Audit Report for Sample Facility January 7, 2013

Audit Report for Sample Facility
January 7, 2013
Contents
1. Facility Overview
o
Utility Overview
o
EUI and ENERGY STAR
o
General Facility Comments
o
Energy and Water Use History
2. Building Envelope
3. Building Energy Model
4. Heating, Cooling, Ventilation
5. Lighting
6. Domestic Water
7. Plug loads and Other
8. Opportunity Detail Summary
9. Appendix
o
HVAC Terms
o
Lighting Terms
o
Rebates
Opportunity Summary
Based on the audit performed, below are the prioritized recommendations, energy cost savings, and
estimated costs. Details on each item can be found later in the report.
Name
Annual
Savings
($)
Estimated
Cost
Estimated
Payback
Energy/Water Savings
1
Compact Fluorescents
$1,146
$100
0.1 Years
9,319 kWh
2
Add Motion Sensors to
appropriate areas
$215
$135
0.6 Years
1,745 kWh
3
Retrofit HID Lights with
CFL
$2,430
$1,920
0.8 Years
19,761 kWh
4
Low Flow Faucets (0.5
GPM)
$305
$250
0.8 Years
2,482 kWh
34,625 Gal
5
Replace insulation on
HVAC refrigerant lines
$277
$250
0.9 Years
2,250 kWh
6
Insulate hot water
pipes
$306
$450
1.5 Years
2,487 kWh
7
Install Programmable
Thermostats
$474
$700
1.5 Years
3,855 kWh
8
Install High-Efficiency
Water Heater
$917
$1,595
1.7 Years
7,458 kWh
9
Low Flow Showerheads
$561
$1,000
1.8 Years
4,563 kWh
63,647 Gal
10
Energy Star Washing
Machine
$497
$1,800
3.6 Years
4,043 kWh
11
Update Exit Signs to
LED Lamps
$261
$1,050
4.0 Years
2,124 kWh
12
Walk-In Cooler Heat
Recovery
$1,184
$5,000
4.2 Years
9,630 kWh
13
High Performance T8 to
$569
T8 Lighting Retrofit
$5,610
9.9 Years
4,623 kWh
$19,860
2.2 Yrs
$9,143
Note: The costs are estimates only, and it is highly recommend you get actual bids from qualified
contractors before deciding to pursue any of these recommendations.
01. Facility Overview
Facility Name
Sample Facility
Address
Nowhere-inParticular
City, State
Atlanta - GA
Year Built
2000
Overall Square
Feet
13,123
Utility Overview
Cost
Consumption
Resources and Emissions
Utility
Last 12
Months
Average
Month
Last 12
Months
Average
Month
CO2 lbs
Coal lbs
Electric
$35,150
$2,929
285,800
kWh
23,817
kWh
426,985
142,900
Natural
Gas
$2,784
$232
2,087 CCF
174 CCF
25,168
0
Total
$37,934
$3,161
452,153
142,900
EUI and Energy Star
This comparison shows how your building compares to other buildings similar to yours based on EPA
commercial buildings database.
Energy Use Intensity (EUI): Building's energy use relative to its size, typically calculated as kBtu / Sq-Ft
EUI
Average EUI
Energy Star Rating
90
77
N/A
This building does not fit one of the space-type categories available in Target Finder. A combination of
office, dormitory, and school space-types were used to generate the typical Energy Use Intensity (EUI) for a
comparable building. Based on the EUI generated by Target Finder, this building uses 25 percent more
energy than a comparable building.
When all of the floor area is assessed as a dormitory, this building receives an Energy Star Rating of 15/100.
When assessed as an office, it receives a score of 25/100. This building is operated differently from a
typical office or dormitory, but the Energy Star Ratings stated above suggest that the energy efficiency of
this building could be greatly improved. An average rating would be 50/100, and a very efficient building
would be in the 90’s.
Energy and Water Usage History
The graph below shows the average consumption per monthly billing period for electricity, natural gas, and
water (if applicable). The red line shows the average temperature for the month in which the billing period
occurred, showing any correlation between outside conditions and consumption.
Electricity
Natural Gas
Off Hour Usage Analysis
Energy consumed when the building is largely unoccupied is referred to as off-hour consumption. Reducing
off-hours consumption through better controls (e.g. HVAC and lighting) and better occupant engagement
can have a large impact on energy consumption in buildings.
The off-hours electricity usage analysis for this building is based on the following schedule
Schedule
Name
Mon (hrs) Tue (hrs)
Wed
(hrs)
Thu (hrs)
Fri (hrs)
Sat (hrs)
Sun (hrs)
Main
Schedule
6am 11pm (17)
6am 11pm (17)
6am 11pm (17)
6am 11pm (17)
6am 11pm (17)
6am 11pm (17)
6am 11pm (17)
Peak Demand
(kW)
Total
Cost
Monthly
Hours
Off Hour Consumption
(%)
Service
End
Usage
Meter:
Electric
10/4/2010
27,400
68
$2,900
544
0 (0%)
11/3/2010
20,400
62
$2,494
510
0 (0%)
12/4/2010
21,200
68
$2,541
527
0 (0%)
1/5/2011
29,800
120
$3,085
544
0 (0%)
2/4/2011
29,200
82
$3,315
510
0 (0%)
3/6/2011
22,200
70
$3,661
510
0 (0%)
4/4/2011
19,800
62
$2,751
493
0 (0%)
5/5/2011
19,800
56
$2,751
527
0 (0%)
6/5/2011
25,800
68
$3,243
527
0 (0%)
7/5/2011
29,800
74
$3,502
510
0 (0%)
8/4/2011
30,400
70
$3,501
510
1,840 (6%)
9/5/2011
33,000
70
$3,661
544
2,536 (8%)
Total
308,800
$37,405
4,376 (1%)
Note: Average load is conservatively estimated to be 80% of peak demand
Roughly 0% percent of the electricity consumed by this building is consumed during off-hours. Due to long
operating hours, this building has very little off hour consumption.
02. Building Envelope
The building envelope consists of the walls, windows, doors, and roofs. It is the first line of defense against
the flow of water, air, and heat into or out of the building. A well-sealed and insulated building will require
less energy to heat and cool the space, in addition to protecting building components and the comfort of
building occupants.
In an existing building, substantially upgrading the envelope components can be very expensive, and it may
not be warranted due to energy savings alone. If a renovation is planned that will be adding space or
dramatically changing the current space, this is the time to look at upgrading all building components.
Envelope Terms
R-Value: A measure of the resistance to heat flow, or how well the material keeps heat in (winter) or keeps
heat out (summer). This is used to rate insulation types/levels in walls, roofs, and other building envelope
components. A higher R value means better insulation performance, and lower heat transfer.
U-Value: A measure of the transmittance of heat flow, or how well a material conducts heat. It is often
used for windows and is the inverse of R-value (U = 1/R). A lower U-value means better performance.
Solar Heat Gain Coefficient (SHGC): A property of glass that describes the amount of heat gain from the
sun, which increases energy consumption in the summer months when you are trying to keep the building
cool. The SHGC can range from 0 to 1, with 0 being no solar heat gets in, while 1 would allow in all of the
solar heat. External shading from overhangs, trees, or other objects will block this solar heat gain before it
comes through the windows or warms up the surface of a wall or roof.
Air Infiltration: A term describing outside air that comes into conditioned spaces. This can come through
poor seals on doors and windows, connections between envelope components, and often is driven by
exhaust and supply fans. This can dramatically increase conditioning costs, since air that moves around or
through insulation renders the insulation ineffective. The consequences for air infiltration are especially
severe in humid climate zones, such as the Southeast. Humid air carries water into the building, which can
damage envelope components and building systems in addition to encouraging mold growth.
Envelope Components
Walls
The steel stud walls have fiberglass batt insulation installed in the stud cavities. This does not meet current
energy code, as it requires an additional R3.8 continuous foam insulation outside of the studs. This is to
prevent "thermal bridging", which is where the steel studs conduct significant amounts of heat, bypassing
the cavity insulation. This can reduce a R13 insulated wall to an effective R7 or less. Note: the installation
quality of the insulation is not able to be determined when they are covered, and are assumed to be at 80%.
Orientation
Length
Height
Sq Ft
Total R Value
Shading
North
136
24
2,976
13.99
20%
North
31
24
744
13.99
20%
South
136
24
2,272
13.99
10%
South
31
24
744
13.99
10%
East
70
24
1,264
13.99
10%
East
12
24
288
13.99
10%
West
70
24
1,264
13.99
30%
West
12
24
288
13.99
30%
Wall Material
Thickness (in)
R Value
1. Brick
4
0.8
2. Plywood/OSB Sheathing
0.625
0.8
3. Fiberglass Batts
3.5
11.7
4. Air Gap
0.5
0.2
5. Drywall
0.625
0.6
Comments
Moisture Issues
The supply registers on the third floor are surrounded by dirt (or perhaps mold). This indicates that water is
condensing from the air onto the cold supply register and the surrounding drywall due to high humidity
levels in the building.
