100 - Mar 85 - Reload Shop

CARBINE P .O . BOX 251 CANAL FULTON, OHIO 4 4 6 1 4
NEWSLETTER # 1 0 0
©
c o p y r i g h t 1985 CARBINE CLUB
MARCH 1 , 1 9 8 5
THE M3 TRENCH KNIFE
F o r th o s e o f us who a r e i n t e r e s t e d i n the h i s t o r i c a l d evelop m en t o f the M3, i t i s
on r e c o r d t h a t t h e " b r a s s k n u ck s" k n i f e , Model 1 9 1 8 MK.-I was m a n u fa ctu re d and used
in the e a r l y p a r t o f WWII ( P l a t e I ) .
The S u b -c o m m itte e on Sm all Arms, on J a n u a r y 1 1 , 1 9 4 3 , i n d i c a t e d t h a t a k n i f e a l i t ­
t l e l o n g e r and s t u r d i e r th an t h e M1918 was r e q u i r e d a s a co m p lim e n ta ry weapon to the
c a r b i n e and BAR. A l s o th e M1918 used a p p r o x i m a t e l y 3 / 4 lb o f b r a s s p e r k n i f e , b r a s s
b ein g a s t r a t e g i c m a t e r i a l . In a d d i t i o n , no new k n iv e s were a v a i l a b l e f o r p ro cu rem en t
a t t h a t t i m e . T h e r e f o r e , a new k n i f e was d e s ig n e d to meet t h e f o r e g o i n g r e q u i r e m e n t s .
T h a t k n i f e was th e M3 ( p l a t e I I I ) , t o g e t h e r w i t h l e a t h e r s h e a t h , d e s i g n a t e d M6 ( p l a t e
I I ) . On J a n 1 4 , 1 9 4 3 , t h e O rdnance Committee ap p rov ed t h e im m ed iate p ro cu re m e n t o f M3
k n iv e s and M6 s h e a t h s . F u r t h e r m o r e , t h e co m m itte e i n d i c a t e d t h a t t h e s e two ite m s n o t
be m a n u fa ctu re d a t go vern m en t m a n u f a c t u r i n g e s t a b l i s h m e n t s . On March 2 5 , 1 9 4 3 , t h e
M1918 MK I k n i f e and s h e a t h were phased o u t and r e c l a s s i f i e d a s l i m i t e d s t a n d a r d .
Moving a l o n g i n c h r o n o l o g i c a l o r d e r , th e S u b -c o m m itte e on S m all Arm s, on A p r i l 2 4 ,
1 9 4 3 , recommended t h a t t h e M6 s h e a t h be r e p l a c e d b e c a u s e t h e l i g h t l e a t h e r s h e a t h d id
n o t c o m p l e t e l y p r o t e c t t h e s o l d i e r from a c c i d e n t a l s t a b s w h i l e c a r r y i n g t h e k n i f e i n
the s h e a t h . As a r e s u l t , th e M8 s h e a t h was a d o p te d on May 2 0 , 1 9 4 3 and s t a n d a r d i z e d
on J u l y 2 2 , 1 9 4 3 . (So from t h e f o r e g o i n g we c a n s e e why t h e M6 s h e a t h i s w id e ly so u g h t
a f t e r and h a rd to f i n d n ow ad ays. I t en jo y ed a maximum o f s i x months p r o d u c t i o n . ) F i v e
companies m a n u f a c t u r e d t h i s s h e a t h : Barwood Co; Moose Co; M ils Co; L&C Co; and the
V in e r B ro s Co. T h es e v a r i o u s names a r e stamped on t h e f r o n t f a c e ' o f th e s h e a t h below
the s h e a t h t h r o a t s t a p l e s .
