kumpulan pengurusan kayu kayan terengganu sdn

Transcription

Kumpulan Pengurusan Kayu Kayan
Terengganu Sdn Bhd (KPKKT)
Forest Mgt. Plan for Dungun Timber Complex
(DTC) Concession Forest, 2008 - 2037
PUBLIC SUMMARY
OF THE FOREST MANAGEMENT PLAN 2008 – 2037
(Updated October 2010)
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION
1.0
1.1
INTRODUCTION
Plan Rationale
This Forest Management Plan (FMP) has been prepared to serve as a general guide
for the sound and sustainable forest management (SFM) of Dungun Timber Complex
(DTC) Concession Forest which is now under the management of KPKKT; during its
second 30-year cycle beginning from 2008. In line with the changing attitudes and
trends in the approaches towards forest resource management, biodiversity
conservation, climate amelioration and environmental protection; the prescriptions
contained in this Plan were drawn in such a way as to accommodate as much as
possible the current as well as anticipated future changes in the areas mentioned
above. These prescriptions and instructions are directed mainly at the management
team of KPKKT as the concession holders and other relevant stakeholders such as
the State Forest Department (SFD) of Terengganu Darul Iman, relevant government
ministries, departments and agencies, non-governmental organisations, certification
bodies (such as the Malaysian Timber Certification Council (MTCC) and Forest
Stewardship Council (FSC)) and relevant individuals, etc.
This Public Summary of the FMP is to be posted on Golden Pharos Berhad‟s
or KPKKT‟s web-site as required by the FSC. Golden Pharos Berhad (GPB) is the
anchor company whereas KPKKT is the forest concession holder and provides the
management team and expertise for the SFM of Dungun Timber Complex (DTC)
concession forest.
1.2
Relevance with other Plans and Documents
This document focuses on the sound handling, utilisation and development of the
natural forest resources within DTC concession forest within the districts of Dungun
and West Terengganu in the State of Terengganu, Malaysia which, for the purpose of
this FMP is regarded as a single Forest Management Unit (FMU). Management
prescriptions for the resource at stake, specifically the second growth timber stands,
are laid out as a road map towards achieving good and responsible forest
management in accordance with the SFM principle.
At the outset, it is important to note that this FMP can best be viewed as an
extension of the earlier FMP which expires in 2007/8 and on which much of the
description about the Project site as described here has been based. Some
information was also drawn from the more recent FMP for the said FMU prepared by
the “Malaysia-German Project on the Sustainable Management and Conservation of
the Tropical Rain Forest” (hereinafter referred to as “GTZ Project”) in 1999. The
Consultants also drew their expertise from practical experience in forest management
and conservation with various public and private agencies as well as experiences in
preparing FMPs and Environmental Impact Statements (EISs) on behalf of a number
of State Forestry Departments as well as private clienteles involving both natural and
plantation forests.
1.3
Aims and Objectives
The overall aim of this FMP is to present as much information and instructions as
possible which are relevant to a sound, responsible natural forestry management
1
planning and effective long term implementation strategy based on sustainable
development for the FMU under consideration and the surrounding region.
The long term goal is to assist in the development, management and
conservation of the natural forests efficiently and effectively and to ensure
sustainability and growth in the management of the forest resource in the concession
area. It is anticipated that come the year 2007, all of the virgin forest stands within the
Forest Concession will have been logged at least once, thus paving the way for the
Management to begin re-entering and re-harvesting the forest compartments that had
been logged in the early 1980s (or earlier) when the company started its operation.
This FMP is therefore significant in that this is the first time a forestry company in
Malaysia conducts its operations in a second-growth forest, after having successfully
completed its first cycle under the Selective Management System (SMS).
The other, equally important objective of the exercise, is to demonstrate to
potential clienteles, investors, suppliers, workers, the authorities, academia,
certification bodies and other interested parties; the unwavering commitment of
KPKKT as well as the Terengganu SFD in meeting our Malaysian Criteria, Indicators
and Standards of Performance for SFM (MC & I) of MTCC or Principles and Criteria
for SFM (P & C) of the FSC so that products made from timber raw materials from
DTC timber concession areas under the management of KPKKT meet consumers‟
requirement, expectation and standard and of very high quality. It is also hoped that
by so doing KPKKT‟s forestry practices will be acceptable to the various
stakeholders, and recognised at both local, national and international fronts.
Subsequently, it is hoped that such endorsement will foster better professional ethics
and business goodwill thereby leading to appropriate recognition by the relevant
international and local certifying bodies.
1.4
EIA-Compatibility of the Plan
The Malaysian National Policy on the Environment aims at continued economic,
social, and cultural progress of the country and enhancement of the quality of life of
its people, through environmentally sound and sustainable development. In the
present FMP, appropriate environmental management standards have been duly
incorporated, although not quite as detailed as in an EIA report proper. Prescriptions
of specific mitigating measures for all major forest management activities and field
operations were included in order to reduce or eliminate the potentially negative
impacts identified. This approach is considered to be much more efficient and
practical, because it encompasses not only a specific logging compartment, but the
whole 108,900-ha FMU over the entire planning period of 30 years.
1.5
Legal and Administrative Framework
The State Forestry Department of Terengganu (SFD) guides, supervises and
monitors the sustainable forest management (SFM) activities of the concession
holders Kumpulan Pengurusan Kayu Kayan Terengganu Sdn Bhd (Terengganu
Timber Management Group; KPKKT) to ensure compliance with (1) the National
Forestry Policy 1997; (2) National Forestry Act 1984 (NFP & NFA), (3) the “Forest
Concession Agreement of Dungun Timber Complex (DTC)” (SFD TERENGGANU
1982), and (4) other relevant legislation as well as standards prescribed by local and
international certification bodies. The State Government of Terengganu first
allocated the concession license to KPKKT for long term management and
development of the FMU, covering a period of 25 years, from 1983 to 2007. This
license has now been renewed and extended to cover a further period of 30 years
from 2008 to 2037.
The identification and split in responsibility in managing the concession forest
between the concessionaire and the SFD makes it all the more necessary for both
parties to coordinate and work together, and, with the assistance from other relevant
2
agencies, to achieve common objectives, which is a consistent SFM for the tropical
rain forest (TRF) and sustainable development for the State in particular. The need
for a close collaboration between the parties concerned is therefore obvious and is
aptly exemplified by the Project itself. Land use decisions in the region that are taken
at the State level have a direct impact on the management of the FMU, and are
beyond the control of KPKKT, or even the SFD. The State can replace forest areas
excised/ revoked with an equal area of land, wherever possible, but there is no
guarantee that the quality of the new forest substitute would be equivalent to the one
that had been foregone.
There are no customary land rights by the Aborigine or any particular group of
people in the Concession Forest area.
1.6
Planning Period
The planning period for this FMP is 30 years, from 2008 to 2037. But being flexible in
nature, the FMP will be continuously updated and reviewed. This will be done on a
regular basis at intervals which will be decided upon by the management of KPKKT
based on feedbacks from continuous monitoring and assessment exercises. In this
context, intervals of between 3 to 5 years are considered appropriate and therefore
recommended.
1.7
The Kumpulan Pengurusan Kayu Kayan Terengganu Sdn Bhd
(KPKKT)
1.7.1 Background
The Kumpulan Pengurusan Kayu Kayan Terengganu Sdn Bhd (KPKKT) was
incorporated on 13th May 1980 and is a wholly-owned subsidiary of Golden Pharos
Berhad (GPB). GPB is a holding company listed on the main board of Malaysian
Stock Exchange since 1994. Its major stakeholder is the State Economic
Development Corporation (SEDC) of the State of Terengganu.
KPKKT employs a total of nearly 100 staff. Of these, about 8% work at the
management level (General Manager, Forest Manager, Assistant Managers and
Forest Officers), 67% at the technical level (Forest Rangers, Foresters and Machine
Operators). The high proportion of technical staff reflects the importance KPKKT is
assigning to field and R & D operations. For road construction and felling, KPKKT
engages about half a dozen contractors. Fig. 1 shows the organisational structure of
KPKKT.
Fig. 1.
Organisational Chart of KPKKT.
<please click here for KPKKT’s Organizational Chart>
3
CHAPTER TWO: PROJECT DETAILS
2.1
Location and Description of Project Area
The Concession forest area lies in the Dungun Timber Complex (DTC) covering an
area of approximately 108,900ha of Permanent Forest Estate (PFE). It is located
about 120km to the southwest of the State capital Kuala Terengganu city, in the
administrative districts of Dungun, and mainly in the Forest Districts of South
Terengganu and West Terengganu. The area consists of 6 Permanent Reserved
Forest (PRF)s) which are located north, west and east of the Sungai Dungun Valley
(see Fig. 2). They are Jengai PRF (51,640 ha), Besul PRF (6,190 ha), Jerangau
PRF (9,710 ha), Pasir Raja Barat PRF (6,463 ha), Pasir Raja Selatan PRF (31,512
ha), and Besul Tambahan PRF (3,360 ha).
2.2
Natural Environment
2.2.1 Climate
The area has a typical tropical monsoon climate with uniformly high temperatures
(from 24.2oC to 29.9oC), high humidity (from 70% to 98%) and a relatively high rainfall
of up to in excess of 4,000mm per year. The rainfall in the Project Area peaks during
the northeast monsoon, in November and December. Usually, there are no logging
operations conducted from November through to late January due to the unusually
heavy downpour during these months. The driest month usually occur around
February to April. Daily hours of sunshine are usually around 6 – 7 hours, but reach 8
– 9 hours in February through April. The potential evapotranspiration is around
1,300mm, so one would not expect any hydrological deficit in the area.
2.2.2 Geology, Topography and Site Conditions
The Project Area is part of Peninsular Malaysia‟s Titiwangsa Main Range. The
altitude above mean sea level (asl) ranges from 50m in the north to more than
1,400m in the southeast (Gunung Celah with 1,459m), with the majority of the area
lying between 200 and 800m asl.
Fig. 2. The Permanent Reserved Forests Within DTC
4
The area‟s topography is very variable and comprises flat river plains and swamps,
rolling hills and mountainous areas. Its western boundary is dominated by steep,
rugged mountains; the foothills which occupy most of the remaining land are less
rugged than the mountains, separated by flat to gently undulating riverine flood
plains. The whole region is underlain with a mixture of undifferentiated granitic rocks
and shales, predominate with sandstones, mudstones and siltstones. Some minor
pockets of gravel, sand, and clayey sandstone and siltstones are found here and
there. In terms of site degradation risk, some 60% of the Project Area have a gentle
to moderately steep (0o - 20o) topography, 30% are steep (21o - 30o), and 10% are
very or extremely steep (over 30o). In terms of soil fertility more than three fourth of
the area were found to be poor, and less than a fourth was fertile.
2.2.3 Hydrology
Sungai Dungun is the most important river in the Project Area running through its
length for about 55 kilometres to its confluence with Sungai Jerangau. Jerangau PRF
as a whole is drained by (i) Sg Jemelok and (ii) Sg Melong with its tributary Sg
Merong. In the south of Pasir Raja PRF major rivers include Sg Kelmin with its
tributary Sg Tersat whereas in the north is Sg Berang which flows in the southwest –
northeast direction. In Jengai PRF important rivers are Sg Jengai and its tributary Sg
Angka both of which flow in the south-north direction through the middle of the
watershed. The other rivers within Jengai PRF include Sg Paka in the east and Sg
Perlis in the west, both of which are tributaries of Sg Dungun and they all flow to the
north having originated in the south. Sg Perlis flows from the southeast to the
northwest and drains into Sg Dungun near Kg Balu. It has a catchment area of about
150km2.
2.2.4 Biodiversity: Plants
Past research has shown the extreme richness of the Project Site in terms of plant
and animal diversities which in turn lend the area to high commercial, scientific and
tourism potentials, especially by virtue of its proximity to the National Park “Taman
Negara”. The area supports what is regarded as one the richest and oldest tropical
rain forest formations in the world. COCKBURN (1969) surveyed the vegetation along
Sungai Loh between Kuala Loh and Gunung Mandi Angin (1,477m (or 4,788 ft) which
is inside the Project Area involving a total of 444 collections. Amongst the more
interesting species observed were:
 Salaca flabellate (Palmae), endemic to Terengganu
 Licuala sp. (Palmae), a very large-leafed species
 Epirhizanthus lowii (Rafflesiaceae), a parasite related to Rafflesia
 Macaranga curtisii (Euphorbiaceae), otherwise endemic to the Main Range
 Macaranga punctata (Euphoriaceae) montane variety, otherwise endemic to
the Main Range
 Macaranga quadricorni, the only record east of Gunung Benom
 Agrostistachys leptostachya, a giant shrub of the Taman Negara area
 Lithocarpus erythrocarpus (Fagaceae), otherwise known only from the Main
Range.
In a more recent expedition to the area around Gunung Mandi Angin led by Professor
Datuk Dr Abdul Latiff of Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), the followings were
found (Suthukar 2004):
 Thottea spp. (Hempedu beruang) treeling – a new species
 A total of 200 species of trees in a one-hectare area at Air Panas with many
more yet to be identified
 60 species of ginger out of 160 known ginger species in Malaysia
5


