LumiNova - bayFair.de


LumiNova
LIGHT FAST - SUPER BRIGHT
LONG AFTERGLOW
PHOSPHORESCENT PIGMENTS
Afterglow after 5 minutes
Conventional Pigment LumiNova
Afterglow after 60 minutes
Conventional Pigment LumiNova
Afterglow after 500 minutes
Conventional Pigment LumiNova

LumiNova
LIGHT FAST - SUPER BRIGHT
LONG AFTERGLOW
PHOSPHORESCENT PIGMENTS
1. What is LumiNova?
3. Applications of LumiNova
LumiNova is a class of newly developed phosphorescent
(glow-in-the-dark) pigments which are based on Strontium
Oxide Aluminate chemistry. They are drastically different
from conventional phosphorescent pigments which are either based on Zinc Sulfide or on radioisotopes for their selfluminous properties. LumiNova Pigments are in the
TSCA inventory and Nemoto & Co., Ltd. was granted the
U.S. Patent in 1995 and since then in many other countries
worldwide.
LumiNova was originally developed to satisfy the current
and future needs of the clock, watch and the instrument dial
industries, but soon it was found out that like many other new
products, the application possibilities are almost limitless.
LumiNova was invented and developed by NEMOTO &
CO. LTD., of Tokyo, Japan. Nemoto has been in the luminous pigments business since 1941 and is one of the leading
phosphorescent pigments manufacturers in the world. The
development of LumiNova resulted from the demands
placed upon NEMOTO & CO. LTD., by the Japanese
watch and clock manufacturers which did not want to use
radioactive luminous dials in their products. This challenge
created LumiNova!
LumiNova which glows practically all night long without
the aid of any radioactive substances was chosen as Most
Innovative Product in Japan in 1993!
2. Features of LumiNova
Some of the advantages and distinguishing features of LumiNova pigments are:
• Afterglow period of ten times current ZnS based
phosphorescent pigments;
• Activation by a wide wavelength band (200-450
nm) but best results are obtained with an activation
energy under 365 nm;
• Initial afterglow brightness of up to ten times of
current radio luminescent and photo luminescent
pigments;
• Increase in luminescence and afterglow with longer
activation time;
• Excellent weather and light fastness;
• Free of hazardous and radioactive substances.
The following applications are those that come to mind immediately:
• Clock & Watch dials;
• Electronic instrument dial pads;
• Home appliances;
• Lighting apparatus and switches;
• Exit sign boards;
• Emergency signage and low level lighting escape
systems;
• Aircraft and automobile dials and instrument panels;
• Firemen’s equipment;
• Traffic signs & high visibility signs ;
• Fishing equipment;
• Military applications;
• Outdoor path marking;
• Camping equipment;
• Textile printing and textile fibers;
• Writing & printing inks;
Other applications where a long afterglow and/or light fastness is needed.
4-1. Comparison between LumiNova types and Conventional Phosphorescent Pigments
LumiNova® Green
(G)
Conventional
Phosphorescent Pigment
LumiNova® Blue Green
(BG)
Chemical Identity
SrAl2O4:Eu,Dy
Sr4Al14O25:Eu,Dy
ZnS:Cu
Body Color
Light Yellowish Green
Light Yellowish Green
Yellowish Green
Av. Particle Size
4-60 µm (6)
4-40 µm (6)
20-40 µm(6)
Excitation Energy
200-450 nm
200-450 nm
200-450 nm
Emission Wave Length
(Peak)
520 nm
490 nm
530 nm
Afterglow Brightness (1)
≈ 300 mcd/m2
≈ 300 mcd/m2
20-30 mcd/m2
Afterglow Extinction (2)
> 2,000 min.
> 2,000 min.
200 min.
Excitation Time (3)
~ 30 min.
~ 30 min.
≈ 4 min.
Light Fastness (4)
> 1,000 hours
> 1,000 hours
10-24 hours
Chemical Stability
Very Good (except water)
Very Good
Poor to good
Specific Gravity (5)
3.6
3.9
4.1
Footnotes:
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
Brightness after 10 minutes excitation with a D65 illuminant of 400 lux for 20minutes.
Time necessary for afterglow brightness to diminish to 0.32 mcd/m2 .
Time required for saturation with standard D65 illuminant at 200 lux.
Time required for initial afterglow to drop to by 20% after irradiation with 300 W high pressure mercury
lamp (accelerated light fastness test).
