Document 6532933

R E P OR T0 F THE POONASCHEDULES
0F THE
(
I950.5I)
N A T IONALSAM PLESURVEY
I.'() R I,ll\'()R I)
not only to intcrprctthc collcctcdclatain its main
This rcportis conccrncdmainlywith problcms esscntialsbut also to gcL thc nost by way ol'
closcly
thal aroscout.of thc cvoluLionol'schcdulcs,thc sidclightson othcr lqrics not ncccssarily
ol'thccnquiry.It woulo
mcthodsof work, thc agcncyto bc cmpbycd ctc. rclatcdto thcmainsub.icct
which couldgo ovcr data
aftcr it had bccn dccidcdto cxpcrimcntwith a alsobc thc only agcncry
multipuqxlscNationalSarnplcSurvcy.Attcntion not l'ully utiliscdat thc tirnc of'thc rcturnor thc
may, howcvcr,bc dritwnto issucsl.ocvcn widcr ad hor:survcyand lqlk throughit rnorcamply or
charactcr.Thcrc is, lor cxamplc,thc qucstionof thoroughlyor usc it lur historicalor olhcr comhow widc, ho',vopcn and how,thonlugha dis- parisonsctc.
cussionor rrniluiryshouklbc con(luctcd
bclorcan
cxpcrirncntol thc sizc,thccostandthc long-tcrrn
Thc attcrnptttt suho(linatcto. or rcplacc,by
c o n s c c p l c n c cs su c h a s t h c N . S . S .i s l a u n c h c d . an cntircl)'indcpcndcnt
urganisal"ion,
whosconly
Apart l'romthis gcncralprohlcrnLhcrcarc rnany c x p c r t i s ci s i n s t a t i s L i csaal n r p l i n r
d c s i g na, l l t h i s
qucstionsLhatarisc out ol' lhc conccpt o{'an
clakrratc rcgionaland dcpartrnc.ntill
mar:hincr).
all-puqxlscsNationalSarnplcSurvcl'.Mos[ stai ' u i l tu p o v c r r l c c a d ccsa n
t h a th a sb c c ng r a r l u a l l b
t i s t i c a li n l u r r n a t i o na v a i l a b l ct o C o v c r n n r c nits
bc justil'icdonly il it is pn,cd in opondcbatc,at
o b t : t i n c ci nl t h c c o u r s co f ' r o u t i n ca d r n i n i s t r a t i v c
virious lcvclsol cxpcrl.iso
and in variousaspccts
opcrationsol' public authoritics.Most of' such
havc
to
ovcru,hclntingadl'lntagcs.A nurnbcrol'
infilrrnationis oricntcdt<ldcl'initcpurJxlscs
and
pointsarcraiscdb1,rcccntrc'llortorl
changcsin thc
il"srccord,vcril'ication,
providcd
ctc. arc
fitr in a
suiurhlc munncr, lbr adnrinistrati\.cpurposcs s t a t i s t i c i lsl c t - u p w h i c h a p p c a r t 0 h a v c b c c n
thcnrsclves,
in thc adrninistrativc
rnachincry.No brought atnut w'ith<lutpropcr dclibcrationor
thc*,holcconrplcxol'thc
spccialcosIhas,lirr lhcrrna.iorparl.,to bc incrurrcrtcncluiry.Thcrcis l'irstly,,
l"hcpc'rsonwho makcs
i n t h c c o l l c c t r o no l ' s u c hs t a l " i s L i cr n
aa
l t c r i aal n d r)ccasionol'thr) crnqtiiD,.
lhc matcrialis handlcdhy agcncicswho urulinarily t h c q u c r yl n d t h c a t t i t u d o< l l ' t h cr c s g t n d c n tI.n
posscsssllccialknowlcdgcol'thc suhjccttnattcr i n l i r r r n a t i ocno l l c c t c <t llr r o u g h< l r d i n a rayd r n i n i s a n d l r r c a l c i r c u r n s t l n c c .I t r s , i n p a r t i c u l a r t r i l t i v cr n a c h i n c r )t'h, c ( l u c s t t ( nats k c rrl l r t h c d a t a
i nst^unccs,
ncccssary
t"osupplcrncnI
sLat
isticaldata collcctc'dhavc sornc:sir:nil'icancc
lrnd rclcvancc.
collcctcdthroughthc (lcrparLrnqntirl
and rcgional andcannotrlrdinarilyhi: lrxlkcrrl
up()nasnrcrcidlc
a u t h o r i l , i cbs1 's p c c : i ac lo u n t sr t rc n c l u i r i c sI t. r n a 1 , c l u c r i c sa:r r tul s u alli , t h c r cl r r cs l u l cito n sh c hi n ( ll h c
also bc nc)ccssurv
lirr spccialiscddcpurtrncnts r c r l u c s lt i r r a n s u ' c r so r t l l t t l r .I l i s t r r r ct h a t t h c
s u c ha s t h c A g r i c u l t u r a lt,h c P u b l i cl l c l l r h , t h c k n r l wn a t l n r i n i s l l l r t i vpcr t r l x ) s c
ol a t1rrcr1
r n, a y
L a b o u r ,c t c . t o c o n d u c tu d l n t : o r c o n t i l l u i n g
i n r l u c cb i a si n r c p l i c :h; L rtth ct l i r c c t i o n
o l ' s u c hb i a s
survc)),s
on intlxlrtanIasl)ccl.s.
SuchsLrrvcl's
arisc i s u s t r a l l lk' r r o \ \ ' n
a l r r lc a r rr l r t l i l r a r i l h
l'c all<l*,ctl
oLrtol Lhcrcelrrircrrrcnts
ol thoseractit,iticsand
l i r r . I n l r n c n t ; L r i r vr r r r r l c r l l k c nr v i t h o u I a n 1 ,
u s u a l l ld' r . r n r a ns rpl c c i akl n o w l c t l g a
c n dc x p c r t i s c
a l ) p a r c xcl o
t n n c ci I( ) nH ' i t hn o r n r l ral r l nirni s t r a t i V c
l b r t h c i rp l a n n i n ra n r lc o n d r r c t .
