docThe Anatomy of U.S. Dollars - Carnegie Mellon University
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The Anatomy of U.S. Dollars - Carnegie Mellon University
The Anatomy of U.S. Dollars Comparing Styles, Note Identifiers and Security Features 1929 Note Identifiers The first major change to affect the appearance of all paper currency occurred in 1929. To lower manufacturing costs, all currency was reduced in size by about 30 percent. Standardized designs were instituted for each denomination across all classes of currency, decreasing the number of different designs in circulation. To deter counterfeiting by advanced copiers and printers, the U.S. government introduced two security features beginning with the Series 1990 $100 bills. By Series 1993, the features appeared on all denominations except $1 and $2 bills. First, a clear, inscribed polyester thread that glows green under ultraviolet light was added. It is embedded in the paper and runs vertically through the clear field to the left of the Federal Reserve Seal. A denomination identifier is printed on the thread. Second, a line of microprinting appears on the rim of the portraits, reading “THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA.” To the naked eye, the microprinting appears as a solid line and can only be read using magnification. Microprinting cannot be accurately reproduced by office machine copiers or printers. Since the samples below are of the 1988 Series, the microprinting is not present yet. Denomination DEN U.S. currency previously included five larger denominations. Notes in the denominations of $500, $1,000, $5,000, and $10,000 were printed for general use. The $100,000 Series 1934 Gold Certificate was issued by the Treasurer of the United States to Federal Reserve Banks only against an equal amount of gold bullion held by the Treasury Department. The face value of a note. Series Series The series year indicates the year production started after the approval of a design. A new series results from a change in the Secretary of the Treasury, the Treasurer of the United States, and/or a new currency design. A minor revision in the design is indicated by the addition of a suffix letter to the series year. Serial Number Although they are still technically legal tender, high-denomination bills were last printed on Dec. 27, 1945 and officially discontinued on July 14, 1969, largely due to the introduction of the electronic money system and concerns about counterfeiting. The Federal Reserve began taking high-denomination bills out of circulation in 1969. As of May 30, 2009, only 336 $10,000 bills were known to exist; 342 remaining $5,000 bills; and 165,372 remaining $1,000 bills. S/N Each note of the same denomination and series has an individual serial number. Starting with the 1996 Series, serial numbers consist of two prefix letters, eight numbers and a one-letter suffix. The first letter of the prefix designates the series: 1996 1999 2001 2003 A B C D 2003A 2004 2004A 2006 F E G I 2006A 2009 2009A 2013 K J L M The second letter of the prefix stands for the Federal Reserve Bank where the note was issued. The suffix letter identifies the number of times the sequence of serial numbers was used: A is the first time, B is the second time, etc. When a note is mutilated during manufacture, it is substituted by a “star note” with an out-ofsequence serial number to ensure a proper count of produced notes. Series: 1963, 1969, 1969D, 1977, 1981, 1988A, 1995, 1996, 1999, 2001, 2003, 2003A, 2006, 2009 Issued 1963 – present Large Denominations DEN Federal Reserve Bank Notes of the 1929 style have a regional Federal Reserve Note seal with the name of the issuing Federal Reserve Bank and the letter designating the Federal Reserve district. Starting with the 1996 Series, a universal seal represents the entire Federal Reserve system and the letter and number below the upper left serial number identify the issuing bank: QCL Q# FRB CL FP A1Boston B2 New York City C3Philadelphia D4Cleveland S/N Series Check Letter E5Richmond F6Atlanta G7Chicago H8 St. Louis I9Minneapolis J10 Kansas City, MO K11Dallas L12 San Francisco Quadrant Check Letter CL QCL Alphabetical designation to identify the position of the note on a 32-subject engraved face plate, which includes letters A – H. The check letter appears twice on the face of the note; the second time it’s referred to as the quadrant check letter. One-Dollar Bill The design of the $1 bill remained the same since the it was issued in 1963. It has the oldest reverse design of all U.S. currency. Because the $1 bill is infrequently counterfeited, there are no plans to redesign this note. In addition, there is a recurring provision in the annual Financial Services and General Government Appropriations Act that prohibits the redesign of the note. Quadrant Number BP Q# Each printing plate is divided into four identical quadrants. The quadrant number designates the position of the note on the plate. Face Plate Number FP Back Plate Number BP The face plate and back plate numbers identify the particular printing plates used to print the face and back sides of a note. Notes printed in the Forth Worth facility have an fw facility mark in front of the check letter and face plate number combination. Series: 1976, 1995, 2003, 2003A and 2009 Issued 1976 – present FRB DEN QCL Q# FRB 1996 CL FP S/N Series Two-Dollar Bill The bill was discontinued in 1966 but was reintroduced 10 years later as a potential cost-saving measure. Today, it is seldom seen in circulation. Its production is the lowest of U.S. banknotes: fewer than 1% of all notes currently produced are $2 bills. This comparative scarcity in circulation, coupled with a lack of public awareness that the bill is still in circulation, sometimes creates problems for people trying to use it. BP Series: 1988, 1993 and 1995 Issued 1993 – 2000 In the first significant design change in 67 years, the bills were redesigned to incorporate a series of new counterfeit deterrents. A larger, slightly off-center portrait now incorporates more detail. The new dollar bills also bear a watermark depicting the same historical figure