The worship of Quetzalcoatl extended 011 the

TULA.
85
and enemy of the first, whose reigning family were the Cocomes.
44
auditors."
The
worship
of
Quetzalcoatl
extended
011
the
plateaux and in the peninsula, where the chiefs claimed to be
descended from him.
44
is
the
T h e symbol by which he is best known
feathered s e r p e n t ; "
44
Strong
Hand,"
but he was severally called Hue mac,*
44
the
white-- bearded
man,"
studded with crosses, or dressed in a tiger's s k i n ;
when he was the companion of
his
44
mantle
god of air."
Tlaloc, whose path he swept,
causing a strong wind to prevail before the rainy season ; and
also a youthful, beardless man. etc.
T h e various attributes of
Quetzalcoatl and Tlaloc developed according to the people, the
country, and epoch.
Such transformations have been observed
among all nations: in India the great A g n i was at first but the
spark produced by rubbing two pieces of wood together, which
became cloud, dawn, the sun, the flash, Indra, etc.
With
the
Greeks, Apollo was the god of light, poetry, music, medicine,
etc.
T h e Christian
religion presents
for w e have the Ancient of
Vine.
the same
Days, the
phenomenon;
Dove, the
L a m b , the
T h u s Tlaloc, god of rain, is sometimes seen on ancient
vases, his eyes circled with paper, his face running with water;
or as an embryo cross, a perfect c r o s s ; and again in the form
of a man lying on his back, supporting a vase to collect rain.
The
latter representation
Yucatan.
Several
throughout
is found
writers t
mention
in
Mexico,
that
Tlaxcala,
crosses
were
and
found
Mexico, Yucatan, and Tabasco, being another
later personification of Tlaloc.
T h e y have all been lost;
we reproduce
us,
forms.
those
T h e cullus
found by
presenting various
and
but
distinct
of the cross is of great antiquity and almost
universal, for we find it in Greece, in India, on pottery of the
• T o r q u e m a d a , cap. xlv. T h i s author follows the writers w h o m he quotes in
their spelling of proper names, a n d the result is often great variety.
t
Burgoa.
liotturini.
Tarabal.
C l a v i g e r o , " H i s t . A n t . , " t o m e I. p. 1 5 2 .
86
IO6fT H E
Bronze
ANCIENT
C I T I E S OF T H E
NEW
WORLD.
Period (the suastica); whilst among the S l a v e s it was,
as in America, the god of storm and rain.
T h e same may almost
be said of
the serpent.*
It
was
/ s
•
TOLTEC
CROSSES.
N o . 1 , Serpent'* C r o w .
N o . 2. C r o w *een on Quctzalcotirft T u n i c and on the Palace* nt Mitla.
N o . 3. Maya p i n C r o t t .
No. 4 , Cro«* of Teoiihuacnn.
N o t . 5 an<1 7, C r o u c i in the T e m p l e s
of Palenque.
N o . 6 , C r o w met with in the T e m p l e t of LoriUaKl C i t y .
reverenced in E g y p t , in America, and is found at the beginning
of G e n e s i s ; whilst in the north-west of India, the Nagas
serpent worshippers, whose great ancestor Naga
were
was supposed
• Fcrgusson's " History of Indian Architecture," introd. p. 4 1 .
37
to have been present at the Creation as Genius of the Ocean.
H e was the god of wisdom, the titular deity of mankind; and
we find him at Bocroe-Boedor, in J a v a , beautifully sculptured on
a bas-relief, where Buddha is seen crossing the seas on a lotuswreath, whilst close to him two immense serpents (Nagas) are
QUETZALCOATL, UNDER HIS BEST-KNOWN
ATTRIBUTES.
raising their heads towards him in token of reverence.
He is
also worshipped in Cambodia, and his image is reproduced on
the magnificent monuments of Angcor-Tom.
T h e festival which was celebrated in honour of Ouetzalcoatl
during the tcoxihuitl,
" sacred year," was preceded by a severe
fasting of eighty days, during which the priests devoted to his
service were subjected to horrible penances.
H e reigned sue-
88
IO6fT H E
cessively
at
ANCIENT
Izamal, in
C I T I E S OF T H E
Yucatan,
under the name of Cukulcan.
NEW
WORLD.
Chichen-I t/a, and
Mayapan,
T o this god were ascribed the
rites of confession and penance.
The religion of the Toltecs was mild, like their disposition ;
no human blood ever stained their altars, their offerings consisting of
fruits, (lowers, and birds;
nevertheless,
their laws,
which were the same for all classes, were stringent and severe.
Polygamy was forbidden, and kings themselves were not allowed
concubines, whilst their priests were deserving
which
of the res|xrct
was shown them from prince and peasant alike.
They
had sculptors, mosaists, painters, and smelters of gold and s i l v e r ;
and by means of moulds knew how to give metals every variety
of shape ; their jewellers and lapidaries could imitate all manner
of animals, plants, (lowers, birds, etc.
Cotton was spun by the
women, and given a brilliant colouring both
from animal and
mineral substances;
every degree of
it was manufactured of
fineness, so that some looked like muslin, some like cloth, and
some like velvet.
T h e y had also the art of interweaving with
these the delicate hair of animals and birds' feathers, which made
a cloth of great beauty.
panegyric of
Ixtlilxochitl* is afraid to pursue the
this people, lest
it should appear
exaggerated.
Their calendar was adopted by all the tribes of Anahuac
Central
and
America ; it divided the year into eighteen months of
twenty days each, adding five intercalary days to make up the full
number of three hundred and sixty-five d a y s ; these belonged to
no month, and were regarded as unlucky.
Both months and days
were expressed by peculiar signs ; and as the year has nearly six
hours in excess of three hundred and sixty-five days, they provided
for this by intercalating six days at the end of four years, which
formed leap year.
Tlapilli,
" knots," were cycles of thirteen years;
* Ixtlilxochitl, fourth
44
Kelacion."
TULA
four of those cycles was a century, which they called
xiuhmolpilli,
" binding up of knots," represented by a quantity of reeds bound
COTTON
together.
SPINNING
Besides the " b u n d l e " of fifty-two years, the Toltecs
had a larger cycle of one hundred and four years, called " a great
IO6fT H E
9°
ANCIENT
CITIES OF THE
age," but not much used.
The
NEW
whole system
WORLD.
rested on
the
repetition of the signs denoting the years, enabling one by means
of dots to determine accurately to what cycle or what century each
year belonged.
A n d as these signs stood differently in cach cycle,
confusion was impossible; for the century being indicated by
a number showing its place in the cycle, the dots would make iteasy to determine to what a g e any given year belonged, according
to its place at knot first, second, third, or fourth.
instance, the year tccpatl " flint," calli
and acall
Thus
for
" house/' tochtli " rabbit,"
" reed/' beginning the great cycle, would have one,
five, nine, thirteen dots in the first series; four, eight, twelve, in
the second ; three, seven, fourteen, in the third ; and two, six, ten,
in the fourth series, which would come first in the new cycle, and
the latter having its appropriate sign would enable one to see at
once that
44
F l i n t " . 1 2 was the twelfth year in the second series of
the first cycle or century; that
44
F l i n t " 2 was the second year in
the fourth series of the first cycle, etc.
Example :
TLAPILI.I.
FIRST
SERIES.
SIXONI>
SEXIER
1 . Flint
6.
House
10. House
1.
2.
7.
. . . . .. .
Rabbit
11.
2. Rabbit
Reed
12.
House
..
3.
Rabbit
S.
4.
Rccd
9. Flint
...
..
..
....
Rabbit
.....
• .
Rccd
3. R e e d
...
.....
1 3 . Flint
•
House
4. Flint, ctc.
.
1 . . .
