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Kondensaattorit
Kondensaattoriesitys - RISS Ostrobotnia 17092014 Kimmo Saarinen RISS esitelmä One world. One KEMET. Esityksen sisältö • Mikä on kondensaattori • Evoxin historiaa • Merkittävimmät kondensaattoriteknologiat • Kondensaattorimarkkinat One world. One KEMET. Mikä on kondensaattori? What is a Capacitor • A CAPACITOR is a passive electronic component consisting of a pair of conductors separated by a dielectric. When a voltage potential difference exists between the conductors, an electric field is present in the dielectric. This field stores energy and produces a mechanical force between the plates. 5 One world. One KEMET. Common Structure All capacitors utilize the same basic mechanism in their structure Electrode Plates Dielectric The value of a capacitor is measured in farads. For 1 farad of capacitance, 1 coulomb of charge is stored on the plates, when 1 volt of force is applied. 1 farad = 1 coulomb / 1 volt 1 coulomb represents ~ 6 x 1019 electrons 6 One world. One KEMET. CAPACITOR An electronics component that - stores electrical charges - conducts alternating current - separates different voltage levels, i.e. does not conduct direct current -12 C = K A/d x 8.85x 10 F Where C = Capacitance expressed in Farads − − − − 7 K = Dielectric constant A = Area of the Electrodes in square meters d = Distance between the electrode in meters -12 8.85x10 = Absolute permittivity of vacuum One world. One KEMET. Capacitor Classification • Electrostatic capacitors have a symmetrical structure. • Two electrodes are of similar material separated by one dielectric • Non-Polarized • Electrolytic capacitors have a non-symmetrical structure. • Metal anode on which the oxide of that metal is formed to act as dielectric layer. • Electrolyte is used as the “de facto”cathode of the capacitor • Polarized 8 One world. One KEMET. The “RLC” Circuit Theoretical capacitor symbol REAL CAPACITOR equivalent circuit IR LS Z Real capacitor ESR Theoretical capacitor C frequency Z LS ESR IR C = Impedance = Total series L due to the armature (film) or electrodes (MLCC) and the leads of the capacitor = Total series resistance due to armature (film) or electrodes (MLCC), to the leads and to the connection = Insulation resistance = Capacitance LS = LL + LW ESR = RL + RC + RW LL = Inductance of the leads ; LW = Inductance of winding (film) or electrodes (MLCC) RL = Res. of leads ; RC = Res. of contacts ; RW = Res. of winding or electrodes QUALITY OF CAPACITORS THEORETICAL IR LS 9 ESR Infinite zero zero C ESR ESL One world. One KEMET. Vectors R, XL, XC, Z ESL - Inductive Reactance (XL) opposes Capacitive Reactance ESR XL 0 Impedance is a factor of vector summation. X XC Z XC 10 Z XC X L 1 2f ( Hertz )C ( Farads) 2 R X 2 X L 2fL( Henries ) One world. One KEMET. RLC Frequency Response Impedance vs. Freq. 47 µF Capacitance with 2.5 nH ESL 1,E+05 Impedance (Ohms) 1,E+04 1,E+03 1,E+02 1,E+01 0.25 Ohms ESR 1,E+00 0.10 Ohms ESR 1,E-01 1 f 2 LC 0.05 Ohms ESR 0.01 Ohms ESR 1,E-02 0.001 Ohms ESR 1,E-03 1,E-01 1,E+00 1,E+01 1,E+02 1,E+03 1,E+04 1,E+05 1,E+06 1,E+07 1,E+08 Frequency (kHz) self-resonant frequency. 11 One world. One KEMET. Impedance Across Types Lowest impedance is not always highest capacitance 1000 100 10 100 µF 1 10 µF Aluminum Tantalum 0,1 0,01 1,E+02 12 1 µF Ceramic 1,E+03 1,E+04 1,E+05 1,E+06 1,E+07 One world. One KEMET. Loss Factor vs. Application High Frequency or Tuned Circuit Applications Q Power Applications ESR General Applications DF 13 One world. One KEMET. Common Terms Define “Loss” Element Based on Vector relationship DF = cot(θ) PF = cos(θ) Q = tan(θ) = ESR/XC = tan(δ) = ESR/Z = XC/ESR = 1/DF ESR Theta (θ) Z XC Dell (δ) Where: DF = Dissipation Factor PF = Power Factor Q = “Q” or Figure of Merit 14 One world. One KEMET. Capacitance Change with Frequency % Capacitance Change Film -2% to -5% Ceramic0% to -5% Aluminum -15% to -90% ~10kHz to 30kHz Tantalum -15% to -60% ~30kHz to 300kHz FREQUENCY 15 One world. One KEMET. Suomalainen Evox Lyhyt historia • Runar Öhman perustaa Oy Evox