What is Corporal Punishment?

Transcription

Michele Knox, Ph.D.
Professor of Psychiatry
University of Toledo College of Medicine
[email protected]
Copyright 2015 Michele Knox, University of Toledo
What is Corporal
Punishment?
The use of physical force with the intention of causing
a child to experience pain, but not injury, for the
purpose of correction or control of the child’s behavior
1
Does it happen often?
By parent report, the average
preschool-age child is hit
3 times per week by a parent*
*This is based on recall. When a
diary is used, the rate is 6x that,
or 18 times per week.
Straus, M. (2010). PREVALENCE, SOCIETAL CAUSES, AND TRENDS IN CORPORAL
PUNISHMENT BY PARENTS IN WORLD PERSPECTIVE, Law and Contemporary
Problems.
Copyright 2014 University of Toledo; All rights
reserved
Meta-Analyses
Gershoff 2002: Meta-analyses
 Most comprehensive: 88 Studies
 Spanking has several potential negative side
effects, and is inversely associated with
children’s development of prosocial values
and behaviors.
Constructs associated with parental corporal punishment:
Aggressive behaviors (d+= 0.36; small/medium)
Delinquent behaviors (d+= 0.42; small/medium)
Damaged parent/child relationships (d+= -0.58; medium)
Worse child mental health (d+= -0.49; small/medium)
Increased physical abuse of children (d+= 0.69; medium/large)
Increased adult aggression (d+= 0.57; medium)
Increased adult criminal behavior (d+= 0.42; small/medium)
Increased risk of abusing own spouse or child (d+= 0.13; small)
Decreased moral internalization (e.g., obeys rules/helps others
when left alone? d+= -0.33; small/medium)
• Immediate compliance (d+=1.13; large)
-2 of 5 studies demonstrated decreased compliance
-3 of 5 were conducted on children referred for CD
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2
Recent Research:
Harsh Physical Punishment and Mental Health


National Epidemiologic Survey (U.S.)
HPP associated with increased odds of
 mood disorders
 anxiety disorders
 alcohol and drug abuse/dependence
 personality disorders
(after adjusting for sociodemographic variables and family
history of dysfunction)
Afifi, Tracie O., et al. "Physical punishment and mental disorders:
results from a nationally representative US sample." Pediatrics
130.2 (2012): 184-192.
reserved
Recent Research:
Harsh Physical Punishment and Health
National Epidemiologic Survey (U.S.)
HPP (pushing, grabbing, shoving, slapping, and
hitting) in the absence of more severe child
maltreatment
 ^likelihood of cardiovascular disease, arthritis,
obesity, and “any physical condition” in adulthood
 After adjusting for family history of dysfunction and
mental disorders


