Untitled - Forest Research Institute Malaysia

Transcription

Biodiversity article
Amanita princeps
Amanita princeps requires one day
to grow from a tight button to a fully
grown mushroom
Boletellus
emodensis
5/8/2015 12.03 noon
WHY MUSHROOMS
GROW AFTER RAIN
Mengapa Cendawan
Tumbuh Selepas Hujan
6/8/2015 10.00 am
Mohd Salleh Sanusi
[email protected]
& Patahayah Mansor
EDITORIAL BOARD
The proverb saying “bagai cendawan
tumbuh selepas hujan” or “like
mushrooms growing after rain” is
familiar to the Malaysian ear. The
proverb illustrates the situation of
having too many (usually objects)
at a time, but in actual situation
describes the habit of mushrooms
that grow in rapid abundance after
being exposed to a rainy spell. This
phenomenon stirs up the curiosity
as to how rain brings about the
sprouting of mushrooms.
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Advisors
Dato’ Dr Abd Latif Mohmod
Dr Ismail Harun
A casual observer may think
that mushrooms seem to pop up
from nowhere. To understand
its behaviour, let’s first look at
what constitutes the mushroom.
Mushrooms are spore-bearing
fruiting body of mycelium,
which is the vegetative part of
a fungus. Spores are tiny but
necessary cells for reproduction,
which are usually observed
under the microscope. Some
groups of mushrooms can be
Technical Editor
Mohamad Zaki Mohd Isa
differentiated by a specific
colour. B. emodensis spores
for instance, are olivaceous
brown in colour. Spore print
(useful for identification of
mushrooms) is produced when
spores from a fruiting body fall
onto a surface. For the most part
of the mushroom’s life cycle,
the substrate (such as the soil)
remains the hiding place. When
a sudden fruiting occurs, usually
brought about by the rain, the
Editor & Writer
Ida Suraini Abd Shukor
FRIM in Focus (FIF) is distributed free of charge upon request. We welcome feedback on any of the FIF articles.
Address comments and enquiries to:
The Editor & Writer of FRIM In Focus
Forest Research Institute Malaysia (FRIM)
52109 Kepong, Selangor DE, Malaysia
Telephone: +603-6279 7501 | Facsimile: +603-6273 1076
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Cover photo: Boletellus emodensis requires three days to grow from a tiny button to a fully matured mushroom
FRIM IN FOCUS | MARCH 2016
A Quarterly of the Forest Research Institute Malaysia (FRIM)
Boletellus emodensis
Boletellus emodensis requires three
days to grow from a tiny button to a
fully matured mushroom
26/3/2013 4.13 pm
28/3/2013 2.41 pm
27/3/2013 1.51 pm
Spore print of B. emodensis is olivaceous
brown in colour
mushrooms become visible to the
naked eye.
There are two stages of growth
before a mushroom completes its
life cycle. The first stage takes place
underground, requires weeks to
complete and involves the formation
of proto-mushroom. Known as
the pin stage, it is a period where
mushrooms live in the form of tiny
buttons in the mycelium layer, and
are hidden from view, usually under
the grass, leaves, or under the bark
of a dead tree. These buttons are
tight bound structures, similar to a
compressed, dried sponge that can
expand rapidly when exposed to
enough water.
The second stage of growth
begins with water intake once the
moisture level is high enough. The
mycelium draws in huge amount of
water expanding the button and
spearheads the fruiting of the
mushroom. Mycelium is highly
absorbent, but its nutrient and
water transporting capabilities are
inversely related with distance.
Thus for mushrooms to survive,
many little fruiting bodies and
a wet day or heavy dew-fall
is needed.
Smaller mushrooms can grow
within a day, while medium and
larger mushrooms require three
to four days, provided a steady
moisture supply is available.
Different groups of mushroom
might take on different growth
habits. Amanita princeps (the
Agaric) for instance, requires only
one day, while Boletellus emodensis
(the Bolete) needs three days to
grow from a tight button to a fully
matured mushroom. There are
Spores of
B. emodensis
mushrooms which only last for
hours, while others can survive
up to a few weeks. For some treebased mushroom, the fruiting body
may last up to several years.
It is fun to see mushrooms grow.