r o u t i n o ,t l r c p o s i t i o ni s t l i l ' l i ' r r r nrti s h t l r o r n t h c
. o l l c c t i o no l '
Thcrc arc many olrviousatlvantagcsin thc i n i t i u l p o i r r to l r o u s i r . ri nr t e r c s t C
s
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c c lr'lr o r nt l a y particrulilr
agcncyconncctcdwith a sub.jcct
hcing
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I h c r c l i l r cn, o t
a l l o w c d ,i n l . h i sm a n n c r t, o p l a na n d c o n d u c ti t s
p
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)
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a
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so l c o l l c c t . i n g
own collcctionol'statisLicll
rnatcrialas wr_rll
as its
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t
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q
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t
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t
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s
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c
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l
r l t a . ' l - h r si s a p u r tl ' r < t rtnh c
rtd lror:srrrvcvs.In thc l'irstinstlncc,it would bc
l gt c l l c yr v i l l n o t h a v c
i n t h c h c s tp o s i t i o nL ot i m c t h c c n q u i r ys o a s t o l i r c tt h r t s r r c hi n t l c J r c n ( l ci n
ohtlin thc bcstrcslxlnscs
o l'cithcrt lrcsulr.jcct
or lrrcal
anclalsoto cornbincthis thcspcciaI k rrou,lcrlgc
w i t h i t s ( ) l h c ra c t " r v i l . iicnsu r d c rt o m i l k ci t m o s t c i r c u l u s t i t n cwc, l r i c ht h c o r r l i n a r 1a,d r ni n i s t r a t i v c r
cconrxnical.lt w,ouldalsobc in thc bcstnosil.ion n r a c h i n c nx' ' i l l u s t r a l l vD o s s c s s .
v0L t3Iio.2
ll ltP o ll'l' Ol ;'l'l l L P OON A SCl l l:l)Il U.S Ol;' l l t l'' N SS
351
. h c L h c rl o r t h c
NationalSarnplc t c c h n i q u c su n i l o r r l l y a d o p t c d w
Thc conccptoIanaII-purposc
Sun,cy al-soraiscsqucstionsrcgardingccntrali- pcriodicrcturn,thc l'icldccnsusor filr thc sarnplc
sationin thc collcctionof statisticsand thc pos- survcy,n0 dcrncritanda grcatdcalol'virtucmay
siblc c:onscqucnccsllowing thcrcf'rotn.Thc r c s i d ci n a m u l t i p l i c i t yo l ' c o l l c c t i n ga g c n c i c s ,
and countingof phcnomcnain any spcciallyin a country likc India. Il' thc agcncy
obscrval-ion
particularaspcrct
ol'physicalor social lifc ishclpcd bccamca singlcagcncy,thc statisticswould bc
chcckand rnayin timc
by knowlcdgcol'thc particularaspcctol lil'c;this suhjcctLono indcpcndcnt
is conccdcclin thc provincc ol' all scicntil'ic dctcrioratcin quality ltnd bccotncopcn to conIn thc l'icldol'naturalscicnccs,
both sidcrahlcdoubt.
obscrvations.
phl,sicalandhiological,thcplanningandconduct
matcrial
ln thcordinarycollcctionol'statistical
ol'cxpcrirncnts
andsurvcysis alwaysthcbusincss
Ministrics
or
Ccntral
Statcr
Ciovcrnnlcnts
workcr and not ol'a statistician. through
of thc sc:icntil'ic
Thc statisticalcxpcrtmay inclicaLc
thc suiutbility both thc collcction and collation of statistical
Thc points of
particular
statistical
or
ol
dcsigns plans lor any matcrielis largcly dcccntralisctl.
hut thc actualplanncrsand crlllcctionarc rnllny and thc collationof inlbrsct ol' obscr\,atrons
obscrvcrsarc always thosc who cultivatc thc mationis d0nc usualll'throughagcntsor authoparl"icularl'iclds ol' study. Advicc on or co- ritics kxally' cslitblishctl.Thc collation ol' thc
ordinationol'gcncralstatisticaldcsignsand pro- m a t c r i aal l s o u s u a l l l l' l ) o v c st l t r o u g ha s c r i c so f
ccdurcsrnay bc a prolrcrl'icld lbr thc statistical s t a t c r, c g i o n l lo r t l i v i s i o n aul n i t sa n d y o u o b t a i n
totals through thc
cxpcrthut thc actualplanningandconductol'lhc national or coullLr-1'-\\'idc
. hc
normal rvr)rkor ol' spcciaipiccc ol' work lnlls s u n l n l a t i oonl ' t o t a l (s) h u r i n cadt l o w c rl c v c l s T
n
a
L
ional
i
n
s
i
n
g
l
c
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o
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c
d
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s
c
t
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t
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l
)
'
c
h
a
r
t
g
c
d
within thc purvicw of'thc sub.icctcxpcrt or thc
tnohilc
agcnts
survcy
arc
ol
tho
agcnts
sun,cy.'l-hc
An
ol'
rcgionalcxpcrt.
attcrnptat ccntralisation
orgltnisationand thcrc is
thc t)'pc now apparcntlyundcr wa1'would thus ol'a highly ccnl"raliscd
all thc matcrial in iLs
on procc'ssing
lcad to an unncccssarywaslilgc of spccia- insi,stcncc
knowlcdgcwhich is rcadilyavailablc,by rcvcrsal cnLirctyat a ccntro.In thrs caso)'ott oblitin an
it alsoincurslhc dangcrol' a l l - l n d i l a g g r c g i l t ca n d i t s b r c a k - t l o w n I. t i s
ol'normalproccclurcs;
lowcring thc quality ol work throughignorattcc u n n c c c s s a r ) ' ct on r p h a s i shco q ' i n t h i sc a s ca p a r t
in all othcrdircctionsnot bcingadcquatclyoll'sct Iron'rthtr lack ol uscrlirlclrcck in thclproccssol'
by just statisticalcxpcrtisc.Thc dangcrsol'ccn- c o l l c : c r t i o an n d c < l l l a t i o r rt h c p o s s i b i l i t y o l '
tralisationin a country likc India iuc ol coursc n r a n i p u l a t i o ins h c i g h t c n c di n a l a r g c d c g r c c .
arc iniportuntils thc profnpatcntan(l il. is obviousthat ccntralisationin a Thcsc possihiliticrs
oltcn allcgc bias and
lirrm m0rc cxtrcmc than that usuallyattcmptcd ncnts ol' cc.nt"ralisa{ion
cvcn in srnallcr, morc wcll-knit ancl morc I n r t n i I t t l ri totn st ( )( ) l l ) \ ' r s .
homogcncous
socicticsis cxLrcmclyinapproprito crnphasisc
In l.hisconncctionit is ncccssary
fcdatc, to put it mildly, in our sub-c0ntincntal
lhathunranlirilingsu'lricharc allcgctlasvitiating
craLion.
agcncicsarc
thc tlatacollcctcdb),aclrninisLrlltivc
A spccial qucstion rcgardingccntralisation nol ncccssarilythcir rnrlnopoll'.Bias or lazincss
thatdcsc'rvcs
t<lbc raiscdis thc cxtcntto which it rlrc not rcrnovc'dbf irbolishinglmal agcnLsof
Thc tlcsircto scamp
dcparlrncnl"s.
