gamomcemloba

q i m i a
XI
klasis
saxelmZRvanelo
gamomcemloba
inteleqti
manana vardiaSvili
qimia
XI klasis saxelmZRvanelo
grifi mieniWa 2012 wels ssip ganaTlebis xarisxis ganviTarebis
erovnuli centris (brZaneba # 375, 18. 05. 2012) mier
gamomcemloba inteleqti
Tbilisi 2012
manana vardiaSvili
qimia XI
inteleqti
Tbilisi 2012
Manana Vardiashvili
chemistry XI
INTELEKTI PUBLISHERS
Tbilisi 2012
redaqtori qristine giorgaZe
iv. javaxiSvilis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis profesori
Editor: Kristine Giorgadze, Professor of TSU
gamomcemloba inteleqti
Tbilisi, ilia WavWavaZis gamziri #5
225-05-22, 5(99) 55-66-54
faqsi: 225-05-22
elfosta: [email protected] vebgverdi: www.intelekti.ge
ISBN 978-9941-439-74-2
© manana vardiaSvili, 2012
© gamomcemloba `inteleqti~, 2012
sarCevi
I Tavi. organul naerTTa agebuleba da klasifikacia
atomidan – atomamde........................................................................................................5
organuli naerTebi..........................................................................................................7
organul naerTTa aRnagobis Teoria................................................................... 10
eleqtronuli simkvrivis ganawileba da molekulis sivrculi
aRnagoba..................................................................................................................... 15
organuli nivTierebebis klasifikacia............................................................. 20
organul reaqciaTa klasifikacia........................................................................ 27
izomeria...............................................................................................................................30
alkanebi................................................................................................................................36
II Tavi. RiajaWviani naxSirwyalbadebi
alkanis miReba da qimiuri Tvisebebi.................................................................. 40
alkeni....................................................................................................................................45
alkenis miReba da Tvisebebi..................................................................................... 48
alkini....................................................................................................................................55
alkadieni.............................................................................................................................60
III Tavi. cikloalkanebi aromatuli naxSirwyalbadebi
cikloalkani......................................................................................................................66
aromatuli naxSirwyalbadebi. benzoli............................................................ 70
aromatuli naxSirwyalbadis miReba da Tvisebebi....................................... 73
navTobi da navTobproduqtebi................................................................................ 79
IV Tavi. JangbadSemcveli organuli naerTebi
spirtebi...............................................................................................................................85
najeri erTatomiani spirtebis miReba
da Tvisebebi............................................................................................................. 89
mravalatomiani spirtebi........................................................................................... 93
fenoli...................................................................................................................................96
aldehidebi....................................................................................................................... 100
aldehidebis miReba da Tvisebebi........................................................................ 103
ketonebi.............................................................................................................................106
karbonmJavebi.................................................................................................................. 111
meTanmJavasa da eTanmJavas miReba, Tvisebebi da gamoyeneba.............. 117
3
esterebi.............................................................................................................................120
cximi.....................................................................................................................................123
V Tavi. naxSirwylebi, azotSemcveli organuli naerTebi
polimerebi
naxSirwylebi................................................................................................................... 134
disaqaridebi................................................................................................................... 140
polisaqaridebi. saxamebeli................................................................................... 142
celuloza..........................................................................................................................146
anilini................................................................................................................................153
aminomJavebi..................................................................................................................... 155
cilebi.................................................................................................................................159
polimerebi....................................................................................................................... 165
biopolimerebi................................................................................................................ 172
4
rogor vixelmZRvaneloT wigniT
Tavis saxelwodeba
I Tavi
atomis agebuleba da perioduli sistema
paragrafis nomeri
atomidan – atomamde
1.1
paragrafis saxelwodeba
ras unda miuTiTebdes es faqti?
Sidateqsturi davalebebi
ras unda miuTiTebdes es faqti?
ras unda miuTiTebdes es faqti?
ras unda miuTiTebdes es faqti?
teqstis momdevno davalebebi
praqtikuli mecadineoba
Semajamebeli samuSao
jgufuri samuSao
wyvilebad samuSao
proeqti
1 daasaxeleT
is movlenebi,
romlebic pirdapir....
glukozasTan vercxlis ...
eqsperimentuli
samuSao
SeamowmeT Tqveni codna


pr o eqti
`Sokoladi~
5
am TavSi gaigebT:
 ra ganasxvavebs organul naerTebs araorganulisagan
 ra niSniT klasificirdeba organuli naerTebi
 ra niSniT klasificirdeba organuli naerTebis monawileobiT
mimdinare qimiuri reaqciebi.
I Tavi
organul naerTTa agebuleba da klasifikacia
am Tavis Seswavlis Semdeg, SeZlebT:
 organuli naerTebis agebulebis modeliT warmodgenas
 organuli naerTebis struqturuli formulisa da saxelwodebis
Sedgenas
 organul naerTi miakuTvnoT naerTTa ama Tu im klas
 organuli reaqciebis klasificirebas.
6
organuli naerTebi
1.1
• iyo dro, rodesac nivTierebaTa klasificireba maTi warmoSobis mixed­
viT xdeboda, amitomac ar aris gasakviri, rom XIX saukunemde nivTiere­
bebs moixsenebdnen ase: `mcenareuli~, `cxoveluri~ da `mineraluri~ niv­
Tierebebi.
XIX saukunis dasawyisSi mcenareebisa da cxovelebis organizmidan miRe­
bul nivTierebebs, maTi warmoSobis gamo, organuli uwodes, xolo mecniere­
bas, romelic organul naerTebs da maT gardaqmnebs Seiswavlida – organuli
qimia.
XIX saukunis dasawyisSi mecniere­
bi
imis miuxedavad, rom zogi­
miiC­
nevdnen, rom organuli nivTierebe­
erTi organuli nivTiereba, mag­
bis
miReba
SesaZlebelia mxolod raRac
aliTad, Saqari, spirti, Zmari,
`sasicocxlo Zalis~ moqmedebiT, ro­
kacob­riobisaTvis aTaswleulebis
melic arsebobs cocxali organizme­
bis
win iyo cnobili, calkeuli or­
ujredebSi, aseT Tvalsazriss efuZne­
ganuli nivTierebebis gamoyofa
boda vitalizmis Teoria, romelic gavr­
mxolod XVIII saukunis meore nax­
celebuli iyo organul qimiaSi.
evarSi moxerxda. erT-erTi pirve­
am Teoriis mixedviT organizmebis
li mec­
nieri, romelic organul
Semadgeneli nivTierebebi principulad
nivTierebebs swavlobda iyo karl
gansxvavdeba aracocxali bunebis Semad­
vilhelm Seele, man SeZlo zo­
geneli nivTierebebisagan, Tumca Semd­
gierTi organuli mJavas da sxva
gomma aRmoCenebma radikalurad Secvala
organuli nivTierebebis miReba
es Sexedulebebi.
mcenareuli da cxoveluri warmo­
1828 wels germanelma mecnierma frid­
Sobis nivTierebebisagan. kerZod,
rix velerma, araorganuli nivTiere­
vilhelm Seelem rZidan miiRo
bebisagan miiRo mecnierTaTvis kargad
rZemJava da aCvena, rom swored es
nacnobi orga­nu­li nivTiereba Sardova­
mJavaa rZis Sededebis mizezi.
na (karbamidi), romelsac im droisaTvis
ZuZumwovarTa Sardidan gamoyofdnen. es iyo reaqcia, romelic cianmJavas
amoniumis marilis gaxurebiT mimdinareobda:
NH4OCN
amoniumis
cianati
t
(NH2)2COO
Sardovana
(karbamidi)
am aRmoCenis kvaldakval araorganuli nivTierebebisagan sxva organuli
nivTierebebic miiRes, ramac sabolood gaaTavisufla qimia `sasicocxlo Za­
lis~ Sesaxeb mistikuri Sexedulebisagan.
suraTze TqvenTvis kargad nac­nobi ori
nivTierebaa gamosaxuli. sufris marili
NaCl araorganuli nivTierebaa, Saqari
C6H12O6 ki – organuli.
– romeli maTganis Sedgenilobaa ufro
rTuli?
– romels aqvs gacilebiT didi fardo­
biTi molekuluri masa?
– aiReT faifuris ori jami, erTSi moaTavseT 2-3 g sufris marili, meore­
Si – amdenive Saqari, gaaxureT spirtquris alze. ras amCnevT?
7
organul naerTs araorganuli­
sagan ramdenime Tavisebureba ganas­
xvavebs. yvela organuli nivTiereba naxSirbadis naerTia, maT umravle­
sobas, araorganulTan SedarebiT, rTuli agebuleba da arcTu iSviaTad
maRali molekuluri masa aqvs. organuli nivTierebebis umravlesoba mxo­
lod zomieri temperaturis piro­
bebSia mdgradi, zogierTi araorganuli
nivTiereba ki sakmaod maRal temperaturazec ar iSleba.
organuli da araorganuli nivTi­
erebebis ganmasxvavebel niSan-Tvise­
baTa CamoTvla kidev SeiZleba, magram maT Soris mkveTr zRvars ver ga­
vavlebT. magaliTad, naxSirbads zogi­
erTi araorganuli niv­
Ti­
erebac Sei­
erebebis wvis Sede­
gad ki
cavs: H2CO3, CaCO3, CS2 da sxva. organuli nivTi­
miiReba ara­organuli nivTierebebi – naxSirorJangi da wyali. amave dros,
rac yvelaze mniSvnelovania, SesaZlebelia la­
bo­
ratoriaSi araorga­
nuli
nivTiere­
bebisagan organuli nivTierebebis mi­
Reba.
axal-axali aRmoCenebis miuxedavad, romelic asabuTYebda kavSirs or­
ganul da araorganul nivTierebebs Soris, organuli qimia mainc agrZelebda
ganviTarebas, rogorc qimiis gansakuTrebuli sfero. nawilobriv, es SeiZ­
leba aixsnas im garemoebiT,Mrom organuli nivTierebebis miRebis procesSi
xSirad nedleulad iyeneben navTobs, qvanaxSirs, xis merqans da mcenareuli
da cxoveluri warmoSobis sxvadasxva nivTierebas.
amave dros, organuli nivTierebe­bis Seswavlis sa­fuZvelze SemuSavda
maTi klasifikaciis iseTi sistema, romelic arsebiTad gan­sxvavdeba araor­
ganuli nivTierebebis klasifikaciis xerxebisagan.
organuli qimiis gamoyofa zogadi qimiidan ganapiroba kidev orma mniS­
vnelovanma faqtorma:
• organuli nivTierebebis simravle.
amJamad organuli nivTierebebis ricxvi 20 milions aRwevs da yovel­
wliurad 250 aTasiT izrdeba sinTezurad miRebuli nivTierebebiT.
• organuli nivTierebebi Sedis yvela organizmSi.
bunebrivi nivTierebebis garda, amJamad organul nivTierebebs mia­kuT­
vneben iseT nivTierebebsac, romelic buneb­rivi warmoSobisa ar aris. ase­
Tia magaliTad, plast­
organuli naerTebis Sed­
120 wlis win germa­
masebi,
sinTezuri
nelma mecnierma k. Sor­
genilobaSi
naxSirbadTan
boWkoebi, sin­Te­zuri
lemerma Camo­ayaliba
erTad ZiriTadad Sedis ele­
medikamentebi. yve­la
or­ga­nuli qimiis kla­
mentebi: wyalbadi, Jangbadi,
maTganis Sedgenilo­
sikuri ganmarteba, ro­­
azoti, gogirdi, romelTac
baSi Sedis elementi
mel­sac dRe­­sac ar dau­
organogenebi ewodeba.
naxSirbadi.
amitom,
kargavs mniSvneloba:
organuli uwodes im
`organuli qimia aris
nivTierebebs, romlis
naxSirwyalbadebisa da maTi nawarmebis, e. i. im
SedgenilobaSic Sedis
produqtebis qimia, romlebic war­moiqmneba wyal­
badis atomebis Canacvlebis Sedegad sxva ato­
ele­menti naxSirbadi.
mebiT, an atomTa jgufebiT~.
organul nivTiere­
bebs swavlobs organ­
uli qimia, romelsac organuli nivTierebebis gamoyofis, miRebis da Tvise­
bebis kvlevis specifikuri meTodebi gaaCnia.
riT aris MmniSvnelovani organuli qimia – organuli qimiis Seswavlis
procesSi Tqven araerTxel darwmundebiT mis mniSvnelobaSi Cveni cxovrebis
8
sxva­dasxva sferosaTvis. manamde ki gety­
organul nivTie­re­bebs ar gane­
viT, rom organul nivTierebebs Seicavs
kuTvneba naxSirbadis oqsi­
debi,
yvela organizmi. mravali Tanamedrove
naxSirmJava da misi marilebi.
masala Tu produqti, romelTa gare­Sec
Cveni yofa ubralod warmoudgenelia,
aseve mi­ekuTvneba organul naer­Tebs. zogierT bunebriv da sinTezur or­
ganul nivTierebas gaecaniT cxrilis saSualebiT.
cxrili. zogierTi organuli nivTiereba
bunebrivi nivTierebebi
sinTezuri nivTierebebi
naxSirwylebi
plastmasebi
cilebi
mravali medikamenti
cximebi
inseqticidebi
vitaminebi
mravali saRebari
organuli nivTierebebis mniSvnelobaze metyvelebs is faqtic, rom or­
ganuli nivTierebebis ricxvi ukanasknel aswleulSi udidesi tempiT izrde­
ba, ZiriTadad laboratoriaSi, sinTezuri gziT miRebuli nivTierebebis xar­
jze. amas miuTiTebs Cvens mier cxrilis saxiT SemoTavazebuli monacemebic.
cxrili. organuli nivTierebebis ricxvis zrda
wlebi
organuli nivTierebebis ricxvi
1880
12000
1910
150 000
1940
500 000
1960
1000 000
1970
2000 000
1980
5 500 000
2000
20 000 000
bunebrivia ismis kiTxva, ra aris imis mizezi, rom naxSirbads SeuZlia
uzarmazari raodenobis sxvadasxva Tvisebisa da Sedgenilobis bunebrivi da
sinTezuri naerTebis warmoqmna. amis mizezia naxSirbadis atomebis unika­
luri Tviseba – daukavSirdes erTmaneTs da warmoqmnas mravali sxva­dasxva
tipis ganStoebuli da cikluri struqtura.
amis garda, naxSirbadis atomebs SeuZlia warmoqmnas erTmagi, ormagi da
sammagi bmebi ara mxolod erTmaneTTan, aramed sxva elementis atomebTanac.
