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The newsletter of EPCC, the supercomputing centre at the University of Edinburgh
news
Issue 74 Autumn 2013
In this issue
Managing research data
HPC for business
Simulating soft materials
Energy efficiency in HPC
Intel Xeon Phi
ARCHER
A new UK service
for academic research
ARCHER is a 1.56 Petaflop Cray XC30 supercomputer
that will provide the next UK national HPC service for
academic research
Also in this issue
Dinosaurs!
From the Directors
Autumn marks the start of the new ARCHER service: a 1.56 Petaflop
Cray XC30 supercomputer that will provide the next UK national
HPC service for academic research.
We have been involved in running
national HPC services for over 20
years and ARCHER will continue
our tradition of supporting science
in the UK and in Europe.
Our engagement with
supercomputing takes many forms
- from racing dinosaurs at science
festivals, to helping researchers get
more from HPC by improving
algorithms and creating new
software tools. EPCC staff design
and deliver high-quality training, we
equip scientists with the skills they
need to produce ground-breaking
computer simulations, and we
undertake research into the
software, tools and technologies
that will make possible a new
generation of exascale
supercomputers which will be
many, many times more powerful
than ARCHER. Big Data activities
are also playing an increasingly
important part in our academic and
industry work.
We have always prided ourselves
on the diversity of our activities.
This issue of EPCC News
showcases just a fraction of them.
You can find out more about our
work on our website and blog:
www.epcc.ed.ac.uk/blog
Alison Kennedy & Mark Parsons
EPCC Executive Directors
[email protected]
[email protected]
Contents
3
PGAS programming
7th International Conference
Profile
Meet the people at EPCC
4
New national HPC service
Introducing ARCHER
7
Big Data
Data preservation and
infrastructure
9
HPC for industry
Making business better
11
Simulation
Better synthesised sounds
Improving soft matter design
13
Support for science
Advancing molecular
dynamics
15
Future of HPC
A roadmap to the next
generation
Numerical simulations
NAIS’s new GPGPUs
16
Energy efficiency in HPC
More efficient parallel and
cloud computing
implementations on a range of
different hardware. We are also
porting a number of applications to
GPGPUs using OpenACC, including
CASTEP (DFT-based materials
modelling code), and COSA
(frequency domain CFD code).
19
Legacy code
Parallelising commercial
codes
20
Exascale
European research projects
The consortium brings together:
hardware vendors (Cray and
NVIDIA); software providers (CAPS,
Allinea, PGI, and Rogue Wave), and
research establishments (including
Georgia Tech, Oak Ridge and
Sandia National Labs, and the
Tokyo Institute of Technology).
21
Intel Xeon Phi
Our first impressions
23
Training and education
MSc in HPC; research
software; DiRAC, Summer
of HPC
26
Outreach
Spreading the word about
supercomputers
29
MSc in HPC
Study with us
Adrian Jackson
[email protected]
EPCC has joined the OpenACC
consortium. OpenACC is a
directives-based parallel
programming model, in the vein of
OpenMP, designed to enable C,
C++, and FORTRAN codes to
effectively utilise accelerator
technology such as GPGPUs.
The consortium works on the
OpenACC standard, OpenACC
tools, and OpenACC benchmarks
and example applications.
EPCC has a strong engagement
with OpenACC, including OpenACC
compiler developers amongst our
staff, and we have created a set of
OpenACC benchmarks to enable
users to evaluate OpenACC
www.openacc-standard.org
www.castep.org
Contact us
www.epcc.ed.ac.uk
[email protected]
+44 (0)131 650 5030
EPCC is a supercomputing centre based at The University of Edinburgh, which is a charitable body
registered in Scotland with registration number SC005336.
2
PGAS2013 in Edinburgh
The 7th International Conference on PGAS Programming
Models visited Edinburgh on the 3rd and 4th October, making
its first ever appearance outside the United States!
The PGAS conference is the
premier forum to present and
discuss ideas and research
developments in the area of PGAS
models, languages, compilers,
runtimes, applications and tools,
PGAS architectures and hardware
features.
The keynote talks were given by
two highly-regarded experts in the
field:
Dr Duncan Roweth, a senior
principal engineer at Cray, who
focussed his talk on hardware
support for PGAS-type languages
in current (and future) HPC systems
Michele Weiland
[email protected]
Professor Mitsuhisa Sato from the
University of Tsukuba in Japan, who
took the opportunity to discuss
how PGAS may play a role in the
race to the exascale.
The conference, which attracted
over 60 attendees from across the
globe, had a varied programme of
research papers, “hot” sessions
where speakers introduced work in
progress, as well as a poster
reception.
More information, including
links to the papers and
proceedings, can be found on
the conference website:
www.pgas2013.org.uk
Staff profile
Applications Consultant Eilidh Troup talks
about her work here at EPCC.
I work as an Applications Consultant on a project called SPRINT (Simple
Parallel R INTerface), which allows users of the statistical language R to
make use of multi-core and HPC machines without needing any parallel
programming skills.
We provide parallelised versions of
standard R functions which can just
be slotted in to replace the usual R
function and will then run on many
processors behind the scenes.
I particularly enjoy working on
SPRINT as it is mostly used by
biologists. I studied genetics before
I became a programmer, and love
this opportunity to keep up to date
with the latest biology technology.
Next Generation Sequencing can
rapidly produce terabytes of data
that must then be analysed. This
amount of data needs a lot of
computational power to process
and EPCC is well placed to work on
this. Next Generation Sequencing
can be used for measuring gene
expression to diagnose and
understand diseases or to
sequence genomes, for example to
find out which microorganisms are
present in a habitat.
Eilidh Troup
[email protected]
I am also involved in EPCC’s public
outreach events and love the
enthusiasm of children pretending
to be part of a computer and
working together to sort coloured
balls or numbers.
People are very interested in the
science we support at EPCC and
the real hardware that makes a
supercomputer is always popular
too.
The newsletter of EPCC, the supercomputing centre at the University of Edinburgh
3
ARCHER:
On target for
a bullseye
Autumn ushers in a new era for UK supercomputing with the start of the ARCHER (Advanced Research
Computing High End Resource) service in Edinburgh. ARCHER is the next national HPC service for academic
research and comprises a number of components: accommodation provided by the University of Edinburgh;
hardware from Cray; systems support from EPCC and Daresbury; and user support from EPCC.
In autumn 2011, the Minister for
Science announced a new capital
investment in e-infrastructure, which
included £43m for ARCHER, the
next national HPC facility for
academic research. After a brief
overlap, ARCHER will take over
from HECToR as the UK’s primary
Academic research supercomputer.
HECToR has been in Edinburgh
since 2007.
What is ARCHER?
The new Cray XC30 architecture is
the latest development in Cray’s
long history of MPP architectures,
which have been supporting
fundamental global scientific
research for over two decades.
The Cray XC30 incorporates two
major upgrades to the fundamental
components of any MPP
supercomputer: the introduction of
Cray’s newest network interconnect,
Aries; and the use of Intel’s Xeon
series of multi-core processors.
Each has enhanced capabilities
over previous architectures. Aries
incorporates the novel dragonfly
network topology that provides
multi-tier all-to-all connectivity. This
new network allows all applications,
even those that perform all-to-all
style communications, the potential
to scale to the full size of the system
allowing to tackle problems that
might have been considered
impossible on previous systems.
4
The latest Intel Xeon Ivy Bridge
processors used in ARCHER provide
the next generation of computational
muscle, with best-in-class floatingpoint performance, memory
bandwidth and energy efficiency. Each
ARCHER node comprises two 12-core
2.7 GHz Ivy Bridge multi-core
processors, at least 64 GB of DDR31833 MHz main memory and all
compue nodes are interconnected via
an Aries Network Interface Card.
ARCHER has 3008 such nodes, ie,
72,192 cores, in only 16 cabinets
providing a total of 1.56 Petaflops of
theoretical peak performance.Scratch
storage is provided by 20 Cray
Sonexion Scalable Storage Units,
giving 4.4PB of accessible space with
sustained read-write bandwidth of
over 100GB per second.
ARCHER is also directly connected
to the UK Research Data Facility,
easing the transition of large data
sets between high-performance
scratch space and long-term
archival storage and between
successive HPC services.
