Masterpieces - National Book Network
Transcription
Masterpieces - National Book Network
Masterpieces • • • • A century in words, pictures and music Lucid, informative and entertaining The most important paintings and musical compositions C. 100 coloured photographs and 4 Music CDs in each book The earBOOKS “Masterpieces” series provides a compact overview of music and painting through the centuries. Each volume presents the most important artworks and musical compositions of the relevant period. Background details and points of particular interest in relation to nearly each painting or piece of music are conveyed through concise and illuminating commentaries. A comprehensive introduction sets the scene, expanding on the century’s historical connection to the art of the period. Music CDs: A wealth of musical highlights from the particular century can be enjoyed on the four CDs accompanying the book.Top-class artists guarantee performances of the highest order. Contact: Edel Germany GmbH – earBOOKS – Neumühlen 17 D-22763 Hamburg/Germany Jos Bendinelli Negrone (International Distribution) e-Mail: [email protected] Tel. +49 (0) 890 85 -433 Fax +49 (0) 890 85 -9433 www.earBOOKS.net Masterpieces Masterpieces Masterpieces • featuring paintings by Bruegel, Caravaggio, Gaulli, Poussin, Rembrandt, Rubens, Vermeer etc. • featuring paintings by Canaletto, Belotto, Tiepolo, David, Goya, Guardi and Boucher etc. • featuring paintings by Coubet, Delacroix, Degas, Friedrich, Munch, Renoir, van Gogh etc. • 4 CDs with musical works e.g. by Monteverdi, Frescobaldi, Scarlatti, Purcell, Praetorius, Schütz and Sweelinck • 4 CDs with musical works e.g. by Vivaldi, Handel, J.S. Bach, Hadyn, Mozart, Telemann, J.C. Bach and Couperin • 4 CDs with musical works e.g. by Beethoven, Brahms, Chopin, Puccini, Schumann, Tchaikovsky and Verdi 132 pages · Hardcover 94 colour photos · Size: 28 x 28 cm 4 Music CDs · Text: English/German ISBN 978-3-940004-74-1 Publishing Date: October 2009 132 pages · Hardcover 100 colour photos · Size: 28 x 28 cm 4 Music CDs · Text: English/German ISBN 978-3-940004-75-8 Publishing Date: October 2009 136 pages · Hardcover c. 70 colour photos · Size: 28 x 28 cm 4 Music CDs · Text: English/German ISBN 978-3-940004-76-5 Publishing Date: October 2009 1600-1700 1700-1800 1800-1900 Baroque a style conquers the world U Brazil, all in the service of various European dynasties and the Catholic Church. p until the 19th century, artists were not mere creatures of exceptional talent, they were first and foremost contractors. Painters, like musicians, sculptors and architects, generally worked to order. Even Michelangelo, Leonardo and Dürer were considered artisans, expected to translate the musings and wishes of their contractors into visual language. They were in great demand: the courts, nobility and affluent citizens required representative images of their dominance, scenes of battle to preserve their memory, portraits of distant marriage candidates to ease the selection process, along with mythological depictions as loosely disguised reflections of the magnitude and honour of their own dynasties. The largest and most important commissioner of works remained, how ever, the Church, whose appetite for new building, altars, holy representations, clerical portraits and ‘painted prayers’ knew no bounds. Yet, as the Reformation spread, the 16th century saw the solid structure of the Catholic Church begin to shudder, whilst discoveries by Kepler and Galileo added momentum to the burgeoning critical faculties of natural science. The Popes retaliated with an unparalleled cultural offensive. In 1563, the Council of Trent redefined the means and objectives of art: faith should be taught and sustained through simplicity. Art would thus become a consciously deployed instrument of ecclesiastic propaganda, proclaiming the authority of the Catholic doctrine throughout the entire world. Consequently, Baroque set about conquering the globe, from India to Mexico, from England to { 4 1600 Giordano Bruno is burned as a heretic in Rome } { 1605 First permanent theatre in Germany } { 1609 Kepler’s first and second laws of planetary motion Rome The Eternal City was the epicentre of the intellectual and artistic world in the 17th century. Eleven rival families gave the century its popes, each one with its own entourage of artists, whose virtuous creations not only afforded educated connois seurs aesthetic pleasure, but also had a significant political role to play. In the overheated climate of the Tiberian metro polis, catalysed by intrigues, competitive tendencies and power struggles, a new style took shape. Out of the wellproportioned, measured style of the Renaissance vocabulary, influenced by antiquity, passing through Mannerism, grew an unusually dramatic form of expression: opulent, theatrical and extreme, rich in pathos, these works of art were designed to elicit emotional rather than rational responses, passion overshadowing reason. Many effects of the Baroque could be traced back to the theatre, the complete art form which appealed to all of the senses. In Italy it was Caravaggio, more than anyone, who caused a stir in the early part of the century with his use of stark light, vulgar models and hyperreal compositions. Those who commissioned his artistically and morally daring paintings were also generally men of the cloth. Artists converged in droves on Rome to inspect Caravaggio’s } { 1618 Beginning of the Thirty Years’ War } pictures. In faraway Holland, fervent admirers of the revolutionary who died so young came together in the school of art known as “Utrecht Caravaggism”, Terbrugghen among them (page 108). Caravaggio himself was deeply impressed by the vitality he found in the paintings of the Carracci family (page 18-21), who had enjoyed great success since the late 16th century. One of Annibale Carracci’s scholars was Reni (page 30-32, 35) from Bologna, whose sentimental compositions also appealed to the individual devotions of the public. There were others, Guercino (page 26, 27), known as the “squinter” and, somewhat later, the “fast working” Luca “Fà-presto” Giordano (page 29) among them, who strove to impress upon believers the supreme, undisputed legitimacy of the Catholic Church through rousing large-scale artwork. High drama was the order of the day, from naturalistic depictions of imagined scenes such as The Assumption of Mary to brutal rep resentations of human suffering, enough to make any observer’s blood freeze. These new compositions, bright colours and unusually large formats could not be missed by even the most distant spectator inside the vast church structures of the cities. Altar superstructures rose up to the “Theatrum sacrum”, the “Holy Theatre”, where figures and flourishes aplenty combined with calculated effects of the light to present a highly emotional spectacle. Last but not least, the ceilings, awash with colour, were the source of further surp rise, with heavenly creatures residing in the architectural { 1633 Galileo’s Inquisition Trial } { elements and complex perspectives creating the illusion of the church roof opening up to eternity (page 16-17, 25). Dependent on Rome: Spain, France, Southern Netherlands The great courts of 17th century Europe established their own schools of painting which reflected Roman art history in various guises. In Spain, mythological themes, genre paintings and landscapes fell victim to strict censorship. Painters like Ribera and Zurbarán (page 38-41) intensified their efforts to create a visual language which would shock through asceticism and concentration rather than opulence. El Greco arrived from Greece and honed a style so idiosyncratic that he soon lost his official commissions. Forging a career for himself as court painter to the committed patron of the arts Philip II was an astute psychologist and nonchalant virtuoso of the brushes. His name was Diego Velázquez and his fame would extend far beyond his own century (page 14, 44-48, 54). France too imported Italian Chiaroscuro painting via Caravaggisti such as de la Tour, Vouet and Poussin (page 66-71). Yet, under the absolutist rule of Louis XIII and Louis XIV (page 73), there was a movement away from Roman paradigms towards a less referential, more composed style, not only in painting and sculpture