Entrenamiento ayudantes de Investigación Nivel II

Partner Violence and Gender Roles
among Low Income Chilean Women
Cianelli,R.,PhD, MPH,RN,FAAN
Miner,S.,MNS, RN., Ferrer,L., PhD, MNS,RN,
Irarrazabal,L.,MNS, RN Villegas,N., MSN, RN
Financial support for this study provided by NIH RO1 TW 006977, RO1 TW007674, RO3 TW006980
Introduction
Intimate Partner Violence
• Globally, anywhere between 15-71% of women have
experienced intimate partner violence at some point in
their lives.
• It is estimated that 40-70% of Chilean women have
experienced some type of violence in their lives.
• In Santiago, the capital of Chile, over 50% of women
had lived through some type of partner violence.
(DESUC, 2006; Garcia-Moreno, Jansen, Ellsberg, Heise, et al., 2006; SERNAM, 2001)
Introducción
Cultural Values
As in many other Latin American
countries, the cultural values of
machismo and marianismo are
also present in the Chilean society .
Introducción
Machismo
•Among other behaviors, machismo encourages men
to be dominant in their relationships with women, and
encourages sexual prowess and risk taking behaviors.
Introducción
Marianismo
Introducción
Marianismo and Machismo
Objective
The goal of the present study was to elicit the
perspectives
and
experiences
of
socially
disadvantaged Chilean women regarding partner
violence and gender roles as a forerunner to the
development of a culturally proficient intervention.
Methodology
•Design. Triangulation of data from two mixed method studies:
Testing an HIV/AIDS Prevention Intervention
for Chilean Women R01-TW-006977 (2005-2009)
HIV/AIDS Issues Among Chilean Women:
Cultural Factors (2003)
Objective: Adapt, implement and test
Objective: Determine specific aspects
an HIV/AIDS prevention program for
Chilean women
that may be relevant to develop
HIV/AIDS prevention program for
Chilean women
Sample: 261 women 18-49 years old,
Sample: 20 women 18-49 years old,
residents of the low incom
communities of La Pintana and
Puente Alto, Santiago Chile.
residents in the low income communities
of La Pintana and Puente Alto,
Santiago Chile.
Data Collection: Structured
Data Collection: Semi structured in
Interview
depth interview
Inclusions Criteria
1) Chilean women
2) aged 18 to 49 years old
3) sexually active with a male partner
during the last three months
4) living in La Pintana County, Santiago,
Chile
5) receiving care at a community clinic
Metodología
Variables
Intimate Partner Violence:
“Defined as one or more episodes of psychological,
physical, sexual and/or economic violence
experienced in the past three months with an
intimate partner”
Conceptual Model
Health Belief model
Personal factors
Partners relationship
Cultural factors
Social factors
Marianismo
Machismo
Violence
Substance
Religion abuse
Substance abuse
Socio disadvantage
Inadequate social
response
Substance abuse
Power and Gender
Theory
Social Learning Theory
Other Theories
Results
Demographic Characteristics of the Chilean Women
Age (years)
Education (years)
Marital status
Single
Married
Separated
Common law
Living With spouse/partner
Years living with partner
Number of children
Religion
Catholic
Evangelic
Jehovah’s Witness
Other
None
Years of education
Employment status
Unemployed
Employed
Housewife
Student
Monthly income per person (US$)
Mean (SD)
31.4 (9.7)
6.4 (3.5)
Range
18 - 49
0 - 14
%
18
42
8
32
74
3.1 (1.8)
2.2 (1.5)
0 - 33
0-6
66
24
4
2
4
6.4 (3.5)
0 - 14
26
16
56
2
54.0 (32.4)
19 - 189
Results
Intimate Partner Violence (α=0.79)
Violence
Psychological
Yes
n (%)
No
n (%)
220 (84.3%)
41 (15.7%)
Economic
43 (16.5%)
218 (83.5%)
Physical
39 (14.9%)
222 (85.1%)
Sexual
13 (5%)
248 (95.0%)
222 (85.1%)
39 (14.9%)
Any Type of IPV
Results
Intimate Partner Violence (α=0.79)
n (%)
No violence
1 type of violence
39 (14.9%)
154 (59%)
2 types of violence
47 (18%)
3 types of violence
17 (6.5%)
4 types of violence
4 (1.5%)
Qualitative Results
Machismo
“He [my husband] does not come to the house for
many days; I do not know where, and with whom he
was with. When he returns he wants to have
intimacy with me. I do not want to and he forces
me.”
“Domestic violence is a very common situation in
my community. When you suffer partner
aggression, you feel like you are dying, but you are
still alive. However, something inside of me is
dead.”
Qualitative Results
Machismo
“I believe that domestic violence happens because
machismo is present in all men‟s actions, and
violence is part of machismo.”
One day, I did not want to have sex, so he ripped
my dress off through my arms, pushing and forcing
me on the bed because he wanted to have sex. He
wants to be satisfied all the time.”
“He put a knife in my friend‟s neck, so she did not
have any choice, she had to accept to have sex
with him.”
Qualitative Results
Marianismo
“I take care of my husband; however, he does not
recognize this”
“I
am not suffering too much domestic violence, I
think that it is a normal thing that happens to me and
other women in my community”
“My mother in law suffered domestic violence all her
life. She tolerated this only for her son, but now her
son is an adult, and her husband is still abusing her.”
Qualitative Results
Marianismo
“I remember very well when I tried to defend my
close friend because her husband was kicking her.
She did not allow me to help her she yelled at me
saying, „No, no, he is my husband”
“My mom said, „You chose him so you have to be
with him,‟ she would never let me go back to her
house, or get a separation”
Conclusiones
The results of this study indicate that experiences of
intimate partner violence are a frequent occurrence
in the lives of Chilean women.
The majority had experienced IPV in the past three
months (85.1%), psychological abuse was the most
frequently reported type of IPV (84.3%).
This was more frequent than in previously reported
data from other Chilean studies, which may indicate
a possible sub diagnosis in the general poulation, or
increased frequency in the population being studied.
Conclusiones
Gender roles are important factors placing women at
risk for partner violence
Machismo and marianismo offer major barriers to
prevention programme development.
Programmes are needed to increase women's selfesteem, self-confidence and self-efficacy to prevent
partner violence.
In addition, training in communication strategies and
negotiation skills with male partners is important.
Conclusiones
In general, Chilean women continue to tolerate
abusive situations. A few women in this study
indicated that they are trying to change the
situation with their partners.
However, for the majority of the participants,
“resignation” was a significant characteristic.