The rapid sprouting of fruiting
bodies just after the rain is a
sight to behold. Watching the
first and the next mushroom
appearing, followed by many more
mushrooms is an amazing and
captivating moment. Mushrooms
are one of the many beauties of
nature that we should spend time
to observe and enjoy.
ABOUT THE MAIN
AUTHOR
Mohd Salleh Sanusi is a research officer at
the Mycology and Pathology Branch of the
Forest Biodiversity Division, FRIM.
MARCH 2016 | FRIM IN FOCUS
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A RARE FIND FROM
THE MEMPISANG FAMILY
Keluarga Mempisang yang Jarang Ditemui
Ummul-Nazrah Abdul Rahman
[email protected]
& Nadiah Idris
The custard apple family or Annonaceae, is better known as mempisang among the Malays in Peninsular
Malaysia. The family includes about 119 genera in various forms such as woody trees, shrubs and vines.
Mempisang is found in South East Asia through Peninsular Malaysia and Borneo to New Guinea, Pacific
Islands, Australia, India, Africa, Madagascar, the Neotropics and North America. At FRIM, climbers such as
Fissistigma fulgens and Desmos cochinchinensis, and treelet such as Goniothalamus macrophyllus are found
growing along nature trails. During a mass flowering which occurred in 2014, the mempisang climbers were
among the plants which joined many others in flowering and fruiting aggresively at FRIM.
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Fissistigma fulgens
1 Flowering climber
2 Bud and flower showing three star-like petals
3 Underside of leaves covered with rusty brown and
dust-like hairs
4 Climber which is mostly found on trees, high
above ground
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Fissistigma fulgens is a
mempisang climber and known
as akar larak, akar salah hutan
or akar sengolok in Peninsular
Malaysia. Fiss in Latin means
cleave and stigma in Greek refers
to markings made by pointed
instruments. At FRIM, it is found
on a tree near the mosque and
at the beginning of the track to
the canopy walkway. The woody
climber can snake up on trees
reaching to 4 to 6 m in height.
The climber is rarely visible from
the ground, and thus conforms
to its preference of being fully
exposed to the sunlight. The
plant is sometimes found near
forest edges or at disturbed
areas. The flower is strongly
fragrant with a melon-like smell.
The flower bud splits open into a
three star-like petals with rusty
brown coverings and dust-like
hairs. The leaves are green with
an underside of brown hair
coverings, which look like brown
dust against the green surface.
Fissistigma leaves are boiled and
eaten during confinement and
used as poultice to treat sore legs.
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1
2
2
Goniothalamus macrophyllus
Desmos cochinchinensis
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Clusters of glossy green yellow
pearl-shaped fruits
2 Bright yellow flowers emit
cananga-like smell
Another climber is Desmos
cochinchinensis and can be found
near Jalan Jelutong, FRIM. Desmos
in Greek means bond, particularly
for a fruit. In Peninsular Malaysia,
it is known as larak salai or kenanga
hutan and its bright yellow flowers
have a pleasant cananga-like smell.
The flowers are formed by three pale
green sepals with three outer and inner
yellowish petals each. The yellowflowered plant is typically a climber on
trees but it may also be a shrub. The
Vietnamese use dried flowers to treat
cough while the Chinese use the roots
to treat malaria. The roots are also
boiled to treat fever. A fairly unique
appearance of the plant is the glossy
green-yellow fruits similar to bracelets
of beans and pearls.
1 Inflorescences and fruits sprouting on the main stem
2 Yellow-green flower (below) turns dark red (above)
upon maturity
Goniothalamus macrophyllus is a small tree, or treelet
of 3 to 4 m tall with smooth stem and brownish green
outer bark. Greek for gonia means angle, while thalamus
is the base of the flower, or the receptacle. In Malaysia,
it is known as gajah beranak or lada hutan. The treelet
sprouts inflorescence along its main stem and branches.
The yellow-green flower turns dark red upon maturity
while the fruit is green and glossy. The mempisang treelet
grows on the lowlands and up to lower montane forest.
Goniothalamus are typically identified by its sepal which is
shaped like a triangular or three-angled star. The decoction
of Goniothalamus roots is used in postnatal treatment and
when applied externally, it is useful for treatment of cold,
fever and typoid fever. The leaves are used traditionally to
repel mosquitos, poisonous snakes and wild animals.