but also in architecture. In the history of art, this would become known as Baroque Classicism. The per 1637 First public opera house in Venice } { 1648 End of the Thirty Years’ War } { 1648 End of the Dutch Revolt } 5 Left/above (detail) Andrea Pozzo (1642-1709): Saint Ignatius Being Received into Heaven, 1691/94 Fresco, 17 x 36 m (Church of Sant’Ignazio, Rome) Links/oben (Ausschnitt) Andrea Pozzo (1642-1709): Himmelfahrt des Heiligen Ignatius von Loyola, 1691/94 Fresko, 17 x 36 m (Sant’Ignazio, Langhausgewölbe, Rom) Next page Annibale Carracci (1560-1609): Bacchus’ Triumph, 1595 Fresco (Palazzo Farnese, Rome) The scene is inspired by reliefs on ancient sarcophagi, but the view of the open landscape, the combination of two-dimensionally arranged groups of figures and perspective space is new. The unbridled energy of the god of wine’s triumphal procession far exceeds that of ancient works. It is clear that Carracci painted from live models. Nächste Seite Annibale Carracci (1560-1609): Triumph des Bacchus, 1595 Fresko (Palazzo Farnese, Rom) Angeregt ist die Szene durch Reliefs auf antiken Sarkophagen: Aber der Blick in die Weite der Landschaft, die Kombination von flächig arrangierter Figurengruppe und perspektivischem Raum, ist neu. Auch die wilde Energie, die diesen Triumphzug des Weingottes begleitet, übertrifft das antike Vorbild bei weitem. Hier wird deutlich, dass Carracci nach lebendigen Modellen gearbeitet hat. 17 Jan Vermeer (1632-1675): A Lady Drinking and a Gentleman, c. 1660 Oil on canvas, 66,3 x 76,5 cm (Gemäldegalerie, Berlin) Jan Vermeer (1632-1675): Herr und Dame beim Wein, um 1660 Öl auf Leinwand, 66,3 x 76,5 cm (Gemäldegalerie, Berlin) 78 Jan Vermeer (1632-1675): Girl with a Pearl Earring, c. 1665 Oil on canvas, 44,5 x 39 cm (Mauritshuis, The Hague) Jan Vermeer (1632-1675): Das Mädchen mit der Perle, um 1665 Öl auf Leinwand, 44,5 x 39 cm (Mauritshuis, Den Haag) Vermeer’s use of light on different surfaces is quite masterful. Eyes, mouth, skin, material: against a dark background, the young girl’s whole face lights up like the large pearl she wears in her ear. The identity of this captivating beauty, her mouth ever so slightly open, remains a mystery. Her striking turban was a popular accessory of the period. Meisterhaft beschreibt Vermeer die Wirkung des Lichts auf den verschiedenen Oberflächen. Auge, Mund, Haut, Stoff: Vor dem dunklen Hintergrund leuchtet das ganze Gesicht wie die große Perle am Ohr des jungen Mädchens. Mit leicht geöffnetem Mund spricht es den Betrachter direkt an. Bis heute ist die Identität der Schönen nicht geklärt. Der auffällige Turban jedenfalls war ein beliebtes Accessoire seiner Zeit. 79 Left/above (detail) Rembrandt Harmenszoon van Rijn (1606-1669): The Night Watch, 1642 Oil on canvas, 359 x 438 cm (Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam) A company of the civic guard allows itself to be portrayed. Unlike many of his colleagues, Rembrandt does not paint the individual figures in orderly rows, instead capturing their movement in a single moment. They are all about to set out together in coherent, dynamic action. Reinventing the group portrait thus was a masterstroke of scenography, owing much to theatrical presentation. Links/oben (Ausschnitt) Rembrandt Harmenszoon van Rijn (1606-1669): Die Nachtwache, 1642 Öl auf Leinwand, 359 x 438 cm (Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam) Eine Schützenkompanie, die sich selbst darstellen lässt: Rembrandt beschränkt sich nicht wie viele seiner Kollegen darauf, die einzelnen Personen in braver Reihung abzumalen, sondern zeigt eine Momentaufnahme. Der Augenblick vor dem Aufbruch ist gemeint, in dem alle Personen Teil einer gemeinsamen, dynamischen Aktion werden. Die Neuerfindung des Gruppenporträts ist eine Meisterleistung der dem Theater abgeschauten Inszenierungskunst. 111 CD 1 Spiritual and Secular – The Vatican and Italy · Kirche und Welt – der Vatikan und Italien C l a u d i o M o n t e v e r d i (1567-1643) Vespro della Beata Vergine (1610) Marienvesper · Vespers of the Blessed Virgin Mary 1 „Ave Maria, gratia plena“ – Magnificat 18:38 Dresdner Kreuzchor Capella Fidicinia Martin Flämig P 1984 VEB Deutsche Schallplatten Berlin G i r o l a m o F r e s c o b a l d i (1583-1643) 3 Partite XIV sopra l’Aria della Romanesca (Publ. 1657) 12:46 Isolde Ahlgrimm, Cembalo · harpsichord P 1972 4 Toccata F-Dur · in F major 4:52 Christian Collum Orgel · organ P 1980 VEB Deutsche Schallplatten Berlin The “Magnificat” is the grandiose finale of Claudio Monteverdi’s “Marienvesper”. At the same time, he composed a mass for six voices in the conservative style of Palestrina in a vain attempt to enter papal service. His relatively modern “Marien vesper” has, nevertheless, become a milestone of church music and is thus accorded the opening slot in our musical collection of the 17th century. His junior by sixteen years, Girolamo Frescobaldi succeeded where Monteverdi failed: he secured a post at The Vatican, that of organist in St Peter’s Basilica, a task he performed with success, to the admiration of his contemporaries. He also enjoyed a fine reputation as a talented exponent of the harpsichord, whilst also composing early forms of the suite. His improvisational skills are thought to have been even greater than the works he bequeathed to history. Das „Magnificat“ ist das grandiose Schlussstück der „Marienvesper“ von Claudio Monteverdi. Parallel komponierte er eine sechsstimmige Messe im konservativen Palestrina-Stil und versuchte damit vergeblich, in päpstliche Dienste aufgenommen zu werden. Die vergleichsweise moderne „Marienvesper“ hat sich jedoch als kirchenmusikalischer Meilenstein herausgestellt und steht daher am Anfang der Zusammenstellung über die Musik des 17. Jahrhunderts. Was Monteverdi nicht gelang, erreichte der sechzehn Jahre jüngere Girolamo Frescobaldi: Er erlangte ein Amt im Vatikan, das des Organisten am Petersdom, und übte es, bewundert von seinen Zeitgenossen, erfolgreich aus. Auch als Virtuose am Cembalo erlangte er großen Ruhm, und als Komponist erarbeitete er Vorformen der Suite. Seine Improvisationskunst soll die überlieferten Werke noch in den Schatten gestellt haben. Claudio Monteverdi B e n e d e t t o M a r c e l l o (1686-1739) „Orfeo“ (1607) 2 „Ecco pur ch’a voi ritorno“ 3:11 Peter Schreier Tenor Kammerorchester Berlin Helmut Koch P 1970 VEB Deutsche Schallplatten Berlin Anyone who earns the accolade of an entire Rowohlt monograph dedicated to his works can safely be said to have made his mark on history. Claudio Monteverdi (vol. 348) is one of the most brilliant figures of Baroque music, whose beginnings are so closely linked to his name. The 17th century played host to opera in its infancy, even though the first work of the genre, “Dafne” by Jacopo Peri, was premiered in 1598. It was Monteverdi, however, who delivered the first operatic masterpiece in 1607 with “Orfeo”. Its original mix of such different forms and genres is as sur prising as the use of symphonic preludes, interludes and postludes. Wem in der renommierten Reihe der Rowohlt-Monographien ein eigener Band gewidmet wurde, der hat es geschafft. Und Claudio Monteverdi (Bd. 348) gehört zu den wesentlichen Lichtgestalten des musikalischen Barock, dessen Beginn mit seinem Namen verknüpft ist. Das 17. Jahrhundert gilt als zeitliche Wiege der Oper – auch wenn das erste Werk der Gattung, „Dafne“ von Jacopo Peri, schon 1598 uraufgeführt wurde. In der neuen Gattung schrieb Monteverdi 1607 mit „Orfeo“ das erste Meisterwerk. Es enthält eine originelle Mischung unterschiedlichster Formen und Genres und überrascht mit der Verwendung sinfonischer Vor-, Zwischen- und Nachspiele. 