Chapter 8 - 35-210-203-f13

Transcription

Chapter 8
Water & Minerals
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Objectives for Chapter 8
 Explain the functions of water in the body and how we
maintain hydration balance.
 Describe the daily recommended intake for water
consumption.
 Describe the difference between dehydration and water
intoxication.
Nutrition and You, 2e
Objectives for Chapter 8
 List at least one food source for each major mineral.
 Identify the role of sodium in your body.
 Name at least three lifestyle habits that can increase the
risk for high blood pressure.
 Describe osteoporosis and the factors that influence the
risk of developing the disease.
 List at least one major food source for each trace mineral.
 Compare and contrast heme and nonheme iron.
 Explain the role of fluoride in tooth and bone structure.
Minerals are Elements
Water in the body
 On average, our bodies are made up of 60%
water
 Factors that affect water content in the body
 Age
 Gender
 Fat and muscle tissue (muscle is 35% H20, fat: 1040% H20).
 Who has more water in the body? Men, women,
athlete?
Functions of Water in the Body
1. Solvent
• Many of the substances in our body are
dissolved in water.
• Molecules float around and come into contact
with each other because of water.
2. Transportation
• Water in our blood (55% of volume is H20) and
lymph transports substances through the body.
• Brings oxygen and nutrients to our cells
• Removes waste from cells for eventual excretion
3. Maintain Body Temp
Water is great at absorbing, carrying and releasing
heat.
When we’re hot: we sweat
When we’re cold: Warm blood stays in our core
We cannot control our body temperature well if
we’re dehydrated.
4. Lubricant and Protection
Lubrication:
 Joints
 Eyeballs
 Saliva
Cushion:
 Water surrounds the brain to protect it
 Fetus surrounded by amniotic sac
Water Balance in the Body
Very important- too much or too little
water can be dangerous
Water in:
 Food (most)
 Beverages (all)
 Metabolism
Water out:
 Urine
 Stool
 Exhalation
 Sweat
 Insensible water loss: (0.5-1 quart
of water lost every day)
Water Balance in the Body: Dehydration
 Too little fluid: [solute] increases
 Dehydration can occur when too little water is
taken in or too much water is lost (diarrhea,
vomiting, fever, drugs (diuretics).
 When you’re thirsty- drink- you’re already a little
dehydrated
Water Balance in the Body: Dehydration
 How do you know if
you’re dehydrated:





Weight change
Dizziness
Confusion
Thirst
Urine color
Water Balance in the Body: Hyponatremia
“water intoxication”
 Too much fluid: [solute] decreases
 Normally if we take in too much water we will
urinate it our
Water Balance in the Body: Hyponatremia
“water intoxication”

October 24, 1995: Anna Wood, a 15-year-old Australian schoolgirl who died from the effects of water
intoxication secondary to use of MDMA

June 9, 2002: 4-year-old Cassandra Killpack of Springville, Utah died as a result of water intoxication
when her parents forcefully fed her as much as one US gallon (3.8 l) of water in a short period while she
was being disciplined. Her mother, Jennette Killpack, was convicted in 2005 of child abuse homicide.

On January 12, 2007, Jennifer Strange, a 28-year-old woman was found dead in her home by her mother,
hours after trying to win a radio contest, which involved drinking large quantities of water without urinating.
A nurse called the radio station to warn them about the danger in which they were putting people, but the
disc jockeys rejected the warnings.

