UNIDAD

UNIDAD
5
Prejudice
En esta unidad aprenderás a:
1. Hablar de planes futuros
2. Hacer predicciones
3. Hacer comparaciones
4. Identificar diferentes contextos y situaciones
5. Identificar distintos tipos de texto: narrativos, descriptivos, argumentativos y
epistolares
6. Diferenciar la pronunciación de los sonidos / / / u:/
Por medio de:
Contenidos gramaticales:
1. Futuro simple
2. Going to
3. Adjetivos comparativos y superlativos
Vocabulario:
1. Adjetivos
2. Sinónimos y Antónimos
Fonética:
1. Pronunciación de los sonidos // / u:/
100
Unit 5. Prejudice
READING
Stiff-necked or
Hard-working.
GRAMMAR
Futuro simple.
Going to.
Comparativos y Superlativos
WRITING
PRONUNCIATION
Identificar tipos de texto: Los sonidos //, /u:/.
descriptivos, narrativos,
argumentativos, epistolar.
VOCABULARY
Adjetivos.
Antónimos/Sinónimos.
LISTENING & SPEAKING
Identificar contextos
situaciones.
y
FUNCTIONS
Hablar de planes futuros.
Hacer predicciones.
Hacer comparaciones
Unit 6. Health
READING
Visiting the doctor!
WRITING
Nexos coordinados:
Corrección de Errores
pág. 118
GRAMMAR
Pretérito Perfecto simple.
Just/for/since/ever /never
PRONUNCIATION
Los sonidos /x/, /›/.
VOCABULARY
Conjunciones Coordinadas:
'and', 'or', 'but'.
El cuerpo humano.
Lenguaje formal/informal.
LISTENING & SPEAKING
Entender sentido general de
una conversación que trata
sobre la enfermedad del
SIDA.
FUNCTIONS
Hablar de hechos pasados con relevancia en el presente.
Expresar duración e identificar punto en el tiempo.
Unir ideas.
Ofrecer opciones.
Presentar objeciones.
8
Reading
1. Before you read the text, answer the following questions. (1
)(
).
a) What is the meaning of prejudice?
An injury or a damage to someone or something.
An opinion formed beforehand, especially an unfavourable one
based on inadequate facts.
A lie when you have previously taken an oath to tell the truth.
b) Once you know the meaning of this term think of different types of prejudice
and give an example of each one.
Sexual
..........
................................
..................................
..........
..........
...............................
................................
c) Which are the most widespread prejudices in your own country?
d) What about you? Do you have any personal prejudice? Do you have prejudices
about other countries or nationalities? Give some examples.
2. Read and listen to this text (2
)(
)
Stiff-necked or Hard-working?
People around the world have preconceived notions about the behaviour and lifestyle
of other nations. These beliefs originate most of the worldwide cultural misunderstandings
and conflicts; and they appear when people from different countries
meet. If we pay attention to the expressions about one specific population, we will find
insulting or ironic idioms that, in fact, do no justice to them.
The majority of the inhabitants of the western world share these idioms.
Therefore, we know what the "others" say about us and, what is more important, what
we say about the "others." As we will see, some
cliches enhance the personal attitudes of the ordinary
people while some others do the opposite with
the national characteristics of the different countries.
The British population considers the French to be
gross and improper; they even call them frogs! But,
what do the rest of the world think of the British? For
the rest of the world, they are posh, stiff-necked and
most of the time, snobbish.
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UNIDAD
5
PREJUDICE
Northern Europe considers the Spanish to be party-goers
and siesta-lovers, although in Germany they think the
Spanish work hard. In this cross-fire of qualifications, nonation
is
safe : The Norwegians, for example, are famous
for their cold and calculating personality, but in fact they
are warm and welcoming citizens, the same as the
Greeks. On the other hand, we find that most people hold
the Chinese to be very hard workers and tight fisted; the
Dutch share this characteristic, although, as mentioned
before, it is just a consideration. America, the land of
immigrants, is a final example of how people from different
nationalities and traditions keep their identity, live and
mix in the so called "salad-bowl". No matter how different
they are, the fact is that, as Americans, the world thinks
that they are all presumptuous and arrogant.