9
1.2
organul naerTTa aRnagobis Teoria
• rogorc cnobilia, yoveli Teoria – es aris ideebis sistema. mecni­
eruli kvlevis Sedegebis, gamocdilebis ganzogadeba, garkveuli obi­
eqtebis Sesaxeb sistematizebuli codna.
qimiuri aRnagobis Teoriis ZiriTadi debulebebi aseTi Sinaarsisaa:
1 organuli molekulebis SedgenilobaSi Semavali atomebi erTmaneTs
ukavSirdeba valentobis Sesabamisad, naxSirbadis atomi ki organul naerTeb­
Si mudam oTxvalentiania. sxvadasxva bmas sxvadasxva energia aqvs, riTac aixs­
neba naerTTa gansxvavebuli reaqciisunarianoba.
2 organuli nivTierebis Tvisebebi damokidebulia ara mxolod moleku­
laSi Semavali atomebis Tvisebebze da raodenobaze, aramed atomebis erTma­
neTTan SeerTebis Tanmimdevrobaze, rasac qimiuri aRnagoba ewodeba.
3 organuli nivTierebis Tvisebebi damokidebulia ara mxolod niv­
Tierebis Sedgenilobasa da molekulaSi atomebis SeerTebis Tanmimdevro­
baze, aramed atomebisa da atomTa jgufebis urTierTgavlenaze.
4 nivTierebis qimiuri aRnagoba SesaZloa davadginoT misi Tvisebebis
codnis safuZvelze.
ganvixiloT am Teoriis pirveli debuleba. meTanis molekuluri formu­
laa CH4, mis molekulas SesaZloa hqondes mxolod aseTi qimiuri aRnagoba:
H
H C H es imitom, rom naxSirbadis atomi oTxvalentiania.
H
eTanis molekuluri formulaa C2H6. naxSirbadi rom kvlav oTxvalentiani
iyos, eTanis molekulaSi naxSirbadis atomebs Soris qimiuri bma unda dam­
yardes. amitom eTanis molekulis aRnagoba iqneba aseTi:
H H
H C C H
H H
rogorc iciT, erTi
xazi aRniSnavs erT qi­
miur bmas, an valento­
bis erT erTeuls.
naxSirbadis atomebi SesaZloa erTmaneTs daukavSirdnen Ria an Sekruli
jaWvis saxiT:
H H
H H H H
H C C H
(1)
(2)
H C C C C H
H C C H
H H H H
H H
TiToeul organul nivTierebaSi atomebis SeerTebis gansazRvruli Tan­
mimdevrobaa, Tu (1) formulas sami gansxvavebuli saxiT davwerT:
10
H H
H C C H
H
H C H
H C H
H
H
H C H
H
H C C H
H
H C H
H
H C H H H
H C
H
C C H
H H
H
a)
b)
g)
amiT, rogorc vxedavT, atomebis SeerTebis Tanmimdevroba ar icvleba,
amitom samive erTi da igive naerTia.
qimiur formulas, romelSic naCvenebia molekulaSi atomebis SeerTebis
Tanmimdevroba, struqturuli formula ewodeba.
struqturuli formula nivTierebis qimiur aRnagobas asaxavs, Tumca ar
gviCvenebs atomTa sivrciT ganlagebas, e. i. ar asaxavs molekulis sivrcul
aRnagobas.
organuli qimiis Seswavlisas Cven xSirad gamoviyenebT srul struqtu­
rul formulebs, sadac naerTSi arsebuli yvela bma xaziTaa gamosaxuli.
gamoviyenebT agreTve Sekvecil struqturul formulebs, sadac xaziT
aRniSnulia mxolod naxSirbadatomebs Soris arsebuli bmebi.
H
H C
H
CH3 –
H H
C C H sruli struqturuli formula.
H H
CH2 – CH3 Sekvecili struqturuli formula.
axla warmo­
vidginoT, rom meTanis mole­
ku­
las Camoaciles wyalbadis
erTi atomi.
H
miiReba atomTa erTvalentiani jgufi CH3, romelsac radi­
H  –  С  – H kali ewodeba.
H
meTanis molekulisagan miRebul radikals meTili ewodeba.
CH4
meTani
→
CH3
meTili
radikali aris molekulis neitra­lu­ri nawilaki, romelic molekuli­
dan er­
Ti wyalbadatomis Camocilebis Sedegad miiReba.
radikals erTi gauw­
yvi­
lebeli eleqtroni, anu erTi
valentoba aqvs, rac aRiniSneba ase: CH3, an ase: –CH3.
Tavi­
sufali
11
radikalSi naxSirbadatomis oTxive valen­
toba aRar aris gajerebuli wyalbadis ato­
mebiT, mas erTi Tavisufali valentoba aqvs,
amitom aseTi radikalebi warmoq­mnis­Tanave
uerTdeba an erTmaneTs, an sxva atomebs.
Tu eTanis molekulas CamovacilebT wyalbadis erT atoms, miviRebT
radikal eTils
C2H6 → –C2H5
eTani
eTili
maSasadame, najeri naxSirwyalbadis radikalis saxelwodebas miviRebT,
Tu Sesabamisi naxSir­
wyalba­
dis saxelwodebis `an~ daboloebas SevcvliT
-`il~-iT.
radikali aRiniSneba R-iT
ganvixiloT meore debuleba.
araorganuli nivTierebis molekuluri formula yovelTvis erT konkre­
tul nivTierebas gulisxmobs. magaliTad, H2O aris wyali, H2SO4 – gogird­
mJava, Na3PO4 – natriumis fosfati da a. S.
organul qimiaSi ki molekuluri formulis mixedviT zogjer SeuZle­
belia imis dadgena, Tu romel nivTierebasTan gvaqvs saqme. ase magaliTad
C2H6O Sedgenilobis nivTierebas ori, erTmaneTisgan gansxvavebuli struq­
tura Seesabameba.
SeadgineT C2H6OO Sedgenilobis nivTierebis ori struqturuli for­
mula. pirvel SemTxvevaSi naxSirbadis atomebi erTmaneTTan SeaerTeT da
hidroqsilis jgufi erT-erT naxSirbadatoms daukavSireT. meore Sem­
TxvevaSi ki naxSirbadis atomebi erTmaneTs daukavSireT Jangbadis atomis
saSualebiT.
Tu davaleba sworad SeasruleT, pirvel SemTxvevaSi Rvinis spirtis
struqturul formulas miiRebT, meore SemTxvevaSi ki – meTilis eTeris.
Rvinis spir­ti siTxea, meTilis eTeri – airi. Rvinis spirti maTrobelaa, meTi­
lis eTers es Tvi­seba ar aqvs. Rvinis spirti natriumTan Sedis reaqciaSi,
meTilis eTeri ki – ara.
amrigad, saqme gvaqvs iseT SemTxvevasTan, rodesac erTnairi molekulu­
ri formulis mqone nivTierebebs sxvadasxva aRnagoba da aqedan gamomdinare,
sxvadasxva Tvisebebi aqvs. aseT nivTierebebs izomerebi ewodeba.
mesame debuleba ganvixiloT araorganuli nivTierebebis magaliTze. Tu
SevadarebT nivTierebebs, romelTa formulebia HCl, H2O da NH3, aucileblad
SevniSnavT, rom yvela maTgani Seicavs erTsa da imave elements – wyalbads,
Tumca kargad iciT, rom maTi Tvisebebi gansxvavdeba. ase maga­liTad, isini
sxva­dasxvanairad ucvlis fers erTsa da imave indikators – lakmuss. wyal­
Si lakmusi fers ar icvlis, marilmJavaSi wiTldeba, amiakis wyalxsnarSi ki
lurjdeba.
amave dros, wyalbadis meta­
liT Canacvlebis reaqcia maril­
mJavaSi ad­
vilad mimdinareobs, msgavs reaqciaSi wyali mxolod aqtiur metalebTan Se­
dis, amiakSi ki wyalbadis metaliT Canacvleba Zalian rTulia. am magaliTebis
safuZvelze SesaZlebelia da­vas­kvnaT, rom wyalbadis atomze sxva­dasxvanairi
12
gavlena aqvs Jangbadis, qlorisa
da azotis atomebs, da rac mTa­
varia wyalbadis atomebi, Tavis
mxriv, gavlenas axdens Jangbadis,
qlorisa d azotis atomebze. maga­
liTad, Tavisufali Jangbadisa­
gan gansxvavebiT, wyali wvas xels
ar uwyobs.
qimiuri aRnagobis Teoria
SemdgomSi ori mimarTulebiT
ganviTarda:
1
molekulaSi eleqtronuli
simkvrivis ganawilebis Ses­
wavlis mimarTulebiT.
2
molekulis sivrculi age­
bulebis Teoriis Camoyali­
bebis mimarTulebiT.
amrigad, organul naerTTa aR­
nagobis Teoriis Seqmnis ZiriTadi
winapirobebi iyo:
1) moZRvreba valentobisa da
qimiuri bmis Sesaxeb
2) `atomis~ cnebis `mole­
kulis~ cnebisagan gamijvna.
3) naxSirbadovan jaWvSi nax­
Sirbadis oTxvalentianobis Se­
saxeb warmodgenis formireba.
4) atomuri da molekuluri
masebis gansazRvris meTodebis
SemuSaveba.
a.
butlerovi.
`qi­­­mi­uri aRnagobis
cne­­bas­Tan istori­
ulma aucileb­lo­
bam migviyvana~.
XIX
saukunis
me­ore
naxevarSi
sur. 1.1 organul naerT­
mox­da iseTi mecni­
Ta aRnagobis Teoriis Cam­
oyalibebaSi didi wvlili
eruli aRmoCenebi,
miuZRvis rus mecniers
romelTac
didi
a. butlerovs.
roli Seasrules
organuli
qimiis
ganviTarebaSi.
ingliselma mec­nierma e. franklandma
qimiaSi Se­
mo­
itana valentobis cneba, moZ­
Rvreba valentobis Sesaxeb ganaviTara
germanelma mecnierma fridrix kekulem da
daafuZna Sexeduleba, romlis mixedviTac
naxSirbadi organul naerTebSi yovelTvis
oTxvalentiania. ingliseli mecnieri a. ku­
peri da f. kekule erTdroulad mividnen
daskvnamde, rom naxSirbadis atomebi Tavis
valentobas iyenebs bmebis dasamyareblad
ara mxo­lod sxva atomebTan, aramed erT­
maneTTan da warmoqmnis sxvadasxva saxis
naxSirbadovan jaWvs. a. kuperma pirvelma
gamosaxa qimiuri bma naxSirbadis atomebs
Soris.
mecnierebis ganviTarebisaTvis didi
mniSvneloba hqonda qimikosTa saerTaSo­
riso kongress germaniis qalaq karlsrue­
Si 1860 wels, sadac pirve­
lad ganisazRvra cnebebi
`atomi~,
`molekula~,
`ato­muri wona~, `mo­le­
kuluri wona~.
sur. 1.2 frid­
rix kekule
dReisaTvis sityva
`wonis~ nacvlad viye­
nebT termins `masa~.
13
1 miuTiTeT, romel formulaSia naxSirbadis atomebis SeerTebis Tanmimdev­
roba erTi da igive:
a) b)g)d)
CH3
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH3
CH3
CH2
CH2
CH3
CH3
CH3
CH
CH3
CH3
CH2
CH3
e) v)z)
CH3
CH2
CH3
CH2
CH3
CH3
CH3
CH
CH3
CH3
CH3
CH
ramdeni nivTierebaa gamosaxuli am formulebiT?