(5) In powder form.
(6) Depends on type (based on particle size) of LumiNova®.
Excitation & Emission Spectra
LumiNova Green, Blue Green & ZnS:Cu
Pigments
105
365 nm
LumiNova G Emission
Relative Intensity (%)
90
ZnS:Cu Emission
75
LumiNova BG Emission
60
ZnS:Cu Excitation
45
LumiNova G Excitation
30
15
0
200
LumiNova BG Excitation
250
300
350
400
450
500
Wavelength (nm)
550
600
650
700
４-2．Comparison
between LumiNova types and Conventional Phosphorescent Pigments
LumiNova® Violet
(V-300)
Conventional
Phosphorescent Pigment
LumiNova® Blue
(B-300)
Chemical Identity
CaAl2O4:Eu,Nd
CaAl2O4:Eu,Nd+
Sr4Al14O25:Eu,Dy
(Sr,Ca)S:Bi
Body Color
White
Light Yellowish White
Grey White
Av. Particle Size
20-60 µm (6)
30µm
30 µm
Excitation Energy
200-410nm
200-450 nm
250-350nm
Emission Wave Length
(Peak)
440nm
450nm
455 nm
Afterglow Brightness (1)
≈ 33mcd/m2
≈ 124 mcd/m2
0.5mcd/m2
Afterglow Extinction (2)
> 1,000 min.
> 2,000 min.
30min.
Excitation Time (3)
~ 30 min.
~ 30 min.
≈ 4 min.
Light Fastness (4)
> 1,000 hours
> 1,000 hours
—
Chemical Stability
Very Good
Very Good
Poor to good
Specific Gravity (5)
3.0
3.3
2.8
Footnotes:
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
Brightness after 10 minutes excitation with a D65 illuminant of 400 lux for 20minutes.
Time necessary for afterglow brightness to diminish to 0.32 mcd/m2 .
Time required for saturation with standard D65 illuminant at 200 lux.
Time required for initial afterglow to drop to by 20% after irradiation with 300 W high pressure mercury
lamp (accelerated light fastness test).
(5) In powder form.
(6) Depends on type (based on particle size) of LumiNova®.
Excitation & Emission Spectra
LumiNova V, B & BAS Pigments
100
90
V Excitation
80
Relative Intensity (%)
70
60
BAS Emission
BAS Excitation
B Emission
B Excitation
50
V Emission
40
30
20
10
0
200
250
300
350
400
Wavelength (nm)
450
500
550
600
650
700
5. Features & Properties of LumiNova
Typical Particle Sizes
GRADE
Grades of LumiNova
®
Typical Particle Size (µm)
D10
D50
D90
300 C
13.5
60.5
120.7
300 M
4.90
29.3
71.6
300 F
3.1
17.0
43.8
300 FF
2.4
4.2
6.5
®
Currently LumiNova is offered in four types. Differentiation is based on the particle size of the pigment and their
afterglow characteristics. As a rule of thumb, the coarser
particles will have better brightness and afterglow, and the
finer particles are preferred where particle size if greater
importance.
Effect of Light Source on Brightness
Luminous Intensity
(Lux)
Excitation Time
to Saturation
(Min)
> 50,000
5
3,000 - 50,000
5
1,000
8
Fluorescent
Lamp (Office)
500
10
Fluorescent
Lamp (Home)
200
30
Tungsten
Lamp (60 W)
30-50 at 3 ft
40
Headlights
(Yellow tint)
Not effective
(exposure time too
short)
Light Source
Sunlight, Clear
Sunlight,
Cloudy
Dusk
Moisture Sensitivity:
LumiNova® pigments are moisture sensitive. In most cases
the resin component of the coating would protect the pigment
from the effects of atmospheric humidity, but for even better
results the pigmented layer should be over coated with a clear
coat, which would protect the under layer from humidity. In
cases where the edges might be exposed to humidity, care
should be taken that the edges are sealed properly.
Brightness, Afterglow and Emission Color
The most effective energy saturation can be obtained when
the pigment is exposed under direct ultra violet rays (UV)
from the sun, black lamps, halogen lamps, discharge lamps,
and other light sources which are rich in UV light (this can
be seen also from the Excitation Emission curves). Tungsten lamps are not very effective exciters as their light output is weak in UV. With fluorescent lamps, which are rich
in UV, faster excitation is possible when the pigment is
placed in near them. Afterglow brightness is also proportional to the intensity of UV contained in the excitation
light.