120 „L’usignolo che il suo duolo“ Kantate für Alt und B. c. · Cantata for alto and b. c. 5 1. „L’usignolo che il suo duolo“ (aria) 4:43 6 2. „Se tu lo chiedi“ (recitativo) 1:13 7 3. „Quando l’alba il mondo innalba“ (aria) 2:45 Britta Schwarz Alt · alto Stefan Maass Laute · lute A co-production with Deutschlandradio P 2000 edel records GmbH Benedetto Marcello, a jurist by profession, composed some 348 secular solo cantatas as well as numerous other works (spiritual music and instrumental concerts). They often took the form of dramatic stories in miniature. Benedetto Marcello, von Beruf Jurist, komponierte neben manchen anderen Werken (geistliche Musik und Instrumentalkonzerte) 348 weltliche Solokantaten. Sie ent wickeln sich oft zu einzelnen kleinen dramatischen Geschichten. A l e s s a n d r o S c a r l at t i (1660-1725) „Mi ha diviso il cor“ Kantate für Alt und B. c. · Cantata for alto and b. c. 8 1. „Mi ha diviso il cor“ (aria) 3:08 9 2. „Mi sparisti da gl’occhi“ (recitativo) 0:41 10 3. „Pur dal mio petto ancora“ (aria) 2:34 11 4. „E diviso dal mondo“ (recitativo) 0:35 12 5. „Era poco al mio povero petto“ (aria) 2:37 Britta Schwarz Alt · alto Stefan Maass Laute · lute A co-production with Deutschlandradio P 2000 edel records GmbH As if Marcello’s solo cantata output were not prolific enough, the number of Alessandro Scarlatti’s secular cantatas beggars belief. 799 is a conservative estimate, as more have certainly been lost. Three or four arias generally alternate with recitatives. The plot is commonly based on mythological events. Wem die Menge von Marcellos Solokantatenproduktion groß vorkommt, dürfte bei der Nennung der Anzahl von Alessandro Scarlattis weltlichen Kantaten aus dem Staunen kaum herauskommen: Es handelt sich um mindestens 799, wobei nur die tatsächlich erhaltenen Kantaten gezählt werden können. Es wechseln sich typischerweise drei oder vier Arien mit Rezitativen ab; die Handlung basiert meist auf mythologischen Geschehnissen. P e t r o n i o F r a n c e s c h i n i (ca. 1650-1680) 13 Sonata für zwei Trompeten, Streicher und B. c. D-dur (1680) Sonata for 2 trumpets, strings and Continuo in D major Grave – Allegro – Adagio – Allegro 6:04 Ludwig Güttler, Trompete · trumpet I Mathias Schmutzler, Trompete · trumpet II Virtuosi Saxoniae Ludwig Güttler A l e s s a n d r o S c a r l at t i „Pirro e Demetrio“ (1694) 14 „Rugiadose, odorose, violette graziose“ 3:08 Peter Schreier Tenor Kammerorchester Berlin Helmut Koch P 1970 VEB Deutsche Schallplatten Berlin According to the man himself, Alessandro Scarlatti wrote 115 operas, although none of them features very often in operatic guides. “Pirro e Demetrio” was written for the theatre in Naples and enjoyed a highly successful premiere there in 1694, another in Braunschweig two years later and again in London in 1708. Nach seiner eigenen Zählung soll es 115 Opern von Alessandro Scarlatti gegeben haben, von denen es jedoch keine in gängige Opernführer schaffen konnte. „Pirro e Demetrio“, für das Theater in Neapel geschrieben, wurde dort 1694 sehr erfolgreich uraufgeführt und schon zwei Jahre später in Braunschweig sowie 1708 in London nachgespielt. F r a n c e s c o G a s pa r i n i (1668-1727) „Importuno Cupido“ (ca. 1700) 15 „Primavera che tutt’amorosa“ (aria) 3:55 Peter Schreier Tenor Kammerorchester Berlin Helmut Koch P 1970 VEB Deutsche Schallplatten Berlin Francesco Gasparini, Benedetto Marcello’s tutor, composed more than fifty operas. He was a protagonist of the Roman school of opera, which could not match the international reputation of the more successful Neopolitan school. Francesco Gasparini, Lehrer von Benedetto Marcello, komponierte mehr als fünfzig Opern und gilt als Vertreter der römischen Opernschule, die neben der erfolgreichen neapolitanischen jedoch keine Weltgeltung erlangen konnte. P 1992 Deutsche Schallplatten Berlin GmbH In the year 1675, the excellent cellist Petronio Franceschini successfully applied for a coveted post at the San Petronio Basilica in Bologna. He would play there until shortly before his death in October 1680, having been summoned to Venice by the Abbate Vincenzo Grimani to compose the “Dioniso” opera. After completing the first act, Franceschini fell ill and died. His short life was celebrated in a remembrance service on 25th January, 1681 which, paid for by his friends, revealed the measure of Franceschini’s stature. This sonata for two trumpets, strings and continuo was composed in the last year of his life for the Basilica in Bologna, where trumpets sound as marvellous today as they did centuries ago. Als ausgezeichneter Cellist bewarb sich Petronio Franceschini 1675 erfolgreich um den begehrten Posten an der Basilika von San Petronio in Bologna. Bis kurz vor seinem Tod im Oktober 1680 hatte er die Stelle inne, dann berief ihn der Abate Vincenzo Grimani nach Venedig und beauftragte ihn mit der Komposition der Oper „Dioniso“, wobei Franceschini nach Vollendung des ersten Aktes erkrankte und starb. Ein feierlicher Trauergottesdienst am 25. Januar 1681 auf Kosten seiner Freunde zeigt die Achtung, die Franceschini in seinem kurzen Leben erworben hatte. Die Sonate für zwei Trompeten, Streicher und B. c. aus seinem letzten Lebensjahr ist eine Komposition für die Basilika in Bologna, in der Trompetenklänge damals wie heute besonders gut zum Tragen kommen. 121 M a s t e r p i e c e s 1600-1700 – A century in words, pictures and music – lucid, informative and entertaining. www.earbooks.net ISBN 978-3-940004-74-1 The earBOOKS “Masterpieces” series provides a compact overview of music and painting through the centuries. The “1600-1700” volume presents the most important artworks and musical compositions of the 17th century. Background detail and points of particular interest in relation to each painting or piece of music are conveyed through concise and illuminating commenta ries. A compreh ensive introduction sets the scene, expanding on the century’s historical connection to the art of the period. Music CDs: A wealth of musical highlights from the 17th century can be enjoyed on the four CDs accompanying the book. Performers like Britta Schwarz, Christoph Genz, Ludwig Güttler, the Dresdner Kreuzchor, The Harp Consort with Andrew Lawrence King and the Schütz Akademie, directed by Howard Arman guarantee top-class performances. 9<HTOJPA=a eheb> M e i s t e rw e r k e 1600-1700 – Ein Jahrhundert in Wort, Bild und Musik – fachkundig, leicht verständlich und unterhaltsam. Die earBOOKS-Serie „Meisterwerke“ präsentiert einen kompakten Überblick über die Malerei und die Musik verschiedener Jahrhunderte. Der Band „1600-1700“ stellt die bedeutendsten Gemälde und musikalischen Werke des 17. Jahrhunderts vor. Kurze, informative Kommentare vermitteln Hintergrundwissen über die Gemälde und die Musik. Eine umfassende Einleitung stellt das Jahrhundert in seinen Charakteristika dar und beleuchtet Zusammenhänge zwischen Geschichte und Kunst dieser Zeit. Musik-CDs: Die beiliegenden vier CDs präsentieren die musikalischen Höhepunkte des 17. Jahrhunderts. Namhafte Interpreten wie Britta Schwarz, Christoph Genz, Ludwig Güttler, der Dresdner Kreuzchor, The Harp Consort mit Andrew Lawrence King und die Schütz Akademie unter Howard Arman bürgen für höchste Qualität. CD 1 CD 2 CD 3 CD 4 The Vatican and Italy Der Vatikan und Italien Baroque in France and England Barockes Frankreich und England German Sacred Vocal Music Geistliche deutsche Vokalmusik Instrumental Highlights Höhepunkte der Instrumentalmusik C laudio M onteverdi (1567-1643) Vespro della Beata Vergine (1610) Marienvesper · Vespers of the Blessed Virgin Mary 1 „Ave Maria, gratia plena“ – Magnificat 18:38 „Orfeo“ (1607) 2 „Ecco pur ch’a voi ritorno“ 3:11 J acques C hampion de C hambonnières (1601-1672) Suite F-Dur · in F major 1 1. Allemande 2:26 2 2. Courante 1:05 3 3. Courante 0:57 4 4. Sarabande 2:10 5 5. Canaries 1:31 M ichael P raetorius (1571?