here - HICCup

What Your Sewer Can Tell You About the Way to Wellville Wellville Webinar November 19, 2014 •  Rolf Halden, Phd, PE •  Arjun Venkaesan, PhD, Wellville Five + Greater Wellville: CreaHng investable markets for health Clatsop County
Wenatchee Valley
Yamhill County
Clinton County
Billings
Klamath Falls
Marshall
New Ulm
Lake County
Winona
Sanilac
County
Greater
Muskegon
Charlotte
La Crosse
County
Marion
Union County
Garden City/
Finney County
Columbus/Bartholomew
County
Niagara
Falls
Perris
Scranton
Athens
County
Takoma Park-Silver Spring
Lynchburg
Spartanburg
High Point
Kershaw County
Starkville
4
2 Kissimmee
Wellville Five
Greater Wellville
U.S. County
Boothbay
Burlington
Cheshire
Lawrence
County
Greenville
Legend
Bangor
Tuscarawas Lancaster
County
Susquehanna Valley
Wilkes County
Jackson
Oxford
County
We need a new model: From paying for illness to invesHng in health 1
identify
2
invest
Health
Health-
Impact
impact investing
BondSM
4
3 return
3
improve
What Your Sewer Can Tell You About the Way to Wellville Rolf Halden, PhD, PE Arjun Venkatesan, PhD November 19, 2014 POLL What is in the Sewer? •  Blackwater InformaHon regarding health, disease, diet etc. –  Fecal maSer and urine •  Greywater –  Wash basins, showers and bath –  Laundry, dish washers, kitchen sinks InformaHon regarding sustainability, chemical flows and inventories etc. •  Other sources –  Industrial –  Urban and agricultural runoff –  Stormwater Blackwater Tervahauta et al., Water 2014, 6(8), 2436-­‐2448 Greywater 5 Sewage Treatment Centralized sewer system Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP) Composite of enHre populaHon in the community 6 hSp://pixgood.com/school-­‐community-­‐clipart.html Sewage Epidemiology •  Usage rate of chemicals (e.g., drugs) in communiHes o 
ProporHonal to levels in raw sewage •  Economical and accessible epidemiological data •  Anonymous Mass of chemical/drugs Per capita = consumpHon PopulaHon Chemicals; drugs PopulaHon chemical use Urinary & fecal excreHon WWTP -­‐ Measurement of chemicals, drugs and metabolites 7 Biomarkers Biomarker Level
•  Biological markers •  Measurable substance used as indicator for disease, infecHon, environmental exposure to chemicals etc. Biomarker Extraction
Assay for Biomarker
8 hSp://cancerdiscovery.aacrjournals.org/content/1/5/391/F4.expansion.html What can we measure? ConsumpNon/Exposure Food •  AdsorpHon •  DistribuHon •  Metabolism •  ExcreHon Life Style and Personal Care Products (Rx) Drugs Pathogens WWTP PopulaNon •  Biomarkers/chemicals proporHonal to populaHon usage and exposure •  Behavior, exposure, consumpHon etc. 9 Example Metrics and Biomarkers Metrics Diet Lifestyle Health Parameter Biomarkers and Proxies Fruits and vegetables Meat CigareSe smoking Alcohol ingesHon Illicit drugs Flavonoids CreaHnine Tobacco metabolites Ethanol and metabolites Cocaine, methamphetamine etc. Stress Diseases and illness Allergy Specific stress hormones Specific pharmaceuHcals, drugs and their metabolites AnHhistamines Environment Unsustainable chemicals Persistent and toxic chemicals in household and personal care products Indicators for Human metabolites of Urinary and fecal metabolites and other chemical body unsustainable chemicals bioaccumulaHve chemicals burden POLL 10 Sewage Sludge/ Biosolids PPCPs (59)
Flame Retardants
(38)
http://sarasnow.com
•  Solid byproduct of wastewater treatment •  Rich in nutrients – recycled as ferHlizer •  Abundant in persistent, bioaccumulaHve and toxic chemicals •  123 chemicals detected out of 231 monitored •  ~0.04 – 0.15 % of the total dry mass of MSS Chemical Inventories Others (23)
Surfactants (3)
Venkatesan & Halden, 2014. Sci. Rep. 4, 3731. 11 Similarity Between Sludge and Human Body •  Lipids and carbon-­‐rich •  Chemical accumulaHon (bioaccumulaHve) •  Similar chemical burden Other sources to sewage WWTP Chemicals in products/drugs etc. Human waste containing chemicals Chemicals accumulaHng in human body Sewage sludge/ biosolids Chemicals accumulaHng in sludge 12 Sludge Analysis Can Inform on Toxic Body Burden of Community Members • 
