What is zinc and what does it do?

What is zinc and what does it do?
Zinc is a nutrient that people need to stay healthy. Zinc is found in cells throughout the body. It helps the immune
system fight off invading bacteria and viruses. The body also needs zinc to make proteins and DNA, the genetic
material in all cells. During pregnancy, infancy, and childhood, the body needs zinc to grow and develop properly.
Zinc also helps wounds heal and is important for proper senses of taste and smell.
How much zinc do I need?
Life Stage
Recommended Amount
2 mg
Infants 7–12 months
3 mg
Children 1–3 years
3 mg
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Birth to 6 months
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The amount of zinc you need each day depends on your age. Average daily recommended amounts for different
ages are listed below in milligrams (mg):
Children 4–8 years
5 mg
Children 9–13 years
8 mg
Teens 14–18 years (boys)
11 mg
Teens 14–18 years (girls)
9 mg
Adults (men)
11 mg
Adults (women)
8 mg
Pregnant teens
12 mg
11 mg
Breastfeeding teens
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Pregnant women
13 mg
Breastfeeding women
12 mg
What foods provide zinc?
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Zinc is found in a wide variety of foods. You can get recommended amounts of zinc by eating a variety of foods
including the following:
Oysters, which are the best source of zinc.
Red meat, poultry, seafood such as crab and lobsters, and fortified breakfast cereals, which are also good
sources of zinc.
Beans, nuts, whole grains, and dairy products, which provide some zinc.
What kinds of zinc dietary supplements are available?
Zinc is present in almost all multivitamin/mineral dietary supplements. It is also available alone or combined with
calcium, magnesium or other ingredients in dietary supplements. Dietary supplements can have several different
forms of zinc including zinc gluconate, zinc sulfate and zinc acetate. It is not clear whether one form is better than
the others.
Zinc is also found in some oral over-the-counter products, including those labeled as homeopathic medications for
colds. Use of nasal sprays and gels that contain zinc has been associated with the loss of the sense of smell, in
some cases long-lasting or permanent. Currently, these safety concerns have not been found to be associated with
oral products containing zinc, such as cold lozenges.
Zinc is also present in some denture adhesive creams. Using large amounts of these products, well beyond
recommended levels, could lead to excessive zinc intake and copper deficiency. This can cause neurological
problems, including numbness and weakness in the arms and legs.
Am I getting enough zinc?
Most people in the United States get enough zinc from the foods they eat.
However, certain groups of people are more likely than others to have trouble getting enough zinc:
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People who have had gastrointestinal surgery, such as weight loss surgery, or who have digestive disorders,
such as ulcerative colitis or Crohn's disease. These conditions can both decrease the amount of zinc that the
body absorbs and increase the amount lost in the urine.
Vegetarians because they do not eat meat, which is a good source of zinc. Also, the beans and grains they
typically eat have compounds that keep zinc from being fully absorbed by the body. For this reason,
vegetarians might need to eat as much as 50% more zinc than the recommended amounts.
Older infants who are breastfed because breast milk does not have enough zinc for infants over 6 months of
age. Older infants who do not take formula should be given foods that have zinc such as pureed meats.
Formula-fed infants get enough zinc from infant formula.
Alcoholics because alcoholic beverages decrease the amount of zinc that the body absorbs and increase the
amount lost in the urine. Also, many alcoholics eat a limited amount and variety of food, so they may not
get enough zinc.
People with sickle cell disease because they might need more zinc.
What happens if I don't get enough zinc?
Zinc deficiency is rare in North America. It causes slow growth in infants and children, delayed sexual development
in adolescents and impotence in men. Zinc deficiency also causes hair loss, diarrhea, eye and skin sores and loss of
appetite. Weight loss, problems with wound healing, decreased ability to taste food, and lower alertness levels can
also occur.
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Many of these symptoms can be signs of problems other than zinc deficiency. If you have these symptoms, your
doctor can help determine whether you might have a zinc deficiency.
What are some effects of zinc on health?
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Scientists are studying zinc to learn about its effects on the immune system (the body's defense system against
bacteria, viruses, and other foreign invaders). Scientists are also researching possible connections between zinc
and the health problems discussed below.