The humidity level was measured in the Large Assembly (Chapel) room and found to be 63.3 percent
relative humidity at 77.2 F. Typical humidity levels for commercial buildings are roughly 50 percent RH
during cooling mode. High humidity levels are caused by air infiltration into the building.
Air that leaks through a building's thermal envelope is called air infiltration. Air infiltration raises
heating/cooling costs and has a detrimental impact on occupant comfort. This is especially true for humid
climate zones, such as the Southeast. Buildings with large amounts of air infiltration may also experience
mold growth and damage to building components.
Air infiltration can be prevented by constructing an air tight building. All windows, doors, and envelope
penetrations must be thoroughly sealed. Special attention should be given to sealing the junctions between
the wall and roof/ceiling. The exhaust hood is also driving air infiltration. It should be used only when
cooking is taking place.
A blower door test is required by Georgia's new residential energy code. A blower door test can be used to
determine the actual amount of air infiltration that is occurring through the building envelope. A residential
blower door test costs around $300 for a single-family home. Air leaks can be diagnosed manually or with
the help of an infrared camera. For additional information about blower door testing see the following link:
http://www.energysavers.gov/your_home/energy_audits/index.cfm/mytopic=11190.
Windows
Orientation
Qty
Length
Height
Sq Ft
Shading
South
1
8
5
40
30%
West
7
2.5
8
140
20%
North
5
3
6.5
97
30%
South
31
3
6
558
30%
West
10
3
6.5
195
20%
East
8
3
5
120
30%
West
2
5.5
4.5
49
20%
North
3
2.5
6
45
20%
East
5
3
6
90
30%
West
3
3
6
54
20%
North
4
5.5
7
154
30%
North
3
2.5
4.5
33
20%
Window Type
R Value
SHGC
Single Pane Wood Frame
0.8
0.80
Comments
Repair Stuck Window
One of the windows in the Laundry Room appears to be damaged and unable to be closed. There is a
shoestring tied to the window that prevents it from swinging fully open. This window should be repaired, so
that it can be fully closed. Leaving a window cracked open will increase heating/cooling costs and may cause
moisture issues due to the infiltration of humid air.
Single Pane Windows
This facility has single pane windows. A significant portion of the heating/cooling loads for this building occur
through the windows. Unfortunately, these windows cannot be removed due to the historical status of this
building.
Some of the windows have been covered with acrylic material to prevent the windows from being damaged.
The acrylic cover likely adds some insulation value and resistance to solar heat gain.
Roof
The current location of roof insulation is above the roof deck, underneath the waterproof layer. This is the
best place for the insulation in this building type, but the levels may not be adequate. Current energy code
prescriptively recommends R20 of continuous insulation on the roof. Continuous typically means a rigid foam
insulation layer that is either underneath or on top of the waterproof layer.
Length
Width
Sq Ft
Total R Value
Shading
50
118
4,840
30.9475
0%
Roof Material
Thickness (in)
R Value
1. Asphalt Shingles
0.125
0.0
2. Rigid Foam - Extruded Polystyrene
6
30.0
3. Metal Deck
2
0.0
4. Fiberglass Batts
0
0.0
5. Ceiling Tile (cellulose)
0.625
0.9
Comments
Air Seal Roof Penetration
The refrigerant pipes for the heat pump systems enter the building through a roof cap, then travel down a
short chase to the ceiling above the second floor den area. This roof cap is not air-sealed: Daylight is visible
when looking at the piping chase from above the ceiling.
This unsealed roof penetration is almost certainly the source of the moisture that is causing condensation to
occur on the second floor supply diffusers and exacerbating the water damage resulting from the
uninsulated sections of refrigerant piping above the ceiling. The roof penetration should be thoroughly
sealed with expanding spray foam to prevent air infiltration.
03. Building Energy Model
The current envelope components and equipment of the building were captured, and the building operating
schedules were applied to the equipment in an energy model. This model allows an estimate of the amount
of energy and water needed to run the building and how the various components and systems contribute to
the total usage.
This "expected" usage is then compared to the "actual" consumption from the utility bills. A "difference" is
then shown, showing the discrepancy between the two.
A goal when setting up the model is targeting the way the building could and should operate, based on the
information communicated by facility staff. This often creates a difference between the model and utility bill
that is intentional. For example, if the assumption is that most all lighting in the building is off after hours,
then that is what is modeled. If, in reality, substantial lighting is not actually being turned off, that will show
up in the "difference".
Targeting the model to the expected operations is intentional for two reasons:
1.
2.
Setting a goal that future operations can use the model as a performance target, moving towards
the "expected" usage
Recommendations are based on desired runtimes for equipment, not excessive or wasteful usage
Building models will never match actual consumption completely, as the systems and interactions in
buildings can be complex. The primary reasons for the incomplete match are:
•
•
•
•
•
Equipment is running differently than expected (after-hours usage, incorrect HVAC programming,
lights left on when areas are unused, etc...)
Equipment needs to run longer than the expected schedule (e.g. air infiltration, new operating
hours, etc...)
Modeling HVAC systems will vary in real time to various loads, which are difficult to capture exatly
(e.g. VFD controls, reheat, air infiltration, etc...)
Actual equipment efficiency/capacity does not match rated efficiency/capacity
Equipment was not captured during the audit, and thus not registered in the model
Electricity
Meter: Electric
Equipment Type
Demand (kW )
Avg Monthly Consumption
Avg Annual Consumption
Motor Equipment
19
2,260
27,125
Lighting
19
7,000
83,999
Office Equipment
3
716
8,591
Air Handlers
4
641
7,688
Kitchen (Electric)
22
2,917
35,005
Misc Electrical
19
72
864
Heat Pump
40
5,290
63,483
Water Heating
54
2,047
24,559
Total Model
180
20,943
251,315
Total from Bills
82
23,817
285,800
Difference
-98 (-120%)
2,874 (12%)
34,485 (12%)
Natural Gas
Meter: Natural Gas
Equipment Type
Avg Monthly Consumption
Avg Annual Consumption
Kitchen (Gas)
165
1,982
Total Model
165
1,982
Total from Bills
174
2,087
Difference
9 (5%)
105 (5%)
Water
Meter: Water
Equipment Type
Avg Monthly Consumption
Avg Annual Consumption
Bathroom Fixtures
22
267
Laundry
0
2
Total Model
22
268
Total from Bills
0
0
Difference
-22 (0%)
-268 (0%)
This building is not currently billed for water, and hence; water historical water consumption cannot be
displayed.
04. Heating and Cooling Overview
HVAC: An acronym that stands for Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning. HVAC systems serves three
main purposes for any building: thermal control (heating and cooling), humidity control, and ventilation. For
a glossary of HVAC terminology, see the appendix at the end of this report.