-1621) D ietrich B uxtehude (1637-1707) „Herzlich lieb hab ich dich“ 3:27 „Mit Fried und Freud ich fahr dahin“ 0:53 3 „Hört auf mit Weinen und Klagen“ 1:13 (Musae Sioniae VIII, 1610) H ans L eo H a ß ler (1564-1612) J ohannes C hristoph D emantius N icolaus B ruhns (1665-1697) (1567-1643) 4 Threnodia „Quis dabit oculis“ (1611) 11:06 J ohann J akob F roberger (1616-1667) G irolamo F rescobaldi (1583-1643) 3 4 Partite XIV sopra l’Aria della Romanesca 12:46 Toccata F-Dur · in F major 4:52 B enedetto M arcello (1686-1739) „L’usignolo che il suo duolo“ Kantate für Alt und B. c. · Cantata for alto and b. c. 5 1. „L’usignolo che il suo duolo“ (aria) 4:43 6 2. „Se tu lo chiedi“ (recitativo) 1:13 7 3. „Quando l’alba il mondo innalba“ (aria) 2:45 A lessandro S carlatti (1660-1725) „Mi ha diviso il cor“ Kantate für Alt und B. c. · Cantata for alto and b. c. 8 1. „Mi ha diviso il cor“ (aria) 3:08 9 2. „Mi sparisti da gl’occhi“ (recitativo) 0:41 10 3. „Pur dal mio petto ancora“ (aria) 2:34 11 4. „E diviso dal mondo“ (recitativo) 0:35 12 5. „Era poco al mio povero petto“ (aria) 2:37 P etronio F ranceschini (ca. 1650-1680) 13 Sonata für zwei Trompeten, Streicher und B. c. D-Dur (1680) · Sonata for 2 trumpets, strings and Continuo in D major 6:04 A lessandro S carlatti „Pirro e Demetrio“ (1694) 14 „Rugiadose, odorose, violette graziose“ 3:08 F rancesco G asparini (1668-1727) „Importuno Cupido“ (ca. 1700) 15 „Primavera che tutt’amorosa“ (aria) 3:55 Peter Schreier · Britta Schwarz · Isolde Ahlgrimm Ludwig Güttler · Mathias Schmutzler · Christian Collum · Stefan Maass · Dresdner Kreuzchor Kammerorchester Berlin · Virtuosi Saxoniae Capella Fidicinia · Martin Flämig · Helmut Koch M arin M arais (1656-1728) 6 Les Folies d’Espagne (ca. 1685 / Publ. 1701) 12:30 Thema und Variationen · Theme and variations L ouis C ouperin (1626-1661) 1 2 5 Threnus (1617) 4:48 J ohn D owland (1563-1626) S amuel S cheidt (1587-1654) W illiam L awes (1602-1645) Fantasy suite 7:20 Fantasy – Almain – Gaillard – Close 12 H enry P urcell (1659-1695) „Music for a while“ (1692) 3:23 14 „Now that the sun sah veil’d bis light“ (1688) 3:15 15 „If music be the food of love“ (1692-95) 4:01 16 „Bess of Bedlam“ („From silent shades“, 1683) 4:47 13 Christoph Genz · Jörg Becker · Eckart Haupt Monika Rost · Michael Freimuth · The Harp Consort Andrew Lawrence-King 3 4 5 6 6 Ich glaub und weiß SSWV 327 (1637) 3:32 Paduane à 4 SSWV 572 (1621-25) 1:31 Lobet, ihr Himmel, den Herrn SSWV 225-227 (1634) 9:41 8 9 10 H einrich S chütz Schwanengesang (1662-71) 10 „Zeige mir, Herr, den Weg“ SWV 484 5:53 11 „Ich rufe von ganzem Herzen“ SWV 491 7:06 12 „Meine Seele erhebt den Herrn“ SWV 494 6:35 Passacaglia d-Moll · in D minor BuxWV 161 7:13 Canzon (1601) 1:59 Präludium e-Moll · in E minor 5:32 Tombeau 3:40 J ohann P achelbel (1653-1706) H einrich S chütz (1585-1672) „Die mit Tränen“ SWV 378 3:15 7 „Das ist je gewißlich wahr“ SWV 388 4:08 (Geistliche Chormusik 1648) The Right Honourable Robert, Earl of Essex, His Galliard für Laute solo · for solo lute 1:58 10 „Sorrow stay“ 3:04 11 „Fine knacks for Ladies“ 2:41 2 J ohann H ermann S chein (1586-1630) Suite d-Moll · in D minor 7 1. Prélude 6:56 8 8. Chaconne 3:25 9 1 Fantasia g-Moll · in G minor 2:39 Toccata c-Moll · in C minor 2:29 M oritz L andgraf H essen J an P ieterszoon S weelinck (1562-1621) 8 „Mein junges Leben hat ein End“ 6:33 G iuseppe T orelli (1658-1709) 9 Sonata D-Dur für Trompete, Streicher und B. c. · Sonata in D major for trumpet, strings and b. c. (1690) 9:20 M atthias W eckmann (1619-1674) 10 Jochen Kowalski · Werner Marschall Capella Sagittariana Dresden · Mitglieder des Rundfunk-Kinderchores Berlin · Berliner Solisten Schütz-Akademie · Stadtsingechor Halle Berolina Quartett · Dorothea Köhler Dietrich Knothe · Howard Arman von (1572-1632) 7 Canzona 1:58 Fantasia d-Moll · in D minor 5:57 A lessandro P oglietti (? - 1683) 11 Aria Allemagna con alcuni Variazioni sopra l’Età della Maestà Vostra (1677) 9:08 J ohann P achelbel 12 Canon per 3 Violini e Basso (Kanon und Gigue) D-Dur · in D major 5:58 Isolde Ahlgrimm · Ludwig Güttler · Robert Köbler Hans Otto · Hans Heintze · Christoph Krummacher Blechbläserensemble Ludwig Güttler Virtuosi Saxoniae · Dresdner Philharmonie Kurt Masur The Age of Enlightenment F rom the Late Baroque to the French Revolution, from Rococo to Classicism, from Jesuit drama to pastoral poetry: the 18th century was an era of radical change and sharp contrasts. Art faced unfamiliar challenges as the European balance of power shifted, the influence of religion waned and a new philosophy, more aligned with the laws of nature, emerged. There were, of course, particularly in the Catholic countries, churches to be furnished, altars and tombs to be fitted, portraits of rulers ordered and residencies to be decorated. In German-speaking countries, artists like Franz Anton Maulbertsch, Paul Troger and Johann Michael Rottmayr (page 14-17) added lustre to the art of the Late Baroque, through the great fresco programmes in particular and the way they combined colour, stucco, perspective and allegory into an art form of extravagant beauty. But the 18th century also saw the institution of the church grow more distant. Rome surrendered its status as the focal point of European artistic activity. Traditionally renowned for innovation in art, this role passed to another Italian city: Venice. Venice La Serenissima may have fallen out of favour with the great powers in 17th century Europe, but the lagoon city, detached from the mainland, was to hold a magnetic fascination for travellers from all over the world. Particularly at carnival time, the entire European high nobility congregated here, masks providing them with cover for clandestine indulgences which { 4 1701-1714 War of Spanish Succession } { convention, familial concerns or censorship repressed at home. In no other place did so many prostitutes ply their trade, nowhere else could adventures of love be so readily arranged. Venice became the capital of libertine festivals, theatre, fairs and musical life, enriched by Vivaldi – and the centre of the European art market. Venetian painting itself also developed into a significantly successful export commodity. As early as the 16th century, Giorgione, Titian, Tintoretto and Veronese had been instrumental in creating a recognized, independent school of art, characterized by Venetian colore, the glowing depth of their coloured shading. Whilst the works of Sebastiano Ricci (page 24-25) embraced both tradition and modernity, Piazetta and Tiepolo (page 18-21, 23), would inject new impulses into Venetian painting in the 18th century. The latter especially was soon celebrated throughout Europe for his illusionist magic tricks and dextrous compositions, his festive use of colour and a cheerful lightness borrowed from theatrical scenery; the decoration of the Würzburg Residenz is a perfect example of his art in all its finery (page 18-20). The 18th century also saw the veduta and capriccio become specialities of Venetian painting. Giovanni Antonio Canal (known as Canaletto) (page 32-33) painted topographically exact reproductions of resplendent waterways, squares pulsating with life and intricate facades, all following strict, tectonic design. The architectural representations of the second great veduta painter, Francesco Guardi (page 26-29, 31), could not have been more different, with freer imaginative perspective and softer contours. It fell to Canaletto’s nephew, Bernardo Bellotto (page page 36-39), 1715 Death of Louis XIV, “Sun King” of France Louis XV becomes King of France First excavations of Pompeii } to enrich the compositional principles of veduta painting with glimpses of everyday life and scenery for export to the Court of Dresden. Rosalba Carriera (page 34), found herself one of a select few women to prosper on the art market, her works commissioned by figures of princely stature. Her exquisitely elegant and psychologically engaging miniatures and pastel portraits enjoyed considerable international popularity. The success of Venetian painting was attributable in no small measure to foreign patrons of the arts or agents who actively built up collections. Their number included the English banker and consul Joseph Smith and, in the service of the Serenissima, General Matthias Graf von der Schulenburg. France Following the War of the Spanish Succession, which ended in 1714, France became the dominant political and economic force in Europe. Its supremacy extended to the cultural atmosphere of the continent. French was spoken at all of the courts, French cuisine was served up on European dining tables, fashion was led by Parisian couture and the salons could be heard discussing authors whose beliefs in the laws of nature, in tolerance, reason and humanity touched a chord with the audience in a most personal way: Montesquieu and Diderot, Voltaire and Rousseau. In the country itself, a change in taste occurred around 1720 with the emergence of “style rocaille”, referring to the arrangement of stones in natural forms like shells, known as Rococo. Under Louis XV, gaudy, official representation à la { 1740 Frederick II (Frederick the Great) becomes King of Prussia, Marie-Thérèse Queen of Austria-Hungary } { Versailles was superseded by more personal and intimate forms of expression, smaller in scale and addressing those subtle nuances of feeling