Immune system and wound healing
The body's immune system needs zinc to do its job. Older people and children in developing countries who have
low levels of zinc might have a higher risk of getting pneumonia and other infections. Zinc also helps the skin stay
healthy. Some people who have skin ulcers might benefit from zinc dietary supplements, but only if they have low
levels of zinc.
Diarrhea
Children in developing countries often die from diarrhea. Studies show that zinc dietary supplements help reduce
the symptoms and duration of diarrhea in these children, many of whom are zinc deficient or otherwise
malnourished. The World Health Organization and UNICEF recommend that children with diarrhea take zinc for
10–14 days (20 mg/day, or 10 mg/day for infants under 6 months). It is not clear whether zinc dietary supplements
can help treat diarrhea in children who get enough zinc, such as most children in the United States.
The common cold
Some studies suggest that zinc lozenges or syrup (but not zinc dietary supplements in pill form) help speed
recovery from the common cold and reduce its symptoms if taken within 24 hours of coming down with a cold.
However, more study is needed to determine the best dose and form of zinc, as well as how long it should be taken
before zinc can be recommended as a treatment for the common cold.
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD)
AMD is an eye disease that gradually causes vision loss. Research suggests that zinc might help keep early AMD
from worsening into advanced AMD. In a large study, older people with AMD who took a daily dietary supplement
with 80 mg zinc, 500 mg vitamin C, 400 IU vitamin E, 15 mg beta-carotene, and 2 mg copper for about 6 years
had a lower chance of developing advanced AMD and less vision loss than those who did not take the dietary
supplement. In the same study, people at high risk of the disease who took dietary supplements containing only
zinc also had a lower risk of getting advanced AMD than those who did not take zinc dietary supplements. More
research is needed before doctors can recommend zinc dietary supplements for patients with AMD. However,
people who have or are developing the disease might want to talk with their doctor about taking dietary
supplements.
Can zinc be harmful?
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Yes, if you get too much. Signs of too much zinc include nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, stomach cramps,
diarrhea, and headaches. When people take too much zinc for a long time, they sometimes have problems such as
low copper levels, lower immunity, and low levels of HDL cholesterol (the "good" cholesterol).
The safe upper limits for zinc are listed below. These levels do not apply to people who are taking zinc for medical
reasons under the care of a doctor:
Upper Safe Limit
Birth to 6 months
4 mg
Infants 7–12 months
5 mg
Children 1–3 years
7 mg
Children 4–8 years
12 mg
Children 9–13 years
23 mg
Teens 14–18 years
34 mg
Adults
40 mg
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Life Stage
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Are there any interactions with zinc that I should know about?
Yes. Zinc dietary supplements can interact or interfere with medicines that you take and, in some cases, medicines
can lower zinc levels in the body. Here are several examples:
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Taking a zinc dietary supplement along with quinolone or tetracycline antibiotics (such as Cipro®,
Achromycin®, and Sumycin®) reduces the amount of both zinc and the antibiotic that the body absorbs.
Taking the antibiotic at least 2 hours before or 4–6 hours after taking a zinc dietary supplement helps
minimize this effect.
Zinc dietary supplements can reduce the amount of penicillamine (a drug used to treat rheumatoid arthritis)
that the body absorbs. They also make penicillamine work less well. Taking zinc dietary supplements at least
2 hours before or after taking penicillamine helps minimize this effect.
Thiazide diuretics, such as chlorthalidone (brand name Hygroton®) and hydrochlorothiazide (brand names
Esidrix® and HydroDIURIL®) increase the amount of zinc lost in the urine. Taking thiazide diuretics for a
long time could decrease the amount of zinc in the body.
Tell y our doctor, pharmacist, and other health care providers about any dietary supplements and medicines you
take. They can tell you if those dietary supplements might interact or interfere with your prescription or over-thecounter medicines or if the medicines might interfere with how your body absorbs, uses, or breaks down nutrients.
What is it?
Zinc is a metal. It is called an “essential trace element” because very small amounts of zinc are necessary for human
health.
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Zinc is used for treatment and prevention of zinc deficiency and its consequences, including stunted growth and acute
diarrhea in children, and slow wound healing.
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It is also used for boosting the immune system, treating the common cold and recurrent ear infections, and preventing lower
respiratory infections. It is also used for malaria and other diseases caused by parasites.