System Overview
Primary System Type: Split System Air Conditioner
Primary Heating Source: Heat Pump
Cooling
Quantity
Total
Total
Capacity
Power
Equipment Efficiency
Capacity
Power
Notes
(tons)
(kW)
Age
Rating
(tons)
(kW)
HPU-1
1
5.0
5.0
6.0
6.0
8 yrs
(2005)
9.0
EER/COP
Carrier
38YCC060
HPU-2
1
2.5
2.5
3.0
3.0
8 yrs
(2005)
9.0
EER/COP
Carrier
38YCC030
HPU-3
1
2.5
2.5
3.0
3.0
8 yrs
(2005)
9.0
EER/COP
Carrier
38YCC030
HPU-4
1
5.0
5.0
6.0
6.0
8 yrs
(2005)
9.0
EER/COP
Carrier
38YCC060
1
4.0
4.0
4.8
4.8
8 yrs
(2005)
9.0
EER/COP
Carrier
38YCC048
RTU-1 (HP
1
Condenser)
4.0
4.0
4.8
4.8
8 yrs
(2005)
11.0
EER/COP
Carrier
50TFQ005
RTU-2 (HP
1
Condenser)
3.0
3.0
3.6
3.6
8 yrs
(2005)
9.0
EER/COP
Carrier
50TFQ004
RTU-3 (HP
1
Condenser)
4.0
4.0
4.8
4.8
8 yrs
(2005)
9.0
EER/COP
Carrier
50TFQ005
RTU-4 (HP
1
Condenser)
3.0
3.0
3.6
3.6
8 yrs
(2005)
9.0
EER/COP
Carrier
50TFQ004
AC Unit
Area: First
Floor
Area:
Second
Floor
HPU-5
Area: Third
Floor
Total
9
33 tons
40 kW
Heating - Electric
Quantity
Total
Total
Capacity
Power
Equipment Efficiency
Capacity
Power
Notes
(Btu/hr)
(kW)
Age
Rating
(Btu/hr)
(kW)
HPU-1
1
60,000
60,000
6
6
8 yrs
(2005)
9
EER/COP
Carrier
38YCC060
HPU-2
1
30,000
30,000
3
3
8 yrs
(2005)
9
EER/COP
Carrier
38YCC030
HPU-3
1
30,000
30,000
3
3
8 yrs
(2005)
9
EER/COP
Carrier
38YCC030
HPU-4
1
60,000
60,000
6
6
8 yrs
(2005)
9
EER/COP
Carrier
38YCC060
1
48,000
48,000
5
5
8 yrs
(2005)
9
EER/COP
Carrier
38YCC048
RTU-1 (HP
1
Condenser)
48,000
48,000
5
5
8 yrs
(2005)
11
EER/COP
Carrier
50TFQ005
RTU-2 (HP
1
Condenser)
36,000
36,000
4
4
8 yrs
(2005)
9
EER/COP
Carrier
50TFQ004
RTU-3 (HP
1
Condenser)
48,000
48,000
5
5
8 yrs
(2005)
9
EER/COP
Carrier
50TFQ005
RTU-4 (HP
1
Condenser)
36,000
36,000
4
4
8 yrs
(2005)
9
EER/COP
Carrier
50TFQ004
Heating
Unit
Area: First
Floor
Area:
Second
Floor
HPU-5
Area: Third
Floor
Total
9
396,000
Btu/hr
40 kW
Supply Air and Ventilation
Outside air ventilation through the HVAC system is necessary in order to deliver fresh air to the occupants
and remove/dilute contaminates. There is additional energy consumption when introducing outside air, as
the outside temperature and humidity usually do not match the desired space conditions inside.
Ventilation requirements are set by the current ventilation standard ASHRAE 62.1-2007 based on the
characteristics of the space such as use, the number of expected occupants, and the square footage. Sample
space types and ventilation rates can be found in the appendix.
Equipment Summary
The supply air equipment, capacity, and outside air capacity can be found below:
Quantity
Capacity
(CFM)
Outside
Air %
(CFM)
Total
Capacity
(CFM)
Power
(kW)
Total
Power
(kW)
Equipment
Age
Notes
AHU-1
1
2,000
15%
(300)
2,000
0.8
0.6
8 yrs
(2005)
Carrier
FB4BN06010
AHU-2
1
1,000
20%
(200)
1,000
0.3
0.2
8 yrs
(2005)
Carrier
FB4BN03010
AHU-3
1
1,000
20%
(200)
1,000
0.3
0.2
8 yrs
(2005)
Carrier
FB4BN03010
AHU-4
1
2,000
15%
(300)
2,000
0.8
0.6
8 yrs
(2005)
Carrier
FB4BN06010
Make-Up
Air KSF- 1
1
2,640
100%
(2,640)
2,640
0.5
0.4
8 yrs
(2005)
Greenheck
BSQ-160
Air
Handler
Area:
First
Floor
Area:
Second
Floor
AHU-5
1
1,600
16%
(256)
1,600
0.8
0.6
8 yrs
(2005)
Carrier
FB4BN06010
RTU-1
(Supply
Fan)
1
1,600
10%
(160)
1,600
0.8
0.6
8 yrs
(2005)
Carrier
50TFQ005
RTU-2
(Supply
Fan)
1
1,200
10%
(120)
1,200
0.3
0.2
8 yrs
(2005)
Carrier
50TFQ004
RTU-3
(Supply
Fan)
1
1,600
10%
(160)
1,600
0.8
0.6
8 yrs
(2005)
Carrier
50TFQ005
RTU-4
(Supply
Fan)
1
1,200
10%
(120)
1,200
0.3
0.2
8 yrs
(2005)
Carrier
50TFQ004
Total
10
4,456
CFM
15,840
CFM
Area:
Third
Floor
4 kW
HVAC Comments
HPU-2 - Replace Refrigerant Piping Insulation
The insulation covering the refrigerant piping is damaged for many of the condensing units. Damaged
insulation results in a loss of cooling capacity and a decrease in energy efficiency. Replacing the damaged
insulation will reduce energy consumption during the cooling season. New or undamaged insulation on the
exterior of the building should be painted with a protective coating to protect the insulation from the
elements.
HPU-1 - Water Damage from Uninsulated Refrigerant Piping
The den and corridor on the second floor have water-damaged ceiling tiles. The culprit of the water damage
was found to be uninsulated refrigerant piping running above the drop ceiling. Water is condensing from the
moist air onto the cold refrigerant suction lines and causing the water damage. The bottom photograph
shows a section of refrigerant piping with insulation missing (it is actually in one of the mechanical rooms,
but it was easier to get a good picture).
The refrigerant piping should be repaired to prevent further damage and reduce premature heat transfer
into the refrigerant piping. The refrigerant piping chase should also be thoroughly air sealed to prevent the
infiltration of humid outside air.
HVAC Recommendations
Replace insulation on HVAC refrigerant lines
Annual Savings ($)
Estimated Cost
Estimated Payback
Energy/Water Savings
$277
$250
0.9 Years
2,250 kWh
Refrigerant lines run between the outside condensing unit of an air conditioner or heat pump, to the air
handler inside. These lines need to be insulated to maintain proper efficiency. Replace aging, cracked, or
missing refrigerant line insulation. This can be easily self-installed, or be performed by your HVAC
technician. 3/4" or thicker insulation is recommended.
Install Programmable Thermostats
Annual Savings ($)
Estimated Cost
Estimated Payback
Energy/Water Savings
$474
$700
1.5 Years
3,855 kWh
Programmable Thermostats allow you to set time periods for each day when the AC or heat should be on
and at what temperature. Once programmed, the temperatures are automatically set by the thermostat.
Units with adaptive, "smart," or "intelligent" recovery features reach desired temperatures by the set time,
since they learn how long temperature recovery takes based on your historical use.
Set the desired temperatures only for the hours when the building is occupied, and then set the temperature
back (called temperature setbacks) when unoccupied. Temperature setbacks can be 55 deg in the winter,
and 90deg in the summer based on ASHRAE 90.1-2007 energy code. For most buildings, these
temperatures would not be reached after hours. These can be adjusted if the occupied set temperature isn't
being reached at the startup time.
Install High-Efficiency Water Heater
Annual Savings ($)
Estimated Cost
Estimated Payback
Energy/Water Savings
$917
$1,595
1.7 Years
7,458 kWh
Sample Facility provides housing for an average of 34 men. As a result, a large amount of hot water is
required in order accommodate showering, laundry, dish washing, and other uses. Hot water is currently
supplied by a 50 gallon capacity water heater with an electric heating capacity of 54 kilowatts. Heating
water with electric resistance heating elements consumes a large amount of electricity. Installing a highefficiency water heater can reduce the cost of water heating by 35 to 60 percent.
There are two options for installing a high-efficiency water heater, each having separate benefits and
drawbacks:
1) Install a heat pump water heater. Heat pump water heaters use a refrigeration cycle in order to heat
water by absorbing heat from the ambient air and rejecting it to the water. This method of water heating
produces the same amount of heating with half the electricity consumption as a typical water heater. Heat
pump water heaters also help to reduce cooling load in the building by absorbing heat from the ambient air.
Heat pump water heaters also contain electric resistance heating elements that heat the water in highdemand scenarios. As a result, the water heating capacity and recovery time will be roughly the same as the
current water heater. However, electric demand may not be greatly reduced. A heat pump water heater will
require few alterations to the building and can essentially be switched out for the current water heater.
The costs and savings for this opportunity are based on installing a heat pump water heater. Costs are
based on a Rheem HP50RH 50 gallon water heater.
Equipment Cost: $1,295 (includes shipping)
Installation Cost: $300
Savings: $902
Payback: 1.8 years
2) Install a sealed-combustion gas water heater. This facility currently uses natural for the cooking
purposes; and hence, natural gas service is provided to the building. More than 20 percent of the natural
gas bills are made up of base fees, which increases the effective price of natural gas (though it is still
cheaper to cook with natural gas). Using natural gas for water heating would be substantially cheaper than
heating with electric resistance and would help offset the base fees applied to natural gas service.
It is recommended that a sealed-combustion gas water heater is installed, instead of a conventional, freecombustion water heater. Sealed-combustion water heaters (and furnaces) have an efficiency of around 95
percent and produce the same amount of heating as a conventional water heater while using 15 percent less
natural gas. In addition, sealed combustion furnaces are safer to operate and do not require access to an
exterior wall for combustion air.