Light Fastness:
LumiNova pigments also have excellent light fastness compared to conventional phosphorescent pigments. Test samples were irradiated with a 300W High Pressure Mercury
lamp for 1,000 hours under a temperature of 38-40°C and humidity of 80% and the results are shown in the following table:
Relative Afterglow (%) After Exposure
Pigment
0
10 hr
100 hr
300 hr
1000 hr
LumiNova®
100
98
98
96
97
ZnS:Cu Pigment
100
86
35
0
0
LumiNova® Green
（ファイル 名）DM-092
（サンプル ID）DM-092
（測定年月日 ）00/02/25
（サンプル ＃）IPA
（ 測定 時間 ）13:06:52
Electron Microscope Photograph & Particle Size Distribution
屈折率＝1.75 - 0.01i ﾒﾃﾞｨｱﾝ径: 29.303
モード径: 48.794
変換ﾃｰﾌﾞﾙ: 0
平均値 :
標準偏差:
23.189
0.452
10.0%D :
50.0%D :
90.0%D :
4.949
29.303
71.610
Q 3 (%)
Ｓﾚﾍﾞﾙ : 0
分布関数:無
Ｄｼﾌﾄ
: 0
q 3 (%)
100
20
90
18
80
16
70
14
60
12
粒
50
10
子
40
8
30
6
20
4
10
2
相
対
量
0
（ファイル0.01
名）DF-0010.05 0.1
（サンプル ID）DF-001
（測定年月日 ）00/02/25
G-300M
屈折率＝1.75 - 0.01i ﾒﾃﾞｨｱﾝ径:
モード径:
変換ﾃｰﾌﾞﾙ: 0
0.5
17.006
26.121
1
5
10
50
（サンプル ＃）IPA
粒子径（μｍ）
（ 測定 時間 ）14:38:10
平均値 :
標準偏差:
13.861
0.438
10.0%D :
50.0%D :
90.0%D :
100
3.116
17.006
43.786
Q 3 (%)
0
500 1000
Ｓﾚﾍﾞﾙ : 0
分布関数:無
Ｄｼﾌﾄ
: 0
q 3 (%)
100
20
90
18
80
16
70
14
60
12
粒
50
10
子
40
8
30
6
20
4
10
2
相
対
量
0
0.01
0.05 0.1
0.5
（ファイル 名）DFF-003-52
（サンプル ID）DFF-003-52
（測定年月日 ）00/02/25
G-300F
屈折率＝1.75 - 0.01i ﾒﾃﾞｨｱﾝ径:
モード径:
変換ﾃｰﾌﾞﾙ: 0
1
5
10
50
100
0
500 1000
粒子径（μｍ）
（サンプル ＃）IPA
（ 測定 時間 ）18:31:59
4.157
4.935
平均値 :
標準偏差:
3.944
0.196
10.0%D :
50.0%D :
90.0%D :
2.363
4.157
6.512
Q 3 (%)
Ｓﾚﾍﾞﾙ : 0
分布関数:無
Ｄｼﾌﾄ
: 0
q 3 (%)
50
100
90
40
80
相
70
対
50
子
40
量
30
60
粒
20
30
10
20
10
0
0.01
0.05 0.1
0.5
1
5
10
粒子径（μｍ）
G-300FF
50
100
0
500 1000
（ファイル 名）DBM-009W
（サンプル ID）DBM-009W
（測定年月日 ）00/02/24
（サンプル ＃）H2O
（ 測定 時間 ）17:11:07
LumiNova® Blue Green Electron Microscope Photograph & Particle Size Distribution
屈折率＝1.80 - 0.01i ﾒﾃﾞｨｱﾝ径:
モード径:
変換ﾃｰﾌﾞﾙ: 0
27.200
32.170
平均値 :
標準偏差:
26.019
0.242
10.0%D :
50.0%D :
90.0%D :
12.285
27.200
51.884
Q 3 (%)
Ｓﾚﾍﾞﾙ : 0
分布関数:無
Ｄｼﾌﾄ
: 0
q 3 (%)
100
20
90
18
80
16
70
14
60
12
粒
50
10
子
40
8
30
6
20
4
10
2
相
対
量
0
（ファイル0.01
名）DBF-003W
0.05 0.1
（サンプル ID）DBF-003W
（測定年月日 ）00/02/24
0.5
1
5
10
50
100
0
500 1000
（サンプル ＃）H2O
粒子径（μｍ）
（ 測定 時間 ）18:40:15
屈折率＝1.80 - 0.01i ﾒﾃﾞｨｱﾝ径: 17.546
モード径: 21.210
BG-300M
変換ﾃｰﾌﾞﾙ: 0
平均値 :
標準偏差:
14.847
0.348
10.0%D :
50.0%D :
90.0%D :
4.890
17.546
34.561
Q 3 (%)
Ｓﾚﾍﾞﾙ : 0
分布関数:無
Ｄｼﾌﾄ
: 0
q 3 (%)
100
20
90
18
80
16
70
14
60
12
粒
50
10
子
40
8
30
6
20
4