76 species of orchids and 352 species of higher plants in Chemerong area
alone
The tallest and largest Cengal (Neobalanocarpus heimii) in the world with an
estimated age of 1,300 years old, is found within compartment 5, Pasir Raja
FR. The tree measures 16.75m (54.94 ft) in circumference (about 5m in dbh)
and 65m tall.
2.2.5 Biodiversity: Wildlife
The richness in flora of the Project Area is complemented with similar richness in
fauna biodiversity. Table 1 shows the results of the Preparatory Wildlife Survey
carried out in the Project Area in 1996 under the GTZ Project. In 1998 another
survey on the wildlife was conducted by by the World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF)
Malaysia, on behalf of the GTZ Project. The findings are summarized as in Table 2.
The following survey results are extracted from the report by WWF Malaysia (1999):
A total of 51 species of mammals and 184 species of birds was recorded, which
represented about 50% and about 90% of the respective totals to be expected in
such an area. All three primates were commonest in virgin forest. Squirrels showed
an increase in presence shortly after logging, followed by a decline in older logged
forest.
Table 1. Results of the Preparatory Wildlife Survey in the Project Area; August – November 1996:
Spatial Distribution of Key Wildlife Species (Source: GTZ Project).
WILDLIFE
FOREST RESERVE
Jerangau
Besul
Pasir
Pasir
Total
Besul
Jengai
Tambahan
Raja
Raja
Category
Species
Browsers
Carnivores
Omnivores
Arboreal
animals
Birds
Elephant
Rhino
Tapir
Gaur
Deer
Kijang
Mousedeer
Tiger
Sun Bear
Otter
Monitor
Lizard
Wild Boar
12
2
3
3
3
5
4
2
Gibbon
Leaf
Monkey
Tupai
Eagle
Hornbill
Fowl
Pigeon
Total
4
1
Barat
Selatan
7
5
13
1
7
2
4
1
1
4
6
1
5
10
5
5
21
9
15
44
102
12
6
2
1
4
1
6
8
28
17
1
1
32
1
3
203
2
2
61
4
7
445
3
1
7
7
3
6
2
9
2
1
8
1
1
59
1
9
2
3
83
2
3
9
31
65
84
6
47
4
13
5
21
22
7
11
2
49
2
25
1
4
2
Table 2 . Summary of Results on Primates and Squirrels. (# individual/ km )
White-handed gibbon
Banded Leaf-Monkey
Dusky Leaf-Monkey
All Squirrels
Virgin Forest
5.9
36.6
32.5
12.4
Recently Logged Forest
4.0
13.0
0.0
19.2
Older Logged Forest
2.5
31.8
26.0
10.1
Three types of lizards were encountered. The most commonly recorded, the giant
forest gecko, is associated with bamboo and was heard mainly in logged forest. Of
the birds counted during line transects, hornbills were commonest in virgin forest
6
(4.33 individuals per km2), and less common in recently logged forest (1.47km2) and
older logged forest (2.00 per km2). Densities of barbets, pigeons, bulbuls, cuckoos,
babblers, spiderhunters and some other birds were also calculated. Mist nets
obtained 302 birds of 52 species. Capture rates were similar in virgin forest and
recently logged forest, and lower in older logged forest. Though total numbers were
similar in virgin and recently logged forests, this camouflaged a difference in species
composition: a number of forest-dependent species dropped out and were replaced
by species that favour open habitats. The change from virgin to recently logged
forest was accompanied by a drastic decline in babblers, and an increase in bulbuls
and spiderhunters. The commonest small mammals were the Long-tailed Giant Rat
and the Common Tree-shrew. More species and individuals were caught in older
logged forest than in virgin or forest recently logged forest.
Mammals (excluding primates): 51 species found; most of the larger mammals
were present, including major carnivores (tiger, leopard, bear) and herbivores
(elephant, tapir, seladang), but surprisingly few deer.
Primates: Densities were highest in virgin forest, especially over flat terrain. Whitehanded gibbon averaged 5.9 individuals per km2 in virgin forests, 2.5 in older logged
forest, and 4.0 in recently logged forest. Banded leaf-monkey averaged 36.6
individuals per km2 in virgin forest, 31.8 in older logged forest and 13.0 in recently
logged forest. Dusky leaf monkey ranged from 26.0 to 97.6 individuals per km2, with
but their distribution was very patchy.
Squirrels and tree-shrews: 9 species encountered (8 squirrels and the Common
treeshrew) in the virgin forest, 3 in older logged forest, and 6 in recently logged forest.
Density of all squirrels combined in virgin forest were 10.1 – 13.5 individuals per km2,
5.0 – 16.3 in older logged forest and 3.8 – 48.1 in recently logged forest.
Lizards: Giant forest geckos were observed some 230 times. They were commonest
in older logged forest and least common in virgin forest. This may be related to their
preference for bamboo and sites under damaged tree bark.
Birds:
Hornbills: 8 of Malaysia‟s 9 hornbill species occur in the Project Area with densities
in virgin forest averaging 4.3 individuals per km2; in older logged forest 2.0; and in
recently logged forest only 1.5.
Barbets: 4 species were recorded
Pigeons: 6 species occurred with densities being highest in older logged forest.
Bulbuls: 8 species of these effective dispersers of pioneer tree species such as
Macaranga, Glochidion and Trema, e.g. along logging tracks were found in the
Project Area. As expected, densities in newly logged forest were about 5 times as
high as in virgin or older logged forest (ca. 35 versus 7 individuals per km2)
Cuckoos: 8 species were recorded with densities in newly logged forest being higher
than in older logged forest and about 3 times as high as in virgin forest, probably
related to the availability of insects for feeding.
Babblers:
This most diverse bird family in Southeast Asia TRF was represented
by 15 species. Tit-babblers showed their highest densities in newly logged forest,
about 3 times as high as in virgin forest.
Spiderhunters: Densities in logged forest were about 4 times as high as in virgin
forest, which is easy to explain. Nearly all spiderhunters that were netted were Little
Spiderhunters. Much of their food is nectar from banana flowers. Banana grow very
fast after logging, but are shaded out again as the forest regenerates.
Great Argus pheasants were recorded at a very low density. They were present in all
unlogged compartments, and absent in newly logged forest.
7
2.2.6 Special Features
Apart from the biodiversity richness in the whole of the Project Area, the scenic
Chemerong Waterfall can be found in compartment 26 of Pasir Raja PRF. The area
is being actively developed by the Terengganu state government into a major tourist
destination and recreational area equipped with a car park, shelters and trails to the
river and waterfall as well as other related facilities. This compartment is still virgin
forest, which makes it an ideal candidate to be developed into a high conservation
value forest (HCVF).
2.3
Economic Environment
2.3.1 Organisation, Human Resources and Forest-Based Industry
As mentioned above, KPKKT was incorporated on 13th May 1980 and is a whollyowned subsidiary of Golden Pharos Berhad (GPB). GPB has the following
constituent parts:
1) KPKKT.
2) Pesaka Terengganu Berhad (PTB) sawmill in Bukit Besi:
3) Permint Plywood Sdn Bhd (PPSB) in Al-Muktafi Billah Shah town (Kawasan
Perindustrian):
4) Pesama Timber Corporation Sdn Bhd (PTCSB) in Kemaman
5) Golden Pharos Door Sdn Bhd (GPD) in Port Klang, Selangor
6) Golden Pharos Europe Marketing Office UK, covering Europe and Australia.
7) Golden Pharos Glass Processing and Toughening.
The main export markets for GPB‟s products are Europe (especially the United
Kingdom), Australia, Canada, USA, Middle East, Japan and Singapore.
KPKKT employs a total of nearly 100 staff (see Table 3 below). Of these,
about 8% work at the management level (General Manager, Forest Manager,
Assistant Managers and Forest Officers), 67% at the technical level (Forest Rangers,
Foresters and Machine Operators). The high proportion of technical staff indicates
the importance KPKKT is assigning to field operations.
Table 3 . Number of Staff at KPKKT as on 30.6.2004 (Source: KPKKT 2004).
CATEGORY
SECTION
Accounts/ Administration
Data/ Enforcement
Road Maintenance Unit
Forestry
Quality Control
Nursery
TOTAL
A
3
B
1
C2
6
4
T1
T2
1
T3
S1
1
S2
1
5
3
1
2
7
3
10
10
1
1
11
37
3
4
45
1
5
D
5
1
1
5
12
TOTAL
16
7
6
57
4
5
95
2.3.2 Existing Infrastructure
Since KPKKT subcontracts most of its field operations, it does not construct and
maintain road infrastructure, other than the main road system. There is no obligation
for the company to maintain the accessibility to the forest areas once logging there
has been terminated.
2.3.2.1
Forest Roads
According to the concession agreement, KPKKT is responsible for the construction
and maintenance of the main timber extraction roads into and within the concession
area (i.e. access roads). KPKKT has to maintain the whole stretch of such roads,
including river crossing and bridges and to ensure that they are usable in all weather
conditions, monsoon period excepted, and capable of allowing a fully loaded 5-ton
lorry to travel at an average speed of 16 km per hour throughout its full length. At
8
present, the concession holder disposes of a network of main roads including the
extensive access roads outside the concession of about 430km length. Of the road
system about 180km is still passable, while about 250km is in disrepair.
There is no stipulation in the concession agreement, as up to which time after
the logging operations the main and access road system has to be maintained
serviceable to allow approach to compartments for the purpose of post-logging
operations (e.g. inventories and silvicultural works). In the main, the densities of the
main and temporary road systems are within the confine set by such guidelines as
the MC & I. Accessibility also depends of the availability of serviceable bridges and
culverts. The company had built two steel bridges (Sg Loh (road to compartment 8 of
Pasir Raja Selatan PRF) and Sg Dungun (road to the south of Pasir Raja Selatan
PRF)) and wooden bridges, of which, at least nine of the bridges are still serviceable.
CHAPTER THREE: FOREST RESOURCE BASE
3.1
FOREST TYPES
The whole of the Project Area comprises the climatic climax natural moist tropical rain
forest (TRF) formations consisting of a series of (1) lowland mixed dipterocarp
forests; (2) hill mixed dipterocarp forests; and (3) upper hill dipterocarp forests.
Following along the line of Wyatt-Smith (1963) the natural TRF resources in the
Project Area can be classified into
1.
Kapur forests,
2.
Meranti/ Keruing forests, and
3.
Meranti/ Seraya forests.
Under natural conditions, the occurrence of the individuals of a species in any
particular spot is determined by the presence of seed bank and regeneration of that
species at the time when a gap is formed. The occurrence of regeneration is largely
governed by the distance with which seeds are dispersed from the parent trees and
conditions suitable for germination and establishment.
In its previous, first 25-year forest management plan, KPKKT had adopted the
forest classification system used by the 2nd National Forest Inventory (NFI) of
1981/82 as well as the Forest Resource Reconnaissance Survey (FRRS) which was
conducted by the Forestry Department much earlier in 1965 – 1966. Under this
classification which is still being followed at present, the forest resources were
identified into “productive” and “non-productive” categories, i.e. based on topography,
the forest situation as well as economic and technical feasibility in harvesting (see
Table 4) as follows:
The Productive Forest category:
(i)
Superior Forest,
(ii)
Good Forest,
(iii)
Moderate Forest and
(iv)
Poor Forest.
These forests (in those days) were expected to yield a minimum net volume of
28m3/ha of timber of commercial value.
The Non-Productive Forest category:
(i)
Upper hill forest,
(ii)
Disturbed forest and
(iii)
Forests logged before the Concession Agreement came into effect in
1983. This would include forest compartments logged much earlier (in the
9
1960s and 1970s, under the Malayan Uniform System (MUS) and
Modified MUS respectively).
During the past 25 years of the company‟s operation, the “productive forests
category” within the concession area have been selectively logged and managed
under the Selective Management System (SMS) regime based on variable minimum
diameter felling limits which always invariably resulted in the removal of much of the
standing dipterocarps and trees of the emergent layer. This was against the backdrop
of the system‟s expressed intention to retain as much as possible of the dipterocarps
in the residual stands which were to form the second growth forest, i.e. in order to
ensure resource sustainability.
Table 4. Forest Classification under the NFI
GENERAL DISTRIBUTION
Superior
Forest
Good
Forest
Moderate
Forest
Poor Hill
Forest
Upper Hill
Forest
Disturbed
Forest
Logged
Forest
MAJOR SPECIES
PRODUCTIVE FOREST
In areas with topography Seraya, Red MT, DRM, Balau,
1,000m asl or less.
Kapur, Chengal, Kelat.
(i) Besul Tambahan FR
Red MT, KR, Seraya, Balau,
(ii) Northern Pasir Raja PRF
Kapur, Chengal, KLT
(iii) Scattered in clumps
in Jengai PRF.
Mostly in Jengai PRF
Red MT, KR, KPS, KD, KLT
EXPECTED NET TIMBER
3
YIELD, m /ha
Dip.>60cm Ø:
NDip. >45cm Ø:
Dip >60cm Ø:
NDip. >45cm Ø:
3
44.4m /ha;
3
38.1m /ha.
3
24.1m /ha,
3
41.2 m /ha
Dip. >60cm Ø:
17.2m /ha
3
NDip. >45 cm Ø: 17.1 m /ha
Dip >60cm Ø &
3
NDip. >45cm Ø : 27.9m /ha
3
(i) In the lowlands of
Mainly
trees
of
Non
Jerangau PRF;
Dipterocarps
(ii) Southwest of P. Raja PRF
NON-PRODUCTIVE FOREST
(i) Found only in P. Raja PRF Dark Red Meranti, small Dip. >60cm Ø &
3
bordering Taman Negara
trees of low quality
NDip. >45cm Ø: 12.2m /ha.
(ii) in the middle of P. Raja PRF
(i)
Former
shifting Red
Meranti,
Kempas, Dip. >60cm Ø and NDip.
3
cultivations,
Kedondong, Medang, Kelat
>45cm Ø:
34.5 m /ha.
(ii) along river valleys,
(iii) areas logged prior to 1966
Areas that had been logged before Concession Agreement came into force in 1984.
By and large, this claim is yet to be proven. Under the circumstance, the experience
of such forestry organisation as KPKKT, is expected to be able to shed some light
into whether the second growth forest will remain dominated by dipterocarp species
or otherwise. KPKKT under the guidance of the SFD has continued to adopt the
appropriate conservation-oriented strategy in timber management; including the use
of a higher minimum diameter cutting limit for the dipterocarps as compared to the
non-dipterocarps trees. On top of that, a separate and special consideration is given
to the valuable dipterocarp species Neobalanocarpus heimii (Cengal) whereby an
even higher minimum diameter limits of at least 70cm are always used.
To obtain an idea on the condition of the present second growth forests from
which the timber harvest during the next cutting cycle will come; an assessment was
carried out on a random sample of old harvested stands in Besul and Jengai PRFs.
The results are shown in Table 5 in which the following “original” forest types were
identified:
1.
Red Meranti – Chengal forests with a significant proportion of Damar
Hitam, Keruing, White Meranti
2.
Red Meranti – Damar Hitam forests with a significant proportion of
Keruing, Balau, Mersawa and Seraya
10
3.
4.
Red Meranti – Keruing forests with a significant proportion of Balau,
Keladan, White Meranti
Kapur – Red Meranti forests with a significant proportion of Keruing,
Balau, Damar Hitam.
Table 5 also summarises the general tendency in species composition of the logged
stands at different “years elapsed after logging” (YEAL) in Jengai PRF while Table 6
analyses the stocking in terms of numbers in the different size classes of trees at
different YEALs. It is clear that although the numbers seedlings and saplings were
fairly high, the stem numbers for the size classes of 15 to 45cm dbh were rather low,
at least during the first 10 years subsequent to logging. During this period, when one
were to compare the numbers with the stocking standards under the SMS it was clear
that the stocking of commercial species in the 30 – 45cm dbh class met the
standards only if the equivalence rules were applied. The dipterocarp populations of
all sizes were correspondingly low. The required number of trees in the size class of
45 – 60 cm dbh was not met. However, this situation changed dramatically upon the
stand entering the second decade of growth. By year 13, there was a clear increase
in the numbers of dipterocarp trees (especially in the pole-sized category) and a
sudden drop in the abundance of the non-dipterocarps.
The most revealing finding of the study was: during the initial years; there was
a clear dominance of the non-dipterocarp tree species in the logged-over, second
growth forest and the relegation of the dipterocarp group both in terms of numbers
and volume per hectare (expressed through the size classes 5 to 45 cm dbh) into the
minority status. This situation appears to persist during the first decade of the stands‟
growth. However, by year 13, a reversal happened when there was a clear increase
in the abundance of the dipterocarp species in the small pole sizes and larger.
It is not surprising therefore when the Forestry Department determined that a
selectively logged timber stand could be deemed as being “regenerated” by the year
15 after first round of harvesting. Based on the available data, it can now be safely
concluded that, assuming the current cutting cycle of 30 years; most of the future
timber harvests from the second growth forests within the Project Area will come from
the dipterocarp species group. This is especially the case with Kapur (Dryobalanops
aromatica) forests where Kapur is still among the dominant species.
3.2
Permanent Reserved Forests and Forest Compartments
The following Table 7 and Fig. 3 show the situation of the PRFs in the Project Area
with respect to the number of forest compartments and their respective areas. There
is a total of 314 compartments, with an average size of 345 ha each.
3.3
Timber Resource Inventory of the Timber Production Forest
The following analysis and discussion on the timber resource in the Project Area
were based on data from three main sources:
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
Forest inventory conducted by the Consultants on line transects in some
older logged forests, logged some 30 - 40 years ago;
Forest management inventory (FMI) conducted under the auspices of the
GTZ Project.
Timber Resource Inventory conducted by the Regional Centre for Forest
Management (RCFM) in Pasir Raja FR.
11
3.3.1 Inventory Results
3.3.1.1
Diameter Distribution and Volume
Virgin Forest
In virgin stands, the number per ha of regeneration and trees follows the reverse-J
pattern; reducing, with the increase in size in the following order: around 12,000 16,000 seedlings (HEIGHT 15.0 - < 150.0 cm); 2,000 saplings (HEIGHT 150.0CM - <