From what we have pointed out, we can conclude
that people tend to talk about their neighbouring lands
and their citizens in a humorous, scornful or distrustful
way. But, in any case, accepting it cheerfully and making
fun of ourselves will improve our relationships with other
people.
Comprehension
3. Are these statements true or false? (3
)
a) The Author tells us to accept preconceived notions about other nations cheerfully.
True
False
b) The western world agrees on what "others" say about them.
True
False
c) Every topic about nations is true.
True
False
d) British people are always snobbish and stiff-necked.
True
False
e) The inhabitants of all the other countries consider that Chinese and Spanish
people work very hard.
True
False
f) In America immigrants from different nationalities maintain their own culture.
True
102
False
4. Choose the appropriate meaning of the following verbs from the text. (4
Have in Common
To Devide
To make
To share
To Recognise
To Imagine
To Ignore
To Know
To Sum
To increase
To Enhance
To Consider
To Believe
To Appear
To hold
To Presume
To Take
To Receive
To Partake
To Share
To Mention
To Play
To Point Out
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To Speak
)
UNIDAD
5
PREJUDICE
Using English
5. Put the underlined adjectives in the text in one of the appropriate columns below.
(5
)
Positive
Neutral
Grammar
Afirmativa
FUTURO SIMPLE (WILL)
Suj. + WILL + Infinitivo sin 'to'
(para todas las personas)
I will work hard.
Trabajaré duro.
Negativa
Suj. + WILL NOT + Infinitivo sin 'to'
(para todas las personas)
I will not work hard.
No trabajaré duro.
Interrogativa
WILL + Suj. + Infinitivo sin 'to'?
(para todas las personas)
Will s/he work hard?
¿Trabajará duro él/ella?
Recuerda que:
a) La contracción de WILL con el SUJETO es 'LL
I'll, She'll, They'll
b) La contracción de WILL + NOT es WON'T
104
Negative
Este tiempo verbal se emplea para:
a) Comunicar a otras personas nuestras decisiones, en el mismo instante en las tomamos.
I'll go to the cinema this afternoon
Iré al cine esta tarde.
I will stop eating chocolate!
¡Voy a dejar de comer chocolate!
b) Para hacer predicciones y dar nuestra opinión sobre acontecimientos futuros.
I think Spain will win the World Cup
Creo que España ganará el
Mundial de Fútbol.
It's cloudy; I think it will rain tomorrow
Está nublado; creo que mañana
lloverá.
FUTURO PRÓXIMO (GOING TO)
Afirmativa
Suj. + Presente del verbo TO BE + GOING TO + VERBO
(lª pers. sing)
I am going to fly…
Voy a volar…
(3ª pers. sing)
S/he is going to fly…
Él/Ella va a volar…
(3ª pers. plur)
They are going to fly…
Ellos van a volar…
Negative
Suj. + Presente del verbo TO BE + NOT GOING TO + VERBO
(lª pers. sing.)
I am not going to fly…
No voy a volar…
(3ª pers. sing.)
S/he is not going to fly…
Él/Ella no va a volar…
(2ª pers. plur.)
They are not going to fly…
Ellos no van a volar…
Interrogativa
Presente del verbo TO BE + Suj. + GOING TO+ VERBO?
(lª pers. sing)
Am I going to fly…?
¿Voy a volar…?
(3ª pers. sing)
Is S/he going to fly…?
¿Va él /ella a volar…?
(3ª pers. plur)
Are they going to fly…?
¿Van ellos a volar…?
Recuerda que:
a) La contracción de I + AM es I'm
b) La contracción de S/he + IS es He's/She's
c) La contracción de You + ARE es You're
d) La contracción de They + ARE es They're
Este tiempo verbal se emplea para:
a) Expresar intenciones futuras, planes ya hechos o decisiones ya tomadas,
especialmente cuando ya se ha decidido dónde y cuándo.
