sport and physical activity

Transcription

chapter
15
what are the relationships between
sport and physical activity
and gender?
This chapter is concerned with the relationship between sport and physical activity and gender. The
notion of sport being a traditionally male domain and the construction of meanings linked to masculinity
and femininity are discussed. The role of the media in the formation of these meanings is explored and
the implications for sponsorship, policy and resourcing are analysed. Challenges to traditional notions
are also examined, as are participation rates in a variety of sports and physical activities.
#
Sport has contributed to
defining the position of
women in society.
Sport as a traditionally male domain
Sport has played a major role in determining what it means to be male and female in Australian
society. Traditionally, sport has been viewed as primarily a male preserve with women as supporters.
Historically, there has been a clear differentiation between those sports that are appropriate for men
and those that are appropriate for women.
Sport has contributed to defining the position of women in society. The subordinate role of women
in society throughout history has been reinforced in the sporting arena by such practices as:
women only being permitted to become associate members of certain golf clubs
women receiving less prize money than do men in a number of sports and events
women receiving less media coverage than do men
women receiving less government funding than do men
women at times continuing to have less access to sporting facilities than do men.
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Although women now play traditional male sports, such
as rugby league and Australian football, sport continues
to make a major contribution to defining narrow notions of
femininity and masculinity. However, sport also has the
potential to challenge these traditional meanings of what it
means to be male and female.
Sport and the construction of
masculinity and femininity
Sport has contributed greatly to the construction of
masculinity. Sport requires participants to be competitive,
courageous, determined, muscular, powerful and strong.
These qualities, which are promoted by participation in
sport, are largely associated with being male.
Family expectations play a significant role in determining
whether sport will be played and which sports sons will
play. Sports such as rugby league are considered ‘manly’
whereas dance and figure-skating are stereotyped as
feminine. Parents often ‘validate’ their sons’ masculinity by
encouraging them to play socially acceptable ‘male’ games.
Playing these games creates expectations that there will
be certain on-field language
and rough play associated
with male behaviour. For those
boys whose interests lie in
areas other than sport, taunts
of being a ‘girl’, a ‘sissy’ or a
‘woos’ are commonplace.
#
Masculine qualities of
aggression, determination
and strength are often
linked to sport.
Traditionally, sport has been associated primarily with
males. Women were encouraged to participate in sport and
physical activity only when it required minimal exertion,
did not prevent them from maintaining their feminine body
shape and did not interfere with their ‘motherly’ duties.
The medical profession played a significant role in
socialising young women. Doctors promoted the myth of
females having ‘finite physical and mental energy’. This
was a phrase used to describe the notion that women
had only enough energy for daily activities and childbirth,
and not for extraneous activities, such as sport. Women
were commonly described as ‘permanently weak’. Doctors
discouraged women from participating in strenuous
physical activity because it was believed that this would
damage their reproductive organs.
Figure 15.1 Men and women now play sports traditionally associated with the opposite gender
Chapter 15 | WHAT ARE THE RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN SPORT AND PHYSICAL ACTIVITY AND GENDER?
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Women who actively pursued team sports were regarded
as masculine and unattractive, as their bodies developed
muscularity. It was believed that women were meant to be
dainty, graceful and elegant, not active and muscular.
Women today participate in a variety of sports. For
women, however, play needs to be restricted to the rules,
because aggression and determination are considered to be
male qualities. Female athletes who pursue their sport with
passion, hard play and the development of body muscle
may find themselves labelled ‘masculine’.
The experience of girls in physical education classes at
school can contribute to traditional notions of masculinity
and femininity. The range of sports offered to girls at school
may be limited to traditional female sports or physical
activities, such as netball and dance. Uniform regulations
may require girls to participate in physical activity in sports
skirts. Physical education teachers might themselves
present stereotyped roles, such as a female teaching
dance whereas a male teaches Australian football. These
experiences can contribute to the understanding of girls
regarding what it means to be female.
lessons. Girls who excel in sports are often harassed by
their peers and called ‘show offs’ or ‘butch’.
Having a physically active sister or mother contributes
to girls being encouraged to undertake sporting activities.