• 
• 
CDC naHonal report on human exposure to environmental chemicals 139 chemicals detected in human samples Compare wEnvironmental
ith sludge (52 chemicals commonly screened) chemicals
Detected n Detected iin
humans humans
and andsludge
MSS
70%70%
Detected in Detected in
sludge only
MSS only
30%
30%
•  36 detects our of 52 •  ~70% overlap n = 52
Venkatesan & Halden, 2014. Sci. Rep. 4, 3731. 13 Chemical Burden in Sludge vs. in Humans Log [Sewage Sludge
(ng/g[MSS
Lipid(ng/g
Adjusted)]
Log
of lipid)]
5
n = 34
4
•  Linear correlaHon exist
3
• 
2
• 
1
Indicator of chemical body burdens in humans Sludge is not the source but can serve as ‘early warning’ system 0
-1
R2 = 0.62
-2
-3
-4
-2
0
2
4
[Human (ng/g
lipid)]
LogLog
[Human(ng/g
LipidofAdjusted)]
Venkatesan & Halden, 2014. Sci. Rep. 4, 3731. 14 Sewage Metrology -­‐ Summary Chemical Flow and Inventory Through the Community Raw Sewage WWTP Treated Effluent -­‐ WWTP performance -­‐ Environmental contaminaHon and dispersion Measure populaHon acHvity -­‐ Health -­‐ Diet -­‐ Lifestyle -­‐  Chemical exposures -­‐  Disease outbreak Sludge/Biosolids -­‐ Sustainability -­‐  Indicator of chemical body burdens in populaHon -­‐  Environmental contaminaHon and dispersion 15 Ideal Community for Sewage Metrology •  One or a few central WWTPs serving all homes in the community •  Low fracHon of industrial waste in sewage •  Low fracHon from other sources (agricultural, animal waste runoffs etc.) in sewage •  Larger populaHon contribuHng to WWTP/ have fewer sepHc tanks 16 What we need from communiNes •  Contacts of WWTP operators from each community by end of November or ASAP •  Map of sewerage system (as-­‐built) of communiHes –  IdenHfy viable sampling points •  InformaHon on the treatment plant (capacity, populaHon served, etc.) –  QuesHonnaire will be provided •  Commitment to provide samples over Hme either by WWTP operators or community volunteers 17 Sampling Plan •  Begin January 2015 •  24-­‐hour composite samples of wastewater influent and effluent –  Collected with automaHc samplers typically present in WWTPs •  Sampling frequency – once a month (12 samples/
year) •  Biosolids composite prepared over one month –  Aliquots of daily sample mixed •  Ship samples to ASU 18 Sewage Analyses •  Immediate processing: Wellville Five –  Sample will be analyzed frequently •  Archived samples from greater Wellville communiHes –  Archived as part of the Human Health Observatory at ASU –  Analyses as soon as funding has been secured –  ReporHng of findings generated will be coordinated with community stakeholders to address privacy concerns and maintain anonymity of faciliHes, if desirable POLL 19 Sample QuesNonnaire Form Parameter
Value
Sewershed Info
Population served
Area of sewershed (square miles)
Origin of wastewater: domestic (%)
Origin of wastewater: industrial (%)
Origin of wastewater: other (%)
Industrial sources (firms & products)
Name of surface water discharged into
Flow of river for days sampled (specify units)
Wastewater Treatment Info
Annual volume of wastewater treated
Wastewater influent/effluent (MGD) on day(s) sampled
Influent BOD (mg/L)
Effluent BOD (mg/L)
BOD Removal (%)
Influent TSS (mg/L)
Effluent TSS (mg/L)
TSS Removal (%)
Sludge Treatment/Usage Info
Excess sludge flow rate (MGD)
Excess sludge TSS content (specify unit)
Sludge treatment process (e.g., aerobic or anaerobic digestion;
thermophilic or mesophilic, etc.)
Duration & temperature of sludge treatment
Finished sludge classification (A or B)
Annual volume of sludge produced
- land-application (volume or %)
- sludge pelletization
- incineration
- composting
- out-of-state
- landfill
- other (specify)
POLL 20 QuesNons •  Rolf Halden – [email protected] •  Arjun Venkatesan – [email protected] hSps://labs.biodesign.asu.edu/halden 21