I'm going to be a taxi driver when I grow up
Cuando sea mayor voy a ser taxista
We're going to visit Paris next summer
Vamos a visitar París el próximo verano.
b) Expresar acciones inmediatas o de las que estamos seguros que ocurrirán en
el futuro.
Mary and Peter are going to have a baby in March
María y Pedro van
a tener un bebé en marzo.
Look out! The china is going to fall!
¡Cuidado! ¡Se va a caer la porcelana!
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UNIDAD
5
PREJUDICE
Grammar Exercises
6. WILL or WON'T? Fill in the gaps with 'will' or 'won't'. (6
)
a) You ……… find the right way, it is very easy!
b) I ……… help you with your homework. You have to do it on your own.
c) Today we ……… see who is the contest's winner.
d) ……… you come with me shopping? I need a new pair of shoes.
e) I ……… forget to buy you a present in London.
f) Of course, I ……… remember to visit the Tower of London!
g) ……… you bring me the papers, please?
7. Use WILL or GOING TO. Complete the dialogue below using the most suitable
tense (7
).
Margaret: What (you do)………………… (a) this evening,
then?
Anne: I (go) ………………… (b) to the party.
Margaret: So you think it's a good idea!
Anne: Of course it is!
Margaret: (Peter go) ………………… (c) too?
Anne: I don't know, but I (ask) ………………… (d)
Paul and I (tell) ………………… (e) you later.
Margaret: I don't think I (go) …………………. (f)
Anne: Why not? You (meet) ………………… (g) new friends there! Paul (play)
………………… (h) the guitar; he plays it in the school orchestra.
Margaret: It sounds good!
Anne: Yes, so why don´t you come?
Margaret: See, I (go) ………………… (i) after all! (we go) ………………… (j) together?
Anne: Of course we are! I (see) ………………… (k) you at 7.30 pm.
Margaret: Right then…
106
8. Lisa is visiting a fortune-teller to know her future. Write their conversation. Use
WILL, WON'T or GOING TO. (8
)(
).
Lisa (1): Am I going to find a boyfriend?
Fortune Teller (1):
Lisa (2):
Fortune Teller (2):
Lisa (3):
Fortune Teller (3):
Lisa (4):
Fortune Teller (4):
Lisa (5):
Fortune Teller (5):
Lisa (6):
Fortune Teller (6):
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UNIDAD
5
PREJUDICE
9. Arrange the words to make an affirmative sentence. Then write the interrogative
form of each one. (9
)
a) pass / Mathew / the / will / exam / tomorrow
Affirmative:........................................................................................
Interrogative:........................................................................................
b) this / film / evening / the /show / will / They
Affirmative:........................................................................................
Interrogative: ........................................................................................
c) party / going to / Arthur / to / is / Maria / invite / her
Affirmative: ........................................................................................
Interrogative: ........................................................................................
d) to / We / house / won't / your / walk
Affirmative: ........................................................................................
Interrogative:........................................................................................
e) make / are / cake / going to / We / a
Affirmative: ........................................................................................
Interrogative:........................................................................................
f) Simon / Anne / marry / will
Affirmative: ........................................................................................
Interrogative:........................................................................................
g) tonight / phone / me / going to / Margaret / is
Affirmative:........................................................................................
Interrogative:........................................................................................
h) next / President / May / win / elections / The / will
Affirmative:........................................................................................
Interrogative:........................................................................................
i) house / my / paint /Peter / will
Affirmative:........................................................................................
Interrogative:........................................................................................
j) going to / Mary's / come / party / to / is / Andrea
Affirmative: ........................................................................................
Interrogative:........................................................................................
10. Write six sentences about your plans for the weekend. Use GOING TO when
necessary. (10
)(
)
a)........................................................................................
b)........................................................................................
c)........................................................................................
d)........................................................................................
e)........................................................................................
f)...........................................................................................
108
Learning Vocabulary:Synonyms
and antonyms
SINONYMS
ANTONYMS
Son palabras sinónimas aquellas
que tienen significado igual o
equivalente.
Son palabras antónimas aquellas
que tienen significado opuesto.