2 mocemulia struqturuli formula:
H H H
H C C C
H
H
H C HH
H
H
C
H
C
H
H
C H
H
SeadgineT misi Sekvecili struqturuli formula.
3 SeadgineT C6H14 Sedgenilobis naerTis sruli da Sekvecili struqturuli
formula.

4 plastilinis burTulebisa da asanTis Reroebis gamoyenebiT daamzadeT
C5H12 Sedgenilobis naerTis ramdenime sxvadasxva formis modeli ise, rom yvela
maTganSi naxSirbadis atomTa SeerTebis Tanmimdevroba erTi da igive iyos.
saSinao davaleba
gaecaniT paragrafis teqsts. mis Sinaarss ukeT gaacnobierebT, Tu gamoiyenebT
strategias `3, 2, 1~. risTvisac: dawereT sami ram, rac Tqveni azriT yvelaze
mniSvnelovania teqstSi. ori ram, ris gasagebadac meti informaciaa saWiro. erTi
ram, ris Sesaxebac dawerdiT davalebas. samive SemTxvevaSi daasabuTeT Tqveni
gadawvetileba, mesame SemTxvevaSi SeadgineT davalebis piroba da amoxseniT.
14
eleqtronuli simkvrivis ganawileba da
molekulis sivrculi aRnagoba
• qimikosebi, arcTu iSviaTad, aRmoaCenen
xolme, rom zogjer axali, sinTezurad
miRebuli organuli nivTierebebis struq­
turuli formulebi Zalian hgavs iseT
sagans, romelic TiTqos sulac ar aris
dakavSirebuli qimiasTan. magaliTad,
cxvars, Zroxas, bayays, gems, karusels...
1.3
molekulaSi eleq­tronuli
simk­vri­vis ganawilebas swav­
lobs qimi­
u ri aRnagobis
e l e q­t r o n u l i T e o r i a .
eleqtronebis ga­nawilebas
molekulaSi ganapirobebs
Semadgeneli ato­­me­bis sxva­
dasxva eleqtro­u ar­yo­fi­
Toba.
molekulis struqturas mis Semadgenel atomebs Soris qimiuri bmis eleqt­
ronuli simkvrivis gadanawileba gansazRvravs.
umartives organul naerTs, meTans, sibrtyeze ase gamovsaxavT:
H
|
H–C–H
|
H
sinamdvileSi mas sivrculi agebuleba aqvs (sur. 1.3):
sur. 1.3 meTanis sivrculi agebuleba
mizezi ki is aris, rom kovalentur bmebs molekulaSi, sadac orze meti at­
omia, sivrceSi gansazRvruli mimarTuleba aqvs. rac imas niSnavs, rom ato­mebi
erTmaneTis mimarT ganlagdeba gansazRvruli kuTxiT. kuTxe bmebs Soris da
bmis sigrZe gansazRvravs mo­lekulis geometriul formas.
organul nivTierebaSi kova­len­turi bmis mimar­Tulebis asaxsnelad yvelaze
xSirad mi­mar­Taven atomuri orbitalebis hibridizaciis Teorias.
hibridizaciis Teoriis arsi ase SeiZleba CamovayaliboT: qimiuri bmis
warmoqmnis pro­cesSi sxvadasxva formisa da energiis atomuri orbi­talebi
Seerwymis, `Seereva~ erTmaneTs da warmoqmnis axal, formiTa da energiiT
erTnair hibridul orbi­
talebs. amave dros, warmoiqmneba imdeni axali
hibriduli orbitali, ramdeni sawyisi atomuri orbitalic monawile­
obda
hibri­dizaciaSi.
15
magaliTad, Tu hibridi­zaciaSi
monawileobda oTxi orbitali,
romelTagan erTi s-ia, sami ki p,
hibridizaciis Sedegad miiReba
kvlav oTxi, magram erTnairi ti­
pis orbitali.
hibridizaciaSi yovelTvis mo­­
na­­wileobs erTi s- orbitali. hib­
ridi­zaciaSi monawile p- orbita­
lebis raodenobis mixedviT ki
nax­Sirbadatomis hibridizaciis
sami sxva­d asxva tipi arsebobs:
3
2
sp , sp , sp.
sp3 – hibriduli orbitalis
warmoqmnisas xdeba sferose­
buri s da hanteliseburi p or­
bitalebis gaTanabreba rogorc
energiiT, ise formiT. miiReba
oTxi erTnairi formis orbi­tali,
romelTagan Ti­ToOeuls gawelili
ara­s imetri­u li rvianis forma
aqvs. TiToeulSi eleqtronuli
simkvrive ara­Tanabaria: kerZod,
birTvis erT mxares – metia, meore
mxares ki – naklebi, rasac didi
da patara elifsiT gamosa­xaven.
qimiuri bmis warmoqmnaSi mxolod
didi elifsi monawileobs, amitom
patara elifss zogjer arc ki
aRniSnaven (sur. 1.5).
oTxi hibriduli sp3orbitali erTnair
muxtebs Soris gan­
zidvis gamo cdilobs
maqsimalurad dascil­
des erTmaneTs sivrce­
Si da amitom miiRebs
tetraedris for­
mas, sadac TiToeuli
sp 3-orbitali tetra­
edris wveroebisaken
aris mimarTuli. maT
Soris kuTxe 109028’-ia.
rac Seesabameba oTxi
hibriduli orbitalis
maqsimalur urTierTganzidvas.
16
naxSirbadatomis eleqtronuli formu­
laa:
C – 1s22s22p2.
am formulis mixedviT naxSirbadi or­
valentiani unda iyos. organul naerTebSi
ki naxSirbadis atomi mudam oTxvalenti­
ania, rasac naxSirbadis atomis agznebul
mdgomareobaSi gadasvliT xsnian.
C* – 1s22s12p3
an grafikulad
-.
- -
→ -
- - -
Tu davuSvebT, rom kovalenturi bmis
warmoqmnaSi naxSirbadatomi iyenebs calcal­ke s da p-orbitalebs, maSin, ma­ga­liTad
meTanis molekulaSi wyalbadatomebTan
man unda warmoqmnas erTi s-s tipis da sami
s-p tipis kovalenturi bmebi. es ki imas niS­
navs, rom meTanis molekulaSi CH4 wyal­
badis erTi atomi unda gansxvavdebodes
sami da­narCenisgan. meTanis qimiuri Tvise­
bebis Seswavlisas aRmoCnda, rom wyalbadis
oTxi­ve atomi erTnairi Tvisebisaa da erT­
nairi aqtiuroba axasiaTebs. maSasadame,
wyal­badis oTxive atomi naxSirbadatomTan
erTnairi tipis kovalenturi bmebiT aris
SeerTebuli. erTnairi tipis kovalenturi
bmis damyareba wyalbadatomTan gulisx­
mobs s da p-orbitalebis hirbridizacias
3
da oTxi erTnairi sp -hibriduli orbi­
talis warmoqmnas (sur.1.4).
sur. 1.4 sp3 – hibriduli orbitalebis warmoqmna.
sur. 1.5 sp3 – hibri­duli orbitalebis warmoqmna da
orientacia sivrceSi.
zogjer hibridizaciaSi monawileobs TiToeuli naxSirbadatomis erTi
s da ori p eleqtronuli orbitali. aseTi saxis hibridizacias sp2 – hibri­
dizacia ewodeba. aseT SemTxvevaSi erTi p-orbitali rCeba hibri­dizaciis
gareSe (sur. 1.6).
sp 2­- hibriduli
orbitalebis
m a q s i­m a l u r i
ganzidvis gamo
maT Soris kuTxe
udris 1200‑s.
sur. 1.6 sp2 – hibriduli orbitalebis warmoqmna da orientacia sivrceSi.
2
sp -hibridizaciis gamo molekulaSi TiToeul naxSirbadatoms aqvs arasi­
metriuli, cal mxares gawelili moculobiTi rvianis formis sami hibriduli
orbitali. maTi saSualebiT naxSirbadatomebi amyarebs sam σ-bmas. hibriduli
orbitalebi da maTi saSualebiT warmoqmnili σ-bmebi ganlagebulia erT sibr­
tyeSi (sur.1.7).
amis gamo, naerTebs, ro­mel­
Ta molekulaSic naxSir­b ad­
atomTa orbitalebis hibri­
2
dizaciis tipia sp , brtye­l i
agebuleba aqvs. aseTia ma­ga­li­
Tad, eTeni.
TiToeul naxSirbadatoms
kidev aqvs TiTo p-orbitali,
sur. 1.7 sp2 – hibriduli orbitalebis
romelTac monawileoba ar mi­
ganlageba sibrtyeze
uRia hibridizaciaSi da simet­
riuli moculobiTi rvianis forma aqvs SenarCunebuli (sur. 1.8). isini
cdiloben maqsimalurad dascildnen hibriduli orbitalebis sibrtyes
da amis gamo ikaveben mis mimarT marTobul mdebareobas. maTi gverdiTi
gadafarvis Sedegad σ-bmis sibrtyis zeviT da qveviT naxSirbadis atomebs
Soris warmoiqmneba meore bmac. Tqven ukve iciT, rom aseTi saxis bmas π-bma
ewodeba (sur. 1.9).
sur. 1.8 arahibriduli p-orbitali
sur. 1.9 p-orbitalebis gadafarva
17
Tu naxSirbadis atomis erT s da sami p-orbitalidan hibridizaciaSi erTi
s da erTi p orbitali monawileobs, miiCneven, rom naxSirbadatomis orbita­
lebis hibridizaciis saxea sp.
maqsimaluri ganzidvis gamo hibridul orbitalebs urTierTsa­pirispiro
0
mimarTuleba aqvs da maT Soris kuTxe 180 -ia (sur. 1.10).
sur. 1.10 sp – hibriduli orbitalebis warmoqmna da orientacia sivrceSi.
me-10 suraTis mixedviT imsjeleT, sivrculi, brtyeli Tu wrfivi age­
buleba aqvs naerTebs, romelTa molekulaSic naxSirbadatomTa orbital­
ebis hibridizaciis tipia sp.
sp – hibridizaciis SemTxvevaSi ori p-orbitali
rCeba hibridizaciis gareSe (sur. 1.11).
TiToeuli naxSirbadis or-ori p-orbitali pz da
py erTmaneTs gverdulad gadafaravs σ bmis marTo­
bul or sibrtyeSi da warmoqmnis or π-bmas. amgvarad
warmoiqmneba sammagi bma, magaliTad, acetilenis
molekulaSi (sur. 1.12).
sur. 1.11. arahibriduli
py- da pz-orbitalebi.
sur. 1.12 py- da pz-orbi­
talebis gadafarva.
18
1 qvemoT mocemuli nivTierebebi gaanawileT or jgufad – organuli da
araorganuli:
meTani – CH4, naxSirbad (IV)-is oqsidi CO2, gogirdnaxSirbadi CS2,
qlormeTani CH3Cl, diqlormeTani CH2Cl2, triqlormeTani CHCl3,
tetraqlormeTani CCl4, aluminis karbidi Al4C3.
axseniT Tqveni gadawyvetileba.
2 bmis jeradobis mixedviT naxSirbadatomTa Soris bmis
sigrZeebia:
0,134 nm; 0,120 nm; 0,154 nm.
ixelmZRvaneleT me-14 suraTze mocemuli diagramiT da
axseniT:
– ra damokidebuleba arsebobs bmis sigrZesa da bmis ener­
gias Soris?
– ramdenjer aRemateba eTenis molekulaSi naxSir­
badatomebs Soris bmis energia, bmis energias eTanis mole­
kulaSi? ratom ar aRemateba orjer?
(a)
(b)
(g)
sur. 1.14 naxSirbadis
ato­mebs So­ris bmis ener­
gia (a) eTanis, (b) eTenisa
da (g) acetilenis mole­
kulaSi.

3 ramdeni σ da π-bmaa Semdegi naerTebis molekulebSi:
a) propeni CH3 - CH = CH2 ;
b) propini CH3 - C ≡ CH ;
g) acetoni
CH3 – C – CH3 ;
O
O
d) Zmris aldehidi CH3 – C
H ?
saSinao davaleba
4 gamosaxeT eleqtronuli simkvrivis gadaweva naerTebSi, romelTa for­
mulebia:
H – Cl,
H
|
H – C – F,
|
H
H
|
H – C – H,
|
H
F
|
H – C – F.
|
H
19
1.4
organuli nivTierebebis klasifikacia
• is faqti, rom organul nivTierebaTa raodeno­
bam oc milions gadaaWarba, TavisTavad metyve­
lebs maTi klasifikaciis aucileblobasa da
mniSvnelobaze.
cnobilia, rom nivTierebis Tvisebebi ganisaz­
Rvreba SedgenilobiTa da qimiuri agebulebiT.
amitom, organuli naerTebis klasifikaciis
safuZvelia molekulaSi Semavali atomebis
saxeoba da maTi SeerTebis wesi.
organuli naerTi
acikluri
karbocikluri
heterocikluri
naxSirbadovan jaWvSi atomTa SeerTebis wesis mixedviT organuli naerTi
aris:
karbocikluri, romelic
Seicavs naxSirbadatomTa
Sekrul jaWvs.
acikluri, romelic RiajaWviani
naxSirwyalbadia, is ar Seicavs nax­
SirbadatomTa Sekrul jaWvs.
naxSirbad- da wyalbadatomebis garda, organuli naerTis molekulaSi
SesaZ­lebelia Sediodes sxva qimiuri elementis atomebic. aseT atomebs
heteroatomebs uwodeben. Tu Sekruli jaWvi aseT atoms Seicavs, naerTs
uwodeben heterociklurs.
zogjer heteroatomi, magaliTad, Jangbadis an azotis atomi Sedis
acikluri naerTis molekulaSic da warmoqmnis sxva­dasxva funqciur jgufs.
atomTa jgufs, romelic gansaz­Rvravs nivTierebis gansakuTrebul, niSan­
dobliv qimiur Tvisebebs – funqciuri jgufi ewodeba.
funqciuri jgufis Sedgenilobis mixedviT nivTiereba, romelSic es funqci­
uri jgufi Sedis, ganekuTvneba organul naerTTa ama Tu im klass.