Some people use zinc for an eye disease called macular degeneration, for night blindness, and for cataracts. It is also used
for asthma; diabetes; high blood pressure; acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS); and skin conditions such as
psoriasis, eczema, and acne.
Other uses include treating attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), blunted sense of taste (hypogeusia), ringing in
the ears (tinnitus), severe head injuries, Crohn’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease, Down syndrome, Hansen’s disease,
ulcerative colitis, peptic ulcers and promoting weight gain in people with eating disorders such as anorexia nervosa.
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Some people use zinc for benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), male infertility, erectile dysfunction (ED), weak bones
(osteoporosis), rheumatoid arthritis, and muscle cramps associated with liver disease. It is also used for sickle cell disease
and inherited disorders such as acrodermatitis enteropathica, thalassemia, and Wilson’s disease.
Some athletes use zinc for improving athletic performance and strength.
Zinc is also applied to the skin for treating acne, aging skin, herpes simplex infections, and to speed wound healing.
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There is a zinc preparation that can be sprayed in the nostrils for treating the common cold.
Zinc sulfate is used in products for eye irritation.
Zinc citrate is used in toothpaste and mouthwash to prevent dental plaque formation and gingivitis.
Note that many zinc products also contain another metal called cadmium. This is because zinc and cadmium are chemically
similar and often occur together in nature. Exposure to high levels of cadmium over a long time can lead to kidney failure.
The concentration of cadmium in zinc-containing supplements can vary as much as 37-fold. Look for zinc-gluconate
products. Zinc gluconate consistently contains the lowest cadmium levels.
How effective is it?
Natural Medicines Comprehensive Database rates effectiveness based on scientific evidence according to the following
scale: Effective, Likely Effective, Possibly Effective, Possibly Ineffective, Likely Ineffective, Ineffective, and Insufficient
Evidence to Rate.
The effectiveness ratings for ZINC are as follows:
Effective for...
Preventing and treating blood levels of zinc that are too low (zinc deficiency). Zinc deficiency may occur in
severe diarrhea, conditions that make it hard for the bowel to absorb food, liver cirrhosis and alcoholism, after major
surgery, and during long-term use of tube feeding in the hospital. Taking zinc by mouth or intravenously (by IV) helps
to restore zinc levels to the right level. But as a rule, routine use of zinc supplements is not recommended.
Likely effective for...
Reducing diarrhea in malnourished children, or in children who have low zinc levels. Severe zinc deficiency in
children is common in developing countries.
Treating Wilson’s disease, a rare genetic disorder.
Possibly effective for...
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Decreasing the length of time the common cold lasts, when taken by mouth as a lozenge. However, using
zinc as a pill or a nose spray doesn’t seem to help prevent colds.
Acne. Taking zinc by mouth or applying it to the skin in an ointment that also contains erythromycin seems to help
clear up acne.
Weak bones (osteoporosis). Low zinc intake seems to be linked to lower bone mass. Taking a zinc supplement in
combination with copper, manganese, and calcium might also decrease bone loss in women who have passed
menopause.
Treating an eye disease called age-related macular degeneration (AMD) when taken with other medicines.
Taking zinc by mouth in combination with antioxidant vitamins (vitamin C, vitamin E, and beta-carotene) might slow
the worsening of advanced age-related macular degeneration (AMD). There isn’t enough information to know if zinc
plus antioxidants helps people with less advanced macular disease or prevents AMD. Taking zinc supplements alone
does not seem to benefit people with existing AMD.
Treating attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Taking zinc by mouth in combination with conventional
treatment might slightly improve symptoms of hyperactivity, impulsiveness, and socialization problems in some
children with ADHD. But zinc might not improve attention span. Some research suggests that children with ADHD
have lower zinc levels in their blood than children without ADHD. Other research suggests people with ADHD with
lower zinc levels might not respond well enough to prescription medications for ADHD (stimulants). Studies using zinc
for ADHD have taken place in the Middle East where zinc deficiency is relatively common compared to Western
countries. It’s not known if zinc would have the same potential benefits when used for ADHD in people from Western
countries.
Treating an inherited disorder called acrodermatitis enteropathica.
Leprosy, when used with other medications.