En inglés existe un recurso muy productivo para formar antónimos; consiste en
usar prefijos negativos: letras que añadimos delante de una palabra para crear
una nueva y cambiar su significado. Algunos de estos prefijos son un-, dis-, im(delante de palabras que comienzan por "b", "m", "p"), il- (delante de palabras
que empiezan por "l").
EJEMPLO
SINÓNIMO
ANTÓNIMO
Old (viejo)
Ancient
Young
Honest (honesto)
Decent
Dishonest
Friendly (amigable)
Amicable
Unfriendly
Legal (legal)
Authorised
Illegal
Mature (maduro)
Adult
Immature
11. Fill in the gaps with the opposites of the words in brackets. Look them up in a
dictionary if necessary (11
)
a) I am …………… to follow the lesson. (able)
b) The deduction you made is …………… . (logical)
c) It was …………… for me to go to your party. (possible)
d) He suffers from a mental …………… (order)
e) Mike is really a good boy. It's a pity he felt …………… when he came home. (welcome)
f) It's incredible! The office is completely …………… with this new boss. (organised)
109
5
UNIDAD
PREJUDICE
12. Find a suitable synonym for each of the following adjectives. Then, match each
adjective with its antonym. (12
)
Hard
Facile
Heated
Tidy
Friendly
Perfect
Ugly
Costly/Dear
Synonyms
Adjectives
Antonyms
Large
Big
Dirty
.............................
Hot
Cold
.............................
Easy
Small
.............................
Cordial
Soft
.............................
Clean
Imperfect
.............................
Expensive
Distant
.............................
Ugly
Beautiful
.............................
Hard
Cheap
.............................
Perfect
Difficult
Listening
13. Listen carefully and answer the questions. (13
)(
)(
)
a) What does Pamela think about Bath?
She prefers London
She will miss her friends there
She wants to visit the city
She wants to visit her friends
b.1) Where does the conversation take place?
In a bookshop
In a big supermarket
In a café
In a car park
c) Why is Lucy returning
Edinburgh?
To visit her family
To start working again
To phone Carol
To sunbathe
110
b.2) What did the customer order?
A bottle of Ginger-Ale
A glass of Spitzer
Bread and butter
Chocolate cake and tea
to d) What kind of relationship do these
people have?
They are lovers
They are wife and husband
They are boss and secretary
They are flatmates
Grammar: Comparative and
superlative adjetives
Podemos expresar todos los adjetivos en tres grados: positivo, comparativo y
superlativo.
Positivo
El grado positivo presenta la cualidad del adjetivo en un grado neutro.
Susan is tall.
Susan es alta.
Comparativo
Se usa para establecer una comparación de la cualidad entre dos elementos.
Puede ser de inferioridad, de igualdad, y de superioridad.
Comparativo de inferioridad:
less + Adj. + than
menos + Adj. + que
Peter is less tall than Susan.
Pedro es menos alto que Susana.
Comparativo de igualdad:
as + Adj. + as
tan + Adj. + como
Susan is as tall as Peter.
Susana es tan alta como Pedro.
Comparativo de superioridad:
a) Para adjetivos de una sílaba o de dos sílabas que terminan en -y.
Adj.-er + than
más + Adj. + que
Susan is taller than Peter.
Susana es más alta que Pedro.
b) Para adjetivos de dos o más sílabas.
more + Adj. + than
más + Adj. + que
Susan is more intelligent than Peter.
que Pedro.
Susana es más inteligente
Superlativo
Se usa para comparar tres o más cosas en grado sumo.
a) Para adjetivos de una sílaba o de dos sílabas que terminan en -y.
the + Adj.-est + in/of
el/la más + Adj. + en/ de
Susan is the tallest in/of the class. Susana es la más alta en/de la clase.
b) Para adjetivos de dos o más sílabas.
the + most + Adj. + in/of
el/la más + Adj. + en/ de
Susan is the most intelligent in/of the class.
en/de la clase.