R e f e r r i n g t o t h e d r a w i n g s , we s e e i n P l a t e IV th e M8 s h e a t h i n i t s o r i g i n a l c o n f i g u r a ­
t i o n . I t sh o u ld be n o t e d t h a t t h e r e i s a h o l e i n th e t i p f o r t h e t i e down. One M8 has
been se e n w i t h o u t t h e h o l e . I t i s n o t known i f t h i s was a m a n u f a c t u r i n g e r r o r , o r
w heth er a few e a r l y M8s m igh t have been made w ith no h o l e f o r a t i e down. The M8 s h e a t h
was l a t e r m o d if i e d ( p l a t e V) to a c c e p t the b e l t h oo k , w ith t h e web b e l t loop sewn
s h u t . S t i l l l a t e r , a le n g t h e n e d b e l t a t t a c h m e n t s t r a p was d e s i g n e d and used on a l l
s h e a t h s ( p l a t e V I I ) . S h e a th s so equipped were stamped U.S.M 8A1. However, th e c o l l e c t o r
w i l l e n c o u n t e r many s h e a t h s stamped M8 w ith th e le n g t h e n e d b e l t s t r a p ( p l a t e V I ) .
T h i s was n o t h i n g more t h a n t h e new, lon g b e l t s t r a p used w ith t h e e x c e s s s h e a t h t h r o a t
p l a t e s t h a t w ere a l r e a d y stamped M8. C o n fu s in g ? . . . n o t r e a l y when you s t o p to c o n ­
s i d e r t h a t t h e t h r o a t p l a t e a s su ch was n o t modifed i n any way d u r in g the v a r i o u s
ch an g es th e s h e a t h u n d e rw e n t. T h e r e f o r e t h r o a t p l a t e s w it h t h e o ld M8 stamp w e r e n ' t
d i s c a r d e d , b u t u t i l i z e d u n t i l t h e su p p ly r a n o u t .
The e x i s t i n g M8A1 s h e a t h was l a t e r modifed by t h e a d d i t i o n o f a m e t a l e y e l e t around
th e " t i e down c o r d h o l e " on t h e s h e a t h t i p ( p l a t e V I I I ) . S t i l l l a t e r a m e ta l c o v e r
was ad d ed , s u r r o u n d i n g t h e e n t i r e s h e a t h t i p ( p l a t e I X ) .
The M6 s h e a t h was d e s i g n e d ONLY f o r t h e M3 k n i f e . The M8 s h e a t h a l s o housed the M3
k n i f e . On A p r i l 2 4 , 1 9 4 3 , t h e S u b -c o m m itte e on S m all Arms recommended t h a t 4 0 0 , 0 0 0
M8 s h e a t h s be m a n u f a c t u r e d . H a r d i n ' s T h e. AmgA-tCum Ba.yon.zA. s t a t e s t h a t 3 0 0 , 0 0 0 M8
s h e a t h s were made b e f o r e p r o d u c t i o n s w itc h e d o v e r to th e M8A1. On May 2 5 , 1 9 4 4 , the
M8 was s t i l l c l a s s i f i e d a s s t a n d a r d i s s u e . Y e t o v e r 2 . 5 m i l l i o n M3 k n iv e s were p r o -
I
(
duced. Assuming the foregoing statements are factual, we show that a maximum of
400,000 M 8 sheaths were made; far less M 6 sheaths were produced and the modified M 8
sheaths are equally as scarce. Therefore, what sheath was used to house the bulk of
the M3 production? It seems that either approximately 1.75 million M 8 sheaths were
manufactured or, the M8A1 type 1 sheath also housed the M3 knife. It is the writer's
belief that the former theory is more correct, and that the three types of the M8A1
sheath/scabbard housed the M4bayonet as well as other US knife type bayonets. Do any
of our readers have archive documentation, etc., indicating actual production figures
of the M 8 and M 8 -modified sheaths?
The collector will quickly find that modified M 8 sheaths are very scarce, probably
harder to find than the elusive M 6 sheath.
On the plastic blade sheath portion of many sheaths will be found VP which is moulded
into the plastic. Referring to plate VII we see the VP stamped upon the throat plate
of the M8A1 sheath. This stands for the Victory Plastics Company, a division of the
Beckwith Manufacturing Company located in Dover, New Hampshire. B.M. Co. is also found
stamped on the throat plate of the M 8 and its modifications (see plates IV, V and VI).
It is not known what PWH represents in plate VIII on the sheath throat plate.
On May 25, 1944, the order was given to cease production of the M3 knife and to re­
classify it to limited standard. At the same time, all troops armed with carbines
were to be relieved of their M3 knives and issued M4 bayonets. The excess M3 knives
were to be issued to personnel other than those armed with the carbine.