Herpes simplex virus when zinc preparations made for the skin are applied directly to the mouth or genitals.
Promoting weight gain and improving depression in people with eating disorders such as anorexia nervosa.
Treating hypogeusia, a rare condition where the sense of taste is abnormal.
Preventing and treating stomach ulcers.
Preventing complications related to sickle cell anemia in people who have low zinc levels.
Preventing muscle cramps in people who have low zinc levels.
Treating leg wounds in people with low zinc levels.
As a mouthwash or toothpaste for preventing tartar and gingivitis.
Improving healing of burns.
Increasing vitamin A levels in underfed children or in children with low zinc levels.
Preventing and treating pneumonia in undernourished children in developing countries.
Possibly ineffective for...
Preventing prostate cancer. Some preliminary research suggests that some men might benefit from taking zinc
along with other vitamins and minerals for preventing prostate cancer. But other research suggests that taking zinc
can increase the risk of developing prostate cancer and increase the risk of dying from prostate cancer.
Raising blood iron levels in pregnant women, when taken with iron and folic acid supplements.
Skin conditions including eczema, psoriasis, or hair loss.
Many kinds of arthritis.
Preventing or treating cataracts.
Malaria in underfed children.
Inflammatory bowel disease.
“Ringing in the ears” (tinnitus).
AIDS diarrhea-wasting syndrome.
Preventing the flu.
Increasing birth weight and gestation time in infants born to HIV-infected women.
Insufficient evidence to rate effectiveness for...
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Alzheimer’s disease. Some limited research has shown zinc supplements may slightly slow the worsening of
symptoms in people with Alzheimer’s disease.
Wrinkled skin. A skin cream containing 10% vitamin C as L-ascorbic acid and acetyl tyrosine, zinc sulfate, sodium
hyaluronate, and bioflavonoids (Cellex-C High Potency Serum) applied for 3 months to facial skin aged by sun
exposure seems to improve fine and coarse wrinkling, yellowing, roughness, and skin tone.
Infections related to AIDS. There is some limited evidence that taking zinc supplements by mouth in combination
with zidovudine (AZT, Retrovir, a component of Combivir) might prevent certain bacterial and yeast infections that
can occur in people with AIDS because their immune system is less active than it should be. However, taking zinc
supplements might lower the overall survival of people with AIDS.
Male sexual problems. Taking zinc orally to treat male sexual problems caused by disease or medical treatment
has produced varying results.
Crohn’s disease.
Ulcerative colitis.
Diabetes.
Treating the common cold when used as a nose spray.
Asthma.
Down syndrome.
Recurrent ear infections.
Preventing cancer.
Head injury.
Helping babies that are too small when born.
Preventing esophageal cancer.
Other conditions.
More evidence is needed to rate zinc for these uses.
How does it work?
Zinc is needed for the proper growth and maintenance of the human body. It is found in several systems and biological
reactions, and it is needed for immune function, wound healing, blood clotting, thyroid function, and much more. Meats,
seafood, dairy products, nuts, legumes, and whole grains offer relatively high levels of zinc.
Zinc deficiency is not uncommon worldwide, but is rare in the US. Symptoms include slowed growth, low insulin levels, loss
of appetite, irritability, generalized hair loss, rough and dry skin, slow wound healing, poor sense of taste and smell,
diarrhea, and nausea. Moderate zinc deficiency is associated with disorders of the intestine which interfere with food
absorption (malabsorption syndromes), alcoholism, chronic kidney failure, and chronic debilitating diseases.
Zinc plays a key role in maintaining vision, and it is present in high concentrations in the eye. Zinc deficiency can alter vision,
and severe deficiency can cause changes in the retina (the back of the eye where an image is focused).
Zinc might also have effects against viruses. It appears to lessen symptoms of the rhinovirus (common cold), but
researchers can’t yet explain exactly how this works. In addition, there is some evidence that zinc has some antiviral activity
against the herpes virus.
Low zinc levels can be associated with male infertility, sickle cell disease, HIV, major depression, and type 2 diabetes, and
can be fought by taking a zinc supplement.
Are there safety concerns?