A sealed-combustion water heater will save roughly 60 percent on water heating costs and will offer the
same (or quicker) recovery times as the current water heater. A gas water heater will offer additional
savings by lowering electric demand, since the current water heater has a very high electric demand (3
stages of 18 kilowatts). Lowering electric demand will decrease the electricity rate ($/kWh) by around 1.4
percent, assuming that peak demand is reduced by 18 kilowatts each month.
Installing a gas water heater offers large cost savings, but the cost of the equipment is much higher and it
requires the installation of gas piping and exhaust/intake flue piping. A gas water heater will have a longer
payback period than a heat pump water heater but will offer greater cost savings and a long lifespan.
Costs are based on the following water heater: American Water Heaters PGC3-50130-2NV
Equipment Cost: $3,500
Installation Cost: $1,000
Savings: $1,746
Demand Savings: $530
Payback: 2.0 years
Walk-In Cooler Heat Recovery
Annual Savings ($)
Estimated Cost
Estimated Payback
Energy/Water Savings
$1,184
$5,000
4.2 Years
9,630 kWh
A strategy called waste heat recovery can also be used to improve the efficiency of refrigeration equipment
and reduce electricity consumed for water heating purposes. Air conditioners and refrigeration systems
produce cooling by moving heat from the interior of the building and rejecting it to the exterior. The amount
of heat transported by a refrigeration cycle is several times greater than the energy that is input into the
system to provide cooling. With most air conditioning systems, this heat is not missed because there is little
use for it because the air conditioner operates only during warm weather and hot water needs are usually
too small to justify the cost of the waste heat recovery system. A refrigeration system operates throughout
the year; and hence, the heat rejected from the condensing units could be used to heat water throughout
the year.
The heat from the refrigeration system is captured from the hot refrigerant leaving the compressor by using
water to absorb the heat in a device referred to as a desuperheater. A desuperheater also improves the
efficiency of a refrigeration system by improving the efficiency of heat rejection. This hot water can then be
used to substantially reduce the amount of electricity required for water heating. It is estimated that 50
percent of the hot water needs for this facility can be met with waste heat recovery from the walk-in cooler.
Costs for this opportunity are a rough estimate. Savings are based on the following ROI Calculator:
http://www.hotspotenergy.com/heat-recovery-savings-calculator/calc-electric-cooler-freeezer.php.
05. Lighting Overview
Lighting Types and Costs
Type
Average Fixture
Wattage
Total
kW
Annual Consumption
(kWh)
Annual
Cost
HID - Metal Halide
267
6.50
26,208
$3,223
T8 - 3 x 32w Lamp, 2x4
Parabolic Fixture
89
2.94
18,174
$2,235
Halogen Light
60
2.76
17,079
$2,100
Incandescent Light
70
2.22
13,737
$1,690
CFL - 1 x 17w Recessed
Downlight (Screw in)
17
1.46
9,004
$1,107
T8 - 2 x 32w Lamp, 2x4 Lensed
Fixture
60
1.08
6,683
$822
T8 Lamp - Std - 32w
32
0.77
4,752
$584
CFL - Recessed Downlight Other
26
0.75
3,606
$443
Exit Sign - Compact FL Bulb
10
0.30
2,621
$322
Lighting Power Density
Lighting power density (LPD) is a way of measuring the amount of installed lighting in a building, and is
used as a metric to determine the lighting efficiency. It is defined as the amount of installed lighting power
in watts divided by the square footage of the space or building (watts/sq-ft). A lower lighting power density,
with appropriate lighting levels, will use less energy than a higher density.
Area
Lighting Watts
Sq Ft
Watts/Sq Ft
Exterior
5,933
0
N/A
First Floor
6,535
5,015
1.30
Second Floor
4,360
5,353
0.81
Third Floor
1,953
2,755
0.71
Total
12,848
13,123
0.98
Note: lighting in exterior areas is excluded from the total calculations
Comparison to Lighting Energy Standard for a Building Type:
Building Area Method lighting power density
ASHRAE 90.1-2007, a generally accepted standard for minimum building design efficiency, defines the
lighting power density limits for for commercial buildings. The chart above shows the comparison of the
audited building to the standard. This should be the maximum lighting density target of any lighting retrofit.
Current lighting technology and strategies can achieve significant reductions below code requirements,
ranging from 20-50%. The "High Performance" option in the chart above shows a 30% reduction below the
energy standard.
There are two methods used to calculate lighting power density limits: Building Area Method and the SpaceBy-Space Method.
Building Area Method
This method takes all the building installed lighting power, and divides it by the building square footage. The
resulting watts/sq ft are then compared to the LPD limits in the standard. For example, an office building
has a limit of 1.0 watts/sq ft.
Space by Space Method
Each space can be matched to a space type in the standard, and the installed lighting power of that space is
divided by the square footage of that space. Example space types can be found in the appendix at the end
of the report.
Lighting Comments
Storage- T8-2L - Add Motion Sensors to Storage Closets
The lights were left on in several of the storage closets. Adding motion sensors to storage closets and other
areas with variable occupancy will save electricity by turning the lights off when the room is unoccupied.
Corridor- CFL - Daylighting
The lights one of the first floor corridors were turned off at the time of the audit due to ample daylight being
introduced through the windows. Illuminating spaces with natural daylight is an excellent strategy for saving
energy.
Installing photosensors to automatically dim lights when sufficient daylight is available can help ensure that
unnecessary lighting is not being provided by the artificial lights in daylit spaces.
Stair- HID Lights - Exterior Lighting Controls
The exterior lights on the stairwell and balconies are operating during daytime. Exterior lights should be
controlled with a combination of a timer switch and photosensor in order to avoid daytime operation.
CFL Exit Sign - Install LED Exit Signs
Exit signs stay on at all times. The currently installed exits signs appear to use CFL lamps which draw
around 10 watts. New, LED emergency exit signs draw 5 watts or less.
Lighting Upgrade Recommendations
Compact Fluorescents
Annual Savings ($)
Estimated Cost
Estimated Payback
Energy/Water Savings
$1,146
$100
0.1 Years
9,319 kWh
Compact fluorescent (CF) lamps use 1/3 to 1/2 of the power that a typical incandescent bulb does. They
also give off dramatically less heat, easing the load on your summer air conditioning. Typical replacement
watts are as follows 23 watt CF = 100 Watt incandescent 17 watt CF = 75 watt incandescent 13 watt CF =
60 watt incandescent
Assigned
Current
Equipment
Area
Original
Qty
Current
Fix. Watts
New Equipment
New
Fix.
Watts
Mechanical RoomIncandescent Light
Incandescent
Light
First
Floor
1
60 W
CFL - 1 x 17w
Recessed Downlight
(Screw in)
17 W
CoolerIncandescent Light
Incandescent
Light
First
Floor
2
60 W
CFL - 1 x 17w
Recessed Downlight
(Screw in)
17 W
RestroomIncandescent
Incandescent
Light
Third
Floor
4
60 W
CFL - 1 x 17w
Recessed Downlight
(Screw in)
17 W
Large ConferenceIncandescent Light
Incandescent
Light
First
Floor
18
100 W
CFL - 1 x 17w
Recessed Downlight
(Screw in)
17 W
Add Motion Sensors to appropriate areas
Annual Savings ($)
Estimated Cost
Estimated Payback
Energy/Water Savings
$215
$135
0.6 Years
1,745 kWh
Dual technology motion sensors track movement and sound, and have become adept at knowing when
someone is in a room, regardless of whether in the line of sight. These replace normal light switches, and
can turn off lights automatically based on a adjustable timer.
These switches can work well in offices, conference rooms, restrooms, large storage closets, and other areas
where occupancy is intermittent.
For most areas other than restrooms, the "Manual On" or "Vacancy Sensor" type of switch is recommended,
where it will not turn on the lights automatically, but will turn them off automatically. This prevents
unnecessary cycling of the lights, and ensures they are only on when someone wants them to be. Options
are available for replacing the light switch with an integrated light switch motion sensor, or a separate
sensor may be added that ties into the lighting circuit.
Switch costs range from $40-100, and can be self-installed with knowledgeable facility staff or by an
electrician.
Assigned
Current
Equipment
Area
Original
Qty
Current
Fix. Watts
New
Equipment
New Fix.