Updates included in the newest
versions of the Cray Compilation
Environment provide full support for
generating highly optimised
executables that fully exploit the
“Ivy Bridge” processors. Users will
also have access to the latest Intel
Composer Suite of compilers, and
the industry standard GNU
Compiler Collection, all of which are
At your service
The Service Provision function for
ARCHER is provided by UoE HPCX
Ltd. This includes responsibilities
such as systems administration,
helpdesk and website provision,
and administrative support. The
work is subcontracted to EPCC at
the University of Edinburgh (EPCC)
and the STFC’s Daresbury
Laboratory.
Service Provision will be delivered
by two sub-teams: the Operations
and Systems Group led by Mr
Michael Brown, and the User
Support and Liaison Team led by
Dr Alan Simpson.
Enabling a smooth transition for
users from the HECToR to ARCHER
services is one of our key aims. For
ARCHER, we will utilise SAFE
(Service Administration from EPCC)
for both the ARCHER Helpdesk and
Project Administration & Reporting
functions.
The ARCHER website provided by
EPCC contains supporting
documentation for the service and
will also showcase the research
that uses the system. The
configuration of the ARCHER
service will evolve over time to stay
in line with users’ needs. Continual
Service Improvement will be a key
goal, and as such the service will
be delivered following the ITIL Best
Practice Framework.
fully integrated with the feature-rich
Cray Programming Environment
suite that is familiar to existing
HECToR users.
ACF: building for the
future
ARCHER’s Accommodation and
Management function is provided
by the University of Edinburgh.
ARCHER is housed at the
University’s Advanced Computing
Facility (ACF). The University has a
long-term commitment to ensure
the ACF is capable of hosting
top-end facilities and deliver
excellent levels of energy efficiency.
In readiness for ARCHER, the ACF
was extended, with the addition of
500m2 of Computer Room floor
space, and an additional 760m2
plant room to contain the additional
electrical and mechanical
infrastructure. This included a new
high-efficiency 4MW-capacity
cooling system and an upgrade to
the site’s private high-voltage
network that increases the capacity
to around 7MW.
The project to extend the facility
commenced in May 2012, with the
building ready for the installation of
plant in September (despite the
wettest summer on record). The HV
switch-room was commissioned in
November 2012 and the full
capability of the plant
commissioned by year end.
The facility was fit for purpose two
months ahead of schedule and was
delivered in excess of specification
while under budget. The Cray XC30
and associated storage systems
were delivered in September 2013.
The installation went very smoothly,
with all power and cooling
connections made and the system
powered up within a few days.
Ready for business
The acceptance tests of the
ARCHER hardware were
successfully completed in late
October. Usage of ARCHER will
ramp up in mid-November, with
core research consortia online on
November 13th. Remaining grant
holders will begin to transfer from
HECToR to ARCHER in December
2013. The HECToR Service will
cease in March 2014.
Computational Science
& Engineering Support
Computational Science and
Engineering (CSE) support on
ARCHER is provided by EPCC and
includes responsibility for helping
users with porting, optimising and
developing their codes for
ARCHER, ensuring that the correct
scientific software is installed on the
system to meet user requirements,
providing advice and best practices
to enable users to exploit ARCHER
The newsletter of EPCC, the supercomputing centre at the University of Edinburgh
Get in touch!
We welcome ideas and
opportunities for enhancing the
CSE support. If you want to be
involved or have any thoughts,
please do not hesitate to get
in touch via the ARCHER
Helpdesk.
Access
The first EPSRC call for access
to ARCHER has already
opened, and details can be
found on both the EPSRC and
ARCHER websites.
The first call for eCSE projects
has opened, details can be
found on the ARCHER website.
EPSRC is the managing agent for the
HPC facility on behalf of all of the
Research Councils.
5
Images. Above: Aries Interconnect.
Above right: ARCHER’s water cooling system.
Below left: new high-voltage Switch Room.
resources, and training and
developing scientific software
development expertise in the UK
research communtity.
Our goal for the CSE support is to
be as open and inclusive as
possible; allowing ARCHER users to
draw on the full wealth of expertise
available in the UK HPC and
computational science community.
We will use a mix of established,
successful activities and innovative
ideas to realise this goal.
Embedded CSE programme
The Embedded CSE (eCSE)
programme expands and refines the
successful HECToR dCSE
programme to allow software
development expertise to be placed
in academic research groups where
it can provide the most benefit and
have the greatest impact. The first
eCSE call has already opened
(deadline: 14 January, 4pm). Details
can be found on the ARCHER
website.
The in-depth CSE support will be
fully integrated into the SAFE
Helpdesk, providing a seamless
service to users that gives direct
access to ARCHER expertise and a
rapid response to any queries.
Technical Forum
The ARCHER Technical Forum is
open to all users (and external
people who are interested in
technical discussion around HPC).
The Forum consists of a series of
monthly meetings conducted using
webinar technology with a wide
range of technical experts invited to
speak and attend, and a public
mailing list for technical discussion.
Consortium Contacts
We have established a set of
Consortium Contacts: HPC experts
who will provide a direct link
between the research communities
using ARCHER and the service
itself. These Contacts will allow the
research communities to use
ARCHER more effectively, have a
role in driving the development of
the service to meet their needs, and
have a simple way to provide
feedback to the CSE support team
and the service in geenral.
Tom Edwards, Cray
[email protected]
Mike Brown, EPCC
[email protected]
Liz Sim, EPCC
[email protected]
Alan Simpson, EPCC
[email protected]
Training
Training will be provided all over the
UK through links with the HPC-SIG,
HPC Wales, and the STFC’s
Daresbury Laboratory. We are
consulting people around the UK
about the training requirements of
different research communities. The
lectures from the first course have
been recorded and will be publically
available on the ARCHER website in
the near future.
The newsletter of EPCC, the supercomputing centre at the University of Edinburgh
ARCHER website
www.archer.ac.uk
Support
For any questions about the
ARCHER service, please
contact: [email protected].
Cray
www.cray.com
6
Managing
research data
Publishing your research used to be straightforward. You’d note your hypothesis, describe your
methods, pop in a table of measurement results and a few graphs, then conclude with your
analysis, and bingo. Another paper published, with everything necessary included for others to
verify and build upon your work. But this model broke during the last couple of decades, and it
is becoming more broken as research becomes increasingly – exponentially – digital.
So many modern data sets simply
do not fit in the paper. Long gone is
the single table of measurements;
analyses in data-driven science are
based on datasets of gigabytes,
terabytes and – soon – petabytes.
This raises the question: should
researchers publish these datasets,
and if so, how?
For science to remain verifiable and
reusable, the answer to the first part
must be yes. The answer to the
second part has given rise to
increasing efforts to create better
ways to manage research data. (For
a review of the arguments, see the
Royal Society report of June 2012,
Science as an Open Enterprise.)
One of the biggest challenges in
effective research data
management is dealing with this
separation of data from its context.
If data is to be stored away from the
pages of the publication, we must
ensure it is findable, persistent and
sufficiently well described – the
intelligent openness of Science as
an Open Enterprise. And, for credit
to be given where it’s due, research
data need to be citable.
7
EPCC’s research data
archive
These criteria are feeding in to the
design of a long-term research data
archive here at EPCC. We are
delighted to host and manage, on
behalf of the Research Councils, the
UK’s Research Data Facility (RDF),
a 26 petabyte combined disk and
tape storage system.
HPC systems users typically want a
big, fast file system, and the current
GPFS deployment on the RDF gives
just that. But, as projects come to
an end, for all the reasons noted
above, a big file system is no longer
the right environment in which to
archive data for the longer term.
So, over the next six months we’ll
put a long-term data archive service
in place. The technology we’ll use
to deliver this is currently open, but
we hope to leverage results from
projects like EUDAT and PERICLES
(see opposite).
With luck we’ll be able to report a
running service in the next issue of
EPCC News!
Rob Baxter
[email protected]
Design aspects of EPCC’s
research data archive
• Allow remote access clients to
add/retrieve data via network
services, including, but not
limited to, web browsers
•Allow flexible authentication,
without requiring local Unix
login credentials
• Use flexible authorisation
controls defined by external
data sources
•Make providing metadata
straightforward for depositors
•Provide persistent identifiers
for data deposits, based on
the Handle system (the system
behind DOIs, already in use
at EPCC through EUDAT
and more broadly within the
University).