ABOUT THE MAIN AUTHOR
Ummul Nazrah Abdul Rahman is a research officer at the Floral Biodiversity
Programme, FRIM. She is a team member of the Flora of Peninsular Malaysia
Project and her research area is mainly on plant taxonomy, particularly for trees in
Peninsular Malaysia.
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RED SILK COTTON TREE
WITH STRIKING FLOWERS
Pokok Kapas Sutera
Berbunga Merah Menawan
Large red flowers with
fleshy and showy petals
Nadiah Idris
[email protected]
Malaysians recognise the white-flowered kapuk tree (Ceiba
pentandra) as a common source of kapuk fibres for stuffing various
products. However, there is another kapuk tree known as the red
silk-cotton tree or Bombax ceiba. Though largely unfamiliar, the
tree with its red and large showy flowers (hence the name) also
bears fruits containing silk-cotton fibre.
The red silk-cotton tree is a
large deciduous tree. Its straight
cylindrical stem is adorned by
horizontal branches arranged in
whorls. The trunk and branches
of a young tree is covered with
large woody spines, unlike its
mature or aged counterpart. The
inner bark is pink to reddish
in colour when cut. The tree
starts losing its leaves from
January to February while early
March marks the beginning
of the flowering season. The
brown matured flower buds
form, enlarge and open to create
a striking sight of branches
covered with large, fleshy and
showy red flowers. The fleshy
petals attract birds, insects and
bees, which may lend themselves
as pollinators. The flowers are
short-lived, usually lasting from
five to seven days. Since maturity
occurs at different times, intense
flowering can last up to one
month. During the season, the
ground beneath the flowering
Bark of an old tree showing scars
from dropped spines
Inner bark
Red silk-cotton tree with straight
cylindrical stem and horizontal
branches arranged in whorls
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3
6
4
7
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2
1. Palmate compound
leaf with long
flexible petiole
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3. Opened flower with
five silky petals
surrounding five groups
of black-tipped stamens
4. Leaved branches
showing young fruit
5. Matured fruit has five
seams which split open
to release the seeds
6. Young fruit cut to show
embedded seeds
7. Matured fruit split
open to release white
cottony strands of the
embedded seeds
8. B. ceiba planted as a
shade tree at a roadside
in Sandakan, Sabah
Ubaldus Majawal
2. Matured flower bud
tree will be littered
with fallen blooms
which provide food
for squirrels and
other animals. At the
end of the flowering
season, flushes of leaves and young fruits emerge. By May, the matured fruits will
split to release seeds embedded in white cottony strands which are blown far
from the mother tree by the wind.
The exact origin of the red silk-cotton tree is unknown, but southern China and
Indomalaya are fairly possible locations. The tree is hardly seen in Peninsular
Malaysia though it is widely-planted elsewhere such as in Sandakan, Sabah in
parks and roadsides. Due to its large size, the red silk-cotton tree is suitable as
park or shade trees. Besides the usefulness of the cottony fibres, the beautiful
attractive flowers make the tree a lovely ornamental plant.
Photos by Suzana Sabran
ABOUT THE AUTHOR
Nadiah Idris is a research officer at the Floral Biodiversity Programme, FRIM. She obtained her
Bachelor of Science in Biology (Botany) from Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia. She is a team
member of the Tree Flora of Sabah and Sarawak Project and her research area is mainly on plant
taxonomy, particularly for trees in Sabah and Sarawak.
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Forestry article
Peat swamp forest
SUSTAINABLE FOREST
MANAGEMENT FOR A BETTER CLIMATE
Pengurusan Hutan Secara Berkekalan untuk Iklim yang Lebih Baik
Dr Samsudin Musa
&
[email protected]
Dr Ismail Parlan
[email protected]
The Earth is protected from direct solar rays by the atmosphere comprising an array of greenhouse gases. If the amount
of greenhouse gases increases tremendously, the atmosphere becomes too thick and Earth will be uncomfortably
hot, i.e. the greenhouse effect. Scientists discovered the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere is the highest
since 3 million years ago. The rapid collection of gases enhances the greenhouse effect making the Earth warmer
and affects the planet’s weather patterns, creating global warming and climate change.
The effects of climate change are
already seen, proven disastrous
and require immediate attention.