Watts
Restroom- T8-2L
T8 - 2 x 32w Lamp,
2x4 Lensed Fixture
Third
Floor
2
60 W
60 W
Storage- T8-2L
T8 - 2 x 32w Lamp,
2x4 Lensed Fixture
First
Floor
2
60 W
60 W
Storage- CFL
CFL - Recessed
Downlight - Other
Second
Floor
2
26 W
26 W
Storage- CFL
CFL - 1 x 17w
Recessed Downlight
(Screw in)
Third
Floor
3
17 W
17 W
Restroom- CFL
CFL - Recessed
Downlight - Other
Second
Floor
2
26 W
26 W
Restroom- CFL
CFL - 1 x 17w
Recessed Downlight
(Screw in)
First
Floor
2
17 W
17 W
CoolerIncandescent
Light
Incandescent Light
First
Floor
2
60 W
60 W
Restroom- CFL
CFL - 1 x 17w
Recessed Downlight
(Screw in)
Third
Floor
2
17 W
17 W
Storage- T8-2L
T8 - 2 x 32w Lamp,
2x4 Lensed Fixture
Second
Floor
1
60 W
60 W
Retrofit HID Lights with CFL
Annual Savings ($)
Estimated Cost
Estimated Payback
Energy/Water Savings
$2,430
$1,920
0.8 Years
19,761 kWh
HID lights are commonly used in high ceiling applications, parking garages, and exterior lighting, among
others. Higher wattage compact fluorescent lighting (CFL) can often be retrofitted to the existing HID
fixture, and save 50-60% on energy consumption. Lighting distributors will carry the higher wattage CFL
replacements, and additional supplies.
A CFL with equivalent light output may have a different base that it sits in, but conversion bases are
available. Additionally, the HID ballast will need to be electrically bypassed as it will no longer be used.
Assigned
Current
Equipment
Area
Stair- HID
Lights
HID - Metal
Halide
Exterior
Lights
Stair- HID
Lights
Original
Qty
Current
Fix. Watts
New Equipment
Exterior 10
300 W
Compact Fluorescent 75 W
High Wattage
HID - Metal
Halide
Exterior 10
250 W
Compact Fluorescent 75 W
High Wattage
HID - Metal
Halide
First
Floor
250 W
Compact Fluorescent 75 W
High Wattage
4
New Fix.
Watts
Update Exit Signs to LED Lamps
Annual Savings ($)
Estimated Cost
Estimated Payback
Energy/Water Savings
$261
$1,050
4.0 Years
2,124 kWh
Compact Fluorescent bulbs in Exit Signs use 13 watts, running 24/7. Newer LED replacement lamps only
consume 5 watts, and will last up to 10 years.
Assigned
Current
Equipment
Original
Qty
Current Fix.
Watts
New
Equipment
New Fix.
Watts
CFL Exit
Signs
Exit Sign - Compact First
FL Bulb
Floor
14
10 W
Exit Sign - LED
Bulb
5W
CFL Exit Sign
Exit Sign - Compact Second
FL Bulb
Floor
6
10 W
Exit Sign - LED
Bulb
5W
CFL Exit Sign
Exit Sign - Compact Third
FL Bulb
Floor
5
10 W
Exit Sign - LED
Bulb
5W
Stair- CFL
Exit
Exit Sign - Compact Second
FL Bulb
Floor
5
10 W
Exit Sign - LED
Bulb
5W
Area
High Performance T8 to T8 Lighting Retrofit
Annual Savings ($)
Estimated Cost
Estimated Payback
Energy/Water Savings
$569
$5,610
9.9 Years
4,623 kWh
High performance T8 lighting fixtures allow cost effective retrofits of standard T8 lighting. These newer
systems can reduce the overall fixture wattage by 20-40%, and reduce the heat load in the building,
allowing the air conditioning to run less. An estimate for this cooling savings of 25% (of the T8 retrofit
savings).
Standard T8 lamps use 32 watts. Newer T8 lamps can now use 28 watts with similar light levels, saving an
additional 12%. The additional costs for the 28w lamps will pay for themselves within the first year.
This assumes that 3 or 4 lamp T8 fixtures are replaced with new 2 lamp, 80%+ efficiency fixtures with high
performance lamps (~3100 initial lumens) and either high (>1.0) or low (<.80) ballast factor electronic
ballasts. When upgrading lights, it is important not to just swap out lamp for lamp, fixture for fixture. Each
area should be evaluated against current energy code (ASHRAE 90.1-2007) on lighting power density, and
then the appropriate number of lamps retrofitted.
Some typical space lighting power densities are (in watts/sq ft):
Office: 1.1
Conference Room: 1.3
Lobby: 1.3
Corridor: 0.5
Retail: 1.7
Classroom: 1.4
Well daylit areas should be considered for dimming ballasts/lamps and a photocell to control them. Areas
that are sporadically occupied (break rooms, conference rooms, restrooms) should have motion sensors
installed to keep the lights off when unoccupied.
Assigned
Current
Equipment
Area
Original
Qty
Current
Fix. Watts
New Equipment
New
Fix.
Watts
Office- T83L
T8 - 3 x 32w Lamp,
2x4 Parabolic Fixture
Second
Floor
18
89 W
T8 - 2 x 32w Lamp,
2x4 Parabolic Fixture
67 W
Kitchen- T8- T8 - 3 x 32w Lamp,
3L
2x4 Parabolic Fixture
First
Floor
11
89 W
T8 - 2 x 32w Lamp,
2x4 Parabolic Fixture
67 W
T8 - 3 x 32w Lamp,
2x4 Parabolic Fixture
First
Floor
4
89 W
T8 - 2 x 32w Lamp,
2x4 Parabolic Fixture
67 W
Corridor- T8
06. Domestic Water Summary
Type
Quantity
Annual CCF
Annual Cost
Shower Head - Std 2.5 GPM
10
208
$0
Faucet Standard - 2.2 GPM
10
59
$0
Total
0
267
$0
Domestic Water Upgrade Recommendations
Low Flow Faucets (0.5 GPM)
Annual Savings ($)
Estimated Cost
Estimated Payback
Energy/Water Savings
$305
$250
0.8 Years
2,482 kWh
34,625 Gal
The currently installed faucets use 2 GPM to 2.2 GPM. Low flow faucets can range from 0.5 to 1.5 GPM. This
can save a significant amount of water when a faucet is regularly used.
Purchase a 0.5 GPM faucet aerator or replacement fixture. Aerators can work well on most fixtures, but
should be tested before they are all replaced.
If results are not acceptable with a new aerator, new 0.5 GPM fixtures work very well, though will be
substantially more expensive to purchase and install.
This facility does not currently pay water bills. Hence, the water savings resulting from this opportunity will
not reduce utility costs resulting from water bills. However, low-flow fixtures also save hot water, which
results in electricity savings due to lower hot water consumption. The electricity savings alone make this
opportunity fairly attractive. If water bills are received in the future, then annual savings on water costs will
be around $830.
Low Flow Showerheads
Annual Savings ($)
Estimated Cost
Estimated Payback
Energy/Water Savings
$561
$1,000
1.8 Years
4,563 kWh
63,647 Gal
Older showerheads often use up to 5 gallons per minute (GPM), while standard shower heads use 2.5 GPM.
Newer low flow showerheads can range from 1.0 to 2.0 GPM, and can save significant amounts of water
when a shower is regularly used.
Purchase a 1.5 GPM or less shower head and replace the existing one. Choosing one that has good reviews
is recommended to ensure the replacement works comfortably. This often does not require a plumber, and
can be performed by facility staff. If this is not feasible, a professional plumber can be used for installation.
This facility does not currently pay water bills. Hence, the water savings resulting from this opportunity will
not reduce utility costs resulting from water bills. However, low-flow fixtures also save hot water, which
results in electricity savings due to lower hot water consumption. The electricity savings alone make this
opportunity fairly attractive. If water bills are received in the future, then annual savings on water costs will
be around $1530.
07. Plug Loads and Other
Office Equipment Summary
Type
Quantity
Annual kWh
Annual Cost
Computer - Desktop
12
4,769
$586
Computer Monitor - LCD
11
1,417
$174
TV - CRT Standard
4
644
$79
TV - LCD Large
3
604
$74
Computer Monitor - Regular
12
464
$57
Copier - Full Size
1
322
$40
TV - CRT Large
1
322
$40
Small Printer
3
48
$6
Total
0
8,591
$1,057
Water Heating Equipment Summary
Type
Quantity
Power
Annual Cons
Annual Cost
Water Heater - Std
1
54 kW
24,559 kWh
$3,020
Total
1
$3,020
Elevator - Reduce Elevator Use
This facility has an elevator that is used very often in order to travel from one floor to another. This elevator
is hydraulically powered and can carry a large amount of weight: 2,100 lbs. This large elevator has a 25
horsepower motor and no counterbalancing.