PERICLES: archiving digital data
Preserving art, records and other items has been a challenge throughout
history, not just how to store them but how to help future generations to
understand them. Even in the short time digital art and records have been
around, this problem has become increasingly apparent and is exacerbated
by technology’s rapid cycles.
The PERICLES project is attempting
to define and develop a framework
for managing how digital data is
stored and kept relevant and
accessible. A small challenge it is
not.
Although the project has two case
studies to look at (Art & Media and
Space Science Data), PERICLES
does not intend to create solutions
just for these areas, or for this
moment in time. PERICLES is to
consider how to build a framework
that will last and adapt through
different types of change including
policy and technological changes.
At the latest meeting in
Thessaloniki, the project scoped out
detailed scenarios about how a
long-term preservation system may
be used and what will be required.
Alistair Grant
[email protected]
Within the two case studies, groups
of project members went into depth
about what happens to new
material up to the point of ingest to
an archive and the process of
ingesting a new object into an
archive. This meeting has been
highly informative about how to
approach the concept of a longlived digital preservation system.
Images show Rafael Lozano-Hemmer’s “Surface
Tension” (1992), which is in the Tate’s collection.
EUDAT: towards a collaborative
data infrastructure
The European Data project EUDAT is two years old this month. Over this
time EUDAT has got to grips with the challenge of integrating five
established research infrastructures into the beginnings of a true panEuropean collaborative data infrastructure. And it really is getting there.
EUDAT brings together some of
Europe’s largest HPC centres with
five of its discipline-specific
“research infrastructures”, covering
linguistics, climate science,
seismology, biodiversity and
integrative medicine. Its goal is to
fashion common data services
– standardised ways of managing
data and metadata – to realise
economies of scale and to create a
basis for the preservation, sharing
and recombination of research data.
EUDAT makes use of common core
technologies and is federating and
connecting them across Europe,
creating “islands” of safelyreplicated and discoverable data
which will, over time, merge
together into a single resource.
There are currently seven such
islands in operation, from Edinburgh
to Bologna, Barcelona to Helsinki,
with another four planned for the
coming months. A Joint Metadata
Catalogue is harvesting metadata
records from five disciplines (and
counting), and the Simple Store
service for smaller-scale data and
individual researchers will be rolled
out this autumn.
With one year to go of the core
project, EUDAT has made
remarkable steps from such a
complex starting point. We’ve had
to take an incremental approach to
systems integration, but a core of
common data services are now
managing data across 20 sites, with
more to come. Our final year will be
one of stabilisation and
consolidation. EUDAT has laid
excellent foundations for a truly
pan-European haven for today’s –
and tomorrow’s – research data.
The newsletter of EPCC, the supercomputing centre at the University of Edinburgh
Rob Baxter
[email protected]
EUDAT common core
technologies
iRODS, the Integrated RuleOriented Data System from
RENCI1
Global Handle System through
the European Persistent Identifier
Consortium2
GridFTP and Globus Online3
CERN’s Invenio4
CKAN metadata repository5.
1. http://www.renci.org
2. E
PIC consortium: http://pidconsortium.eu
Global Handle System, http://www.handle.
net
3. http://www.globusonline.org
4. http://invenio-software.org
5. ckan.org
8
HPC makes better
business
SUPERCOMPUTING
SCOTLAND
business innovation through high performance computing
Integrated Environmental Systems (IES) is the world’s leading provider of
software and consultancy services focused on making the built
environment more energy-efficient, so reducing overheads and CO2
emissions. We worked with IES to improve the performance of its SunCast
software, which is used by architects and designers to analyse sun
shadows, solar penetration and the effects of solar gains on the thermal
performance and comfort of buildings.
SunCast processes each hour of a
design day in series. In all there are
448 separate calculation tasks (160
diffuse and 288 direct) to be
performed for any given model.
EPCC ported SunCast to run over
Microsoft MPI, so allowing the
parallel processing of tasks, one per
computer processor. When a
processor has completed a
calculation, it uses MPI to notify the
controlling processor of its results
and that it is ready to be assigned
another task.
Reduced analysis times
Now MPI-compliant, SunCast can
run on a supercomputer, creating
huge time savings. In one extremely
complex analysis, the run-time was
reduced from an estimated 30 days
to 24 hours.
Reduction in analysis times allows
IES to keep ahead of the
competition by delivering faster
turnaround times for clients.
Reductions in analysis times also
allow IES to perform more detailed
analysis than previously.
9
New business model
MPI-enabled SunCast has opened
up a new business model for IES being able to sell SunCast through
the cloud on a pay-per-use basis.
This offering is open to IES endusers either as a managed service,
where IES provides additional
reportage, or as a self-managed
service. Both routes will provide
additional revenue streams to IES.
Using the MPI in IES Consultancy
has also increased the efficiency
– and therefore profitability – of the
company’s own consultancy
offering. At time of writing, it had
been used with 4 live projects with
an average analysis time of under
12 hours. These particular projects
were very large and complex and
would previously have taken several
weeks.
FORTISSIMO
IES is also engaged with EPCC on
the FORTISSIMO programme: see
opposite.
Ronnie Galloway
[email protected]
This work was carried out as part
of Supercomputing Scotland, a
joint EPCC-Scottish Enterprise
programme.
IES
www.iesve.com
Supercomputing Scotland
www.supercomputingscotland.org
EPCC offers faster MATLAB®
programs and Simulink® models
EPCC’s Accelerator service provides instant, on-demand
access to the full suite of MathWorks’ software products.
MATLAB® and Simulink® users can
now gain significant performance
advantages by running their
computations and models on large
memory, multi-core HPC platforms
without the need for costly
investment in new computing
infrastructure.
Our unique service lets you launch
computations and simulations on
EPCC’s facilities directly from your
desktop using MATLAB® Parallel
Computing Toolbox (PCT). Parallel
up-scaling can be achieved through
MATLAB® Distributed Computing
Server (DCS), providing access to
even greater performance
improvements.
Full pay-per-use access is provided
using on-demand, hourly access to
DCS and HPC cycles. DCS product
use is billed by MathWorks, whilst
use of the HPC infrastructure is
billed by EPCC.
As an alternative, users can run
MATLAB® and Simulink® on
EPCC’s platforms within the context
of their current perpetual or annual
PCT and DCS licences.
George Graham
[email protected]
Find out more
To set up a secure Accelerator
account, or to request a trial, visit:
www.epcc.ed.ac.uk/facilities/
demand-computing
Fortissimo! Digital simulation and
modelling for European industry
EPCC has worked with companies – large and small – since it
was set up in 1990. Despite our best efforts, we know there are
many companies across Europe who could benefit from HPCenabled modelling and simulation but who don’t use it, either
through a lack of knowledge or fear of its costs or complexity.
In Scotland, our most recent
programme of support for smaller
enterprises, Supercomputing
Scotland, has been running
successfully for almost two years.
The pan-European Fortissimo
project will complement our existing
activities in this area.
The PlanetHPC project made the
case for greater European
Commission investment in support
for modelling and simulation for
Europe’s companies. Building on
this work, EPCC led the
development of the Fortissimo
project as part of the European
Commission’s Framework 7
Factories of the Future initiative.
Project structure
Fortissimo is split into four equal
parts:
• A core team of partners, mainly
HPC service providers, who will
create and manage the Cloud of
HPC resources
Mark Parsons
[email protected]
• An initial tranche of 20
experiments, each involving a
company with a modelling and
simulation challenge and some
experts
• Two further Open Calls for
experiments which will start at
Month 12 and 18 of the project.
With total costs of €22 million and
funding from the European
Commission of €16 million, this is a
major project for us.
The initial consortium consists of 45
partners and 20 experiments. We
expect this to grow to around 90
partners and 50-60 experiments by
the end of the project.
The newsletter of EPCC, the supercomputing centre at the University of Edinburgh
Fortissimo
www.fortissimo-project.eu
PlanetHPC
www.planethpc.eu
Supercomputing Scotland
www.supercomputingscotland.org
10
The effects of
a timpani drum
strike modelled
over time. Image:
Adrian Mouat &
Stefan Bilbao.
Next Generation
sound synthesis
When you think about applications for high performance
computing and large-scale simulations, you probably don’t
think of music. But the Next Generation Sound Synthesis
project (NESS) may change that.