lcavcsthc statisticalccntralauthorityl'rccol'any administrativc
as wcll or pcrhapsin a
possiblcchcck l'romany othcrquartcr.Statistics work ma1',lilr cxan.rplc,
i t g c n to l '
gathcrcddcpartmcntally
and rcgionallyby indc- g r c u t c r t l c g r ehcc c v i t l c l t itn a p c r i p l r t t ' t a
p c n d c nS
t t a t c sa n dM i n i s t r i c sh a v ct h cp o s s i b i l i t y an authority outsidc any lmal, rcgional or
ol' mutualll' corrccting, qualiiying and dcpartrncntll control. In tho sarnc way bias
or minisLricsat thc
cross-chcckingcach othcr, and as long as allcgcdasainstdcparl"tticnts
duplicationis avoitlcdand cl'ficicnt highcstlcvcl nray in othcr contcxtsalso appcar
unncccssary
.lOURNAL OI; INDIAN SCIIOOLOl; P)Ll l|CAL I.CON()ltll'
amongstatisticians
or cconomistsat similarlcvc l s . I l ' t h c i n t c g r i t y ,l b r c c r u i n p u r p n s c so, l ' t h c
highcstrank ol'any dcpartmcntalhiorarchyis in
qucstionthcrc will bc lactorswhich rnay throw
cqualdoubt in rclationto thc propcrand honcst
operationol'thc statisticianor lhc cconomislat
thc highcst lcvcl. With complctcccntralisation
and indcpcndcntl'unctioningthc opporlunitl,lilr
doubtlirl opcrations may indccd bc grcatly
inc:rcascd.
T h c c s u r b l i s h r n conlt' a n a l l - p u r p o s cNs . S . S .
lbrcshadows
anothcrdangcrouspossibility.This
is thatan authorit),may hcrc:rcatcrl
which through
t h cn a t u r co f i t sb c i n g ,w i l l t c n dL oc x tc r n ti n a t ca l l
parallcl agcncics in thc l'icld. Bcing an allpurfx)scs
survc),il hasno spccil'icwork and bcing
crcatc(lun a hrrgcscalc,it will havc t0 kccp 0n
d o i n g a l o t t o j u s t i l y i t s c x i s t c n c cT
. his u,ill
ncccssarill'lcad it l.o r-ncroachon sphcrcalicr
sphcrc in an cxtcnsivLrirnpcrialistic drivc.
Alrcady it is rcportcd that sonrc ol' thc most"
lrnporulntcxpcrt agcncicsbuilt rrpal'tcrycarsol'
carcful work havc bccn abolishcdin ordcr to
c x t c n dt h c l ' i c l do l ' t h i s s o m c w h a n
t on-dcscrinr
authoril.),.
D.R.C
vtt.At.'t'uR\tA'l'H
l . O n t h c 2 l s t J a n u a r y1, 9 5 1 ,P r o l ' G
. ad{il
pcrsonullyhandcdovcr ro Mr. P.C.Bhathcharya
and Prol'.Mahalanobiscopicsol'a notc bricl11,
outlinin{h
- {i s v i c w , sa k r u t t h c N a t i o n a lS a r r i p l c
Survc1,.
Thc notc is rcproduccrlbclow:l. Wc arc:nol gcrt"ting
or arc not Iikcly [0 gct
in thc irnrncdiarcl'uLurc,through thc
NatiOnal Sarnplc Survcl, as at prcscnt
c o n d u c t c di,n l o r r n a t i o nw h i c h i s r c l i a h l c
cnough lur thc purTnsclirr which it is
intcnrlcdto bcruscd.
2. Thc nrainrcitsonslrlr this arc:( a ) T h c a g c n c yc m p l o y c di s n o t f a m i l i a r
c n o u q hw i t h r u r a lc o n d i t i o n s ;
API?IL.IUNIi 2OO
]
(h) thc programmcol'work, o,cn in lhe
PoonaSchc<lulc
docs not onablcit to
csurblishcontacl-sin thc propcr way
with thc rcsgtndcnts;
(c) adcquatcprovisionhasnot bccnmadc
lirrtrairrina
g n t ls u p c r v i s i o n .
3. It is alsodouhtlirlwhcthcron manyaspccts
sought to bc covcrcd, inlbrrnat"ioncan
rcalll' hc obtlincd in India by a random
survcy. FurLhcr.t(x) tnany aspcctshavc
bccnconsidorcdin thc survcy.Thc ambitiouscovcra{cot thcprcscntschcdulcs
has
thus largcll'hcrlpcdto dcl'catthc objcctivc
o l t h c s u r v c 1B
, .c g i n n i n gu ' i t ha v c r y s m a l l
n u r r r b corl ' s i n r p l icl c n r sm i g h th a v cy i c l d c c l
dil'li'rcntrc'sults.
- 1 .- f l t c r el i i r e. i l ' ( i o v er n r r r r ' l \t \[ ' l l r ) t tst l r n a i n t a i na c t i v i t ) i, n t h c l ' i c l da n d i l r c u rc x p L ) n r l r t u r c ,t h c v u ' h o l cp l l n s h o u l t l b c s t b c
t l u l u g hot u t a l r c s h L
. - a syt c a rt l r c r cw a sn < t
t i n r cl i l r d o i n gt h i si n a p r o [ ) cnr l a n n c rT. h i s
h a s c r c a t c td
l i l l i c u l r i c sw h i c h s h o u l db c
irnrncdiatcly.
attcrnptctlto bc rcsolvcrd
5 . A h c g i n n i n rs h o t r l db c n r a d cw i t h d c i i n i n g
c l c a r l yt h c o b . i c c t i v cosl t l r c L J n i o nG o v lcctionol'social
ernnrentin thcrrratlcrOl'col
an(loc(xlolnicrlata.I u'oulddclinc thcrnin
t h c I o l l < t r v i nuu, a 1 , : (it) therctxlrrlination
ol'all thc activiticsol'
C c n t r a lN ' l i n i s t r i casn d S t a t cC o v c r n mcnts in thc collcction ol' stal.istics
lrorriLlrcpoinl.0l vicri,ol'rlatarg:quircd
lilr l'ralrrinl:socialand cc<tnontic
policy;
( h ) t h c p l a n n i n gu n dc o n d u c o
t l'cncluirics
i n s p c c i l ' i cr c g i o n s a n d l i r r l ' i l l i n g
s p c c i l ' rgca p si n i n l i l r r n a l i o n :
( c r )c v o l u l i o no l ' a n A l l I n d i a S a m p l co r
Sanrplcslirr collcrction
ol'uvcr-alIdata
l i r r d i r c c t l l ' o b u r i n i n gd a r a l b r t h c
C c n t r a l ( i o v c r n n r c n Ia n d c h c c k i n g
(latacollcr:tc(lb1'M inistricsandSritcs.
6. Thc objcctivcsshould bc lirllou,cdup in
tlrcprirlritl,sivc:natrovcr.