Rock Island Arsenal procurement records indicate that the government purchased 2,590,240
M3 trench knives in 1943 and 1944. The entire M3 production schedule was squeezed into
a maximum of sixteen months during these two years. Yet with such high production we
wonder why it is such a hard to find item. To the writer's knowledge, no unused or
reconditioned lots of these knives, large or small, have surfaced to date. Of the ten
companies that manufactured the M3 knife, production records are known to all, except
Utica Cutlery Co and A.C.C.. However, a letter from Utica has verified that they pro­
duced over a half million M3s for the military. Knowing the total number of M3 knives
produced during WWII, we can estimate Utica and A.C.C.'s production figures at 600,000
and 55,313 knives, respectively. See plate X for a complete production breakdown of
the ten manufacturers.
One fact stands out for certain, knives were extremely scarce during WWII, especi­
ally during the time the M3 knife was produced. To prove this statement, one has
only to refer to the February 8,1943 issue of Lifie. Magazine, in which was printed e.
picture and story entitled "Save a Life with a Knife." It showed two GIs sorting
through a three-foot high pile of all kinds of knives donated by the folks on the
home front. A San Francisco night club owner found out that the returning wounded
from the South Pacific rated knives as the most urgent need of the fighting men in
those areas. Frank Martinelli started the "Save a Life with a Knife" Committee.
During the first month of its existence, 7500 knives were sent to this organization.
The only requirement for the knives was that they have blades at least four inches
long.
Today the M3 enjoys the popularity of being one of the most widely sought after of
the later US military knives.
In general, the shape of the M3 is as pictured in plate III. But the grip, made of
leather washers, will have an overall slight difference in shape depending upon the
manufacturer. The Ordnance Specs for the M3, dated December 20, 1942, called for a
six-groove handle. Although six and seven groove handles exist, the eight groove is
the most common and the one found on the great majority of M3s. Other parts of the
knife remain constant in size and shape. The blade is at least 6-5/8" long. This
dimension is very important due to the fact that the expertly reworked blades are
usually always shortened in the process.
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The manufacturer's name and date were stamped on the blade on the first M3s. The
later knives were stamped on the guard beside the blade to prevent the stamp from
weakening the blade. Many of the earlier knives were blade marked but without the
1943 date. Plate XVIII lists the various makers stamps and where these stamps are
located. The Ordnance "Bomb" is almost always found on the butt (plates XIII, XIV,
XV and XVII), usually on top beside the tang, but occasionally on the side of the
butt (plate XII). The absence of this bomb tends to indicate that an inspector fail­
ed to notice the omission, or the knife wasn't accepted by the inspector and sub­
sequently rejected by the military. The method of fixing the butt to the tang was
by peening the tang (plates XIV, XV, XVI and XVII), or pinning the butt to the tang
(plates XI and XII). The style of peening mark on the tang is sometimes, to an ad­
vanced collector, a clue as to the maker before the maker's name is even seen.
The various makers are briefly discussed as follows:
1. IMPERIAL. This make is obviously encountered most frequently. The guard marked
specimens are seen the most. The finish appears to be watery green to OD parkerizing, although some early knives may be blued. The tangs are peened with the sun­
burst staking (plate XV and XVII). Imperial is quite possibly the only M3 con­
tractor that used resin handle spacers next to the butt and handguard. This was
done to insulate the leather from the metal of the handguard and butt. Leather
deterioration and rot was prone to set in within these two areas. Resin spacers
have been seen on the handles of both blade and guard marked specimens, yet they
are not often encountered. At this point it would be a good time to describe an
unusual unmarked M3 specimen the writer has observed. There was an ordnance bomb
on the butt, and the "fat boy" six groove leather handle had resin specers. The
tang was peened with sunburst staking. (All leather grip M4 bayonets seen by the
writer have had six hand grooves.) The fat grip contour, coupled with the fact
there were resin spacers, are two good clues that this specimen was made at the
Imperial plant at the time production changed from M3 knife to M4 bayonet. This
would explain the Imperial style M4 bayonet handle. The finish was OD green parkerizing. Was this a transition military piece, a rejected mistake, or a plant
workers pipe dream come true?