– OH hidroqsilis funqci­
uri jgufi
karboqsilis fun­
qciuri jgufi
karbonilis funqci­
uri jgufi
– NH2 aminojgufi aseve fun­
qciuri jgufia
jer ganvixiloT acikluri, anu aracikluri agebulebis naxSirwyalbadebi.
acikluri naerTebi
acikluri naerTis molekula, ZiriTadad, Sedgeba erTmaneTTan uSualod
SeerTebuli naxSirbadatomebis jaWvisagan. jaWvi SesaZ­le­belia iyos rogorc
wrfi­vi, anu araganStoebuli, ise ganStoebuli.
wrfivi, anu araganStoebuli jaWvi
CH3 –CH2 – CH2 – CH3
20
ganStoebuli jaWvi
CH3
|
H3C – CH – CH
3
ganvixiloT acikluri naerTebis kerZo warmomadgenlebi:
alkani – acikluri naxSirwyalbadia, romlis molekulaSic naxSirbad­
atomebi erTmaneTTan dakavSirebulia erTmagi bmebiT.
alkanis pirveli aTi warmomadgenlis formula da saxelwodeba mocemulia
cxrilis saxiT.
organuli naerTis sa­xelwodebas adgenen qimiis saerTa­
Soriso kavSiris IUPAC-is mier dadgenili wesebis mi­xedviT.
arcTu iSviaTad gamoiyeneba organuli naerTis istoriuli,
anu trivialuri saxelwodebebi. magaliTad, eTanmJavas trivi­
aluri saxelwodebaa ZmarmJava.
formula
saxelwodeba
formula
saxelwodeba
CH4
C6H14
meTani
heqsani
C2H6
C7H16
eTani
heptani
C3H8
C8H18
propani
oqtani
C4H10
C9H20
butani
nonani
C5H12
C10H22
pentani
dekani
miaqcieT yuradReba, rom mexuTe naerTidan dawyebuli nax­
Sirwyalbadebis saxelwodeba warmodgeba berZnuli ricxviTi
saxelisgan. magaliTad `penta~ – niSnavs xuTs.
alkanebi ganekuT­vneba
najer nax­S ir­w yalba ­
debs, rac gamoix ateba
maT saxelwodebaSi su­
fiq­siT `an~-i.
alkeni – acikluri ujeri naxSirwyalbadia, romlis molekulaSic nax­
Sirbadatomebs Soris erTi ormagi bmaa. is ujeri naxSirwyalbadia.
alkenis pirveli cxra warmomadgenlis formula da saxelwodeba mocemu­
lia cxriliT.
formula
saxelwodeba
formula
saxelwodeba
C2H4
eTeni
C6H12
heqseni
C3H6
C4H8
propeni
C7H14
C8H16
hepteni
C5H10
penteni
buteni
C9H18
C10H20
oqteni
noneni
dekeni
mo l ek u l aS
i o r­m ag i
bm is ar se bo
­b a d a u j e­
r o ba ga ­m o xa
t u l ia am
klasis na
erTTa sa­
xelwodebaS
i sufiqsiT
`en~-i.
alkadieni – acikluri naxSirwyalbadia, romlis molekulaSic naxSirbad­
atomebs Soris ori ormagi bmaa.
Tu alkadienis ganmartebas kargad gaviazrebT, davrwmundebiT, rom mis
molekulaSi ar SeiZleba iyos sam naxSirbadatomze naklebi. naerTis saxelwo­
debaSi ormagi bmis arseboba cxadia aisaxeba daboloeba `eniT~. maTi raodenoba
ki – sufiqsiT `di~. magaliTad,
H2C=C=CH2
propadieni
CH2 = CH – CH = CH2
butadieni
alkini iseTi naxSirwyalbadia, romlis molekulaSic naxSirbadatomebs
Soris erTi sammagi bmaa.
21
sammagi bmis arseboba am klasis naerTTa saxelwodebaSi aisaxeba daboloeba
`in~-iT. magaliTad,
CH ≡ C – CH3
propini
CH3– C ≡ C – CH3
butini
aciklur naerTebs ganekuTvneba ara mxolod naxSirwyalbadebi, aramed ise­
Ti nivTierebebic, romelTa molekulaSi sxvadasxva funqciuri jgufi Sedis.
ganvixiloT aseTi naerTebis ramdenime mniSvnelovani klasi.
halogennawarmebi
halogennawarmebi iseTi organuli naerTebia, romelTa molekulaSic nax­
Sirbadis da wyalbadis atomebis garda Sedis halogenis atomebic:
naxSirbaduli jaWvis agebulebis mixedviT, ESe­iZleba arsebobdes
najeri da ujeri halogennawarmi.
Ts,
molekulaSi halogenis atomebis raodenobis
mono – niSnavs er
ms,
sa
–
i
r
t
mixedviT arCeven mono-, di-, tri- da a.S. halo­ di – ors,
.
xs
T
gennawarmebs.
tetra – o
CH3I – iodmeTani;
ClCH2– CH2Cl – 1,2-diqloreTani;
CH2=CH – Cl – qloreTeni;
CHCl3 – triqlormeTani.
aRsaniSnavia, rom halogennawarmebi SeiZleba saerTod ar Seicavdes wyal­
badatoms. magaliTad, CCl4 – tetraqlormeTani.
spirti
organul naerTTa umniSvnelovanesi klasis – spirtebis funqciuri jgufia
hidroqsilis jgufi – OH. spirtebis zogadi formulaa R-OH.
spirtis saxelwodeba miiReba Sesabamisi naxSirwyal­
badis saxelwodebisagan `ol~-i su­fiqsis damatebiT.
CH3OH – meTanoli
meTilis spirti
22
CH3 – CH2 – OH – eTanoli
eTilis spirti
aldehidi da ketoni
aldehidebi da ketonebi Seicaven funqciur jgufs
ni­lis jgufi ewodeba.
aldehidis zogadi formulaa
ketonis zogadi formulaa
, romelsac kar­bo­
.
.
gTavazobT ori naerTis struqturul formulas.
erTis trivialuri saxelwodebaa Zmris aldehidi,
meorisa ki _ acetoni:
O
||
CH3 – C – H
eb a
ke to ni s sa xe lw od
rc
go
ro
e,
ev
is
a
eb
mi iR
a,
eb
od
sp ir ti s sa xe lw
-i
l~
`o
qsi
fi
mxo­lod su
icvleba `on~-iT.
O
||
CH3 – C – CH3 al de hi di s sa
xe l wo ­
de­ba miiReba is
eve, ro­
go rc sp ir t is
sa xe l ­
wo d eb a, mx o l
o d su ­
fi qs i `o l ~- i
ic vl eb a
`al~-iT.
zogadi formulebis mixedviT imsjeleT, romeli
maTgani miekuTvneba aldehidebis da romeli ke­
tonebis klass? axseniT Tqveni pasuxi. aldehidisa
da ketonis saxelwodebis Sedgenisas gaecaniT dava­
lebaSi mocemul wess da daasaxeleT orive naerTi.
karbonmJava
karbonmJavebis molekulis SedgenilobaSi Sedis
kar­boqsilis jgufi. karbonmJavas zogadi
formulaa R– COOH. magaliTad,
CH3 – C
O
OH
– eTanmJava (ZmarmJava).
karbonmaJavas saxelwodebis DSedgenisas naxSir­
badatomTa Sesabamisi ricxvis mqone naxSirwyalba­
dis saxelwodebas boloSi emateba sityva `mJava~
ZmarmJavas analogiurad daasaxeleT er­
O
Zneli ar aris imis SemCne­
va, rom karboqsilis jgu­
fi miiReba ori funqciuri
jgu fis – kar bon ili s
–C
O
da hid roq sil is
–OH jgufebis Serwymis
Sedegad.
–C
O
OH
aqed an gamo mdin are sa­
xel­wodeba karboqsilic
savsebiT gasagebia.
saerTaSoriso
bomJava CH3 – CH2 – CH2 – C
OH
nomenklaturiT.
eTeri
eTeris molekulaSi ori naxSirwyalbaduri radikali erTmaneTTan dakav­
1
2
Sirebulia Jangbadis atomiT. eTeris zogadi formulaa R – O – R .
magaliTad,
H3C – O – CH3 CH3 – O – CH2CH3
dimeTileTerimeTileTileTeri
23
esteri
esteris molekulaSi Sedis atomTa
funqciuri jgufi, romelsac
ewodeba esteruli jgufi.
esteri SeiZleba warmovidginoT, rogorc karbonmJavas nawarmi, romlis
molekulaSic karboqsilis jgufis wyalbadatomi Canacvlebulia naxSir­
wyalbadis radikaliT, rac asaxulia kidec maT saxelwodebaSi. magaliTad,
CH3 – C
O
O – CH2 – CH3
– eTileTanati, anu ZmarmJava eTilis esteri.
azotSemcveli naerTebi
azotSemcvel naerTebs ganekuTvneba magaliTad, nitronaerTebi. nitro­
naerTis molekulis SedgenilobaSi Sedis nitrojgufi NO2. magaliTad,
CH3 – CH2 – NO2
nitroeTani.
azotSemcveli naerTebs ganekuTvneba aminebic.
amini SeiZleba ganvixiloT, rogorc amiakis NH3 nawarmi , romlis moleku­
laSic erTi, ori an samive wyalbadatomi Canacvlebulia naxSirwyalbaduri
radikaliT:
pirveladi amini RNH2
meoreuli amini R2NH
mesameuli amini R3N.
magaliTad,
CH3 – NH2 meTilamini;
CH3 – CH2 – NH – CH2 – CH3 dieTilamini;
C2H5 – N – C2H5 – trieTilamini.
|
C2H5
polifunqciuri naerTebi
zogjer organuli nivTierebis molekulaSi Sedis erTi da imave saxis ram­
denime funqciuri jgufi. aseT naerTebs polifunqciuri naerTebi ewodeba.
aseTia magaliTad, mravalatomiani spirti – glicerini:
CH2 – CH – CH2 .
propantriol – 1,2,3, anu glicerini
|
|
|
OH OHOH gTavazobT cxrils, sadac mocemulia aciklur naerTTa ZiriTadi klasebi.
Semdeg ki ganvixilavT iseT organul naerTebs, romelTa molekulis Sedge­
nilobaSi Sedis Sekruli naxSirbaduli jaWvi.
24
cxrili: aciklur naerTTa ZiriTadi klasebi.
klasi
funqciuri jgufi
|
|
|
– C – C – da – C – H
|
|
|
alkani CnH2n+2
magaliTi
CH3– CH3
alkeni CnH2n
C=C
CH2= CH2
alkini CnH2n-2
–C≡C–
CH ≡ CH
–C=C–C=C–
| |
|
|
alkadieni CnH2n-2
CH2 = CH – CH = CH2
spirti R – OH
– OH
CH3– CH2– OH
eTeri R – O – R
– O –
CH3– O – CH3
CH3
aldehidi
O
||
CH3 – C – CH3
ketoni
karbonmJava R
CH3
esteri
–
CH3
– CH3
karbocikluri naerTebi
karbocikluri naerTi iseTi organuli nivTierebaa, romlis molekulaSic
Sedis naxSirbadatomebisagan Sekruli jaWvi.
ciklSi SesaZlebelia Sediodes naxSirbadatomTa sxvadasxva raodenoba (3-dan
6-mde). karbocikluri naerTebis struqturul formulebs xSirad amartive­
ben, risATvisac miuTiTeben mxolod jaWvSi arsebul qimiur bmebsa da funq­
ciur jgufs. magaliTad,
CH2 – CH2
CH2 – CH2
OH
≡
CH
ciklobutani.
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
OH
≡
CH2
CH2
H2C
CH2
H2C
CH2
cikloheqsanoli.
