Laguna de Miramar - Instituto Nacional de Ecología y Cambio

Sixth Workshop on Sources and Measurements
of Dioxins, Furans and Hexachlorobenzene
Sexto taller sobre fuentes y medición
de dioxinas, furanos y hexaclorobenceno
Sixième atelier sur les sources et les mesures relatives
aux dioxines et furanes et à l’hexachlorobenzène
13-14 November 2012/ 13 y 14 de noviembre 2012/ 13 et 14 novembre 2012
Mexico City /Ciudad de Mexico/Mexico
Session 4: D/F&HCB monitoring Part I: Environmental monitoring
Historical emissions: Identification of potential sites for cores sampling.
Anne Hansen
Mexican Institute of Water Technology
Please cite as:
Hansen, A. (2012). “Historical emissions: Identification of potential sites for sediment for cores sampling”. In: Proceedings of the Sixth
Workshop on sources and measurements of Dioxins, Furans and Hexachlorobenzene; Session 4. D/F&HCB monitoring Part I:
Environmental monitoring. Mexico City, Mexico, November 13th and 14th. Dioxin, Furans and Hexachlorobenzene Task Force-Commission
for Environmental Cooperation. Available in: http://www.ine.gob.mx/cenica-memorias/1121-taller-dfh-2012. Last Accessed: 21st Nov,
2012.
Instituto Nacional de
Ecología y Cambio
Climático
CEC Project No. 2011-1038
IMTA Project No. TH-1208.4
“Historical emissions: Identification of
potential sites for cores sampling”
November, 2012
Content
• Background
• Objectives
• Methodology
• Results
• Conclusions and recommendations
Background
• Thousands of chemical
substances, including TPBS, are
produced and used world-wide
• Volatile and semivolatile TPBS
may be transported by air prior to
deposition in water and soil
• Hydrophobicity and low Kso 
TPBS mainly associated with O.M.
and suspended particles
•
Sediments act as sinks for TPBS
and analysis of sediment cores
represents a powerful tool for
reconstructing historical
depositions of TPBS
Background
Three remote lakes and reservoirs were
previously selected from a list of 335
water bodies in Mexico
In collaboration with the USEPA,
historical depositions of D&F were
evaluated in remote Laguna de
Miramar using 137Cs and 210Pb dated
sediment cores
Results and discussion of DF& HCB
concentrations in sediment core were
compared with ecological
threshold values and with results
from other lakes published in the
scientific literature
Background
•
Low sedimentation rate  slow burial of
sediments (adsorbing contaminants over
a longer time-period)  high
contaminant concentrations of D&F
expected to occur in Laguna de Miramar
•
Nevertheless, observed D&F
concentrations were low compared to
ecological threshold values.
Background
• The toxic equivalents concentrations (TEQ) lower than ISQG (0.85 ng TEQ/kg) and
PEL (21.5 ng TEQ/kg).
• Most PCBs and furans at or below detection limits.
• D/F ratios ranging from 374 to 2269 (average 1450).
• Consistent concentrations and congener patterns over the past  100 y unlike
others reported in the literature.
• No increase in concentrations from the late 1940s to the late 1970s or in D/F ratio
around 1940 as observed in other studies.
• Similarities to cores from Lake Siskiwit, Isle Royale, Lake Superior, which
receives inputs from atmospheric deposition only.
• Historical pattern, concentrations and congener profiles similar to those observed
in other Mexican core samples*.
• Support the hypothesis that results reflect different industrial development of
Mexico as compared to other (more developed) countries.
*Yunuen et al. (2011) Env. Pollut. 159: 487- 94
Background
•
van Afferden M, AM Hansen, FA González-Farias, and P Trejo (2003). Feasibility
Study for Sampling and Analysis of Lake Sediment Cores in Mexico. Contract
No. 321.06.02 N/D: 241.01057. Commission for Environmental Cooperation.