5. Flint.
It will be seen later that the hieroglyph calli
is the outline of
the Toltec palace and temple, the foundation of his architecture,
which never varies, and which we shall find in all monuments,
whether we travel north or south, on the plateaux or in the lowlands ; so that had everything else been destroyed, we might
TULA.
9»
nevertheless pronounce with safety that all the monuments in
North America were of Toltec origin.
like that of
T h e genius of a nation,
an individual, has generally one
dominant
traceable through the various expressions of her art.
note,
India has
topes and pagodas, E g y p t sphinxes and hypostyle chambers, Greece
three orders of columns.
North America has only a plain wall
ending with two projecting cornices having an upright or slanting
frieze, more or less ornamented but of no appreciable difference.
A description of the ceremonies which took place at the end of
every great cycle, will find here a natural place,
and enable us to understand subsequent events.
/
T h e Aztecs celebrated their great festival
of the new fire at the end of each century of
fifty-two years, called by Sahagun
and by others xiuhmolpilli.
toxiuilpilli,
As the end of
the century drew near they were filled with
apprehension, for
if
the
fire
failed
to
be
rekindled, a universal dissolution was expected
to follow.
C A L L I , IN
In their despair at such a con-
PKOP11.K.
tingency they threw away their idols, destroyed their furniture
and domestic utensils, and suffered ail fires to g o out.
mountain
was
near
the place
Iztapalapan, some
chosen
two leagues
for kindling
A lofty
from Mexico,
the new fire, which
was
effected by the friction of two sticks placed on the breast of
the victim.
on which
T h e fire was soon communicated
to a funeral pile,
the body of the victim was placed and consumed.
This ceremony always took place at midnight, and as the light
mounted up towards heaven shouts of joy burst forth from the
multitudes who covered the hills, the house-tops, and terraces of
the temples, their eyes directed towards the mountain of sacrifice
Couriers, with torches lighted at the blazing fire, rapidly bore them
to the inhabitants of the surrounding districts, whilst every part of
IO6
f
THE
ANCIENT
C I T I E S OF T H E
the city was lighted with bonfires.
NEW
The
WORLD.
following days
were
given up to festivity, the houses were cleansed and whitewashed,
the broken vessels were replaced by new ones, and the people
dressed in their gayest apparel.
11 we except human sacrifice, this
must have been a Toltec ceremony.*
* S a h a g u n , " H i s t o r i a de las Cosas d e la N u e v a E s p a f i a , " lib. v u . cap. x. to xiii.
CAPITAL, FOUND AT
TULA.
TIIE
PYRAMID OF T H E SUN,
C H A P T E R
TULA.
P Y R A M I D OK T H E
SUN.
TULA.
V.
ANTIQUITIES
OK
TULA.
C a r y a t i d e s — C o l u m n s — C a p i t a l s — C a r v e d S h e l l — T e n n i s - r i n g — T l a c l u l i — Ancient
Bas-reliefs—Toltecs P o r t r a y e d — H i s t o r i c a l J o t t i n g s — T h e Temple of the Frog
- - I n d i a n V a u l t — T h e P l a z a — E l Cerro del Tesoro.
TULA
extended over a plain intersected by a muddy river winding
round the foot of Mount Coatepetl, which commanded the city.
The modern town occupies but a small proportion of the area of
the ancient capital, and the few antiquities that adorn the plaza
were found in clearing the river of some of its mud or whilst
,
ploughing the adjacent fields.
First in order are three fragments of caryatides: one, a gigantic
"i'-]^
94
statue which we reproduce, is about 7 ft. high ; the head and
upper part of the body below the hips are wanting, the legs
are 1 ft. 3 in. in diameter, and the feet 4 ft. long.
T h e two
embroidered bits below the waist were no doubt the ends of the
royal maxtli,
the exact copy of which we shall see later on
TOLTEC CARYATID, TULA.
bas-reliefs in Chiapas, Palenque, and Lorillard City.
T h e greaves,
ol leather bands, are passed between the toes and fastened on
the instep and above it by large knots, recalling the Roman cades.
This statue is of black basalt, like all the other fragments ; and
although
exceedingly
rude
and
archaic
in
character,
is
not
A N T I Q U I T I E S OK
95
TULA.
wanting in beauty in some of its details.
Next comes a column in
two pieces, lying on the ground, having a round tenon which
A R T S OF A COLUMN', T U L A .
fitted closely into the mortise and ensured solidity ; it is the only
specimen we have found where such care had been bestowed.
T h e carving on the
^^^^^^^
coatl, already
men-
TEARING,
tL'^
tioned, where rattlesnakes formed the ornamentation.
It is also interesting from
the fact that we shall see a similar column at Chichen-Itza in a
temple of the same god.
Here also among other fragments I
9 6
not pronounce definitely, although there is nothing else in the
place denoting Spanish influence.
All we can say is that it shows
the marvellous building instinct of the Toltecs, and that we found
some remains of a like description in the Yucatan peninsula.
By-
far the most interesting object seen here, on account of the study
and the archaeological issues it entails, is a large carved stone ring
about 6 ft. 5 in. in diameter, having a hole in the centre some 1 0 in.
in circumference, evidently a tennis-ring.
Tennis, tlacheo,
tlachtli,
was first known in Anahuac and transmitted to the Chichemecs,
Acolhuans, and Aztecs by the Toltecs, who carried it with them to
Tabasco, Yucatan, L'xmal, and Chichen ; and in the latter place
we found a perfect tennis-court with one ring still in place.
W e must turn to Torquemada* for full particulars respecting
this national game, which was played in buildings of so typical a
character as to be easily recognised.
It consists of two thick
parallel walls 32 ft. high, at a distance of 98 ft. from each other,
having a ring fixed in the walls 22 ft high, as seen in our cut ;
whilst at each extremity of the court stood a small temple in which
preliminary ceremonies were performed before opening the game.
It was played with a large india-rubber ball; the rules required
the player to receive it behind, not to let it touch the ground, and
to wear a tight-fitting leather suit to make the ball rebound.
But
the greatest feat was to send the ball through the ring, when a
scramble, a rush, and much confusion followed, the winner having
the right to plunder the spectators of their valuables.
Sending
the ball through the ring required so much dexterity, that he who
succeeded was credited with a bad conscience or supposed to be
doomed to an early death
Tennis seems to have been in such
high repute with the Indians that it was not confined to individuals, but also
played
between one city and
another,
* T o r q u e m a d a , " M o n a r q u i a I n d i a n a , " lib. 11. cap. xiL
and
J U O E
G
CI
A N T I Q U I T I E S OF T U L A .
PAYFIKI
97
accompanied, says Vcytia, by much betting, when they staked
everything they possessed, even their liberty.
But this writer
errs in ascribing the game to the Aztecs in honour of their god
Huitzilopochtli, as we shall show.
Among other objects which we found at Tula is a large
curiously-carved shell
dress are similar to
those
described
WARKIOR'S PROFILE, POUND AT TVIA.
by
Veytia* in the
following passage:
middle
and
guished
height,
in
later
owing
times
to
from
44
this
the
The Toltecs were above
they
other
could
be
distin-
aborigines.
Their
complexion was clear, their hair thicker than the nations who
followed them, although less so than the Spaniards.
* Vcytia, t o m e i. chap, xxxiv.
7
This is
98
THE
ANCIENT
still observable among
C I T I E S OF THE
NEW
WORLD.
the few who remain
claiming
Toltec
descent."
T h e s e remains are priceless in every respect because of their
analogy and intimate connection with all those we shall subsequently discover, forming the first links in the chain of evidence
respecting our theory of the unity of American civilisation, which
it is our object to prove in the course of this work.