Until now, most digital sound
synthesis has either used primitive
abstract methods (such as additive
synthesis and FM synthesis) or
used combinations of pre-recorded
samples to generate music. These
methods are computationally cheap
but they have their limitations notably, they don’t always sound
realistic, they can be hard for
musicians to control, and they lack
flexibility. A newer method, physical
modelling synthesis, promises to
overcome these limitations - but at
the cost of being much more
computationally intensive.
In the NESS project, researchers
from the Acoustics Group at the
University of Edinburgh have
teamed up with EPCC to further
develop physical modelling
synthesis, using HPC techniques to
overcome the computational
barriers. The goal is to generate the
highest quality synthetic sounds
possible, with GPU (graphics
processing unit) acceleration to help
keep run times manageable.
11
The computational difficulty of
these problems varies widely; from
simple linear 1-dimensional models
that can easily run in real-time on a
single processor, to 3D models of
large spaces that are not feasible to
run at all on current hardware due
to memory constraints. However,
the large problems are very well
suited to GPU acceleration as they
mostly involve performing the same
simple operations over and over
again on many different data items
- exactly what GPUs are good at.
James Perry
[email protected]
The NESS project started in
January 2012 and will run for a total
of five years. Several acoustic
models, including plates, timpanis
and whole rooms, are under
development and more are planned.
An interface is also being developed
to allow visiting composers to make
use of the models as easily as
possible.
• Nonlinear plate and shell vibration
NESS is funded by the European
Research Council.
The project focuses on six areas,
covering a range of musical
instrument families:
• Brass instruments
• Electromechanical instruments
• Modular synthesis environments
• Room acoustics modelling
• Embeddings and spatialisation
www.ness-music.eu
Design rules for new soft materials
Soft materials include colloids, pastes, emulsions, foams, surfactant solutions, powders and
liquid crystals. Everyday examples are (respectively) paint, toothpaste, mayonnaise, shaving
cream, shampoo, talcum powder and the mess that results when soap is left in water. Soft
materials are also used in many industrial areas such as drug delivery and electronic displays.
Improving existing products and designing new ones are the goals of active research.
EPCC works with Prof. Mike Cates
at The University of Edinburgh to
investigate soft materials as part of
a programme funded by the UK
Engineering and Physical Sciences
Research Council. The intention of
this work is to combine theoretical
and experimental approaches,
alongside computer simulation, to
establish scientific design principles
that will allow the creation of a new
generation of soft materials for use
in future technologies. Prof. Cates
and his group perform theoretical,
computational and experimental
work on many different aspects of
soft materials; EPCC supports the
computational side of these
activities by providing expertise in
simulation and high performance
computing (HPC).
Such simulations complement the
work of both theorists and
experimentalists, and can help to
identify design principles from
existing materials. This is important
in areas where analytical progress is
difficult or impossible, and where
practical approaches are technically
awkward or prohibitively expensive.
Important simulation approaches
for soft materials, where relevant
structure is typically at the
“mesoscale”, include atomistic
molecular dynamics and coarsegrained methods (which discard
atomistic detail in return for larger
length and time scales). Irrespective
of the exact type of simulation, the
computational effort required calls
for state-of-the-art HPC. This soft
materials research generates close
collaboration with other EPCC
activities such as the CRESTA
project, and makes use of UK
Research Council resources, as well
as European ones such as PRACE.
Even long-established products are
continuously being updated or
replaced. Such reformulation can
make products healthier, safer, or
more environmentally-friendly. The
process of developing new soft
materials, or improving existing
ones, usually involves a large
element of trial and error. A set of
design principles, based on wellunderstood fundamental science,
could speed up that process.
The newsletter of EPCC, the supercomputing centre at the University of Edinburgh
Oliver Henrich
[email protected]
Kevin Stratford
[email protected]
Soft materials form many
consumer products:
computer simulation aids
their design.
www.rsc.org/softmatter
Volume 9 | Number 43 | 21 November 2013 | Pages 10209–10428
ISSN 1744-683X
PAPER
Oliver Henrich et al.
Rheology of cubic blue phases
1744-683X(2013)9:43;1-#
The group’s work appeared in the
Soft Matter journal: Henrich et al.
Rheology of cubic blue phases,
Soft Matter 9,10243-10256, 2013.
12
In 2011 a call for proposals for transatlantic research collaborations to
address “Software Grand Challenges in the Chemical Sciences” was
published by EPSRC and the US National Science Foundation. EPCC has
risen to the occasion with roles in three of the four consortia currently
funded to research and develop software solutions to these challenges. Here
are two of them.
APES: Advanced Potential
Energy Surfaces
The APES (Advanced Potential Energy Surfaces) project aims to
incorporate novel potential energy surface models into a range of
computational chemistry packages including Amber, DL_POLY,
ONETEP, and Q-Chem.
The choice of a suitable potential
energy function is critical to
performing meaningful molecular
modelling and molecular mechanics
simulations. Most established force
field models in computational
chemistry software use nonpolarisable fixed-point-charge
approximations as these are
computationally cheap and give
reasonable results for equilibrium
properties and for homogeneous
systems. However, these models
fall short when describing manybody effects, dynamical properties,
heterogeneous and out of
equilibrium systems. This is a major
limiting factor for the successful
application of computer simulations
to a variety of Grand Challenge
problems in computational
chemistry, biochemistry and
materials science.
APES will develop and promote the
use of polarisable force fields based
on AMOEBA (Atomic Multipole
Optimized Energetics for
Biomolecular Applications), a
prominent empirical polarisable
force field model that allows atomcentred charges to vary depending
on their environment. AMOEBA
13
includes polarisable atomic
multipoles derived directly from ab
initio quantum mechanical electron
densities, and offers clear and
systematic improvements in
accuracy that make it a prime
candidate for use in future grand
challenge applications.
Arno Proeme
[email protected]
Mario Antonioletti
[email protected]
EPCC, together with the Software
Sustainability Institute, will:
•P
rovide a distributed memory
parallelisation of TINKER, the
reference implementation of
AMOEBA, to take advantage of
large-scale compute resources
•T
est and validate the algorithms
used in TINKER and promote
interoperability with other
packages to promote uptake of
advanced polarisable force fields.
APES’s outputs will give
researchers better tools for
understanding the structure and
function of molecules. By using
open development processes, a
community will be built around
packages that implement AMOEBA.
This should make the future
development and adoption of this
force field self-sustaining.
About APES
APES will develop and promote
the use of polarisable force
fields based on AMOEBA
(Atomic Multipole Optimized
Energetics for Biomolecular
Applications), a prominent
empirical polarisable force field
model that allows atom-centred
charges to vary depending on
their environment.
The APES project started in
April 2013 and will run for three
years.
A free energy landscape of the Alanine-12
molecule mapped out in two diffusion
coordinates determined without a priori
knowledge of the system. Key stable and
transition structures are labelled as shown.
From “Discovering Mountain Passes via
Torchlight: Methods for the Definition of
Reaction Coordinates and Pathways in
Complex Macromolecular Reactions” by
Mary A. Rohrdanz, Wenwei Zheng, and
Cecilia Clementi. Annual review of physical
chemistry 64 (2013): 295-316.
ExTASY: Extensible Toolkit
for Advanced Sampling
and analYsis
The ExTASY project tackles
the problem of understanding
the behaviour and function of
complex macromolecules
such as proteins, DNA, and
other biomolecules through
sampling with Molecular
Dynamics.
The key problem is that to preserve
accuracy, MD must use a time-step
of only a few femtoseconds,
whereas many events of biological
importance occur on the order of
seconds to hours. Even with
state-of-the art simulation software,
high-performance computing and
purpose-built hardware, only
milliseconds of MD are feasible
today.
The ExTASY project proposes a
three-pronged attack on the
problem:
• Support for high-performance
high-throughput execution of
ensembles of MD calculations -
managing thousands of coupled
parallel jobs, and orchestrating
‘big data’ movement in a
heterogeneous environment.
• Developing novel analysis tools to
allow on-the-fly control of the
simulations to rigorously bias
sampling towards the rare events.
• Providing a flexible and portable
interface to couple existing MD
programs with new algorithms for
ultra-large time steps integration.
If we can achieve these three
objectives together in a single
framework or toolkit - ExTASY
- then we will truly make a step
change in our ability to compute
and understand the dynamics of
these complex macromolecular
systems.