•
Hansen AM, M van Afferden y LC González-Márquez (2005) Sampling and
analysis of selected lake sediment cores in Mexico. Contract No. 33118&33111
N/D: 241,01057, file#4248. Commission for Environmental Cooperation.
•
Hansen AM, Ferrario J, Byrne C (2010) Historical depositions of dioxins and
furans in Laguna de Miramar, Mexico. PowerPoint presentation at the IV. D&F
Workshop, October 28-29, 2010. Mexico City.
•
Hansen AM, Ferrario J, Byrne C (2011) Historical Depositions of Dioxins and
Furans in Laguna de Miramar, Mexico. 31st International Symposium on
Halogenated Persistent Organic Pollutants, August 21-25, 2011, Bruxelles,
Belgium.
Objectives
Identify suitable locations for future D&F sediment
sampling and program expansion that may
contribute to increasing data on deposition rates
of D&F in Mexico.
Methodology
An inventory of Mexican lakes
and reservoirs from INEGI (2000)
was used to choose suitable
lakes and reservoirs.
The 1089 lakes and reservoirs
were divided in three main
regions due to the geological and
climatic differences in Mexico:
•
•
•
Semiarid and arid North
Mexico
Central temperate and
subtropical highlands
Tropical low-lands to the
South-East of the country
REGION
Water bodies
North
455
Central
316
South-East
318
TOTAL
1089
Methodology
Using the computational software ArcView v.9, the identified lakes
and reservoirs were evaluated according to the following criteria
NORTH
CENTER
SOUTH
EAST
Reference
SELECTION PARAMETER
Criteria and results
NO
NO
NO
INEGI 2000
0
≤2
0
CONABIO 2003
20 km RADIUS POPULATION DENSITY (inhab/km2)
 15
 50
 15
INEGI 2011
50 km RADIUS POPULATION DENSITY (inhab/km2)
 15
 100
 15
INEGI 2011
20 km RADIUS AGRICULTURAL LAND USE (%)
 20
 20
 20
INEGI 2005
50 km RADIUS AGRICULTURAL LAND USE (%)
 25
 20
 20
INEGI 2005
0
0
0
INEGI 2005
 200
 200
 200
INEGI 2011
≥ 2,800
≥ 2,800
≥ 2,800
Google Earth 2012
1947
1947
1947
IMTA 2006
COASTAL LAGOONS/ SEASONAL/WETLAND
50 km RADIUS CITIES > 40,000 INHAB.
50 km RADIUS SOURCES OF DIOXINS AND FURANS
10 km RADIUS POPULATION DENSITY (inhab/km2 lake area)
ALTITUDE (mamsl)
YEAR OF CONSTRUCTION
Results
NORTH
CENTER
SOUTH-EAST
SELECTION PARAMETER
Criteria and results
NONE
455
NONE
316
NONE
318
NO
291
NO
260
NO
236
0
123
≤2
51
0
70
20 km RADIUS POPULATION DENSITY (inhab/km2)
 15
64
 50
33
 15
33
50 km RADIUS POPULATION DENSITY (inhab/km2)
 15
48
 100
25
 15
14
20 km RADIUS AGRICULTURAL LAND USE (%)
 20
39
 20
5
 20
14
50 km RADIUS AGRICULTURAL LAND USE (%)
 25
39
 20
4
 20
14
0
25
0
4
0
11
 200
19
 200
0
 200
2
≥ 2,800
0
≥ 2,800
2
≥ 2,800
0
1947
4
1947
2
1947
2
NO PARAMETER
COASTAL LAGOONS/ SEASONAL/WETLAND
50 km RADIUS CITIES > 40,000 INHAB.