On beholding these caryatides, the question naturally arises
as to what monument they were intended f o r ; and in turning
to Veytia,* we read that under the Emperor Mitl (979 — 1 0 3 5 )
the
Toltecs
reached
the
zenith
of
their
empire extended over one thousand
Atlantic and
dense as
power;
that
miles, bordering
their
on
the
Pacific O c e a n s ; and that the population was so
to cause the soil
to be cultivated
011
the
highest
mountains, whilst an influential priesthood performed the sacred
rites within innumerable sanctuaries.
T h e great
cities of the
high plateaux were Teotihuacan and Cholula. as later Palenque,
Izamal, and Cozumel were those of
the warm region.
This
emperor, jealous of the nourishing state and religious superiority
of Teotihuacan,
" the habitation of
the gods," wished to set
up a new and rival deity for the veneration of his people;
this end he chose the songstress of the marsh, the
whom he presented as the goddess of waters.
11
to
Frog,"
A n d that
the
new deity should be ushered in with due pomp and solemnity,
he had a magnificent temple built in her honour, and her gold
statue placed within the temple, covered with emeralds, the size
of a palm, and cunningly worked so as to imitate nature.
Up
to that time, temples had been large mounds erected on the
summits
of
mountains,
like
that
pyramids like that of Teotihuacan,
of
Tlaloc.
or
on
artificial
where the idols were
• V e y t i a , t o m e 1. c h a p , x x x i v .
ex-
99
posed to the elements;
was
built
that of the F r o g was the first which
with stones and given a rectangular
shape,
a kind of solid vault (boveda), also of stone, which by a
arrangement covered the whole edificeHere,
TOLTEC
very
plain description of the
a vault we have observed
having
skilful
then, we have a
BAS-RELIEFS.
Indian vault, the Yucatec
vault,
in the north and the whole extent
of our Toltec j o u r n e y ; seen by Guillemin T a r a y r e in the tombs
at L a s C a s a s Grandes, mentioned
by
Ixtlilxochitl
• M a r i a n o V e y t i a , tonic i. c h a p . xxviiL
as the dis-
f
IO6
THE
ANCIENT
CITIES
OF
THE
NEW
WORLD.
cinguishing feature in the monuments of T o l u c a and Cuernavaca,
and by
Humboldt at Cholula
visiting the
chamber,
diminish
interior of the pyramid,
having
unacquainted
with
and
I recognised a
"On
mortuary
the bricks of the ceiling so arranged
the prcssion of
horizontally
in the following p a s s a g e :
the roof.
the vault,
in
gradual
they
As
the
provided
succession
aborigines
for it by
very
as
large
to
were
placing
bricks,
the
upper slightly overlapping
the lower, and in this way replaced
the Gothic v a u l t . " w
remarkable writer further says, that
44
This
Yucatan and Guatemala are countries where
the people had
come from Atylan and reached a certain degree of civilisation." f
F a r greater would h a v e been his appreciation, had his investigations
been
where
the
directed
overlapping
to
the
Toltecs
vault was
and
introduced
public edifices, temples, and palaces.
these
writers,
we
may consider
Central
the
With
vault
by
America,
them
in all
the testimony
question
of
definitely
settled.
The
planted
town, or rather the plaza, with its diminutive garden,
with a few consumptive shrubs and
porticoes g i v i n g
access
the
Church
and
and
market - days,
to the
shops,
when
only
the
flowers,
with
Town
Hall, the
Law
gets
animated
on
population
of
the
leaves or clean cloths;
where
the ground, spread
vendors
dispose
Courts,
Sundays
surrounding
districts pours in for the purpose of buying or selling.
meat, all articles are sold on
on
Except
plantain
themselves
long rows about the plaza, offering their goods, crockery,
fruit.
its
in
and
Customers stand about in groups, s u r v e y i n g the animated
scene, enjoying a little gossip, or trying to drive a hard bargain ;
whilst Indian matrons ply from one vendor to another in almost
silent dignity, accompanied by their daughters, who look at this
* Humboldt,
V u c d e s Cordillferes, 1 " p. 29.
t
Id.
p. 27.
X
O
n
3
E
?
HUH
102
AMERICA P1NT0RESCA
de su pals, ni tiene fuerza para fecundarlo; a pesar de lo cual no se Ie puede tachar de perezoso
ni de indolente'd sabiendas.
Hay ciertas leyes naturales que no se pueden violar ni burlar, y en primera lfnea las de
aclimatacion. Aunque la raza blanca es la dnica que conserva la mayor parte de sus facuitades en todas las latitudes, pudiendo llamarse por lo mismo la dnica raza civilizadora, no
posee este don de un modo absoluto 6 ilimitado. Para convencerme de ello, no tengo mds
que reparar en mi: cada vez que cambio de centro climatol6gico siento cierta debilidad intelectual y perturbaciones fisiol6gicas. Como no he nacido en este clima calido y humedo, no
gozo de la plenitud de mis facultades; mis nietos, debilitados 6 faltos de energla, no podrdn
ser responsables de su postracion moral 6 fisfca.
Hay muchas cosas en este mundo que se deben consignar, teniendo el derecho de lamentarlas, pero sin razon para censurarlas ni para criticarlas siquiera. Los pueblos padecen sus
grandes dolores como las familias, como los individuos, dolores que se deben respetar cuando
no es posible aliviarlos.
28 de diciembre.—A pocos hectdmetros mds arriba de Tabatinga estd Leitia, puesto militar de la frontera peruana, y en el que s6Io falta el comandante, los soldados y los fuertes. El
gobierno central ha gastado unos cuantos millones en este fuerte, pero el dinero se ha malgastado 6 distraido, no se ha construido ninguna obra militar, y Leitia continda siendo selva
vlrgeaj
A la caida de la tarde entramos en Loreto: al saltar A tierra, me meto hasta la rodilla en
un barro espeso, del cual me sacan tres hombres, no sin trabajo. Mientras me mudo de ropa
vienen dos hombres A bordo. Uno de ellos, de orlgen portuguds, era sustituto del gobernador
la primera vez que pasd por este puerto: este Sr. Rubens me presenta a su compafiero don
Juan Ramos, nacido en el Perd y criado en el Brasil, donde ha residido mds de cincuenta
afios, y el cual s61o habla en portuguds. EI Sr. Rubens, sustituto del gobernador, ha delegado
su sustitucion en Ramos, que sustituye al sustituto de un tenietiie (es decir, de un tenientegobernador). Estas autoridades por duplicado me piden mis papeles, y por toda respuesta hago
que les sirvan cofiac; es de suponer que hayan encontrado en el fondo de la copa los informes
que buscaban, por cuanto no me vuelven a hablar de ello.
A la mafiana siguiente partimos de Loreto, y aquella misma tarde largamos anclas delante
de Caballo-Cocha, tres kil6metros mis arriba de una quebrada muy angosta. Cuando entramos en este canal empezaba a anochecer; los drboles de ambas orillas juntan sus copas a modo
de arcada, formando una b6veda enorme; ni una estrella se refleja en la superficie del agua.
No sd c6mo nos hemos librado de tener una grave averla.
Al otro dia muy temprano llegamos A Pevas. El Sr. Alfredo Bastos, dnico comerciante de
la localidad, el rey de la aldea, viene A bordo y se ofrece A nuestra disposicion. Teniendo yo
motivos para estar descontento del piloto, le ruego que nos proporcione uno seguro.
— N o hay en toda esta region mejor piloto que yo, me dice el Sr. Bastos; voy a guiar
£ Vds. hasta Iquitos.
Cierra su tienda, se mete la Have en el bolsillo, y tal como esti, es decir, con zapatilias y
A N T I Q U I T I E S OF T U L A .
103
and handle that, sometimes with the intention of buying, often
to exchange a few words with the merchant or an acquaintance.
Some look quite pretty, with their glorious eyes, their
long hair reaching
below the waist
in two long
plaits,
with
glass or stone beads around their necks; their scanty costume
leaving uncovered their shapely
looking
at
them.