Zinc is LIKELY SAFE for most adults when applied to the skin, or when taken by mouth in amounts not larger than 40 mg
per day. Routine zinc supplementation is not recommended without the advice of a healthcare professional. In some people,
zinc might cause nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, metallic taste, kidney and stomach damage, and other side effects. Using zinc
on broken skin may cause burning, stinging, itching, and tingling.
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Taking high amounts of zinc is LIKELY UNSAFE. High doses above the recommended amounts might cause fever,
coughing, stomach pain, fatigue, and many other problems.
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Taking more than 100 mg of supplemental zinc daily or taking supplemental zinc for 10 or more years doubles the risk of
developing prostate cancer. There is also concern that taking large amounts of a multivitamin plus a separate zinc
supplement increases the chance of dying from prostate cancer.
Taking 450 mg or more of zinc daily can cause problems with blood iron. Single doses of 10-30 grams of zinc can be fatal.
Zinc nose sprays (Zicam, Cold-Eeze) are POSSIBLY UNSAFE. These products may cause loss of ability to smell. In June
2009, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) advised consumers not to use certain zinc-containing nose sprays
(Zicam) after receiving over 100 reports of loss of smell. The maker of these zinc-containing nose sprays has also received
several hundred reports of loss of smell from people who had used the products. Avoid using zinc nose sprays.
Special precautions & warnings:
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Pregnancy and breast-feeding: Zinc is LIKELY SAFE for most pregnant and breast-feeding women when used in the
recommended daily amounts (RDA). Pregnant women over 18 should not take more than 40 mg of zinc per day; pregnant
women age 14 to 18 should not take more than 34 mg per day. Breast-feeding women over 18 should not take more than
40 mg of zinc per day; breast-feeding women age 14 to 18 should not take more than 34 mg per day.
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HIV (human immunodeficiency virus)/AIDS: Do not take zinc if you have HIV/AIDS. Zinc might shorten your life.
Are there interactions with medications?
Major
Do not take this combination.
Penicillamine
Penicillamine is used for Wilson's disease and rheumatoid arthritis. Zinc might decrease how much penicillamine your body
absorbs and decrease the effectiveness of penicillamine. Take zinc and penicillamine at least 2 hours apart.
Moderate
Be cautious with this combination.
Antibiotics (Quinolone antibiotics)
Zinc might decrease how much antibiotic the body absorbs. Taking zinc along with some antibiotics might decrease the
effectiveness of some antibiotics. To avoid this interaction, take antibiotics at least 2 hours before or 4-6 hours after zinc
supplements.
Some of these antibiotics that might interact with zinc include ciprofloxacin (Cipro), levofloxacin (Levaquin), ofloxacin
(Floxin), moxifloxacin (Avelox), gatifloxacin (Tequin) enoxacin (Penetrex), norfloxacin (Chibroxin, Noroxin), sparfloxacin
(Zagam), trovafloxacin (Trovan), and grepafloxacin (Raxar).
Antibiotics (Tetracycline antibiotics)
Zinc can attach to tetracyclines in the stomach. This decreases the amount of tetracyclines that can be absorbed. Taking
zinc with tetracyclines might decrease the effectiveness of tetracyclines. To avoid this interaction, take tetracyclines 2 hours
before or 4-6 hours after taking zinc supplements.
Some tetracyclines include demeclocycline (Declomycin), minocycline (Minocin), and tetracycline (Achromycin, Sumycin).
Cisplatin (Platinol-AQ)
Cisplatin (Platinol-AQ) is used to treat cancer. Taking zinc along with EDTA and cisplatin (Platinol-AQ) might inactivate
cisplatin (Platinol-AQ) therapy. It is not known for sure, though, if the amount of interference caused by zinc is significant.
Minor
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Be watchful with this combination.
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Amiloride (Midamor)
Amiloride (Midamor) is used as a "water pill" to help remove excess water from the body. Another effect of amiloride
(Midamor) is that it can increase the amount of zinc in the body. Taking zinc supplements with amiloride (Midamor) might
cause you to have too much zinc in your body.
Are there interactions with herbs and supplements?
Bromelain
Metals such as zinc might reduce the effects of bromelain. However, there are no reports of this interaction.
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Calcium
Calcium supplements might decrease dietary zinc absorption. This usually doesn't seem to be much of a problem. However,
this interaction can be avoided by taking calcium supplements at bedtime instead of with meals.