≡
CH2
cikloheqsani.
sagangebod SevexebiT aromatul naerTebs – arenebs. es aris karbocikluri
naerTebi, romelTa molekulaSic erTmagi da ormagi bmebis monacvleobiT
25
agebuli qimiuri bmebis sistemaa. magaliTad,
NH2
benzoli
CH3
anilini
toluoli
heterocikluri naerTebi
SegaxsenebT, rom SesaZlebelia heteroatomi (O, N, S) Sediodes ara mxo­
lod funqciuri jgufis, aramed ciklis SedgenilobaSic. aseT naerTebs
heterocikluri naerTebi ewodeba. magaliTad,
COOH
piridini
N
N
nikotinis mJava
1 TiToeul naerTs miuwereT, romel klass ganekuTvneba:
CH3–CH2–CH3 CH3–CH2– OH
CH3–CH2–NO2
CH2=CH2
O
CH3–CH2–C
H
CH3– C ≡ CH
CH3– NH2 CH3– C
O
OH
CH3
N
H

2 ra azri CamogiyalibdaT organul naerTTa klasifikaciisa da saxelwo­
debis Sedgenis wesebze – Tqveni azriT ramdenad moqnili da mosaxerxebelia es
sistema?
gaeciT dasabuTebuli pasuxi.
saSinao davaleba
1 gadaiwereT rveulSi da organul naerTTa TiToeuli klasis saxelwode­
bas miuwereT konkretuli magaliTi:
1) alkani ...
4) acikluri naerTi ....
2) alkeni ...
5) aromatuli naerTi ...
3) alkini ....
6) heterocikluri naerTi...
26
organul reaqciaTa klasifikacia
1.5
gaixseneT, ra niSnebis mixedviT klasificirdeba araorganuli reaqciebi.
raoden uCveuloc ar unda iyos, organul qimiaSi ZiriTadad arsebobs Sem­
degi tipis reaqciebi:
1) mierTebis 2) Canacvlebis 3) moxleCis 4) izomerizaciis.
mierTebisaa iseTi reaqcia, romlis drosac organuli nivTiereba π-bmebis an
ciklis gaxleCis gamo ierTebs A–B molekulas. zo­gadad mierTebis reaqciebi
ase gamoisaxeba:
mierTebis reaqciebs
ganekuTvneba: alkenebT­
an, alkinebTan, dienebTan
ujeri naerTis
da sxva ujer naerTebTan
fragmenti.
mierTebis produqtis
wyalbadis, halogenis,
fragmenti.
halogenwyalbadis, wyl­
π-bmis an ciklis gaxleCis Sedegad naxSirbadis
is mierTebis reaqciebi
atomebs uTavisufldeba savalento eleqtronebi,
da polimerizaciis reaq­
cia.
am eleq­t ronebis saSualebiT naxSirbadis ori
mezobeli atomi ierTebs A – B molekulis gaxleCis
rogorc wesi, wyalbadis
Sedegad warmoqmnil atomebs an atomTa jgufebs.
mierT ebis reaqc ias hid­
Canacvlebisaa iseTi reaqcia, romlis drosac rirebis reaqcia ewodeba.
organuli nivTierebis molekulaSi Semavali erT- wylis mierTebis reaqcias
erTi atomi (aRvniSnoT X-iT) Canacvldeba A–B – hidr atac ia, halo ge­
nis mierT ebis reaqc ias
molekulis erT-erTi atomiT:
– halogenireba, halogen­
wyalbadis mierTebas ki –
.
"
RYX+AYB
R-A+X-B
hidrohalogenireba.
Canacvlebis reaqciaSi naxSirbadatomebsa da
wyalbadatomebs Soris arsebuli σ-bmebi ixli­Ceba
da axali σ-bmebiT warmoiqmneba reaqciis pro­duqti.
reaqcias, romlis drosac mezobeli naxSir­
badato­me­bidan ixliCeba SedarebiT martivi Sed­
genilobis mole­kulebi (magaliTad H 2O, NH3) da
warmoiqmneba π-bmebi, moxleCis anu eliminirebis
reaqcia ewodeba. zogadad eliminirebis reaqcia ase
gamoisaxeba:
najeri
organuli
molekulis
fragmenti
martivi
molekula
eliminirebis reaqcias
ganekuUTvneba:
a) alkanebis dehidri­
reba;
b) spirtis dehidrata­
cia;
g) halogennawarmebis
de­hid­rohalogenireba.
prefiqsi `de~ –
moxl e­C as aR­n iSnav s,
Sesaba­misad dehidri­
reba niSnav s wyalb a­
dis moxleCas.
ujeri moleku­
lis fragmenti
27
izomerizaciis reaqcia ewodeba iseT reaqcias, romlis drosac molekulis
struqtura icvleba, Sedgeniloba ki – ara. magaliTad,
CH3 – (CH2)6 – CH3
0
450 C
Pt
oqtani
CH3
|
CH3 – C – CH2 – CH – CH3
| |
CH3CH3
izooqtani
kovalenturi bmis gaxleCa reaqciis procesSi
reaqciis procesSi sawyis nivTierebebSi kovalenturi bmebi ixliCeba da
axali warmoiqmneba.
molekulaSi A–B kovalenturi bmis gaxleCis ori varianti arsebobsL:
1 simetriuli;
2 arasimetriuli.
kovalenturi bmis simetriuli gaxleCis dros eleqtro­
nuli wyvili
Tanabrad nawildeba A da B nawilakebs Soris da Sesabamisad miiReba erT­
eleqtroniani nawilakebi:
SegaxsenebT, rom neitralur nawilakebs, romlebsac gauwyvilebeli
eleqtroni aqvs, radikali ewodeba. kovalenturi bmis gaxleCis aseT tips
radi­kaluri gaxleCa ewodeba.
radikali realuri nawilakia, romelsac arsebobis
xanmokle periodi aqvs (10-3  wm). gauwyvilebeli eleq­
tronebis gamo is Zalian aqtiuria da warmoqmnisTa­
nave cdilobs Tavisi eleqtronis gawyvilebas, rasac
im SemTxvevaSi mo­axerxebs, Tu sxva molekulidan mox­
leCs isev radikals, romelsac aseve gauwyvilebeli
eleqtroni aqvs da masTan Tavisi kenti eleqtronis
gawyvilebiT molekulas warmoqmnis.
reaqciebs, romlebic radikalis monawileobiT mimdinareobs, ra­
di­
kaluri reaqciebi ewodeba. radikaluri SeiZleba iyos rogorc mierTebis,
ise Canacvlebis da izomerizaciis reaqciebi.
A–B molekulaSi kovalenturi bmis arasimetriuli gaxleCis procesSi
saziaro eleqtronuli wyvili gadadis erT-erT atomTan, xolo meore rCeba
eleqtronebis gareSe. aseT SemTxvevaSi molekulis gaxleCis Sedegad ionebi
warmoiqmneba:
28
amitom, kovalenturi bmis gaxleCis am tips ionuri gaxleCa ewodeba,
ionebis monawileobiT mimdinare reaqciebs ki – ionuri reaqciebi.
radikaluri meqanizmiT warimarTeba reaqcia, Tu ionuriT – es damokide­
bulia nivTierebis Semadgeneli atomebis bunebasa da reaqciis mimdinareobis
pirobebze.

1 SeadgineT sqema, qimiur reaqciaTa klasifikacia:
a) saboloo produqtis mixedviT;
b) moreagire nivTierebebSi kovalenturi bmis gaxleCis mixedviT.
saSinao davaleba
2 moifiqreT winadadebebi, romliTac centrSi mocemul cnebas daakavSirebT
irgvliv mocemul cnebebTan:
qimiuri reaqcia
radikali
organuli naerTi
kovalenturi bma
saboloo produqti
es strategia dagexmarebaT organuli naerTis cnebis ukeT gaazrebaSi.
29
1.6
izomeria
• saxelwodeba `izomeri~ ori berZnuli sityvis SerwymiTaa miRebuli.
`izos~-s niSnavs `Tanabars~, `mero~-s ki `nawils~.
ra movlenis aRsaniSnavad gamoigones es sityva qimikosebma? _ am kiTxvas
Tqven TviTon upasuxebT, Tu SeasrulebT Semdeg davalebas.
SeadareT (a) da (b) nivTierebebi Sedgenilobisa da agebulebis mixedviT.
ra aqvT erTnairi da ra gansxvavebuli?
(a) CH3 – CH2 –CH2 – CH3
(b) CH3 – CH – CH3
|
CH3
organul nivTierebebs, romlebsac erTnairi Sedgeniloba, erTnairi mole­
kuluri formula aqvs, magram struqturiT, an sivrceSi atomTa ganlagebiT
gan­sxvavdeba izomerebi ewodeba.
arsebobs ori saxis izomeria: 1 struqturuli; 2 sivrculi.
1 struqturuli izomerebi erTmaneTisagan gansxvavdeba atomTa SeerTebis
TanmimdevrobiT. struqturuli izomeriis saxeebia: a) naxSirbadatomebisagan
warmoqmnili jaWvis izomeria, b) jeradi bmis an funqciuri jgufis mdebareo­
bis izomeria, g) klasTaSorisi izomeria.
izomeriis movlenaSi ukeT garkvevis
miz­niT SemovitanoT naxSirbadato­
mis rigis cneba. kerZod, Tu naerTSi
naxSirbadato­mi SeerTebulia mxolod
erT nax­Sirbad­atomTan, mas pirveladi
ewodeba:
CH3 – CH2 – CH3 .
jaWvis izomeria axasiaTebs organul
naerTTa yvela klass. izomerebi erTma­
neTisagan gansxvavdeba jaWvis aRnagobiT.
kerZod, erT-erT izomers wrfivi aRnago­
ba aqvs, yvela danarCens – ganStoebuli.
magaliTad,
– CH3
CH3 – CH2 – CH2
TUu or naxSirbad­atomTanaa SeerTe­
buli – meoreuli:
CH3 – CH2 – CH3.
CH3 – CH – CH3
TUu sam naxSirbad­atomTanaa SeerTe­
buli – mesameuli:
CH3 – CH – CH3
|
CH3
na go­b is
no r ma l u r i aR
i)
butani (n- butan
CH3
TUu oTx naxSirbad­atomTanaa SeerTe­
buli – meoTxeuli:
CH3
|
CH3 – C – CH3
|
CH3
izomeriis movlena struqturul
formulaSi naxSirbadatomis rigis
SecvliT gamoixateba. magaliTad,
propanol-1-Si OH jgufi SeerTebu­
lia pirvelad naxSirbadatomTan.
izobutani
mdebareobis izo­
merias ganapirobebs fun­
qciuri jgu­f is an ormagi bmis sxva­d a­s xva
mdebareoba naxSirbadul jaWvSi. magaliTad,
3
2
1
CH3 – CH2 – CH
2 – OH
propanol-1
da
CH3 – CH – CH
3
OH
CH3 – CH2 – CH2 – OH
propanol-2
1
2
3
4
CH2 = CH – CH2 – CH
buten-1
30
3
1
2
propanol-2-Si ki – meoreulTan
CH3 – CH – CH3
3
4
da CH3 – CH = CH – CH
3
buten-2
|
OH
propanol-2.
jaWvSi naxSirbadatomebis ricxvis zrdasTan erTad izrdeba izomerebis
ricxvi. ma­galiTad, dekans aqvs 75 izomeri, aqedan erTi normaluri, anu wrfivi
aRnagobisaa, danarCeni 74 ki – datotvili, anu ganStoebuli.
ras fiqrobT, gansxvavdeba Tu ara izomerebi erTmaneTisagan TvisebebiT?
daasabuTeT Tqveni varaudi.
gamodgeba Tu ara Cven mier cxrilis saxiT SemoTavazebuli informacia
Tqveni varaudis dasasabuTeblad? axseniT Tqveni pasuxi.
pentanis izomerebis struqturuli formulebi
duRilis temperatura
36,20C
CH3 _ CH2 _ CH2 _ CH2 -CH3
CH3 _ CH _ CH2 _CH3
|
CH3
0
28 C
CH3
|
CH3 – C – CH3
|
CH3
0
9,5 C
klasTaSoris izomerebs erTi da igive molekuluri formula da maSasa­
dame, erTi da igive Sedgeniloba aqvs, magram miekuTvneba naerTTa sxvadasxva
klass. magaliTad molekuluri formula C3H6 Seesabameba propensac da cik­
lopropansac.
CH2
CH3 – CH = CH2
H2C
CH2
propeni
ciklopropani
CH3
sivrculi izomerebi erTmaneTisagan gan­
|
sxvavdeba atomTa jgufebis ganlagebiT sivrce­
CH
3
Si. sivrculi izomeriis ori forma arsebobs:
1) geometriuli; 2) optikuri.
H 3C
geometriuli izomeria axasiaTebs alkenebsa
|
da mis nawarmebs. alkenebSi ormagi bmiT dakavSire­
CH3
buli naxSirbadis atomebi p bmis gawyvetis gareSe
ar brunavs.
geometriuli izomeriis arsSi ukeT gasar­kve­ erTmagi bmis irgvliv naxSirbad­
atomTa brunva SesaZlebelia.
vad, SeasruleT Semdegi davaleba:
warmoidgineT, rom TiToeuli naxSir­
badatomis ori Tavisufali valentoba ga­
jerebulia sxvadasxva radikaliT, magaliTad
H-H-HiT da -CH3-iT. daakavSireT es radikalebi
naxSirbadatomebTan (1) da (2) SemTxvevaSi
ise, rom ori gansxvavebuli struqturis
naerTi miiRoT:
(1)
C = C
(2)
C=C
gadaiwereT (1) da (2) rveulSi da Seasru­
leT davaleba.