Ab:n 1947 Virkkalassa • Aluksi mikrofoonien ja gramofonien äänirasioiden valmistusta ja pian myös kondensaattoreiden • Paperi-, keraamiset putki- ja muovikondensaattorit (polystyreeni ja polyesteri, film-foil tyyppiä), myöhemmin myös vaihesiirto ja puhelinpakkakondensaattorit • 1951 aloitettiin vienti • Ruotsiin, Norjaan, Tanskaan, Brasiliaan ja Turkkiin • 1956 uusi tehdas • 4,5 Mkpl valmistusta • Keskityttiin muovikalvokondensaattoreihin ja tuotantokoneisiin • 1960-luvun alussa sopimus Nokian kondensaattoritehtaan kanssa, että Nokia tekee vahvavirtakondensaattorit ja Evox heikkovirtakondensaattorit One world. One KEMET. Lyhyt historia • 1964 maailman ensimmäiset automaattiset polystyreenikondensaattoreiden käämikoneet • Perustettiin oma konepaja • 1965 lisenssi käämikoneista myytiin Siemensille • Mahdollisti metalloitujen polyesterikondensaattoreiden kehittämiseen (1967) koneineen ja hieman myöhemmin oman metalloinnin ja leikkuun aloittamisen • 1972 perustettiin tutkimus ja tuotekehityslaboratorio • 1976 Runar Öhman eläkkeelle ja saatiin tasavallan presidentin vientipalkinto • 1979 aloitti Suomussalmen tehdas • 1980 Huhtamäki yhtymä osti Evoxin • Hieman myöhemmin fuusioitiin Huhtamäkeen-> Huhtamäki Oy Evox • Perustettiin tehdas Meksikoon ja Singaporeen 1982 ja yhtiö USA:an 1984 One world. One KEMET. Lyhyt historia • 1986 Finvest Oy osti Evoxin • -> Evox Oy • 1988 Finvest osti LM Erikssonilta RIFA tuotemerkin ja siihen liittyvän kondensaattoriliiketoiminnan • Merkittävimmät lisäykset metalloidut paperi- ja Alelektrolyyttikondensaattorit • 1989 Meksikon tehdas lopetettiin • 1992 Evoxin Virkkalan tehtaan kondensaattorivalmistus siirrettiin Ruotsiin Suomussalmelle ja Singaporeen ja pääkonttori Kalmariin • Toiminta jatkui Evox Rifa nimellä • 1992 Singaporen tuotanto Batamin saarelle Indonesiaan • 1998 pääkonttori takaisin Suomeen One world. One KEMET. Lyhyt historia • Vuonna 2000 Finvest jakautui neljäksi yhtiöksi, jotka kaikki aloittivat Helsingin pörssissä • Yhtiön nimi Evox Rifa Group Oyj • 2005 Kalmarin tehdas suljettiin ja tuotanto siirrettiin Suomussalmella ja Batamille • 2007 yhtiö myytiin amerikkalaiselle KEMET Electronics Co:lle • Pois pörssistä ja toiminta jatkui KEMET Electronics Oy:n nimellä • Suomessa tällä hetkellä myyntikonttori Espoossa ja tehdas Suomussalmella One world. One KEMET. Merkittävimmät kondensaattoriteknologiat ja niiden ominaisuuksia Capacitor Technologies Capacitors Fixed Variable Trimmer Glass + Polar - Non-Polar Porcelain Polymer Film Foil Metallized wound/stacked Paper Aluminium PME/BME SLC Class1 Class2 Electrolytic Ceramic MLCC MnO2 Poly Tantalum Wet MnO2 Poly EDLC Wet Class1 Class2 One world. One KEMET. Material & Size Relationship to Capacitance Material L Dielectric Material (K) W MLCC d Film A L W C= 24 e0 KA Elect. K Vacuum 1.00000 Air 1.00059 C0G 5 - 90 X7R 3000 - 5000 Y5V 6000 - 8000 PET 3.3 PEN 3.0 PP 2.2 PPS 3.0 Al2O3 8.5 Ta2O5 27.7 d One world. One KEMET. Properties of different dielectrics Capacitance range, µF High stability ceramics (NPO = COG) Medium to low stability ceramics (X7R, X5R, Y5V, Z5U) Paper PET polyester film PEN polyester film PPS polyphenylenesulphide film PP polypropylene film Ta electrolytic (MnO2 and Polymer) Al electrolytic (polymer) Al electrolytic (wet electrolyte) Super capacitors (EDLCs) 10-6 10-4 10-2 1 102 104 106 F One world. One KEMET. 108 Properties of different dielectrics Insulation resistance, M Super capacitors Al electrolytic (wet electrolyte) Al electrolytic (Polymer ) Ta electrolytic (MnO2 and Polymer Low stability ceramics (Z5U,Y5V) Medium stability ceramics (X7R) High stability ceramics (NPO/COG) Paper PEN polyester film PET polyester film PPS Polyphenylenesulphide Film PP polypropylene film 10-1 1 10 102 103 104 105 106 7 M 10 One world. One KEMET. Properties of different dielectrics Dissipation factor, tan (1% = 10-2) at 1 kHz PP polypropylene film PPS polyphenylene sulphide film High stability ceramics (NPO=COG) PEN polyester film PET polyester film Paper Medium stability ceramics (X7R) Low stability ceramics (Z5U,Y5V) Ta electrolytic (MnO2 and Polymer) Al electrolytic (Polymer) Aluminium electrolytic Super capacitors 0.00001 0.0001 0.001 0.01 0.1 1.0 Tanδ One world. One KEMET. MLCC NME vs BME NME Noble Metal Electrode BME •Patch Antenna Base Metal Electrode Sn Ni PdAg or Pd Ag Cu Ni Ceramic One world. One KEMET. Wet Al Electrolytic Capacitor Winding Anode Foil Paper Tabs Cathode Foil Paper One world. One KEMET. Construction of Al Electrolytic Capacitor Aluminium Anode Foil Oxide Layer (dielectric) Electrolyte Paper layer Aluminium Cathode Foil Simplified enlarged cross section One world. One KEMET. Etched anodic Al-foil Purity: 99.99% aluminium Etched micro channels: 1m, L= 3040m Dielectric: Al-oxide Al2O3 , thickness 1.1nm/V, R=9 + +++ ++ ++ + + +++ + + + + + ------- - -- --- - -- - - --- --- - Oxide layer on the walls of the etched micro channels Solid Aluminum core Oxide layer on the walls of the etched micro channels One world. One KEMET. Dry Ta Electrolytic Capacitor Construction porous Ta anode pellet PTFE washer tantalum wire polarity mark manganese dioxide tantalum pentoxide graphite Alloy 42 (NiFe)/Ta welding silver paint silver adhesive epoxy molding tin or gold plated terminal tin or gold plated terminal + - Anode Cathode Cathode can be also of conductive polymer instead of manganese dioxide One world. One KEMET. Tantalum / Polymer Capacitor Structure MnO2 or Polymer Ta Ta2O5 One world. One KEMET. Technology Primer: Storage Cousins Ultracapacitors and their energy storage cousins Traditional Capacitor Dielectric Ultracapacitor Battery Electrolyte A A HYBRID d d Q C V C 0 A d 1 W CV 2 2 Electroactive materials • Energy storage on the electrode surface • High surface area materials • Organic electrolyte to increase voltage • Energy storage in the bulk of the electrode materials • Chemical reactions • Mass transfer between the electrodes ADVANTAGES: • Rearrangement of ions – FAST • No chemical reactions – HIGH CYCLE LIFE POWER DELIVERY DEVICE ADVANTAGE: • Faradaic processes – HIGH ENERGY ENERGY STORAGE DEVICE One world. One KEMET. Technology Primer: Ragone Plot Ultracapacitors and their energy storage cousins One world. One KEMET. Kondensaattorimarkkinat Maailman Kondensaattorimarkkinat, Lukumäärä / Kondensaattoriteknologia World Capacitor Market in Volume (Bpcs) and Dielectric 3 000 2 500 Volume (Bpcs) 2 000 1 500 1 000 500 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014e Years Ceramics Aluminium Film Tantalum One world. One KEMET. Maailman Kondensaattorimarkkinat, Arvo / Kondensaattoriteknologia World Capacitor Market in Value (BUSD) and Dielectric 25 Value (BUSD) 20 15 10 5 0 1990 1995 2000 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014e Year Ceramics Aluminium Film Tantalum One world. One KEMET. Maailman Kondensaattorimarkkinat, Lukumäärä / Markkina-alue World Capacitor Market in Volume and Market Area 3 000 2 500 Volume (Bpcs) 2 000 1 500 1 000 500 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014e Years EMEA Japan Americas ROW One world. One KEMET. Maailman kondensaattorimarkkinat, Arvo / Markkina-alue World Capacitor Market in Value and Market Area 25 Value (BUSD) 20 15 10 5 0 1990 1995 2000 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014e Year EMEA Japan Americas ROW One world. One KEMET. Global Electronic Industry Production $Trn GLOBAL ELECTRONICS INDUSTRY PRODUCTION Kc212.239bes-global 4.5 2016 Military 7% 4.0 Industrial/ Medical 13% 2011 3.5 Computer 32% Military 8% Automotive 10% Industrial/ Medical 14% 3.0 Computer 32% 2.5 Automotive 10% 1982 Computer 23% Military 19% 2.0 Communications 26% Consumer 9% $2,052Bn 2/3 of the industry is based on networked communications Consumer 11% 1.5 Industrial/ Medical 13% Communications 26% Consumer 15% $247Bn 0.5 China 37% $1,560Bn Automotive 4% 1.0 29.7% Asia 19% 14.6% Japan 6% 7.4% 0 Europe 15% 18.7% 29.6% 41 Communications 29% Americas 23% One world. One KEMET. Global Consumption of EDLCs by Market Segment Estimated 2011 TAM: $245M Est 2015: $1.16B 56% CAGR! Est 2020: $7B One world. One KEMET. RISS esitelmä Kiitos kuulijoille One world. One KEMET.