Chromium
There is early evidence that chromium and zinc could each reduce the absorption of the other. This is probably not a
problem when usual supplemental doses of zinc and chromium are taken.
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Copper
Large amounts of zinc can reduce copper absorption. Taking zinc in high doses can cause significant copper deficiency and
anemia, a condition in which the blood cannot carry enough oxygen. Some signs of copper deficiency have also occurred in
people taking 150 mg/day or more of zinc for 2 years.
EDTA
EDTA is a chemical compound that is given to people to remove excess metals in their systems, especially lead. EDTA
works by binding with (chelating) the metal. Repeated high doses of EDTA, as used in chelation treatment, can reduce
blood zinc levels by up to 40%. Symptoms of zinc depletion have been reported, even when supplemental zinc (15mg/day)
was given. People receiving chelation therapy should be monitored for zinc depletion.
Folic acid
Studies on the effects of folic acid supplements on dietary zinc absorption are conflicting. Normal supplemental doses of
folic acid are not likely to affect zinc balance in people with adequate dietary zinc intake.
IP-6 (Phytic acid)
Phytic acid found naturally in foods can bind zinc and reduce its absorption; however, zinc deficiency due to high dietary
phytic acid levels has not been reported in Western populations. Avoid IP-6 supplements, which contain phytic acid, if you
have other risk factors for zinc deficiency.
Iron
Under some circumstances, iron and zinc can interfere with each other's absorption. To avoid this effect, take these
supplements with food.
Magnesium
High doses of zinc supplements (142 mg/day), or high dietary zinc intake (53mg/day) seem to decrease magnesium
balance. But the importance of this isn't known.
Manganese
Research suggests zinc supplements can more than double the amount of manganese absorbed from supplements.
Riboflavin (Vitamin B2)
Research suggests riboflavin can improve zinc absorption. But the importance of this isn't known.
Are there interactions with foods?
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Vitamin D
Research suggests vitamin D is involved in zinc absorption, but it's not clear whether vitamin D improves zinc absorption.
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Coffee
Taking zinc sulfate with black coffee instead of water reduces zinc absorption by half. Researchers aren't sure why this
happens or how important the interaction may be.
Dairy products, calcium-fortified foods
Calcium can decrease zinc absorption. The risk of losing too much zinc isn't significant unless lots of dairy products are
consumed along with calcium supplements. However, the body adapts over the long term, becoming more efficient at
absorbing zinc and reducing zinc losses.
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Fiber
Eating fiber can reduce zinc absorption. However, over time the body adapts to increased dietary fiber by increasing zinc
absorption.
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Phytate (Phytic acid, myoinositol hexaphosphate, IP6)
Phytate is a molecule found in grains (e.g., maize, corn, sorghum), legumes, seeds (e.g., sunflower, pumpkin), and soy.
Phytate can reduce zinc absorption. Some foods with higher phytate contents also have a higher zinc content (for example,
whole wheat vs. white bread), canceling out the effect in zinc absorption. Some people in Middle Eastern countries have
zinc deficiencies because they eat unleavened bread and maize, which contain phytate. People in Western populations
most at risk are those with diets high in unrefined grains, legumes, soy protein, and calcium, and low in animal protein.
However, the body adapts over the long term, becoming more efficient at absorbing zinc and reducing zinc losses.
Protein
Zinc binds to proteins, becoming available for absorption as the protein is digested. The type of protein influences how
much zinc is absorbed. Animal proteins generally increase zinc absorption, although a protein in cow's milk slows absorption
down. Soy proteins also reduce zinc absorption, possibly due to their phytate content. These effects can influence zinc
balance in infants; babies get the most zinc from mother's milk, less from cow's milk, and even less from soy-based milk. It
isn't known whether high-protein diets influence zinc balance in adults.
Vegetarianism
Vegetarian diets are often high in grains and legumes, so they contain more phytate. Zinc absorption is likely to be lower,
so this type of diet is considered a risk factor for zinc depletion. However, the body adapts over the long term, becoming
more efficient at absorbing zinc and reducing zinc losses.
What dose is used?
The following doses have been studied in scientific research:
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BY MOUTH:
For treating the common cold: one zinc gluconate or acetate lozenge, providing 9-24 mg elemental zinc, dissolved in
the mouth every two hours while awake when cold symptoms are present.