7. It is assuniodthat -5(a) is hcingau.cnlptcd
alrcad1,.
\ / ( ) L . l - ti \ ' 0 . 2
l ? t ' P ( ) l t ' t( ) F 1 '11t : P ( ) O N t \ S C l l l ' D L ' L ' l i SO l : ' l ' l l l , N S S
353
I 3. Thc'atxrvcrctnarkshavcnothingto do with
tl. In rclationl"o5 (b) and (c) it is ncccssary
mcritsor othcrwiscol'thc sanlplingtcchto sct up lbrmally a Ccntral Cornmittcc
ol'all thc
niqucand thc samplingtlssign,cxccptthat
which containsrcprcscntativcs
lirllowing clctncnts(a) CcntralN4inistrics
I l'ccl that, cvcn in this rcsgrct at thc
(b) Statc Burcaus and (c) Non-ofl'icial
initiationol'a largoschcmcby thc Ccntrc,
agcncit's.
tliscussionand coopcrationl'rom varictl
9. Thc pnrgratnmcundcr 5 (b) should bc
intcrcstsshoultlhavcbccn invitcd'
to gapsln
ilnrncdiatclyl'rarncdin rcrlation
a n a l l ' ssia n di n l i r r r n a t i ognl a r i n g l yb r o u g h t
2 . I n t h c l o l l o w i n gi s t h oc o p yo l ' a l c t t c rd a t c d
to tht noticc ol' thc National Incotnc 3 l s t J a n u a r yl ,9 5 l l i l r P r o l 'N
. 4 a h a l a n o bi ni sr c p l y
in its work.
Clornnrittcc
to thc alx)vcnotc.
10.Thcy arL' ol' t\\'o typcs: (l) rclating to
No.1)(r9lSU/51,
c c r h i n s r ) c r t i o on ls' c c o n o r n ilci l b , s u c ha s ,
17, ClurzonLanc,
h r n d i c r l l ta n d s m a l ls c a l ci n d u s t r yt,r a t l c ,
l.
N c u ' D c l h i ,. 3l s t - T l t n u a 5r Y
arcas antl crop-acrcsin ccrhin rcgions,
housc orvttcrship,ctc. and (2) ccrlain
D c a rG a t l g i l .
i n r J x r r u r n tr c l a t i o n s , a s t i v i t i c s , b r c a k ns. such as, cronstltllcrcxpcnditurc,
tlrlvu
I a m i n a g r g c r t l c r*l l' i t l l r t l u c ho l ' t l l o v i c w s
non-nronctarysc'ctionol' cc:onomiclilb,
itt thc notc ri'lticlt1'tlttgavCm0 in Nc:w
r u r a l - u r h a nd i v i s i o n , c a p i t a l l i l r l n a t i o n , r-\prcssc(l
l n t lu ' h i c l t ,I u n d c r D c l l r io n t h c l l s t J l t r r L t a (r a
ctc.
n
t
l
t
c
a
l t l t r h a r l s c l ) |t"o P . C ol'work lilr covcringthcsc s t a n ( l i,s a c o p y o l
I I . Thc prograrnrnc
).
l'icltlsshoultlbc put ttlgothcrinrrrrcdiatcrl)'Blurltltcharl'a
,
u n d c r l h c g u i d a n c co l t h c C o t t t r t t i t t c c
\\'ith
not
bc
2. I cntircly'agrcc
inrlicalctlatxrvc.This work sh<luld
1'tluabotrtthc nccd ol
\\'ay
in
unililrnl
onc'
to bc donc
attcrnptt-tl
lilrrnulatingclcltrl,vthcltolic.vtll thc Gtlvornnlcnt
ll1'
sta
l'l'c:cn
tra
or
hy
a
cc'ntral
agc'nc,v
h1'onc
o l ' l n d i a i n t l i c l i c l t l o l s t a t i s t i c sI .a g r c r bc r o a d l l '
r c c r u i t c t l h, u t a s a s c r i c st t l r c l a t c dt r u t with tlrcoh.icctivcs
b1'you.Thcscarc,
lnctlti()nc(l
scparal.c
bitscntrustc(lt<lsinglcnrirlisl"rrcs,h t l u , o ' c r .l r i g h l i 'i n t c r - r c l a t c da.r t dI b c l i c v ct h c
ial bcst
Stutc B rrrcausan(lcompctt'ntntln-ol'l'ic
lllartu oultllrc ttl tttck lc thcrllsinlLtltitncously.
a g cn ci c s .
I a m a l s o i n l a v o u r o l s c t t i r t gu p a S t a t i s t i c a l
1 2 .O b j c c t i v c5 ( c ) i s h t : s ta i n t c da [ a l t c r a n d ( ' o r r r rint t c c( c o n t l t i n i r rt g
c p r t : s c n t a t i vocl s' C c n t r a l
not lrcli)rc thc othcrs arc attainctl. Its l V l i n i s t r i c S
s .t a t c( j t l v c r n t t l c n t sa,n t l n < l r l - o l ' l i c i a l
a t t a i n t t t c nr ct q u i r c sv c r y c l t r c f i rpl l a n n i n g
a g c n c i c sl)i l r a t l v i s i n g( i t l v c r n l l t c nitn s t a t i s t i c a l
a n d l i r l l c o - o p ( ' r a t i oonl a l l a g c n c : i c sl n.
nlallcrs.
hou'cvcr.it i s dccidcdtttc:arr)'on u i tlt
L:asc.
l a n r p l ca s i t i s , t h c na t l c a s t
t h c N a t i r l n aS
3 . A s r c g a n l st h c N . S . S .I, a g r c cw i t h 1 ' o ut h a t
i t s c o v c n r g cs h t l u l d b c d r a s t i c a l l ic' t r r s
o
n
r co l t l t ci t t v c s t i g a t t ltrt sl a ) ' n o)l'-c tl t a v cc n o u g h
rvill bc
suchclucstirltrs
tailcd.so that <trt11'
. ) t t cr x p c r t c t l c : c
I
i
l i l t r i t l 'w i t l t r t r r a cl t t n tilt i o t r sC
a
r
n
a s k c di n i t ,t h cr c lr a b iilt 1o' l r c p li c st t tr v h i c h
il
iariti'
bc accluircd
lttrrr
can
ha
rt
t
i.t(lcrlttitte
hlrs
hcc
t
bi'thc prcscntt)'l)c
couldhc casill'c:hcrckcd
that lnorc
\\'()rk.