To prevent further climate related
problems, countries should take
on responsibilities to mitigate the
impacts, particularly by reducing
emission from greenhouse gases.
Tropical forests and developing
countries play important roles
in the mechanism known as
REDD+ to reduce emissions from
deforestation and forest degradation.
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The mechanism which is being
developed by the United Nations
Framework Convention on Climate
Change (UNFCCC) will provide
financial incentive to developing
countries to reduce emissions or
enhance carbon sequestration
above a fixed baseline. Malaysia
for instance, requires the
baseline data on the status of
the country’s forest destruction
before the national REDD
strategy can be finalised. Effective
implementation of REDD+ projects
requires enhancement of capacity.
FRIM receives support from
the International Timber Trade
Organization (ITTO) for the project
under the REDDES programme
of reducing deforestation and
forest degradation, and enhancing
environmental services in tropical
forests. The project is expected
to provide critical baseline data
to support the implementation of
the strategy.
Forestry article
Mangrove forest
The three-year REDD+ project for
Peninsular Malaysia began in February
2013 and utilises sustainable forest
management (SFM) as a mitigation
tool to reduce forest degradation
and emissions towards alleviating
the effects of climate change. The
mangroves, peat swamp and hill
forests are the major tropical forests
in Malaysia that are being managed
for both production and conservation
purposes. They store large amount of
carbon and therefore, have enormous
potential for improved management
and conservation under the REDD+
mechanism. The deforestation rate
was assessed by identifying the drivers
and documenting forestry data for
the cause of deforestation activities.
As deforestation rate is stable for the
country, the emissions for REDD+
mechanism would probably come from
the reduction of forest degradation
or enhancement of carbon stock in
Peninsular Malaysia.
area in Peninsular Malaysia and
comprises all major forest types
(mangrove, peat swamp and inland
forest). In the year 2010, the total
land area comprised 63.6 percent of
forested land, with 43.3 percent of
permanent reserved forest (PRF)
and 20.3 percent of stateland forest.
The trend of deforestation and the
main drivers of deforestation (oil
palm plantation, agriculture crops
and urban development) in Pahang
stateland forest were identified for the
years 2000 to 2010. Besides its land
attributes, the basis of the selection for
the project was the forest dependent
communities, or the Orang Asli,
which may be directly affected by the
implementation of REDD+.
Once implemented, the project is
expected to better integrate climate
change considerations into forest
management by assessing SFM
practices, in terms of emissions
generated and carbon stored, and
Besides FRIM as the executing agency, improvement on silvicultural and
management prescriptions. Also
the Ministry of Natural Resources
being evaluated are the incentives for
and Environment (NRE) and the
non-carbon benefits from the forestry
Forestry Department of Peninsular
sector such as watershed and improved
Malaysia (FDPM) and Pahang State
livelihood of forest dependent
Forestry Department (Pahang FD)
community under a payment for
are the major players of the project
ecosystem services (PES) system.
which also receives technical inputs
from international experts. Pahang
was selected as a project site due to its The REDD+ mechanism is based
and reported at the national level.
significant contribution to forestry,
Nevertheless, accounting will be
economy and social development.
based at the sub-national or state
Pahang has the largest forested
level assessments, which involves
the state governments’ willingness to
contribute to the mechanism which
is voluntary in nature. Outputs from
the REDD+ mechanism can be easily
adopted in other Peninsular Malaysia
states as they have the same forest
management system. The project will
provide opportunities to enhance the
value of the forests and promote SFM
as the best management practices
for the tropical forests in Malaysia.
The project will complement other
REDD+ related initiatives as well as
the government efforts in developing
and implementing the REDD strategy
in Malaysia. The experience in
conducting REDD+ at the sub-national
level (state of Pahang) will be valuable
in supporting Malaysia’s commitment
under the UNFCCC.
ABOUT THE AUTHORS
Dr Samsudin Musa is Director of the
Forestry and Environment Division and
Dr Ismail Parlan is Head of the Natural
Forest Programme, FRIM. They are also the
project coordinator and project manager of
FRIM-ITTO REDDES.