1
seem
to
arms, necks, and ankles.
myself
to be carried
On
back
a
thousand years amidst that grand old race whose ruins I am
here
to study.
primitive
Further
kitchens
on,
have been
under a
set
monumental
up, round
which
ash-tree,
a
dense
throng of customers, settled on the ground, are enjoying their
tortillas,
or when they are
beans, fri/oles,
pork
or
well-to-do, their portion of
t u r k e y , ' i n jicaras,
the
black
whole
highly
seasoned with Chili pepper; the best dinner not costing more
than threepence.
E v e r y human type seems to have congregated here, from
the Egyptian sharp outline of features to the
faced Kalmuk.
flat-nosed,
flat-
Most women are bare to the waist; but as
this seems a matter of course, no one notices it.
T h e area of ancient Tula has now been under cultivation
for three hundred years—hardly a desirable condition for the
explorer.
W e know that
the city stood
here; but its only
vestiges are to be found on the hill overlooking the town to
the north.
but
It was called Pa/pan
now it is known
as Cerro
in the time of the T o l t e c s ;
del
Tesoro,
because
a
shepherd-boy, some twenty years since, whilst scratching
poor
the
moist ground, discovered a vase with five hundred gold ounces
in i t ; but not knowing the value of his newlv-found
he parted with it for a few coppers.
treasure,
W e are going to try
our luck on the same hill; and better advised than the poor
shepherd, we shall not give up our discoveries in favour of
any one.
R U I N S OK A T O L T E C HOUSE.
C H A P T E R
PALPAX
AND THE
VI.
TOLTECS.
A s p e c t of the H i l l — M o g o t e s — T h e T o l t e c s and their Building P r o p e n s i t i e s — A
Toltcc House—Antiquities—Fragments—MalacaUs—Toltcc
Palace—Toltec
Organisation—Dress—Customs—Education—Marriage—Orders
of
Knighth o o d — P h i l o s o p h y — Religion — Future L i f e — P u l q u e — E n d of the T o l t e c
Empire—Emigration.
THE plateau on the Palpan hill, of which we g i v e a ground plan,
was occupied by a royal park, and maybe those of a few notables.
Its direction is south-west, north-west, about a mile in length and
half-a-mile in breadth, growing to a point towards the south-west,
and fenced on two sides by a natural wall of per|>endicular rocks
overhanging the river.
T h e plateau is covered with
pyramids, and esplanades, showing that
here were
mounds,
the royal
villas, temples, and public edifices, but no trace of building, wall,
or ruin, is visible, for the whole area is shrouded with immense
PALPAN
AND T H E
i
TOLTECS.
11
cactuses, nopals, gorambullos, gum-trees, and mcsquites, amongst
which towers the biznaga,
1 0 ft. high by 6 ft. wide.
a cactus which grows here to nearly
I was shown a plant of this kind near
Pachuca, in which an Indian couple have established themselves.
T h e summits of pyramids, called mogotes by the natives, were
always occupied by temples and palaces ; the largest here, N o . 4
and N o . 5 in our cut,
must have served as
basements
for
the
temples of the Sun
and
Moon.
tunately
Unfor-
they
have
been opened and ransacked
by
seekers,
treasure-
and
half-
demolished by bricklayers,
who
found
here materials ready
to
hand
for
their
constructions.
1 began my excavations by sounding
the
No
small
mound
1 to the north-
G R O U N D P L A N OF F I R S T T O L T 1 C HOUSP. U N E A R T H R I ) A T T O L A
(FROM L KM A I R P.).
A , Cisterns.
cast, where the side
B , Various A p a i t m c n t s .
D , S e a l s . E , Knlrancc.
C , Kitchcn.
of a wall was visible ; and I found everywhere the ground connecting houses, palaces, and gardens, thickly coated with cement;
but in the inner rooms the flooring was of red cement.
The
rubbish was cleared away, and in a few days a complete house
was unearthed, consisting of several apartments of various size,
nearly all 011 different levels;
having frescoed walls, columns,
pilasters, benches, and cisterns, recalling a
Roman
ifnfi/uvtum,
io6
f
THE
ANCIENT
C I T I E S OF T H E
NEW
WORLD.
whilst flights of steps and narrow passages connected the various
apartments.
W e had brought to light a Toltec house!
I picked out of the rubbish many curious things: huge baked
bricks, from one foot to nine inches by two and two and a half
PLAN OF T1IR m i l . AT TUI-A (ANCIENT I'ALI'AN).
No.
I , E x c a v a t i o n s of T o l t c c H o u s e .
N o . 2,
T o m b Excavated.
No.
3, Palace Excavations.
N o s . 4 and 5. I ^ n m S d t o f S u n ami M o o n .
N o . 6, E s p l a n a d e * and M o u n d s , S i t e s of Ancient
Dwelling*.
N o . 8, Tula River.
N o . 7, T l a c h t l i , T c n n i s - C o u r t .
in thickness; filters, straight and curved water-pipes, vases and
fragments of vases, enamelled terra-cotta cups, bringing to mind
those at Tenenepanco; seals, one of which (an eagle's head) 1 had
engraved for my personal u s e ; bits which were curiously like old
10 7
Japanese china; moulds, one having a head with a huge plait and
hair smoothed on both sides of her face, like an old maid ;
besides innumerable arrow-heads and knives of obsidian strewing
the ground.
In fact, a whole civilisation.
This house, the first it was our fortune to discover, was built
011 a somewhat modified natural elevation ; the various apartments follow the
direction
of
the
ground
and
are
ranged
011
dif-
ferent levels, numbering from zero
elevation for the
lowest
for
to
the
The
8 ft.
highest.
walls
are
perpendicular, the
roofs flat ; and a
thick
coating
of
cement, the same
everywhere,
was
used, whether for
roofs,
ceilings,
floors, pavements,
G R O U N D PLAN O F T O L T E C P A L A C E U N E A R T H E D AT T U L A ( L K M A I R R ) .
No. 1 . Principal Court.
Reception Apartment.
or roads.
for Animals.
No. 2 , F a c a d e .
N o . 3, Entrance.
N o . 5, Ruined W a l l .
N o . 7, Right
No. 4.
No. 6 , Enclosures
Wing of the Palace.
No. 8, L e f t
Wing.
On examining
the monuments at Tula, we are filled with admiration
for the
marvellous building capacity of the ]>eople who erected them;
for, unlike most primitive nations, they used every material at
once.
T h e y coated their
inner walls with mud and
mortar,
faced their outer walls with baked bricks and cut stone, had
wooden
roofs, and
brick
and
stone
staircases.
They
were
f
IO6
THE
A N C I E N T C I T I E S OF T H E
NEW
WORLD.
acquainted with pilasters (wc found them in their houses), with
caryatides, with square and round columns;
indeed, they seem to
have been familiar with every architectural device.
T h a t they
were painters and decorators we have ample indications in the
house we unearthed, where the walls arc covered with rosettes,
palms, red, white, and gray geometrical figures on a black ground.
My next soundings were towards the centre of the hill, at
a mound marked No. 2, which I took at first for a tomb ; but
finding nothing, I directed my men south-east, at the extremity
of the hill, No. 3.
Here we attacked a pyramid of considerable
size, thickly covered with vegetation, having a hole and a thick
plaster coating, which, to my extreme delight, revealed an old
palace, extending over an area of nearly 62 ft. on one side, with
an
inner
courtyard, a garden, and
numerous
apartments on
different levels, ranged from the ground-floor to 8 ft. high, exactly
like the first house ; the whole covering a surface of 2,500 square
yards.
We
will
give a description of
probable use of the various apartments.
it, together with the
No. 1 (sec plan) is the
inner courtyard, which we take as our l e v e l ;
N o . 3 to the right,
paved with large pebbles, is the main entrance.