As a result of the high frequency of use and large size, this elevator is estimated to consume $2,826 in
electricity annually. The seemingly obvious way to reduce elevator energy consumption would be to use the
stairs instead. However, the stairs are on the exterior of the building which presents two major concerns:
1) Security issues caused by leaving the stairwell doors unlocked.
2) Negated energy savings and comfort issues due to air infiltration every time the stairwell doors are
opened/closed
Due to these two concerns, an operational policy of using the stairs may not be acceptable. There would
certainly be some energy savings, even after the impact on heating/cooling costs is taken into account,
though the precise cost balance is difficult to estimate.
Offices- Desktop - Computer Sleep Mode
Computer monitors and desktops were left running while not in use. Enabling computer monitor power save
mode and desktop sleep mode will prevent unnecessary power consumption when computers are not in use.
Kitchen Exhaust KEF-1 - Kitchen Hood Shutdown
During the audit, the kitchen exhaust hood was left running while no cooking was taking place.
Kitchen exhaust hoods are necessary to remove smoke and odors produced during cooking. Ensure that all
kitchen hoods are turned off when cooking is not in progress. Kitchen hoods use energy when operated, and
they may contribute to building moisture and pressurization issues that increase heating/cooling cost and
may cause comfort issues.
Water Heater - Insulate Hot Water Piping
The hot water piping does not have any insulation. Adding insulation to hot water lines will reduce the
amount of electricity consumed to heat the water and will enable water in the pipes to stay warm longer,
which may offer some water saving.
Plug Loads Upgrade Opportunities
Insulate hot water pipes
Annual Savings ($)
Estimated Cost
Estimated Payback
Energy/Water Savings
$306
$450
1.5 Years
2,487 kWh
Uninsulated hot water pipes lose heat much faster, and will require a higher hot water tank temperature to
maintain adequate temperature at the end use. Insulating the hot water lines leading from the tank,
wherever they are accessible, is easy, inexpensive, and can allow the water temperature to be reduced at
the tank. The cold water line should be insulated in the first 3 feet coming off the tank, reducing tank
conductive losses.
3/4" or 1" insulation should be used in this application.
Energy Star Washing Machine
Annual Savings ($)
Estimated Cost
Estimated Payback
Energy/Water Savings
$497
$1,800
3.6 Years
4,043 kWh
This building consumes a large amount of water for washing clothing. There are currently three top-loading
washing machines installed. Top-loading washing machines consume around 40 gallons per load of laundry.
Energy Star certified washing machines save more than 37 percent over standard washing machines. It is
recommended that front-loading washing machines are installed because they wring out more water from
clothing than top-loading washing machines. Additional energy is saved by extracting more water from the
clothing than a top-loading machine, which allows clothes to be dried faster using less energy. Savings from
reduced dryer usage were not included in the cost savings for this opportunity but may be quite large.
Costs for this opportunity are based on three washing machines priced at $600 each. The savings for this
opportunity are based on the energy efficiency of a standard washing machine as compared to an Energy
Star certified washing machine. See link below for more details.
http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=clotheswash.pr_crit_clothes_washers
08. Opportunity Detail Summary
Below is a summary table of all recommendations with savings and detailed notes.
1
Name
Annual
Savings
($)
Estimate
d Cost
Estimated
Payback
Energy/Water Savings
Compact Fluorescents
$1,146
$100
0.1 Years
9,319 kWh
Compact Fluorescent Lamps (CFL) use 1/3 to 1/2 of the power that a typical incandescent bulb
does. They also give off dramatically less heat, easing the load on your summer air conditioning.
Typical replacement watts are as follows 23 watt CFL = 100 Watt incandescent 17 watt CF = 75
watt incandescent 13 watt CFL = 60 watt incandescent
2
Add Motion Sensors to
appropriate areas
$215
$135
0.6 Years
1,745 kWh
Dual technology motion sensors track movement and sound, and have become adept at knowing
when someone is in a room, regardless of whether in the line of sight. These replace normal
light switches, and can turn off lights automatically based on a adjustable timer.
These switches can work well in offices, conference rooms, restrooms, large storage closets, and
other areas where occupancy is intermittent.
For most areas other than restrooms, the "Manual On" or "Vacancy Sensor" type of switch is
recommended, where it will not turn on the lights automatically, but will turn them off
automatically. This prevents unnecessary cycling of the lights, and ensures they are only on
when someone wants them to be. Options are available for replacing the light switch with a
integrated light switch motion sensor, or a separate sensor may be added that ties into the
lighting circuit.
Switch costs range from $40-100, and can be self-installed with knowledgeable facility staff or
by an electrician.
3
Retrofit HID Lights with
CFL
$2,430
$1,920
0.8 Years
19,761 kWh
HID lights are commonly used in high ceiling applications, parking garages, and exterior lighting,
among others. Higher wattage compact fluorescent lighting (CFL) can often be retrofitted to the
existing HID fixture, and save 50-60% on energy consumption. Lighting distributors will carry
the higher wattage CFL replacements, and additional supplies.
A CFL with equivalent light output may have a different base that it sits in, but conversion bases
are available. Additionally, the HID ballast will need to be electrically bypassed as it will no
longer be used.
4
Low Flow Faucets (0.5
GPM)
$305
$250
0.8 Years
2,482 kWh
34,625 Gal
The currently installed faucets use 2 GPM to 2.2 GPM. Low flow faucets can range from 0.5 to
1.5 GPM. This can save a significant amount of water when a faucet is regularly used.
Purchase a 0.5 GPM faucet aerator or replacement fixture. Aerators can work well on most
Name
Annual
Savings
($)
Estimate
d Cost
Estimated
Payback
Energy/Water Savings
fixtures, but should be tested before they are all replaced.
If results are not acceptable with a new aerator, new 0.5 GPM fixtures work very well, though
will be substantially more expensive to purchase and install.
This facility does not currently pay water bills. Hence, the water savings resulting from this
opportunity will not reduce utility costs resulting from water bills. However, low-flow fixtures
also save hot water, which results in electricity savings due to lower hot water consumption. The
electricity savings alone make this opportunity fairly attractive. If water bills are received in the
future, then annual savings on water costs will be around $830.
5
Replace insulation on
HVAC refrigerant lines
$277
$250
0.9 Years
2,250 kWh
Refrigerant lines run between the outside condensing unit of an air conditioner or heat pump, to
the air handler inside. These lines need to be insulated to maintain proper efficiency. Replace
aging, cracked, or missing refrigerant line insulation. This can be easily self-installed, or be
performed by your HVAC technician. 3/4" or thicker insulation is recommended.
6
Insulate hot water pipes
$306
$450
1.5 Years
2,487 kWh
Uninsulated hot water pipes lose heat much faster, and will require a higher hot water tank
temperature to maintain adequate temperature at the end use. Insulating the hot water lines
leading from the tank, wherever they are accessible, is easy, inexpensive, and can allow the
water temperature to be reduced at the tank. The cold water line should be insulated in the first
3 feet coming off the tank, reducing tank conductive losses.
3/4" or 1" insulation should be used in this application.
7
Install Programmable
Thermostats
$474
$700
1.5 Years
3,855 kWh
Programmable Thermostats allow you to set time periods for each day when the AC or heat
should be on and at what temperature. Once programmed, the temperatures are automatically
set by the thermostat.
Units with adaptive, "smart," or "intelligent" recovery features reach desired temperatures by
the set time, since they learn how long temperature recovery takes based on your historical use.
Set the desired temperatures only for the hours when the building is occupied, and then set the
temperature back (called temperature setbacks) when unoccupied. Temperature setbacks can be
55 degrees in the winter, and 90deg in the summer based on ASHRAE 90.1-2007 energy code.
For most buildings, these temperatures would not be reached after hours. These can be adjusted
if the occupied set temperature isn't being reached at the startup time.
8
Install High-Efficiency
Water Heater
$917
$1,595
1.7 Years
7,458 kWh
Sample Facility provides housing for an average of 34 men. As a result, a large amount of hot
water is required in order accommodate showering, laundry, dish washing, and other uses. Hot
water is currently supplied by a 50 gallon capacity water heater with an electric heating capacity
of 54 kilowatts. Heating water with electric resistance heating elements consumes a large
amount of electricity. Installing a high-efficiency water heater can reduce the cost of water
heating by 35 to 60 percent.
There are two options for installing a high-efficiency water heater, each having separate benefits
and drawbacks:
Name
Annual
Savings
($)
Estimate
d Cost
Estimated
Payback
Energy/Water Savings
1) Install a heat pump water heater. Heat pump water heaters use a refrigeration cycle in order
to heat water by absorbing heat from the ambient air and rejecting it to the water. This method
of water heating produces the same amount of heating with half the electricity consumption as a
typical water heater. Heat pump water heaters also help to reduce cooling load in the building by
absorbing heat from the ambient air.