I
agrcc
also
acttllll
through
onll'
o l i n v c s t i g a t oTr .h c s u r v c )u' ' o t t l t li n s t r c h
t
l
t
t
r
c
xpcricncc
h
c
r
c
i
t
l
s
t
l
I
l
u
t
i
s
n
c
c
t
l
c
r
l
.
t
r
a
i
n
i
n
g
a cascaltcnlptto gathr-rinlilrrliatronalxlttt
g
i v c ' nt l n l l '
b
c
c
a
n
t
r
a
i
r
l
i
n
{
a
t
l
c
c
l
t
t
a
t
i
r
h
a
s
t
l
t
i
t
t
l
r
c
c
t
i
raLl)cr
prcscnL
llspr-cts
such t ltingsasv isiblc
stlrvr))'s.
aclttitl
tll
tltc
p
a
s
t
.
in
cotrrst:
thc
o
l
t
h
c
l h u na h l u t o p c r a t i o t l s
354
JO|IRNALOI: TNDIAN
SCt\OOL0l: POL|tlC/\L L(ONOtty
t\PltlL-.lUNE2001
4. I also agrcc that thc prograrnrncof work I n s t i t u t ca n da l x r u ll f i X ) i n c h a r g co l ' S . P .S i n h a .
rcquircs to bc rnodil'icd.As you arc aware, I Imprcssions
bascdon thc hundrcdPoonavillagcs
advocatcda vcry rapid survcyin thc I'irstround nay not ncccssarill'
bc trucol'Lhcrcmaining17fi)
lbr two rcitsons. First, [o cnablc thc l'ictd villagcs.In any casc,a carr:lulcornparison
of thc
m a c h i n c r yb o i n gq u i c k l ys c t u p b y c s u r b l i s h i n grcsultsin t"hcthrccgroupsis nttccssary
bclbrcany
contactswirh rhcwholcgroupol'sarnplcvillagcs. gcncralconclusions
cln hc rcachcd.
Scconilly.[o got somcidcaol'thc totalvolurncol'
work thatc<lultlbc rc)asonably
cxpccLcd
l'rornlhc
ll. Thcrc art:also w,idcrconsirlL.rations.
Evcn
l'icld invcstigatursundcr actual working condi- i l ' l . h cr c s u l t so l ' t h c l i r s Lr o u n r tl k r n o t t u r n o u t .t . o
tionsin dil'fcrcntpartsol'thc crountry.
b c r c l i a b l c ,n o c o n c l r r s i o ncsa n b t r d r a w na b o u t
t h c p o s s i b i l i t i cosl t h eN . S . S .I r i s u , i r l c l yr c c o g 5. I agrccthat thc N.S.S.was sct in opcration n i s c dt h a tu l a r g cs c a l cs u r v c y(,l i k c a l l l a r g cs c a l c
in a vcry shorttinrc. Brrt.as y()u arc urli.uc,tllcl p r ( x h r c t . i ( )rnc)c l r i r c sa p c r i r x lo l ' " b r c a k i n gi n " .
National IncorncCornrnittccrccontnrcnrlctl
thc T h c l ' i r s tn r u n t li n n c v c rl r x l k c r ul l x ) na s a d c l ' i n u s c o l ' s a m p l i nngr c t h r x lisn M a r c h ,1 9 5 0W
. c t h c n i t i v cc n q u r r i , b l , i r s c lIln. r h cN . S . Sa. c t L r aI 'li c k i
had l'ull discussionsrcgardingihc gcncralplan u ' u r ks t a r t c rol n t h c I ( ) t hO c t o b c r l.9 - 5 0a. n di t w a s
and prorrarnnrcol'wrlrk in Poonain April and thtrcnrlol Novorrrfr.rbclilrc all lhc invcsLigators
c a r l yJ u l 1 ,a, n d a g a i ni n N c w D c l h i a t r h cc n d o l ' g o t i n t ot h c i rp o s i t . i o n'sI '.l r cN . S . S h
. a sb c c nt h u s
J u l y ,a n d c n d o l ' A u g u s t .I n a d d i t i o np, r x t n aa n r l in opcralitlnlirr barcly'tvu,ont<lnths.
Thc inlbrC a l c u t uw
r o r k c r sa n d t h c N . l . U n i t h a dt c c h n i c a l nultion l'rorn villagcs is l'lo*,ing in srnurthly.
d i s c u s s i o ni ns C a l c d t t "i n M a y a n dJ u n c T
. r y o u t s D c t l i l c ds c r u t i n ys i n a r u r a l l l , s h o w i nu{p d c l ' c c t s .
on a fairll,largcscalcwcrcmadclbr 2 or 3 ntonths. b u {s o l a r t } r c r ch a sb c c nn o s i g n so l ' ab r c a kd < l w n .
It was on thc:basisol' such trials and dctailcd I har,ccripcricnccol rnanr,largtrscalcsurvcl,s;I
discussions
thatlhc programmclrlr thcllrst round I ' i n rtlh a tt l r cN . S . Si.s l i r r r c t i o n i nbsc t r e trhr a ni h a d
was scttlcd-it is t.ruc:,
with a gotxl dcal ol'corn- e'xprrctctl.
prornischctu,cc:n
dil'lbrcntpoints<ll'r,icw-atthc.
t). J'hcrcarc clcar rrrtlrcations
c n t lo l ' A u g u s t ,1 9 5 0 S
. i n c ct h c n ,I a r nn o l a w a r c
tha[ lhc cxpcrio l a n y n e . wc v i d c n c oh a v i n gb c c o m ca v a i l a b l cr r cncrr{aincrl in thc l'irstround woul<lonablcthc
t h r o w d o u b t o lnh cg c n c r avl a l i d i t y o r p o s s i b i l i t i c sschcrlulcrd
and tlrc prograrntncbcing roviscdon
of largcscalcsarnplcsurvcys.
s c i c n t i l ' i cl irn c s .I a r n c o n l ' i d c ntIh a t t h c N . S . S
w o u k l o p c r a l ol a r n t o r c c l l i c i c n t l y i l u r i n g t h c
6. As rcgardsthcrcliabilityol'thcrcsulrsol rhc s c c o r rrdo u n (ol l ' 3 r l r- 1l r t r l n t hbsc g i n n i n gr o u g h l ) ,
N . S . S .i t i s t r x rc a r l yr o s a ya n y t h i n gd c l ' i n i t cb, u L l r o r r rN ' l a r cohr A l t r i l .T h i s w , o u l ds t i l l l t : a v ct i r n c
I rlo not scc any rcasonslrlr scriousmisgivings. l i l r l L r r t h ci r n l r r o v c r n c ni nt st h ct l r i r dr o u n db c l r t r c
Inlirrrnationlirr atnur 5(X)(our of' I Ii(X))villagcs thc lirst 1,r:arol' survc)'is conrplctcrlin Octobcr
hasbccnrcccivcdin Calcutur.Error calcula[ions o r N o r , c r n b c r1, 9 5l . F r o r r rt h c s c c o n dy c a r ,t h c
w i l l n o t b c p o s s i b l cu n t i l a t l c a s t a c o m D l c t c N . S . S .s h o u k ls u p p l yr,e s r r l rssu l l ' i c i r . : n rt lcyl i a b l c
sub-sanrplcol'. atxrut"7-5()villlrgcs hcctlrncs lor nranl'prac:lical
pur1)scs,.In this situationit
availablo.Provisional(andncccssarilyfragrncn- sccrils[o hc bolh rati()nalantlprudcntt0 procccd
tary)calc:ulations
in CalcuttilhavcnoL,howcvcr, with thc sarnplingwrlrk lilr anothc:r
ycar,anclthcn
j u d g cp o s s i h i l i t i cosn t h c b a s i so l ' a c : t u ar cl s u l t s .
rcvcalcdany alanningcharactcristics
so fiu.