DBH 5.0cm); 330 small poles (DBH 5.0 - <15.0cm); 120 big poles (DBH 15.0 <30.0cm); 28 small trees (DBH 30.0cm - <45.0cm); and 15 timber trees (DBH
>45.0cm). In total there were about 1,000 trees above 5.0cm DBH per ha, around
half of which were commercial. The proportion (percentage of number) of commercial
trees was high in the seedling stage with 60% falling to 45 % in the sapling and small
pole stages, but then steadily increasing to over 80% amongst the largest trees.
The drop in the proportion of dipterocarps from 30% in the seedling stage to
7% in saplings is steeper, indicating their over-proportionally high seedling mortality.
The percentage of dipterocarp volume slowly increased to 20% until rising sharply to
60% in the size classes above 60cm DBH.
Table 5. Changes in Species Dominance from Dipterocarp to Non-Dipterocarp After Logging in
Jengai PRF.
No
Cpt
Area
Ha
Year
Logged
ORIGINAL FOREST TYPE
Dominant Sp.
Co-dominant Sp.
CURRENT FOREST TYPE
Co-dominant Sp.
Dominant Sp.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
4
8
9
12
13
15
16
18
19
23
27
39
44
47
48
67
75
82
89
90
91
93
99
104
111
112
118
123
124
125
126
298
404
394
419
415
428
379
408
428
365
386
219
432
542
411
419
247
431
408
150
435
404
416
399
396
422
404
578
427
409
414
1993
KP, RM, KR
SY, DH, KR
SY, DH, BLU
RM, KR, DH
SY, DH, KR
RM, KR, KLD
SY, KR, KLD
RM, KR, BLU
RM, KR, BLU
RM, KR, BLU
RM, KR, DH
KP, RM, DH
RM, DH, KR
SY, WM, CGL
SY, KR, DH
RM, CGL, DH
SY, BLU, KR
RM, DH, KR
KP, RM, KR
KP, KR, RM
KP, RM, KR
KP, RM, KR
RM, KR, DH
SY, DH, KR
RM, CGL, DH
RM, KR, WM
SY, CGL, DH
RM, CGL, DH
SY, DH, CGL
SY, CGL, DH
SY, CGL, KR
KLT, MD, NY
KLT, MD, RGS
KLT, MD, MLK
KLT, MD, PN
KLT, MD, RGS
KLT, MD, NY
KLT, MD, PN
KLT, MD, NY
KLT, MD, RGS
KLT, MD, RGS
KLT, MD, RGS
KLT, MD, KP
KLT, MD, RGS
KLT, NY, PRH
KLT, MD, NY
KLT, MD, NY
KLT, MD, RGS
KLT, MD, PN
KLT, KP, NY
KLT, PRH, KP
KLT, KP, MD
KLT, MD, KP
KLT, MD, MPSG
KLT, MD, BN
KLT, MD, RGS
KLT, MD, KLM
KLT, MD, NY
KLT, MD, NY
KLT, MD, RGS
KLT, MD, NY
KLT, MD, RGS
1990
1992
1990
1993
1990
1985
1986
1991
1991
1987
1992
1993
1986
1986
1987
1988
1993
1991
1990
1989
1989
1995
1996
1989
1989
KLT, KPS, NY
KLT, NY, KS
KLT, NY, KPS
KLT, MRU, MD
KLT, MD, NY
KLT, NY, KPS
KLT, KPS, NY
KLT, KPS, MRU
KLT, KPS, NY
KLT, KPS, MRU
KLT, KPS, MD
KLT, KPS, MD
KLT, KLM, MLK
KLT, KPS, NY
KLT, MRU, KPS
KLT, KPS, MD
KLT, KPS, MD
KLT, MRU, MD
NY, KLT, KPS
KLT, NY, KPS
KLT, MRP, RGS
KLT, NY, KPS
KLT, MD, MRU
KLT, NY, KPS
KLT, KLM, MD
KLT, KPS, KULIM
KLT, KLM, KPS
KLT, KMSK, MD
KLT, KPS, RGS
KLT, KLM, MD
KLT, KLM, KPS
DH-BN, PN
NY, MRP, KR
NY, MRP, RGS
KS, KR, MPSG
NY, MTML, PUT
PN, MTML, BN
BN, NY, MTRD
KR, RGS, BN
NY, KR, BN
NY, PN, BN
KPS, BN, MPSG
KR, MTRD, MRP
KR, DH, BN
MD, KR, PN
PRH, KR, PN
KR, NY, MRP
MRP, NY, BN
MPSG, KD, SIM
KR, BN, MD
NY, KR, BN
NY, RGS, PN
NY, RGS, KPS
KS, PN, KR
NY, RGS, KR
MRP, KMSK, SIM.
KR, RSK, MTML
KMSK, PTL, RGS
RGS, PN, MRP
NY, PN, MTSP
KR, MLK, KLM
KMSK, KLM, KR.
Note on Table 5: KP: Kapur; RM: Red Meranti; KR: Keruing; SY: Red Meranti (Seraya); MTML: Meranti
Melantai; MTRD: Meranti Rambai Daun; MTSP: Meranti Sarang Punai; DH: Damar Hitam; BLU: Balau; KLD:
Keladan; WM: White Meranti; CGL: Chengal; BN: Bintangor; KLT: Kelat; KPS: Kempas; MRU: Merbau;
MRP: Merpauh; KMSK: Kembang Semangkok; KLM: Kulim; KS: Kasai; KD: Kedondong; MD: Medang;
MPSG: Mempisang; NY: Nyatoh; RGS: Rengas; MLK: Melunak; PTL: Petaling; PN: Penarahan; PRH: Perah;
PUT: Putat; SIM: Simpoh
Source: GTZ Project. [Muziol et. al. (1999)]
12
Table 6. Standing Regeneration Stocking ( # /ha ) by “Age/ YEAL” in Jengai FR.
YEAL
1
Dipterocarps
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
3
2
1
Saplings
(150cm Ht
– 5cm
DBH)
Small
Poles
(5 - <15
cm
DBH)
Big Pole
(15 - <30
cm DBH)
Small
Trees
(30- < 45
cm DBH)
Timber
Trees (>45
cm DBH)
Sapling
Non Dipterocarps (Regeneration
Species)
Small Big
Small Timber
Poles Poles Trees Trees
1482
58
10
11
3
254
19
7
5
2696.5
34
13.5
9
7.5
892
34.5
11
8
2261
25
8
6
2
999
44
13
6
2017
20
5
6
0
1179
30
11
7
1506.8
25.25
7.75
6
4
1523.5
5.5
1213.3
22.1
6.1
4.8
3.6
1606.1
7.9
1144.7
23.33
5.3
4
2.7
2055
8.3
1015
22
6.5
5
5
2421
12.5
1021
19.25
4.75
3.8
4
1823
9.3
1924
37
8
5
5
2854
86
23
12
1794
28.5
6.5
7.5
5
2001.5
15
7.5
1092
22
7
5
4
1249
41
11
8
Note: (1) YEAL = Years Elapsed After Logging, taken here to mean “age” of forest stand since last
logging.
Source: summarised from Muziol et al. (1999)
2
4
1
3
2.5
4.3
3.7
6
6.8
11
3
3
Table 7. Permanent Reserved Forests Within the Concession Area in ha.
Permanent
Reserved Forest
Number of
Compartments
Jerangau
Besul
Besul Tambahan
Pasir Raja Selatan
Pasir Raja Barat
Jengai
Total
55
19
7
78
28
127
314
Area (Ha)
According to Concession
Agreement
9,710
6,190
3,360
38,000
51,640
108,900
According to GIS Analysis
by GTZ Project
10,070
6,643
2,379
31,761
38,525
6,764
50,999
108,616
Regeneration in relation to Logging Strata (YEAL):
In a virgin stand there was an average of nearly 20,000 – 30,000 seedlings of all tree
species per ha. During the first two to three years after logging, as a result of the
sudden opening of the upper canopy trees, the number of seedlings would
dramatically increase to around 40,000 per ha. This number would later experience a
consistent reduction whereby, after five years they would be reduced by 25% of the
original virgin stocking; then increased to some 15% in the next 10 years, reaching
110% in the period beginning from 15 years after logging, more in the untouched
stand. A very similar development takes place with the saplings which accounted for
an average of more than 4,000 saplings per ha. In the 5 years after logging this is
reduced by 10%; in the next 10 years increased again by 10%; and reached130%
later on.
13
Fig. 3. Permanent Reserved Forests and Forest Compartments within Dungun Timber Complex.
Gross Volume in relation to Logging Strata:
After logging the volume of small poles (DBH 5.0 <15.0 cm) was reduced from
around 20m3 by 15%, and increased to more than 120% after 5 years. In big poles
(DBH sizes: 15.0cm to <30.0cm), logging damage apparently had more long-term
effect: the relatively high initial volume (compared to the next two higher size
classes) of 80m3/ha in virgin stand was reduced by 20%. The effect in trees with a
DBH 30.0 < 45.0cm and 45 < 60 cm is similar, but less strong (50m3 stays reduced by
around 10%).
Not surprisingly the volume of loggable trees above 60cm is reduced
dramatically from 140m3 in virgin stand to only 40% immediately after logging. Total
volumes for all trees with a DBH above 5cm in the concession forest for the different
“ages” are as shown in the following Table 8.
14
3
Table 8. Total Volumes, m /ha in Stands of Different YEALs (Years Elapsed After Logging)
YEAL
MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
0 (Virgin Forest)
<10
10 < 15
15 < 20
32
43
SMS
SMS
SMS
SMS
MMUS
MUS
3
STANDING VOLUME, m /HA
TOTAL VOL
DIPTEROCARP
340
260
220
150
240
170
245
170
244
95
218
50
Areas that had been logged before 1970 (i.e. under the MUS and MMUS) were found
to have total standing volumes lower than those shown by areas managed under
SMS, with areas under MUS (at YEAL 43) showing a volume figure equivalent to
SMS areas with YEAL = <10. In other words, this clearly indicate that areas
managed under the SMS were able to bypass and provide a lead time in terms of
growth period for the residual standing stock by at least 30 years as compared to the
MUS and at least 20 years in the case of the MMUS areas. On the other hand, our
finding has also shown an extraordinarily high standing volume shown by compt. 10
of Besul FR which was logged in 1984 (YEAL = 20 years) where a total standing
volume of 442m3/ha was recorded! - far higher than an average virgin stand. This
finding however can be considered an exception rather than a norm which could be
attributed to a couple of possibilities connected to the economics, technical as well as
administrative aspects of timber harvesting and utilisation. All in all, it only points to
the need to have a more comprehensive and up-to-date database on timber stocking
through the conduct of a more detailed inventory exercise on compartment-bycompartment basis.
Proportion of Species Groups in relation to Logging Strata:
The effects of logging on the proportion of the different species groups were not
evident anymore after a period of 15 years, with a notable exception: the proportion
of dipterocaps in the saplings stage doubles from 7 to 15%. This indicates that the
dipterocarps‟ high seedling mortality does not continue once they have reached a
certain size (small pole). In other words, after slightly more than a decade since the
completion of logging, there is evidence to suggest that the dipterocarps have begun
to manifest themselves and becoming dominant again. This is particularly evident in
MUS areas, albeit at a slower speed as compared to the SMS areas.
3.3.1.2 Quality of Poles
The quality and future potential of poles was determined by the health and quality of
the bole and the vigour of the crown, and divided into three classes, as shown in the
following Table 9. According to the results of the FMI, 90% of the dipterocarp poles
and 80% of the commercial non-dipterocarp poles are of good quality (see chart
below), and could therefore be regarded as potential crop trees (PCTs).
Table 9. Pole Quality Classes
Pole Quality
Tree Part
Good
Bole
Crown
Medium
Bole
Bad
Crown
Criteria
Gun barrel. Bole straight and cylindrical; minor defects are acceptable (e.g.
slight bend of bole or superficial bark damage). Ideal for use as peeler
logs for veneer and plywood.
Crown more or less well developed
Bole and crown neither “good” nor “bad” (intermediate). Timber suitable
for use as saw logs.
Bole strongly bent, crooked or leaning and/ or with large bark damages
down to the cambium, deep wounds beyond the cambium, or rot and/ or
with large rotting or dead branches
Crown heavily damaged.
15
3.3.1.3 Timber Quality
The whole stem was divided into 5m logs, starting from the clear bole above the
stump up to the base of the crown. The number of logs was counted and the quality
of each log determined by its straightness and by visible defects, if any (see Table 10
below).
Table 10. Log Quality Classes
Log Quality Class
Veneer/ prime log
Saw log
Utilisable log
Not utilisable log
Indicators
Straight, No visible defects
Straight to swept
With 1-3 of the following minor defects:
1. up to 4 live branches with diameter <5cm
2. minor swellings
3. superficial bark damage, or deeper wounds that are likely to heal
4. climbers that slightly affect tree form and growth.
Crooked and/or slightly defective:
with more than 3 minor defects or with 1 of the following major defects:
 4 or more live branches with a diameter <5cm
 live or dead branches with diameter >5cm
 big swellings
 large bark damages down to the cambium
 signs of rot, e.g. consoles of polyporous fungi
 climbers that strongly affect tree form and growth
Crooked and Strongly defective: with more than one major defect
The inventory results indicate that around 80% of all commercial logs of trees with
dbh above 30cm are straight and bear no visible defects. The most common defect
is swept logs.
3.3.1.4
Non-Timber Forest Produce (NTFP)
The NTFP referred to in this Plan include rattan, bamboo, palms and ornamental
plant species which can be of economic value when properly harvested, utilised or
sold, either in whole orotherwise, and whether as live specimens or preserved.
Palms generally have an average density of 30 stems or clumps per ha. Rattan
species are 25 stems or clumps per ha. Bamboos are less common (7/ha). In 1995
Rotan manau was planted on 84ha in compartments 4 and 16 of Jengai PRF. But
this was discontinued, because they were found to have hindered the development of
young dipterocarp regeneration.
Table 11. Occurrence of non-timber forest produce (densities per ha).
RATTAN
25.1/HA
B: R. manau C: R. sega
D: R.
E: R. dok F: R. dahan G:
H:
(Calamus
(Calamus (Korthalsia
tikus
semambu
others,
other,
(Calamus
caesius)
(Calamus
ornatus)
spp.)
dbh
dbh
tumidus)
scipionum)
>4cm
<4cm
2.0
2.8
0.1
0.4
0.1
2.7
13.7
BAMBOO
7.2/HA
A: Buluh semantan/ B: B. beting/
C: B. semeliang/ semenyih
D: Buluh
E: other
F: other
rayah/ gala/ paao/
bisa/ berang (Schizostachyum grande);
tumpat
species
species with
(G. levis); B. B. dinding/ kasap/ telur/
(Gigantoseremai/ telur
with
maximum
(Gigantochloa
pelang/ nipis/ (S. zollingeri); chloa
betung/
maximum
dbh <5cm
scortechinii); B.
ligulata)
pering
B. tali/ akar
dbh >5cm
beti/ raga (G. wrayi) (Dendrocala- (Dendrocalamus pendulus)
mus asper)
1.6
1.3
2.0
0.0
1.3
1.1
PALMS
30.2/HA
A: Bertam (Eugeissona
B: Bayas (Oncosperma horridum),
C: Nipah (Nypa
D: Other species
tristis)
Nibung (O. flagellarium)
fruticans)
11.0
4.2
0.3
14.7
A: Rotan
manau
(Calamus
mannan)
3.3
16
CHAPTER FOUR:
PAST MANAGEMENT OF THE NATURAL FOREST
4.1
Timber Production
Over the first 20 years of operation, the average annual coupe (AAC) has been
reasonably close to the rate originally proposed based on the gross production area,
both by yearly as well as 5-yearly basis. The timber produced from forests under
KPKKT‟s management supplies the three factories under GPB‟s subsidiaries, namely
PERMINT Plywood, PESAKA sawmill and PESAMA sawmill along with “Other”
buyers. The proportion of timber raw material supplied to the three major “customers”
tend to be fairly evenly distributed, ranging from 24% in the case of PESAMA to as
high as 32% for PESAKA sawmill. The overall annual timber production for the years
between 1986 and 2003 was 135,731.80 m3 where harvesting was carried out on
about 59,914ha of primary forest which translates to 42.31m3/ha of net timber output.
4.2
Silvicultural Treatment
In the past, silvicultural treatment in the Project Area was limited to three types of
treatment, namely (1) girdling combined with climber cutting (GCL), (2) climber
cutting (CL) alone, and (3) enrichment planting (EP). GCL operation was carried out
in at least one compartment in Jengai PRF (Comp. 42: 405 ha) in 1990. Between
1989 and 1998 climber cutting was carried out on about 38,200ha of logged forest.
Most of the treated areas are located in Jengai PRF (84.12%) followed by Besul PRF
(8.21%) and Pasir Raja South PRF (6.69%) (Tables 13, 14 & 15).
Table 12. Proportion of Timber Produced between 1986 and 2003 By Major Species/ Species Groups
(Figures are averaged for all PRFs).
Species/ Species Group
Vernacular Name
% of total production
Other species
15.56
Dipterocarpus spp.
Keruing
9.41
Dryobalanops spp.
Kapur, Keladan
6.23
Shorea curtisii
Seraya
8.88
Shorea pauciflora
Nemesu
5.87
Shorea lepidota
Mt langgung
5.44
Shorea spp.
Damar Hitam
5.57
Shorea leprosula
Meranti tembaga
4.81
Shorea spp.
Balau
4.53
Neobalanocarpus heimii
Chengal
3.89
Koompassia malaccensis
Kempas
Shorea parvifolia
Meranti sarang punai
3.68
Shorea ovalis
Meranti Kepong
2.58
Anisoptera spp.
Mersawa
3.33
Palaquium spp., Payena spp., Pouteria Nyatoh
2.61
spp., Ganua motleyana
Shorea acuminata
Meranti rambai daun
Shorea macroptera
Meranti melantai
2.20
Sindora spp.
Sepetir
Heritiera spp.
Mengkulang
Intsia palembanica
Merbau
Shorea bracteolata
Meranti paang
Dyera costulata
Jelutong
Durio spp.
Durian
Hopea spp.
Merawan
Shorea singkawang
Meranti singkawang merah
Parashorea spp.
Gerutu
Shorea guiso
Membatu
Total
100
17
Table 13. Silvicultural Treatment (CL) by Year and Forest Reserves
Year
Jengai
Jerangau
Forest Reserve
Pasir Raja Besul
Selatan
1757
449
751
1989
1445
1990
1984**
1991
3588
1992
2812
1993
5679
1994
3165
416
1995
2876.5
401
1996
3923
374
1997
3825
841
1998
2873
901
Total
32170.5
374
2559
**Including GCL treatment in Compt. 42 on 405 ha.
Besul
Tambahan
3002
2433
4339
2812
5679
3581
3459.5
4297
4666
3774
38242.5
182
3139
Total
-
Table 14. Areas that had undergone Post-F Inventory II
Jengai FR
Year
1995
1998
Total
348
348
Besul
Tambahan FR
191
745
936
Total
539
745
1284
Remark: By 2003, total area that had
qualified for Post-F Inventory II was
18,465ha.
Table 15. Summary of Enrichment Plantings.
Species
Meranti tembaga (S. leprosula) & Mt rambai
daun (S. acuminata)
Meranti sarang punai (S. parvifolia)
Meranti seraya (S. curtisii)
Balau species (HHW Shorea spp.)
Chengal (Neobalanocarpus heimii)
Damar minyak (Agathis borneensis)
Durian (Durio zibethinus)
Kapur (Dryobalanops aromatica)
Kembang semangkuk (Scaphium lineacarpum)
Sentang (Azadirachta indica)
Rotan manau (Calamus manan)
Total
Area planted (ha)
65.08
Numbers planted
20,800
8.72
2.36
4.09
8.06
0.08
14.42
117.44
39.07
27.14
176
462.46
2,999
812
1,014
2000
30
2308
38,230
9,695
28,462
176,000
282,350
About 38% of the area of about 462 ha was planted with Rotan manau followed by
Kapur which covers about 25%, and Merantis which were planted on about 16% of
the area. Altogether a total of 282,350 plants were used, which means that on each
hectare about 610 seedlings were planted. The high density planted can be explained
by the fact that each of the different species was planted at different spacings
depending on the degree of openness of the site: whether it is open or degraded/
very poor secondary forest. Sentang for instance, was used for planting up open
spaces such as log landings, along roadsides, skid trails, abandoned road,
abandoned camp sites, etc. In the case of Kapur, open areas were planted up
immediately.
4.3
Cost and Benefits
4.3.1 Cost-Benefit Analysis (CBA)
Earlier, Kollert (1997), under the auspices of the GTZ Project, had conducted a CBA
for KPKKT by using 1996 as a base year where it was found that the company‟s CBA
for that year was an impressive 1.88. Our calculations show that KPKKT achieves a
benefit-cost ratio (BCR) of 1.73.
18
CHAPTER FIVE:
FUTURE MANAGEMENT OF THE FOREST RESOURCE
5.1
Management Strategy
The Malaysian Government is sensitive about the environmental, social and
economic impacts of forest management.
The formulation and widespread
implementation of SMS as part of the strategy to attain SFM (to which KPKKT fully
subscribes) is a reflection of this awareness. As a competently run, privately
managed forestry enterprise that has more than 20 years of track record of achieving
goals in balancing economic, social and environmental considerations, KPKKT is
reasonably well-positioned to achieve FSC-endorsed forest management
certification, i.e. upon fulfilling certain basic conditions.
Following the signing of the new 30-year lease Agreement between Dungun
Timber Complex (DTC) and Terengganu State Government on the Forest
Concession (i.e. the Project Area), KPKKT has incorporated the following elements in
its management strategy in order to accomplish SFM and subsequently achieve
world recognition through forest management certification under FSC:
1. Strict adherence to and proper implementation of the prescriptions laid out in
this FMP
2. No conversion to land uses other than natural forest management within DTC
3. Reducing the impact of logging on the natural environment by protecting
residual PCTs, regeneration, biodiversity, soil, water, habitats and high
conservation value forest (HCVF) and the human environment as much as
possible
4. Carrying out the necessary investments for the implementation of
Reduced/Low Impact Logging (RIL) methodologies in all areas assigned for
Timber Production (TP) and Restricted Timber Production
5. Managing the Concession Area as a self-sustaining, multiple-use FMU,
6. Subscribe fully to the MC & I and all the 10 Principles of the FSC.
5.2
Forest Function Mapping and Forest Zoning
The GTZ Project had, in 1996 successfully developed and proposed a preliminary
scheme for forest function mapping and forest zonation for the Project Area, in
accordance with the National Forestry Act 1984. The scheme is summarised in the
following Table 16.
Table 16. Forest Functions Relevant to the Project Area and their Map Signatures.
ECONOMIC
FUNCTION
Timber
Production
TP
Soil
Soil
Conservation
Soil Protection
ECOLOGICAL & SOCIAL FUNCTIONS
Water
Nature (HCVF)
Water
WCC
Rare
SC
Catchment
Ecosystem
NEP
Conservation
Protection
SP
Flood Control WFC
Protected
NBP
Conservation
Area Buffer
Riparian Buffer
Protection
WBP
The proposed breakdown in the various forest functions and zoning are as follows
(see also Table 17) (note: a particular tract of forest can assume more than one
function (i.e. duplication/ multiplicity of uses)):
 37% of the Concession Area is Soil and Water Conservation area (i.e., areas
with slope gradient between 21o - 30o), with percentages in the different Forest
Reserves ranging from 23% in Jerangau PRF to 45% in Pasir Raja PRF,
 less than 1% qualifies as Flood Control Conservation area,
19
 the Restricted Timber Production (RTP) area, where LIL must be used, totals
37% or about 40,000ha,
 14% is Soil and Water Protection Area (i.e., areas with slope gradient > 30o),
 18% is dedicated to Riparian Buffer Protection,
 1% to Rare Ecosystem Protection (15% in Jerangau peat swamp forest) and
Protected Area Buffer (3% in Pasir Raja: buffer strip next to Taman Negara), and
2% are protected because of their high altitudes (areas above 1,000m asl in
Pasir Raja Selatan).
 Thus, the Protection Area, where no logging is permitted, totals 33% or some
36,000ha. Additionally, the direct vicinity of Chemerong Waterfall in
Compartment 26 in Pasir Raja Selatan PRF would be excluded from logging, as
prevention against unsightly erosion, and subsequent siltation of the waterfall.
 The remaining area of 30% or around 32,000ha is under no major management
restrictions apart from the requirement to employ RIL techniques for Timber
Production (TP).
 TP and RTP make up the Net Production Area (NPA) of about 72,000ha, or
about two-thirds of the Concession Area (67%). This is pretty close to the
80,000ha figure used in the calculation of the AAC in the previous FMP.
 In addition to the above; the forest in the vicinity of Chemerong Waterfall has
been identified as Amenity Forest whereas Compartment 52 Jengai PRF has
been earmarked as Education Forest. Research Forests are located within
Compartments 51 and 54 of Jengai PRF.
Table 17. Forest Functions in DTC in relation to the Functions Defined in the NFA1993.
National Forest Policy 1992
Production Forest
Natl.
Forestry
Act 1993
Sustainable
timber production
Soil protection
Soil protection
Protection
Forest
Flood control
Safeguarding of
water resources
Preservation of
biodiversity
Climate
amelioration
Recreation
Amenity
Ecotourism
Forest
Public
awareness
Research
and
Education
Forests (added in Rev. 1992)
-
Soil reclamation
Flood control
Water catchment
Wildlife
Sanctuary
Virgin
Jungle
Reserve (VJR)
-
Forest Zonation in Concession Area
Timber Production (TP)
67%
Soil Protection (SP)
Soil Conservation (SC)
Flood Control Conservation (WFC)
Water Catchment Conservation (WCC)
Riparian Buffer Protection (WBP/
HCVF)
Rare Ecosystem Protection
(NEP/
HCVF)
Protected Area Buffer (NBP/ HCVF)
14%
37%
0%
37%
18%
1%
1%
-
Amenity
-
e.g. Chemerong Waterfall
e.g. Chemerong Waterfall
-
Research
e.g Compartments. 51 & 54 of Jengai
FR.
e.g. Compartment 52 of Jengai FR.
-
Education
Forest for federal
purposes
% Concession
Area
0%
-
5.2.1 Compartmentalisation
Provided there is no major shift in management approach, it is anticipated the
previous system and practice of forest compartmentalisation will continue to be used
during this FMP. During this Plan period, the CRB along with the relevant maps of
the compartments concerned will continue to be regularly updated in coordination
with the relevant agencies and departments, notably the Forestry Department; both in
20
hard copy and digitized forms. The Forest Manager will develop a proper protocol
and SOP on the kind of information that needs to be entered into the CRB, the
formats to be used, and the frequency of updating. Certified copies of the CRB will
be submitted to the SFD from time to time as a protection measure against possible
loss of the record.
5.3
Management of Natural Production Forest
5.3.1 General Management Prescriptions and Mitigation Measures in Timber
Production Forests
The experience gained from the first 25-year rotation of the management of the
natural forest in the Concession Area have provided useful lesson for KPKKT to forge
ahead and manage the second growth forest during the present 30-year cycle
beginning from 2008. Stand management during the first cycle had affected current
stand conditions in the following ways, namely
(a)
The fundamental shift from dipterocarp forest to the largely non-dipterocarp
forest.
(b)
A relatively low stocking in good residual trees, which tend to be smaller
in size and stature. Special attention will need to be paid on the rehabilitation
through enrichment planting of logged hill ridges and upper slopes.
(d)
A dearth of local information on the growth and yields of the second growth
forests. This will be tackled in the Plan period by the establishment of a new
network of PSP as part of a new emphasis on long-term R & D.
5.3.1.1
Timber Species Composition
The overall management objective in the past was to maintain the dominance of the
dipterocarp in the second growth forests through the application and control of high
minimum DBH felling limit for the dipterocarp and a lower minimum felling limit for the
non-dipterocarp. Preliminary data has shown that the results of this differential
minimum DBH cutting limit treatment on the residual stands have been mixed. In
most residual stands, the target was not achieved when the dipterocarp species have
been relegated to the minority status whereas in others there were signs that they
were making a come back after more than a decade of growth of the second growth
forest. By and large, it is clear that any attempt to restore the dipterocarps should
start from the beginning, i.e. through strict enforcement of RIL, planting of the species
and maintaining of the existing young regeneration and poles. For the planning
period the emphasis in silviculture therefore will be on restorative measures to
enhance the growth and stocking of the dipterocarp. Future harvesting in the second
growth stands would have to concentrate on non-dipterocarps and save all the
dipterocarps.
5.3.1.2
Stocking
All in all the stand volume in the logged forests immediately after harvesting was only
70% of the original stand volume of the virgin forests. Most of the difference is due to
the removal of the emergent and upper-story dipterocarp trees of 60cm DBH and
above during harvesting. As a result the standing volume of the dipterocarps in the
logged stands is only 36% of that in the virgin forests. A smaller reduction is
experienced in the non-dipterocarp group. While the volume/ha of trees of the size
class of 45cm DBH and above in the logged forests is 34.5m 3 for the dipterocarp, the
volume/ha for the non-dipterocarp group is about twice the amount (68.6m3). This is
a very important result as it hints at the fact that most of the next cut will consist of the
non-dipterocarp timbers.
A closer examination of Table 18 shows that, as a whole the stands logged
before 1982 do meet the stocking standard requirement of the SMS, particularly in
terms of the numbers of seedling to small pole-sized classes. There is, however, a
slight under-representation in the larger size classes, which is not surprising in view
21
of the arguments presented earlier. The total volume of the stand is also lower; about
64% of the SMS standard and falls somewhere in between the low and medium
standards for the Disturbed Forest. On the other hand, the stands logged after 1991
were found to hold standing volumes comparable to the SMS standard although they
are evidently poor in the younger regeneration. Fitted into the Disturbed Forest
Standards, the stands logged after 1991 fall somewhere in between the medium and
high stocking. This apparent irony in the status of the logged forest within KPKKT‟s
forest concession can be explained in the following ways:
(a) For the forest logged before 1982 or whereabouts, harvesting took place in
stands rich in Kapur in Besul and Jerangau PRFs, which (understandably)
inflicted a heavier damage than a normal forest. Because of that these
forests needed longer time to recover.
(b) There was, perhaps less enforcement of the logging rules during the years
prior to 1982. Logging was mostly based on the MUS specifications which
permitted the felling of trees down to a minimum of 45cm DBH, with little
concern for the environment or conservation.
(c) For the stands logged after 1991, concerns about environmental protection
and biodiversity conservation had grown to become increasingly important
and remain so till today. As a result, logging damage in the meranti - keruing
stands tended to be relatively lesser (quantitatively and qualitatively) and
more PCTs were saved to form the next crop.
Table 18. Comparison of Actual Stocking with Minimum Stocking Standards
Logging classes/ standards
Diameter Class, cm dbh
Total
5 - <15
15 - <30
30- <45
45 - 60
Standards under Selective Management System (SMS) (Thang HC 1987)*
Number/ ha
400
100
32
25
557
3
Volume, m /ha
26.4
36.0
37.0
63.8
163.2
Standards for Disturbed Forest (Tang, HT 1978***)
Low
#/ha
91
46
24
10
171
3
m /ha
6.0
16.5
27.8
25.5
75.8
Medium
#/ha
151
75
38
17
281
3
m /ha
10.0
27.0
44.0
42.7
123.7
High
#/ha
220
108
56
26
410
3
m /ha
14.5
38.8
64.8
65.5
183.6
KPKKT Forests
Logged before
#/ha
400
104
26
14
544
3
1982
m /ha
11.3
31.7
28.3
32.9
104.2
Logged between
#/ha
356
97
28
13
494
3
1982 – 1991
m /ha
13.0
36.6
31.2
31.2
112.0
Logged after 1991
#/ha
260
90
25
12
387
3
m /ha
7.8
31.6
29.7
31.3
151.4
Virgin Forests
#/ha
335
122
28
13
498
3
m /ha
10.2
45.8
33.0
33.4
122.4
Note: **Tang HT 1978. Regeneration stocking adequacy standards. Malay. For. 41 (2): 176-183.
*Thang HC 1987. Selective Management System: Concept and Practice. FDPM, Kuala Lumpur.
In view of the above, KPKKT will move to identify the locations of these old harvested
compartments, conduct a thorough assessment while at the same time examining the
logistics involved in re-entering of these areas.
5.3.1.3
Changes in Stocking After Logging
There is evidence to suggest that the dipterocarp trees recover successfully following
logging. However, the rate of recovery varies depending on the intensity of previous
harvesting and extent of damage inflicted. At present there are no actual growth
figures available for the , and measurement is continuing.
22
3
Table 19. Proportion of Dipterocarps and Non-Dipterocarps (Expressed in Volume, m /ha) by
Logging Periods Compared with the Virgin Stands
Logging period
Dipterocarp
3
volume, m /ha
48.4
49.4
62.7
115.9
Non-dipterocarps
3
volume, m /ha
103.00
106.00
106.1
134.1
Total stocking,
3
m /ha
151.4
155.4
168.8
250.0
% of
dipterocarps
YEAL <10
32
YEAL 10<20
32
YEAL >20
37
Primary Forests,
46
YEAL 0
Notes: Based on the results of the Forest Management Inventory (Muziol et al. 1999).
At YEAL <10 the proportion of dipterocarps remains more or less stable at 32%,
which is about 0.7 of the original proportion of 46% by volume, in the virgin forests.
In the forests with YEAL >20 the proportion has now reached 37%. The SMS
prescription stipulates that after logging the proportion should be the same as it was
before logging, which obviously was not achieved.
Under the assumption that logging intensities and technology were similar in
all periods, then the highest recovery rates were with the dipterocarps. There was
only a slow recovery for the non-dipterocarps. The following Table 20 shows the
stocking for different species groups and for different logging periods.
The figures reveal the following:
1. The rate of increment in the standing volume of all species over the years appear
to follow the sigmoid curve as follows:
i.
from YEAL 3 - 8
= 2.96 m3/ha/yr
ii.
from YEAL 8 – 13
= 5.68 m3/ha/yr
iii.
from YEAL 13 – 20 = 0.143 m3/ha/yr
iv.
from YEAL 3 – 13
= 4.32 m3/ha/yr
v.
from YEAL 3 – 20
= 2.62 m3/ha/yr
Table 20. Stocking for Species at Different Logging Status
1 1 2 2 3 3
0 50 00 50 00 50 00 50
Logging
Status
(Years
Elapsed After Logging –
YEAL)
YEAL <5
YEAL 5 - <10
YEAL 10 - <15
YEAL >20
Virgin Forests
Dipterocarps
48.9
41.7
61.6
68.8
117.7
Dip.
0
Non-dip.
<5
5 - <10
3
Volume /ha (m3)
Non-Dipterocarps
(ND)
167.0
189.0
197.5
191.7
215.9
All species
215.9
230.7
259.1
260.4
333.6
All species
10 - <15
>20
Fig. 4. Volume of Trees, m /ha by YEAL (Years Elapsed After Logging)
23
2. The average rate of growth of the dipterocarp (at 2.09m3/ha/yr) was higher than
the non-dipterocarp (1.45m3/ha/yr from YEAL 3 – 20). The rate of increase of the
dipterocarp peaked during the YEAL period 8 – 13 years (3.98m3/ha/yr) whereas
the non-dipterocarp showed a high rate of 4.4m3/ha/yr during the initial growth
period (YEAL 3 – 8) which subsequently declined consistently as the stand grows
to maturity. From YEAL 8 – 20 the non-dipterocarps registered a volume
increment of only 0.225 m3/ha/yr.
We may conclude:
1. At an average increment of 2.62m3/ha/yr, a residual stand logged under the SMS
would be expected to be restored to virgin forest stocking level in about 45 years.
2. A tending programme has to be initiated to enhance stocking and growth of the
dipterocarp component.
3. The post-F2 inventories have to be stepped up starting from the oldest logging
class with the aim to identify stocking conditions and harvesting resources and
subsequently build up the compartment database.
4. Owing to the low stocking in dipterocarps, damage and removal of dipterocarps
during silvicultural operations especially harvesting has to be minimised.
5. Results from the above analysis are only preliminary and based on limited data.
A more comprehensive survey of the residual stands would be able to throw more
lights into the growth behaviour of the forest after logging; both on stand as well
as individual species levels.
5.3.1.4 Management Prescriptions for Restricted Timber Production (RTP)
Forest: Conservation of Soil and Water Resources
The implementation of the Forest Zonation system is expected to improve soil and
water conservation in the Concession Area dramatically. Timber production from
areas classified as Restricted Timber Production (RTP) Zone which have slope
gradients of 21o – 30o and cover about 40,000ha of the Concession Forest, will be
logged using the LIL system with emphasis on air-borne yarding method. Under the
present Planning period efforts into this direction will be continued and the search for
the best and most cost-effective LIL technique will be intensified. KPKKT will
continue to adhere with the strict logging specifications of the SFD besides
strengthening its own in-house enforcement capability and training. Areas steeper
than 30o are Soil Protection forest (Forest Zone „Protection‟) where logging will be
strictly prohibited.
5.4
Silviculture
Silviculture deals with the cultivating of forest crops, i.e. the science and art of
controlling the establishment, composition and growth of forests. KPKKT is obliged
to comply with silvicultural prescriptions formulated by the SFD who base their
decisions on silviculture on findings of the post-F inventories. At present there are
four options:
i.
climber cutting,
ii.
girdling,
iii.
climber cutting and girdling, and
iv.
enrichment planting.
5.4.1 Harvesting as a Form of Silvicultural Treatment
Harvesting
In many ways harvesting operation in itself can be regarded as a form of silvicultural
treatment in which trees of certain sizes and species are selectively removed to
provide the opening and space needed for the younger trees and regeneration to
establish and grow successfully. KPKKT fully subscribes to this idea and the fact that
only a well-thought out and environmentally-benign harvesting operation could qualify
24
as being equivalent to a silvicultural treatment. This means, among others; (i) a well
constructed and uncompacted skid trail which will form an excellent germination bed
for wildings and site for enrichment planting; (ii) the use of appropriate tools and
machines which would lead to a minimum amount of damage to the soil and the
residual stock, (iii) the use of directional felling; and (iv) availability of a well-trained
and motivated workforce who will ensure that harvesting works are done
professionally and to the desired specifications and standards.
During the present Plan period, harvesting will continue to be conducted in
areas, which can largely be harvested with ground-based systems whereas in the
TRP areas, options are left open for the development of appropriate harvesting
systems. To limit the damages to the site and the forest stands, certain operational
standards have to be observed and these are well-documented in many publications
and instructions issued by the Department of Forestry, Department of Environment,
and Drainage and Irrigation Department, etc.
Sequence in Silviculture
At present there is limited experience with regard to responses to silvicultural
treatment in logged forests. For the forest area under consideration the following
sequence of operations and timing are proposed to be implemented (Table 21),
which is within the framework of the SMS.
Table 21. Sequence and Timing of SFM Operations in the Project Area During the Plan Period
No
1
2
3
YEAR
SMS
KPKKT Forest Concession
n-3 to n-2
n-2 to n-1
n-1 to n
Pre-F inventory to determine
stocking level
Determination of cutting regime
based on minimum DBH limit
Road planning & delineation/
demarcation in the field.
Tree Marking including Felling
Direction