Heat pump water heaters also contain electric resistance heating elements that heat the water in
high-demand scenarios. As a result, the water heating capacity and recovery time will be
roughly the same as the current water heater. However, electric demand may not be greatly
reduced. A heat pump water heater will require few alterations to the building and can
essentially be switched out for the current water heater.
The costs and savings for this opportunity are based on installing a heat pump water heater.
Costs are based on a Rheem HP50RH 50 gallon water heater.
Equipment Cost: $1,295 (includes shipping)
Installation Cost: $300
Savings: $902
Payback: 1.8 years
2) Install a sealed-combustion gas water heater. This facility currently uses natural for the
cooking purposes; and hence, natural gas service is provided to the building. More than 20
percent of the natural gas bills are made up of base fees, which increases the effective price of
natural gas (though it is still cheaper to cook with natural gas). Using natural gas for water
heating would be substantially cheaper than heating with electric resistance and would help
offset the base fees applied to natural gas service.
It is recommended that a sealed-combustion gas water heater is installed, instead of a
conventional, free-combustion water heater. Sealed-combustion water heaters (and furnaces)
have an efficiency of around 95 percent and produce the same amount of heating as a
conventional water heater while using 15 percent less natural gas. In addition, sealed
combustion furnaces are safer to operate and do not require access to an exterior wall for
combustion air.
A sealed-combustion water heater will save roughly 60 percent on water heating costs and will
offer the same (or quicker) recovery times as the current water heater. A gas water heater will
offer additional savings by lowering electric demand, since the current water heater has a very
high electric demand (3 stages of 18 kilowatts). Lowering electric demand will decrease the
electricity rate ($/kWh) by around 1.4 percent, assuming that peak demand is reduced by 18
kilowatts each month.
Installing a gas water heater offers large cost savings, but the cost of the equipment is much
higher and it requires the installation of gas piping and exhaust/intake flue piping. A gas water
heater will have a longer payback period than a heat pump water heater but will offer greater
cost savings and a long lifespan.
Costs are based on the following water heater: American Water Heaters PGC3-50130-2NV
Equipment Cost: $3,500
Installation Cost: $1,000
Savings: $1,746
Demand Savings: $530
Payback: 2.0 years
9
Name
Annual
Savings
($)
Estimate
d Cost
Estimated
Payback
Energy/Water Savings
Low Flow Showerheads
$561
$1,000
1.8 Years
4,563 kWh
63,647 Gal
Older showerheads often use up to 5 gallons per minute (GPM), while standard shower heads
use 2.5 GPM. Newer low flow showerheads can range from 1.0 to 2.0 GPM, and can save
significant amounts of water when a shower is regularly used.
Purchase a 1.5 GPM or less shower head and replace the existing one. Choosing one that has
good reviews is recommended to ensure the replacement works comfortably. This often does not
require a plumber, and can be performed by facility staff. If this is not feasible, a professional
plumber can be used for installation.
This facility does not currently pay water bills. Hence, the water savings resulting from this
opportunity will not reduce utility costs resulting from water bills. However, low-flow fixtures
also save hot water, which results in electricity savings due to lower hot water consumption. The
electricity savings alone make this opportunity fairly attractive. If water bills are received in the
future, then annual savings on water costs will be around $1530.
10
Energy Star Washing
Machine
$497
$1,800
3.6 Years
4,043 kWh
This building consumes a large amount of water for washing clothing. There are currently three
top-loading washing machines installed. Top-loading washing machines consume around 40
gallons per load of laundry. Energy Star certified washing machines save more than 37 percent
over standard washing machines. It is recommended that front-loading washing machines are
installed because they wring out more water from clothing than top-loading washing machines.
Additional energy is saved by extracting more water from the clothing than a top-loading
machine, which allows clothes to be dried faster using less energy. Savings from reduced dryer
usage were not included in the cost savings for this opportunity but may be quite large.
Costs for this opportunity are based on three washing machines priced at $600 each. The
savings for this opportunity are based on the energy efficiency of a standard washing machine
as compared to an Energy Star certified washing machine. See link below for more details.
http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=clotheswash.pr_crit_clothes_washers
11
Update Exit Signs to LED
Lamps
$261
$1,050
4.0 Years
2,124 kWh
Compact Fluorescent bulbs in Exit Signs use 13 watts, running 24/7. Newer LED replacement
lamps only consume 5 watts, and will last for for up to 10 years.
12
Walk-In Cooler Heat
Recovery
$1,184
$5,000
4.2 Years
9,630 kWh
A strategy called waste heat recovery can also be used to improve the efficiency of refrigeration
equipment and reduce electricity consumed for water heating purposes. Air conditioners and
refrigeration systems produce cooling by moving heat from the interior of the building and
rejecting it to the exterior. The amount of heat transported by a refrigeration cycle is several
times greater than the energy that is input into the system to provide cooling. With most air
conditioning systems, this heat is not missed because there is little use for it because the air
conditioner operates only during warm weather and hot water needs are usually too small to
justify the cost of the waste heat recovery system. A refrigeration system operates throughout
the year; and hence, the heat rejected from the condensing units could be used to heat water
throughout the year.
Name
Annual
Savings
($)
Estimate
d Cost
Estimated
Payback
Energy/Water Savings
The heat from the refrigeration system is captured from the hot refrigerant leaving the
compressor by using water to absorb the heat in a device referred to as a desuperheater. A
desuperheater also improves the efficiency of a refrigeration system by improving the efficiency
of heat rejection. This hot water can then be used to substantially reduce the amount of
electricity required for water heating. It is estimated that 50 percent of the hot water needs for
this facility can be met with waste heat recovery from the walk-in cooler.
Costs for this opportunity are a rough estimate. Savings are based on the following ROI
Calculator: http://www.hotspotenergy.com/heat-recovery-savings-calculator/calc-electriccooler-freeezer.php
See links below for additional information.
http://www.avspar.com/heatrecovery
http://www.hotspotenergy.com/commercial-heat-recovery/
13
High Performance T8 to
T8 Lighting Retrofit
$569
$5,610
9.9 Years
4,623 kWh
High performance T8 lighting fixtures allow cost effective retrofits of standard T8 lighting. These
newer systems can reduce the overall fixture wattage by 20-40%, and reduce the heat load in
the building, allowing the air conditioning to run less. An estimate for this cooling savings of of
25% (of the T8 retrofit savings).
Standard T8 lamps use 32 watts. Newer T8 lamps can now use 28 watts with similar light levels,
saving an additional 12%. The additional costs for the 28w lamps will pay for themselves within
the first year.
This assumes that 3 or 4 lamp T8 fixtures are replaced with new 2 lamp, 80%+ efficiency
fixtures with high performance lamps (~3100 initial lumens) and either high (>1.0) or low
(<.80) ballast factor electronic ballasts. When upgrading lights, it is important not to just swap
out lamp for lamp, fixture for fixture. Each area should be evaluated against current energy code
(ASHRAE 90.1-2007) on lighting power density, and then the appropriate number of lamps
retrofitted.
Some typical space lighting power densities are (in watts/sq ft):
Office: 1.1
Conference Room: 1.3
Lobby: 1.3
Corridor: 0.5
Retail: 1.7
Classroom: 1.4
Well daylit areas should be considered for dimming ballasts/lamps and a photocell to control
them. Areas that are sporadically occupied (break rooms, conference rooms, restrooms) should
have motion sensors installed to keep the lights off when unoccupied.
$9,143
$19,860
2.2 Yrs
09. Appendix
HVAC Terms
HVAC: An acronym that stands for Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning. HVAC systems serves
three main purposes for any building: thermal control (heating and cooling), humidity control, and
ventilation. It is obvious that the heating and cooling system should provide thermal control, however,
the importance of humidity control and ventilation are often overlooked. Humidity control is attained
by condensing water from warm, humid air when it is cooled by the air conditioner. Avoiding excessive
humidity will prevent mold growth, prevent building or furniture damage, and assist in maintaining
comfortable conditions. Ventilation is important because it dilutes contaminants within the building by
bringing in fresh air, which protects the health of building occupants.
Condensing Unit: A component of an HVAC system that rejects heat from the interior of the building to
the exterior of the building. Some condensing units also have the ability to absorb heat from the
exterior of the building and transport it to the interior of the building. These units are called heat
pumps.
Air Handling Unit: A component of an HVAC system that moves air throughout the building with a fan
in order to distribute heating or air conditioning. The air handling unit contains evaporator coils that
absorb heat from the building to provide air conditioning. When paired with a heat pump condensing
unit, the coils in the air handling unit are also able to provide heating by rejecting heat into the
building. Air handling units that are not paired with heat pump condensing units typically contain a
gas-fired furnace or electric resistance heating elements in order to provide heating.