7. I do not know how lar thc work hasprogYour sinccrclv.
S(l/-P.C.Mnl l.,rr-nxonis
rcsscdin rcgardto thc villagcsundcrthc control
of lhc PoonaInsl.itutc.Thcscarc, ] bclicvc.abclut
9. On lOth Fcbruarl,, I9.51, Prot' Gadgil
a hundrcd in numbcr againstabout thc sarnc
adrlrcsscrlthc lirllowing to Prol'. Mahalano6is
numbcrundcrthc cont.rolof'thcIndianStatistical l . u r t " l rcclra r i l ' iyn r
t h cl x r i r r tL
s r li s s u c .
v 0 L . 1 3N O . 2
'l
RITPO R'l OIt 7.1l L P OONA SCl l ltl)U LI:S () f l l lt N SS
lOth Fcbruiuy,l95l
t h o s cl o l l o w c di n t h c N . S . S .w i l l c n a b l co n c t o
judgcadcquatclyol'thcrcliabilityor othcrwiseof
My dcar Mahalanobis,
Thc rnain sourccsof unrclioriginal rcsfx)nscs.
ability that wc apprchcnrlarc not throughwild,
Manythankslirr yourlcLtcrdatcd
31stJanuary, cxLravagant
or cntirclyunrcalrcplicsbcinggivcn
1951.I wclcorncgrcatlythis cxchangcof idcas by thc rcsgrndcnts.
Wc do not alsocxpccta largc
bccausoit hclpsto clarily thc undcrlyingissucs mcasurcol dircctoppxlsition
()rnon-c(x)[rrill.ion.
and ma1,assistin thc dctcrrnination
of'policy.
WhaIl'romourcxpcricnccis niostlikcly to happcn
is thatlargcnumbcrswho ovcrtly coopcratcwill
I shall not go ovcr thc largc ground again
conccalspccil'icpcrsonaldctails and will give
rcgardingwhich thcrc is agrccrncntbctwccn us
plausiblcrcplicsnot likcly to arouscany suspibut shall takc up ncrcly pointsol' dil'fbrcnccof
cions.Sccondly,l'ronrthc sidcol'Lhcinvcstigat"or
opinion.
thcrc is thc possihilitythaI instcadol' visiting
It would, howcvcr, bc usc(ulin vicw ol'para s a n r p l lca m i l i c sh c m a yl ' i l li n p l a u s i b l cf i g u r c si n
5 ol' your lcttcr to scLdown thc stagcsof thc t h c l i g h to l ' h i sc x p c r i c n c oc l ' o t h c rl a r n i l i c si n t h c
dcvclopmcnL
ol'thcN.S.S.lastycar.Thc National way in which thc Patwariis allcgcdto f'ill in crop
IncomcCornrnittccrccordcdno opinionrcgard- acrcagcs.Wc lbcl that thcsc arc thc Lwo sourccs
ing thc N.S.S. and mcrcly drcw au"cntiono[ ol'thclargcstpossiblcwronginlbrmationandt"hcy
G o v c r n r n c nt to t h c d c s i r a b i l i t o
y l ' l ' i l l i n gc c r t a i n cannot bc dctoctcd or rcmcdicd by a ccntral
impornnt gapsin informat"ion
by l'icldsurvcyson cxarnination ol' thc statistical rcturns. Our
in this rcgardarc bascdon cxpca s a m p l i n gb a s i s W
. h c n w c m c t i n A p r i l I m a d c apprchcnsions
it clcar Lhat.
I was not convcrsantwith problcrns ricncc ol' actual invcstigationalwork and the
ol'scttingup an organisatklnlikc thc N.S.S.and roporlsol'our l'icldrncnwho arc supcrvisingthc
indicatcdccrtaindoubtsand prclbrcnccsand also work. In rcccnt ycars, circumsl.anccshavc
thatil'wc wcrc cxpcctcdto comc in tvc shouldbc bcconrcspccially dil'l'icultlbr such invcstigaallowcd to dcvclop u,ork largcly along our own l"ions;wc l'ind that lhc cxistcnccol'a syst.crn
ot
lincs. In subscqucnt.
conlbrcnccsand convcrsa- procurcmcnt
andrationing makcsi t"progrcssivcly
tions Lhctlcsirc to gct somcthingdonc, now l.ha[ dil'l'icultt<lgathcrrcliablcdctailsrcgardinglood
Govcrnmcnthad sanctioncdthc schcmc,had an producl"ion,
consumptionand stocks;in thc samc
impormnt inllucnccerndI sonscntcdto a Lry-out. w a y o u r d i l l ' i c u l t i c isn t h i sS t a t ci n t h c m a t t c ro f
during thc ycar. I put all this clown rncrcly to
collcctinginlilrmationrcgardingrural indcbtcdindicatcthat u,hat I arn suggcstingnow is not"
ncsshavc incrcascdnotablysincclhc passingol'
rcccntlythoughtout and thatour participat.ion
in
thc Bornbay Moncy-lcndcrs' Act. Sirnilar
thc schcmc last ycar shoukl not prcjudicc thc
rnany phascsol' rural life
considcrations
af'l'ccrt
considcrationof'points ol' vicw which, as the
lar as I ArnAwarcno othcr agcncyhas
trxlay.