111
Susana es la más inteligente
UNIDAD
5
PREJUDICE
Formas Irregulares
Algunos adjetivos no siguen las reglas estudiadas y tienen formas irregulares
para el comparativo de superioridad y el superlativo. Por ejemplo:
Better
The Best
Worse
The Worst
Farther /Further
The Farthest/ Furthest
Reglas Ortográficas
Los adjetivos terminados en "-e" pierden la "e" y añaden "-er/-est".
Large (grande) / Larger / The Largest
Los adjetivos terminados en consonante + "-y" cambian la "y" por "i".
Happy (feliz) / Happier / The Happiest
Los adejtivos terminados en vocal seguida de consonante, doblan la consonante y
añaden "-er/-est".
Big (grande) / Bigger / The Biggest
Hot (caliente) / Hotter / The Hottest
Thin (fino) / Thinner / The Thinnest
Tabla resumen de adjetivos comparativos y superlativos
Adjetivo
Comparativo
Superlativo
Adjetivos de
Strong (fuerte)
Stronger
The Strongest
una sílaba
Hot (caliente)
Hotter
The Hottest
Rich (rico)
Richer
The Richest
Funny (gracioso)
Funnier
The Funniest
Dirty (sucio)
Dirtier
The Dirtiest
Lazy (perezoso)
Lazier
The Laziest
Adjetivos de
dos sílabas
que terminan
en -y
Modern (moderno)
Adjetivos de
dos o
Interesting (interesante)
más sílabas
Gentle (amable)
112
More Modern
More Interesting
More Gentle
The Most Modern
The Most
Interesting
The Most Gentle
Ejemplos
My car is as old as yours.
Mi coche es tan viejo como el tuyo.
My house is bigger than yours.
Mi casa es más grande que la tuya.
My house is the biggest house in this neighbourhood.
grande del barrio.
Mi casa es la más
In this class, Paul is more polite than Sarah.
educado que Sara.
En esta clase, Pablo es más
Paul is the most polite student in the class.
educado de la clase.
Pablo es el estudiante más
14. Write the comparative and superlative of the following adjectives that appear in
the text 'Stiff-necked or Hardworking?'. (14
)
Adjective
Comparative
Specific
Ironic
Personal
Gross
Improper
Posh
Safe
Calculating
Welcoming
Close-fisted
Different
Presumptuous
Arrogant
Humorous
Scornful
Distrustful
113
Superlative
UNIDAD
5
PREJUDICE
15. Complete these sentences using the comparative or superlative form of the
adjective. (15
)(
)
a) What is....................................... sport in your country? It is soccer. (popular)
b) Your umbrella is......................................... yours. (big)
c) Mediterranean countries ......................................... the northern ones. (warm)
d) This city is...................................I expected. (dirty)
e) Which city do you find.......................................? (interesting)
f) I find mathematics................subject. (difficult)
g) Why does my kitchen seems to be........................................... yours? (large)
16. Make sentences. Use AS + Adj. + AS. (16
)
a) Mark / tall / Peter
................................................................................................................................
b) Dave / young / Mary
................................................................................................................................
c) London / expensive / Madrid
................................................................................................................................
d) New York / noisy / Berlin
................................................................................................................................
e) The Beatles / famous / The Rolling Stones
................................................................................................................................
f) My sister / intelligent / your sister
................................................................................................................................
g) A video / good / DVD
................................................................................................................................
17. Write the missing form of the following adjectives: (17
)
Adjective
Comparative
Superlative
Happy
...............................
.................................
...............................
More cruel
.................................
...............................
.................................
The Thickest
Simple
.................................
.................................
.............................
Faster
.................................
...............................
.................................
The Cheapest
Strange
................................
.................................
...............................
Colder
.................................
...............................
.................................
The Newest
Dangerous
.................................
.................................
...............................
More attractive
.................................
...............................
..............................