Afifi, Tracie O., et al. "Harsh physical punishment in childhood and adult
physical health." Pediatrics 132.2 (2013): e333-e340.
reserved
Recent Research:
Spanking and Aggression
Children (did not include kids who were hit
with objects, shaken, beaten) who were
spanked frequently at 3 years were 50
percent more likely to become aggressive
by 5 years.
Longitudinal study, CONTROLLING FOR
PREVIOUS AGGRESSION and other
factors.
Taylor, Catherine A., et al. "Mothers' spanking of 3-year-old children and
subsequent risk of children's aggressive behavior." Pediatrics 125.5 (2010):
e1057-e1065.
reserved
3
The Research…
In a Nutshell
Physical punishment increases the risk of a
wide range of negative outcomes
AND
No study has found that CP enhances
children’s development.*
*EPOCH, 2015. Corporal punishment of children: review of research on its impact
and associations. Working paper.
Many professionals in the
business of caring for children
advise against it.
Organizations That Have Positions Against All Corporal Punishment of
Children Including That In Homes:
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American Academy of Child and
Adolescent Psychiatry
American Academy of Pediatrics
Canadian Pediatric Society
American Humane Association
Natural Child Project
American Humane Association
American Orthopsychiatric Association
Association for Childhood Education
International
California Medical Association
Center for Effective Discipline
Early Childhood Association of Florida
End Physical Punishment of ChildrenUSA
Family Service of Milwaukee
Green Mountain Educational and
Cultural Trust, Inc. (Free the Kids!)
International Child Art Foundation
Justice for Children
Loving Alternatives in Parenting
National Association for Prevention of
Sexual Abuse to Children
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National Coalition to Abolish Corporal
Punishment in Schools
National Foster Parent Association
The Natural Child Project
Parenting for Peaceful Families
Parents and Teachers Against
Violence in Education
Parents Anonymous
The Peaceful Home Foundation
Society for Adolescent Medicine
Texas Green Party
United Methodist Church
Village of Child Help
Wisconsin Child Abuse and Neglect
Prevention Board
Attachment Parenting International
National Association of Pediatric
Nurse Practitioners
National Association of Social Workers
National Child Protection Training
Center
reserved
4
TRIVIA!
How many nations have
banned corporal punishment
of children by caregivers?
A World View
These nations have abolished CP of children in homes:
1979-2006: Sweden, Finland, Denmark, Norway, Austria, Cyprus, Croatia,
Latvia, Israel, Germany, Bulgaria, Iceland, Romania, Ukraine, Hungary, Greece
2007: Netherlands, New Zealand, Portugal, Uruguay, Venezuela, Spain, Togo
2008: Costa Rica, Republic of Moldova, Luxembourg, Liechtenstein
2010: Albania, Republic of Congo, Tunisia, Poland, Kenya
2011-2014: South Sudan, Turkmenistan, Honduras, TFYR Macedonia,
Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Estonia, Nicaragua, Cabo Verde, Malta, San Marino
2015: Benin, Andorra
In addition: Italy and Nepal's Supreme Courts have ruled
that corporal punishment in childrearing is
unlawful; this is one of the first steps to a ban.
Home
Alternative
Care
Settings
Day Care
Schools
Penal
Sentence
Institutions for Crime
Fully
46
Prohibited
52
52
124
132
161
Not Fully 152
Prohibited
146
146
74
66
37
5
A World View
United Nations Report on Violence
Against Children: called for an end
to corporal punishment of children
in all settings, including the home.
“No violence against children is justifiable;
all violence against children is preventable.
The study marks the end of adults’ justification of violence against
children, whether accepted as tradition or disguised as
discipline.”
- UN Secretary General’s Study on Violence Against Children; October, 2006
A World View
The UN Convention
on the Rights of the Child,
Article 19
“..parties shall take all appropriate… measures
to protect the child from all forms
of physical or mental violence.”
Of the 194 member nations of the UN,
only two have failed to ratify this agreement.
The Committee on the Rights of the Child (2006), in General Comment Number 8, the right of
the child to protection from corporal punishment and other cruel or degrading forms of
punishment.
NINETEEN U.S. states have laws
permitting corporal punishment
in schools
 Most
recent laws prohibiting:
○ Ohio, 2009, New Mexico, 2011
 In
the 2006-2007 school year, 223,190
school children in the U.S. were subjected
to physical punishment.
Source: www.stophitting.org
6
Violence is Violence
When I was 20 years old, I met an old pastor's wife who told me when
she was young and had her first child, she didn't believe in striking
children, although spanking kids with a switch pulled from a tree
was standard punishment at the time. But one day when her son
was four or five, he did something that she felt warranted a
spanking - the first of his life. And she told him that he would have
to go outside and find a switch for her to hit him with.
The boy was gone a long time. And when he came back in, he was
crying. He said to her, "Mama, I couldn't find a switch, but
here's a rock you can throw at me."
All of a sudden the mother understood how the situation felt from the
child's point of view; that if my mother wants to hurt me, then it
makes no difference what she does it with; she might as well do it
with a stone. And the mother took the boy onto her lap and they
both cried. Then she laid the rock on a shelf in the kitchen to remind
herself forever, never violence. And that is something I think
everyone should keep in mind. Because violence begins in the
nursery.
~ Astrid Lindgren
What is Violence?
“An act carried out with the intention, or perceived intention,
of causing physical pain or injury to another person”
_________________________________
What is Corporal Punishment?
“The use of physical force with the intention of causing a
child to experience pain, but not injury, for the purpose of
correction or control of the child’s behavior”
A Continuum
“The purported distinction between
‘ordinary’ physical punishment and ‘abuse’
is meaningless: no line can be drawn
between ‘acceptable’ and ‘unacceptable’
violence against children.”
EPOCH, 2013; Durrant, 2008
From: Dussich,
J. P.Michele
J., &Knox,
Maekoya,
(2007).
Copyright 2015
University of C.
Toledo
7
A Human Rights Issue