50 km RADIUS SOURCES OF DIOXINS AND FURANS
10 km RADIUS POPULATION DENSITY (inhab/km2 lake area)
ALTITUDE (mamsl)
YEAR OF CONSTRUCTION
Results
NORTH
SELECTION PARAMETER
La Angostura
El Palmito
La Estacada
Salinillas
YES
YES
YES
NO
SOURCES OF D&F IN THE WATERSHED
0
0
0
0
AGRICULTURAL LAND USE IN THE WATERSHED (%)
2
5
33
6
CITIES > 10,000 INHAB IN THE WATERSHED
0
0
11
12
INFORMATION AVAILABLE
1
Population 16,628 inhab. Distance 33 km
2
Population 34,281 inhab. Distance 65 km
Results (North)
Palmito Dam
La El
Angostura
Dam
Two
reservoirs
were
identified in
Located
in the
state
Durango
Located
in the
state
of of
Sonora
Mexico
25°
18.56''
105°
27.26''WW
30°North
26'37'
15.00"
N N
109°
22'3'48.00"
•
2
The
dam
has
a surface
area
of
134
2km
La
Angostura
Dam
The
dam
has
a surface
area
of
48
km
3
and
a volume
Mm
3
and
a volume
of of
84037Mm
•
El Palmito Dam
It belongs
Lázaro
Cárdenas
It belongs
to to
thethe
Yaqui
River
basin,2 has
basin,
has
an
area
of
19,085
2
an area of 18,100 km , and was km , and
was constructed
1936-1946
constructed
1932-1942
The
weather
is warm
and
dry,
with
The
weather
is warm
and
dry,
with
mean
mean
annual
precipitation
of
704
annual precipitation of 517 mm and mm
and mean
temperature
maximum
temperature
of of
27 17
°C °C
Results (Center)
Laguna
Zempoala
Lago delde
Sol
Two lakes and
Located in the state of Morelos
Located
the state
of México
reservoirs
19°03´
N in99°18´
W.were
19°06’32.17”
N 99°45’35.02” W
2,900 m altitude
identified
4,220 m altitude in Central
The lagoon has a surface area of
Mexico
The
lake
a surface
of 0.23
0.115
km2has
. It belongs
toarea
a closed
2
km
. Itwith
belongs
to aofclosed
2
basin
an area
6.7 kmbasin
2
with an area of 2.7 km
The weather
is
temperate
humid,
Lago
del
Sol
The
is cold,
with mean of
with weather
mean annual
precipitation
annual
precipitation
of 1,100 mm
1,225 mm
and maximum
and
mean temperature
of 7°C
temperature
of 12°C
Laguna
de Zempoala
•
•
Results (South-East)
Lagunalade
Miramar
Laguna
Misteriosa
Two lakes were
Locatedininthe
thestate
stateofofCampeche
Chiapas
Located
identified
in
South-East
16°22’-16°26´
91°14’-91°18’
18°02’38.35”
N N90°29’45.70”
WW
Mexico
The
lagoonhas
hasa asurface
surfacearea
areaofof
The
lagoon
22km2.2.ItItbelongs
belongstotothe
a closed
8.4km
Lagunabasin,
de
2
has an area
of 76
Terminos
basin,
haskm
an area of
Laguna
de
Miramar
2
3,729km
The weather is tropical humid, with
•
mean
annual
2 226
The
weather
is precipitation
warm humid, of
with
mm Laguna
and
mean
temperature
24.5 °C
mean
annual
precipitation
of of
1 700
la Encantada
mm and mean temperature of 25 °C
•
Conclusions and
recommendations
•
•
•
•
Selection criteria were applied to 1089 lakes and reservoirs, resulting in two dams in
North Mexico, two alpine lakes in central Mexico, and two lakes in the South-East
suitable for sampling of background sediment cores
Previous sampling events are recommended for these water bodies to determine
core sampling depth (to cover the sedimentation period of at least 65 yr) before
carrying out costly sampling and D&F chemical analysis
Among the selected lakes, information on sedimentation rates is only available for
Laguna de Miramar (Hansen et al. 2011) and Laguna de Zempoala (van Afferden et
al. 2005).
Since historical D&F accumulation in Laguna de Miramar has already been
determined, the sediment core sampling in Laguna de Zempoala is recommended
as a future step for program expansion that may contribute to obtaining data on
historical accumulation of D&F in Mexico
Thank you!