which gave the era its name: the Age of Sensibility. Out of academic Versailles Baroque Classicism, influenced by the rules of Antiquity, arose a decorative system rich in asymmetry and sweeping lines which echoed nature’s growth and randomness. As the French aristocracy increasingly sought decorative images to hang on their own walls, painters like Watteau (page 51-55), Fragonard (page 45-49), Nattier (page 56) and Boucher (page 41-43) obliged with ornate works of a sometimes frivolous lightness. Antoine Watteau in particular, born one year before Bach and Handel in 1684, succeeded in combining poetry and melancholy with a musical sense of balanced harmony in his mythical island of Cythera. By the mid-18th century, the ideas of the Enlightenment began to bear fruit, challenging social equality and the sheen of stylization prevalent in courtly life. Rousseau’s “back to nature” call instigated a new trend, typified by Marie Antoinette’s peasant village at Versaille, where she dressed as a shepherdess. A whole new concept of landscape gardening spread from England to the continent, in which nature was no longer subj ected to geometric constraints, but allowed to roam as freely as in the “natural” landscapes painted by artists such as Claude Lorrain. Championed by Diderot, the artist Chardin (page 58, 60, 70) depicted bourgeois scenes and characters and composed aesthetic still lifes of pots and barrels. Meanwhile in Paris, the price of bread trebled, with discontent and opposition to the crown growing accordingly. After the fall of 1748 The Bayreuth Opera House opens } { 1750 Jean-Jacques Rousseau: Discourse on the Arts and Sciences (French philosophy on the “back to nature” theme) } { 1751 Diderot and Alambert: The first volumes of the encyclopaedia are published } 5 Canaletto (Giovanni Antonio Canal) (1697-1768): The Bucintoro at the Molo on Ascension Day, c. 1732 Oil on canvas, 58,3 x 101,8 cm (Dulwich Picture Gallery, London) Canaletto’s representative panorama contains all manner of tourist attractions: the Palazzo Ducale, San Marco, Campanile, the Column of St Theodore, Venice Clock Tower, the Biblioteca and, of course, picturesque gondolas. A red flag flying against a blue background draws attention to the actual subject of the painting: the Doge’s state ship, the “Bucintoro”. Canaletto (Giovanni Antonio Canal) (1697-1768): Der Bucintoro an der Mole am Himmelfahrtstag, um 1732 Öl auf Leinwand, 58,3 x 101,8 cm (Dulwich Gemäldegalerie, London) Canalettos auf Repräsentation angelegtes Panorama enthält touristische Attraktionen aller Art: Dogenpalast, San Marco, Campanile, die Säule mit dem Heiligen Theodor, Uhrenturm, die Biblioteca sowie malerische Gondeln. Die rote Flagge vor blauem Hintergrund kündigt jedoch mit kräftiger Signalwirkung die eigentliche Hauptsache an: den „Bucintoro“, das Prachtschiff des Dogen. 32 33 Ètienne Liotard (1702-1789): The Chocolate Girl, 1744/45 Pastel on parchment, 82,5 x 52,5 cm (Old Masters Picture Gallery, Dresden) The graceful demeanour of the young servant girl with a delicate complexion and clad in fine materials guaranteed the painting by the Franco-Swiss artist lasting admiration. A charming Meissner porcelain cup with exquisite drink completes this miniature cultural history of taste. Ètienne Liotard (1702-1789): Das Schokoladenmädchen, 1744/45 Pastell auf Pergament, 82,5 x 52,5 cm (Gemäldegalerie Alte Meister, Dresden) Die anmutige Haltung der jungen Serviererin, die Delikatesse des Kolorits und die Kostbarkeit der Stoffe sichern dem Gemälde des französisch-schweizerischen Malers die anhaltende Bewunderung des Publikums. Zusammen mit dem exquisiten Getränk und der erlesenen Tasse im Meissner „Tischchen“-Dekor entfaltet es eine kleine Kulturgeschichte des Geschmacks. Right Jean-Honoré Fragonard (1732-1806): The Swing, 1767 Oil on canvas, 81 x 64 cm (Wallace Collection, London) Rechts Jean-Honoré Fragonard (1732-1806): Die Schaukel, 1767 Öl auf Leinwand, 81 x 64 cm (Wallace Collection, London) 44 Next page Francisco de Goya (1746-1828): The Nude Maja (detail), c. 1797 Oil on canvas, 97 x 190 cm (Prado Museum, Madrid) Nächste Seite Francisco de Goya (1746-1828): Die nackte Maja (Ausschnitt), um 1797 Öl auf Leinwand, 97 x 190 cm (Prado-Museum, Madrid) Francisco de Goya (1746-1828): The Duchess of Alba, 1795 Oil on canvas, 194 x 130 cm (Collection of the Duchess of Alba, Madrid) Goya painted the Duchess of Alba more often than any other woman. In the ranking order of the Spanish court, her position was immediately behind the queen. Were the Duchess and the artist lovers? Perhaps the way she points at the little dog – a classical symbol of faithfulness – offers a clue. Francisco de Goya (1746-1828): Die Herzogin von Alba, 1795 Öl auf Leinwand, 194 x 130 cm (Sammlung Gräfin von Alba, Madrid) Keine Frau hat Goya öfter dargestellt als die Herzogin von Alba, die in der Rangfolge der spanischen Hof gesellschaft gleich hinter der Königin firmierte. Ob sie ein Liebesverhältnis mit dem Maler verband, ist bis heute ungeklärt. Auffällig ist zumindest die Geste, mit der sie auf den kleinen Hund weist: Er ist das klassische Symbol der Treue. Francisco de Goya (1746-1828): The Duke of Alba, 1795 Oil on canvas, 195 x 126 cm (Prado Museum, Madrid) Francisco de Goya (1746-1828): Der Herzog von Alba, 1795 Öl auf Leinwand, 195 x 126 cm (Prado-Museum, Madrid) Right/above (detail) Joseph Wright of Derby (1734-1797): An Experiment on a Bird in an Air Pump, 1768 Oil on canvas, 183 x 244 cm (Tate Gallery, London) The Enlightenment becomes socially acceptable. One of the decisive images of the 18th century may owe much to the tradition of the Utrecht Caravaggisti, but is the first to concern itself with a scientific experiment. This attempt to prove the phenomenon of a vacuum is quite likely to have had fatal consequences for the imprisoned cockatoo. Observers are drawn into the tension of the artfully created scene. Rechts/oben (Ausschnitt) Joseph Wright of Derby (1734-1797): Das Experiment mit dem Vogel in der Luftpumpe, 1768 Öl auf Leinwand, 183 x 244 cm (Tate Gallery, London) Die Aufklärung wird gesellschaftsfähig: Eines der Schlüsselbilder des 18. Jahrhunderts ist zwar in der Tradition der Utrechter Caravaggisten gemalt, aber es gilt erstmals einem wissenschaftlichen Experiment. Nachgewiesen werden soll das Phänomen des Vakuums, das möglicherweise den eingesperrten Kakadu das Leben kosten wird. Die kunstvoll inszenierte Spannung bezieht auch den Betrachter mit ein. 90 CD 1 Baroque Highlights · Höhepunkt des Barock A n t o n i o V i va l d i (1678-1741) Die vier Jahreszeiten · The Four Seasons Concerto Nr. 1 „Der Frühling“ E-Dur, RV 269 Concerto No. 1 “Spring” in E major, RV 269 1 1. Allegro 3:07 2 2. Largo 1:36 3 3. Allegro 3:25 Concerto Nr. 2 „Der Sommer“ f-Moll, RV 315 Concerto No. 2 “Summer” in G minor, RV 315 4 1. Allegro non molto 4:57 5 2. Adagio – Presto 1:30 6 3. Presto 2:31 Concerto Nr. 3 „Der Herbst“ F-Dur, RV 293 Concerto No. 3 “Autumn” in F major, RV 293 7 1. Allegro 4:21 8 2. Adagio molto 2:27 9 3. Allegro 2:38 Concerto Nr. 4 „Der Winter“ f-Moll, RV 297 Concerto No. 4 “Winter” in F minor, RV 297 10 1. Allegro non molto 3:05 11 2. Largo 1:14 12 3. Allegro 2:52 Thomas Zehetmair Camerata Bern Violine & Künstlerische Leitung · Violin & artistic director P 1996 edel records GmbH 331 years ago, most probably in Venice, one of the most important composers of Italian Baroque was born: Antonio Vivaldi. His father taught him to play the violin before, aged fifteen, the boy prepared himself for a life in the priesthood. Ordained in 1703, he would read Mass in Oleo for the next two years, but was forced to retire from his post “due to an illness which has plagued me since childhood” (asthma). Thereafter, Vivaldi, known as “Il prete rosso” (the red priest) on account of his red hair, was enlisted as violin tutor and conductor at the “Ospedale della Pièta”, an orphanage for illegitimate children and physically handicapped girls, where he took charge of the house orchestra. Vivaldi threw himself into his work with great energy, empathy and pedagogical ability, teaching his pupils to practice and perform instrumental music. Under his direction, they developed into a first-rate orchestra, playing a number of works composed by their mentor. Aside from a few professional