Further information on the FRIMITTO REDDES project :
Facebook(fb): www.facebook.com/
pages/FRIM-ITTO-REDDES
Website: www.frim.gov.my/frimitto-reddes
9
Forestry Economics article
DELTA KELANTAN
MANGROVE FORESTS
Hutan Paya Bakau Delta Kelantan
Mohd Parid Mamat,
[email protected]
Mukrimah Abdullah & Dr Lim Hin Fui
Mussel caught from the river
Mangrove is a type of forest which thrives on salty wetlands. Mangrove forest with its unique environment, composition
of floral and faunal species delivers a wide range of ecosystem services such as providing fresh air, detoxifying waste
and stabilising the climate. The fascinating forest also serves as a site for recreation, education and scientific research
purposes. Although the services to the public are not traded in the market, they provide indirect values which are
vital to the many livelihoods. The mangrove ecosystem and its biodiversity must be aptly managed in order to reap
the benefits.
The delta Kelantan mangrove
forest ecosystem was studied
to quantify the total economic
value (TEV) using three predetermined values: direct use
value (fishery and eco-tourism),
indirect use value (carbon
sequestration) and the nonuse value (or existence value
of mangroves in an unharmed
state). The values for direct and
indirect uses were calculated
using the product market value,
while the existence value was
derived from the contingent
valuation method (CVM).
Residents around the delta
Kelantan mangrove forest were
surveyed in 2013 to quantify
A tract of pristine mangrove
forest at delta Kelantan
10
the direct and indirect uses of
the forest. The average direct
use value from fishery for 2242
fisherman households was RM57
per household per month or
RM1,533,528 per year. The nonmarket value for recreational
fishing estimate was based on
an annual participation of 6480
individuals, with estimated
value ranging from RM11 to
RM35 per individual per trip.
The annual value of recreational
fishing ranged from RM71,280
to RM228,614 in the year 2013.
Carbon stock was calculated
using cultivation and planting
data from 2000 to 2006 where
80,683 trees were planted in an
area of 63 ha. Estimated carbon
Forestry Economics article
Fisherman using net for fishing
stock at the planting area was 3729 tons. Carbon
prices vary depending on the location and type of
market (i.e. voluntary market), as well as supply and
demand. Assuming a price of RM12 per ton, another
RM44,752 was added to the value of the mangrove.
The non-use value relies on the contingentvaluation method (CVM) to estimate the economic
value of conserving a particular forest ecosystem.
Respondent households around the area were asked
for their willingness to contribute a conservation
fee to preserve the delta Kelantan mangrove forest
ecosystem. The willingness to pay (WTP) was
elicited from 447 households. The average was
estimated between RM33.99 and RM36.54, which
contributed annual revenue of between RM4.2 and
RM4.5 million. Placing economic values on natural
resources, particularly the mangrove ecosystem is a
useful tool to compare the benefits between projects
or programmes, and serves as guide in deciding the
best use of the resources. Management of natural
resources and regulation of activities that affect the
resources can be undertaken more effectively, and
impact of a policy on the mangrove ecosystem may
be discerned.
ABOUT THE
MAIN AUTHOR
Mangrove aerial roots exposed at low tide
A fisherman at the delta Kelantan showing
his catch for the day
Mohd Parid Mamat is the Head of Social Forestry Programme,
Research Planning Division, FRIM. He is also a member of the
Malaysian Environmental Economics Association (MEEA) and
currently involved in a number of studies related to forestry
economics and social forestry.
11
Forestry article
MEMULIHARA
KEINDAHAN FLORA
LEMBANGAN TASIK CHINI
Conserving the Beauty of Lake Chini Basin
Dr Abd Rahman Kassim
[email protected]
& Mohd Ghazali Hassan
Pemandangan di tebing Tasik Chini
Tasik Chini di Daerah Pekan, Pahang merupakan tasik semula jadi kedua terbesar di Malaysia. Lembangan Tasik
Chini menerima bekalan air daripada empat batang sungai iaitu Sungai Datang, Sungai Gumum, Sungai Perupok, dan
Sungai Melai. Sungai Chini yang terletak di utara merupakan satu-satunya aliran keluar air sepanjang 4.8 km yang
menyambungkan Tasik Chini dengan Sungai Pahang. Tasik Chini dikelilingi oleh paya air tawar dan hutan paya seluas
700 hektar, dan merupakan habitat kepada pelbagai tumbuhan dan haiwan akuatik. Selain menyediakan sumber air
dan rezeki kepada penduduk sekitar, keindahan Tasik Chini menarik kunjungan pelancong dari dalam dan luar negeri,
serta merupakan salah satu destinasi tarikan ekopelancongan Pahang. Tasik Chini disenaraikan sebagai Tapak Rizab
Biosfera pada 2009 program Manusia dan Biosfera (MAB) yang merupakan inisiatif pertama UNESCO yang diwartakan
di Malaysia. Lembangan Tasik Chini diwartakan sebagai rizab awam bagi pelancongan pada 4 November 1989.