For diarrhea in malnourished or zinc-deficient children: 10-40 mg elemental zinc daily.
For preventing and treating pneumonia in undernourished children in developing countries: 10-70 mg/day.
For hypogeusia (sense of taste is abnormal): 25-100 mg zinc.
For the eating disorder anorexia nervosa: 100 mg of zinc gluconate daily.
For treating stomach ulcers: zinc sulfate 200 mg three times daily.
For muscle cramps in zinc deficient people with liver disease: zinc sulfate 220 mg twice daily.
For osteoporosis: 15 mg zinc combined with 5 mg manganese, 1000 mg calcium, and 2.5 mg copper has been
used.
For sickle cell disease: zinc sulfate 220 mg three times daily.
To increase growth and weight gain in children with sickle cell disease who have not reached puberty: 10 mg
elemental zinc per day.
For treating attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children: doses of zinc sulfate 55 mg (15 mg elemental
zinc) to 150 mg (40 mg elemental zinc) daily.
For treating acne: 30-135 mg elemental zinc daily.
For treating age-related macular degeneration (AMD): elemental zinc 80 mg plus vitamin C 500 mg, vitamin E 400
IU, and beta-carotene 15 mg daily.
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The Institute of Medicine has established Adequate Intake (AI) levels of zinc for infants birth to 6 months is 2 mg/day. For
older infants, children, and adults, Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) quantities of zinc have been established: infants
and children 7 months to 3 years, 3 mg/day; 4 to 8 years, 5 mg/day; 9 to 13 years, 8 mg/day; girls 14 to 18 years, 9
mg/day; boys and men age 14 and older, 11 mg/day; women 19 and older, 8 mg/day; pregnant women 14 to 18, 13
mg/day; pregnant women 19 and older, 11 mg/day; lactating women 14 to 18, 14 mg/day; lactating women 19 and older,
12 mg/day.
The typical North American male consumes about 13 mg/day of dietary zinc; women consume approximately 9 mg/day.
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The Tolerable Upper Intake Levels (UL) of zinc for people who are not receiving zinc under medical supervision: Infants birth
to 6 months, 4 mg/day; 7 to 12 months, 5 mg/day; children 1 to 3 years, 7 mg/day; 4 to 8 years, 12 mg/day; 9 to 13 years,
23 mg/day; 14 to 18 years (including pregnancy and lactation), 34 mg/day; adults 19 years and older (including pregnancy
and lactation), 40 mg/day.
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Different salt forms provide different amounts of elemental zinc. Zinc sulfate contains 23% elemental zinc; 220 mg zinc
sulfate contains 50 mg zinc. Zinc gluconate contains 14.3% elemental zinc; 10 mg zinc gluconate contains 1.43 mg zinc.
APPLIED TO THE SKIN:
For acne vulgaris: zinc acetate 1.2% with erythromycin 4% as a lotion applied twice daily.
For herpes simplex infections: zinc sulfate 0.25% applied 8 to 10 times daily or zinc oxide 0.3% with glycine applied
every 2 hours while awake.
Other names
Acétate de Zinc, Acexamate de Zinc, Aspartate de Zinc, Atomic Number 30, Chlorure de Zinc, Citrate de Zinc, Gluconate
de Zinc, Méthionine de Zinc, Monométhionine de Zinc, Numéro Atomique 30, Orotate de Zinc, Oxyde de Zinc, Picolinate de
Zinc, Pyrithione de Zinc, Sulfate de Zinc, Zinc Acetate, Zinc Acexamate, Zinc Aspartate, Zinc Chloride, Zinc Citrate, Zinc
Difumarate Hydrate, Zinc Gluconate, Zinc Methionine, Zinc Monomethionine, Zinc Murakab, Zinc Orotate, Zinc Oxide, Zinc
Picolinate, Zinc Pyrithione, Zinc Sulfate, Zinc Sulphate, Zincum Aceticum, Zincum Gluconicum, Zincum Metallicum, Zincum
Valerianicum, Zn.
References
1. Science M, Johnstone J, Roth DE, et al. Zinc for the treatment of the common cold: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled
trials. CMAJ 2012;184:E551-61.
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