as the portrait. Two previous security features, the security thread indicating the bill’s denomination and the microprinting, are now located in a different position on each denomination, making it easier to identify bleached notes. Furthermore, a universal Federal Reserve Seal is incorporated instead of individual seals for each Federal Reserve Bank. Series: 1999, 2001, 2003, 2003A and 2006 Issued 2000 – 2008 2004 To continue to stay ahead of currency counterfeiters, the Federal Reserve Board announced new designs to be issued. For the first time since the Series 1905 $20 Gold Certificate, the dollar bills feature subtle background colors. Different colors are used for different denominations, helping everyone—particularly those with visual impairments—to tell denominations apart. Various symbols of freedom were added into the note background. The notes also incorporate large, borderless portraits and the five-dollar bill features revised watermarks. The security threads now glow different colors on each denomination. Series: 2006, 2009 and 2013 Issued 2008 – present DEN DEN QCL Q# S/N S/N FRB QCL Q# FRB FRB S/N Series CL FP Series CL FP Series CL FP QCL Q# Security Thread Microprinting USA FIVE Glows Green THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA Security Thread Microprinting USA FIVE A Glows Blue THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA Watermark Microprinting Lincoln FIVE DOLLARS Series: 1988A, 1990, 1993 and 1995 Microprinting Security Thread FIVE DOLLARS E PLURIBUS UNUM USA USA 5 Glows Blue Microprinting USA FIVE BP BP BP Issued 1990 – 2000 Microprinting Series: 1999, 2001 and 2003 Issued 2000 – 2006 DEN DEN DEN Series: 2004A, 2006 and 2009 Issued 2006 – present S/N S/N CL FP CL FP FRB FRB QCL Q# FRB CL FP S/N Series Series QCL Q# Series QCL Q# Security Thread Microprinting USA TEN Glows Green THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA Microprinting TEN Color-Shifting Ink Security Thread Microprinting USA TEN A Glows Orange THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA Green to Black Watermark Hamilton Security Thread Microprinting USA TEN A Glows Orange USA10 Microprinting Color-Shifting Ink Watermark THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA TEN DOLLARS Copper to Green Hamilton BP BP BP Series: 1988A, 1990, 1993 and 1995 Issued 1990 – 1998 Series: 1996, 1999 and 2001 Issued 1998 – 2003 DEN DEN DEN QCL Q# Series: 1996, 1999 and 2001 Issued 2003 – present S/N S/N FRB FRB CL FP FRB CL FP S/N Series Series QCL Q# Security Thread Microprinting USA TWENTY Glows Green THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA QCL Q# CL FP Microprinting Security Thread Microprinting Color-Shifting Ink USA20 USA TWENTY A Glows Green THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA Green to Black Series Watermark Security Thread Microprinting Jackson USA TWENTY A Glows Green THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 20 USA 20 Microprinting Color-Shifting Ink USA20 Copper to Green Watermark Jackson BP BP BP Series: 1988, 1990 and 1993 Issued 1990 – 1997 Series: 1996 and 2001 Issued 1997 – 2004 DEN DEN DEN Series: 2004, 2004A, 2006 and 2009 Issued 2004 – present QCL Q# QCL Q# S/N S/N QCL Q# CL FP FRB FRB FRB S/N Series Series Series CL FP CL FP Security Thread Microprinting Microprinting USA 50 Glows Green THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA FIFTY Microprinting Security Thread THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA USA 50 A Glows Yellow Color-Shifting Ink Green to Black Watermark Grant Microprinting Microprinting Microprinting Security Thread FIFTY USA 50 USA FIFTY THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA USA 50 A Glows Yellow Color-Shifting Ink Copper to Green BP Watermark Grant BP BP Series: 1988, 1990 and 1993 Issued 1990 – 1996 Series: 1996, 1999, 2001, 2003, 2003A, 2006 and 2006A Issued 1996 – 2013 Series: 2009 and 2009A Issued 2013 – present DEN DEN CL FP DEN QCL Q# S/N S/N FRB FRB QCL Q# FRB S/N Series QCL Q# Series CL FP Series CL FP Security Thread Microprinting USA 100 Glows Green THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA Microprinting USA100 Security Thread USA 100 Glows Pink Microprinting THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA Color-Shifting Ink Green to Black Watermark Security Thread Franklin USA 100 Glows Pink Microprinting 3-D Security Ribbon THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA Bells shift to 100 Microprinting USA ONE HUNDRED USA 100 Color-Shifting Ink Watermark Copper to Green Frankin BP BP BP This material has been approved for public release and unlimited distribution. Information Sources: United States Secret Service, U.S. Department of the Treasury, Bureau of Engraving and Printing, newmoney.gov, onedollarbill.org All currency illustrations are reproduced under the conditions specified by the federal law. 18 U.S.C. § 504(1), 31 CFR § 411.1. © 2014 Carnegie Mellon University. Carnegie Mellon® and CERT® are registered marks of Carnegie Mellon University. Revised February 11, 2014. DM-0001053 This material is based upon work funded and supported by United States Secret Service under Contract No. FA8721-05-C-0003 with Carnegie Mellon University for the operation of the Software Engineering Institute, a federally funded research and development center sponsored by the United States Department of Defense. Any opinions, findings and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of United States Secret Service or the United States Department of Defense. NO WARRANTY. THIS CARNEGIE MELLON UNIVERSITY AND SOFTWARE ENGINEERING INSTITUTE MATERIAL IS FURNISHED ON AN “AS-IS” BASIS. CARNEGIE MELLON UNIVERSITY MAKES NO WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EITHER EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED, AS TO ANY MATTER INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, WARRANTY OF FITNESS FOR PURPOSE OR MERCHANTABILITY, EXCLUSIVITY, OR RESULTS OBTAINED FROM USE OF THE MATERIAL. CARNEGIE MELLON UNIVERSITY DOES NOT MAKE ANY WARRANTY OF ANY KIND WITH RESPECT TO FREEDOM FROM PATENT, TRADEMARK, OR COPYRIGHT INFRINGEMENT.