So
rccordwill show,wc havcbccnprcssingforward
l'icldmcndrawn frorn rural arcasand
all thc timc. In thcsccircumslanccs,
I considcrcd a stal'l'ol'
ycarsin thiswork aswc havcanclI fccl
filr
traincd
it ncccssaryfor mc to conrmunicatcto Govcrni
t
i
s
h
i g h l y u n l i k c l y t h a t o u r c s t i m a L cosf
t
h
l
t
mcnt and yourscll'whatI lblt to be thc nccdsof
rcliability
not on cxarninationol' data on
bascd
the situationand thc lessonsof cxpcricncc.
tabulationbut on continuousrcports l'rom thc
Thc main dil'lbrcnccol'opinion bcl.wccnus supcrvisingand collccting agcncy in thc l'icld
or asbcingrclevant
ccnlrcsround two issucs.Thc first is thc quality coukl bc lilund ascxaggcrat"cd
o[ thc infbrmationthal is coming to us. I do not only to thc districtsin which wc arc conducting
sharcyour vicw thatmcrc stilt.istical
cxamination thcSurvcy.Morcovcr,thc sourccsol'unrcliability
of any massof datacollcctcclby suchmcthodsas in thc data bcing what thcy arc I do not scc thc
356
JOIIRNAL OI; INDIAN SCtIOOL Or POL|I |CAL I,CON0lr'lY
APItIL-.1{/NI: 2001
possibilityol' improvingthc qualityof thc inlbr- bccn clrasticallycurtailodbeciiuscol' thc di{'l'iOnc of its projmation by a mcrc continuationol'thc f icklwork culticsol'thc Statc(i<lvcrnrncnt.
ccts was dircctly concornctlwith training an
in its prcscntlurm.
agcncy lirr pcrmancnt posting in thc old
Thc sccondpoint ol' our dif'l'crcncc
ol'opinion unsurvc)'cdarcas.Thc N.S.S.I considcrto bc a
a lairly costlyoncasthc Indian
is rcgardingprioritics.You consiclcrthat all thc supcrstruclurcand
go.
obtitinanyrcalatlvanLagc
l'inanccs
Onc
cannot
thrccobjcctivcssctout by mc shouklbc achicvcd
its
lurury
it
until thc basic supf'rorn
or
al'lord
simultirncously,
whcrcras
I lbcl that it is usclcssto
As you havc
porling
l'ull)'
strcngthcncd.
units
arc
attcmpt thc third without having sccurcclc:onof'tcnstatcdour dil'l'crontattitudcslowardsthc
sidcrahlcprogrcss
inoncandtwo. I supposcvicws
positions.As a
N.S.S.stcrn l'rom our dil'l'crcnL
on this mattcrdcpcndsubstantially
on whal onc
you arc, I sullltosc,litscinatcdby thc
Statistician
cxpcctsthc N.S.S.to do. So lar as I canjudgc thc
largc tcchnicalproblcrnswhich arc involvcd in
N . S . Sa. tb c s t c, a ny i c l dfa i r l yr c l i a b l ci n l b r m a t i o n
scttingit up andworking it and1'oudosircpcrhaps
rcgardingccrurinNationalaggrcgatcs.
By thcmto achicvcu,hatrnuchrichcrcountricshavcbarcly
sclvcsthcscNationalaggrcgatcs
cannotlbrrnthc attcrnptcd.I ltxrk at thc N.S.S.l'romthc point of
basisfor policy lbrrnalion.For policy lbrrnation thc rcsultsit achicvcsand [lrc basicinlbrmation
you rcquirc,not sil nruchthc Nationalaggrcgatcs, l b r p o l i c yl i r r m a t i o nt l t l t i i c a n i c l d ;a l s o ,a s a n
f
but much morc dctailcdinlbrmationc:onccrningcc:onomist
I anr conccrncdw'ith thc rncansand
spccific:rcgionsand activiticsand a lairly clcar cnrlsratio.
idca ol'thc actualopcrationsol'spccil'icpr:rrts
oI
systcm.Whcn you havcgathcrcda
l.hccconomic:
I d o n o t k n o w t h a ta n ) t h i n gi s t o h c g a i n c db y
Iair amount ol' such spccific inlurrnationthc {'urthcrdiscussirtg
us.
tlrcpointsat issucl.rctwccn
lilrcc in your
Nationalaggrcgatcsrnay hclp you to build an I also rcraliscthat thcrc rs sorttr'.
ovcrall rcalistic:l'rtmc-work which will givc iugurncntagainstwitstinsthrorrghabruptclosure
mcaningto NationalIncorncand Accounts;but o l ' L h cN . S . S . t h c :l a r g cc x p c n d i t u r ci n c u r r c do n
is likcly
andthcgovcrnrncnt
as long as thc dctiiilcdinlbrrnationis not avail- scttingit up this1'c'ar:
In
wrth
ilnpr,.rsscrd,
argumcnt.
spccially
this
to
hc
ablc, Nationalaggrcgatcsby thornsclvcsw<luld
govcrnnrcnt
to
contlccidcs
thcrclirrc,
thc
casc
provc ol' littlq usc lur policy lilrrnation or lrlr
in sontcshapcor anothcr,
tinuc thc organisation
.iudgingol its implications.Evcn this is on thc
lnc
it
is
urgcntto rc'visgits lorln.
it
to
lhat
appcars
rssumption that thc information rcgarding
prograrntttcol' work
You
trxr
agrcc
that
thc
a g g r c g a t ct sh a tt h c N . S . S y. i c l d sw o u l db c l a i r l y
mrxlil'icd.ln llct in your last
rcquircs
to
bc
rcliablc.Howcvcr,I doubtwhc'.t"hcr
it il; possihlc
paragraph
you cnvisascthcpossihilityt>l'rcvising
in thc abscncool'attainrncntof l'irstand sccond
schcdulcsand progranlnc cvcry thrcc or litur
oh.icctivcs
to gct sullicicntlyrcliatrlcinformation
m o n t h sI.n c i d c n t a l l yI ,r n i g h tn o t ct h a tu n d c rl h c
throughsuchan agcncyas thc prcscntN.S.S.
c x i s t i n gp l u n t h c r c i s s ( ) r n ck i n t l t t l i l t c n t i t t i v c
prograrnrno
tilr thc villagcsol'thc Poonasorics
In all thcsc mal,tcrsol' prioritics onc must
only'.I arn not a\\'arcol any kintl ol'progralnmc
balanccthc cost involvcd as againstlhc results lor
sccond,third rlr lirurth visits to lhc othcr
achic'.r,cd.
I am convinccdthatco-ordinatingand v i l l a g c s .Y o u w i l l a g r c ' ctrh. c r c l i ) r ot h a l "t h c r c r s
strcngthcning
thc work ol'primaryl'icldagcncics n c r c lrill r a no v c r a l rl c c o n s t r u c t i oIrsr l. r t l u l d
advisc
is a crf ing nt:cdol'thc prcscnland I lbcl that.lhc thc lirlklw'ingstcpshclirrcwork is startcdlirr thc
Ccntrc wil.h sornc grants-in-aidand adcqual.c n c x Ly c a r :( i ) A c l c r r r l c l i n i t i o no l ' p o s s i h i l i t i c s
s u p c r v i s i oann da d v i c cc o u k ld o g r c a ld c a li n t h i s a n do b j c c t i v c so l ' t h c N . S . S .s h o u l t b
l c , a s l ' a ra s
rcgard.I havc bcl'rlrcnlc lhc cxanrplc',
this ycar, p o s s i b l cn, r a r l c (. i i , t F o r r l c l l i n g u ' i t l t t h c l a r g c :
ol thc Bonbay Burcauwhoscprograrnntcs
havc orgln isationitlitntlttrcllt i cltI protrlcttts ctlnncc:tcd
v o L . 1 3N ( ) . 2
RI..POR'lOl:'I IIL PO()NA SCIIl:I)ULltS ()i:77l11,V.\.s
357
w i t h t h c p l a n n i n ga n d c o n d u c to l ' t h c N . S . S . nicrgcd Statcsand ncwl1, lilrtncd LInions.(b)
in
Govcrnmcntshoultlsct up a snrallccnfal advi- Dcurilcdstudicsol'spccil'ic
cconornicactiviLics
s o r 1c, r l r n m i t t cc o m p ( ) s co( !l ' t h c c l c m c l r t si r r t l i - w h i c h i n l o r r n a t i o ni s s p c c i a l l l 'l a c k i n g t u l a y .