intermezzi, Vivaldi remained at the “Ospedale” until 1740. By this time, his own compositions were aired primarily in Amsterdam and Italy. From 1725, Vivaldi’s “Il Cimento dell’ Armonia e dell’ Inventione” (The Contest between Harmony and Invention) became available in Amsterdam as “Opus 8”. Comprising a dozen violin concerti consisting of three movements, the first four concertos are collectively known as “Le Quattro Stagione” (The Four Seasons). The other concerti carry titles such as “Il Piacere” (Pleasure), “Il Sospetto” (Suspicion), “L’Amoroso” (The Lover) or “Il Gardellino” (The Goldfinch). Each of the “Four Seasons” concerti is accompanied by a sonnet, a “Sonetto Dimostrativo”, widely believed to be the work of the composer himself, designed to “explain the music more simply”, as Vivaldi wrote in his dedication. The score was 120 accentuated with lines of text and capital letters to guide the listener through the structural mood of the piece. The 1086 bars of “Il Quattro Stagione” begin, naturally enough, with “II Primavera” (Spring), a concerto in E major. Its story opens with birdsong, subsequently interrupted by the first storm of the season. Later, in the largo movement, a shepherd can be heard sleeping, his “faithful dog at his side”, followed by nymphs and shepherds dancing “under the glorious spring sky” in the pastoral third movement. “L’Estate” (Summer), a concerto in G minor, is largely concerned with southerly climes and the weather’s effect on nature: the “relentless heat”, “scorched pines”; enter the cuckoo, the dove, the goldfinch. This time, a northerly wind disturbs the proceedings of the first movement. In the adagio, a shepherd slumbers as a summer storm approaches then crashes into life in the closing presto, sweeping impressively through the strings as “thunder and lightning and hailstones”, the accompanying text tells us, “destroy lavender and corn”. Autumn (“L’Autunno”) arrives as the peasantry celebrate “with song and dance the harvest safely gathered in”. Joy in F major is drowned in alcohol, bringing on deep slumber. The adagio movement, in a particularly charming style (“Il cembalo arpeggio”) heralds the “peaceful time coming”, an invitation to “sleep without a care” – which clearly does not apply to all living creatures, as the hunters emerge to harry and terrorize their “quarry”. It is not slaughtered, however, but “dies... harried...by the horns and cries”, as depicted by the strings. “L’Inverno” (Winter) offers in its first movement a musical depiction of snow, cold wind and chattering teeth. Pizzicati raindrops played by violins land on windows in the largo, whilst the concluding movement warns of the dangers of treading on the ice and the wind, “bellowing in the stovepipe”. Vor 331 Jahren wurde, wahrscheinlich in Venedig, einer der bedeutendsten Komponisten des italienischen Barock geboren: Antonio Vivaldi. Nachdem er den ersten Violinunterricht bei seinem Vater hinter sich hatte, bereitete sich der Fünfzehnjährige auf die Priesterlaufbahn vor. Die Priesterweihe erhielt er 1703, las anschließend zwei Jahre in Oleo die Messe, musste dieses Amt aber „wegen einer Krankheit, die mich seit frühester Kindheit belastet“ (Asthma) niederlegen. In der Folgezeit leitete Vivaldi, den man seiner Haarfarbe wegen „Il prete rosso“ (Der rote Priester) nannte, als Violinlehrer und Dirigent das Hausorchester der „Ospedale della Pièta“, ein Waisen haus für unehelich geborene oder körperlich behinderte Mädchen. Vivaldi löste seine Aufgabe, mit ihnen Instrumentalmusik zu üben und aufzuführen, mit Engagement, Einfühlungsvermögen und pädagogischer Erfahrung. Es entwickelte sich unter seiner Leitung ein erstklassiges Orchester, für das er diverse Werke komponierte. Von wenigen beruflichen Intermezzi abgesehen, verbrachte Vivaldi bis 1740 seine Zeit am „Ospedale“. Derweil erschienen vor allem in Amsterdam und in Italien seine kompositorischen Werke. Als „Opus 8“ konnte man ab 1725 zunächst in Amsterdam Vivaldis „Il Cimento dell’ Armonia e dell’ Inventione“ (Der Wettstreit zwischen Harmonie und Einfall) erwerben. Es handelt sich dabei um insgesamt ein Dutzend dreisätziger Violin konzerte, von denen die ersten vier die sogenannten „Le Quattro Stagione“ (Die vier Jahreszeiten) darstellen. Die übrigen Konzerte tragen Namen wie „Il Piacere“ (Das Vergnügen), „Il Sospetto“ (Der Argwohn), „L’Amoroso“ (Der Liebhaber) oder auch „Il Gardellino“ (Der Distelfink). Für alle „Vier Jahreszeiten“-Konzerte existiert ein auf das jeweilige Werk zuge schnittenes Sonett, dessen Verfasser eigentlich unbekannt ist, so dass man sich schließlich geeinigt hat, den Text dem Komponisten zuzuschreiben. Diese „Sonetto Dimostrativo“ sollen den Sinn haben, „die Musik leichter (zu) erklären“, wie es in Vivaldis Widmung heißt. In die Partitur wurden Textzeilen und Großbuchstaben übernommen, so dass der Leser/Hörer die Stimmungsgebilde mitverfolgen kann. Die insgesamt 1086 „Il Quattro Stagione“-Takte beginnen naturgemäß mit „II Primavera“ (Der Frühling), einem Konzert in E-Dur. Die Geschichte beginnt mit Vogelgesang, unterbrochen von einem ersten Gewitter. Später, im Largo-Satz hört man einen Hirten schlummern, „den treuen Hund zur Seite“, im dritten Satz abgelöst von einem pastoralen Nymphen- und Hirtentanz „unter dem leuchtenden Frühlingshimmel“. „L’Estate“ (Der Sommer), ein Konzert in g-Moll, berichtet von südländischen Klima verhältnissen und deren Folgen für die Natur: Die Rede ist von „lastender Hitze“, „versengten Pinien“; es treten auf Kuckuck, Taube und Stieglitz. Diesmal stört ein Nordwind das Geschehen des ersten Satzes. Im Adagio schläft ein Schäfer dem Sommergewitter entgegen, das im abschließenden Presto, einem musikalisch besonders beeindruckenden Stück, durch das Streichorchester fegt, und „Donner und Blitze und Hagelschauer“, so der begleitende Text, „vernichten Lavendel und Getreide“. Der Herbst („L’Autunno“) sieht zunächst die landwirtschaftliche Bevölkerung „mit Tanz und Gesang die gute Ernte“ feiern. Die F-Dur-Freude wird im Alkohol ertränkt, was einen soliden Rausch nach sich zieht. Im Adagio-Satz, ein durch besondere Spielweisen („Il cembalo arpeggio“) reizvolles Stück Musik, lädt „die beginnende friedliche Zeit“ ein „zu süßem Ruhen“ – was sich freilich nicht auf alle Lebewesen bezieht, denn anschließend machen sich die Jäger auf, „das Wild“ zu jagen, zu erschrecken und zu verwunden. Es wird aber nicht getötet, sondern „stirbt“, „ermattet vom Lärm der Flinten und Hörner“, dargestellt durch ein Streichorchester... „L’Inverno“ (Der Winter) schildert im ersten Satz, musikalisch nachvollziehbar, Schnee, Kälte, Wind und Zähneklappern. Im Largo werden an Fensterscheiben klopfende Regentropfen durch Pizzicati in den Violinen nachgeahmt. Der ab schließende Satz berichtet von Gefahren auf dem Eis sowie von Winden, die sich diesmal „im Ofenrohr balgen“. J o h a n n D av i d H e i n i c h e n (1683-1729) Concerto F-Dur für zwei Querflöten, zwei Oboen, zwei Fagotte, Solovioline, zwei Violoncelli, Streicher (zwei Oboen) und B. c. Concerto in F major for two flutes, two oboes, two bassoons, solo violin, two violoncellos, strings and b. c. 13 1. Allegro 2:35 14 2. Andante 2:13 15 3. (ohne Bezeichnung) 2:23 Eckart Haupt · Ulrich Philipp Flöte · flute Andreas Lorenz · Guido Titze Oboe · oboe Hans-Peter Steger · Bernd Rose Fagott · bassoon Roland Straumer Violine · violin Joachim Bischof · Günther Müller Violoncello Virtuosi Saxoniae · Ludwig Güttler P 1993 edel records GmbH Author of a treatise on the basso continuo, Heinichen was one of the most important musical scholars of his day. Following his studies at the Thomasschule in Leipzig, he travelled to Weißenfels and Italy before accepting the post of Hofkapellmeister at the court of Augustus the Strong in 1717. The same title was refused his great con temporary Johann Sebastian Bach in nearby Leipzig in 1733, in spite of his offering of the magnificent Kyrie and Gloria score from his Mass in B minor. Around thirty of Heinichen’s works have survived. Heinichen war als Verfasser einer Generalbasslehre einer der bedeutendsten Musiktheoretiker seiner Zeit. Der Leipziger Thomasschüler kam über Weißenfels und Italien nach Dresden und führte am Hofe Augusts des Starken ab 1717 einen Hofkapellmeistertitel, um den sich sein im benachbarten Leipzig wirkender großer