Road construction commences
using bulldozer; timber below
cutting limit not utilised but pushed
25
Prepare Forest Management Plan
Prepare Silviculture Plan for Concession
area.
Identify AAC and forest compartment (s) to
harvest.
Demarcate boundary of target forest
compartment.
Divide compartment into felling blocks &
mark boundary.
Road planning, demarcation & alignment in
the field. Old infrastructure, if available to be
used as guide and to be improved.
Pre F inventory on SLP in production area to
determine stocking level. Prepare stock
map.
Stratify area into productive and protected
areas and mapping.
Identify sensitive sites against logging, incl.
HCVF, GRA & TPAs.
Determine felling regime based on minimum
DBH limits.
Construct roads using excavator; timber
below minimum DBH limits to be utilised,
restore old road system in once logged
forests
Prepare
&
submit
Environmental
Management Plan (EMP) on compartment
to be logged.
Prepare Wildlife Migration Plan
Mitigation measures instituted
Pre F climber cutting
Monitor (& document) flowering & fruiting of
commercial trees
Timber cruise (Marking), Mapping
Harvesting Licence Approval
Construction of skid trails
Construct workers‟ kongsi & log landing
Construct temporary nursery
into the adjacent stands.
4
n
5
n+ ¼ to n
+½
6
n + 1.5 to
n+2
Felling of all trees as prescribed
Roads & skid trails created by
bulldozer as felling proceeds.
Remove
seriously
injured/
damaged & dangerous trees to
improve forest hygiene and safety.
Closing Report
Survey on unfelled trees and on
damage to residual trees (for
determination of fines)
7
n + 2 to n
+5
Post F1 Inventory on systematic
line plots (SLP) to determine
residual
stocking
and
the
appropriate silvicultural treatments.
8
n + 10
Post F2 Inventory to determine the
regeneration status of the forest
9
n + 10 to n
+ 15
10
N + 20
11
N + 22 to
n+ 25
12
N + 25 or
n +30
26
Collect wildings and grow them in temporary
nursery
Establish & measure PSP to monitor effect
of logging & Growth
Felling of trees as prescribed
Trees & vegetation in buffer areas/ strips to
be protected
Patrol & supervision
survey on unfelled trees and on damage to
residual trees
road
maintenance
using
excavator
(wheeled), grader
locate & re-establish PSP, remeasure.
Inspect mitigation measure against erosion,
etc.
Relocate & update status of mother trees.
Improve growing condition of mother trees.
Identify and monitor HCVF
silvicultural assessment and planning for
tending operations in sub-stands
Treatment: cleaning operation: removal of
smothering, strangling, climbing vegetation)
Enrichment planting on skid trail, log
landings & in blank areas
Prepare management plan for HCVF.
Post F1 inventory on SLP in production area
to determine residual stocking and follow up
Treatment (cleaning operation)
Pruning treatment on enrichment planting
For natural regeneration: leaf to leaf thinning
for wildings & saplings.
Remeasure PSP
Monitor wildlife
Follow up treatment on enrichment planting
(e.g. fertiliser appl.)
Liberation/
stick
thinning
on
nat.
regeneration
Remeasure PSP & other monitoring plots
Post F2 Inventory to determine stocking &
regeneration status.
Prepare stock map
Remeasure PSP; prepare summary on
status & growth.
Monitor wildlife
Concession wide resource inventory to
update information / database on resource.
Submit proposal for next rotation.
Remeasure PSP &
environmental
monitoring stations
Monitor flowering & fruiting.
Regular patrol
Remeasure PSP
Repeat procedure no. 1 to prepare for next
rotation.
End of rotation period & begins next cycle.
Human Resource Development
Considering the above there is an urgent need for training as to the following:
1. Training of machine operators in environmentally benign and damage-limiting
techniques
2. Training of tree fellers in felling and bucking techniques which may lead to
minimal damage and wastage of the resource
3. Training in silviculturally significant tree marking procedures
4. Training in silviculturally relevant stand treatment techniques
5. Training in tree identification
6. Training on nursery technology and planting stock production.
5.4.2 Forest Regeneration
The SMS considers a forest regenerated, if there is sufficient number of individuals
above the prescribed stocking standards in any of the size classes up to the size
class of 30 – 45cm DBH. Surveys have shown that there is sufficient young
regeneration (up to the small pole class) in all logging age strata.
Spatial Distribution of the Young Dipterocarp Regeneration
In most cases the young dipterocarp regeneration occurs in clusters and thus the
production areas cannot be considered fully stocked in its truest sense. KPKKT
realises the importance that even single individuals of young dipterocarps whenever
they are found, be released from competition of weed growth and undesirable
interference.
Mother trees
On average, there are about 6 to 9 dipterocarp trees in the size classes above 45cm
DBH per ha in the second growth forest. From field observation it became clear that
mother trees are not homogenously distributed over the compartment areas. KPKKT
will exercise care in choosing mother trees as seed stands for seed and seedling
production in relation to an equal spatial distribution and that it is not left to chance as
to where they are located. They should also be members of the emergent layer.
During harvesting operations, care will be taken so that mother trees are not
unnecessarily exposed or damaged in order to prevent from physiological stress and
mortality. Ideally each mother tree will be surrounded by undisturbed vegetation
within the radius of 10m (radius of average gap size).
Planting of Open Areas
Planting is expensive and therefore, will only be done when absolutely necessary.
On compacted areas such as log landings and abandoned camp sites, some soil
improvement and treatment may be necessary prior to planting, e.g. by using a small
backhoe tractor for making planting holes. Planting will be done with discretion.
KPKKT will make decision on planting based on the recommendations from postfelling surveys conducted immediately following harvesting. The following criteria will
be used:
1. Only quality and healthy seedlings of Dipterocarps and commercially valuable
Non dipterocarp species will be used for planting
2. Open areas along roads exceeding the prescribed right-of-way will be planted
up.
3. Plantings may only commence at a distance from mother trees, which is equal
to their height.
4. The planting stock has to be about 45 – 60cm in height.
27
5.4.3 Tending and Climber Cutting
Both activities were designed to assist the growth of the regenerating crop by
liberating it from competing vegetation and/ or strangling climbers. During the
present Plan period a new approach will be taken whereby the tending teams would
follow along the road and skid trail system to the site of impact. The tending will
concentrate on tree classes from saplings to small poles including the nondipterocarp RS species.
Tending proceeds in two phases. During the first operation (T1) the treatment
of young regeneration is carried out along roads and skid-trails, where the need tends
to be more urgent (e.g., climber infestation, competition from smothering vines, etc).
The second treatment (T 2) will be carried out only in a situation in which competing
vegetation has fully developed, but yet to cause any damage to the regeneration of
the commercial tree species. The exact timing depends on the development stage of
the stand. The tending will be carried out not later than 5 years after logging.
5.4.4 Timber Stand Improvement
Timber Stand Improvement (TSI) and thinning operations refer to the treatment
operation targeted at the more advanced development stages of the secondary stand
after logging. Because of the urgency to save the young regeneration, during the
planning period, priority will be given for the tending of saplings and small poles of the
commercial species. No specific measures would be proposed for tree regeneration
in the larger size classes. Thinning as a silvicultural practice in the inland natural
forests in Peninsular Malaysia is less widely practised as compared to Climber
cutting. In this relation, the necessity and feasibility of it will have to be tested through
operational trials with the commencement of plan implementation, so that
appropriate amendments to the Plan can be made during the review exercises over
time.
5.5
Yield Regulation
5.5.1 General Prescriptions
The yield regulation for the Concession Area is based on:
 Present stand and site conditions
 Available growth and yield data from representative PSPs (when these are not
available: reliable minimum estimates)
 Deductions according to the extent of logging impacts on the remaining stand
 Deductions for unproductive areas within production forest (e.g. infrastructure)
 Applied silvicultural treatments.
5.5.2 Length of Harvesting Cycle
Growth projections and the estimation on probable growth of the forest until 2037
were conducted for the forest compartments of different Y.E.A.L.s, and these are
summarised in Table 22. The growth projections were based on the preliminary
analyses in this chapter and similar data elsewhere, using the following assumptions:
1. An average starting volume of 220m3/ha of all trees above 5.0cm DBH for all
areas immediately after logging (i.e. including 100m3/ha for trees of 45.cm
DBH and larger)
2. A volume m.a.i. of 2.618m3/ha/yr for all species; 2.09m3/ha/yr for the
dipterocarps; and 1.453m3/ha/yr for the non-dipterocarp tree species.
3. The cutting cycle adopted will be 30 years as recommended by the
Terengganu State Forestry Department.
The results of the analyses show that:
1.
The stock increase for all species would be approx. 78m3 /ha in 30-year
period.
2.
About 80% of the stocking increase is brought about by dipterocarps.
28
3.
The estimated total standing volume of trees >50cm DBH =
4,905,000cu.m
For a harvesting cycle of 30 years a sustainable volume reduction per ha
should not exceed 60 m3/ha.
4.
Table 22. Growth & Yield Projection on Volume M.A.I. for the Different YEALs.
Year
FMP
in
Total
Area
Available, ha
EXPECTED VOLUME, CU.M
Trees >5.0cm DBH (assumed Trees >45.0cm DBH (assumed
3
3
vol. m.a.i. = 2.62m /ha/yr)
vol. m.a.i.: 1.8m /ha/yr)
Cu.m /ha
Total, cu.m.
Cu.m /ha
Total, cu.m.
8,356.47
Areas
Logged
pre-1983
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
2024
2025
2026
2027
2028
2029
2030
2031
2032
2033
2034
2035
2036
2037
Total
3,222.00
3,297.00
2,089.12 (est.)
2,089.12 (est.)
2,089.12 (est.)
2,089.12 (est.)
2,963.00
2,370.00
3,325.00
3,149.00
3,268.00
3,527.00
4,081.36
3,251.00
3,533.50
3,536.00
2,955.00
2,905.00
6,855.00
3,392.92
3.404.96
3,470.00
2,882.00
2,756.00
2,516.00
2,798.00
3,115.00
2,517.00
3,341.00
90,787.21
220.00
222.62
225.24
227.85
230.47
233.09
235.71
238.33
240.94
243.56
246.18
248.80
251.42
254.03
256.65
259.27
261.89
264.51
267.13
269.75
272.37
274.99
277.61
282.85
285.47
288.09
290.71
293.33
295.95
708,840.00
733,978.14
470.553.39
476,005.99
481,479.49
486,952.98
698,408.73
564,842.10
801,125.50
766,970.44
804,516.24
877,517.60
1,026,135.53
825,851.53
906,872.78
916,778.72
773,884.95
768,401.55
1,831,176.15
915,240.17
927,408.96
954,215.30
800,072.02
779,534.60
718,242.52
806,075.82
905,561.65
738,311.61
988,768.95
100.00
101.80
103.60
105.40
107.20
109.00
110.80
112.60
114.40
116.20
118.00
119.80
121.60
123.40
125.20
127.00
128.80
130.60
132.40
134.20
136.00
137.80
139.60
143.20
145.00
146.80
148.60
150.40
152.20
322,200.00
335,634.60
216,432.83
220,193.25
223,953.66
227,714.08
328,300.40
266,862.00
380,380.00
365,913.80
385,624.00
422,534.60
496,293.38
401,173.40
442,394.20
449,072.00
380,604.00
379,393.00
907,602.00
455,329.86
463,074.56
478,166.00
402,327.20
394,659.20
364,820.20
410,746.40
462,889.00
378,556.80
508,500.20
11,129,884.62
Est. = rough estimation
5.5.3 Annual Allowable Gross Stocking Reduction and AAC
The basic formula for determining the AAC forest is:
AAC = (Vharv. *Anet) / CC
The „unadjusted‟ harvestable volume/ha is calculated by:
Vharv = Vgross * fi * fe
Where:
Vgross :
fi
:
fe
:
Volume per ha of all commercial species exceeding 50 cm
DBH, which is assumed to be 60.0 m3/ha
Retention factor for mature trees (e.g. defect trees, mother
trees), which is set at 0.7
Exploitation factor representing utilisation loss through
harvesting, which is set at 0.85 (calculated from data
courtesy of M. Frankenberg – Jaeger 1999).
29
The unadjusted harvestable volume/ha is:
Vharv. = 60 * 0.70 * 0.85 = 35.7m3
Based on the records of the company, a total of 90,787.21 ha of the Concession
Forest will have been logged by 2007, which represents the total net production area
(Anet).
Anet
= 90,787.21 ha
The AAC per net production area is now determined as:
AAC = (35.7m3/ha* 90,787.21)/ 30 = 108,036.77 m3/yr
 108,000m3/yr.
Now assuming that the average net timber outturn per ha = 54.7m3/ha (as estimated
in the “Rancangan Pengurusan Kerja Lima Tahun (2003 – 2007) Bagi Kawasan
Perjanjian PMINT yang Di Urus oleh KPKKT), then the total area available annually
for timber harvesting during the next cut will be
AAC = 108,000/ 54.7 = 1,975.08ha/yr  2,000 ha /yr.
The Forestry (Production) Manager and the field staff have the task of maximising the
utilisation of the overall stocking reduction, by immediately:
1. implementing all relevant procedures that lead to the minimisation of damage
to the residual stand;
2. implementing the pre-harvest climber cutting;
3. implementing directional felling on the trees to be felled;
4. establishing a proper age sequence and record-keeping of the harvested
stands;
5. implementing silvicultural treatment of the logged compartments in order to
boost the growth and survival of the commercial residuals; and
6. monitoring closely the harvesting operations so as not to exceed the
maximum allowable stocking reduction. This requires post-harvest stocking
inventory (e.g. post-F inventory) to be conducted immediately after logging to
establish, inter alia, whether or not the maximal stocking reduction ceiling
requirement has been complied with.
As has been shown above, in theory, the total area available for logging over the
period of 30 years from 2008 to 2037 would be 90,787 ha, which, if spread evenly on
pro rata basis over the 30-year period would come to a total of 3,016.45ha per year
(rounded to 3,000ha). However, this was not to be, due to several factors. These
included the volume yield per ha and damage/utilisation factors, etc which effectively
brought the AAC down to a more realistic figure of 2,000ha/year.
This figure agreed well with the recent decision by the National Forestry
Council (Majlis Perhutanan Negara (MPN)) which decreed that all state governments
within Peninsular Malaysia should reduce their AACs by 40% respectively beginning
from 2008. Under the circumstance, the Terengganu State Forestry Department had
decided to reduce the state‟s AAC from 8,000ha to 5,000ha, and for the case of
KPKKT its AAC was determined at 2,000ha/yr.
30
Table 23. Harvesting Schedule and Estimated Gross Timber Outturn from Recommended
AAC of 2,000ha/ yr During This FMP.
3
Year
FMP
in
Total
Area
Available, ha
2008
3,222.00
2009
3,297.00
2010
2,089.12 (est.)
2011
2,089.12 (est.)
2012
2,089.12 (est.)
2013
2,089.12 (est.)
2014
2,963.00
2015
2,370.00
2016
3,325.00
2017
3,149.00
1018
3,268.00
2019
3,527.00
2020
4,081.36
2021
3,251.00
2022
3,533.50
2023
3,536.00
2024
2,955.00
2025
2,905.00
2026
6,855.00
2027
3,392.92
2028
3.404.96
2029
3,470.00
2030
2,882.00
2031
2032
2,756.00
2033
2,516.00
2034
2,798.00
2035
3,115.00
2036
2,517.00
2037
3,341.00
Total
90,787.21
**est. = estimated.
5.6
Recommended AAC,
ha/yr
2,000.00
2,000.00
2,000.00
2,000.00
2,000.00
2,000.00
2,000.00
2,000.00
2,000.00
2,000.00
2,000.00
2,000.00
2,000.00
2,000.00
2,000.00
2,000.00
2,000.00
2,000.00
2,000.00
2,000.00
2,000.00
2,000.00
2,000.00
2,000.00
2,000.00
2,000.00
2,000.00
2,000.00
2,000.00
2,000.00
60,000.00
Volume, m /ha of
trees >50cm DBH,
3
growth rate: 1.5 m /
ha/yr
Expected
Total
Volume of timbers
3
>50cm DBH, m /yr
from AAC
60.00
61.50
63.00
64.50
66.00
67.50
69.00
70.50
72.00
73.50
75.00
76.50
78.00
79.50
81.00
82.50
84.00
85.50
87.00
88.50
90.00
91.50
93.00
94.50
96.00
97.50
99.00
100.50
102.00
103.50
120,000
123,000
126,000
129,000
132,000
135,000
138,000
141,000
144,000
147,000
150,000
153,000
156,000
159,000
162,000
165,000
168,000
171,000
174,000
177,000
180,000
183,000
186,000
189,000
192,000
195,000
198,000
201,000
204,000
207,000
4,905,000
Management of Non-Timber Forest Produce (NTFP)
The management of the Forest Concession for NTFP and other forest services is not
covered in the license contract, which is solely for timber. KPKKT is however,
allowed, and even encouraged, to conduct on its own initiative the planting and
commercialisation of NTFP such as rattan, bamboo, ornamental plants, medicinal
and aromatic plants (MAPs) or even embark into agro-forestry practices. In the past,
some rattan planting have been done, but it has now been discontinued since 1995
since the management objectives of regenerating dipterocarp forests and of
managing rattan were found to be incompatible.
The trend is now changing. There is a strong desire among the KPKKT‟s top
management, with an equally strong encouragement by the State Forestry authority
to see to it that some degree of diversification away from timber is initiated
particularly during the present FMP period. These include the utilisation and bottling
of the cool spring water from Chemerong waterfall, ecotourism development,
upgrading and commercialisation of R & D, provision of training services for forestry
personnel, etc.
31
5.7
Conservation of Biodiversity and Genetic Resources
Biological diversity or biodiversity is the variety and variability among living organisms
and the ecological complexes, in which they occur. This includes diversity within
species (genetic diversity), between species and ecosystems.
The overall objectives of the Prescriptions is to reduce the impact of forestry
operations on biodiversity in general, and wildlife in particular.
a)
At strategic/ policy level:
Recommended Prescriptions/ Actions:
1. A strip of about 500m – 1,000m wide in the west of Jerangau PRF to be
designated for Rare Ecosystem Protection and as HCVF.
Rationale: this peat swamp forest (PSF) and the transition forests from PSF
to lowland dipterocarp forest (here mainly Kapur forest) is rare in Terengganu.
Other aspects to consider include the difficulty and the high costs involved to
log the area due to the soft, damp substrate, the high water table and the risk
of fire after logging.
2. Adjacent to the National Park “Taman Negara”, a 200m-wide strip is allocated
as a Protected Area Buffer.