C=C
2
ormagi bmis arsebobis SemTx­
vevaSi naxSirbadatomTa brunva
ormagi bmis gawyvetis gareSe
SeuZlebelia.
31
dagveTanxmebiT, rom ormagi bmis mimarT HH-isa da CH3-is sivrceSi ganla­
gebis ori varianti arsebobs: 1) roca erTnairi jgufebi ormagi bmis erT mxa­
resaa; 2) roca erTnairi jgufebi ormagi bmis sxvadasxva mxa­resaa. pirvels
ewodeba cis – forma, meores ki – trans – forma. magaliTad,
H
C2H5
C=C
H
C2H5
cis-heqseni
C2H5
H
C=C
H
C 2H 5
trans-heqseni
sivrculi izomerebi erTmaneTisagan gansxvavdeba fizikuri da qimiuri
TvisebebiT da erTmaneTisagan damoukideblad arsebobs. magaliTad, cis0
0
butenis duRilis temperaturaa 3,7 C, transbutenisa ki – 0,9 C.
homologiuri rigi
erTmaneTis qveS TanamimdevrobiT CamowereT meTanisa da misi momdevno oTxi
najeri naxSirwyalbadis struqturuli formula. daakvirdiT, atomTa ra
jgufi ganasxvavebs maT erTmaneTisagan?
cxadia, Se­
amCnieT, rom molekuluri masis zrdis mi­
xedviT ganlagebul
najeri naxSir­wyal­badebis mwkrivSi, yoveli wina wevri mom­devno wevrisagan
gansxvavdeba –CH2 jgu­fiT.
nivTierebebs, romlebic agebu­le­biTa da qimiuri TvisebebiT msga­­v­
sia, xolo SedgenilobiT gansxvavdeba erTi an ram­
de­
nime –CH2-jgu­
fiT, homologebi ewodeba.
naxSirbadatomTa ricxvis zrdis mixedviT ganlagebul homologTa
erTobliobas, homologiuri rigi ewodeba.
–CH2– jgufs homologiuri rigis sxvaoba ewodeba
magaliTisaTvis gTavazobT alkanebisa da najeri erTatomiani spirtebis
homologiur rigs, romelic warmodgenilia eqvs-eqvsi wevris saxiT:
cxrili. meTanis homologiuri rigi
saxelwodeba
32
molekuluri formula
struqturuli formula
meTani
CH4
CH4
eTani
C2H6
CH3-CH3
propani
C3H8
CH3-CH2 -CH3
butani
C4H10
CH3-CH2-CH2 -CH3
pentani
C5H12
CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2 -CH3
heqsani
C6H14
CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2 -CH3
cxrili. najeri erTatomiani spirtebis homologiuri rigi
saxelwodeba
molekuluri formula
struqturuli formula
meTanoli
CH3OH
CH3OH
eTanoli
C2H5OH
CH3 CH2 OH
propanol-1
C3H7OH
CH3CH2 CH2 OH
betanol-1
C4H9OH
CH3CH2CH2 CH2 OH
pentanol-1
C5H11OH
CH3CH2CH2CH2 CH2 OH
heqsanol-1
C6H13OH
CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2 CH2 OH

1 struqturuli formuliT gamosaxul nivTierebaTa Soris monaxeT erTmaneTis
izomerebi:
CH3
2) CH3–CH2 – CH – CH3
1) CH3–CH – CH – CH3
CH3 CH3
3) CH3–C – CH2 – CH3
CH3
CH3
CH3
6) CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3.
5) CH3–C – CH3
4) CH3CH2CH2CH2CH3
CH3

2 qvemoT mocemul naerTTa struqturuli formulebis mixedviT SearCieT erT­ma­ne­
Tis geometriuli izomerebi, daasabuTeT Tqveni varaudi:
H
a)
H
H
C=C
CH3
(1)
C
CH3
||
CH3
H
C
(2)
CH3
H–C = C–H
||
CH3 CH3
(3)
H
C=C
CH3
H
CH3
(4)
33
H
H
H
CH2 – CH3
CH3
(1)
H
C2H5
||
C=C
b)
C
C
CH3 H
(2)
C
CH3 – C = C – CH2 – CH3
||
H H
(3)
CH3
||
C
CH2 H
CH3
(4)
saSinao davaleba
1 ra saxis izomeriaa SesaZlebeli naerTebSi, romelTa formulebia:
b) C3H6O ;
a) C6H14 ;
g) C4H8 ;
34
d) C4H9Cl.
am TavSi gaigebT:
 ra gansvavebaa najer da ujer naxSirwyalbadebs Soris
 ra Tvisebebi aqvs najer naxSirwyalbadebs da ra Tvisebebi –
ujers.
II Tavi
RiajaWviani naxSirwyalbadebi
am Tavis Seswavlis Semdeg SeZlebT:
 formulis mixedviT organuli naerTi miakuTvnoT
naxSirwyalbadebis Sesabamis klass
 SeadginoT naxSirwyalbadebis izomerebisa da homologebis
struqturuli formulebi
 qimiuri reaqciebiT asaxoT naxSirwyalbadebis miRebis xerxebi
da qimiuri Tvisebebi.
 imsjeloT mniSvnelovani naxSirwyalbadebis gamoyenebis Sesaxeb.
35
2.1
alkanebi
• alkanebis pirveli warmomadgeneli, meTani,
buneb­rivi airis ZiriTadi komponentia.
propani da butani ki is alkanebia, romelTa
narevic SesaZloa specialur balonSi Cavt­
virToT da sawvavad iq gamoviyenoT, sadac
mogvesurveba.
cxadia, arsebobs sxva alkanebic, maT msgavsi
qimiuri Tvisebebi aqvs, rac msgavsi agebule­
biTaa ganpirobebuli.
alkani iseTi Riaja­
Wviani nax­Sir­wya­l­ba­dia,
romlis mo­le­ku­­laSi nax­
Sir­badis atomebi erT­­ma­
neT­Tan da­kav­Si­re­bulia
mar­ti­vi, anu σ-bmebiT. mi­
si Sedgeniloba ki pasu­
xobs zo­gad formulas:
CnH2n+2 .
agebuleba
alkanebi najeri naxSirwyalbadebia. najeria imitom, rom maT molekulaSi
naxSirbadis TiTOeuli atomi oTxive qimiuri bmiT SeerTebulia oTx sxva at­
omTan. umartivesi alkani – meTania:
alkanis molekulaSi nax­
Sirbadis TiTO o euli atomis
orbitalTa hibridizaciis
tipia – sp3.
urTierTganzidvis gamo
hibriduli orbitalebi maqsi­
malurad scildeba erTmaneTs
sivrceSi da mimar­Tulia tet­
raedris wveroebisaken. or­
bitalebs Soris kuTxea 109028′.
alkanis molekulaSi qimiuri
bmebis Sesaxeb SeiZleba iTqvas
Semdegi: radgan molekulaSi
mxo­lod σ-bmebia, orbita­lebis
gadafarva xdeba atombirT­
vebis Semaer­T ebeli wrfis
gaswvriv. C–C bma arapola­
rulia, misi sigrZe 0,154 nm-ia.
C–H bmis sigrZe odnav nak­lebia
C–C bmis sigrZeze. bmis eleq­
tronuli simkvrive odnav
gadaweulia naxSirbadis ato­
mis mxa­­res, radgan is ufro
eleqtrouaryofiTia. C – H bma
susti polaruli bmaa.
H
|
H – C – H
|
CH4
H
molekulaSi σ bmis irgvliv SesaZlebe­
lia nax­Sirbad­atomebis Tavisufali brunva.
amitomac alkanis erTsa da imave molekulas
SeiZleba sxva­dasxvagvari forma hqondes. mag­
aliTad, aseTi:
gaSlil mdgomareobaSi alkanis mo­lekulas
zig­zagiseburi forma aqvs. nebismier SemTxveva­
Si naxSirbadis atomebs Soris kuTxe Seadgens
0
tetraedris kuTxes, anu 109 28′-s.
109 028'
0
109 28'
.
modeli
meTanis molekulis
36
alkanebis homologiuri rigis pirveli aTi
wevris molekuluri formula, saxelwodeba,
maTi Sesabamisi radikalebis formulebi da sa­xelwodebebi mocemulia cxrilis
saxiT:
naxSirwyal­ saxelwodeba
badis
formula
duRilis temperatura (oC)
da agregatuli mdgo­mareoba
normalur pirobebSi
CH4
meTani
– 161,6
C2H6
eTani
C3H8
propani
– 88,6
– 42,1
C4H10
butani
– 0,5
C5H12
pentani
+36,07
C6H14
heqsani
+68,7
C7H16
heptani
C8H18
oqtani
+98,5
+125,6
C9H20
nonani
C10H22
dekani
airi
siTxe
+150,7
+174,0
radika­
lis for­
mula
radikalis
saxelwodeba
CH3 –
...
...
eTili
C3H7 –
...
...
butili
C5H11
...
...
heqsili
C7H15
...
...
oqtili
C9H19
...
C10H21
decili
cxrilma rom dasrulebuli saxe miiRos SeasruleT qvemoT mocemuli dava­
leba.
gadaiwereT rveulSi cxrilis bolo ori grafa da homologiuri rigis
yovel wevrs miuwereT Sesabamisi radikalis formula da saxelwodeba.
izomeria da nomenklatura
alkanisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia ConCxis izomeria. izomerebis saxelwo­
debidanac Cans, rom stru­qturuli izomerebi erTmaneTisagan gansxvavdeba
naxSirbaduli ConCxis agebulebiT, rac maTi Tvisebebis gansxvavebas ganapiro­
bebs. umartivesi alkani, romelsac struqturuli izomeri aqvs, aris butani:
CH3 – CH2 – CH2 – CH3
n - butani,
anu butani
CH3– CH – CH3
CH3
izobutani, anu
2-meTilpropani
axla ganvixiloT ganStoebuli izomerebis saxelwodebis Sedgenis wesi:
1
ZiriTadi jaWvis gansazRvra. es niSnavs naxSirbadis atomebisagan Sed­
genili yvelaze grZeli jaWvis SerCevas. yvelaze grZelia is jaWvi, romelic
naxSirbadatomTa met ricxvs Seicavs:
CH3 – CH – CH2 – CH3
CH3
CH3 – CH – CH2 – CH2 – CH3
CH2
CH3
37
2
1
ZiriTadi jaWvis naxSirbadatomebis danomvra.
danomvra iwyeba im bolodan, saidanac ufro axlosaa Canacvle­
buli radikali.
2
3
4
CH3 – CH – CH2 – CH3
(1)
3
4
5
6
(2)
CH3 – CH – CH2 – CH2 – CH3
2
CH3
CH2
1
CH3
Tu Canacvlebuli radikalebi ZiriTadi jaWvis boloebidan
Tanabradaa daSo­rebuli, danomvra iwyeba iqidan, sadac meti Cam­
nacvlebelia.
CH3
1
2
3
4
5
CH3 – C – CH2 – CH – CH3
CH3
3
(3)
CH3
saxelwodebis Sedgena.
saxelwodebis dasawyisSi miuTiTeben im naxSirbadatomis rigiT
nomers, romelTanac Canacvlebulia radikali. Tu erT atomTan
ramdenime Canacvlebuli radikalia, maSin cifrs imeoreben orjer
2, 2- .
cifrisagan defisiT gamoyofen Canacvlebuli radikalebis ra­
odenobas
di-ori, tri – sami, tetra-oTxi, penta–xuTi
da bolos, radikalebis saxelwodebas defisis gareSe umateben
ZiriTadi jaWvis saxelwodebas. ZiriTadi jaW­
izo-wevrebs kiTxu­
vis saxelwodeba Seesabameba imave raodenobis
naxSirbadatomis Semcveli naxSirwyalbadis loben, rogorc wrfi­
vi, normaluri age­
saxel­wodebas homologiur rigSi.
amrigad, (1), (2) daA (3) SemTxvevaSi naxSirwyal­ bulebis wevrebis na­
war­mebs, sadac wyal­
badis saxelwodeba iqneba:
badatomebi Canacvle­
2-meTilbutani
bulia sxva­dasxva ra­
dikaliT.
3-meTilheqsani
38
2,2,4-trimeTilpentani
1 romeli naxSirwyalbadis orbitaluri sqemaa gamosaxuli suraTze (a) da (b)
SemTxvevaSi? ratom fiqrobT ase?
a)
b)

2 SeadgineT saxelwodeba da waikiTxeT naxSirwyalbadebi, romelTa formule­
bia:
a)b)
CH3 – CH2 – CH2 – CH3
CH3 – CH – CH – CH3
CH3
CH3
g)d)
CH3
CH3
CH3 – CH – CH2 – CH – CH3
CH3 – CH2 – CH – CH – CH – CH2 – CH3
CH
CH
3
3
CH3
saSinao davaleba
1 SeadgineT naxSirwyalbadis formula, Tu misi saxelwodebaa:
a) 2,2,4-trimeTilpentani
b) 2,3,3-trimeTil 4-eTilheptani.