Many female role models who are prominent in the media
provide positive images of women participating and being
successful in sport. These role models include netballer Liz
Ellis, hurdler Jana Rawlinson and swimmers Stephanie Rice
and Libby Trickett.
If the femininity of young girls is questioned as a result
of participation in sport, they are more likely to drop out
of sport at an earlier age. Girls often view themselves as
less capable of succeeding in sports because sex-role
socialisation contributes to girls viewing sport as a ‘man’s
game’. If girls are inactive during childhood, their skill
level will be minimal, which restricts their opportunity for
later success in sport. Limiting the experiences of girls in
physical activity and sports results in a lack of fitness and
skill ability. By association, these girls may experience
limited confidence in their physical ability to perform and
may develop a negative body image.
practical application
Sport and gender
1
Design a promotional campaign to raise the
profile of women in sport, highlighting that
girls can play any sport. Consider including the
following in your campaign:
a
b
posters
c
d
e
articles in the school newsletter
a PowerPoint presentation for students
in lower grades or for parents at an
information evening
jingles or a song at assembly
a lunchtime competition that focuses on
non-traditional sports for girls.
Implications for participation
There are significant differences in sport and physical
activity participation levels for men and women. Girls and
boys have different perceptions of their ability in sport.
Boys perceive themselves as good at sport whereas girls
often perceive sport as a male activity.
These perceptions have implications for the
participation of girls in sport, and for their motivation to
succeed. Girls are less likely to participate in sport and
physical activity without the support of positive female
role models. Young boys are more likely to be encouraged
to participate in sport, and this results in their developing
high-level skills and a positive sense of their physical
abilities. Boys often dominate equipment, space and
teaching time in co-educational physical education
Figure 15.2 Libby Trickett, a positive role model
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Table 15.1 Adult participation in selected sports and
physical activities, 2005–06
Number
(’000)
Participation
rate (%)
Males
Walking for exercise
1298.6
16.5
Aerobics/fitness
744.5
9.4
Golf
695.6
8.8
Cycling
691.0
8.8
Swimming
633.3
8.0
Running
425.9
5.4
Tennis
389.5
4.9
Soccer (outdoor)
311.5
3.9
Cricket (outdoor)
309.7
3.9
Bushwalking
248.1
3.1
Walking for exercise
2659.7
32.8
Aerobics/fitness
1271.5
15.7
Swimming
814.0
10.0
Netball
387.5
4.8
Tennis
379.4
4.7
Cycling
320.7
3.9
Bushwalking
271.4
3.3
Running
255.4
3.1
Yoga
248.7
3.1
Golf
179.9
2.2
Females
Australian Bureau of Statistics, Participation in Sport and Physical
Activities, Australia, 2005–06
Sponsorship, policy and resourcing
Securing sponsorship from large corporations is a relatively
new phenomenon in women’s sport. Traditional male sports,
such as cricket and Australian football, have consumed
much of the corporate dollar, because these sports are
perceived to be entertaining and high profile. As a result,
women’s sports have suffered from lack of sponsorship
and inadequate resourcing. Without the financial support
of corporations, women’s teams have been limited in their
ability to attend international competitions or gain sufficient
media recognition. Media coverage directly affects a team’s
ability to gain sponsorship dollars.
Teams that are successful in international arenas are
more likely to gain media coverage, sponsorship and
resources. The successes of the Australian women’s cricket,
basketball, soccer and netball teams have resulted in their
gaining high-profile sponsors. Sponsors that have supported
women’s sporting teams in recent years include the ANZ
Bank (netball), Westfield (soccer), the Australian Defence
Force (basketball) and the Commonwealth Bank (cricket).
Outstanding international performances by Australian
female athletes have been rewarded with increased support
from governments and the media. The article on page 278
discusses the newly formed ANZ Netball Championship and
the changes it hopes to bring to the sport and its players.