Facing this to
the left, No. 7 is a small room about 4 ft. high, which was entered
by a flight of seven low s t e p s ; it is a Belvedere, from which a
view of the whole valley could be obtained.
Next comes No. 4,
perhaps a reception-room, 32 ft. long, having two openings towards
the court.
On the other side, to the north, is a smaller, narrower
Belvedere, from which an ante-room, 011 a slightly lower level,
furnished with benches, was reached.
T h e main body of the
palace consists of ten apartments of different size, with stuccoed
walls and floors.
courtyard;
T h e facade, No. 2, 8 ft. high, opens on the
whilst two winding stone staircases
to
the right,
and an equal number to the left, led to the apartments on the
first storey.
Brick steps, covered with a deep layer of cement,
PALPAN
AND THE
connected
the various chambers.
The
the
apartments
been
main
may
have
i 11
TOLTECS.
cells on
both
the servants'
sides
of
quarters.
No. 6, N o . 6, are a kind of yards, without any trace of roof, and
if we are to j u d g e
from A z t e c
dwellings, they were
probably
enclosures for domestic and wild animals.
T h e Americans, says
Clavigero,*
their table was
had
no
flocks;
nevertheless
well
V I E W OK R U I N E D T O L T E C I'A L A C K .
supplied by innumerable animals to be found about their dwellings, and
unknown to E u r o p e ; whilst the poor people had an
edible dog, techiehi,
the breed of which w a s lost by the abuse
the Spaniards made of it in the early times of the
Conquest.
Royal palaces had extensive spaces reserved for turkeys, ducks,
and e v e r y
species of volatile, a menagerie
for wild
animals,
chambers for reptiles and birds of prey, and tanks for f i s h ; so
* C l a v i g e r o , t o m e 1. lib. vii. p. 224.
i io
TIIB
ANCIENT
C I T I E S OK T H E
NEW
WORLD
that the purpose we ascribe to these enclosures becomes highly
probable.
with
Here
and
there closed-lip passages, walls
materials other than
those employed
rebuilt
in the older con-
struction, seem to indicate that the palace was occupied at
two
different periods; this would agree with V e y t i a * when he s a y s /
14
that
on
the
Chichemecs
command of Xololl,
invading
the
they found T u l a {fir.
country
under
the
M I 7 ) deserted, and
grass g r o w i n g in the streets; but that the K i n g was so pleased
with the site that he ordered
and
the
town inhabited.
He
the monuments to be
followed
the
repaired
same policy
at
Teotihuacan and other places, ordering his people to preserve
old names, and only authorising them to give new appellations
to those they should build themselves." t
The
building we unearthed is entire, its outer wall intact:
presenting a valuable specimen of the houses dating long before
the Conquest.
H e r e we found the same kind of objects
as
in our first e x c a v a t i o n s : plates, dishes, three-footed cups having
striated bottoms and used for grinding Chili p e p p e r ; fragments
of jx>ttcry, enamels, terra-cotta whorls of different size covered
with sunk designs having a hole in the centre.
are called
41
malacatis"
women to this day.
by the
natives, and
T h e s e whorls
used
by
Indian
A round piece of wood or spindle-stick is
introduced in the hole of the whorl, projecting about five inches
from the lower plane, and about nine inches from the upj>cr.
The
spinner, who is sitting, rests the point of her spindle on
a varnished
plate, and impels it round with her thumb and
forefinger, twisting the cotton or wool attached
thereto.\
In
Mexico, rich ladies used a golden plate.$
• V c y t i a , t o m e n. chap. i.
t
Ibid.
chap. ii.
\ Similar spindles, with whorls attached, h a v e b e e n found in E g y p t a n d the
Swi?«* Ibices.
3 Sahagun,
44
Mist, d e las C o * a s d e E s j ^ f t a , " lib. i x . cap. v.
PALPAN
AND
The
edifice
No.
7
answers
exactly
the
description
structures;
moreover,
is
THE
i 11
TOLTECS.
undoubtedly
given
a
tennis-court,
by
historians
for
of
it
such
1 found one of the rings still in place.
V e y t i a is wrong, therefore, in crediting the M e x i c a n s with the
invention of the g a m e ; were it so w e should not h a v e found a
tennis-court at Chichen-Itza.
Mendieta* relates how Tezacatlipoca
came down from his celestial abode
on a spider's
ladder,
and
how in his long peregrinations on earth he visited T u l a , brought
thither by his jealousy of Quetzalcoatl, whom he challenged to
play tennis ; but the latter turning into a tiger discomfited him
utterly.
The
spectators
in the tumult which
were so terrified that they
ensued
many were drowned in
fled,
and
the
river
flowing close by.
T h i s tradition shows plainly that tennis existed in the remote
|>eriod of Quetzalcoatl's
rule at T u l a ;
that the g a m e
w a s of
Toltec origin, that the court w a s on the hill, since the spectators
in their precipitancy to run a w a y were drowned, that Quetzalcoatl
was a good
tennis-player,
turned into a
and
tiger," is merely
that the expression,
honorific, applied
the spot for having sent his ball through the ring.
"he
to
was
him
on
T h i s passage
also explains the tiger frieze over the tennis-court at Chichen-Itza.
The
Toltecs
had public granaries
the people in time of famine.
to indicate
that
and bloodthirsty
their downfall.t
the
44
they
opposed
w a s one of
the
to a
chief
to
seems
grasping
causes
of
U n d e r the mild rule of Quetzalcoatl, demons
tried in vain to persuade him to allow nun
sacrificed.
were opened
A passage in Cuauhtitlan
resistance
priesthood,
which
born at Tula
to be
A s for himself, his offerings were birds, serpents, and
butterflies he had captured in the valley."
#
M e n d i e t n , " Hist. E c c l e s . I n d i a n a , " lib. 11. cap. v.
t
Cuauhtiilan's
Museum.'
1
A n n a l s , translated by S a n c h e z Solis,
41
A n n a l s of the
Mexican
f
IO6
THE
ANCIENT
C I T I E S OF T H E
NEW
WORLD.
T h e Toltecs were peaceful, their organisation was feudal and
aristocratic,
paternal.
indicative
of conquest, yet their government
was
Besides the great feudatory lords, they had military
orders and titles, which were bestowed on distinguished soldiers
for services in the field or the council, and finally the celebrated
order of the Tecuhtlis,
which was divided in sub-orders of the
14
44
tiger," the " lion," the
its
peculiar
privileges.
eagle," and other animals, each having
The
initiatory ceremonies
resembled
somewhat those attending our knights of the Middle A g e s , and
may interest the reader.
A t the nomination of a candidate, all the tecuhtlis
bled
in
the
out
in
the
request
with
in
a
a
body
of
for
the
pointed
the
day
house
holes
for
the
new
the
temple,
knight,
where
whence
they
set
the
high
priest,
at
his
nose
and
neophyte, perforated
tigers
thus
larger
of
bone,
made
or
an
eagles
twigs, which were
ones, until the healing
nouncing the while invocations to the
assem-
claw,
ears
inserting
changed
of
the wound;
gods
that they
every
prowould
give the novice the couragc of the lion, the swiftness of the
deer, etc. ;
followed by a speech in which
that he who aspires
ready
to
perform
to
the
the
dignity of
duties
henceforth to be distinguished
forbearance, and
moderation
mission to the laws.
his rich garments,
of
his
a
new
he was reminded
tecuhtli, must
office.
He
be
was
by greater meekness, patience,
in all things, together with
A f t e r this speech,
sub-
he was deprived of
and dressed in a coarse
tunic;
the only-
articles of furniture allowed him were a common mat and a
low stool.
He
was besmeared
with a black preparation, and
only broke his fast once in twenty-four hours with a tortilla
and a small quantity of
water.