39
2.2
alkanis miReba da qimiuri Tvisebebi
• gagikvirdebaT, magram meTanis miReba SesaZlebelia cxovelebis
fekaluri masidan, sadac is meTanuri duRilis baq­te­riebis gavleniT
warmoiqmneba. am gziT nebismier patara fermas SeuZlia e.w. bioairiT
moamaragos sakuTari warmoeba.
alkanis miReba laboratoriaSi
1
sufTa saxiT meTanis miReba labora­
toriaSi SesaZlebelia natriumis acetatis
CH 3COONa da myari natriumis hidroqsidis
narevis gaxurebiT:
CH3 COONa + NaO H
CH4↑ + Na2CO3.
meTani bunebaSi gavrcele­
buli airia. is miiReba mcenare­
uli narCenebis uhaero pi­
robebSi xrwnis procesSi,
romelic wyal­s acavebsa da
WaobSi mimdi­nareobs, amitom
mas Waobis airic ewodeba.
meTani gamoiyofa qvanax­Siris
ma­RaroSic, amis gamo mas qva­
naxSiris airsac uwo­deben.
2 eTanisa da sxva ufro grZeli jaWvis mqone
alkanis miReba SesaZlebelia viurcis reaqciiT
– halogenalkanis urTi­erT­qmedebiT metalur
natriumTan, magaliTad:
CH3 – CH2 – Br
+ 2Na → 2NaBr + CH3 – CH2– CH2 – CH3
CH3 – CH2 – Br
viurcis reaqcia praqtikulad gamarTlebu­
lia im SemTxvevaSi, Tu radikalebi, romelTanac
halogenebia mierTebuli erTnairia.
winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi reaqciis Se­
de­
gad
miiReba sami sxvadasxva nivTi­
erebis narevi.
aseTi narevidan ZiriTadi produqtis gamoyofa
rTulia.
3
meTanisa da haeris narevi 1:10
TanafardobiT Zlier feTqe­
badia.
amitom, maRaroSi me­­T anis
dag­ro­ve­ba xSi­rad afeT­qebis
mize­zi xde­ba.
meTani Sedis planetebis –
saturnis, iupiterisa da misi
Tanamgzavris, titanis atmos­
feros SedgenilobaSi.
meTanis miReba SesaZlebelia zogierTi karbidis hidroliziT. aseTia
magaliTad aluminis karbidi Al4C3:
Al4C3 + 12H2O → 3CH4↑ + 4Al(OH)3↓.
40
alkanis miReba mrewvelobaSi
1 najeri naxSirwyalbadis ZiriTadi wyaro navTobi da bunebrivi airia.
meTani bunebrivi airis ZiriTadi kom­­­po­nentia. amitom, meTanis misaRebad
swored am bunebriv nedleuls iyeneben. sxva najeri naxSirwyalbadebis
miReba aseve SesaZlebelia navTobis gadamuSavebiT.
zogierT naxSirwyalbads sinTezuradac iReben.
2
wrfivi agebulebis naxSirwyalbadis izomerizaciiT SesaZlebelia
ganStoebuli agebulebis naxSirwyalbadis miReba:
CH3
|
0
CH3 – CH2 – CH2 – CH2 – CH2– CH2– CH2– CH3 kat.450 C CH3 – C – CH2– CH – CH3
||
CH3
CH3
aseTi reaqcia, rogorc wesi, maRal temperaturaze mimdinareobs, TUumca
katalizatoris gamoyeneba ramdenjerme amcirebs temperaturas.
fizikuri Tvisebebi
meTanis homologiuri rigis pirveli oTxi warmomadgeneli airia.
naxSirwyalbadebi C5H12-dan C15H32-mde siTxeebia, ufro mZime naxSir­
wyalbadebi ki – myari nivTierebebi.
meTani ufero, usuno, wyalSi
uxsnadi airia.
yofa-cxovrebaSi gamoyene­
buli bunebrivi airis cudi
suni ganpirobebulia gogird­
Semcveli niv­­­­Ti­ere­biT – Tio­
spirtiT, ro­
melsac specia­
lurad amateben bu­
nebriv
airs, raTa misi gaJonvisas
Se­saZ­lebeli gaxdes da­zi­a­
nebuli gayvanilobis mig­­neba.
alkanebis lRobisa da duRilis
tempe­ratura TandaTan izrdeba
nax­
Sirbadovani jaWvis sigrZis
gazrdasTan erTad (sur. 2.1) yve­
la alkani cudad ixsneba wyalSi,
Txe­vadi naxSirwyal­badebi praq­
tikaSi gamoiyeneba organul gam­
xsnelebad.
meTanisa
da
haeris
na­­re­vi feT­qe­
badia.
sur.2.1 najeri naxSirwyalbadebis
du­Rilisa da lRobis temperatura.
41
meTanis qlorireba Tavi­
sufal – radi­
k aluri me­
qa­
nizmiT mimdinareobs da,
ro­­
gorc wesi, sami stadi­
isagan Sedgeba:
1) dasawyisSi energiis
moqmedebiT (ultraiisferi
gamosxiveba, an temperatu­
ra) qloris molekulaSi bma
ixliCeba da miiReba qloris
radikalebi:
.
.
Cl : Cl → Cl +Cl
2) Semdeg es radikalebi
`uteven~ meTanis moleku­
las, moxleCen misgan wyal­
badis atoms da qlorwyal­
badis molekulasa da ĊH3
radikals warmoqmnian:
CH4+ Ċl → ĊH3 + HCl
amrigad,sareaqcio are­
Si Cndeba axali radikali
ĊH3‑is saxiT, romelic qlo­
ris molekulisagan ierTebs
qloris atoms da warmo­qm­
nis qloris axal radikals:
ĊH3 + Cl2 → CH3Cl + Ċl
reaqcia grZeldeba manam,
sanam arsebobs energiis wya­
ro da nivTierebaTa saWiro
raodenoba.
reaqciis bolos radika­
lebis `daRupva~ xdeba, rac
gulisxmobs radikalebis
SeerTebas molekulebad:
ĊH3 + Ċl → CH3Cl
ĊI + ĊI → CI2
ĊH3+ ĊH3 → CH3 – CH3
es procesi maSin mimdi­
nareobs, roca meTanis kon­
centracia sareaqcio narev­
Si sagrZnoblad Semcirdeba.
sxva halogenebTan al­
kanebis urTierTqmedebis
Sesaxeb SeiZleba iTqvas:
iodTan alkanebi ar ur­
TierTqmedebs, bromTan
re­a qcia Znelad mimdi­n a­
reobs, fTorTan reaqcia
mimdinareobs afeTqebiT
– sibneleSi, oTaxis tempe­
raturazec ki.
42
qimiuri Tvisebebi
ras fiqrobT, Seva TuU ara alkani Se­erTebis
reaqciaSi? daasabuUTeAT Tqveni varaudi.
1 alkanebs ZiriTadad Canacvlebis reaqciebi
axasiaTebs, romlis drosac wyal­b adis atomi
Canacvldeba halogenis atomiT an sxva romelime
jgufiT.
es reaqcia mimdinareobs jaWvuri meqanizmiT
da grZeldeba wyalbadis yvela atomis Canacvle­
bamde.
ganvixiloT meTanTan qloris urTierTq­
medeba:
CH4 + Cl2 → CH3Cl + HCl
C H 3Cl+ Cl2 →HCl+ CH2Cl2
CH2Cl2+Cl2→HCl+CHCl3
CHCl3+Cl2 →HCl+CCl4
CH3Cl – qlormeTani
CH2Cl2 – diqlormeTani
CHCl3 – triqlormeTani
CCl4 – tetraqlormeTani
miRebuli qlornawarmebi farTod gamoiyeneba
gamxsnelad da nedleulad organul sinTezSi.
triqlormeTani gamoiyeneba saanesTeziod ve­
terinariaSi.
tetraqlormeTani ki uwvadi nivTierebaa,
romelsac xanZris dros cecxlis Casaqrobad iye­
neben, is ekvris almodebul sagans, wydeba Jangba­
dis miwodeba da cecxli qreba.
sxva alkanebis qlorirebisas gasaTvaliswine­
belia, rom Canacvlebis reaqcia upiratesad
mimdinareobs im naxSirbadatomTan, romelTanac
wyalbadatomebis naklebi ricxvia.
magaliTad,
CH3 – CH2 – CH3 + Cl2 → CH3 – CHCl – CH3 + HCl
CH3 – CHCl – CH3 + Cl2 → CH3 – CCl2 – CH3 + HCl
da a.S.
aRsaniSnavia alkanebis sxva qimiuri Tvisebe­
bic:
2 wvis reaqcia. yvela najeri naxSir­wyal­ba­di iwvis naxSirorJangisa
da wylis warmoqmniT. es aris egzoTermuli reaqcia, romelic alkanebis
saTbobad gamo­yenebas ganapirobebs.
meTani buneb­rivi airis saxiT
zogadi saxiT alkanebis wvis reaqcia ase
gamoiyeneba yofa-cxovrebaSi
gamoisaxeba:
energiis wyarod. mrewvelobaSi
ki misi didi raodenoba xmarde­
ba TboeleqtrosadgurebSi
eleqtroenergiis miRebas.
Cn H 2n + 2+ c3n + 1 mO 2 " nCO 2+ ( n + 1) H 2 O
2
SeadgineT meTanis wvis Termoqimiuri toloba, TuU am
dros 803 kj siTBbo gamoiyofa.
Cveulebriv pirobebSi najer naxSirwyalbadebze damJangavebi ar moqme­debs,
magaliTad, Tu meTans gavatarebT kaliumis permanganatis xsnarSi, xsnaris
iisferi Seferiloba ar Seicvleba.
najer naxSirwyalbadze aseve ar moqmedebs mJava da tute.
3 Termuli daSla. 10000C-mde ga­xu­re­bisas meTani iSleba:
CH4
10000C
C + 2H2
15000 C-mde gaxurebiT da swrafi ga­civebiT
SesaZlebelia meTanisagan acetilenis miReba:
2CH4
1500 0%CC
1500
CH / CH + 3H 2
4 dehidrireba. maRal tempera­tu­raze (400-6000C), katalizatoris (Pt, Ni,
Al2O3, Cr2O3) gamoyenebiT alkanis molekulaSi mezobel naxSirbadatomebs swydeba
wyalbadis ori atomi da miiReba alkeni:
CH3 – CH3 Pt, Ni,
400-6000C
CH2=CH2+H2 .
am reaqcias ujeri naxSirwyalbadebis misaRebad iye­neben.
5 izomerizacia. gaxurebisas, katalizatoris TanxlebiT, wrfivi age­­
bulebis naxSirwyalbadebi gardaiqmneba ganStoebuljaWvian naxSir­wyal­
badebad:
CH3 – CH2 – CH2 – CH2 – CH3 AlCl 3 400cC
CH3 – CH2 – CH – CH3
│
CH3
benzinis xarisxis gasaumjobeseblad swored izomerizaciis reaqcias mimar­
Taven. magaliTad, normaluri oqtanisagan iReben izooqtans.
SeadgineT am reaqciis toloba, SesaZlebelia Tu ara arsebobdes erT­
mniSvnelovani pasuxi reaqciis produqtis agebulebis Sesaxeb. daasabuTeT
Tqveni varaudi.
grZeljaWviani naxSirwyalbadebi (C 15 H 32 - C 25 H 52 ) gamoiyeneba dizelis,
turboreaqtiuli Zravis sawvavad, sacxebis da zeTebis dasamzadeblad.
43
alkanebis gamoyeneba
alkanebidan yvelaze farTod meTani gamoiyeneba.
bunebrivi airis SedgenilobaSi arsebuli meTani gamoiyeneba saTbobad.
meTani gamoiyeneba nedleuladac qimiur warmoebaSi. maRal temperaturaze
meTanis daSlisas miiReba muri, romelic aucilebelia tipografiuli
saRebavisa da rezinis dasamzadeblad.
meTanis urTierTqmedebiT wylis orTqlTan nikelis katalizatoris
0
TanxlebiT, daaxloebiT 800 C-ze miiReba naxSirbad (II)-is oqsidisa da
wyalbadis narevi:
CH4 + H2O → CO + 3H2
am narevs sinTez-airi ewodeba da gamoiyeneba bevri organuli nivTierebis
misaRebad.
xSirad yofa-cxovrebaSi sawvavad iyeneben propan-butanis narevs, romelic
CatvirTulia specialur balonebSi. Txevadi naxSirwyalbadebi gamoiyeneba
sawvavad avtomobilebsa da TviTmfrinavebSi.