3. Gunung Mandi Angin area which supports unique flora and fauna.
4. Chemerong Waterfalls and its surroundings.
b)
At organisational level:
 Pattern of Logging (i.e Shift to Mosaic Logging, or some other design as
approved by SFD):
 Logging compartments are currently being scattered over the concession area
in order to allow the wildlife to flee to nearby undisturbed forest. Regarding
wildlife, there are pros and cons of mosaic pattern of logging. Advantages
include reducing the „sweep‟ effect, which pushes wildlife out of a forest area,
and limiting the distance which big mammals have to shift. Disadvantages
include disturbances in more places, and hunting, poaching, etc. may
proliferate in more places as a result of the improved access to the hitherto
inaccessible areas.. Nevertheless, if monitoring, supervision and enforcement
are improved, the advantages of maintaining a mosaic should outweigh the
disadvantages.
Recommended Prescriptions/ Actions;
1. Establish manned booth (security guards) at the main entry points, i.e. the
primary roads, where logging vehicles enter,
2. Block off inactive entry points,
3. If people are seen who have entered without a permit from the Forest
Department, the staff concerned should:
 request them to leave immediately
 reprimand staff who man the booth
 notify the Forest Department
4. Provide designated sites within the Concession Area for the public such as
Chemerong Waterfall in Pasir Raja FR
5. Encourage the public to visit other established Recreational Forests
elsewhere in Terengganu
6. Include a clause in contracts between KPKKT and the contractors and subcontractors stating that no hunting and trapping is permitted.
7. Incorporate wildlife-related data into existing databases, e.g. information
about wildlife surveys by specialists and information on important habitats
from surveys.
32
c)
5.8
At operational level (compartment):
 Reduce harvesting damage to the site (erosion), and to the residual stand,
including trees important to wildlife
Rationale (as far as biodiversity is concerned): water quality is critical for the
survival of the aquatic fauna. The main impact of logging is likely to be
sedimentation, and less significantly some changes in water volume and peak
flow.
Recommended Prescriptions/ Actions:
1.
Map and protect (no logging):
 Soil Protection areas
 Riparian Buffers
 Swamps (Flood Control and Conservation)
 Any other areas identified as having a special value
(e.g., an area where a rare species occurs or is known
to be especially abundant)
2.
Employ LIL techniques, e.g. cable crane systems, in Soil Conservation
areas.
3.
Reduce erosion caused by road construction.
4.
Retain pockets of unlogged forest stand in the larger matrix of logged
forest. Such patches of unlogged forest act as reservoirs of biological
diversity.
5.
Disrupt the tree canopy as little as possible to avoid fragmentation
of wildlife habitats (e.g. during road construction).
 Maintain crossing points over roads, where tree crowns on the two
sides of the road maintain close contact. This is easier on level
ground than on hill slopes, and easier on straight stretches than on
curved parts. WWF Malaysia recommends a crossing point every
100m of road.
 Maintain down- and up-stream access for aquatic fauna by using
bridges or open-bottom culverts to cross streams.
6.
Map and protect special sites.
Rationale: Limestone or granite rocks/ cliffs are a scarce, fragmented
and small-scale habitat type. If they lie below the main forest canopy,
such habitats attract species such as white-throated rock-thrushes and
blue Whistling Thrushes. If such a cliff projects above the canopy it
may attract various swifts, swallows and birds of prey such as
Peregrine Falcons. In lowland forest limestone outcrops attract Longtailed Macaques, Dusky-leaf monkeys, Serow, and (if there are caves)
a variety of bats and other cave dwellers.
7.
Map and protect saltlicks.
8.
Protect trees important for biodiversity:
- Over-mature trees (for birds; e.g. hornbills and woodpeckers)
- Fruiting trees such as fig trees
- Rare tree species
- When replanting, include a small proportion of tree species that are
important for wildlife, such as Petai (Parkia speciosa), Kerayong
(Parkia javanica), Tampoi (Baccaurea spp.), Pulasan (Nephelium
spp.), Figs (Ficus spp.), Macang (Mangifera spp.), Kerdas and
Jering (Pithecellobium spp), Durian (Durio zibethinus), Asam jawa
(Tamarindus javanica) and Sesenduk (Scaphium malaccensis).
Recreation and Eco-tourism
The use of the forest concession for recreation and eco-tourism is set to increase in
the future. The Chemerong Waterfall in the 418-ha Compt. 26 of Pasir Raja Selatan
33
PRF, and located some 155 km from the airport in Kuala Terengganu and 77km from
Dungun, the nearest major town; has attracted an estimated 1,000 tourists per year.
This suggests a high potential for tourism development. In 1995 and early 1996
KPKKT spent RM110,000.00 to build access road and parking space. For further
improvement, the Tourism Committee of Terengganu has endorsed a RM1 million
contribution from government funds to develop the waterfall area into an attractive
eco-tourism spot. KPKKT has also been active in improving its public relations by
periodically organising and sponsoring charity events such as “Rimbathon”,
Chemerong Chengal Challenge 2004 and botanical expeditions to Gunung Mandi
Angin.
5.9
Management of Protection Forest
Except for the demarcation of (sub-) compartment boundaries, no forestry operations
will take place in the Protection Forest areas specified by Forest Function Mapping
(Soil Protection, Riparian Buffer Protection, Rare Ecosystem Protection, and
Protected Area Buffer) and Forest Zonation.
5.10
Forest Protection Against Encroachment, Diseases and Pests
During the Plan period more vigilance will be exercised through periodic monitoring
and patrolling, record keeping and coordination with the relevant authorities.
5.10.1
Demarcation and Control of Boundaries
KPKKT will continue to assist wherever possible, and facilitate the work done by the
Terengganu SFD to mark and clean forest boundaries within the Project Area. The
work on forest boundaries follow the guidelines as specified in the Malaysian Forestry
Manual and MC & I on cutting of boundary lines, marking of boundary trees,
sequence of boundary inspection, replacement of missing beacons, etc. Control of
boundaries in sensitive areas near settlements and agricultural areas will be stepped
up.
5.10.2
Integrated Forest Fire Management
KPKKT will initiate effort to build up its own Integrated Forest Fire Manual dedicated
to situations found within the TRF within the Project Area. Integrated Forest Fire
Management consists of fire prevention, fire detection, and fire suppression (fire
fighting).
For fire prevention, KPKKT will
 Promote awareness about the risk of forest fires and how to avoid them among its
staff, its contractors and the general public in the area
 Introduce stricter controls on public access
 Encourage the PWD and District Offices to instruct their staff and contractors not
to use fire for weed control along public roads at forest edges.
For fire detection, KPKKT will
 Instruct its staff to report any sign of fire immediately, to the nearest fire brigade,
the police and KPKKT management, in that order
 Institute monitoring patrol during dry weather.
For fire suppression, KPKKT will
 Draft a contingency plan in case of fires (or other emergencies), in collaboration
with the fire brigade and the police, where roles and responsibilities of each party
are clearly specified (lines of command, etc)
 Carry out fire fighting exercises in cooperation with the relevant agencies/
organisations
 Identify and map water sources for use in emergency
34
 Identify any needs to purchase basic fire fighting equipment.
5.10.3
Management of Potentially Polluting Substances
KPKKT will continue to make its staff and contractors aware of the importance of
observing the conditions under which such chemicals and lubricant can be used;
taking into account approved disposal methods for such materials. To this end
KPKKT will initiate effort to build an appropriate manual on the handling of polluting
substances as a guide for the relevant personnel.
5.11
Infrastructure Planning
5.11.1
Road Construction and Maintenance
Road construction will be undertaken by contractors with close supervision and
control by relevant KPKKT staff (i.e. Forest Supervisor). The following sequence of
operations will be implemented
1)
Complete construction of the main/ secondary road system before
harvesting proper commences
2)
Stratify the area into accessible/ inaccessible land within the accessible
land into ground-skidding and skyline terrain.
3)
Pre-felling inventory/ tree-marking/ tree location mapping after the road
construction has been completed
4)
Skid-trail planning and construction including temporary log yards
5)
Harvesting
6)
Closing down of the temporary road system.
The clearing of the road corridors is implemented through a separate licence. In so
doing the following will be observed and implemented.
1) All trees down to 20cm DBH will be felled by chainsaw in the direction of the
road corridor
2) All timber of the utilisable size will be extracted for utilisation.
3) With the exception of level or only slightly sloping terrain (up to 5o), where a
bulldozer could be employed, road construction on all other terrains will be
done by using excavator
4) The remaining vegetation and residues will not be side-cast by bulldozer into
the adjacent forest stands. An excavator will be employed instead to ensure
that such material is being deposited in a controlled manner with minimal
damage to site and forest stands.
5.11.2
Machinery and Equipment
KPKKT has the following array of vehicles to help out with monitoring, supervision,
development and patrol of the forestry activities in the Project Area:
12 Toyota Hilux (Pickups)
1 Suzuki Jeep
2 Mitsubishi Pajeros
3 Ford Rangers (Pickups)
On an average, one vehicle from each of the different categories of vehicles will be
replaced each year by the company.
5.11.3
Buildings
KPKKT is well equipped with building infrastructure. For example, the head office in
Bukit Besi town was built in the mid eighties and is still in a very good condition.
KPKKT will oblige its contractors to resolve the current problems related to logging
camps, i.e. erosion due to site clearing, sanitation problems, and illegal hunting. The
contractors concerned should also be encouraged to do the re-planting works on
open areas such log landings, along roads and skid trails and logging camps.
35
5.12
Research and Development
Apart from a series of Permanent Sample Plots (PSPs) which had been established,
KPKKT will also establish temporary observation plots cum demonstration areas for
silvicultural treatments and logging methods in the Concession Area.
5.12.1
Permanent Sample Plots
A total of 40 PSPs each with a size of 0.25 ha were established in various parts of
the Concession Forest during September 1997 under the aegis of the GTZ Project.
KPKKT will carry out annual re-measurement on these PSPs.
5.13
Human Resource Development
Training and capacity building involving both KPKKT‟s personnel and those of the
contractors, are of utmost importance to achieve SFM in the Concession Area. As for
the contractors and their staff, KPKKT provides the necessary encouragement and
support for training initiatives as well as involving the contractors concerned in
occasional training programmes aimed at enhancing knowledge and field techniques.
The following training measures are prescribed:
1) Silvicultural field operations, e.g. silviculturally significant tree marking
procedures (operational staff of company, foresters and field crews
2) Tree identification (Field crews)
3) Harvesting planning with particular emphasis on reduced and low impact
operations (Planners, operational staff of company and SFD)
i)
Machine operations with particular emphasis on reduced and low
impact operations
ii)
Tree felling with a focus of directional felling and minimum waste
operations
iii)
Silvicultural planning with emphasis on stand regeneration
(Planners, operational staff of company and SFD, District).
4) Techniques in nursery and plant propagation particularly using biotechnology
through joint collaboration with relevant parties.
Furthermore, KPKKT will to look into its criteria for the selection of its contractors,
based on their qualification, actual experience and technical and financial capabilities.
5.14
Finance
The largest investment in the coming 30 years that KPKKT will have to make would
be in RIL and LIL machinery. The setting up of a new nursery at Pasir Raja will cost
the company a total of about RM200,000, and this cost and can be depreciated over
10 years. On the average, one vehicle from each of the different vehicle categories
will have to be replaced each year.
5.14.1
Costing of Activities
The costs centres at the concession level could be divided into the following (see
Table 44):
i.
Conservation (planning costs in demarcating areas to conserve)
ii.
Administration & planning – survey, boundary marking, Pre F inventories,
tree marking, etc.
iii.
Infrastructure development: roads, skid trails, etc. & construction/
installation of mitigation measures
iv.
Harvesting
v.
Soil conservation measures, Regeneration
vi.
Silviculture; R & D
vii.
Protection, patrol & maintenance of mitigation measures.
36
The following types of expenditure or investment will also be monitored
i.
Hardware and software investments
a. computers, softwares, timber tracking, GIS
b. specialised equipment such as GPS
c. cable system and other equipment needed for carrying out reduced
impact logging (RIL)
ii.
Personnel & labour
a. extra manpower required to ensure effective monitoring and
enforcement of policies
b. manpower for carrying out additional procedures required in RIL
c. manpower for training of staff and contractors in the use of new
methods or procedures.
d. Manpower to assess for certification readiness.
e. Cost of certification
CHAPTER SIX: IMPLEMENTATION
6.1
Strategic Considerations
The following strategy will be adopted by KPKKT in order to successfully implement
this FMP:
1) Support measures to enhance the growth of young dipterocarp and valuable
non-dipterocarp regeneration
2) High priority for post-F2 inventories commencing from the oldest logged
stands
3) High priority to conduct relevant silvicultural treatments with the aim of
releasing the younger trees and poles from competition.
4) Continue to monitor the status and growth of residual stands in forest
compartments logged under MUS and MMUS as well as SMS.
5) Build up compartment-level information covering aspects on: boundaries,
timber resources and NTFP, special characteristics of the stand, growth and
yields, wildlife resources, phenology, seed stands, hydrology, soils, harvesting
and silvicultural history, etc
6) Immediate implementation of existing guidelines with additional
recommendations on mitigation measures as suggested in Chapter 7 of this
FMP.
The focus of the implementation of the long-term planning through annual operational
planning concerns the following issues:
1) The implementation of environmentally and silviculturally benign operations as
well as mitigation measures to prevent costly rehabilitation and conservation
measures.
2) Systematic and sequential build – up of compartment-level stocking
information as a prerequisite for stocking projections and for future AAC
determination.
3) The generation and maintenance of a continuous and complete information
flow required for management decisions.
6.2
Sequence of Operations and Information Flow
The implementation of the operations will be carried out not only in the proper
sequence, but information and knowledge made available at each implementation
step will be properly captured, documented, processed, stored, utilized and regularly
updated. The information will be managed in such a way that a closed and complete
information flow is ensured.
37
6.2.1
Pre-Harvesting Assessment (Pre-F Inventory) and Determination of
Cutting Limits
The sampling design of the current Pre-F Inventory will remain. However, the
following changes in the sampling method are foreseen:
1. Before the Pre-Felling Inventory can commence, the compartment should be
opened up by roads and the area be stratified according to slope classes.
This would allow for the delineation of non-productive areas. Because these
areas will be permanently non-productive, pre-F inventories will not be carried
out there.
2. Since the areas to be inventorised will be reduced, the sampling intensity of
10% could stay.
3. The method of determining the cutting limits will remain. However, in the
future the cutting limit prescription would not be regarded as the general
prescription to remove all trees above the cutting limit without due
consideration as to the forest types and availability of the younger
regeneration.
6.2.2 Tree Location Mapping and Tree Marking
A tree location map and a full enumeration of the trees above 45 cm are
indispensable for silviculturally relevant harvesting. The enumeration list allows the
selection of the trees to be retained and those to be felled on the basis of silvicultural
considerations. The following will be ensured:
1) Sufficient number of mother trees per ha. KPKKT will retained 4 trees/ha
as mother trees.
2) A homogenous spatial/ uniform distribution of mother trees over each hectare
of the area
3) In case of Kapur and Seraya stands the number of trees to be felled will be
reduced, i.e. if a cutting decision based on minimum cutting limit
prescription would result in clear-cut situations. KPKKT will remove
at one time, only 50% of the harvestable timber volume and will remove the
remaining stock only after sufficient young regeneration of the species has
successfully established itself.
6.2.3 Skid Trail Planning and Construction and Directional Felling
Skid trails will be pre-planned and be demarcated in the field. As far as possible a
regular pattern of skid trail layout will be observed. Under no circumstances should
the skid trail layout be left to the machine operators. Skid trails should be arranged in
a manner to allow for winching distances of 50m. Winching cables must, therefore,
have a length of at least 50m.
Skid trails will be planned in a manner that blading is generally not required and
unnecessary removal of crown cover is avoided. The soil surface on the skid trails
also will be compacted.
6.3 Resource Conservation and Management of Biodiversity
There is an urgent need to conserve the genetic diversity of the timber tree species