The ExTASY project consortium is
led by Prof. Cecilia Clementi of Rice
University and totals seven partner
institutions, including EPCC.
The newsletter of EPCC, the supercomputing centre at the University of Edinburgh
Iain Bethune
[email protected]
Locally-scaled diffusion
maps
Mapping out the transformations
of biomolecules from one
folded state to another is of key
importance in understanding
their function.
The LSDMap program,
developed in collaboration with
EPCC, allows these mappings to
be generated up to 100x faster
than conventional methods.
LSDMap analysis is one of the
tools which will become part of
ExTASY.
http://sourceforge.net/projects/
lsdmap
14
Next Generation Computing
What will next generation computing be like, and how should
research, development and innovation be directed to achieve
our vision of the future?
This is the question that EPCC and
our partners eutema, Optimat Ltd
and 451 Research are attempting to
answer under a contract with the
European Commission to advise on
its Horizon2020 work programme.
Under the contract, we will make
recommendations for the future
direction of research in the form of a
roadmap.
It has become increasingly difficult
to make predictions about
computing because many
challenges that we see today (eg
the need for energy-efficient
computing, more heterogeneous
computing and dealing with big
data) will almost certainly cause
disruptive changes. There are also
non-technical issues to consider.
The massive take-up of social
media for example is something few
could have foreseen fifteen years
ago. Will there be corresponding
phenomena in the next decade that
will define the markets for next
generation computing?
Mark Sawyer
[email protected]
We are trying to predict the future
by looking at the past and by
consulting today’s experts. We have
interviewed leading industry and
academic figures, held an online
consultation, and run a workshop to
analyse possible future scenarios.
Together with examining existing
technology and market trends that
we know are happening today, we
are beginning to see a picture of
what next generation computing
may look like.
The project will publish its
findings in early 2014 and
will hold a further workshop
to present the results to
researchers.
GPGPU hardware for Numerical Simulations
NAIS
The NAIS project (Numerical Algorithms and Intelligent
Software), which EPCC is a member of, has recently
purchased 8 NVIDIA K20 GPGPUs and associated computer
nodes for use by NAIS members and researchers.
The GPGPUs complement similar
hardware that EPCC hosts for NAIS
(NVIDIA Tesla GPGPUs) and will
allow NAIS researchers to explore
issues of performance and
programmability associated with
using such computing resources for
scientific simulation.
housed in a 2U server chassis,
along with two 8-core Intel Xeon
processors and 128GB of memory.
This provides a double precision
peak performance per node of over
5.3 TFlop/s, with 16 processor
cores and 7488 GPU cores
available in each node.
We are currently installing these
GPGPUs in two compute nodes
that will be attached to EPCC’s
existing hydra cluster, enabling
access to the compilers and
libraries installed on that system
and facilitating scheduling of access
to these GPGPUs through the
common batch system used on
hydra. Four GPGPUs are each
Whilst these GPGPU resources
have been purchased for NAIS, they
are a resource that can be used by
the computational simulation,
mathematics, and HPC
communities in general. If you are
interested accessing these systems,
please contact us.
15
Adrian Jackson, EPCC
[email protected]
About NAIS
NAIS is a collaboration between
the universities of Edinburgh,
Strathclyde and Heriot Watt. It
is funded by EPSRC and the
Scottish Funding Council (SFC).
These GPGPU resources are
funded directly by a grant from
SFC to provide high performance
computing resources for
researchers.
www.nais.org.uk
Adept kicks off!
The Adept project is motivated by the desire to understand the energy
consumption of parallel codes on various hardware platforms, from HPC
to Embedded systems, and how programmers can optimise their codes for
power efficiency as well as runtime, memory usage and I/O.
Led by EPCC, Adept will build on
the HPC community’s skills in
writing efficient parallel software,
and the Embedded computing
community’s skills in working within
strict power budgets.
EPCC’s technical contributions will
be providing benchmark codes,
real-life case studies based on
scientific software, and provisioning
and instrumenting hardware.
Kick-off
Adept started in September and we
held our kick-off meeting in
Edinburgh shortly after that. The
project partners travelled from
Sweden (Uppsala University and
Ericsson), Belgium (Ghent) as well
as from just across town (Alpha
Data).
This first meeting discussed the
general logistics of the project, but
its key purpose was to ensure
everyone involved could get up to
speed quickly and focus on
technical discussions.
Key issues
We took the opportunity to start
addressing some of the key issues
the project wants to tackle:
•W
hat micro-, kernel- and
application-level benchmarks can
we develop that will allow us to
measure power consumption of
hardware components and to
evaluate power use of different
programming models and parallel
algorithms?
Michele Weiland
[email protected]
•W
hat hardware architectures, both
representative of HPC and
Embedded, are we going to
measure power consumption on,
and how will we achieve the high
granularity we require for our
modelling tool?
•W
hat information and data will we
need to extract from both the
benchmarks and the hardware,
and how will it feed into our
performance and power model?
The meeting was wrapped up after
a day and a half of in-depth
technical discussions and the
general feeling was that we had
made an excellent start to the
project. We will all get together
again in Ghent in early December. In
the meantime, work will start in
earnest at the different sites and we
hope to be able to report on first
results in the near future – watch
this space!
The newsletter of EPCC, the supercomputing centre at the University of Edinburgh
For more information
on Adept, including
announcements of
upcoming events, see:
www.adept-project.eu
Adept is partially funded by the
7th Framework Programme
of European Commission. It
started on the 1st September
2013 and is set to run for 3
years.
16
ECO2Clouds:
energy-efficiency
in cloud computing
The EU-funded ECO2Clouds project is investigating how to
make cloud computing more energy-efficient. The overall goal
of the project is to couple the functional and economic
advantages of cloud computing with measures that enable
cloud providers and applications developers to be more aware
of the impact their operational and design decisions have on
the environment.
The project was developed as an
extension of the BonFIRE cloud
testing platform, however the
approach is general and could be
applied to other cloud platforms.
The ECO2Clouds utilities track the
energy usage on a cloud
infrastructure at three different
layers:
• Infrastructure layer: ie on the
underlying physical host computer
and site where it resides
• Virtual Machine (VM) layer: ie the
VMs that run on the host
computer
• Application/Experiment layer: the
application running on the cloud
VMs.
To store and make available these
metrics to all ECO2Clouds modules,
the ECO2Clouds Accounting Service
was devised. A component of this
Service, the Monitoring Collector,
has been the recent focus of the
EPCC team.
Monitoring Collector
The Monitoring Collector is the
component of the ECO2Clouds
Accounting Service tasked with
17
tracking all ECO2Clouds relevant
resources, gathering their
associated eco-metrics and
recording them in a persistent
database. These metrics are then
utilised to inform decisions made by
the ECO2Clouds Scheduler: the
software component which uses
optimisation techniques to produce
energy efficient application
deployment configurations.
The Monitoring Collector comprises
three elements: the Monitor, the
Collector and the accounting
database. A relational database
system is used with the schema
allowing for the association and
dependencies between cloud
resources at the different layers to
be successfully captured. Generally,
these are that an experiment can
contain zero or more virtual
machines while a virtual machine
can belong to only a single
experiment, a virtual machine can
only be on a single physical host
machine at any one time but may
migrate to a different host during its
lifetime, a host can only exist at a
single site, and a site can contain
multiple hosts.
Dominic Sloan-Murphy
[email protected]
Monitoring collector block
interaction diagram.
Message management
The Monitor subscribes to the
BonFIRE Management Message
Queue (MMQ) through which all
BonFIRE experiment notifications
pass. BonFIRE is the cloud
infrastructure currently used by
ECO2Clouds. All messages from the
queue are filtered by relevance, ie
are they associated with
ECO2Clouds and are they an
experiment or compute resource
event? The Monitor extracts
identifying information, such as the
experiment ID, from the filtered
messages and updates the
accounting database to enable
tracking of experiment resources
and statuses.
The Collector is a concurrent
component responsible for
periodically gathering metric values
for each of the resource layers.
Metrics are measured by Zabbix,
the enterprise-class monitoring
solution capable of capturing
statistics for all resource types. For
host and site metrics, each site
maintains a Zabbix infrastructure
“aggregator” charged with
aggregating all monitoring data
related to that site and its physical
host machines. Similarly, each
ECO2Clouds experiment contains
an experiment aggregator
responsible for the application and
VM layer metrics.