catcdin rny carlicrnotc (iii) Thcrc shouldhrcn<l Suchstutliosnccd nol hc sprcatlovcr thc $'holc
i n s i s t c n cocn r n a i n t a i n i ntgh c N . S . S .n c c c s s a r i l l 'ol'Intlia,but shouldbc conl'inc:tl
trl rcgron-tu'hcrc
i n i t s p r c s c n lto r r na n d i n c v c r yl r r c l i r r c s p c t ' t i v cl.hcparticularactivitiosaro known to bc conccno[ thc costsand dil'i'ieultics.This rncansthill I t r a t c d .S u c h l i r r i r r s u t n c ca r c l n a n ) ' a s p c c to [ '
suggcstthat all arcasin which it hasbccn lirund l i v c s t o c k p r < l d u c t i < l n , o l
nusccllancous
l ' . S . S .a g c n c i c r sa g r i c u l t r r r apl r o r l L r c t i oor t l t c r t l t a n t h a t r l l t h c
d i l ' l ' i c u ltto o r g a n i s cc l ' l ' c c t i v c lN
and all invcstigatiorrirlpcrsonncl who ilrL'
s t a p l c r o p s l,i r r c set r p k l i t l ti o n .I i s h i n ga, n u n t b c r
o b v i o u s l yu n s u i t n h lsch o u l db c d r o p p c d(.i v ) T h c
o l ' c o t t l t g c ,i n d u s t r i c sr.u r u t l t t t t lu r h i t nt r a d t n u ,
iicld ol cnqrrir,vcornnronto thc u,holc:countr)'
inlirrrrtation
l.o
runrltransport.
ctc. Furtltcr,us tltr,r
shoultlbc rctlucul t<la srnallgroundu'hicli can
h c c < l l l c c t citnl s u c l ts t r r t l i crsr ' i l lt l l n c c c s s i l yb c
bc covcrcdl'airl1'rcliabll'b,'"rclativcll'uncxpcrr r r l r c t l t ' t a i l c t li.t r v o L r l db c i t t l v i s a h l ct t:t
i c n c c da n d u n t r a i n c cl 'li c k l r n c nA. s i n d i c a t c riln m u c h
n
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r
x
l
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' yt h' c s a r r r p l i npgr t l c c r l t t r cpsa r t i c u h r l yi n
thc l'irstnotc this shouldbc conlrnt'dlrrgcl)' to
s .l a c : ts, t r i c t l yr a n r
c
s
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x
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cotl ' t h c i rr a r r r k l n t n c sI n
v i s i h l cp h c n < l r n c nIad. o n o t a g r c cw i t h t l t c v i i : u '
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and thr' ri'idcr is thc f ierlcl
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and morc cconornicaiit is. Thcrc arc in our
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c x p c r i c n c cd i s t i n c tl i m i t s t o w ' h a ta n c x t c r n a l d c t l i l c d
untraincdagcnc)'can collccLinlilrrnationaklut s a t i s l i c d .
andwhatanevcragcsarnplcrcsglndcntwill stand
f'roman unknowncncluircr.(v) Room nright bc
Tlicrc proJxrsulsntll' lcad to cilllcctron ol
Ibundlirr suchvariationsol'sarnplingproccdurcs inlirrnrationI'rornri'lticlrtlrc rtatiottalaggrcqlttcs
in oilr notcs last 1'car.as lbr c a n n obt c d i r c c t l i ' c 0 r l l l t r r tuc 'trl t h o utLr o u b l cB
as thosL'suggcslc'd
" ttt
instunc:c,for choosing thc ttgriculturistsantl suchrcrlricnl.ation
*'ttttl'"1
lcad to
ol thc crtt;uirirrs
non-agriculturists
in thc sarnplcol' h<iuscholds.a n c n r i c : h r r r conl 'tc x is ti r t gn ) a t r t r i auI s' hi c h u ' t l u l t l
lirr b c r l u c h r n r l r cc i q n i l ' i c u nl ltn r l t t t o r c l l t s t t n gt t t
in thisrcgarcl,
Thc proccdurcadoptcdlasl.,vcar
insurncc.appcarsto bc unsuitahlcboth lirr dcl'i- v l i l u c .
n i t i o nu n da n a l y s i s(.v i t W h i l c n a r r o w i n gt l r a s t i cnquiry, I rvoultl
cally thc scopcol' thc gc'.ncral
I h o p t rw ' h a tI h a v cs a i da l r o v cw i l l c o n v i n c o
a d v i s ecrn r i c h i n gi t i n s p c c i l ' i rcc s p c c t isn c c r t a i n
y o u t h a t I h a v c n o d c s i r ct o b c o h s l r u c l i v ct l r
rcgions.J'hc cnrichrricnt,i suggcst,would takc
n o n - c ( x ) l ) c r i r t iIvtcr .i ' o L r itttl t e r c | \ ' h ct l i l ' if c L t lltb r
t w o l i r r n r s (; i i ) c o n c c n t r a t i oonl ' c l l i l r t i n c c r u t i n
ltntlrncthotlsol
nlc t()c(x)pcratcil'thc ob.j'.'ctivcs
;-cgiOnsin spccil'ic rcsl\rcts with a vtcw to
ht)ncstl)'"irtstil'y
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b r i n g i n gt h c n ri n l i n cw i t ho [ h c rr c q i o n si n r c s p c ' c l
and
appnrvc,
o f b a s i rs: t a t i s t i c ai nl l i l r r n a t i r rann dt h u sl i l l i n g i n
rcgional gaps in all-lndia stiltisticsal. prcrscnt
cxisting.Suchfirr instanccarc thc crop acrcagcs
and lorcst cxtcnsionin unsurvcycdarcasancla
\'<lursSincr:rcl,v
good dcal ol' basicinfirrmationrclatingto agriD . R .C a d g i l
culturc, Iivcstockand industry in rnany ol' thc