u p proced ure - Tar - l i ke res i d u e o n the
i ce near NW2 , J un e 26 , 1 97 5 .
1 49
Re lative cel l c o u n t
o
(J1
o
......
......
.... . . .
. .
. .
.
•••••••
N I TZSC H I A
: : ::: :::: : : ::::::: :
:: ::: :
490
N AV I C U LA
470
M E LOS I RA
420
. . ;. . .. �
:
:
:
}:
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.
F R A G I LA R I A
. .
o
4 50
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G Y R OS I G M A
F i g u re 3 3 .
Domi n a n t photop l a n k ton genera p l o tted a s mea n cel l a b u n d a n c e
o f control a nd o i l s t a t i o n s .
o
t!'l
c:i
0
e
c
(,)
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'<t
0
'0
0
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1 50
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. 99S
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to
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to
(l) +-'
c:r:: U)
r--
<:j(V)
(l)
l>::s
O'l
I..L.
or-
1 51
Total A b u ndance ( I n re lative percent)
75
50
1 00
25
o ��----�--�
Bottom of i ce
- -- -- - - - - - -- - - - - --- - - - - - - km N o rt h
( C O R E l ocat i o n ,
29
of Cape Parry 28/5/75)
,
2
r
I
I
I
I
3
)<
/
/
I
\/"/
B H 7 J u ne
D H 1 J u ne
,<
Depth m
4
(\
; \
6
C O R E May
I
...
,
"
...
,
,,�
\
\
\
\
\
\
,
,
\
\
\
\
\
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,
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\
\
\
\
\
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8
F i g u re 3 5 .
i(
25 0- - -0
..
28 ..
---
\
\
7
4 *- -
I
I
I
I
I
I
� ...
5
I I J u ne
4 "'"1---+
\
\
\
\
X
P l a n kton a b u ndance i n u n i t s o f rel a t i ve percent as a funct i o n of
depth for a n i ce core , a n o i l stati o n ( DH 1 ) , and two contro l
s ta t i o n s ( BH7 a n d I I ) .
50
N ITZS C H I A
( 5 . 0 m)
e- - - - o i l
40
� control
30
20
C
;:)
0
()
Qi
()
10
....
0
/
?
/
/
/
,fIA..., '
....
---
_
_4t_ -
_
_ _ _
_ _ _ _ _
_
_
.......
.... ....
.... ....
,
..
OJ
>
1il
Qi
a:
N I TZSC H I A
(2.5 m )
... - - - o i l
50
40
30
f1'
20
10
.... ""
....
....
./�
\
.6-- control
\
\
\
\
\
\
- - ...... _
-
- -
- - ...... ...
-
0
1 40
1 50
1 60
1 70
Day N u mber
F i g u re 3 6 .
U1
N
Rel a t i v e c e l l count for Ni tzschia a t 5 . 0 m a n d 2 . 5 m depths a s a fu n c t i o n o f t i me
( day 0 , i s J a n ua ry 1 , 1 97 5 ) fo r t h e mea n o f a l l o i l and the mea n o f a l l control
s ta t i o n s .
... .....
1 80
50
NAVICULA
(5 . 0 m)
... - - - o i l
40
II.--
control
30
20
10
-§
o
o
I
0
Qi
.. --- = 1= -- ......
Ir
j
:::--..
¥ - - - - =fIt= - - - - - - ...-
!
1:
-
--4
--'
U1
W
o
OJ
.:::
CO
�
N AVICUL A
(2.5 m)
. - - - oil
50
40
II.-- control
30
20
10
o
I
1 40
t= - - - - -- e.
- - - ... -- - y - i
1 50
--
-
---- � .
- -....
-� � �
1 60
�- -
::;
1 70
..
Day N u m ber
F i g ure 3 7 .
Rel a t i v e cel l count for Navicula a t 5 . 0 m and 2 . 5 m depths a s a func t i o n o f t i me
( day 0 , i s J a n u a ry 1 , 1 97 5 ) fo r the mea n o f a l l o i l a n d the mea n o f a l l control
s ta t i on s .
...
1 80
50
N AV I C U LA ( o i l )
-*"-- 5 . 0 m
40
. - - - 2.5 m
30
20
....- - -- ---...
10
§ I
..
0
- -
-- --
-&- -
wi
---
=2 __
•
o
.�
£
§
t::
�
......
(J1
..J::>
N AVICULA (control)
-*"-- 5.0 m
. - -- 2 . 5 m
50
40
30
20
•
10
·0
,
*-
- =
1 50
1 40
� -- - - - - . -- - - - -
-.- =::=.. ..
1 60
-
- - - -
�
- -I-
- - -
1 70
Day N u m ber
Fi 9 u re 38 .
-
Th e rel a t i v e cel l counts fo r llavicula p l otted aga i n s t t i me but contra s ti ng t he
5 . 0 m depths for the' a i 1 a nd fo r the contro l s ta t i a n s .
2.5 m
I
1 80
30
27
24
21
g
....
u..
Qi
a:
;!(
0
-----
18
Control
�
- - - - - Oi l
15
-'
(J1
(J1
12
9
6
......
3
......
......
...... -
: : :1 - -
0
o
5
10
15
20
Cell Limits
Fi g u re 3 9 .
25
30
Pri mary p rod u c t i v i t y
35
40
45
2 '
m m o l C ni d-
H i s tog ram o f net da i l y p r i mary p ro d u c t i v i ty o f p hyto p l a n kton i n Bal aena Bay , N . W . T . ,
d u r i ng May a n d J u ne , 1 97 5 , d i v i ded a c c o rd i ng to a n o i l g ro u p and a c o n trol g ro u p o f
s ta ti o n s .
.50
1 00
•
oil
.. - - - contro l
80
,'0
N
E
0
I
60
(5
E
E
;2
c
-l
r7"j
;:)
t5
..
() ,...
�� l:J
�� s.;
� ,<
CO
C)
CJ1
0)
.;:: 40
';:;
(f)
-l
=i
......
'0
o
a.
'-
>-
<I:!
'-
E
;t
--- ----
20
---
---
__ petersen
--
---- �
fT1
Z
o
r�
(j)
o
I
1 30
1 40
�
.--.
....... - - - - -
---
1 50
1 60
-
...... ..... .....
1 70
Day N u m ber
F i g ure 4 0 .
:i �
�:v,.
Net mea n da i l y p r i m a ry produc ti v i ty o f p hyto p l a n kton i n Bal aena Bay , N . �1 . T . , fo r
a co ntrol a n d a n o i l g ro u p o f s ta t i o n s p l o tted a s a functi on o f ti me ( d ay 0 ,
J a n u a ry 1 , 1 97 5 ) .
1 80
�r