The Collector first queries the
accounting database for a list of
active resources. This list is then
employed to selectively query the
appropriate aggregators, using an
extension to the BonFIRE
Application Programming Interface,
for all ECO2Clouds relevant metrics.
This process is then repeated at an
established polling rate dependent
on the desired age of the data to
make available to the Scheduler
and other parts of the accounting
service.
Through the Monitoring Collector,
the ECO2Clouds Scheduler
therefore has access to the
necessary information to enable it
to inform cloud providers and
application developers of the
impact that particular configurations
and deployments will have on their
environment. This tool will therefore
enable them to make
environmentally aware decisions.
The newsletter of EPCC, the supercomputing centre at the University of Edinburgh
About the project
ECO2Clouds is a collaboration
between:
• EPCC
• ATOS (Spain)
• University of Manchester
(UK)
• The University of Stuttgart’s
High Performance
Computing Centre HLRS
(Germany)
• Politecnico di Milano (Italy)
• Inria (France).
http://eco2clouds.eu
18
Addressing
parallelism in
legacy code
Over the past few years, multicore
processors have become standard
for all forms of computer, from
mobile phones, to laptops, through
to supercomputers. Processor
manufacturers, unable to deliver
cost-effective performance
improvements through increased
clock speed, have resorted to
coupling together multiple cores
into a CPU.
Whilst Multicore and Manycore
(such as GPGPUs) processors
provide unprecedented parallelism
and speeds in individual computing
devices, the processing power of
the individual cores in those
processors has declined.
Parallelisation problem
This presents a problem for the
wide range of existing applications
currently used by companies and
individuals for their work and play.
Ensuring these applications can
realise the performance potential of
modern hardware, and indeed that
they don’t decline in performance
due to the reduction in power of
individual cores, requires the
investment of significant effort and
skill in parallelising software for
these architectures.
However, few software engineers
have the experience of parallel
programming needed to convert
companies’ large legacy code-base
to parallelism. This skill shortage
represents a significant problem,
which DynaPar addresses.
DynaPar implements an assisted19
parallelisation approach that
overcomes the limitations of the
more usual source-code analysis
tools by incorporating information
from actual runs of the application
with representative datasets. We
have demonstrated an ability to
deliver 96% of the performance of a
manual parallelisation approach1, 2,
taking a fraction of the time to
complete and with limited demands
on the programmer’s understanding
of parallelisation.
Platform portability
DynaPar not only helps to address
the parallel-programming skill
shortage, but it also makes
applications more sustainable
through platform portability. Using
conventional approaches, taking a
parallel application from one
computer architecture to another is
a time-consuming and complicated
process. DynaPar effectively
automates the porting process by
using machine learning: a little
preparation to train the tool for a
new architecture allows one to
compress the porting task into a
short, clearly defined process.
We are currently working with
companies in Edinburgh to evaluate
the performance and useability of
the tool on existing C and C++
codes, and following this evaluation
period we will be looking to roll out
a full product, probably integrated
into modern development
environments (such as Eclipse), to
help companies in parallelising
programs.
Adrian Jackson, EPCC
[email protected]
Björn Franke, Institute for
Computing Systems Architecture,
School of Informatics
[email protected]
EPCC, working with the School of
Informatics at Edinburgh, has been
developing a parallelisation tool
called DynaPar, designed to assist
developers with parallelising serial
programs.
The collaboration, funded through
the Numerical Algorithms and
Intelligent Software (NAIS) project,
builds on research undertaken in
Informatics to identify parallel
patterns in computer programs.
1. G.Tournavitis, Z.Wang, B.Franke and M.O’Boyle:
Towards a Holistic Approach to Auto-Parallelization:
Integrating Profile-Driven Parallelism Detection and
Machine-Learning Based Mapping, ACM SIGPLAN
Conference on Programming Language Design and
Implementation (PLDI’09), Dublin, Ireland, June 15,
2009
2. G.Tournavitis and B.Franke: Semi-Automatic
Extraction and Exploitation of Hierarchical Pipeline
Parallelism Using Profiling Information, Proceedings
of the International Conference on Parallel
Architectures and Compilation Techniques (PACT
‘10), Vienna, Austria, September 11-15, 2010.
www.nais.org.uk
Exascale research
in Europe
Participants of the exascale
projects’ meeting in Barcelona.
CRESTA is one of three complementary exascale projects funded by the EC. CRESTA’s
software focus sits comfortably with the DEEP and Mont-Blanc projects’ focus on
developing new hardware. Together, these projects underpin Europe’s strategy for
developing, producing and exploiting exascale platforms.
SC’13 activities
Collaboration activities have
significantly increased between
these projects over the past year.
Following a series of successful
joint birds-of-a-feather (BOF)
sessions at SC and ISC, we expect
our SC’13 BOF on ‘Building on the
European Exascale Approach’ to
stimulate interesting debate.
The three projects will share a booth
on the exhibit floor at SC’13, with
demos from all three projects.
CRESTA will demonstrate its tools
(TUD’s VAMPIR and MUST, Allinea
DDT and Allinea MAP) and its
applications (such as ECMWF’s
numerical weather prediction code
IFS, and HemeLB, the computation
Haemodynamics code from UCL for
simulating blood flow).
We will also show a series of videos
highlighting the socio-economic
impact of the different applications
engaged in CRESTA.
Future collaboration
The three projects had a successful
meeting in Barcelona this summer,
where we identified a number of key
areas of potential collaboration.
These included: testing CRESTA
software on the other projects’
hardware; tools training on each
other’s profiling and debugging
tools; and testing novel
programming models such as
OpenACC and SMPSs on each
other’s applications.
MPI for exascale
Finally, it is worth highlighting
EPCC’s new exascale project,
developed from work within
CRESTA. Our collaborators at KTH
in Sweden are leading an FP7
project on preparing MPI for the
exascale. This will explore
innovative, potentially disruptive
concepts and algorithms for
message passing. Its ‘Exascale
MPI’ workshop at SC’13 will be a
good opportunity to learn more.
This is an exciting time in European
exascale research. In its final year,
CRESTA will produce a series of
systemware software components,
enhanced versions of our co-design
applications and new novel
scientific examples. We will keep
you posted on their arrival.
The newsletter of EPCC, the supercomputing centre at the University of Edinburgh
Lorna Smith
[email protected]
CRESTA (Collaborative
Research into Exascale
Systemware, Tools and
Applications) investigates
the software challenges of
utilising future exascale
resources. Coordinated by
EPCC, this FP7 project has
now entered its final year.
www.cresta-project.eu
Find us at SC’13
• Exascale MPI workshop
Nov 22, 9.00–13.00
• Building on the European
Exascale Approach
Nov 19, 12:15–13:15
• European Exascale Projects
(Booth 374)
• EPCC, University of Edinburgh
(Our own booth: 3932)
20
Performance of
CP2K for an ab initio
MD run with 64 water
molecules on the
Xeon Phi, showing
the effect of task
placement.
First impressions of
the Intel® Xeon Phi™
Based on Intel’s Many Integrated
Core (MIC) architecture, each Xeon
Phi card comprises 60 physical
cores with 4-way simultaneous
multi-threading (SMT), meaning that
there are up to 240 virtual threads
available to the user. Each core has
a 512-bit wide SIMD vectorprocessing unit. With a clock speed
of 1.053 GHz, this results in an
aggregate peak double precision
floating-point performance of 1.01
TFLOP/s - all contained inside a
single PCI card package, and using
less than 225 Watts!
which we have successfully ported
to the Phi and are currently
optimising with support from the
PRACE project. One of our MSc
students, Jonathan Low, ported a
medical imaging application as part
of his dissertation project, and we
have several external users working
with codes in the field of
Geoscience and Optics.
If we consider that just 10 years
ago, the National Service HPCx
Phase 1 delivered 2.2 TFLOP/s
peak, occupied over 40 cabinets
and was the sole Capability
Computing resource for the entire
UK computational science
community, then it seems we have
come a rather long way in 10 years!
The Xeon Phi cards can be
programmed using a number of
different models including OpenMP,
MPI, Intel Thread Build Blocks
(TBB), Intel Cilk+, and OpenCL.