Demonstrasi penyediaan stok tanaman teratai
Ghazali memberi penerangan semasa demonstrasi
penyediaan stok anak teratai
12
Keunikan alam semula jadi
tasik dan sungai Chini terletak
pada ekosistemnya yang
terdiri daripada gabungan
paya air tawar dan beberapa
jenis hutan seperti hutan
paya air tawar, hutan tebing
sungai, hutan dipterokarpa
tanah pamah dan hutan bukit.
Hutan tebing sungai, atau lebih
dikenali sebagai hutan ‘levee’
yang terdapat di pertengahan
dan hilir Sungai Chini
mengandungi pelbagai spesies
pokok tinggi dan matang
seperti ara, cempedak air dan
mempari sungai.
Ekosistem lembangan Tasik
Chini semakin terancam
dengan meningkatnya pelbagai
projek pembangunan dan guna
tanah seperti perlombongan,
penebangan hutan dan
perladangan. Beberapa
kawasan hutan semakin
terosot kerana dicemari
oleh pencerobohan haram.
Usaha penghutanan semula
kawasan yang diceroboh
perlu mengambil pendekatan
menggunakan hasil
kajian saintifik.
Kawasan tasik juga
mengalami masalah aliran
air berlebihan akibat hujan
lebat daripada Sungai
Pahang. Pada akhir tahun
2014, limpahan air yang
luar biasa ke Tasik Chini
mengakibatkan banjir besar,
meruntuhkan sebahagian
besar tebing sungai dan
menenggelamkan tasik.
Tumbuhan akuatik
terutamanya teratai, yang
menjadi ikon serta daya
tarikan utama Tasik Chini,
turut terjejas akibat lama
terendam. Komuniti teratai
di tebing tasik hampir
pupus dan memerlukan
masa yang panjang untuk
pulih dan kembali dominan.
Banjir besar juga membawa
hikmahnya tersendiri dengan
mengurangkan secara
ketara dominasi tumbuhan
invasif seperti ekor kucing
eksotik (Cabomba furcata)
yang berasal daripada
Forestry article
Pokok buluh selepas
sembilan bulan
ditanam di tebing
Laut Sembilan
Sebahagian tebing
Tasik Chini, sebulan
selepas dilanda banjir
Cabomba furcata ialah
ekor kucing yang berasal
dari Amerika Selatan
Amerika Selatan. Penurunan
ketara komuniti ekor kucing
invasif memberi peluang kepada
spesies tempatan, iaitu Utricularia
punctata yang berasal daripada
Tasik Bera untuk membiak dan
terus hidup.
Pemuliharaan Tasik Chini
sebagai warisan alam dan rizab
biosfera Malaysia dikendalikan
oleh Kementerian Sumber Asli
dan Alam Sekitar (NRE) yang
menyediakan peruntukan bagi
beberapa projek bertujuan
menggalakkan perkembangan
industri ekopelancongan serta
pertumbuhan ekonomi masyarakat
setempat. Beberapa pelan tindakan
pemuliharaan lembangan Tasik
Chini telah dirangka dalam tempoh
Rancangan Malaysia ke-10 yang
melibatkan kerjasama FRIM
Program
penanaman pokok
di Laut Sembilan,
Tasik Chini
Utricularia punctata ialah ekor
kucing yang berasal dari Tasik Bera
Spesies ekor kucing asal dan pendatang
dengan Jabatan Perhutanan
Semananjung Malaysia (JPSM)
dan Jabatan Perhutanan
Negeri Pahang (JPNP) dalam
menjalankan aktiviti pemuliharaan
tumbuhan darat dan akuatik.