Zeitgenosse Johann Sebastian Bach 1733 mit der Widmung der genialen Partitur des Kyrie und Gloria seiner h-Moll-Messe vergeblich bemühte. Aus Heinichens Konzertproduktion sind rund dreißig Beiträge erhalten geblieben. F r a n ç o i s C o u p e r i n (1668-1733) Pièces des Clavecin, 2. Buch, 11. Ordre, Nr. 1-5 „Les Fastes de la Grande et Ancienne Mxnxstrxndxsx“ 16 1. Les Notables, et les Jurés 1:17 17 2. Les Viéleux, et les Gueux 2:09 18 3. Les Jongleurs, Sauteurs, et Saltinbanques: avec les Ours, et les Singes 1:00 19 4. Les Invalides: ou gens Estropiés au service de la grande Mxnxstrxndxsx 2:05 20 5. Désordre, et déroute de tout la troupe: cause par les Yvrognes, les Singes, et des Ours 2:22 Hans Pischner Cembalo · harpsichord P 1971 VEB Deutsche Schallplatten Berlin Couperin was organist and musical director at the court of Louis XIV. Centrepiece of his creative output were over 240 richly ornamented works for harpsichord, which he collected into 27 suites (“Ordres”). Couperin war Organist und Musiklehrer am Hofe Ludwigs des XIV. Im Mittelpunkt seines Schaffens stehen über 240 reich verzierte Cembalowerke, die er zu 27 Suiten („Ordres“) zusammenfasste. G e o r g P h i l i pp T e l e m a n n (1681-1767) Konzert für Trompete und Streicher (2 Oboen, Fagott) und B. c. D-Dur Concerto for trumpet, strings (2 oboes, bassoon) and b. c. in D major 21 1. Adagio 1:56 22 2. Allegro 1:45 23 3. Grave 1:30 24 4. Allegro 1:29 Bearbeitung · Arranged by: Ludwig Güttler Virtuosi Saxoniae Basso continuo: Joachim Bischof Violoncello Werner Zeibig Kontrabass · double bass Friedrich Kircheis Cembalo · harpsichord Ludwig Güttler Solist und Leitung · Soloist and conductor P 1992 edel records GmbH Some 105 concertos composed by Telemann have been preserved – just one part of a monumental oeuvre containing over 3600 works, including 1750 cantatas and 46 Passions. Aus Telemanns Feder haben sich 105 Konzerte erhalten – im Rahmen einer insgesamt quantitativ gigantischen Produktion von mehr als 3600 Werken, darunter 1750 Kirchenkantaten und 46 Passionen. 121 www.earbooks.net M a s t e r p i e c e s 1700-1800 : The 18th century in words, pictures and music. The second volume in the earBOOKS ISBN 978-3-940004-75-8 “Masterpieces” series presents a compact overview of painting and music of the 18th century. In the spotlight are the most significant works of art and music of the period. Concise, informative commentaries illuminate the most interesting aspects of the paintings and musical works included. A detailed foreword examines the key factors which influenced cultural development throughout the century. Music CDs: Four discs showcase the musical highlights of the 18th century. Top-class artists such as Peter Schreier, Christine Schornsheim, Katrin Scholz, Thomas Zehetmaier, Ludwig Güttler, the Berlin Chamber Orchestra, the Camerata Bern, Kurt Masur and Otmar Suitner guarantee performances of the highest order. 9<HTOJPA=a ehfi> M e i s t e r w e r k e 1700-1800 : Das 18. Jahrhundert in Wort, Bild und Musik. Der zweite Titel der earBOOKS-Serie „Meisterwerke“ präsentiert einen kompakten Überblick über die Malerei und die Musik des 18. Jahrhunderts. Vorgestellt werden die bedeutendsten Gemälde und musikalischen Werke dieser Zeit. Kurze, informative Kommentare weisen auf Wissenswertes über die Gemälde und die Musik hin. Ein umfassendes Vorwort erläutert die wichtigsten Einflussfaktoren auf die kulturelle Entwicklung dieses Jahrhunderts. Musik-CDs: Die beiliegenden vier CDs präsentieren die musikalischen Höhepunkte des 18. Jahrhunderts. Hochkarätige Interpreten wie Peter Schreier, Christine Schornsheim, Katrin Scholz, Thomas Zehetmaier, Ludwig Güttler, das Kammerorchester Berlin, die Camerata Bern, Kurt Masur oder Otmar Suitner verbürgen höchstes künstlerisches Niveau. CD 1 CD 2 CD 3 CD 4 Baroque Highlights Höhepunkt des Barock German & English High Baroque Deutsch-Englischer Hochbarock Early Classical Period Vorklassik Viennese Classicism Wiener Klassik A ntonio V ivaldi (1678-1741) Die vier Jahreszeiten · The Four Seasons J ohann S ebastian B ach (1685-1750) J oseph H aydn (1732-1809) Sinfonie Nr. 8 G-Dur „Le Soir“, Hob.I:8 Symphony Nr. 8 in G major, Hob.I:8 1 1. Allegro molto 3:55 2 2. Andante 6:19 3 3. Menuetto 4:45 4 4. La Tempesta. Presto 3:14 W olfgang A madeus M ozart - 3 Concerto Nr. 1 „Der Frühling“ E-Dur Concerto No. 1 “Spring” in E major, RV 269 8:08 1 4 - 6 Concerto Nr. 2 „Der Sommer“ f-Moll Concerto No. 2 “Summer” in G minor, RV 315 8:58 - 9 Concerto Nr. 3 „Der Herbst“ F-Dur Concerto No. 3 “Autumn” in F major, RV 293 9:26 7 - 12 Concerto Nr. 4 „Der Winter“ f-Moll Concerto No. 4 “Winter” in F minor, RV 297 7:11 10 J ohann D avid H einichen (1683-1729) 13 - 15 Concerto F-Dur für zwei Querflöten, zwei Oboen, zwei Fagotte, Solovioline, zwei Violoncelli, Streicher (zwei Oboen) und B. c. Concerto in F major for two flutes, two oboes, two bassoons, solo violin, two violoncellos, strings and b. c. 7:11 F rançois C ouperin (1668-1733) Pièces des Clavecin, 2. Buch, 11. Ordre, Nr. 1-5 „Les Fastes de la Grande et Ancienne Mxnxstrxndxsx“ 16 1. Les Notables, et les Jurés 1:17 17 2. Les Viéleux, et les Gueux 2:09 18 3. Les Jongleurs, Sauteurs, et Saltinbanques: avec les Ours, et les Singes 1:00 19 4. Les Invalides: ou gens Estropiés au service de la grande Mxnxstrxndxsx 2:05 20 5. Désordre, et déroute de tout la troupe: cause par les Yvrognes, les Singes, et des Ours 2:22 Toccata und Fuge d-moll, BWV 565 (um 1706) · Toccata and fugue in D minor, BWV 565 (c. 1706) 9:02 1 J ohann S ebastian B ach Weihnachtsoratorium, BWV 248 Christmas Oratorio, BWV 248 2 „Jauchzet, frohlocket“ (Eingangschor · Opening chorus) 7:25 J ohann S ebastian B ach Brandenburgisches Konzert Nr. 5 D-Dur, BWV 1050 · Brandenburg Concerto No. 5 in D major, BWV 1050 3 1. Allegro 11:05 4 2. Affettuoso 6:05 5 3. Allegro 5:48 G eorg F riedrich H ändel (1685-1759) Ouvertüre zu „Atalanta“, HWV 35 für Trompete, zwei Oboen, Streicher und B. c. Overture to “Atalanta”, HWV 35 for trumpet, two oboes, strings and b. c. 6 1. (ohne Bezeichnung) 1:44 7 2. Allegro 2:21 8 3. Andante 2:01 G eorg F riedrich H ändel Orgelkonzert A-Dur, op. 7 Nr. 2 Organ concerto in A major, op. 7 No. 2 9 1. Ouvertüre. (Grave –) A tempo ordinario 7:03 10 2. Organo ad libitum 2:46 11 3. Allegro 5:54 J ohann J oachim Q uantz (1697-1773) Konzert für Flöte, Streicher und B. c. Nr. 161 G-Dur, QV 5:174 · Concerto for flute, strings and b. c. No. 161 in G major, QV 5:174 5 1. Allegro assai 5:32 6 2. Arioso e mesto 5:46 7 3. Presto 4:40 J ohann C hristian B ach (1735-1782) Sinfonie D-Dur, op. 18 Nr. 4 Symphony in D major, op. 18 No. 4 8 1. Allegro con spirito 4:03 9 2. Andante 3:28 10 3. Rondo: Presto 2:39 C arl P hilipp E manuel B ach (1714-1788) Konzert F-Dur für zwei Cembali, zwei Hörner, Streicher und B. c., Wq A6 Concerto in F major for two harpsichords, two horns, strings and b. c., Wq A6 11 1. Allegro 8:57 12 2. Largo 8:38 13 3. Allegro assai 5:08 21 - 24 Konzert für Trompete und Streicher (2 Oboen, Fagott) und B. c. D-Dur Concerto for trumpet, strings (2 oboes, bassoon) and b. c. in D major 6:40 G eorg F riedrich H ändel Der Messias · Messiah, HWV 56 12 „Halleluja“ (Chor) 4:07 J oseph H aydn (1732-1809) Sinfonie Nr. 45 fis-Moll, Hob.I:45 Symphony No. 45 in F sharp minor, Hob.I:45 „Abschiedssinfonie“ · “Farewell Symphony” 14 4. Finale. Presto – Adagio 7:08 Thomas Zehetmair · Eckart Haupt · Ulrich Philipp Andreas Lorenz · Guido Titze · Hans-Peter Steger Bernd Rose · Roland Straumer · Joachim Bischof Günther Müller · Hans Pischner · Werner Zeibig Friedrich Kircheis · Virtuosi Saxoniae Camerata Bern · Ludwig Güttler Ludwig Güttler · Petra Meining · Lothar Seyfarth Johannes-Ernst Köhler · Andreas Lorenz Edward Power Biggs · Virtuosi Saxoniae Kammerorchester Berlin · Thüringisches Kammer orchester · Concentus Vocalis Wien · Helmut Koch Katrin Scholz · Christine Schornsheim Raphael Alpermann · Johannes Walter Staatskapelle Berlin · Kammerorchester Berlin Akademie für Alte Musik Berlin Dresdner Kammersolisten · Günther Herbig G eorg P hilipp T elemann (1681-1767) (1756-1791) Serenade Nr. 13 G-Dur · in G major, KV 525 „Eine kleine Nachtmusik“ · “A Little Night Music” 1 1. Allegro 4:30 2 2. Romanze. Andante 5:56 3 3. Menuetto. Allegretto 2:17 4 4. Rondo. Allegro 3:50 W olfgang A madeus M ozart Klavierkonzert