The right to freedom from violence
Illegal to hit criminals, prisoners, adults

The irony…
A Human Rights Issue
HITTING WIVES
(and how things can change….)
The First Step in Physical
Child Abuse …

Prevention: identify and address the first steps
in the cycle
 Step 1 in majority
 Abusers often do not plan to abuse
If you don’t want people to start fires,
don’t hand them matches.
8
Slippery Slopes
and Potato Chips
Instinctual processes are
VERY hard to stop once started.
“Spare the rod…”

Victor Vieth, J.D.: “Because the Bible Tells Me So: Working with
Parents Using Scripture to Justify Violence”

Victor Vieth, J.D.: “From Sticks to Flowers”

William Webb, “Corporal Punishment in the Bible”
“But I was spanked,
and I turned out fine..”
9
If I put on a blindfold and
run across I-75 right now,
I may turn out fine.
“But I was spanked, and I turned
out fine..”
1. Not all children who were spanked turned out bad - - you didn’t.
Let’s not take the chance.
2. You probably turned out fine DESPITE it, not BECAUSE OF it.
3. Back then, we didn’t know what we know now.
>Car seats
>Smoking
>Tanning
Think of the worst things that
happened in your childhood.
Insert here
“But I ___________________,
and I turned out fine..”
10
“…I turned out fine”
Wouldn’t it be great if our kids ended up
even “finer”?
Most of us want our kids to turn out
EVEN BETTER
Every day, you do many things to protect your
child from negative events.
Dress warm
Feed good food
Seat belts
ALL to reduce the risk of bad outcomes…..
Lesson Learned?
We need to learn from history,
listen to science,
and change our ways when we find out
they are potentially harmful.
11
“What if he runs out into the street?
Or sticks his finger in a light socket?”
“What if he runs out into the street?
Or sticks his finger in a light socket?”
“Why spank for this and not other behaviors?”
1. Reserving spanking for serious acts
- Listen to your instincts
(85% of parents who spank would rather not spank)
2.
Want to know parents means business
- The ”I mean business” response
The Street and the Light Socket,
continued…
“If you are worried that the light socket/hot
stove/etc. is going to cause him pain,
then why would you cause him pain
in order to prevent it?”
12
The Street and the Light Socket,
continued…
It would not be a good thing
if our children ended up someday
believing that we don’t mean business
unless we hit them.
“But spanking works!”
“What has changed? Have you seen similar misbehavior
since then?”
Equivalent to: “No, don’t do that!” or confining to the room
No L-T effect
Violent Response vs.
Non-Violent Response
How did you feel after hitting?
After you hit the hardest?
Remorse, guilt, “just lost it”
Listen to your instincts….
13
Back to instincts:
Drive Theory: Once you commence an instinctual
behavior, it is very difficult to stop the process.
“Some parents start hitting and have a hard time stopping.
Their child gets hurt, and that parent feels terrible. Let’s
not put you in that position.”
A Parent Who Tried Spanking…
Once.
"I was never spanked or hit. When I had my 2 daughters I
wasn't sure if spanking was useful or not. So when my
1st daughter was almost 3, she did something she
shouldn't and I thought this might be a reason to
spank. ..She was very surprised, she turned around and
looked at me with shock and sadness and said,
’Mommy why would you hurt me? You love
me.’ Then I knew for sure spanking was not useful in
any way. That was 33 years ago and I will never forget
the wisdom she imparted upon me that day."
If we make a commitment
to never hit our children,
we won’t get ourselves into this bind.
14
"But spanking works!”
A parenting technique “works”
when the child learns, becomes a better person.
Children learn by watching and imitating *
If we hit when angry, what do they learn?
When child is hurt physically, focus turns inward **
"But spanking works!”
What a child learns about violence,
a child learns for life.
Teach carefully.
What the Research Says:
Rather than teaching children right from wrong,
physical punishment actually relates to
WEAKER internalization of moral values
(e.g., empathy, altruism, resistance to temptation).
15
“But I only hit my child sometimes.”