Sepanjang tempoh 2014 hingga
2015, kerjasama yang telah
dilaksana ialah beberapa projek
pemuliharaan sumber biodiversiti
di lembangan Tasik Chini seperti
pemulihan kawasan terosot
(pengelasan, survei tanah,
dan penanaman pokok hutan,
buah-buahan nadir, palma dan
buluh), inventori spesies asal
(penyenaraian dan penyediaan
buku rujukan spesies riparian dan
akuatik, dan pengenalan semula
spesies terancam), dan penanaman
semula teratai.
Tentang Penulis Utama
Dr Abd Rahman Kassim ialah Ketua Program Geoinformasi, Bahagian Perhutanan dan
Alam Sekitar, FRIM. Beliau juga adalah National Focal Point untuk Scientific and Technical
Review Panel untuk RAMSAR (Malaysia). Beliau kini terlibat dalam pembangunan indeks
integriti ekologi untuk pelbagai ekosistem hutan di bawah RMK11.
13
Biotechnology article
TEKNOLOGI DNA KENAL
PASTI SPESIES AQUILARIA
DNA Technology Authenticates Aquilaria Species
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3
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Dr Siti Salwana Hashim
[email protected]
6
14
Keunikan spesies Aquilaria
terletak pada resin yang
lebih dikenali sebagai gaharu
(agarwood), yang dihasilkan pada
bahagian dalam batang pokok.
Gaharu bernilai tinggi di pasaran
terutamanya dalam industri
minyak wangi. Secara semula
jadi, gaharu terbentuk apabila
pokok Aquilaria (dikenali juga
sebagai karas) dijangkiti penyakit
atau berlaku kecederaan, namun
kuantiti yang dihasilkan adalah
sedikit dan tidak tetap.
Nilai gaharu boleh mencapai
sehingga RM25,000/kg, bergantung
kepada gred dan kualiti manakala
teknologi penginokulatan
pula mampu meningkatkan
pengeluaran gaharu. Faktor-faktor
ini menyebabkan penubuhan
ladang hutan Aquilaria semakin
meningkat. Terdapat lima spesies
Aquilaria di Malaysia iaitu
A. malaccensis (gaharu, karas
atau depu), A. microcarpa (garu),
A. hirta (candan), A. rostrata dan
A. beccariana (gaharu tanduk).
Penuaian haram yang tidak
terkawal menyebabkan Aquilaria
menghadapi ancaman kepupusan
dan disenaraikan dalam Apendiks I,
II dan II, Konvensyen Perdagangan
Antarabangsa Mengenai Spesies
Terancam (CITES) (Akta 686). Akta
tersebut antara lainnya mengawal
perdagangan antarabangsa flora dan
fauna yang tersenarai dalam CITES.
Akta ini menghendaki pengusaha
ladang mendaftar, melaporkan
maklumat spesies yang ditanam
berserta sijil pengesahan spesies.
Biotechnology article
7
8
9
Bunga bagi enam
spesies terpilih
Aquilaria
10
Pengecaman Aquilaria sebagai stok
tanaman sering menjadi masalah
kerana anak pokok spesies yang
berbeza mempunyai daun yang
hampir sama, manakala buah dan
bunga kelihatan lebih kurang sama.
FRIM telah membangunkan satu
teknologi pengecaman spesies
Aquilaria dengan menggunakan
pendekatan teknologi penanda DNA
dalam menyokong pelaksanaan akta
ini dan membantu pengusaha ladang,
Penggunaan penanda DNA untuk
tujuan pengesahan antara spesies
adalah popular kerana keputusan
yang diperoleh adalah tepat
berbanding kaedah lain. Kod bar
DNA merupakan satu sistem yang
mampu mengesahkan spesies
menggunakan data yang diperoleh
daripada penyelidikan. Sistem
ini berkesan bagi mengenal pasti
variasi antara spesies haiwan
(terutamanya) dan tumbuhan.
Seiring dengan peningkatan
teknologi penanda DNA, FRIM telah
berjaya menjalankan pemisahan
spesies tempatan Aquilaria dan
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
11
tiga spesies eksotik yang banyak
ditanam di Malaysia (A. crassna,
A. subintegra dan A. sinensis). Tujuh
spesies Aquilaria telah dikaji bagi
menentukan spesies masing-masing
menggunakan penanda DNA dari
kawasan kloroplas. Empat kawasan
kloroplas telah digunakan bagi
membezakan sampel Aquilaria
kepada lima kluster iaitu, A. crassna
dan A. subintegra, A. malaccensis dan
A. hirta, A. sinensis, A. beccariana
dan A. microcarpa. Satu kawasan
kloroplas pula digunakan bagi
membezakan antara spesies
A. malaccensis dan A. hirta. Namun
penanda kloroplas yang dikaji tidak
dapat membezakan antara A. crassna
dan A. subintegra.
