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here - HICCup
What Your Sewer Can Tell You About the Way to Wellville Wellville Webinar November 19, 2014 • Rolf Halden, Phd, PE • Arjun Venkaesan, PhD, Wellville Five + Greater Wellville: CreaHng investable markets for health Clatsop County Wenatchee Valley Yamhill County Clinton County Billings Klamath Falls Marshall New Ulm Lake County Winona Sanilac County Greater Muskegon Charlotte La Crosse County Marion Union County Garden City/ Finney County Columbus/Bartholomew County Niagara Falls Perris Scranton Athens County Takoma Park-Silver Spring Lynchburg Spartanburg High Point Kershaw County Starkville 4 2 Kissimmee Wellville Five Greater Wellville U.S. County Boothbay Burlington Cheshire Lawrence County Greenville Legend Bangor Tuscarawas Lancaster County Susquehanna Valley Wilkes County Jackson Oxford County We need a new model: From paying for illness to invesHng in health 1 identify 2 invest Health Health- Impact impact investing BondSM 4 3 return 3 improve What Your Sewer Can Tell You About the Way to Wellville Rolf Halden, PhD, PE Arjun Venkatesan, PhD November 19, 2014 POLL What is in the Sewer? • Blackwater InformaHon regarding health, disease, diet etc. – Fecal maSer and urine • Greywater – Wash basins, showers and bath – Laundry, dish washers, kitchen sinks InformaHon regarding sustainability, chemical flows and inventories etc. • Other sources – Industrial – Urban and agricultural runoff – Stormwater Blackwater Tervahauta et al., Water 2014, 6(8), 2436-‐2448 Greywater 5 Sewage Treatment Centralized sewer system Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP) Composite of enHre populaHon in the community 6 hSp://pixgood.com/school-‐community-‐clipart.html Sewage Epidemiology • Usage rate of chemicals (e.g., drugs) in communiHes o ProporHonal to levels in raw sewage • Economical and accessible epidemiological data • Anonymous Mass of chemical/drugs Per capita = consumpHon PopulaHon Chemicals; drugs PopulaHon chemical use Urinary & fecal excreHon WWTP -‐ Measurement of chemicals, drugs and metabolites 7 Biomarkers Biomarker Level • Biological markers • Measurable substance used as indicator for disease, infecHon, environmental exposure to chemicals etc. Biomarker Extraction Assay for Biomarker 8 hSp://cancerdiscovery.aacrjournals.org/content/1/5/391/F4.expansion.html What can we measure? ConsumpNon/Exposure Food • AdsorpHon • DistribuHon • Metabolism • ExcreHon Life Style and Personal Care Products (Rx) Drugs Pathogens WWTP PopulaNon • Biomarkers/chemicals proporHonal to populaHon usage and exposure • Behavior, exposure, consumpHon etc. 9 Example Metrics and Biomarkers Metrics Diet Lifestyle Health Parameter Biomarkers and Proxies Fruits and vegetables Meat CigareSe smoking Alcohol ingesHon Illicit drugs Flavonoids CreaHnine Tobacco metabolites Ethanol and metabolites Cocaine, methamphetamine etc. Stress Diseases and illness Allergy Specific stress hormones Specific pharmaceuHcals, drugs and their metabolites AnHhistamines Environment Unsustainable chemicals Persistent and toxic chemicals in household and personal care products Indicators for Human metabolites of Urinary and fecal metabolites and other chemical body unsustainable chemicals bioaccumulaHve chemicals burden POLL 10 Sewage Sludge/ Biosolids PPCPs (59) Flame Retardants (38) http://sarasnow.com • Solid byproduct of wastewater treatment • Rich in nutrients – recycled as ferHlizer • Abundant in persistent, bioaccumulaHve and toxic chemicals • 123 chemicals detected out of 231 monitored • ~0.04 – 0.15 % of the total dry mass of MSS Chemical Inventories Others (23) Surfactants (3) Venkatesan & Halden, 2014. Sci. Rep. 4, 3731. 