2002 Boston Marathon competitor Cynthia Luc

2013: 20-year-old Dutch student Lisa Nooij died from water intoxication four days after using MDMA at a
festival.
Water Needs
 Everyone is different, needs depend on:
 Air temp
 Physical activity
 Diet
Currently – if sedentary
Females: 12 cups (80% from beverages= 9 cups)
Males: 16 cups (80% from beverages = 13 cups
Caffeine?
The Minerals in Your Body
One pound = appx 450g
Figure 8.9
Sodium- major mineral
What are sodium and salt?
 Sodium is an electrolyte (charged ion, Na+) in blood
and in the fluid surrounding cells
 About 90 percent of sodium consumed is in form of
sodium chloride (NaCl), table salt
Functions: chief role is regulation of fluid balance
 Also transports substances such as amino acids
across cell membranes
Sodium -major mineral
 Sodium balance in your body
 Sodium level is maintained by kidneys reducing or
increasing sodium excretion as needed
 Smaller amounts lost in stool and sweat
 Daily needs: 1,500 mg/day for adults under 51
 Food sources: about 77 percent of sodium
consumed by Americans is from processed
foods
• Only 5 percent is added during cooking, 6 percent
added at table, 12 percent occurs naturally in foods
Too much or too little:
 UL for adults is set at 2,300 mg/day to reduce the
risk of hypertension (high blood pressure)
 Some populations = 1,500mg/day
 Cut back on processed foods and salt added to
foods to lower sodium intake
 Sodium deficiency is rare in healthy individuals
consuming a balanced diet
You and your blood pressure
 Blood pressure is a measure of force that blood
exerts on the walls of the arteries.
 Expressed as systolic (when heart beats) over
diastolic (at rest between beats) pressure
 <120/80 mm Hg is normal
 Systolic >120 or diastolic >80 =
prehypertension
 > 140/90 = hypertension
 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=diG519dFV
Ns
Hypertension is a silent killer (1/3 adults have HTN!)
 No symptoms – have blood pressure checked
regularly
 Contributes to atherosclerosis, heart enlarges,
weakens
 Damages arteries leading to brain, kidneys, legs,
increasing risk of stroke, kidney failure, partial
amputation of leg
To control hypertension:
 Reduce weight, increase physical activity, healthy,
balanced diet
The DASH: (Dietary Approaches to Stop
Hypertension)
Misc 8.10
Misc 8.11
Potassium -major mineral
Functions:
 Fluid balance: electrolyte inside cells
 Muscle contraction and nerve impulse conduction
 Can help lower high blood pressure
 Aids in bone health: helps increase bone density
 Reduces kidney stones
Daily needs:
 Adults: 4,700 mg/day
 Adult females consume only 2,200 to 2,500 mg/day,
adult males only 3,300 to 3,400 mg/day on average
Food sources:
 Fruits and vegetables
 Minimum of seven servings/day will meet
potassium needs
 Dairy foods, nuts, legumes also good sources
 Too much from supplements or salt substitutes can
cause hyperkalemia in some individuals
 Can cause irregular heartbeats, damage heart
and be life-threatening
 Too little can cause hypokalemia
 Can cause muscle weakness, cramps, irregular
heartbeats and paralysis
 Can occur in excessive vomiting and/or diarrhea,
in anorexia and/or bulimia eating disorders
Calcium -major mineral
Most abundant mineral in body
 More than 99 percent located in
bones and teeth
Functions:
 Helps build strong bones and teeth
 Plays a role in muscles, nerves, and
blood
 May help lower high blood pressure
 May fight colon cancer
 May reduce risk of kidney stones
Food sources:
 Milk, yogurt, cheese, broccoli, kale, canned salmon
(with bones), tofu processed with calcium, calciumfortified juices and cereals
Too much UL: 2,500 mg/day
 Too much calcium leads to hypercalcemia
 Usually a result of one or more of your parathyroid
glands, which regulate blood calcium levels
 Supplements (Calcium and or vitamin __ )
 Other diseases
Osteoporosis: Not Just Your
Grandmother’s Problem
 Bones are living tissue, constantly changing
http://youtu.be/0dV1Bwe2v6c
 Peak bone mass occurs in early adulthood (20s)
 Then slowly more bone is lost than added
 As bones lose mass, become more porous and
prone to fractures, leading to osteoporosis
Osteoporosis: Not Just Your