A. microcarpa
A. subintegra
A. hirta
A. malaccensis
A. crassna
A. beccariana
Buah bagi lima spesies
terpilih Aquilaria
7. A. microcarpa
8. A. crassna
9. A. hirta
10. A. malaccensis
11. A. subintegra
Kajian ini mendapat
pembiayaan daripada
Kementerian Sains Teknologi
dan Inovasi serta sokongan
daripada Jabatan Perhutanan
Semenanjung Malaysia dan
Sarawak. Pensampelan spesies
Aquilaria juga mendapat
bantuan daripada individu
perseorangan.
Tentang Penulis
Dr Siti Salwana Hashim mengetuai Cawangan Pengeluaran Bahan Tanaman, Bahagian
Bioteknologi Hutan sejak September 2013 dan telah berkhidmat selama 20 tahun
sebagai pegawai penyelidik FRIM. Beliau memperoleh ijazah Sarjana Muda dalam
bidang sains hortikultur daripada UPM pada tahun 1991 dan Doktor Falsafah dalam
bidang genetik daripada UKM pada tahun 2009. Beliau telah melibatkan diri dalam
kajian genetik tumbuhan ke atas beberapa spesies antaranya rotan, meranti sarang
punai, khaya, sentang, kempas, kacip fatimah, karas dan sesenduk.
15
News article
PELANTIKAN PENGURUSAN
TERTINGGI FRIM YANG BAHARU
Appointment of New FRIM Top Management
1.
2.
3.
Dr Ismail Harun
Dilantik sebagai Timbalan Ketua Pengarah
(Penyelidikan dan Pembangunan) pada
18 November 2015
Mula berkhidmat di FRIM pada 1 Ogos 1990
Dr Rahim Sudin
Dilantik sebagai Timbalan Ketua Pengarah
(Operasi) pada 6 Julai 2015
Mula berkhidmat di FRIM pada 2 Jun 1981
Dr Lillian Chua Swee Lian
Dilantik sebagai Pengarah Bahagian Biodiversiti
Hutan pada 1 Januari 2016
Mula berkhidmat di FRIM pada 5 Mei 1992
4.
Dr Khali Aziz Hamzah
Dilantik sebagai Pengarah Bahagian Inovasi dan
Komersialisasi pada 1 Oktober 2015
Mula berkhidmat di FRIM pada 1 Oktober 1986
5.
Dr Samsudin Musa
Dilantik sebagai Pengarah Perhutanan dan Alam
Sekitar pada 18 November 2015
Mula berkhidmat di FRIM pada 1 November 1997
6.
Dr Gan Kee Seng
Dilantik sebagai Pengarah Keluaran Hutan
pada 6 Julai 2015
Mula berkhidmat di FRIM pada 7 September 1984
Maklumat: Bahagian Sumber Manusia, FRIM
PEMENANG PERTANDINGAN INOVASI
EKSPO TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA (MTE 2016)
1.
S-ACCHA: Simple acclimatisation chamber for tissue culture plantlets of forest tree species
S-ACCHA: Kebuk pengikliman mudah untuk anak pokok kultur tisu spesies pokok hutan
Dr Nor Hasnida Hassan, pingat perak
2.
Producing acid-free paper from wastes
Penghasilan kertas tanpa asid daripada bahan
buangan
Dr Rushdan Ibrahim, pingat gangsa
3.
Engineered lumber residues for making
interior products
Bahan sisa balak terjurutera untuk penghasilan
produk dalaman
Dr Wan Tarmeze Wan Ariffin, pingat gangsa
Dari kiri: Dr Wan Tarmeze Wan Ariffin,
Dr Nor Hasnida Hassan dan Dr Rushdan Ibrahim
Rosdi Mohamad
16

Untitled - Forest Research Institute Malaysia

Transcription

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