Meanwhile
the
priests and
tecuhtlis came in turns to feast before the novice, and make
his fast more intolerable, heaping insults and injurious epithets
"3
upon the man
who stood
meekly
before t h e m ;
pointing their fingers jeeringly at him.
allowed
pricked
and
A t night he was only
to sleep a few minutes at a time ;
by sleep, his guardians
jostling
him with
and if
the
thorn
overcome
of
the
maguey.
14
by
A t the expiration of sixty clays the new knight, accompanied
friends and relatives, repaired to some temple of his own
district, where he was received by the whole order of tecuhtlis,
ranged in two rows on each side of the temple, from the main altar
clown to the entrance.
I l e advanced alone, bowing right and left to
each tecuhtli, until he reached the idol, where the mean garments
he had worn so long were taken off by the oldest tecuhtli, his hair
bound up in a knot on the top of his head with a red string;
whilst a wreath, having a medallion with his motto g r a v e n on it,
circled his brow.
H e was next clad in rich and fine apparel, orna-
mented and delicately embroidered;
in his hands he
received
arrows and a bow ; balls of gold were inserted in his ears and
nostrils, and a precious stone, the distinctive badge of his order,
hung
from his lower lip.
discourse
The
ceremony
ended with
another
to the effect that the neophyte should aim at being
liberal, just, free from arrogance, and willing to devote his life to
the service of his country and his gods." *
T h e Toltecs paid great attention to the instruction of youth.
T e x c u c o possessed schools of art, in which the broad principles
laid down by their forefathers were doubtless remembered, differing
from those of the Aztecs, whose exaggerated religiosity caused
them to leave the education
of the priests.
of children entirely in the hands
T h a t the latter were less
influential with
the
Toltecs seems indicated in the following passage : " A m o n g the
various sumptuous edifices at Utatlan was the college, having a
* V e y t i a , t o m e i. c h a p . ix.
8
f
IO6
THE
ANCIENT
CITIES
OF T H E
NEW
WORLD.
staff of seventy teachers, and five or six thousand pupils, who were
educated at the public e x p e n s e . " *
T h e truth of this account is
borne out by the fact that the city was only destroyed in 1 5 2 4 by
Alvarado, so that the early missionaries had ample opportunity
given them to collect materials for a trustworthy history.
Marriage among the Toltecs was celebrated with ceremonies it
may
interest the reader to know something
KRMALF. DANCF.KS A N D T E C F L L T U S , FROM
N o . 1 , K night of I he K i t e .
about.
R A M I R E Z MS. A N D K A T I I K R
No. 2, Knight of i h c T i g e r .
No. 3, Teponaitli.
On
this
DURAN.
N o . 4, Huehuctl.
N o . 5 , K n i g h t of the E a g l e .
occasion friends and relations were invited, the walls of the best
apartment were .adorned with pretty devices, made with flowers
and evergreens, whilst every table and bracket was covered with
them.
T h e bridegroom occupied a scat to the right, the bride sat
on the floor to the left of the hearth, which stood in the middle of
the room, where a bright fire was burning.
* Juarros,
11
T h e n the " marriagc-
C o m p e n d i o de la Mist, de la C i u d a d de G u a t e m a l a , ' tome 1. p. 87.
PALPAN
AND T H E
TOLTECS.
maker," as he was called, stood up and addressed
the
young
people, reminding them of their mutual duties in the life they were
about to enter, and, at the termination of his speech, they were
g i v e n new cloaks, and received the good wishes and congratulations of their friends, who as they came up threw each in turn
some perfume on the hearth.
N o w the bride and
bridegroom
were crowned with chaplets of flowers, and the day w a s wound up
with dance, music, and refreshments.
ceremony
similar to
officiated;
when
with a skeleton
this
in
all
instead of cloaks
T h e r e was also a religious
respects,
in
which
a
priest
they put on costly
dresses
head embroidered on them, and thus
attired,
the new married couple were accompanied
to their home and
left to themselves.*
In order to have a complete idea of this extraordinary people,
a few words upon their philosophy and ethics m a y find an appropriate place here.
admonished
with
A Toltec maiden, about to enter into life, was
great
tenderness
by her
father
to
preserve
simplicity in her manners and conversation, to have great neatness
in attire and attention
to personal cleanliness.
He
inculcated
modesty, faithfulness, and obedience to her husband, reminding
her that this world is a place of sorrow and disappointment, but
that G o d had g i v e n as a compensation domestic j o y s and material
enjoyments;
4
softening his advice by such endearing words a s :
* daughter mine, my beloved daughter, my precious," etc.
N o r was
the advice of a mother less touching—breathing throughout a
parent's love: " M y beloved daughter, my little dove, you have heard
the words which your father has told you.
T h e y are precious
words, such as are rarely spoken, and which have proceeded from
his heart.
S p e a k calmly and deliberately ; do not raise your voice
very high, nor speak very low, but in a moderate tone.
*
V e y t i a , t o m e 11. c h a p . iii.
Neither
116
THE
ANCIENT
C I T I E S OF T H E
NEW
WORLD.
mince, when you speak, nor when you salute, nor speak through
your n o s e ; but let your words be proper, and your voice gentle.
In walking, see that you behave becomingly, neither going with
haste, nor too slowly ; yet, when it is necessary to g o with haste,
do so.
W h e n you are obliged to j u m p o v e r a pool of water, do it
with decency.
W a l k through the streets quietly ; do not look
hither and thither, nor turn your head to look at this and that ;
walk neither looking at the skies nor at the ground.
S e e likewise
that you neither paint your face nor your lips, in order to look
well, since this is a mark of vile and immodest women.
your husband
But that
may take pleasure in you, adorn yourself, wash
yourself, and wear nothing but clean clothes, but let this be done
with moderation, since if you arc over nice—too delicate—they
will call you tapctzcton,
tincmaxoch.
the manner of your ancestors.
T h i s was the course and
In this world it is necessary to live
with prudence and circumspection.
S e e that you guard yourself
carefully and free from stain, for should you g i v e your favour to
another who is not y o u r husband, you would be ruined past all
recall ; since for such a crime they will kill you, throw you into the
street for an example to all the people, where your head will be
crushed and dragged upon the ground," etc.*
W e will end these quotations by the advice to a son : " M y
beloved
son, lay to heart the words I am going to utter, for
they are from our forefathers, who admonished us to keep them
locked up like precious gold-leaf, and taught us that boys and
girls are beloved of the Lord.
F o r this reason the men of old,
who were devoted to H i s service, held children in great reverence.
T h e y roused them out of their sleep, undressed them, bathed
them in cold water, made them sweep the temples and offer
cop.il to the gods.
They
washed
their mouths, saying
* S a h a g u n , lib. v i . c a p . xix.
that
YOUNG TOLTEC C I R L , FROM MODERN I N D I A N T Y P E S A N D F A T H E R
D U K A N ' S " I I I 5 T . DE LAS I N D I A S . *
Il8
AMERICA PINTORESCA
objeto de verificar estudios antropol6gicos y etnogrdficos. Observo que estos ind/genas de la
costa se parccen, hasta el punto de confundirlos, d todos los indios que he visto en las Guayanas francesa, holandesa, inglesa y brasilena.
Me embarco el 1 5 de abril a bordo de un aviso francos que me conduce a Cayena con mi
tripulacion y dos hermosas piraguas construidas por los negros bonis. A1 llegar a aquella ciudad, me dicen que el gobernador va a hacer una excursion por el Oyapock dentro de cinco 6
seis dias; precisamente el tiempo necesario para hacer mis preparativos de viaje y para que
ApatiS termine su curacion. Me ocupo de las ultimas compras, hago calafatear mis piraguas y
el 21 me embarco con el gobernador M. Huart, el director del interior Quintrie y muchasautoridades del pais que me demuestran sus simpatias por el feliz resultado de mi mision.