Intel emphasises the ease-of-use
compared with competitors such as
CUDA on the NVIDIA GPU platform.
To cross-compile code for the MIC
architecture, all the user needs to
do is use the Intel C/C++/Fortran
compiler with the –mmic flag and
ensure that any libraries required by
the code are also compiled for Xeon
Phi. This makes porting existing
parallel codes much easier than
having to re-write large amounts of
code in another language.
Xeon Phi at EPCC
Two Intel Xeon Phi 5110P cards
were installed in May as an
extension to our ‘Hydra’ cluster and
were made available to staff and
students for testing and evaluation.
The majority of our initial
investigations have involved the
CP2K materials science application,
21
For the benefit of others who may
be considering Xeon Phi, our key
findings are below.
Programmability
Fiona Reid
[email protected]
Iain Bethune
[email protected]
Over the last few
months at EPCC we
have been evaluating
the new Xeon Phi
co-processor from
Intel, which recently
powered the Chinese
Tianhe-2 cluster to
the number 1 spot on
the Top500 list.
Performance of FFT libraries on
Xeon Phi. Problem sizes are typical
to those used by CP2K.
Application scalability
and low memory usage
To get the best performance from
the Xeon Phi, you need an
application which can scale up to
240 cores. Unlike conventional
processors, the Xeon Phi needs to
keep as many of its 240 virtual
cores busy as possible. However,
the Xeon Phi cards have relatively
small amounts of memory - 8GB
total, or around 34MB per thread.
Most applications designed for
memory-rich, multi-core CPUs will
therefore run out of memory before
enough threads can be generated to
make full use of the Xeon Phi
processors. New algorithms that
minimise memory use or maximise
sharing between threads may be
needed.
Task placement
Even for an application with 240
low-memory threads, if the threads
are poorly distributed across the
physical cores then very poor
performance can result as the cores
will transfer much more memory
across the ring interconnect which
couples the cores to main memory.
The figure on the opposite page
shows the performance of MPI,
OpenMP and MPI/OpenMP versions
of CP2K running in native mode on
the Xeon Phi. It is very important to
place threads as close as possible
to their parent process while
maintaining overall load balance of
tasks, particularly when running in
mixed-mode.
Performance tuning
In addition to parallelism, serial
code must also be tuned for the
Xeon Phi in order to get maximum
performance. Arranging loops to
allow compiler vectorisation (the
MIC SIMD unit can perform 8
double-precision FMA per cycle) or
by utilising specially tuned libraries
(such as Intel’s MKL) for key
computational kernels of your code
is crucial.
The image above shows a
comparison of the performance of
the widely-used FFTW 3.3.3 library
versus the Intel MKL implementation
of FFTW3, which has been tuned to
specifically for the Xeon Phi. In our
tests, MKL outperformed FFTW3 by
up to 6x for 1D FFTs and 3x for 3D
FFTs. For codes which spend a
considerable time doing Fourier
Transforms, using the correct library
could have a significant impact on
performance.
The newsletter of EPCC, the supercomputing centre at the University of Edinburgh
22
MSc in High Performance
Computing
Students and staff from
all three MScs.
This year we welcome new students from
10 different countries to our MSc in High
Performance Computing.
The School of Physics & Astronomy
has recently launched new MSc
programmes in Theoretical and
Mathematical Physics, so our
students are now part of a larger
taught postgraduate community in
the School.
It is an exciting time for the MSc in
HPC, as this year’s students will be
the first to have access to ARCHER,
the new UK National
Supercomputer hosted in Edinburgh
(see p4 for more details).
At the recent two-day induction
event, our new students were
introduced to the University, to
EPCC, and most importantly to their
fellow students and teaching staff.
Not only do the students come from
a wide range of countries, they have
a diverse range of backgrounds;
some have recently graduated from
undergraduate studies, some have
been in employment, while others
have been doing research work in
other or related fields. They have all
now come together to learn about
parallel programming and HPC
technologies.
Industrial projects
In addition to a wide range of
academic dissertation projects, this
year our MSc students will have the
opportunity to undertake their
dissertation project with a local
23
company. By undertaking an
industry-based dissertation project,
students will have the opportunity
to enhance their skills and
employability by tackling a realworld industry project, gaining
workplace experience, exploring
potential career paths and building
relationships with local companies.
In addition there will be an
opportunity to win the Summer
Industry Project Prize.
Cluster Competition
We will again be offering a team of
students the opportunity to
participate in the International
Supercomputing Conference’s
Student Cluster Competition as part
of their MSc dissertation project.
Student teams from around the
world build high-performance
clusters and compete against each
other to achieve the maximum
performance from a set of
benchmarks and applications.
The MSc dissertation is considered
by many students to be the
culmination of their degree and
we’re pleased to be able to offer
such a wide range of project
opportunities that cater for the wide
range of interests, backgrounds and
aspirations of our students.
Crystal Lei
[email protected]
2012 dissertations
The class of 2012 recently received
their degree classifications. To see
their MSc dissertations go to:
www.epcc.ed.ac.uk/msc/overview/
programme-structure/mscdissertations/.
MSc in HPC
www.epcc.ed.ac.uk/msc
Industrial projects
www.msc-projects.ph.ed.ac.uk/
ISC’14 Student Cluster
Competition
http://hpcadvisorycouncil.com/
events/2014/isc14-studentcluster-competition/
Workshop for research
software engineers
The Software Sustainability
Institute’s inaugural Workshop for
Research Software Engineers was
held at the Oxford e-Research
Centre in September.
It brought together a wide range of
interested parties to discuss the
challenges facing the application of
software to research, from funding
models to infrastructure provision.
The day was split into two - with the
morning dedicated to sharing of
experiences and best practices
including keynotes from Mark
Hahnel who left academia to
develop Figshare, and Professor Ian
Gent, author of The Recomputation
Manifesto. The afternoon was spent
in groups discussing and proposing
solutions to the issues affecting
software engineers who support
research. These are wide-ranging
and won’t be immediately resolved
but there was a consensus that a
strong community, fostered by
events such as the workshop,
should inform policy-making at the
SSI. They in turn can encourage
funders and institutions to apply
metrics that more effectively value
the contribution of RSEs in the
future, hopefully leading to more
recognition and higher-quality
software and research.
Software
Sustainability
Institute
Mark Woodbridge, Imperial
College London
[email protected]
Software Sustainability
Institute
www.software.ac.uk
DiRAC driving test
roll-out under way
The “driving test” developed by The Software Sustainability Institute,
Software Carpentry and the DiRAC consortium is now being rolled out
across DiRAC’s regional sites.
DiRAC is the UK’s integrated
supercomputing facility for
theoretical modelling and HPCbased research in particle physics,
astronomy and cosmology.
The driving test is a basic software
skills aptitude test which covers
useful, and essential, software
development skills including:
• the shell and automation
• version control
• testing
• code review
• using public/private keypairs
• secure shell.
Training coordinators at DiRAC’s
sites in Durham, London, Leeds,
Edinburgh, Leicester, Exeter and
Cambridge are collectively running
through 70 post-doctoral research
associates, 130 PhDs and 40 other
new users by the end of this year
between 16th September and early
December. The ongoing cohort is
estimated to be 30-40 a year.
The test is designed to encourage
researchers to undertake training in
essential software development
skills to both benefit their research
and to help ensure DiRAC’s
resources are used as efficiently
and effectively as possible.
The newsletter of EPCC, the supercomputing centre at the University of Edinburgh
Mike Jackson
[email protected]
DiRAC at EPCC
www.epcc.ed.ac.uk/facilities/dirac
24
We know
what you did
last summer
Image shows polarizing microscope texture of
a thin film of liquid crystal. Pic: redorbit.com
The PRACE Summer of HPC is an outreach
initiative which allowed 24 students from across
Europe to spend two months at a High
Performance Computing centre working on a
visualisation project to produce a demo.
The students came from ten
European countries, and their
projects ranged from modelling
bioflow in coronary arteries to
visualizing plasma turbulence. They
all shared a keen interest in
computer simulation as a scientific
methodology, a desire to learn more
about it and share their knowledge
with other young scientists – to
“spread some HPC magic”, as one
student, Vojtech Bardiovsky, put it.
Training
The Summer of HPC began with a
training week at EPCC in Edinburgh.