10
2
相
対
量
0
0.05 0.1
（ファイル0.01
名）DBFF-002
0.5
（サンプル ID）DBFF-002
（測定年月日 ）00/03/01
BG-300F屈折率＝1.80 - 0.01i ﾒﾃﾞｨｱﾝ径:
モード径:
1
5
10
50
100
0
500 1000
（サンプル ＃）H2O
粒子径（μｍ）
（ 測定 時間 ）11:04:10
3.073
3.254
平均値 :
標準偏差:
2.864
0.204
10.0%D :
50.0%D :
90.0%D :
変換ﾃｰﾌﾞﾙ: 0
1.420
3.073
5.018
Q 3 (%)
Ｓﾚﾍﾞﾙ : 0
分布関数:無
Ｄｼﾌﾄ
: 0
q 3 (%)
100
20
90
18
80
16
70
14
60
12
粒
50
10
子
40
8
30
6
20
4
10
2
相
対
量
0
0.01
0.05 0.1
0.5
1
5
10
粒子径（μｍ）
BGL-300FF
50
100
0
500 1000
Excitation Light Intensity & Saturation
500
1000 lux
Afterglow Luminance (mcd/m2)
800 lux
600 lux
400 lux
200 lux
100
100 lux
50
50 lux
10
5
10 lux
2
2
5
10
50
Excitation Time (minutes)
Afterglow Characteristics
Effect of Excitation Energy on Afterglow Brightness
2,000
100
1,000
100
LumiNova
10
ZnS:Cu
Relative Intensity (%)
Luminance (mcd/m2)
80
60
LumiNova®
40
ZnS:Cu
20
1
0.3 mcd/m2
0
0.2
1
5
10
50
100
500 1,000 2,000
Time (minutes)
This graph shows the afterglow characteristics of LumiNova compared to a ZnS:Cu based pigment. The measurements were taken on silk screened surfaces of 100 µm
thickness, which were excited with a D65 light source at 200
lux for 4 minutes. As the data indicates, LumiNova is
TEN TIMES BRIGHTER and has over TEN TIMES THE
AFTERGLOW of ZnS:Cu based pigments
0
250
500
750
Illuminance (Lux)
1,000
The above graph shows that LumiNova’s afterglow brightness increases with increase in light source intensity. The
conventional phosphorescent pigments reach a plateau around
300 lux light intensity.
100
Relative Value (%)
90
80
Excitation Time on Afterglow Brightness
70
LumiNova®
60
50
40
LumiNova shows a much higher capacity for absorbing and
storing light energy (i.e. does not easily reach its saturation
point) compared to conventional phosphorescent pigments.
The above graph shows the results when both types of pigments were excited using a D65 light source of 200 lux intensity for different lengths of time.
ZnS:Cu
30
20
10
0
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
Excitation Time (min)
Effect of Weight per Unit Area:
Under constant lighting conditions, increasing the weight per unit area of pigment increases both initial afterglow brightness and
the afterglow duration. The table below shows such a study made by exciting paraffin disks of 2mm thickness, containing different weights per unit area of LumiNova. The excitation source used was a Xenon lamp at 1000 lux intensity for 5 minutes.