II
E l 22 por la mafiana divisamos la montana de Plata, asf llamada porque en ella abunda
un arbol de tallo fistuloso llamado madera cafion, cuya corteza y cuyas hojas tienen reflejos
plateados. Esta eminencia, conocida de todos los navegantes franceses porque es un excelentc
punto de referencia para acercarse 1 tierra, estaba h i tiempo ocupada por una colonia pcnitenciaria que producia un cafe muy apreciado.
Una hermana de la Caridad de Cayena d quien he ensenado los grabados de los antiguos
indios del Maroni me dice que ha encontrado otros andlogos en unas rocas de la montafla de
Plata. Una de estas rocas es sin duda la que tanto di<5 que pensar 4 los Portugueses cuando
buscaban argumentos para hacer valer sus derechos al territorio comprendido entre el Amazonas y el Oyapock. Nuestros vecinos pretendian haber hallado una picdra grabada, un antiguo mojon de h'mites en el que habian reconocido las armas de Cdrlos V. Habiindose nombrado una comision franco-portuguesa para que examinase dicho monumento, s61o vi6 en el
figuras extrafias que en nada se parecian d los grabados de un pueblo civilizado. Podemos
creer que los dibujos de esta piedra no tenian mds significacion que los que hemos encontrado
en el Maroni.
Muy en breve doblamos la tierra baja del cabo de Orange y entramos en el Oyapock.
L a naturaleza parece haber hecho algunos gastos para recibirnos. Millares de garzotas de
plumaje bianco y airoso penacho, e ibis de color rojo de fuego, sirven de batidores d nuestro
buque: reemplazandolos algo mds adelante legiones de vistosas cotorras verdes que cruzan la
corriente. Encallamos al remontar el rio, y eso que elcapitandel buque, M. Couy, eselautorde
un trabajo hidrogrdfico dcsde la desembocadura hasta la penitenciarfa de San Jorge; pero el
percance ha consistido en que el piloto nos hace pasar fuera del canal so pretexto de que
desde los ultimos sondeos ha cambiado de sitio un banco de arena. Esta equivocacion, que
nos hace perder un dia, da ocasion d los oficiales para ir d cazar cotorras posadas en los arbo-
PALPAN
AND T H E T O L T E C S .
119
God heard their prayers and accepted their exercises, their tears,
and their sorrow, because they were of a pure heart, perfect,
and without blemish, like ehalchihuill
(precious stones).
They
added that this world was preserved for their sake, and that
they were our intercessors before Him.
those killed
by
agreeable
the Sun, who called them
to
lightning
were
Satraps, wise men, and
supposed
might live for ever in his presence
to
be
particularly
to himself that they
in a perpetual
round
of
delight," etc.*
A n d what can be more beautiful than the prayer addressed
to T l a l o c : " O Lord, liberal giver of all things, Lord of freshness
and verdure, Lord of sweet-smelling paradise, Lord of incense
and copal.
Alas!
your vassals, the gods of water, have dis-
appeared, and lie concealed in their deep caverns, having stowed
away all things indispensable to life, although they continue to
receive the ;//// yauhili
and copal offering.
They
carried away their sister, the goddess of substance.
have pity on us that live.
have also
O
Lord,
Our food goes to destruction, is
lost and dried up for lack of water; it is as if turned to dust and
mixed with spiders' webs.
mace/iuetcs
and
the
common
Wilt
thou have no pity on
people,
who
hunger, and g o about unrecognisable and
are
wasted
disfigured ?
the
with
They
are blue under the eyes as with death ; their mouths are dry
as sedge : all the bones of their bodies show as in a skeleton.
T h e children arc disfigured and yellow as earth ; not only those
that begin to walk, but even those in the cradle.
of hunger comes to every o n e ;
suffer
from
dire want.
T h i s torment
the very animals and
It is pitiful
to
see the birds,
birds
some
dragging themselves along with drooping wings, others falling
down unable to walk, and others with
their mouth still
* S a h a g u n , lib. v i . c a p . viii.
open
f
IO6
THE
ANCIENT
C I T I E S OF T H E
through hunger and thirst.
us abundantly
NEW WORLD.
O
Lord, T h o u wert wont to g i v e
of those things
which are the life and joy of
all the world, and precious as emeralds and s a p p h i r e s ; all these
things have departed
most
from us.
( ) Lord
kind and compassionate, what
do with us ?
nourishment,
hast T h o u
I last T h o u utterly forsaken us ?
wrath and indignation be appeased ?
Thy
G o d of
Wilt
determined to
Shall
Is it so decreed
in
Thy
Thou destroy these
servants, and leave this city and kingdom
uninhabited?
not
heaven
desolate
and
hades?
O
and
Lord, grant, at least, that these innocent children, who cannot
so much as walk, and
something
those
to cat, so that
terrible famine.
still
in
the
cradle,
may
have
they may live and die not in this
What have they done that they should be so
tried, and should die of h u n g e r ?
They
have committed
iniquity, neither do they know what thing
no
it is to s i n ;
they
neither offended the g o d s of heaven nor the g o d s of hell.
We,
if we have offended in many things, if our sins have reached
heaven
it
is
and
but
vigorate
and
hades
just
the
much
and
that we
corn
and
needed,
now
the
uttermost
should
other
sown
be
parts
of
destroyed.
substances,
and
much
planted;
of the earth suffer sore need and anguish
O
the
world,
Lord,
in-
wished
for
for the
ridges
from lack of water.
Grant, O Lord, that the people receive this favour and mercy
at T h i n e h a n d ; let them see and enjoy the verdure and coolness
which are as precious stones.
the substance
of
S e e good
that
the
fruit
the Tlalocs be given, which are the
that these g o d s carry with them and that g i v e us rain.
and
clouds
May
it please T h e e , ( ) Lord, that the animals and herbs be made
glad, and that
the fowls and birds of precious
as the qucchotl
and
the
herbs
and
feather, such
the $a</uan, fly and sing and feast
flowers.
And
let
not this come about
upon
with
thunder and lightning, symbols of T h y wrath ; for if our lords
PALPAN
AND THE TOLTECS.
121
the Tlalocs come in this way, the people, being lean and very
weak with hunger, would be terrified.*' *
T h e degree of culture of a nation can be g a u g e d
religion, and
notably
its ideas of a
future life.
from its
The
beauty
and eloquence loving G r e e k discoursed upon philosophy walking
under noble porticoes; the thoughts of the barbarous worshipper
of W o d e n were of bloody lights, and of wassail in which he
drank hydromel out of his enemies' skulls ; the A r a b goes
to
sleep cradled on the lap of houris ; the R e d Indian dreams of
endless hunting-fields, whilst
a heaven of plenty.
tions beyond
the starving
Bushman
hopes for
T h e Toltec is the only one whose aspira-
the g r a v e are
free from grossness and c r u e l t y ;
his heaven is a resting-place for the weary, a perpetual spring,
amidst flowers, fields of yellow maize, verdure and flowers.
From
these
graver
matters w e will
pass
to the
legend,
told by Veytia, which makes Papantzin the inventor of pulque ;
and although, in our opinion, he places this event 100 late, it
is none the less instructive as showing another side of
history.
Toltec
In the y e a r 1049, or, according to Clavigero, 1 0 2 4 - 1 0 3 0 ,
Tecpancaltzin w a s one clay taking his siesta in the palace, when
Papantzin, one of his great nobles, presented himself
with his daughter, the beautiful Xochitl
together
( " f l o w e r " ) , bearing, with
other g i f t s to the king, a kind of liqueur, made from the maguey
juice by a process of which Papantzin w a s the inventor.
The
new drink
and
pleased
the royal
palate, and
the lovely form
face of the young maiden were still more pleasing to the royal
taste.
The
king expressed
new b e v e r a g e
she might
his
desire
to have
at the hands of the fair Xochitl.
bring
it unattended save
more of
the
adding
that
by her nurse.