1 mocemulia naxSirwyalbadis gardaqmnis sqema:
Na
Br ,(1 moli) ui gamosxiveba (hν)
a) C2H6 Cl ,(1 moli) ui gamosxiveba (hν)
AB
D
u i – ultraiisferi
SeadgineT sqemis Sesabamisi reaqciaTa tolobebi
2
2
2
ra masis muris miRebaa SesaZlebeli 112 m3 meTanis daSlisas? ra moculobas
daikavebs am dros warmoqmnili wyalbadi?
saSinao davaleba
1. ra moculobis Jangbadia saWiro normalur pirobebSi
a) 8 moli eTanis dasawvavad
b) 100 l propanis dasawvavad.
ra moculobis haeria saWiro TiToeul SemTxvevaSi?
SeavseT sqema, sityvierad aRwereT mizez-Sedegobrivi damokidebuleba
sqemiT mocemul maxasiaTeblebs Soris.
alkani
hibridizaciis tipi
agebuleba
Sedgeniloba
Tvisebebi
gamoyeneba
es startegia dagexmarebaT sakiTxis Rrmad gaazrebaS, da cnebaTa Soris
mizez-Sedegobrivi kavSirs damyarebas unaris ganviTarebaSi.
44
2.3
alkeni
•
warmogidgeniaT Cveni yoveldRiuroba am nivTebis gareSe?
alkeni iseTi nax­
S i r­w y a l b a d i a ,
rom­­­l is mo­l e­k u­
la­Sic nax­Sirbadis
ato­mebs Soris er­
Ti or­magi bmaa. al­
kenis Sedge­niloba
pasu­x obs zo­g ad
for­mulas
CnH2n .
maT dasamzadeblad saWiro masalis miReba ujeri naerTis, alkenis Tvise­
bas ukavSirdeba, es Tviseba ki – mis agebulebas.
agebuleba
alkenis molekulaSi naxSirbadis atomebs Soris erTi ormagi bmaa.
umartivesi al­ke­ni eTenia:
H2C = CH2
H
H
σC π
σ
σ
C σσ
H
H
hibridizaciis hipoTezis Ta­naxmad or­
magi bmis warmomqmnel naxSirbad­atomebs
Soris bma myardeba sp2-hibriduli orbi­
talebiT. e. i. hib­r i­d izaciaSi monaw­
ileobs erTi s- da ori p-orbitali. mesame
p-orbitali ki inarCunebs hantelisebur
formas. hibriduli orbitalebis gada­
farvis Sedegad naxSirbadis atomebs So­
ris myar­de­ba σ bma, xolo p‑or­­bitalebis
gverdiTi gadafarvis Sedegad π bma.
ormagi bmis warmomqmneli naxSir­
badatomebis sp2- hib­riduli orbital­
ebi mdebareobs erT sibrtyeSi; π bmis
warmomqmneli orbitalebi ki – σ bmis
sibrtyis marTobulad.
π-bm
a
σ-bm
a
45
izomeria da nomenklatura
alkanebis msgavsad alkenebsac aqvs naxSirbaduli ConCxis izomeria. ma­
galiTad, butens aqvs ori izomeri:
CH3 – CH2 – CH = CH2
CH3 – C =CH2
|
n-buteni
CH3
buten-1izobuteni
2-meTilpropeni
Tumca, alkenisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia agreTve ormagi bmis mdebareobis
izomeria, romelic struqturuli izomeriis gansakuTrebuli saxea:
4
3
21
CH3 – CH2 – CH=CH2 4
3
2 1
CH3 – CH = CH – CH3
buten-1 1 2 34
buten-2
danomvra iwyeba im bo­­­
lodan, saidanac ufro
axlosaa ormagi bma.
saerTaSoriso nomenklaturiT alkenebis saxel­
wodebis Sedgenis algoriTMmi aseTia:
1
ZiriTadi jaWvis arCeva
ZiriTadia is jaWvi, romelic naxSirbadatomTa
ufro met ricxvs da ormag bmas Seicavs:
2
ZiriTadi jaWvis danomvra
danomvra iwyeba im bolodan, saidanac ufro
axlosaa ormagi bma.
Tu ormagi bma jaWvis boloebidan Tanabar man­
Zilzea, danomvra iwyeba im bolodan, saidanac
axloa Canacvlebeli radikali:
CH3 – CH – CH2 – CH =CH – CH3
CH3
6
5
4
3
2
1
CH3 – CH – CH2 – CH =CH – CH3
CH3
1
2
3
4
5
6
CH3 – CH – CH = CH – CH2 – CH3
CH3
CH
3
alkenis saxelwodebis Sedgena
5
4|
3
2
1
H3C – C – C = CH – CH3
alkenis wakiTxvisas iseve iqcevian, rogorc al­
||
kanis SemTxvevaSi. saxelwodebis dasawyisSi cif­
CH3 CH3
rebiT miuTiTeben, Tu romel naxSirbadatomTan
3,4,4-trimeTilpenten -2
imyofeba radikali. rodesac radikali ramde­nimea,
cifrebiT aRniSnaven TiToeuli maTganis mdebareobas. Semdeg ki, asaxeleben
ZiriTad jaWvs, mxolod Sesabamisi alkanis saxelwodebis daboloeba `an~-is
cvlian `en~-iT. bolos ki miuTiTeben im naxSirbad­atomis nomers, romlidanac
iwyeba ormagi bma.
istoriulad alekenebis saxelwodebaSi gamoiyeneba daboloeba `ilen~-ic.
magaliTad eTileni, propileni da a.S.
3
axla ganvixiloT kidev erTi saxis izomeria buten-2-is molekulis ma­
galiTiT. radgan ormagi bmis warmomqmneli naxSirbadatomis Tavisufali
brunva ormagi bmis gawyvetis gareSe SeuZ­lebelia, misi struqturuli for­
mula gamoisaxeba orgvarad:
46
(2) trans-buten-2
(1) cis-buten -2
es izomerebi erTmaneTisagan gansxvavdeba Canacvlebuli jgufebis, Cven
SemTxvevaSi CH3 jgufis mdebareobiT π bmis sibrtyis mimarT. cis- izomerSi
–CH3 jgufebi ormagi bmis sibrtyis erT mxaresaa (1), trans-izomerSi ki –
ormagi bmis sibrtyis sxvadasxva mxares (2). amitom isini erTmaneTis sivr­
culi, anu geometriuli izomerebia.
geometriuli izomeriis arsebobis SesaZleblobis gansazRvrisas unda
gvaxsovdes, rom Tu ormagi bmis warmomqmnel romelime naxSirbadatomTan
bmuli atomebi an atomTa jgufebi erTnairia, maSin aseT naerTs cis-transizomerebi ar gaaCnia. magaliTad, naxSirwyalbadebs
CH3
H
C=C
CH3
Br
Br
H
C=C
C=C
H ,
H
CH3
H
Br
,
geometriuli izomerebi ar gaaCnia.
CH3 ,

1 SeadgineT qvemoT mocemuli alkenebis saxelwodeba:
a) CH2=CH – CH2 – CH3
b) CH3 – CH = C – CH2 – CH2 – CH3
CH3
C2H5
g) CH3 – CH2 – CH2 – C = CH2
d) CH3 – C – CH2 – CH = C – CH3
C2H5
CH3
CH3
2 saxelwodebis mixedviT SeadgineT alkenebis struqturuli formulebi:
a) 3-eTilpenten-1;
b) 2,3,4-trimeTilheqsen-2.

3 struqturuli formuliT gamosaxul romel qvemoT mocemul alkens aqvs
cis-trans izomeri? yvela SesaZlebel SemTxvevaSi SeadgineT cis-trans izomerebis
formulebi:
a) H2C = CH – CH3
b) H3C – C = CH – CH3
g) H3C
CH3
H 3C
CH
CH
d) H3C – CH2 – C = C – C2H5
CH3 CH3
saSinao davaleba
1 SeadgineT C5H10 Sedgenilobis alkenis yvela izomeris struqturuli for­
mula da saxelwodeba.
47
2.4
alkenis miReba da Tvisebebi
• navTobi Seucvleli qimiuri nedleulia qimiuri narmoebisaTvis. al­
kenebis uSualo gamoyofa navTobisagan ar xdeba, Tumca misi miReba mainc
navTobs ukavSirdeba.
alkenebi mrewvelobaSi miiReba navTobproduqtebis
krekingiT. krekingis procesSi alkenis garda miiReba
alkani:
“Cracking” – inglisuri
sityvaa da qarTulad
`gaxleCas~ niSnavs.
C20H42 → C10H22 + C10H20
eikozani dekani
dekeni
laboratoriaSi alkeni miiReba:
1
spirtis dehidrataciiT. Tu erTatomian spirtze
maRali temperaturis pi­robebSi vimoqmedebT wyalwamrT­
mevi nivTierebebiT, koncentrirebuli H2SO4‑iT, an Al2O3‑iT,
spirtis molekulas moswydeba wylis molekula da naxSir­
badatomebs Soris warmoiqmneba ormagi bma:
CH3 – CH2 – OH
H2 SO 4 , 170 - 180cC
am
reaqcias
spirtebis Sida­
mole­ku­­lur dehi­
dratacias uwode­
ben. Se­saZ­lebelia
mole­ku­­la­T­Sorisi
de­hid­ra­taciac.
CH2=CH2 + H2O
2
halogenalkanis dehidrohalogenirebiT. halogenalkanTan tutis
urTierTqmedebisas spirtxsnarSi sawyis molekulas swydeba halogenwyalbadis
molekula, ris Sedegadac warmoiqmneba ormagi bma.
halogenwyalbadi H
H Hal ki tutesTan marils warmoqmnis:
miaqcieT yuradReba, rom upiratesad miiReba buten-2
da ara buten-1, rac Seesabameba zaicevis wess: `ha­
logenwyalbadis moxleCisas mezobeli wyalbadis
atomi wydeba naklebad hidririrebuli naxSirbad­
atomidan~. e. i. im naxSirbadatomidan, romelTanac
wyalbadis atomTa ricxvi naklebia.
BrH
||
CH3 – CH – CH – CH3 + NaOH
spirti, t
CH3 – CH= CH – CH3 + NaBr + H2O
2-brombutanibuten-2
3
dihalogenalkanis dehalogenirebiT. rodesac TuTia urTierTqmedebs
alkanis dibromnawarmTan, naxSirbadis mezobel atomebTan Canacvlebuli bro­
mis atomebi moixliCeba da warmoiqmneba ormagi bma:
Br
|
Br
|
CH 3 – CH – CH – CH3 + Zn → ... + ZnBr2
2,3-dibrombutani
gadaiwereT rveulSi da daasruleT reaqciis toloba. daasa­xeleT miRe­
buli naerTi.
48
fizikuri Tvisebebi
alkenis homologiuri rigis pirveli sami warmo­
madgeneli airia. alkenebi C5H10 – C16H32 – siTxeebia,
C17H34-idan dawyebuli ki – myari nivTierebebi. alkenebis
molekuluri masis zrdasTan erTad lRobis da du­
Rilis temperatura kanonzomierad izrdeba. (sur. 2.2)
sur.2.2 alkenebis lRobis da duRilis
temperatura. C4 Seesabameba buten-1-s,
C5 ki penten-1-s
qimiuri Tvisebebi
garkveul pirobebSi π-bma wydeba da alkeni mierTebis reaqciaSi Sedis.
1 alkenis hidrireba. katalizatorebis (Pt, Ni) Tanxle­biT alkeni ier­Tebs
wyalbadatomebs da gardaiqmneba alkanad:
CH3 – CH2 _CH =CH2+H2
2
Pt
CH3 – CH2 – CH2 – CH3
es reaqcia mimdinareobs rogorc
atmosferuli, ise maRali wnevis
pirobebSi. reaqcia egzoTermu­
lia da maRali tem­p eratura
saWiro ar aris, Tu temperaturas
gavzrdiT imave katalizatoris
Tan­xlebiT, mosalodnelia Seq­
cevadi – dehidrirebis reaqcia.
halogenireba. alkeni, magaliTad, eTeni, urTierTqmedebs halogeneb­
Tan:
CH2 = CH2 + Cl2 → CH2Cl – CH2 Cl
eTeni 1,2-diqloreTani
1,2 – diqloreTani aqroladi, Taviseburi sunis mqone siTxea, Znelad iwvis,
misi orTqli momwamlavia, ris gamoc iyeneben vazis filoqseris gasanadgureb­
lad, marcvleulis sacavis sadezinfeqciod.
3
hidrohalogenireba. alkeni aseve urTierTqmedebs halogenwyalbadTan,
ris Sedegadac miiReba monoqloralkani. magaliTad:
CH2 = CH2 +HCl → CH3 – CH2Cl
eTeni qloreTani
200C-ze qloreTani ufero airia, mag­ram Tu misi temperatura 120C-ze nak­
lebi iqneba, is gardaiqmneba siTxed, romelic orTqldeba didi raodenobiT
siTbos STanTqmiT, amitom am naerTs adgilobrivi anesTeziisTvis iyeneben,
mcire qirurgiuli operaciis dros.
4
hidratacia. alkenis hidrataciis Sedegad miiReba spirti. magali­
Tad, eTenTan wylis mierTebisas miiReba eTanoli, anu eTilis spirti:
CH2 = CH2 + H2O t, H3PO4 CH3 – CH2OH
eTenieTanoli
49