2: UTICA. Most blades viewed were parkerized with light OD green to medium gray
color. One 1943 dated specimen is known to be blued. The 1943 dated blades all
appear to have the butt pinned to the tang (plate XI), while all the others
were stak.ed with sunburst pattern (plate XV). One distinguishing mark always
seems constant on Utica knives: the Ordnance bomb is located at and perpendicular
to the narrow side of the tang on the butt (plate XIII). This feature has not
been observed on any other manufacturer's product.
3. CAMMILUS. All specimens seen have the butt double pinned to the tang (plates XI
and XII). Finish is a dull black parkerizing of smooth texture, almost like blue
finish. When oiled this finish takes on a sheen. It appears to be present on all
known knives.
4. CASE. On the knives viewed, the ordnance bomb flame is non-existent. Only the
round bomb base is in evidence on top of the butt. On two knives observed the
bomb was missing entirely. Finish is gray black parkerizing on guard marked
knives and black-blue on blade marked specimens. Staking is neatly executed
and conforming precisely to the rectangular outline of the tang on some specimens
(plate XVII), and on other knives the staking is a rather messy blob on top of
the butt (plate XIV).
5. KINFOLKS. The finish is gray-black parkerizing on some knives and blue-black
on others. Staking is the sunburst pattern (plate XV) on some, and neatly
staked (plate XVII) on others.
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6.
PAL. A l l k n i v e s v i e w e d h ad s u n b u r s t s t a k i n g w i t h a n i n d i s t i n c t O r d n a n c e bomb o n t o p
o f b u t t ( p l a t e X V ) . H o w e v e r , k n i v e s a r e known t o e x i s t w i t h a d o u b l e p i n n e d b u t t ,
w i t h t h e bomb s t a m p e d b e t w e e n t h e two p i n s ( p l a t e X I I ) . F i n i s h i s d u l l g r a y p a r k e r izin g .
7.
AMERICAN CUTLERY. A . C . C . a l m o s t a s s u r e d l y r e f e r s t o A m e r i c a n C u t l e r y Company. Y e t
t h e w r i t e r h a s c o m e i n c o n t a c t w i t h many who f i r m l y b e l i e v e t h e i n i t i a l s s t a n d
f o r A e r i a l C u t l e r y C o m p any . I f , i n t i m e , t h e
A . C . C . m a r k i n g t u r n s o u t t o be A e r i a l
C u t l e r y Company, th e n t h e 5 5 , 3 1 3 p r o d u c t i o n f i g u r e n e e d s o n l y to be added t o th e
U t i c a C u t l e r y Company f i g u r e o f 6 0 0 , 0 0 0 . One f a c t s t a n d s o u t i n f a v o r o f A . C . C .
b e in g th e A e r i a l m a r k in g : A l l m ak ers h a v e g u a r d m arked v a r i a t i o n s e x c e p t Robeson
an d A e r i a l . B u t , R o b e s o n i s t h e h a r d e s t m a k e r t o f i n d b y f a r . A p p a r e n t l y , t h e r e ­
f o r e , t h i s c o m p a n y was a n e a r l i e r m a k e r , a n d t h e i r k n i v e s a l l w e n t t o
th e b a t t l e
z o n e s a n d w e r e u s e d up i m m e d i a t e l y . T h i s w o u l d t e n d
t o a c c o u n t f o r no g u a r d m ar k e d
R o b e s o n s , a s t h e g u a r d m a r k w as a l a t e r f e a t u r e . D u r i n g t h e WWI y e a r s , t h e A m e r i ­
c a n C u t l e r y Company made t h e M 1917 C . T . B o l o an d t h e M 1 9 1 7 - 1 9 1 8 t r e n c h k n i f e . I n
b o t h c a s e s t h e c o m p a n y m a r k e d t h e i r p r o d u c t A . C . C o . , n o t A . C . C . . Some d a y we w i l l
h o p e f u lly h ave an sw ers to q u e s tio n s such a s t h e s e .
I n a n y c a s e , A . C . C . k n i v e s a r e s c a r c e a n d w i d e l y s o u g h t a f t e r . T h e two s p e c i m e n s
o b s e r v e d h a d l i g h t g r e e n a n d d a r k g r a y p a r k e r i z i n g . T h e b u t t was p i n n e d t o t h e
ta n g on b o t h s p e c i m e n s ( p l a t e X I ) .