Figure 15.3 The Australian women’s cricket team,
sponsored by the Commonwealth Bank
Critical inquiry
1
Examine Table 15.1, then complete the following tasks:
a Identify the trends regarding female and male participation in sport and physical activity.
b Discuss why males and females participate in different sports from each other.
c Outline the implications that males and females participating in different sports may have for young players
who wish to participate in sports that are not stereotypically associated with their gender, such as females
playing rugby.
d Describe the factors that influence young players to participate in particular sports.
e Explain why some forms of activity have become traditionally associated with each gender.
f Analyse the role that media outlets and public role models have in influencing the popularity of particular sports.
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C’mon boys, give us a go
By Amanda Lulham
Sex sells, sport sells and Australian
shooter Cath Cox believes sports
fans of the opposite sex will soon
be sold on netball as it enters a new
era with the kickoff of the ANZ
championship this weekend.
The NSW Swifts have the
support, backing and admiration
of the Sydney Swans but the highflying netballers want more men
to stand up and be counted during
the inaugural league between
Australian and New Zealand teams.
One of the most successful
female sporting teams in Australian
history, the Swifts, formerly the
Sydney Swifts, have targeted a new
kind of fan to swell their supporter
base—of the male persuasion.
With the seven- to 17-year-old
girls’ market just about cornered,
Cox is urging Australian sporting
fans to become more like their
New Zealand rivals and embrace
‘sport in general’.
In New Zealand, top netballers
are almost as recognisable as rugby
league and rugby union players.
Recently, Northern Mystics’
feisty mid-courter Temepara
George was signed on as a
contestant on New Zealand’s
Dancing With The Stars and a
number of her colleagues are
considered celebrities on and off
the court.
Cox wants the Swifts and their
Australian counterparts to be as
recognised and respected on this
side of the Tasman and fans to be as
well-versed in the game as they are
in New Zealand.
‘In New Zealand fans are just
generally fanatical about sport, male
or female,’ Cox said.
‘We’d love to see that here as
well, general sporting fans coming
to the games.
‘And we want the boys too.
‘I think once they come and
see the speed of the game, the
bodies on the line, the bodies
on the floor and just how hotly
contested it is, they will be
converts.
Swifts poised: (from left) Kimberlee Green, Catherine Cox, Selina
Gilsenan and Susan Pratley
‘We just want to get them to
give it a try.’
Cox and her teammates make
their first appearance in the semiprofessional league on Monday
night after being awarded the
honour of hosting the first transTasman match on Australian soil.
The match against Southern
Steel is a clash of the reigning
Australian and New Zealand
domestic champions and the first
opportunity for NSW fans to see
the new colours and line-up of the
Swifts side.
‘I think we can get them,’ Cox
said of the side the Swifts beat by
three in a pre-season tournament.
‘We haven’t had as much
match-practice as we would have
liked but we’re ready to go.’
The Swifts will tune up for the
game with a match-up against the
NSW men’s team this week.
The ANZ Bank’s involvement
with the new competition
is believed to be the biggest
sponsorship of women’s sport in
Australasia.
Top players sprinkled around
the five Australian and five New
Zealand teams are believed to be
earning about $50,000 from the
competition alone, with each team
operating under a $268,000 salary
cap.
Cox, part of the Australian
team which defeated New Zealand
for the world netball crown last
year, believes Australian teams
will be dominant forces in the
championship.
Daily Telegraph, 4 April 2008
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Critical inquiry
Examine the article on page 278. Discuss the impact of
securing a major sponsor for the sport of netball and
its participants.
The role of the media in constructing
meanings around femininity and
masculinity in sport
Sport is highly valued in Australian society, and large
amounts of time and space are dedicated to sport in both
the print and electronic media. How sport is represented
in the media has the ability to affect our emotions,
shape our values and determine our understandings of
an event. Messages associated with masculinity and
femininity are often portrayed by a media commentary,
the positioning of an article, the wording of a headline or
the focus of a photograph.
Women athletes in the media are primarily constructed
as passive and supportive. Often, their athletic ability is
reported as secondary to their looks, fashion sense and
emotional response to their achievements. An example of
this can be seen in the article on the right.