There are positive associations between the
frequency of corporal punishment and negative
child outcomes like distress and depression.

HOWEVER, distress is also present at low and
moderate levels of corporal punishment*

Ex: McKenzie 2013> Children spanked (as
infrequently as ≤2 times/week) at 5: higher levels
of externalizing behaviors (aggression and
conduct problems) at 9

*e.g., Turner and Finklehor, 1996
“But I only hit my child sometimes.”
Consider a slight word change:
“But I only hit my
wife/husband/partner/boss/friend
sometimes…”
“But we hug them too,
and tell them we love them.”
Mothers’ spanking at 1 was associated with higher
levels of child aggression at 3 and 5.
“Maternal spanking is predictive of child behavior
problems, and maternal warmth does not
counteract the negative consequences of the use
of spanking.”*
*Lee, S. J., Altschul, I., & Gershoff, E. T. (2013, January 21). Does Warmth Moderate Longitudinal
Associations Between Maternal Spanking and Child Aggression in Early Childhood?.
Developmental Psychology. Advance online publication. doi: 10.1037/a0031630
16
“But we hug them too,
and tell them we love them.”
8 countries: China, Colombia, Italy, Jordan, Kenya,
the Philippines, Thailand, and US*:
Positive associations between corporal punishment
and child anxiety and aggression
Corporal punishment associated with negative
variables, “even in the context of parent–child
relationships that are otherwise warm.”
Professionals should advise against CP.
Lansford, J. E., Sharma, C., Malone, P. S., Woodlief, D., Dodge, K. A., Oburu, P., ... & Di Giunta, L.
(2014). Corporal punishment, maternal warmth, and child adjustment: a longitudinal study in eight
countries. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 43(4), 670-685.
“It’s OK in my Culture”
CP->
aggression and anxiety in children in 6
nations (China, India, Italy, Kenya,
Phillipines, Thailand)…
regardless of whether it was believed to be
“normal.”*
Gershoff et al., 2008
“It’s OK in my Culture”
Research using longitudinal and nationally
representative data demonstrates increases
in behavior problems in: Latino, Asian, Black
and White samples (e.g., Berlin et al., 2009;
Coley et al., 2013; Gershoff et al., 2012)
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The Effects of Corporal Punishment
Direct
Physical
Harm
Increased
PoorMoral
Aggressionin Internalizatio
nand
Children
Increased
Antisocial
Behavior
Cambodia
China(Hong
Kong)
Fiji
Indonesia
TheRepublic
ofKorea
Mongolia
Philippines
Vietnam
NewZealand
UK
Canada
USA
SriLanka
Finland
Australia
NewZealand
UK
USA
Nigeria
Israel
Germany
Canada
UK
USA
Canada
Tanzania
Germany
Chile
Adult
Mental
Perpetration Harm
ofViolent,
Antisocialand
Criminal
Behavior
UK
NewZealand
USA
New
Zealand
Australia
UK
USA
SriLanka
Brazil
Canada
Finland
China
Indirect
PhysicalHarm
Damageto
Education
Damageto
theParent‐
Child
Relationship
China(Hong
Kong)
USA
Taiwan
SaudiArabia
USA
Yemen
SouthAfrica
Canada
Germany
NewZealand
UK
St.Kitts
USA
Egypt
China(Hong
Kong)
EPOCH, 2015. Corporal punishment of children: review of research on its impact
and associations. Working paper.
"Gail:" African American Mother
of Two Daughters
“I received so much flack from in-laws about how children
needed to be chastised but I just felt there had to be a
better way than spanking, whipping and beating young
children. I made the decision to rear the girls the way I
though was best for me.
I had seen how my sister-in-law had allowed relatives to
spank, whip and damage her son. Those beatings literally
beat his spirit from him. Today, he is a cold individual, he
has had bouts with the legal system and he is not
employable.
Spanking is an awful way to make children submissive.”
“What can I do about it?”
Simply reading very brief research
summaries about the negative effects of
spanking>sig decrease in positive
attitudes toward spanking
Holden et al., 2013
18
Parental Behavior Can Change
“I really enjoyed the program. When I first
started, I literally would scream at my
child because it was what I grew up
with. Always popped and hit on the
butt. So I did the same. I expected him
to do things - telling him to be quiet
and sit down, and if he didn’t, I would
pop him! And he’s one year old! I
don’t do that anymore. My mom was
always hitting us and screaming at us.
That’s what I grew up with, so that’s
what I did. I have learned so much!”
Jill from Toledo. Mother of 1 year old boy.
January, 2011.
http://actagainstviolence.apa.org/
reserved
Organizational/Business Policies on CP
One Kind Word
“Most people have witnessed a parent ………slapping their child….”
Workshop for employees to provide the skills needed to identify these
situations and provide support and assistance to parents and children
having a difficult time.
CONNECT with the parent by saying something like: "It's not easy, is
it? Is there anything I can do to help?" or "I remember when my
kids used to do that, too. Hang in there."
DISTRACT attention away from the child. Sometimes just your physical
presence will help. Move closer to the situation and keep your eye on
things to make sure it doesn't escalate. Talk to the parent or child
(about anything - the weather, parenting, etc.) You could also use
humor if you think it would be appropriate and helpful.
ASSIST the parent by offering to help. Sometimes an extra pair of
hands is all that is needed. You can offer to help clean a mess, if the
child dropped, broke or knocked something down; or if a parent has
more than one child with them, you can offer to stand with a child while
the parent helps the other child calm down.
Text from: onekindword.orgCopyright 2014 University of Toledo; All rights
reserved
The strongest predictor of parents’ positive attitudes
toward CP is their belief that the professional they
were most likely to turn to for advice about child
discipline approved of CP:
PEDIATRICIANS (48%)
RELIGIOUS LEADERS (21%)
MENTAL HEALTH PROFESSIONALS (18%)