8.
A E R IA L . T h e b u t t w a s p i n n e d t o t h e t a n g ( p l a t e X I ) . F i n i s h i s l i g h t g r e e n w a t e r y
0D p a r k e r i z i n g . T h e O r d n a n c e bomb f l a m e i s q u i t e d i f f e r e n t f r o m 7 , a b o v e , w h i c h
i s j u s t a n o t h e r r e a s o n f o r t h e t h e o r y t h a t A . C . C . was n o t t h e A e r i a l a b b r e v i a t i o n .
9.
ROBESON. T h i s m a k e r i n t h e M3 f i e l d c o r r e s p o n d s t o I r w i n P e d e r s e n a n d U n - Q u a l i t y
i n Ml c a r b i n e c o l l e c t i n g . I n a l l p r o b a b i l i t y t h i s i s d u e t o t h e f a c t t h a t t h e
e n t i r e p r o d u c t i o n was d e l i v e r e d e a r l y i n t h e s h o r t l i f e o f t h e M3 c o n t r a c t , a s
i s e v i d e n c e d by a n a b s e n c e o f a g u a r d m a r k e d v a r i e t y . And c o n s e q u e n t l y t h e s e
k n i v e s a l l saw e x t e n s i v e s e r v i c e , many b e i n g e v e n t u a l l y d i s c a r d e d a n d s c r a p p e d .
The w r i t e r h a s s e e n s e v e r a l s p e c i m e n s i n d e p l o r a b l e c o n d i t i o n and on e i n m in t
c o n d i t i o n . T h e f i n i s h w as a c o m m e r c i a l b l u e w i t h t h e e x p o s e d p o r t i o n o f t h e p i n n e d
t a n g l e f t i n t h e " w h i t e " ( p l a t e X I ) . I n s t e a d o f t h e c u s t o m a r y O r d n a n c e bom b, t h e
c r o s s c a n n o n c a r t o u c h e ( p l a t e X V I I I ) i s s t a m p e d o n t h e b a c k s i d e o f t h e h an d
g u a r d o n t h e thum b g r i p .
10.
BORER. On t h e b l a d e m a r k e d s p e c i m e n s , t h e t a n g i s c r u d e l y s t a k e d w h e r e i t p e n e ­
t r a t e s t h r o u g h t h e b u t t i n tw o l o c a t i o n s ( p l a t e X V I ) . T h i s t y p e s t a k i n g a p p e a r s
c h a r a c t e r i s t i c o n l y t o t h i s m a k e r . On t h e g u a r d m a r k e d s p e c i m e n s o b s e r v e d , a
l i g h t s u n b u r s t s t a k i n g was i n e v i d e n c e ( p l a t e X V ) .
O c c a s i o n a l l y o n e e n c o u n t e r s a n M3 k n i f e w i t h a c h e a p l y made t h i n l e a t h e r s h e a t h
h a v in g th e sh a p e and s t y l e o f a h u n tin g k n i f e s h e a t h . Som etim es th e m e ta l i s n i c k e l
o r c h r o m e p l a t e d , s o m e t i m e s t h e l e a t h e r h a n d l e i s s m o o t h a n d t h e g u a r d i s made o f
t h i n s t e e l . U s u a l l y t h e r e i s n o m a k e r ' s name b u t o c c a s i o n a l l y " K u t m a s t e r " i s e t c h ­
ed o n t h e b l a d e ( t h e U t i c a t r a d e m a r k ) . O f t e n t h e m i l i t a r y m a k e r ' s name h a s v i s i b l y
and c r u d e l y b e e n g r o u n d o f f. t h e hand g u a r d . T h e s e p seu do-M 3 k n i v e s a r e o b v i o u s l y
n o t m i l i t a r y . T h e y w e r e r e p o r t e d l y h aw k ed a c r o s s t h e c o u n t r y i n h a r d w a r e a n d s u r p l u s
s t o r e s i n t h e m i d d l e 1 9 4 0 s . T h e p a r t s f r o m w h i c h t h e s e k n i v e s w e r e made w e r e m o s t
l i k e l y f r o m r e j e c t e d m i l i t a r y s t o c k , o v e r r u n s f r o m w a r p r o d u c t i o n , a n d c h e a p l y made
new p a r t s when t h e s u r p l u s o v e r r u n s w e r e d e p l e t e d .