Language is a powerful tool used by the media, and it
has the ability to influence the audience’s perception of a
situation. Women athletes have been represented in the
media with descriptions that emphasise their physical
attractiveness. Consider these examples relating to tennis
and water polo from the Daily Telegraph:
•
•
•
•
•
‘Glamour Ana’ (19 December 2008)
‘Sexy Ivanovic charms Sydney’ (9 January 2008)
‘Water babes’ (22 August 2008)
‘Courting battle of the babes’ (19 June 2008)
‘Champions put emphasis on clothing … sartorial
stunners’ (26 June 2008).
In contrast, males are represented in the media as
active, determined and successful. Images of rugby scrums,
male athletes engaged in mêlées (fights) on the field and
male athletes with gritted teeth and bloodstained brows are
common in the media. The language in the headlines below
is typical of that used when reporting on male athletes:
• ‘Warriors maul blues attack’ (Daily Telegraph,
14 October 2008)
• ‘FC shot down in a blaze of glory’ (Sydney Morning
Herald, 20 October 2008)
• ‘Angry Storm vents full fury’ (Weekend Australian,
27–28 September 2008)
• ‘Dragons find their fighting spirit’ (Weekend Australian,
26–27 April 2008)
• ‘Clarkson’s army enforcing defensive revolution … Hawks
shaping for war’ (Weekend Australian, 3–4 May 2008).
Open season on
glamour as girls
serve it up to
Serena
By Will Swanton
A sporting catfight is set to start at the Australian Open
between a group of millionairesses looking glamorous
enough for a catwalk—and the leader of the pack is
Serena Williams.
Williams has always transcended tennis as a global
celebrity but, as she prepares for the four-way battle
for the world No. 1 ranking at Melbourne Park from
tomorrow, her rivals have begun chasing her in the
fashion stakes.
Current rankings leader Jelena Jankovic has unveiled
an airbrushed portrait fit for Vogue. Previously only
Williams attempted to look so good in promotions.
The image makeovers are part of the WTA Tour’s
global Looking For A Hero? advertising campaign.
The campaign is being rolled out in 75 countries
and features 30 players, led by Williams, Jankovic, Dinara
Safina, Elena Dementieva and Serbia’s immensely
popular Ana Ivanovic.
‘Tennis is a premier sport for all women athletes and
I think it’s a great opportunity to have the best athletes
get together,’ Williams said.
Williams’s sister,Venus, is another glamazon with a
stunning portrait. World No. 2 Serena and those directly
behind her on the rankings, Russian pair Safina and
Dementieva, can also overtake Jankovic at No. 1 at the
Australian Open. Safina and Dementieva lived in the
shadow of Russian stunner Maria Sharapova for years
but they are forging their own identities …
Sun-Herald, 18 January 2009
Volley dollies: Serena Williams (left) will dress to
impress in Melbourne from tomorrow. Right: Jelena
Jankovic.
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These descriptions reinforce the concept of sport being
associated with warlike behaviour. In our culture, this is
more likely to be associated with the behaviour of males
than of females. Visual images of female athletes often
target their sexual appeal. Camera angles focus on their
body lines, and female athletes are sometimes required
to pose in alluring positions. In print media, action shots
of female athletes participating in their sport are rare,
allocated space towards the back of the sport section, and
are small in size.
Magazines utilise the female athletic body for marketing
purposes. Photographs of athletes posing in swimwear
are common in a variety of sports magazines. For example,
Inside Sport and Sports Illustrated feature a new female
model in swimwear on the cover of each issue. The
photographs are large in size with the focal point being
the female body.
Figure 15.4 ‘Looking good: Ana Ivanovic’ is the caption that
accompanied a photo of the tennis star that appeared with
the article ‘Ana Ivanovic a model player’
Figure 15.5 This photo of a match between the All Blacks
and the Wallabies featured the caption ‘Beasts of Eden:
Auckland curse strikes as All Blacks savage Wallabies’
From the Glam Slam to the
Lovely Links
Just days after Maria Sharapova and
Ana Ivanovic contested their ‘Glam
Slam’ tennis final, Australia’s next
generation of female golf talent
turned on the glamour to promote
the Women’s Australian Open.
Rising stars Nikki Garrett and
Kristie Newton frocked up on
Melbourne’s waterfront ahead of the
Open … at the famous Kingston
Heath layout from Thursday.