Proud
of
the honour shown him, Papantzin a few days later sent Xochitl,
* S a h a g u n , lib. v i . c a p . viii.
IO6
f
THE
accompanied
ANCIENT
by
a
CITIES
duefia,
introduced alone to the
OF T H E
with
NEW
some
presence
of
WORLD.
pulque.
Xochitl
Tecpancaltzin.
was
Bravely
the maiden resisted the monarch's protestations of ardent love,
but alone and unprotected she was unable to resist the threats
and violence
used
against
her.
S h e was then sent to the
strongly-guarded palace of Pal pan near the capital ; " and there,
cut off from all communication with
lived as the king's mistress.
Her
parents
or
friends, she
father meanwhile was told
that his daughter had been entrusted by the king to the care
of some matrons, who would perfect her education and fit her
for a high position among
the court ladies.
Meanwhile
the
•
king visited Xochitl, and in 1051 a child was born, who received
the name of Mcconetzin
that of Topiltzin
history.
But
( " c h i l d of
the maguey '), and later
(the " J u s t i c e r " *), by which he is known in
at last Papantzin, suspecting that all was
right with his daughter, visited the palace of
disguise of a labourer;
of her shame.
Pal pan in the
he found her and listened to the tale
His wrath knew no bounds, but he was quieted
with the k i n g s promise that the child should be
heir to the throne, and that, should the
would succeed her
mentioned
that
forbidden among
were
why
not
as
his
polygamy
legitimate
and
the Toltecs of
binding on king
and
queen die,
consort.
concubinage
that
proclaimed
period ;
Xochitl
It should
were
be
strictly
that the laws
peasant alike ; and this explains
Tecpancaltzin was obliged to keep his love for Xochitl
secret, until he was free to proclaim her publicly his queen ;
a step which was fraught with endless evils for his country/
since
after
deprived
hostilities.
of
his
death
their hope
The
most
the
of
Toltcc
princes,
succession,
powerful
of
broke
these
* Veytia, tome I. chap. xxix.
who
out
and
were
thus
into
open
nearest
to
INDIAN
KIN<
O
; M CI_A
124
AMERICA PINTORESCA
esta vez he tenido intencion de cazar, si no como recreo, al miSnos para proporcionarme aliA las nueve Ilegamos a una isla pintoresca, en la que hay dos chozas de indios oyampys.
Di'cenme que han sido abandonadas d consecuencia de una epidemia que ha arrebatado la mitad de los habitantes. Temeroso mi patron del contagio, no quiere desembarcar, pero cl resto
dc la tripulacion salta en tierra. Los indios oyampys no queman sus muertos como los rucuyos, smo que los entierran en una fosa muy profunda, pero que s61o tiene un metro de Ion-
gitud, metiendo en ella el caddver verticalmente, con los brazos, las piernas y la cabeza doblados, como el feto en el vientre materno. A veces lo dejan descomponerse en el bosque, y
cuando ha trascurrido un afio guardan sus huesos en una vasija de arcilla. Mons. Egmonet
me ha regalado una de estas urnas funerarias.
Los indios no civilizados dejan siempre trascurrir algun tiempo Antes de dar sepultura d
sus muertos: los galibis los conservan una scmana. Tienden el caddvcr en una hamaca, debajo
de la cual ponen un cacharro para recoger en 61 el h'quido que sucltan las carncs en descom-'
posicion; y, cosa horrible pero atestiguada por los negros bonis, los futuros piays, es decir,
los estudiantes de medicina, han de probar su fuerza de voluntad y energla de cardcter bebiendo una maceracion de hojas de tabaco y de una planta llamada quinquina, i la cual se
agregan unas cuantas gotas dc este virus cadavdrico.
125
the
throne
cacique? of
was
Huehuetzin;*
with him
the northern provinces
were
banded
beyond Jalisco and
the
those
bordering on the Atlantic Ocean, when after years of warfare,
followed by calamitous inundations, tempests, droughts, famine^
and pestilence (1097), the Toltecs, greatly reduced in numbers,
dispersed;
some directing their march south
(the T o l u c a
Cuernavaca branch), others going north (the T u l a and
and
Teoti-
huacan branch) founded establishments at Tehuantepec, Guatemala,
Goatzacoalco,
Tabasco,
and
Campeche;
remained at Cholula and Chapultepec.t
event
in
1008.
whilst
a
few
IxtlilxochitlJ places this
Sixteen hundred are said to have settled
Colhuacan, intermarried with Chichemec caciques, and
the family from which the kings of T e x c u c o were
at
founded
descended.
Clavigero writes that the miserable remains of the nation found
a remedy in flight ( 1 0 3 1 — 1 0 5 0 ) , some settling in Yucatan and
Guatemala, whilst others, with the two sons of
mained
in
the
Tula valley,
and
that
their
Topiltzin,
grandsons
rewere
subsequently closely connected with the royal families of Mexico,
Texcuco, and Colhuacan.§
Finally
Torquemada|| writes
"that
they were counselled by the devil to abandon their country to
escape utter annihilation, and that the account of their migrations
is to be found in Acolhuan histories, written in peculiar characters
as is the custom of these aborigines."
T h e Toltec soldiers wore a quilted cotton tunic that fitted closely
to the body and protected also the shoulders and thighs ; their offensive weapons consisted of spears, light javelins, and clubs studded
with steel, silver, or gold
nails.
T h e y used a copper currency,
which a short while ago was still found among the Tutupecans.*"
• V c y t i a , t o m e 1. chap, x x x i i i
J Ixtlilxcchitl, " R c l a c i o n e s , "
t
Ibid.
K i n g s b o r o u g h , tome i x pp. 3 3 2 a n d 3 3 3 .
§ C l a v i g e r o , t o m e I. lib. ii. p. 5 4 .
|| T o r q u e m a d a , " M o n a r q u i a I n d i a n a , " tome 1. lib. i. cap. x v i .
T
Ixtlilxochitl,
ut sufro.
126
TIIB
ANCIENT
C I T I E S OF THE
NEW
WORLD.
T h e s e quotations, which might be multiplied, clearly
prove
that the Toltecs migrated south, following the coasts of
both
oceans ; that they ceased to exist as a nation after the disruption of their e m p i r e ; but that their scattered remnants carried
on the work
of
civilisation
in Central
America, on
plateaux, and in Anahuac ; evidenced in the strong
that
the
civilisations of
these
various
regions
the
high
resemblance
bear
to
one
about
the
another.
We
will close
this chapter with
a few words
Chichemecs, who occupied the valley after the Toltecs.
emperor Xolotl made T e n a y u c a , to the west of L a k e
Their
Texcuco,
his capital, and despatched four chiefs, with a strong escort, to
explore the country in e v e r y direction.
T h e y were absent four
years, and in their re]>ort ( 1 1 2 4 ) they stated that they had met
with some Toltecs in the region formerly held by them ; but that
the greater proportion
had founded important
far-off provinces of Tehuantepec,
Tabasco.
Nopaltzin,
the son
of
Guatemala,
colonies
in the
Tecocotlan,
this emperor, sent
and
likewise
emissaries from Teotihuacan, whose report was to the effect that
they had found a few Toltecs scattered in five different places,
who told them of their hardships, adding that most of their fellowcitizens had g o n e farther west and south.
F r o m these quotations it is clearly seen that the date of the
oldest edifices in T a b a s c o cannot be anterior to the beginning
of the twelfth c e n t u r y ; *
that
Toltec influence was felt simul-
taneously on the high plateaux and in Central America, shown
by the
flourishing
Architometl
(1231)
small Toltec state of Colhuacan, where
had
revived
those
arts and
ancestors had initiated, and which, since
had
fallen into utter decay.
their
King
sciences
extermination,
T h i s king succeeded so well
* Veytia, tome 11. chaps, ii., iii.
his
in