Packaged Unit: A type of HVAC equipment that contains both the condensing unit and air handling unit
in a single package.
Split System: A type of HVAC system with a separate condensing unit and air handling unit. The
condensing unit is always located on the outside of the building and the air handling unit is located on
the inside of the building. The condensing unit and air handling unit are connected by refrigerant
piping and controls wiring.
Energy Efficiency Ratio (EER): A measure of the cooling efficiency of an air conditioner at a designated
condition (95 °F ambient temperature). It is the ratio of net cooling capacity in BTUs to the electrical
energy input in watt-hours. A higher EER means that more cooling is produced for the same electrical
power consumption.
Seasonal Energy Efficiency Ratio (SEER): A measure of the cooling efficiency of an air conditioner
during its normal annual usage period for cooling. It is the ratio of net cooling capacity in BTUs to the
electrical energy input in watt-hours. A higher SEER means that more cooling is produced for the
same electrical power consumption.
Annual Fuel Utilization Efficiency (AFUE): A measure of the heating efficiency for a gas-fired furnace or
boiler. It is a ratio of the annual output energy (heat into the building) to the annual input energy of
fuel source.
Heating Seasonal Performance Factor (HSPF): A measure of the heating efficiency of a heat pump
during its normal annual usage period for heating. It is the ratio of net heating capacity in BTUs to the
electrical energy input in watt-hours. A higher HSPF means that more heating is produced for the
same electrical power consumption.
Lighting Terms
Lamp: A term used to describe any type of bulb or tube used to produce artificial lighting.
Ballast: An electrical control device that regulates current and converts electricity into a form that
usable by fluorescent and High Intensity Discharge (HID) lamps. All ballasts are not the same. It is the
combination of lamps and ballasts that determine the power draw (watts) and light output (lumens)
generated by a lighting fixture.
Luminaire: Also known as a lighting fixture, it is a complete lighting unit composed of lamps, ballasts,
and the lens or light distribution mechanism.
Lighting Power Density (LPD): It is a benchmark for measuring the installed lighting wattage, when
compared to the building floor area. It is calculated by dividing the installed lighting wattage by the
floor area in square feet and has units of watts/sq-ft. This includes all overhead lighting and
permanently installed task lighting. Exterior lighting and process lighting, such as stage lighting, is
excluded from the installed wattage used to calculate lighting power density.
Lumens: A measure of light intensity coming from a point source. It is essentially the amount of light
that a source projects as perceived by the human eye.
Efficacy: Lighting efficacy is a measure of the amount of light (lumens) produced per watt of electricity
consumed. Lamps with a high efficacy give off more light with the same amount of energy as a low
efficacy lamp. When a light bulb package states that a 13 watt CFL is equivalent to a 60 watt
incandescent, it is because CFLs have more than 4 times the efficacy of an incandescent bulb.
Lighting Code Space Types
Space
Watts/Sq Ft
Office
1.1
Conference
1.3
Corridor
0.5
Lobby
1.3
Storage
0.3
Lighting Type Comparison
Lighting Efficacy
Solid State Lighting
Low-Pressure Sodium
High-Pressure Sodium
Metal Halide
Mercury Vapor
Compact Fluorescent
Fluorescent - T5
Fluorescent - T8
Fluorescent - T12
Halogen
Incandescent
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
70
80
90
100
Lumens/Watt
Color Rendering Index
Solid State Lighting
Low-Pressure Sodium
High-Pressure Sodium
Metal Halide
Mercury Vapor
Compact Fluorescent
Fluorescent - T5
Fluorescent - T8
Fluorescent - T12
Halogen
Incandescent
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
% Color Rendering Accuracy
Typical Lifetime
Solid State Lighting
Low-Pressure Sodium
High-Pressure Sodium
Metal Halide
Mercury Vapor
Compact Fluorescent
Fluorescent - T5
Fluorescent - T8
Fluorescent - T12
Halogen
Incandescent
0
5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000 35000 40000 45000 50000
Hours
Georgia Power EarthCents Program
Georgia Power offers financial incentives to commercial customers for upgrading inefficient lighting,
HVAC equipment, appliances, and controls to high-efficiency products. These rebates can help to
reduce the cost of energy-efficiency improvements, though the amount of funding available is capped
at $10,000 for commercial customers.
Rebates are available for several of the energy-efficiency opportunities discussed in the report. These
rebates fall into the following categories: lighting power reduction and lighting occupancy controls.
Additional rebates and eligibility requirements can be found on the EarthCents website linked to below.
1. Lighting Power Reduction
The rebate for lighting power reduction is $0.20 per watt of reduced lighting power and is applicable
for upgrading to the following lighting technologies: fluorescent, pulse-start HID, LED, and other
lighting types that meet the requirements listed on the EarthCents website, linked to below.
2. Lighting Occupancy Controls
The rebate for lighting occupancy controls is $10 per sensor. Wall or ceiling-mounted sensors qualify
for the rebate if the combined fixture power draw for the circuit is less than 500 watts. Lighting
circuits with greater than 500 watts of lighting load must use a fixture-integrated occupancy sensor in
order to qualify for the rebate.
http://georgiapower.com/earthcents/business/measures.cshtml
Energy Efficient Commercial Buildings Deduction- IRC 179D
The Energy Policy Act of 2005 includes a tax deduction for improving the energy-efficiency of
commercial buildings under The Internal Revenue Code section 179D. This tax credit is applicable for
all building renovation projects that reduce energy consumption through improvements to the
following systems:
1) Interior lighting
2) Building envelope
3) HVAC and domestic hot water
The maximum deduction is set at $1.80 per square foot for buildings that achieve a 50 percent
reduction in energy costs as compared to a building meeting the minimum requirements set by
ASHRAE Standard 90.1-2001; however, partial deductions are available for any of the systems in the
above list that meet the following criteria for energy cost savings: envelope- 10%, HVAC- 15%, and
lighting- 25%.
Energy cost savings must be modeled using approved hourly simulation software. The reference
building and proposed building must be modeled using the same utility tariff and weather files. For
more detailed information about the modeling process required for the 179D deduction see the
following link: http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy07osti/40467.pdf
Eligible projects must be completed before December 31, 2013.
Georgia Clean Energy Tax Credit (Corporate)
Clean energy and energy-efficiency projects are eligible for a state tax credit equal to 35% of the cost
of the system (including installation), $0.60/square foot for lighting retrofit projects, and $1.80/square
foot for energy-efficient products installed during construction. The credit is subject to various ceilings
depending on the type of system or project. The maximum credit amount is the lesser of 35% of the
system cost or the maximum dollar cap specified for the technology. The following credit limits for
various technologies apply:
•
•
•
•
•
A maximum of $100,000 per installation for domestic solar water heating
A maximum of $500,000 per installation for photovoltaics (PV), solar thermal electric applications,
active space heating, biomass equipment and wind energy systems
A maximum of $100,000 per installation for Energy Star-certified geothermal heat pumps
A maximum of $100,000 for lighting retrofit projects
A maximum of $100,000 for energy-efficient products installed during construction.
Leased systems are eligible for the credit. (In the case of a leased system, the cost is considered to be
eight times the net annual rental rate, which is the annual rental rate paid by the taxpayer less any
annual rental rate received by the taxpayer from sub-rentals.)
Before claiming the credit, the taxpayer must submit an application to the Georgia Department of
Revenue for tentative approval, as the aggregate amount of tax credits -- both personal and corporate
credits -- taken may not exceed $2,500,000 in any calendar year through December 31, 2011. The
aggregate annual limit in 2012, 2013 and 2014 is $5 million. Tax credits are granted on a first-come,
first-served basis and may not exceed the taxpayer's liability for that taxable year. Taxpayers who do
not receive a full credit for an eligible system will be placed on a "priority list" for access to this credit
in future years.
The credit must be taken for the taxable year in which the property is installed. For credits allowed
through the end of 2011, any excess credit may be carried forward for five years from the close of the
taxable year in which the clean energy property was installed. Credits allowed for 2012, 2013 or 2014
must be taken in four equal installments over four successive taxable years beginning with the taxable
year in which the credit is allowed.
Solar hot water systems must be certified for performance by the Solar Rating Certification
Corporation (SRCC), the Florida Solar Energy Center (FSEC) or a comparable entity approved by the
tax authority. The equipment must meet the certification standards of SRCC OG-100 or FSEC-GO-80
for solar thermal collectors and/or SRCC OG-300 or FSEC-GP-5-80 for solar thermal residential
systems.
Eligible projects must be completed after July 1, 2008 and before December 31, 2014.