Like their tennis counterparts,
the new wave of Australian women
professionals have brought a vitality
and style to their sport.
Garrett and Newton are
representative of the new breed but
they are aware that good looks and
style mean nothing without golfing
ability.
Garrett is the perfect example of
beauty and talent. She won twice on
the European Tour in 2007, finished
12th on the money list and was
named rookie of the year.
Two weeks ago, she represented
Australia, with Lindsey Wright, in
the World Cup in South Africa.
Sydney’s Sarah Kemp is another
to fit the mould. The vivacious
22-year-old blonde has won her
playing card for the 2008 US
LPGA Tour, where she will take
on world No. 1 Lorena Ochoa and
hall of famers Karrie Webb and
Annika Sorenstam.
This week, the new breed will
test their skills against many of the
world’s best in a major tournament
on a renowned and testing layout …
Daily Telegraph,
29 January 2008
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Gold in glamour: Michelle Wie the latest
to prove it pays to be beautiful
By Nick Walshaw
Michelle Wie has whacked golf
balls into swamps, stormwater
drains, even parked cars this
past year … and bagged a tidy
$14 million for her efforts.
In a spectacular case of sex
really selling, Golf Digest this week
announced American sensation
Wie as the highest money-earner
in women’s golf.
Yep, the same teenager who
broke par only twice in 2007.
Who never scored in the 60s and
made a cut just three times. In one
memorable match, struggling with
wrist injuries, she hit a parked car
and stormwater drain with the same
shot.
This is the millionaire who,
despite grossing more than
Australians Aaron Baddeley and
Geoff Ogilvy combined, made just
$11,029 swinging her own clubs …
Of course, these revelations will
have sporting purists bemoaning
the fact golf now has its very own
Anna Kournikova. All body, beauty
and bogeys.
Golfing experts will tinker with
her swing. Shrinks doing the same
with her brain.
Trying all those gimmicks
once used on Kournikova, Mark
Philippoussis and countless other
beautiful folk from whom we
demanded more.
Yet just like the Poo with his
Ferraris and models, or Kournikova
with her swimsuit shoots and film
gigs, Wie will continue making
millions.
Why? Because if the girl
straddling her motorbike in those
Chiko Roll ads taught us anything,
it’s sex sells.
It was Kournikova, remember,
who signed a lucrative contract
with Berlei sports bras seemingly
hours after turning 18. Pictured
half naked next to a catchline Only
the balls should bounce.
In 1999 her dipping career
earned only $800,000 on court
but the most Googled woman on
the planet still made $20 million in
endorsements.
In comparison, world No. 1
Martina Hingis made $5 million
on court and still couldn’t catch
her earnings.
Wie, who only cut her 18th
birthday cake last October, made
$10 million the instant she turned
professional a week before her 16th
birthday.
But more than just a good
sort, this Stanford student also
speaks fluent Korean, Chinese and
Japanese. In 2006, Time magazine
listed her among the ‘100 people
who shape our world’.
Of course, those magazine titles
can be as short-lived as the on sale
dates …
Daily Telegraph, 17 January 2008
Femininity and masculinity in sport
In small groups, create a cartoon strip for a sports newspaper. The cartoon strip should consist of at least six scene
boxes and needs to present male and female athletes in a non-stereotypical way. Publish the cartoon strips in the
school newsletter or create an ongoing series and produce a cartoon book for viewing in the school library.
Critical inquiry
Research and Review
1
Note the photographs and captions on pages
279 and 280. Discuss how the media portray male
and female athletes differently.
1
2
Describe how the values of Australian society
are reflected in the way males and females are
presented in the media.
3
Justify whether the media have the power and
ability to change stereotypical images of males
and females.
4
Examine the articles on pages 279–281. Analyse
the media’s role in the perception of women
athletes.
Collect several sports articles from newspapers,
magazines and/or the Internet, then complete the
following tasks:
a
b
c
Analyse why men and women are represented
differently in the media.
Justify the benefits to the media of
representing men and women in this way.
Discuss how the words and images used
to describe female and male athletes relate
to traditional notions of being male
and female.