Taylor et al., 2011, 2012
reserved
19
No Hit Zones:
Education of Health Care
Professionals, Staff AND the Public
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Media about the policy
Educational sessions detailing the policy, including
practical approaches to intervening in physical
discipline situations
Parent/family education
Advocacy for alternatives to physical discipline
Only recently being empirically evaluated
(Gershoff, Taylor)
Gundersen Medical Center in La Crosse, WI
Children’s Mercy Hospital in Kansas City, MO
Frazier et al., 2011
reserved
Educating Those Who Work With, Care for
and Educate Children and Families
Victor Vieth, J.D.: Education of faith leaders
“Because the Bible Tells Me So: Working with Parents Using
Scripture to Justify Violence”
Play Nicely™ is a video tutorial developed by a pediatrician
(S. Scholar, Vanderbilt) for parents of pre-school age
children, and for the teachers and day care providers who
are responsible for the care of these children. The tutorial
offers advice on how to manage childhood aggression
http://www.childrenshospital.vanderbilt.org/interior.php?mid
=1998
reserved
Report on Physical Punishment of Children in the United States:
What Research Tells Us About Its Effects on Children
http://www.phoenixchildrens.org/sites/default/files/PDFs/principles_and_
practices-of_effective_discipline.pdf
Center for Effective Discipline
www.stophitting.org
Global Initiative to End All Corporal Punishment of Children
http://www.endcorporalpunishment.org
20

What is Corporal Punishment?

Transcription

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