concerned through genetic management of their representative populations by way of
establishing a network of high conservation value forests (HCVFs) or genetic
resource conservation areas (GRAs) in different parts of the country.
6.3.1 HCVF/ GRA within the Project Area
The following sites have been identified and marked as potential HCVFs and GRAs
within the Forest Concession.
1. The area around the Neobalanocarpus heimii (Chengal) tree which has been
listed in the Malaysia Book of Records as the largest Chengal tree in the world.
38
2. The strip of forest that forms a corridor and buffer between the concession forest
and Taman Negara. It is proposed that the width of this buffer/ corridor strip be
set at 100 metres.
3. The area around Gunung Mandi Angin which has been the subject of many
scientific and botanical expeditions and supports unique flora and fauna.
4. The Keruing Sarawak and Resak stands in Jerangau PRF
6.3.2 Future Activities & Plan of Actions to be Undertaken within HCVFs
Depending on the type and role of the HCVF, the following general line of activities
will followed by KPKKT to ensure their continued usefulness and relevance
(1)
Demarcation and maintenance of the boundary of the area
(2)
Conduct Multi-Resource Inventory on the HCVF
(3)
Maintenance of database and documentation and marking on the ground of
relevant features and resources
(4)
Regular Monitoring of flowering and fruiting and collection of seeds.
(5)
Tracking and collection of wildings.
(6)
Establishment of nursery for planting stock propagation and improvement.
(7)
Re-census of trees and other resources to monitor growth rates, health
condition and phenological behaviour.
(8)
Collaborative Research and Development on population biology, reproductive
system, breeding programme.
Appropriate conservation strategies will be developed by KPKKT for each site and
followed by sound HCVF management plans.
6.4 Forest Protection
Main aspects of protection include: (1) Protection from encroachment; (2) Protection
from pest and disease outbreak; (3) Protection from fire; and (4) Protection from
pollution.
6.4.1
Protection from Encroachment
Access to unused forest roads will be blocked or obliterated through ripping and
planting vegetation or through the installation of gates or berms that would reduce the
potential for encroachment and wildlife harassment. These measures will be
strengthened through regular patrol with the help of the enforcement division of the
SFD and the relevant authorities concerned such as the police, army personnel,
PERHILITAN, etc.
6.4.2
Protection from Pests and Diseases
In KPKKT the line of action that will be followed in this respect during the planning
period would focus on the following:
(1)
Improvement in Nursery Practice
(2)
Improvement in Forest Hygiene
6.4.3 Protection from Fire
The control and protection of the concession forest from fire require several important
steps that need to be clearly understood and followed by the management. These
are:
(i)
the provision of a good fire plan;
(ii)
demarcation of clear and well-defined boundaries;
(iii)
establishment of permanent firebreaks;
(iv)
provision of standing instructions to staff and workers;
(v)
provision of good fire control maps;
(vi)
provision of good and working fire fighting equipment;
(vii)
establishment of communications channel;
39
(viii)
(ix)
development of fire risk rating system; and
provision of training in fire fighting skill for staff and workers.
Detailed descriptions on the fire control measures can be found in the Environmental
Impact Statement prepared for the Project.
Figure 5.
Planning, implementation and monitoring of reduced-impact logging (RIL).
Activity
Strategic
Planning
Tactical Planning
Pre-Harvest Operations
1. Road, landing planning
2. Road construction, main roads
& temporary roads
3. Topographic assessment
4. Demarcation of Protected Areas
5. Stocking survey
6. Climber cutting
7. Full tree enumeration and
mapping
8. Silvicultural Tree-Marking
9. Planning of harvesting
technology
10. Skidtrail planning
11. Felling planning
Harvesting Operation
1. Skidtrail marking &
opening
2. Felling
3. Winching & skidding
4. Transport
5. Monitoring
Post-Harvest Operations
1. Maintenance of main roads
2. Rehabilitation of skidtrail
3. Damage, stocking &
silvicultural assessment &
immediate tending, planting
4. Closing of temporary roads
5. Post-F inventory & second
silvicultural treatment
Documents
Strategic Plan &
Maps
Information
1. Vegetation type/ Forest type
2. Timber Production Forest
3. Protection Forest
4. Boundaries & AAC in ha
5. Standing stock, harvestable
volume, AAC in m3
6. Main extraction road system
7. Extraction techniques (general)
8. Conservation measures
Technical Procedures
Operational Planning
Prescriptions
1. Harvesting Plans
2. Harvesting Maps
1. Performance reports
2. Monitoring reports
1. Harvesting Closing
Report
2. Roadside maintenance
plan
3. Report (+Map) on postharvest forest condition
4. Silvicultural treatment
plan
5. Performance and
monitoring reports.
40
1. Location & size of Protection
Forest
2. Location and size of timber
trees
3. Location of mother trees &
protected trees
4. Categories, alignment & length
of roads
5. Location & size of landings
6. Stocking
1. Performance
2. Compliance with instructions
3. Production
1. Forest condition
2. Stocking condition
3. Permanent & temporary
road infrastructure
4. Treatment strata &
location
5. Performance
6.5 Monitoring and Control
Periodic reviews of the FMP will be undertaken to reassess the initially calculated
AAC, based on the growth rates obtained from remeasured Permanent Sample Plots,
as well as other data and, if necessary, adjusted. The periodic reviews will also take
into consideration any over- or under-logging during the preceding 5 years, forest
conversions, and transitions from untreated/ unsustainable to sustainably managed
forest, costing, protection status of the forest etc.
An indispensable part of any professional monitoring, evaluation and control is
the existence of proper documentation and records keeping. A good records
management provides a recipe for what to do, how to do it, and where to begin. It has
the following major components: (i) records creation management, (ii) records
retention development, (iii) vital records security, (iv) filing systems management, (v)
records centres management, (vi) development of organising schemes, indexing,
and knowledge of how and when to dispose of quality records.
6.6 Training Needs
Among the skills that need to be acquired include, but not necessarily limited to the
following:
(1) The business of natural tropical forest management, including planning for
sustainability;
(2) Aspects on forest certification and chain-of-custody;
(3) Environmental aspects and impacts of forest operations and RIL concept and
practice;
(4) Management of forest for NTFP and forest services;
(5) Economic aspects of SFM in tropical rain forest,
(6) Conservation and management of biodiversity.
(7) Aspects of forest road engineering and RIL;
(8) Directional felling;
(9) Skills in operating logging machines/ tools,
(10) Skill in forest inventory, basic survey, tree marking and tree & seedling
identification,
(11) Basic ecology and environmental impacts.
(12) The application of biotechnology in nursery management and planting stock
production.
6.7 Compliance
Throughout its first 25 years of existence, KPKKT has been quite exemplary in its
compliance with the relevant laws and legislation including the MC & I. This is in
agreement with the tenets of the FSC which contains a set of 10 Principles and 56
Criteria. The 10 Principles of Forest Stewardship are:
Principle 1: Compliance with Laws and FSC Principles (6 criteria)
KPKKT has a track record of compliance and interactions with state and
federal regulatory agencies appear to be harmonious.
KPKKT has publicly declared its subscription to FSC P & C.
No incidence of illegal harvesting or poaching of wildlife so far.
Principle 2: Tenure and Land Use Rights and Responsibilities (3 criteria)
KPKKT is a member of the Joint Consultative Committee (Jawatankuasa
Pembangunan and Tindakan Daerah) at the district level to resolve any
forestland ownership disputes, if any. There had never been any
forestland dispute in KPKKT forest concession.
Law establishes legal ownership and right to use the defined forest area.
Principle 3: Indigenous Peoples‟ Right (4 criteria)
41
There is no indigenous community living inside the Project Area and no
indigenous people working for KPKKT or any of KPKKT‟s contractors.
Principle 4: Community Relations and Workers‟ Rights (5 criteria)
KPKKT‟s presence in the district is well received and the company has
been considered in a favourable sense by the local community. Local
residents are given priority for services and labour contract.
KPKKT has contributed positively to the economy of the state and the
district of Dungun.
A joint committee between employer and employee exists and operating.
KPKKT has been a good paymaster and employer as well as a
responsible neighbour.
Principle 5: Benefits from the Forest (6 criteria)
As a member of Golden Pharos Berhad (GPB), KPKKT is financially
strong and contributes to add value to its timber through various
downstream processing under GPB: sawmilling and plywood and solid
door manufacturing.
Favourable rate of growth of second growth forest ensures sustainability
of operation into second rotation under SMS.
Principle 6: Environmental Impact (10 criteria)
A landscape-level EIA on the Forest Concession has been conducted and
the relevant EIS is being prepared.
No usage of fire or open burning in all forestry operations.
Management of reserved and protected areas is addressed in the FMP
Guidelines on measures to mitigate negative impacts of forest operations
are being followed in earnest.
Disposal of chemicals, containers, waste oils, etc is being done properly.
Principle 7: Management Plan (4 criteria)
KPKKT management consists of well qualified and experienced team of
professionals.
Resource management in accordance with SFM which balances up the
different needs of economic, social and environment sustainability and
protection.
This FMP is a continuation of the previous FMP which expires in 2007.
A public summary of this FMP will be posted on GPB‟s and KPKKT‟s
websites.
Principle 8: Monitoring and Assessment (5 criteria)
Collaborative research projects have taken place with FRIM, MACRES,
GTZ, JPSM, JIRCAS, etc.
Research and monitoring plots have been established and remeasured at
specified intervals.
R & D capability is being expanded.
Appropriate training and exposure provided to relevant staff.
Principle 9: Maintenance of High Conservation Value Forests (HCVFs) (4 criteria)
HCVF area have been identified and delineated on maps and on the
ground
Appropriate plans of action for the management of HCVFs are in place.
Principle 10: Plantations (9 criteria)
This principle is not relevant to KPKKT situation.
42
CHAPTER SEVEN:
ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACTS AND THEIR
MITIGATIONS
7.1
Sources of Impact
Impacts of the various SFM activities in the concession area on the environment can
be short or long term. The sources of negative impacts from SFM operations can
emanate from any or all of the following aspects:
I. Inadequate Forest Management Planning
II. Inadequate construction of forest infrastructure and improper ecosystem
modification
III. Improper natural rehabilitation/ silviculture and nursery operations
IV. Improper Forest Road Engineering
V. Improper Enrichment Planting Operation
VI. Improper Post-felling Silviculture and Tending Treatment
VII. Improper and disorganised transport operations
VIII. Improper assessment, maintenance, control of operation and protection of
the forest.
IX. Inadequate (unskilled and unmotivated) workforce.
The following are some of the impacts that could happen if the Project is
inadequately administered and badly managed:
 A disorganized and haphazardly implemented operation which is impossible
to control adequately.
 An accelerated soil erosion, and increased stream sedimentation,
 Poor disposal of wastes and sewage,
 Higher costs for post-harvest maintenance
 Inability to meet timber production and silviculture targets
 Scheduling problems and confusion
 Absence or inadequate database (from detailed vegetation inventory) on
which to base decisions on the intensity of logging, ecosystem modification,
species-site suitability; nursery, road, bridge and culvert placement and
deployment of resources. The pre-felling operations are an important starting
point for subsequent activities.
 Less-than-optimum placement of roads, bridges and culverts, leading to
under-utilisation and short life of these infrastructure
 Reduced efficiency and reduced rates of harvesting and rehabiitation.
 Increased risk for triggering mass flow and landslides on steep slopes with
consequent damage to infrastructure, streams, regeneration and land use;
 Excessive usage of fuels and lubricants
 Excessive noise and air pollutions.
 Adverse living condition for the natural regeneration within residual stand and
planted stock which may be exposed to soil compaction and to risks of drying,
pests and diseases and improper handling
 Bad nursery practice: Improper and excessive use of growth enhancing
material and fuels, fertilisers, herbicides and fungicides leading to pollution
and danger to forest ecosystem
 Unnecessary creation of forest tracks/ terrace
 Loss of value of forest leading to loss of confidence by potential investors.
 Higher mortality of natural regeneration and planted young trees and plants
due to weed competition or improper weeding
 Poor forest hygiene leads to disease and pests outbreak
43
 Sedimentation or pollution of nearby streams or groundwater
 Civil or criminal penalties due to offences that constitute traffic hazard and
danger to public safety
 Loss of timber volume or value
 It will not be possible for the manager to institute further (new) mitigation
measures due to lack of knowledge of the post-harvest condition, health and
safety of the forest
 Lack/ absence of data from improperly planned and executed SFM
programme will lead to misleading inferences about the managed stand,
hence bad silvicultural and protection decisions
 Loss of opportunity for learning and skill upgrading.
 Excessive damage to the soil during logging, seedling regeneration, and
environment incl. hydrology and biodiversity
 Unsuitable, dangerous and poorly maintained tools and machines
 High accident rates
 Low labour and machine productivity and high production costs
 A dissatisfied and unmotivated workforce
 High workers‟ turnover.
7.2
Potential Impacts on the Environment
The TRF in the Project Area will be managed for both conservation and production
purposes. In this respect, the fact that a sound and environmentally friendly
approach in the management of the resource is being practised, it is anticipated that
the effects of the forestry programme on local microclimate and hydrology will be
within tolerable limits. Soil compaction related to forest operations occurs on access/
primary roads, skid and haul roads, trails, landings/ temporary nurseries, workers‟
kongsi, and other areas, particularly where heavy machinery operates. In an
undisturbed forest, the soil is generally in a state of equilibrium. This equilibrium will
be disturbed during logging or similar activities causing increased soil compaction,
decreased porosity and hydraulic conductivity, increased runoff leading to rapid soil
erosion and loss at the point of disturbance. Consequently these lead to high levels
of sediment discharge into forest streams and rivers resulting in degradation of
aquatic habitat. The eroded soils or sediments would either be deposited or retained
in the valleys, depressions or along the slopes or they will subsequently be
transported (bedload or suspended) and deposited by sedimentation along the
various stretches of the drainage system. These occurrences may have effects to
the resident fish populations and on stream bank stability. High-grading, the removal
of litter and all commercially interesting trees of a species will of course have a
negative dysgenic impact. Floral species that will be affected by logging and land
conversion include the variety of medicinal and aromatic plants (MAPs), wild orchids
and palms such as Pinanga disticha, Licuala spinosa (Palas), Johannesteijsmannia
magnifica (Sang), Borassus flabillifer (Lontar), and Arenga pinnata (Kabong).
The likely changes in forest structure, and plant species composition and
distribution are expected to bring along with them a shift in faunal composition, both
in terms of quality and quantity. Their behaviour and productivity will also change.
Large mammals will suffer a shock through displacement before recovering and
returning to the area and its neighbourhood. Other smaller vertebrates and
invertebrates will also be similarly affected including the rodents, reptiles, insects and
birds.
A large proportion of bird species depend on trees of different sizes and
species for food, nesting and breeding while others prefer the more open logged
forest, forest fringes and the countryside. Removal of trees during forest conversion
affects forest bird population in no small measure. Road works and other operations
can have a number of impacts on aquatic fauna and their habitats, ranging from
changes in water quality, generally associated with sedimentation, to changes to
44
riparian, bank and substrate habitat resulting in reduced fish and invertebrate
productivity, blockage of fish passage, and reduced availability of important habitat.
As for the aquatic fauna and herpetofauna the resulting degradation of their riverine
habitats from forest conversion will have a great impact on their breeding capacity
which needs to be ascertained and clarified through more detailed studies.
A sound and sustainable approach to resource management with a strong
emphasis to environmental protection will yield an added benefit in the form of an
opportunity to promote the forest for other non-consumptive economic uses such as
recreation, eco-tourism and wildlife management.
7.3
Potential Impacts on Socio-Economics
The job and business opportunities created through the existence of KPKKT for the
local populace will continue to be significant as it had always been since the past 25
years. The long-term in nature of the employment means a stable livelihood for the
workers and their dependents.
7.4
Mitigations
Table 24 provides a summary of the mitigation measures proposed.
Table 24 .
No.
1
Summary of Mitigation Measures in the Project Area
Mitigation Measures & Compliance
Significant Impacts
Project Concept