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Challenges to the male domain
Women’s participation in sport and physical activity has
been limited to certain sports, and for specific purposes.
Women have traditionally participated in golf and tennis, and
their participation has been for health and social reasons.
Before 1948, women participated in only two Olympic sports:
swimming and athletics. The women’s marathon was not
introduced into Olympic competition until the Los Angeles
Games in 1984. Numerous practices have contributed to
minimising the participation of women in physical activity and
sport. These include the creation of by-laws regarding club
membership, the celebration of feminine physiques and the
encouragement of myths regarding biological inadequacy.
In recent times, the traditional boundaries of sport for
men and women have been crossed. Today, women are
become increasingly involved in sports requiring strength,
body contact and risk-taking, such as rugby union, rugby
league and boxing. These sports were once considered
suitable only for males.
Much debate surrounds the entry of women into these
traditional male domains, and the trespass of women onto
male sporting territory has been met with hostility, and
ridicule of their performances. Women’s successes have
at times been trivialised, and their athleticism viewed as
compromising their femininity.
It was traditionally believed that the contact nature of
some sports, such as rugby and boxing, was a sufficient
deterrent for most women. However, increasing numbers
of young women are joining the ranks of players in these
sports. Women who participate in sports that are viewed
as traditionally male are at risk of being the target of
homophobic comments, and having their femininity
questioned. Women who develop muscular bodies are
considered to be abnormal, whereas muscle-bound males
are objects of appeal.
Males are also participating in traditional female
sports, such as netball. The pace of the play has enticed
a large number of males to the game. However, few males
encounter harassment as a result of their participation.
The article below examines some of the perceptions of girls
playing a traditional male sport.
Critical inquiry
1
Read the article below, then complete the
following tasks:
a Discuss why females have recently undertaken
traditional male sports.
b Identify the barriers that discourage girls from
participating in traditional male sports.
c Propose a variety of methods that may be
utilised to overcome these barriers.
Challenging the male domain
Design a promotional campaign for a sport that
females have traditionally not played. The purpose of
the campaign is to encourage female students in your
school to participate in this sport. Use posters and
visual images in the form of a PowerPoint presentation
and/or Photo Story of successful female players to
increase student interest. Encourage female teachers
to participate in the competition as either players or
officials. Invite a successful female athlete of such a
game to speak to the students or referee a game.
Alicia Eva is a match for boys
By Amelia Harris
… [Alicia Eva, a] Year 11 student
at Sacre Coeur, plays on the
ball and up forward for the East
Malvern Junior Football Club in
the youth girls (13 to 18 years old)
competition.
She played in a premiership
hat-trick from 2004–06 with her
school team before it folded and its
players drifted to the East Malvern
Knights …
Eva, of East Malvern, said it was
becoming more accepted for girls
to play football.
‘It depends who you come
across,’ she said.
‘Some people find it really cool.
They’re like, “Oh, wow I wish I got
into that”.
‘Then there are the people
who are like, “Oh, that’s a bit
weird”.They kind of believe it’s
a male’s game.
‘People are just accepting it’s a
game for both genders.
‘I wouldn’t go up to someone
and say I play AFL football because
there’s always been that stereotype
behind it (women footballers).’ …
Eva began playing as a sevenyear-old before joining the under9s at East Malvern.
‘Because my primary school
was small it was a majority of boys,’
she said.
‘In Year 6 I only had eight
people in my class and there were
only three girls. We used to just
join in and play footy with
the boys.’
A joint winner of last year’s
league best-and-fairest, Eva is part
of the 30-member Youth Girls
Academy which meets monthly at
Windy Hill.
‘I feel kind of proud of
everything because there are a lot
of girls playing in the league now,’
she said …
Herald Sun, 10 May 2008
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su mm a r y
15
WHAT ARE THE RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN SPORT AND PHYSICAL
ACTIVITY AND GENDER?
Chapter summary
• Traditionally sport has been viewed as the domain
of the male gender, with females playing a lesser,
supportive role.
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Sport has played a large role in determining
what it means to be male and female and, thus,
characteristics associated with femininity and
masculinity have developed into narrow and often
stereotyped perceptions of gender.