Afterglow Brightness & Duration Based on Weight per Unit Area of LumiNova
Pigment Loading
Time
10 g/m2
25 g/m2
50 g/m2
100 g/m2
200 g/m2
400 g/m2
1 min
94.5
218.9
390.8
689.2
1,231.0
2,610.0
5 min
24.1
49.7
97.5
171.5
306.0
697.0
10 min
12.4
26.0
50.5
90.1
156.1
364.0
30 min
4.03
8.2
16.4
29.2
50.2
118.8
60 min (1 hr)
1.91
3.97
7.71
13.5
23.4
55.8
90 min (1.5 hr)
1.16
2.45
4.81
8.62
14.7
34.8
120 min (2 hr)
0.84
1.75
3.45
6.06
10.4
24.8
180 min (3 hr)
0.53
1.13
2.14
3.62
6.38
15.4
240 min (4 hr)
0.36
.79
1.5
2.66
4.57
10.9
300 min (5 hr)
0.28
0.62
1.17
2.1
3.4
8.38
0.48
0.91
1.75
2.76
6.47
0.78
1.4
2.23
5.62
1.2
1.91
4.77
1.7
3.97
360 min (6 hr)
420 min (7 hr)
480 min (8 hr)
540 min (9 hr)
600 min (10 hr)
Extinction Time
(to 0.3 mcd/m2)














270 min
(4.5 hr)
480 min
(8 hr)
750 min
(12.5 hr)
1,200 min
(20 hr)

2,400 min
(40 hr)
1.05
3,000 min
(50 hr)
6. Applications
Plastics- General:
•
LumiNova pigments may be used in all types of paint, powder coatings, silk-screen inks, enamels, plastics and even porcelain (up to 550 oC). LumiNova pigments are not stable in
water, therefore aqueous systems are not recommended unless
special precautions are taken. (Please contact our Technical
Department for discussion.) For optimum performance the
following suggestions should be useful:
•
•
LumiNova is compatible with acrylic, polyester, epoxy,
PVC, polypropylene and polyethylene (HDPE, LDPE,
etc.) polymers.
Material can be cast, dipped, coated, extruded or molded.
Plan on using less than conventional phosphorescent pigment loadings. (See following graph)
Masterbatch Manufacturing:
Paints & Coatings:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Use a transparent solvent vehicle with neutral or alkaline
pH.
Do not grind the pigment, just stir. If possible use light
colored ceramic or glass lined vessels.
Plan on using about 10 parts of LumiNova to 6 parts of
binder (by weight).
Shelf life depends on the moisture content of the vehicle,
if moisture is present, shelf life is diminished. Although
solvent based paints do not contain moisture, some of
them might absorb ambient moisture. Therefore take precautions to minimize this from happening.
To minimize settling, use a viscous vehicle and/or antisettling agents. Stir well prior to application.
Apply a white base coat under the phosphorescent layer
to improve afterglow.
Apply a clear overcoat to protect the pigment from humidity and to improve gloss.
All additives should be free of heavy metal compounds.
10000
LumiNova® (wt)9.1%
1000
100
10
•
•
•
•
•
•
Viscosity of inks should be about 3,000-5,000 poise.
During printing, viscosity should be adjusted by using a
diluting agent based on printing speed.
Apply a white base coat under the phosphorescent layer
to improve afterglow.
Minimum film thickness of the LumiNova layer should
be 100 µm. In order to achieve maximum afterglow
(over 8 hours), a film thickness of 130-150 µm is required. For achieving this thickness two passes may be
necessary.
Ideal screen size would be 80 - 100 mesh. Larger screen
openings would give better results. Preferably, use
screens manufactured from synthetic resins.
One pound of dry LumiNova pigment can cover a 12
square foot area at a 150 µm film thickness [1 gram covers 25 cm2].
To minimize settling, use a viscous vehicle and/or antisettling agents. Also stir well prior to printing.
It is very important to keep the entire system dry! A yellowing of the resin may indicate the pigment reacting
with moisture.
LumiNova® (wt) 0.5%
1
ZnS:Cu (wt) 9.1%
0.1
1
10
100
Afterglow Time (min)
•
Inks: Silk Screen & UV Cured:
•
Light density (mcd/m²)
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Preferably use masterbatches or compounds for incorporating LumiNova into plastics. As LumiNova is a very
hard substance (with a hardness similar to alumina) and
the particles have a needle like shape (sharp-edged), it is
difficult to incorporate them into plastic resins directly
(they can be regarded as glass or ceramic powders).
Prior to starting manufacturing a masterbatch, the interior of the extruder should be thoroughly cleaned.
The processing temperature should be set about 10°C
(20°F) higher than usual. The extruder should be cleaned
again by running virgin resin until clean resin starts coming out of the machine.
The recommended machine configuration is one with a
distributive screw design and twin hoppers. Use the first
to feed the resin and additives and the second to dose LumiNova into the polymer melt. This would minimize
the chances of LumiNovaabrading the interior surfaces
of the extruder.