Five full-time days of courses in
MPI, Open MP and Scientific
Visualisation were taught by
Summer of HPC staff. In the
evenings the students found the
time to explore Edinburgh. After
their training was completed, they
flew off to their host centres to
begin work on their projects.
Four students were hosted at
EPCC: Antoine Dewilde (Belgium),
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Marko Misic (Serbia), Simone de
Camillis (Italy), and Stamatia Tourna
(Greece). As Stamatia said in her
blog: “‘A Belgian, a Serbian, an
Italian and a Greek are at a bus
stop’ could be the beginning of a
joke, but in this case it is the
beginning of our day!”
Projects
The work the students did was far
from a joke, however. These were
exciting times – Marko, who worked
on the CP2K code with Iain
Bethune, had to defeat the
supercomputing Hydra along the
way, and Antoine, together with
Nick Brown, built virtual dinosaurs
and then raced them. Stamatia, with
the help of Nick Johnson, worked
on implementing Python to work
with ScoreP’s tracing library, and
Simone, supervised by Oliver
Henrich and Kevin Stratford, was
looking inside the liquid crystal
display with ParaView.
Irina Nazarova
[email protected]
“These two months working at
EPCC were wonderful;
Edinburgh really welcomed
us. It was an amazing
summer and I would definitely
suggest to anyone to give it a
try. It could really be a
lifetime’s experience.”
Stamatia Tourna
Read more on the blog...
http://summerofhpc.prace-ri.eu
Supercomputing
for the masses
For the second year running, EPCC attended both the British
Science Festival – one of Europe’s largest celebrations of
science, engineering and technology – and Bang Goes the
Borders, a local event that targets families and is held in
Melrose, Scotland.
We hoped to enthuse and inform
the general public, especially young
minds, about what supercomputers
are, what they are used for, and to
even let them have a go on
HECToR, the UK national
supercomputing service, using our
dinosaur-racing demo (see p26).
For the dino-racer, we used a model
of Argentinosaurus, a large
quadruped that walked what is now
Argentina some 96-94 million years
ago. Our demo allows three different
aspects of the dinosaur to be
configured: the foot size, the leg
size and the body size. The model is
then passed on to GaitSym (running
on HECToR) which precalculates its
motion.
Several modified dinosaurs are
placed on a running track and the
race begins! Excited children
cheered on their creature to victory
or ignominy – a bad design risks
causing your dinosaur to fall over
before reaching the finishing line.
Alongside this we have another
demo showing how parallelism can
solve problems more quickly by
sorting coloured balls into boxes.
Individuals and small groups would
compete against the clock to
complete the sorting task. If too
many are working at once they
might get in the way – a
synchronisation problem.
Having learned about parallelism we
showed some HPC hardware – a
Cray XT4, a Cray T3E and a
Connection Machine blade –
comparing these to more familiar
modern desktop hardware. All the
activities work independently of
each other and people can
participate in the parts that interest
them.
We will continue to visit schools and
science events to show why
supercomputers are important and
to convince young people to choose
a career in science.
The newsletter of EPCC, the supercomputing centre at the University of Edinburgh
Mario Antonioletti
[email protected]
Both science festivals
were extremely busy,
with over 500 people
visiting our exhibits.
Dino-racing proved to
be a big draw. More
dinosaur models are in
the pipeline, especially
bipeds like T. rex!
You can read more about our
outreach work on the EPCC blog:
www.epcc.ed.ac.uk/blog
26
Running
with
dinosaurs
We have developed a dino-racing demo based on the pioneering
work by the Animal Simulation Lab at Manchester University
The Animal Simulation Laboratory
at the University of Manchester
investigates animal locomotion by
creating computer simulations. It is
perhaps best known for its work
simulating dinosaur movements
and, by building up accurate
models based upon fossil evidence,
the team have deduced the likely
movements and top speeds of
these prehistoric creatures.
HECToR, the UK national
supercomputing service, was used
in conjunction with their GaitSym
simulator to do much of the hardcore computation and
palaeontologists have learned much
from the results of this work.
Dinosaurs have a special appeal to
many and so we thought we might
be able to use GaitSym and these
models as the basis of an outreach
demonstration. This actually forms
an ideal illustration of HPC because
simulation is increasingly becoming
the third research methodology,
complementing theory and
experimentation. Deducing
dinosaur movements provides a
very clear example of where
scientists need to use simulation to
test their theories, because
experimentation is simply not
possible.
27
Our end goal was for the public to
easily configure their own dinosaur,
simulate its movements on HECToR
and then race it against other
people’s creatures to see who could
design the fastest one. This allows
people to do raw science at our
outreach events - they actually
design these creatures and then
use HPC to validate their dinosaur
before watching it race other
similarly designed creatures.
Initially we developed a prototype,
which connected to GaitSym
running on HECToR and allowed us
to race existing dinosaurs that the
team at Manchester had very
helpfully provided models for. By far
the most detailed model was the
Argentinosaurus and whilst our
early version was certainly work in
progress, the visual impact of
dinosaur skeletons plodding across
the screen was still impressive. This
gave us confidence that, with some
further development, dinosaur
racing could prove to be a
successful outreach activity.
Our early work coincided with
project calls for the Summer of HPC
programme, which offered
undergraduate and junior
postgraduate university students
Nick Brown
[email protected]
the opportunity to spend two
months of the summer at European
HPC centres (see p24). The
programme was specifically after
visualisation projects. Further
development of our virtual
palaeontology prototype seemed
like an ideal fit and Antoine from the
Université libre de Bruxelles joined
us for the summer.
outreach demo, and it would be
sitting alongside our other exhibits.
How would it work outside of the
lab? Would it stand up to a full day
of heavy use? Would the network
connection to HECToR be good
enough? And, most importantly,
would the general public engage
with it and get a clear idea of the
importance of HPC?
Antoine certainly had his work cut
out as there was plenty to do - such
as configuration of the dinosaurs,
improvements to the graphics and
reporting real-time simulation
usage. Lots of development was
done over the eight-week period.
By the time Antoine left, all of our
project goals had been met and
Virtual Palaeontology had
developed from a rough prototype
to a polished application.
The doors opened at 10am, and it
wasn’t long before we had a race
going between two dinosaurs. Not
just kids, but adults too enjoyed
configuring their own dinosaur to
see how well it would perform.
We found out plenty along the way,
such as configuring dinosaurs is
trickier than you might first think!
Not all configurations will work and
poorly designed creatures will fall
over, so half the challenge for
participants is completing the race.
Some people thought that a smaller
one would go faster, and others that
a larger one would be best. Not all
creatures were stable but all at least
managed to run a few metres
before falling over and probably
60% of dinosaurs completed the
race. Regardless of whether a
dinosaur completed the race or not,
we gave the designer a certificate,
with an image of their customised
creature and vital statistics such as
its weight, height and top speed.
It was with some trepidation that we
arrived in Newcastle for the British
Science Festival. This was to be the
debut of our Virtual Palaeontology
Throughout the day the demo was
kept busy, and at times people were
queuing up to try to create the
fastest creature!
The newsletter of EPCC, the supercomputing centre at the University of Edinburgh
Our Virtual
Palaeontology demo
went down very well at
the British Science
Festival, and it has since
been well received at
two more outreach
events.
We have plenty of ideas
for further
developments. Some of
the best have come
from questions asked
about dinosaurs and
HPC by the public
during these events.
You can read more about
our dino-racing demo on the
EPCC blog:
www.epcc.ed.ac.uk/blog
28
Postgraduate Master’s Degree
in High Performance Computing
Scholarships available for 2014/15
This MSc is offered by EPCC, an institute
at the University of Edinburgh.
EPCC is one of
Europe’s leading
supercomputing centres
and operates ARCHER,
a 72,000-processor
Cray XC30 system.
ARCHER is the new
UK academic High
Performance Computer
System.
This MSc will equip
participants with the
multidisciplinary skills and
knowledge to lead the
way in the field of High
Performance Computing.
Through our strong links
with industry, we also offer
our students the opportunity
to undertake their Master’s
dissertation with one of
a wide range of local
companies.
The University of
Edinburgh is consistently
ranked among the top 50
universities in the world*.
*Times Higher World
University Ranking
www.epcc.ed.ac.uk/msc
The newsletter of EPCC, the supercomputing centre at the University of Edinburgh
29