How to Score Sleep Studies Brett Miller RPSGT, RST

Transcription

How to Score Sleep Studies Brett Miller RPSGT, RST
How to Score Sleep Studies
Brett Miller RPSGT, RST
Scoring sleep studies can be divided into 6 steps:
1. Sleep staging
2. Arousals
3. Respiratory events and desaturations
4. Periodic limb movements
5. Arrythmias
6. Snoring
Scoring definitions and Background:
● Hertz (Hz): cycles per second of a waveform.
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● Electroencephalogram (EEG): The recording of electrical activity along the
scalp. Acquired by surface electrodes on the scalp at standardized locations called
the 10-20 system in reference to to the distance of placement between electrodes
based on 10 and 20% of the circumference of the head. See chart below
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○ Recommended derivations for EEG
■ F4-M1
■ C4-M1
■ O2-M1
○ Alternate derivations for EEG
■ F3-M2
■ C3-M2
■ O1-M2
● Electrooculogram (EOG): The recording of voltage changes caused by eye
How to Score Sleep Studies
Brett Miller RPSGT, RST
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movements. Acquired by surface electrodes placed 1cm above and 1cm away
from the outer canthus of the right eye and 1cm below and 1cm away from the
outer canthus of the left eye.
○ Recommended derivations for EOG
■ E1-M2
■ E2-M2
Electromyogram (EMG): Acquired by surface muscles placed on the
sub-mental or chin muscle and and by electrodes placed on the tibialis muscle of
each leg.
Sawtooth waves: Present in Stage R. Serrated waveforms. 2-6Hz
Slow rolling eye movements (SREM): Present in Stage N1 and Sleep onset.
Also called reading eye movements.
Rapid eye movement (REM): Present in Stage R and Wakefulness
Alpha waves: Present in Wake and Sleep onset. 8-13 Hz
Beta waves: 13-30Hz waveforms
Delta waves: Present in Stage N3. 1-4Hz waveforms with amplitudes greater
than 75 micro-volts
Theta waves: Present in Stage N1. 4-8Hz waveforms
Sleep Spindle: Present in Stage N2. 11-16Hz waveforms. ≥ 0.5 seconds
Vertex Sharp waves: Present in Stage N1. Sharp negative (upward) deflection
followed by a positive (downward) deflection. <0.5 seconds
K-complexes: Present in Stage N2. Sharp negative (upward) deflection followed
by a positive (downward) deflection. ≥0.5 seconds
Low amplitude mixed frequency waveforms: Predominately 4-7Hz
waveforms. Also called Theta waves
Epoch: Defined as a 30 second increment of a sleep study. Epochs begin
immediately following “lights out”
How to Score Sleep Studies
Brett Miller RPSGT, RST
Stage W
1. Characteristics
a. EEG - Alpha
b. EOG - Eye blinks or slow rolling eye movements (SREM) present in EOG
electrodes (E1 & E2)
c. EMG - Normal to high tone in submental EEG
2. Scoring Stage W
a. Alpha or faster ≥50% of epoch
b. Eye blinks
c. Normal to high Submental EMG activity
High submental EMG activity, Alpha waves present in O1 & O2
Slow rolling eye movements, Alpha waves present in O1 & O2
How to Score Sleep Studies
Brett Miller RPSGT, RST
Stage N1
1. Characteristics
a. EEG - Theta, Alpha, Vertex sharp, Low amplitude mixed frequency
b. EOG - Slow rolling eye movements (SREM) present in EOG electrodes (E1
& E2)
c. EMG - Variable in amplitude but usually lower amplitude than Stage W
d. Comprises ~5% of Total Sleep Time
2. Scoring
a. Slow rolling eye movements are present
b. Vertex sharp waves are present
c. Low amplitude mixed frequency waveforms are present in O1 & O2 and
comprise ≥50% of epoch
Vertex sharp waves are present. Slow rolling eye movements, Alpha waves have
attenuated and been replaced by low amplitude mixed frequency waves
How to Score Sleep Studies
Brett Miller RPSGT, RST
Stage N2
1. Characteristics
a. EEG - Theta waves with K complexes & Sleep spindles
b. EOG - Similar to EEG activity in amplitude and frequency
c. EMG - Variable in amplitude but usually lower amplitude than Stage W
d. Comprises ~45% of Total Sleep Time
2. Scoring
a. K complexes and sleep spindles are present for >50% of the epoch
K complexes and sleep spindles are present throughout epoch
How to Score Sleep Studies
Brett Miller RPSGT, RST
Stage N3
1. Characteristics
a. EEG - Delta waves
b. EOG - Similar to EEG activity in amplitude and frequency
c. EMG - Variable in amplitude. most likely lower than in N1 & N2 and can be
as low as in Stage R.
d. Comprises ~25% of Total Sleep Time
2. Scoring
a. Delta waves total 20% or greater of epoch (cumulative)
Delta waves
How to Score Sleep Studies
Brett Miller RPSGT, RST
Stage R
3. Characteristics
a. EEG - Theta waves with sawtooth waves. Alpha waves may be present but
will 1-2Hz slower than alpha waves found during wake
b. EOG - Similar to EEG activity in amplitude and frequency with rapid eye
movements
c. EMG - Significantly reduced amplitude
d. Comprises ~25% of Total Sleep Time
e. Usually preceded by Stage N3 sleep. May be preceded by a short period of
Stage N1 or N2.
4. Scoring
a.
Stage R - Phasic
How to Score Sleep Studies
Brett Miller RPSGT, RST
Stage R - Tonic
Stage R - Tonic transition to Phasic