The Lightest
114
18. Find out the comparative or superlative form of the following adjectives in this
word search game. (18
)
BIG
TALL
WHITE
EASY
CURLY
CHEAP
LONG
N
N
T
S
I
A
C
L
R
H
O
B
G
K
S
H
O
E
W
H
I
T
E
R
E
N
L
R
F
G
E
S
T
A
G
L
K
I
G
Z
E
W
P
E
A
F
M
E
A
S
I
E
S
T
A
B
R
T
Y
O
R
T
E
C
U
R
L
I
E
R
E
L
Writing
Tipos de texto
Texto
Narrativo
Texto
Descriptivo
Texto
Argumentativo
Texto
Epistolar
Son todos aquellos textos en los que aparecen personajes
localizados en el tiempo y en el espacio. Estos textos están
organizados alrededor de una estructura temporal, marcada
por la existencia de un comienzo, un nudo y un desenlace.
Todos aquellos textos en los que se expresa lo que se ve o lo
que se siente; es decir, podemos realizar descripciones externas de objetos, personas o situaciones, o descripciones psicológicas, lo que un objeto, persona o situación nos hace sentir.
Son todos aquellos textos en los que se presentan ideas o
conceptos que aparecen ordenados en una secuencia lógica.
Por ejemplo, definición-ejemplo, causa-efecto…Este texto
intenta convencer al lector para que piense de una determinada manera.
Son los textos usados en las cartas. Este tipo de texto puede
ser FORMAL o INFORMAL. Textos epistolares FORMALES
pueden ser peticiones, disculpas, quejas, opiniones… Los
INFORMALES pueden ser cartas a familiares y amigos,
invitaciones…
115
UNIDAD
5
PREJUDICE
19. Read carefully and identify the following texts. (19
a).......................................................
)
b)...........................................................
27, Oxford Street
London .
WC2 250
17
th
, Dec, 2001
Dear Mum,
I have a lot of fun with this family. I
enjoy all the things I see and do. They are rather
peculiar: they only go out at night, so they give me the
opportunity to do whatever I want during the day. I’ll
write you and tell you more...
Lots of Kisses
c).................................................
d)...........................................................
116
Pronunciation
LOS SONIDOS VOCÁLICOS //, /u:/
El sonido // es parecido a la "u" española, pero la inglesa se pronuncia con
los labios más redondeados.
Put /pt/
Look
/lk/
El sonido /u:/ es más largo que el anterior, y esto se indica gráficamente por
los dos puntos, detrás de la grafía
Roof
/ru:f/
Suit
/su:t/
20. Put the following words in the correct column according to their pronunciation.
(20
)(
)
Good Through
Fool
Cool
Flute
Soup
Could
Push
Do
Cook Group Would
Full
//
21. Listen and check your answers. (21
Too
Took
/u:/
)(
)
Vocabulary
Behaviour /bw0hewvjcr/:conducta, comportamiento
Belief /bw0li:f/: creencia
Citizen /0swtwzn/: ciudadano
Close-fisted /0klcs0fwstwd/: tacaño
Conclude /kcn0klu:d/ (-ed): concluir, terminar
Cross-fire /0krZsfawcr/fuego cruzado
Distrustful /dw0strstfcl/: desconfiado, receloso
Enhance /wn0hY:ns/ (-ed): resaltar
Frog /frZg/: rana
Gross /grcs/: grosero, burdo
Immigrant /0wmwgrcnt/: inmigrante
Improper /wm0prZpcr/: incorrecto
Improve /wm0pru:v/ (-ed): mejorar, desarrolar
Misunderstanding /mwsndc0stændw†/:
malentendido
Notion /0nc•cn/: noción, idea
Oath /c›/: juramento
Partake /pY:0tewk/ (p. partook /pY:0tk/
pp. partaken /pY:0tewkcn/): ser partícipe
de algo
Party-goer /0pY:ti gccr/: fiestero
Point out /0p]wntat/ (-ed): señalar,
resaltar
Posh /pZ•/: pijo, (de) bien
Preconceived /pri:kcn0si:vd/:
preconcebido
Quality /0kwZlwtw/: calidad
Regard /rw0gY:d/ (-ed): considerar
Safe /sewf/: seguro
Scornful /0sk]:nfcl/: desdeñoso
Snobbish /0snZbw•/: cursi, afectado
Stiff-necked /stwf0nekt/: terco
Western /0westcn/: occidental
Worldwide /wf:ld0wawd/: mundial, universal
117