I n c o n c l u s i o n , t h e w r i t e r w i s h e s t o c a u t i o n t h e r e a d e r t h a t d e s c r i p t i o n s o f M3 k n i v e s
an d c o n c l u s i o n s d r a w n f r o m s a m e a r e m e r e l y " r u l e o f t h u m b . " As t i m e g o e s b y and
m o re b e c o m e s known a n d w r i t t e n a b o u t t h e s e k n i v e s , t h e w r i t e r ' s v i e w p o i n t w i l l b e
e d i t e d , r e - e v a l u a t e d a n d f u r t h e r e x p a n d e d u p o n . S p e c i a l t h a n k s g o e s t o M.H. C o l e ,
w h ose i n p u t f r o m h i s t h r e e b o o k s made t h i s t r e a t i s e a much e a s i e r u n d e r t a k i n g .
REFERENCES:
1 . T h e s e v e r a l h u n d r e d M3 k n i v e s a n d s h e a t h s t h a t h a v e
from gun shows and c o l l e c t i o n s o v e r t h e p a s t 8 y e a r s .
2 . T h e " m i c r o f i l m " f r o m t h e US G o v e r n m e n t a r c h i v e s .
3.
4.
5.
U.S.
Mt L u t a n .y Kn-tvCA b y C o l e ,
been
research ed
V olum es I , I I and I I I .
V o l u m e s I an d I I .
Bayoneti 0 ^ th e WoKtd. b y R i e s l i n g ,
The. American Bayonet by H a r d i n .
Fred
Pow ers
1
I
CASEINS INSPECTION CRITERIA
These criteria were established, by Winchester in 19^2. This list was issued to
inspector trainees before assignment to the various contractors.
Bob Bakins
1. Inspect Stock
2. Remove Handguard ... Inspect
3. Examine for "Proof Marks" ... Check Card Number against Gun Number stamped on
rear of Receiver
L. Remove Operating Slide & Trigger Assembly
5. Check Firing Pin Protrusion
6. Check Piston for "sticking or binding"
T. Check bore with reflector
8. Check Headspace (1.290) 1.295 gage must produce no bind! (Always be sure that
chamber is clean before inserting Headspace Gages)
9. Replace Operating Slide or Bolt
10. Check entire trigger housing for operation ... check Trigger Housing Retain­
ing Pin
11. Replace Trigger Housing & Operating Slide Spring
12. Check for Smooth Operation of Gun
13. Replace Stock & Handguard
lL. Check Magazine Catch for sticking or binding
15. Check Sights, front & rear
16. Check Trigger pull
IT. Check Recoil Plate Fit
18. Mark Inspector’s Record and stamp (or punch) acceptance on tag
c
FRANK J. JSRVEY
Mr. Jervey, an Ordnance Engineer, was a key member of the Subcommittee on the LightWeight Rifle. This group examined and evaluated the rifles submitted by the various
inventors, including Springfield, Savage, Harrington & Richardson, Woodhull, Colt,
Auto Ordnance, Bendix, Turner, Hyde, Reising and Winchester.
In September, 19Ul, the committee recommended that the Winchester design be accepted
and procured, along with the Winchester cartridge design.
Mr. Jervey was a 1 9 1 U graduate of Clemson University. He served as a Captain with the
Infantry in World War I and was awarded the Distinguished Service Cross. He returned
to Clemson after World War II and was the key figure in obtaining over $2 million
from the Olin Foundation to build and equip Clemson engineering buildings. Clemson's
Frank Johnstone Jervey Athletic Center was named in his honor.
Mr. Jervey died on May 6, 1 9 8 3 at the age of 8 9 . His accomplishments were remarkable,
and will not be forgotten by carbine collectors or military historians or Clemson
University. His obituary in the Greenville, SC newspaper mentioned that in 19T7 he
was inducted into the US Army Ordnance Hall of Fame at Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD.
This raises a question - who else is included in this Hall of Fame? Does any member
have information on this subject?
J.B. Powers
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