3
Outline what needs to occur, in your opinion, to
ensure women’s participation in sport continues
to expand.
4
Describe the impact that the media have had on
the participation rates of women in sport and the
perception of women’s sport in society.
Extension activities
1
Compile a media file consisting of a variety of
articles that either demonstrate traditional meaning
associated with femininity and masculinity in sport
or challenge this notion.
2
Complete a Venn diagram to compare the entry of
women into traditional male sports and the entry
of men into traditional female sports. Consider the
reaction of the public and media and its appeal to
spectators and sponsors.
3
Research the participation rates of both women and
men in a variety of sports. The participation can be
in active playing roles as well as other roles, such as
coaching. Discuss what these statistics demonstrate
in terms of which sports are considered traditionally
male and those considered traditionally female.
Women’s sports have traditionally lacked corporate
support in terms of sponsorship as they have lacked
the media coverage that has been afforded to male
sports, but this is starting to change.
4
Conduct a class debate on the following topic.
‘Men should stick to “male” sports and women to
“female” sports’.
The media have played a major role in the
construction of meaning around femininity and
masculinity in sport through their use of language
and the images they select for portrayal.
Exam-style questions
Traditionally women were discouraged from
participating actively in sport as it interfered
with society’s gender expectation of women as
homemakers and mothers. Medical professionals
perpetuated the myth that physical exertion would
harm women’s reproductive function.
Women who participated in team sports or
sports requiring physical exertion have had their
sexuality questioned.
Young girls need positive role models, encouragement and adequate access to resources to ensure
that sports participation rates for women continue
to expand, particularly beyond sports traditionally
associated with the female gender.
1
Assess the ways that sport contributes to traditional
notions of masculinity and femininity. (12 marks)
2
Propose a variety of ways that sport has the ability
to challenge traditional, narrow understandings of
gender. (8 marks)
3
Evaluate the role of the media in constructing
meanings around femininity and masculinity in sport.
(12 marks)
Define the terms ‘masculinity’ and ‘femininity’.
4
Distinguish between the ability of sport to reinforce
traditional notions of gender and its ability to
challenge them.
Describe how the social construction of gender can
affect participation rates in sport. (8 marks)
5
Discuss how women have challenged traditional
male sporting boundaries. (8 marks)
Women are challenging the male domain, with
increasing numbers participating in male-dominated
sports, such as the football codes.
Revision activities
1
2
283
11/9/09 2:11:19 PM
outcomes#
A student:
H8 explains how a variety of training
approaches and other interventions
enhance performance and safety in
physical activity
H13 selects and applies strategies for
the management of injuries and the
promotion of safety in sport and
physical activity
H16 devises methods of gathering,
interpreting and communicating
information about health and physical
activity concepts
H17 selects appropriate options and
formulates strategies based on a
critical analysis of the factors that affect
performance and safe participation.
16_OP3_BRO_PDHPE_HSC2e_PPS.indd 284
11/9/09 2:15:40 PM
3
option
Sports
medicine
s Option explores the issues of
c o m in g upnt,…maThinag
ement and recovery from sports
prevention, assessme
classification and management
the
ut
abo
rn
lea
l
wil
ts
den
Stu
.
ury
inj
w these conditions are managed
ho
and
es,
uri
inj
rts
spo
n
mo
com
of
also examine the strategies and
by sports medicine. Students will
occurrence of injury. The Option
the
t
ven
pre
to
ed
ign
des
ent
ipm
equ
rect treatment—both immediate
cor
of
e
anc
ort
imp
the
ses
asi
ph
em
tion process.
and ongoing through the rehabilita
focus questions
are sports injuries classified and managed?
*How .................................................................[page
286]
does sports medicine address the demands of
*How specific
athletes?........................................[page 300]
do preventative actions play in enhancing
*Whattherolewell-being
of the athlete?...................... [page 312]
*How is injury rehabilitation managed?................ [page 334]
Option 3
16_OP3_BRO_PDHPE_HSC2e_PPS.indd 285
285
11/9/09 2:15:54 PM

sport and physical activity

Transcription

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