Project Design
Soils

2.1
a)
b)
c)
Erosion of soil surface
Landslip
Slope stability

2



2.2
a)
b)
c)
Hydrology and Water
Quality Control and
Supervision
Water
yield,
dry
season flow and flood
response
Sediment load and
turbidity
Physical,
and
qualities
chemical
biological







Selective Logging will be carried out in LBs of 150 ha and will
proceed upon the submission and approval of specific and detailed
EMP for the Forest Compartment concerned.
Tree felling and removal will be based on “RIL” with the long term
objective of achieving SFM.
Logging operation will proceed from the sides of LB before moving
on to cover the whole LB in order to allow ample opportunity for
animals to react and adjust and accordingly migrate to safer areas.
The design for soil erosion control will conform with “Manual
Saliran Mesra Alam Malaysia” by DID (2000), and “Guidelines for
Prevention and Control of Soil Erosion and Siltation in Malaysia
(DOE, 1996)
Proper engineering practices by installing culverts, side ditches,
cross drains, diversion ditches, sediment basins, rip rap, silt traps
or other facilities. Minimise total length of roads and area of
disturbance and proper maintenance. Forest roads and forest
tracks to follow the specifications laid out by the Forestry
Department.
All forest roads will be closed when not in active use.
Benching of slopes, diversion, dykes, retention of buffer strips,
seeding of grass or cover vegetation. Minimisation of cutting and
filling.
Use and movement of heavy machinery will be strictly controlled.
Conservation of catchment areas; keep density of roads and tracks
to a minimum
Proper engineering practices by dumping loose material at
designated area; adequate compaction of permanent roads and
provision of culverts, cross-drains; silt traps; buffer zones;
revegetate slopes with fast growing indigenous species and
bamboo.
Efforts will be made to ensure that the total suspended solid (TSS)
in surface water run-off from the project site is kept below 150 mg/l.
Proper storage of gasoline or engine oil; proper waste disposal site.
Prohibit the use of poison.
Control the use of fire for open burning during site preparation
Appropriate enclosure/ barrier will be constructed around liquid fuel
storage site to avoid leakage/ spillage. The enclosure will be built to
45



2.3

Drainage



2.4
a)
b)
Groundwater
Recharge, quality and
aquifer characteristics
Existing uses



Quality

a)
Atmospheric
Control
Climate
b)
Air pollution


c)
Noise

2.5



the “Malaysian Standard MS 761 – Code of Practice for Storage
and Handling of Flammable and Combustible Liquids” (SIRIM,
1982) with its flooring made from non-porous material such as
concrete.
Appropriate toilet facilities built to the specifications of the Jabatan
Perkhidmatan Pembentungan will be provided for the forest
workers at or near their kongsis.
All sewage and kitchen sullage from the workers‟ kongsis will be
handled to comply with “Standard Limit A” under the Environmental
Quality Regulations (Sewage and Industrial Effluents) 1979 before
being released to any water courses.
A monthly monitoring of the quality of water released from silt traps
and those in major rivers will be undertaken. This will involve
parameters such as BOD, DO, TSS, and O & G. The locations and
sampling programmes will be referred to the State DOE.
Utilise natural drainage patterns to reduce sedimentation; maintain
riparian vegetation. Facilitate water flow by clearing streams and
culverts from rubbish, waste timbers and silt.
All river crossings will only be constructed upon the approval from
DID.
All natural water courses, rivers and their tributaries will not be
used as silt trap or sediment trap.
No activity whatsoever will be conducted within river reserve and
buffer strips
Conservation and maintenance of catchment areas; minimum
disturbance to aquifer.
Avoid spillage/ seepage of fuels, engine oil or other similar
pollutants on soil. Proper disposal of unused fuels, engine oil,
rubbish and sewage. Proper storage of fuel and engine oil (see
above)
Disposal of Scheduled Wastes will be undertaken in accordance
with the Environmental Quality Regulations (Scheduled Wastes)
1989.
Logging operation to be conducted according to proper Forest
Management Plan and special care taken during rainy seasons.
Use less polluting machines (bulldozers, excavators, trucks, 4wheeled drives, chainsaws). These machines need to be regularly
checked and maintained.
Open burning will be strictly controlled and supervised at all times
Air pollution from dust from transportation tends to be localised and
temporary. But continued use of primary road by lorries may cause
severe problems to health and safety of workers, plants and
animals.
Provide mechanisms to slow down the speed of running vehicles
going downhill by building bunds and other mechanisms. Improve
surface grade of main roads. Stop all engines from running when
not in use, as they will only emit pollution and noise.
Similar to air pollution – noise tends to be localized and temporary
in nature.
Sources of noise come from chainsaws, heavy
machines (bulldozers, excavators, trucks, generators, pumps, etc)
particularly those old machines which are not only extremely noisy
and producing a lot of smoke but also a safe hazard and
dangerous to use. Continued exposures to noises such as old
generators, bulldozers and excavators may seriously impair
hearing ability of workers and disturb hibernating animals.
Workers should wear safety gears such as ear plugs and machines
and engines should not be allowed to run when not in use. New
and well-serviced machines should be preferred whenever
possible.
No open burning will be done on any combustible material or
rubbish except those allowed under the Environmental Quality
Order (Prescribed Activities) (Open Burning) 2000.
46
2.6
Land Use


Habitats, Species and
Population
Terrestrial/ Aquatic
Habitat
Endangered, endemic
or protected plant
species

c)
Birds

d)
Mammals, reptiles
and amphibians

e)
Fish and other
aquatic life
Fruit trees

2.7
a)
b)
f)




2.8
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
g)
Human and SocioEconomic
Domestic
water
supply
Physical safety
Employment
Cultural/
Historical
site
Local communities
Hunting and poaching
Public access







3
a)
Forest Protection
All boundaries for forest compartment and the whole logging block
will be clearly marked to the specification of the Forestry
Department.
Implement erosion control measures.
A comprehensive survey will be conducted with the collaboration of
the PERHILITAN to document the fauna in the forest area including
those animal species which are thought be threatened, rare and
endemic to the site.
Proper sustainable forest management practice; protection of
catchment areas; proper erosion control measures.
Avoid logging in area identified as containing high conservation
value (HCV) species.
Avoid felling of nesting trees or felling of timber trees on nesting
trees. Avoid felling fruiting trees whose fruits are useful to birds
and other wildlife.
Plan construction and logging activities in stages (start from fringes
of forest) to allow animals to move and migrate to other forested
areas. Create and maintain corridors for animal passage.
Implement erosion control measures; preserve catchment areas.
Never use poison and explosive to catch fish.
Prohibit workers from cutting down fruit trees and trees known to
support animals and birdlife.
An appropriate plan to facilitate and coordinate the migration of
protected animals will be developed and referred to the
PERHILITAN
Ensure proper erosion control measures; preserve water
catchment areas. Prohibit use of poison.
Enforce safety rules for all workers; safety of logging and
transportation; maintenance of machines.
Employ local residents as far as possible
Avoid disturbing in these areas; report findings to Museum
Department or relevant agencies.
Avoid operating near local kampung settlements.
Prohibit workers from hunting and poaching of wild animals as well
as destroying nesting sites.
Measures must be taken to prohibit/ limit access of public into
forest area as this may only complicates safety arrangement: their
own safety from falling trees and branches, running machines and
passing vehicles; protection of the forest against fire, theft of forest
produce, etc.
Protection against Pests and Diseases.
 Prepare and implement Pest and Disease Protection Plan
 Minimise use of chemicals but encourage use of biological means
to control pests and diseases.
Protection against Fire
 Prepare and implement Integrated Fire Management Plan
47
CHAPTER EIGHT: SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS
8.1
Summary
KPKKT is one of the very few timber-based enterprises in this country (and probably
in the developing tropical countries) that has successfully completed the first rotation
in managing the rich mixed TRF resources based on the selection felling system and
in accordance with the principle of SFM. However, in order to be truly sustainable,
the company will first need to prove that it can remain viable and prosperous during
the present second rotation through to third and so on. KPKKT certainly has all the
ingredients to be a successful company; achieve SFM and subsequently the
necessary recognition and accreditations; be they to FSC or ISO standards, etc.
Recognition by way of certification by international certification body such as the
Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) has been deemed, at the moment, the ultimate
tool in the management of forests all over the world; be they natural or plantations.
The evidence so far has clearly indicated the KPKKT‟s potential and capability
in this direction whereby all the Principles and most of the Criteria under the FSC
have been fulfilled; and so are the Criteria and Indicators for Standards of
Performance under MC & I. The analyses presented in this FMP has also shown the
company‟s standing timber stock which, if harvested in a judicious and less wasteful
manner in accordance with RIL and LIL specifications, would be more than able to
meet the demand of the processing mills under GPB. As has been shown in this
FMP, KPKKT‟s top management pays a strong emphasis on complying with all the
relevant requirements and meet customers‟ high expectations. In other words,
except for several shortcomings that could easily be ironed out, KPKKT is certainly
setting a fine example for other companies in this field to follow.
8.2
Notable Strengths of KPKKT
KPKKT possesses many notable advantages and strengths in forest management
that could contribute towards achieving sustainability and certification. These
include:
i.
Presence of clear company-wide management objectives, related to
natural TRF management operations with substantive statements about
vision, mission and long-term objectives of the operation,
ii.
A planned and sustainable program to regulate timber volumes by
continuous cycles of harvesting and reforestation,
iii.
Research and development (R & D) in TRF management and
conservation are well backed up by local and foreign forestry research
organisations, forest departments, universities and private sector,
iv.
PMINT ”owns” the land under a 30-year lease from Terengganu State
Government,
v.
TRF resource management is being guided by the series of Strategic
Forest Management Plan (FMP),
vi.
An EIA report on the SFM Project has been prepared
vii.
KPKKT practices zero burning policy in its reforestation program
viii.
No usage of chemical by the company,
ix.
Minimal soil disturbance during harvesting,
x.
KPKKT staff and contractors are receptive to training and new ideas and
able and willing to implement SOP,
xi.
Reasonable availability of proper signboards and barred-entrance at
strategic entry points to the forest reserves,
xii.
Pay and compensation of employees meets industry standards,
xiii.
Commitments to FSC training and its implementation,
48
xiv.
xv.
xvi.
xvii.
xviii.
xix.
xx.
xxi.
xxii.
xxiii.
xxiv.
xxv.
xxvi.
Appropriate amenities have been developed for the workers and are being
continuously improved,
Taxes, licences and other dues are promptly settled,
Through the use of local contractors, processors and employment
services, natural forest operations have effectively strengthened and
diversified the economy of the region and the local communities,
Local residents are given priority for services and labour contracts, as well
as opportunities for the necessary training and development,
KPKKT continues to strive to become a “good neighbour” by maintaining
good relationship with local residents and maintaining/ upgrading the road
used as a common access to the village, oil palm and rubber plantations
leading to the forest reserves,
KPKKT is financially strong with sound cash-flow,
Through its contract agreement with PMINT, KPKKT gains a stable and
established tenure of the land,
Program to increase flora biodiversity was instituted during harvesting
under the SMS
No GMO (Genetically-Modified Organisms) planting materials allowed,
Provisions have been made and stated in the FMP that trees along the
waterways and water bodies will be left intact to serve as buffer zones and
HCVF. Other HCVFs have been marked and delineated in FMP & Forest
Operation Plans,
The Company has broad Environmental Policy that had successfully
fostered ecological sustainability in its operations.
The company is generally fully in compliance with the entire legal
framework, both nationally and internationally.
Appropriate chain-of-custody exists for timbers of sawlog size.
During the Plan period, the process of improving the company‟s forestry operations
will be continued, albeit at a more vigorous pace consistent with the principles of
SFM. In this connection, the following recommendations are presented for the
company to consider and act on.
8.3
Recommendations
In what follows, some basic issues are presented KPKKT to critically address as part
of the enabling conditions and critical success factors:
☼ KPKKT to continue to build up standing timber inventory to levels associated with
optimal stocking, rather than being depleted over time.
☼ KPKKT to ensure financial stability of the organisation and anticipate the
likelihood that financial exigencies may influence the stability of the timber
harvesting regime and exceed the allocated AAC.
☼ KPKKT to embark into serious program to educate its staff at all levels as well as
the contractors.
☼ KPKKT to continue to forge ahead and expand its capability in the fields of R & D
and to continuous monitor of the forest conditions through in-house as well as
collaborative research initiatives and to build up its own data bank for future
planning and execution.
☼ KPKKT to make effort to shift away from its image as a mere “logging concern”
and move ahead and take pride in being a truly professional forest management
company that subscribes to MC & I and FSC P & C both in spirit and action by
adopting a more responsible image as a forest management firm which places
due and balanced emphasis on all tangible and intangible aspects of SFM.
☼ KPKKT will implement the recommendations set out in this FMP in earnest,
especially with regard to resource sustainability and SFM certification.
49
DATA SOURCES
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Field surveys and investigations conducted in the Project Area.
Rancangan Pengurusan Hutan Kompleks Perkayuan Dungun 1983 –
2008. Kumpulan Pengurusan Kayu Kayan Terengganu Sdn Bhd (KPKKT).
Disember 1984.
Sejarah dan Maklumat Aktiviti Kompleks Perkayuan P.M.I.N.T. Kompulan
Pengurusan Kayu Kayan Terengganu Sdn Bhd.
Rancangan Pengurusan Kerja Lima Tahun (2003 – 2007) Bagi Kawasan
Perjanjian PMINT Yang Diurus oleh Kumpulan Pengurusan Kayu Kayan
Terengganu Sdn Bhd.
Forest Management Plan for the Pilot Area (KPKKT Concession Area)
1999 – 2008, Vol. A, by C. Muziol, Yahaya Mohamood, G. Weinland and
Gan B.K. Malaysia – German Sustainable Forest Management and
Conservation Project. 1999.
Maklumat Kawasan Perjanjian Kompleks Perkayuan P.M.I.N.T.
Kumpulan Pengurusan Kayu Kayan Terengganu Sdn Bhd (KPKKT).
The experiences of the consultants in different aspects of forestry
management including certification.
Existing reports and studies (particularly those conducted under the
auspices of the Malaysia – German Sustainable Forest Management and
Conservation Project.
Advice fro experts on forest management and certification.
Numerous other miscellaneous sources of information.
REFERENCES
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Cockburn, P.F. (1969). Gunong Mandi Angin, Terengganu: a botanical
visit. Malay. Nat. Jour. 22: 164 – 170.
DID 1976. Average Annual Surface Water Resources of Peninsular
Malaysia. Water Resources Publications No. 6. Jabatan Pengairan dan
Saliran Malaysia.
DID 1976. Evaporation in Peninsular Malaysia. Water Resources
Publications No. 5. Jabatan Pengairan dan Saliran Malaysia.
DID 1974. Hydrological Regions of Peninsular Malaysia. Water
Resources Publications No. 2. Jabatan Pengairan dan Saliran
Malaysia.
DID 1975. Notes on Some Hydrological Effects of Land Use
Changes in Peninsular Malaysia. Water Resources Publications No.
4. Jabatan Pengairan dan Saliran Malaysia.
Dykstra, D. and Heinrich, R. 1995. FAO Model Code of Forest
Harvesting Practice. FAO UN, Rome. 117p.
Goh, K. 1983. Forest disturbance and sediment yields. Paper
presented at the Regional Workshop on Hydrological Impacts of
Forestry Practices and Reafforestation. UPM and UNESCO,
Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur.
Guglhoer, W. and Borhan Mohamad 1998. Reduced Impact Logging in
peninsular Malaysia: Re-Designing and Re-tooling of Logging System.
Malaysia – German Sustainable Forest Management and Conservation
Project.
50
9
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
Jabatan Perhutanan Negeri Terengganu (?). Rancangan Pengurusan
Hutan Tahun 1996 – 2005. Unpub.
JPSM 1995. Manual Perhutanan Semenanjung Malaysia 1953 (Pindaan
1995). Forestry Dept. Pen. Malaysia.
JPSM 1988. Spesifikasi Jalan-Jalan Hutan Untuk Semenanjung
Malaysia. Forestry Dept. Pen. Malaysia.
Pejabat Hutan Daerah Terengganu Selatan (2004). Nota Maklumat
Pokok Chengal. Lawatan YAB Dato‟ Haji Idris Bin Jusoh Menteri Besar
Terengganu Darul Iman dan Rombongan ke Pokok Chengal Besar
Kompatment 5, Hutan Simpan Pasir Raja, pada 10 Julai 2004. Unpub.
Suthakar , K. 2004). Possible new species found at forest reserve. The
Star Online. 11 July 2004.
Woon W.C. and Samsudin Musa, 1997.
The cost for achieving
Sustainable Forest Management at the Forest Management Unit level. In
Appanah, Safiah M.Y., Astinah W.J. and Khoo K.C.: Conference on
Forestry and Forest Product Research 1997 – Proceedings of the Fourth
Conference: 470 – 479.
World Wildlife Fund for Nature (WWF) Malaysia (1998). Assessment of
Wildlife and Its Management in Relation to Forestry in the KPKKT
Concession Area, Terengganu. Conducted for Gesellschaft fur
Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ). 106pp.
51

kumpulan pengurusan kayu kayan terengganu sdn

Transcription

Similar documents

champneys - Bouygues UK

SUSTAINABLE PACIFIC GROVE APRIL MEETING

Parque Nacional Natural Cueva de Los Guacharos

Some facts about Biggest Roulette Win In Vegas

Folie 1

“LUCIAN GRIGORESCU” SCHOOL MEDGIDIA – CONSTANTA

Trails and Town / State Owned Lands

Website: www.forru.org