Grandmother’s Problem
 Bone mineral density (BMD) test measures
bone density (using a special X-ray or computed tomography (CT) scan)
 Low score = osteopenia (low bone mass)
 Very low score = osteoporosis
 Too little can lead to less dense, weakened,
brittle bones, and increased risk
Osteoporosis: Risk factors
 Gender (females at higher
risk due to loss of estrogen
after menopause)
 Ethnicity (Caucasian and
Asian-American at higher
risk)
 Body type (smallerboned/petite women at
higher risk)
 Family history of fractures
increases risk
 Level of sex hormones
(amenorrhea, menopause, or
men with low levels of sex
hormones)
 Medications: glucocorticoids,
antiseizure medications,
aluminum-containing antacids,
high amounts of thyroid
replacement hormones
 Smoking
 Low physical activity: 30
minutes per day recommended
 Alcohol (more than one drink
for women, two for men)
 Inadequate calcium and
vitamin D (less than three
cups/day of vitamin D-fortified
milk or yogurt)
Phosphorus -major mineral
Second most abundant mineral in body
 85 percent in bones, rest in cells and fluids outside
cells, including blood
Functions:
 Needed for bones and teeth
 Important component of cell membranes
 Part of DNA and RNA
Phosphorus -major mineral
Food sources:
 Meat, fish, poultry, dairy
 Abundant in diet
 UL set at 4,000 mg/day for adults 19 to 50 to prevent
hyperphosphatemia, which can lead to calcification
of tissues
 Too little can result in muscle weakness, bone pain,
rickets, confusion, death; would need to be in state
of near starvation to experience deficiency
Magnesium -major mineral
Fourth most abundant mineral in body
 About half in bones, most of rest inside cells
Functions:
 Helps more than 300 enzymes, including energy
metabolism
 Used in synthesis of protein
 Helps muscles and nerves function properly
 Maintains healthy bones and regular heartbeat
 May help lower high blood pressure and reduce risk
of type 2 diabetes
Magnesium -major mineral
Daily needs:
 Many Americans fall short (70 to 80 percent of needs)
Food sources:
 Whole grains, vegetables, nuts, fruits; also milk,
yogurt, meat, eggs
 UL from supplements (not foods) is set at 350 mg/day
to avoid diarrhea
 True deficiencies are rare, but diuretics and some
antibiotics can inhibit absorption
Chloride -major mineral
Sulfur -major mineral
 Chloride:
 Helps maintain fluid balance
 Hard to become deficient
 Upper level is consistent with NaCl
 Sulfur:
 Helps make up the structure of some amino acids
 No known toxicities or deficiences
Iron- Trace mineral
Two forms: Heme and nonheme iron
 Heme iron from animal sources is part
of hemoglobin and myoglobin and
easily absorbed
 Nonheme iron in plant foods is not as
easily absorbed, due to phytates and
other substances. Body only absorbs
10 to 15 percent of iron consumed.
Iron - Trace mineral
 Absorption increases if body stores are low
 Not much iron is excreted in urine or stool, and once
absorbed, very little leaves body (95 percent
recycled and reused)
Iron- Trace mineral
Functions:
 Hemoglobin in red blood cells transports oxygen from lungs to
tissues and picks up carbon dioxide waste from cells
 Myoglobin transports and stores oxygen in muscle cells.
 Helps enzymes that make neurotransmitters
Daily needs:
 Men and women >50: 8 mg/day
 Women 19 to 50: 18 mg/day: higher due to iron lost during
menstruation
Food sources:
 Iron-enriched bread and grain products; heme iron in meats,
fish and poultry
Iron- Trace mineral
Too little:
 Deficiency is most common nutritional disorder in
world
 Iron-deficiency anemia occurs when iron stores
depleted and hemoglobin levels decrease
Iron- Trace mineral
 Too much iron from supplements can cause constipation, nausea,
vomiting, diarrhea
 Leading cause of accidental poisoning deaths in children under 6
years
 Iron overload can damage heart, kidneys, liver, nervous system
 Hemochromatosis, a genetic disorder, can cause iron overload
Copper - Trace mineral
Functions:
 Part of many enzymes and proteins
 Important for iron absorption and transfer, synthesis
of hemoglobin and red blood cells
 Role in blood clotting and maintaining healthy
immune system
Food sources:
 Organ meats, seafood, nuts, seeds, bran cereals,
whole-grain products, cocoa
Copper - Trace mineral
 UL: 10,000 µg/day
 Excess can cause stomach cramps, nausea,
diarrhea, vomiting, liver damage
 Copper deficiency rare in United States
Zinc - Trace mineral
 Involved in function of more than 100 enzymes
 Functions:
 DNA synthesis, growth, and development
 Healthy immune system and wound healing
 Taste acuity
Food sources:
 Red meat, some seafood, whole grains
 Daily needs:
 Vegetarians, poverty can have low intakes
Too much :
 UL = 40 mg/day
 As little as 50 mg can cause stomach pains, nausea,
vomiting, diarrhea
 60 mg/day can inhibit copper absorption
 Excessive amounts can suppress immune system,
lower HDL cholesterol
 Deficiency: hair loss, impaired taste, loss of appetite,
diarrhea, delayed sexual maturation, impotence, skin
rashes, impaired growth
Selenium - Trace mineral
 Functions:
 Help regulate thyroid hormones
 Act as antioxidants
 May help fight cancer
 Food sources: meat, seafood, cereal, grains,
dairy foods, fruits, vegetables
 Amount varies depending on soil content
Seleium - Trace mineral
 Selenium deficiency rare in United States
 Deficiency can case (exacerbate?) Keshan
disease, damages the heart: seen in children in
rural areas that have selenium-poor soils
 Often fatal, the disease afflicts children and women
of child bearing age, characterized by heart failure
and pulmonary edema.
 TX: selenium supplementation
Selenium - Trace mineral
Too much
 UL = 400 µg/day
 Too much can cause toxic condition selenosis
 Symptoms: brittleness and loss of nails and hair,
stomach and intestinal discomfort, skin rash,
garlicky breath, fatigue, nervous system damage
Fluoride - Trace mineral
Functions:
 Protects against dental caries
 Helps repair enamel eroded by acids from bacteria
 Reduces amount of acid bacteria produce
 Provides protective barrier
 Fluoridated drinking water has reduced dental caries
in United States
Fluoride - Trace mineral
Sources: Foods are not a good source.
 Fluoridated drinking water and beverages made with
this water
 Too little increases risk of dental caries.
 Too much can cause fluorosis (mottling/staining)
when teeth are forming during infancy/childhood.
 UL adults = 10 mg/day, much lower for infants and
children
Chromium - Trace mineral
Functions:
 Helps insulin in your body
 May improve blood glucose control, but no large
study confirms this theory
 Based on small study suggesting chromium
supplement may reduce risk of insulin resistance,
 Chromium does not help build muscle mass
Chromium - Trace mineral
 Foods: grains, meat, fish, poultry, some fruits
and vegetables
 Too much or too little:
 No known risk from consuming too much
 Deficiency is rare in United States.
 In China, where deficiency exists, a study
indicated lower blood glucose and less insulin
resistance for people with type 2 diabetes who
took chromium supplements
Iodine - Trace mineral
 Functions: needed by thyroid to make essential
hormones
 Thyroid hormones regulate metabolic rate; help
heart, nerves, muscle and intestines function
properly
 Food sources: iodized salt (400 µg/tsp)
 Amount in foods is low, depends on iodine content of
soil, water, fertilizer
 Salt-water fish have higher amounts
 Too much : UL = 1,100 µg/day
 Excess iodine can impair thyroid function,
decrease synthesis and release of thyroid
hormones
 Early sign of deficiency = goiter (enlarged thyroid gland)
 http://youtu.be/8s14pILBG8A
 Mandatory iodization of salt has decreased iodine
deficiency in United States but not in other parts of
world
 Iodine deficiency during early stages of fetal
development can cause cretinism (congenital
hypothyroidism)
Minerals Found Widely in MyPlate
Figure 8.10

Chapter 8 - 35-210-203-f13

Transcription

Similar documents

Grand Junction (970) 263-7750 2464 US Hwy 6

Fall Into Place

Real Nutrition. We Came By It Naturally. Order NutriVerus today!

Glyconutrients

first students ever from Armenia, Guyana, and

marKetplace - Kellogg Company

Red Blood Cells

Red Blood Cells

6 Week Body MakeOver Program BROCHURE

Slides - Society for Nutrition Education and Behavior

Mays Chapter 12 Lecture Notes