11 Similarity Between Sludge and Human Body • Lipids and carbon-‐rich • Chemical accumulaHon (bioaccumulaHve) • Similar chemical burden Other sources to sewage WWTP Chemicals in products/drugs etc. Human waste containing chemicals Chemicals accumulaHng in human body Sewage sludge/ biosolids Chemicals accumulaHng in sludge 12 Sludge Analysis Can Inform on Toxic Body Burden of Community Members • • • CDC naHonal report on human exposure to environmental chemicals 139 chemicals detected in human samples Compare wEnvironmental ith sludge (52 chemicals commonly screened) chemicals Detected n Detected iin humans humans and andsludge MSS 70%70% Detected in Detected in sludge only MSS only 30% 30% • 36 detects our of 52 • ~70% overlap n = 52 Venkatesan & Halden, 2014. Sci. Rep. 4, 3731. 13 Chemical Burden in Sludge vs. in Humans Log [Sewage Sludge (ng/g[MSS Lipid(ng/g Adjusted)] Log of lipid)] 5 n = 34 4 • Linear correlaHon exist 3 • 2 • 1 Indicator of chemical body burdens in humans Sludge is not the source but can serve as ‘early warning’ system 0 -1 R2 = 0.62 -2 -3 -4 -2 0 2 4 [Human (ng/g lipid)] LogLog [Human(ng/g LipidofAdjusted)] Venkatesan & Halden, 2014. Sci. Rep. 4, 3731. 14 Sewage Metrology -‐ Summary Chemical Flow and Inventory Through the Community Raw Sewage WWTP Treated Effluent -‐ WWTP performance -‐ Environmental contaminaHon and dispersion Measure populaHon acHvity -‐ Health -‐ Diet -‐ Lifestyle -‐ Chemical exposures -‐ Disease outbreak Sludge/Biosolids -‐ Sustainability -‐ Indicator of chemical body burdens in populaHon -‐ Environmental contaminaHon and dispersion 15 Ideal Community for Sewage Metrology • One or a few central WWTPs serving all homes in the community • Low fracHon of industrial waste in sewage • Low fracHon from other sources (agricultural, animal waste runoffs etc.) in sewage • Larger populaHon contribuHng to WWTP/ have fewer sepHc tanks 16 What we need from communiNes • Contacts of WWTP operators from each community by end of November or ASAP • Map of sewerage system (as-‐built) of communiHes – IdenHfy viable sampling points • InformaHon on the treatment plant (capacity, populaHon served, etc.) – QuesHonnaire will be provided • Commitment to provide samples over Hme either by WWTP operators or community volunteers 17 Sampling Plan • Begin January 2015 • 24-‐hour composite samples of wastewater influent and effluent – Collected with automaHc samplers typically present in WWTPs • Sampling frequency – once a month (12 samples/ year) • Biosolids composite prepared over one month – Aliquots of daily sample mixed • Ship samples to ASU 18 Sewage Analyses • Immediate processing: Wellville Five – Sample will be analyzed frequently • Archived samples from greater Wellville communiHes – Archived as part of the Human Health Observatory at ASU – Analyses as soon as funding has been secured – ReporHng of findings generated will be coordinated with community stakeholders to address privacy concerns and maintain anonymity of faciliHes, if desirable POLL 19 Sample QuesNonnaire Form Parameter Value Sewershed Info Population served Area of sewershed (square miles) Origin of wastewater: domestic (%) Origin of wastewater: industrial (%) Origin of wastewater: other (%) Industrial sources (firms & products) Name of surface water discharged into Flow of river for days sampled (specify units) Wastewater Treatment Info Annual volume of wastewater treated Wastewater influent/effluent (MGD) on day(s) sampled Influent BOD (mg/L) Effluent BOD (mg/L) BOD Removal (%) Influent TSS (mg/L) Effluent TSS (mg/L) TSS Removal (%) Sludge Treatment/Usage Info Excess sludge flow rate (MGD) Excess sludge TSS content (specify unit) Sludge treatment process (e.g., aerobic or anaerobic digestion; thermophilic or mesophilic, etc.) Duration & temperature of sludge treatment Finished sludge classification (A or B) Annual volume of sludge produced - land-application (volume or %) - sludge pelletization - incineration - composting - out-of-state - landfill - other (specify) POLL 20 QuesNons • Rolf Halden – [email protected] • Arjun Venkatesan – [email protected] hSps://labs.biodesign.asu.edu/halden 21