If the above is not possible keep the mixing (interaction)
time of pigment and resin as short as possible. Stirring
for a longer period may cause darkened products.
The resin and pigment should be thoroughly dried before
the extrusion process.
Using carrier resins in powder form can also minimize
darkening.
Masterbatches containing up to 50% of LumiNova pigment can be manufactured.
Extrusion Molding:
Injection molding
•
•
•
•
•
•
For extrusions a small-bored machine would be preferable as to minimize residence time. Extruders with large
inside wall areas or equipped with complicated screw
geometries tend to cause darkening of the end product.
It is recommended to use an extruding temperature as low
as possible (only experimentation will give the right temperature level)
The optimum back pressure should also be determined by
experimentation.
The color of the pellets being produced should be observed, they should be the same color as the pigment itself.
The best temperature level inside the barrel is closely related to screw geometry and back pressure, these should
be determined after repeated experiments.
•
•
•
•
The use of an injection molding machine equipped with
a small chamber is recommended. For instance, for injection molding a piece of 50 grams per shot with a duration of 3 minutes, do not use a machine with a 5 kg
chamber capacity as it will have enough resin for 100
shots. This means a residence time of 300 minutes. In
such a case, the final product would probably be darkened. An adequate sized chamber would be the one in
which a resin stays at most for 30 minutes or less.
A test run with a virgin resin is recommended before injection molding with LumiNova.
Masterbatches or pellets containing LumiNova must be
fully dried up before usage.
The most adequate molding temperature should be determined by running experiments at different temperatures.
It is difficult to injection mold resins containing a stabilizer or resins which are hygroscopic or contain water.
General Precautions
Although LumiNova is chemically stable, we would like to
repeat here a number of things to avoid:
•
•
•
•
•
Do not grind or mill the pigment. Breaking down the
crystals will destroy the afterglow.
Avoid exposing the pigment to strong acids or heavy
metal compounds. They will react and destroy the glow.
Also keep away from moisture.
LumiNova is a hard material and this might cause abrasion of extruder internal metal surfaces. In order to avoid
this problem either use specially surface hardened barrels
and screws, or a wax to wet LumiNova prior to extruding, or use a machine with two entry ports.
Avoid moisture and aqueous systems. Though once the
pigment is incorporated into the solvent based resin system or plastic resin, it is not affected by moisture.
We have tested our products thoroughly but the afterglowing properties are depended on the pigment quantity
used and the manufacturing process in which the pigments are applied. The efficiency of phosphorescent pigment containing articles can only be observed when installed properly and excited under correct lighting conditions as required by proper authorities. Therefore we can
not guarantee that the end products containing
LumiNova conform to the required standards.
7. Conclusion:
LumiNova® is sure to revolutionize the glow-in-the-dark products’ field . Its superior light fastness combined with its high initial brightness and long afterglow will create new opportunities for companies that were limited by the restrictions placed upon
them by conventional phosphorescent pigments. Now the only limit is the designer’s imagination!
The information herein is to assist customers in determining whether our products are suitable for their applications. Our products are intended for sale to industrial and commercial customers. We request that customers inspect and test our products before use and satisfy themselves as to contents and suitability. We warrant our products will
meet our written specifications. Nothing herein shall constitute any other warranty express or implied, including any warranty of merchantability or fitness nor of protection
from any law or patent to be inferred. All patent rights are reserved. The exclusive remedy for all proven claims is replacement of our materials and in no event shall we be
liable for special, incidental or consequential damages. 3/28/98
World-wide Patents on LumiNova®
Countries
Patent
numbers
Granted on
U. S. A.
5424006
June 13, 1995
Australia
661941
January 09, 1996
Europe (10 countries)
U. K., France, Denmark, Germany,
Italy, Spain, The Netherlands, Portugal, Switzerland, Liechtenstein
0622440
April 24, 1996
Taiwan
76319
May 18, 1996
Japan
2543825
July 25, 1996
Hong Kong
1521
August 08, 1996
Korea
145246
April 28, 1998
Canada
2116194
September 28, 1999
China
Pending
Manufactured by:
NEMOTO & CO., LTD.
1-15-1, Kamiogi, Suginami-ku,
Tokyo 157-0043, Japan
Tel: 81-3-3392-7181
Fax: 81-3-3392-7188
e-mail: [email protected]