Nr. 21 C-Dur, KV 467 Piano Concerto No. 21 in C major, KV 467 5 2. Andante 6:16 W olfgang A madeus M ozart 6 7 8 9 Das Veilchen, KV 476 2:42 Sehnsucht nach dem Frühlinge, KV 596 2:45 Der Zauberer, KV 472 2:13 Abendempfindung, KV 523 5:13 W olfgang A madeus M ozart Sinfonie Nr. 40 g-Moll, KV 550 Symphony No. 40 in G minor, KV 550 10 1. Molto allegro 8:08 J oseph H aydn (1732-1809) Sinfonie Nr. 94 G-Dur „Paukenschlag“, Hob.I:94 Symphony No. 94 in G major “The Surprise”, Hob.I:94 11 2. Andante 6:17 J oseph H aydn Die Schöpfung · The Creation, Hob.XXI:2 12 1. Einleitung 8:00 (Die Vorstellung des Chaos) „Im Anfange schuf Gott Himmel und Erde“ Rezitativ (Raphael) 13 2. „Nun schwanden vor dem heiligen Strahle“ Arie (Uriel), Chor 4:07 Erika Köth · Peter Schreier · Theo Adam Annerose Schmidt · Wolf-Dieter Hauschild Günther Weißenborn · Staatskapelle Dresden Rundfunk-Solistenvereinigung Berlin Rundfunkchor Berlin Rundfunk-Sinfonie-Orchester Berlin Dresdner Philharmonie Kurt Masur · Otmar Suitner · Günther Herbig The Discovery of “Modern Life” France Questions of power are also questions of style: in the first half of the nineteenth century, France shaped both the political and cultural history of Europe. The jubilation engendered by the Revolution’s ideals of freedom, as celebrated in Beethoven’s opera “Fidelio”, premiered in 1805, nevertheless gave way to a more sombre mood. A year earlier, the “Little Corsican” Napoleon Bonaparte’s imperial coronation reinstalled the monarchy as head of state. To legitimize his precarious position of power, he institutionalized art in the style of Imperial Rome, adopting its forms of representation. The Empire style, an evenly balanced, sober and austere French variation on Classicism, spread through Napoleon’s occupied territories, as well as taking hold in Russia. Artists switched camps: the committed Republican Jacques-Louis David (page 15-19) now prospered as a court painter. More than anyone else, he was adept at translating the stately gestures of the imperial arriviste into timeless images of glacial grandeur. Yet the consequences of the Napoleonic drive for expansion, the millions of victims as he waged war across Europe, also left their mark on the art of the period. Initially, heroic scenes of battle or depictions of martyrdom were prevalent. In the wake of Napoleon’s demise and once the Bourbon monarchy had been reinstated, a general sense of disillusionment pervaded the land. Slowly but surely, individual misery, the lot of the lone soldier, entered the artist’s field of vision. Glorified exaggerations of reality faded as a retreat into a more private sphere manifested itself. Genre and landscape representations grew more common, as did portrait painting. At the same time, { 4 1804 Napoleon I becomes Emperor of France } { 1806 Emperor Francis II abdicates, dissolving the Holy Roman Empire } { 1815 Napoleon’s final defeat at Waterloo the flow of official commissions dried up, compelling artists to offer their works more frequently on the free market. Echoes of past movements, notably the High Renaissance and the Golden Age of Dutch Painting, can be detected in many works of the period. Even Géricault’s major work, “The Raft of the Medusa” (page 20-21), based on actual events, owed much to the monumental painting of Italian Baroque, whilst still containing a measure of criticism of the Restoration. Artists like JeanDominique Ingres (page 26-28): led the way: David’s prize student and admirer of Raphael looked to classicist ideals for his inspiration, values distilled from the observation of nature, in static, hermetic forms. In the vanguard of the other notable and contrasting movement, grounded in the Romantic tradition, was Ingres’ younger rival Eugène Delacroix (page 22-23, 30-31), already spanning a bridge to modernity. Here, a subjective, spontaneous approach to painting favoured emotion over classical balance, individual expression over perfection of form, colour over drawing. The musical counterpart to the aesthetics of Delacroix could be found in the compositions of his great friend Frédéric Chopin. Nevertheless, when an artist like Delacroix commented on the politics of the day, he did so through the medium of allegory. His portrayal of the Revolution of 1830 was founded on personification, the central symbolic figure applicable to both past and future contexts. “Liberté, guidant le Peuple” aroused passionate memories of 1789 and represented a political stand against the Bourbons, going on to become a symbol of freedom per se. In spite of fierce resistance from the Academy, however, “modern life” was finding its way into the world of art, albeit hesitantly. The phenomenon of the } { 1824 The National Gallery in London is founded }{ 1825 The first stretch of railway between two towns is opened (Stockton to Darlington) } city, the effects of industrialization, the lives and travails of the less privileged social classes all found themselves topics worthy of depiction. Coined “Realism”, the new style’s main protagonist was Gustave Courbet (page 29, 32-33, 80), whose works dispensed with all traditional forms, simply showing “what he saw”. Around the turn of the century, painters like Millet, Daumier and Caillebotte (page 34-35) discovered a new subject: the world of hard, physical labour. Their “Social Realism” consciously sought to highlight social ills, with Toulouse-Lautrec and Degas (page 36-38, 112, 114-115). continuing their critique in the latter part of the century. Symbolism developed as a reaction to the dichotomy of reality versus a world of sensation. This new art form understood objective reality as a symbol of an ulterior domain. Gustave Moreau (page 39) in France, Fernand Khnopff in Belgium, along with Franz von Stuck and Arnold Böcklin (page 66-67) in Germany created an otherworldly, mythical cosmos, legitimizing irrationality in art. Spain As elsewhere in Europe, Spanish art also had modernization thrust upon it under pressure of the Napoleonic Wars of Liberation. It was no longer inconceivable for a portrait of a ruler to display signs of human weakness. As Napoleon’s troops marched across the border, throwing political relations into disarray, artists again found themselves compelled to redefine their own remit. Francisco de Goya, deaf by this time, took it upon himself to create a series of etchings documenting { 1830 July Revolution in Paris / Uprisings in Warsaw and Brussels } { 1837 The sixty-four-year reign of Queen Victoria begins } { 1838 Invention of photography the horrors of the ongoing war (page 41). The work was not a commission, it was his own grim satire, universalized to the extent that the accusation of “unpatriotic behaviour” hung in the air. Goya would not live long enough to see Los Desastres de la Guerra published. The first edition appeared in 1863. Germany Napoleon’s Wars of Liberation first sent a wave of new national spirit through Germany. In literature, the visual arts and music, German Romanticism was preoccupied with themes such as fatherland, devotion to nature, infinitude and sublime consciousness. By engaging with nature so intensely, Caspar David Friedrich (page 42-48) discovered the validity and force of expression in the unspectacular landscape of his homeland. He distilled it into metaphorical spaces of the imagination. Philipp Otto Runge (page 49-50) likewise saw nature as the only medium which could express the “deepest mysticism of religion”. As liberal hopes of political reform were soon extinguished, Friedrich elegized the reestablishment of the old order in the Restoration with the harrowing image of a ship wreck in an arctic wasteland. The reinvigorated monarchies of Bavaria and Prussia held firm to the stabilizing ideals of classical antiquity, as testified by the paintings and buildings of Friedrich Schinkel (page 52-53). As a reaction to the profane, largely protestant Neoclassicism of the north, a group of artists calling themselves the “Nazarenes”, after the followers of Jesus, came into existence. Operating } { 1843 Mendelssohn establishes Leipzig Conservatory } { 1848 Revolutions in Paris, Germany, Vienna / Marx and Engels: The Communist Manifesto } 5 Right/above (detail) Caspar David Friedrich (1774-1840): The Sea of Ice (The Wreck of Hope), c. 1823/24 Oil on canvas, 96,7 x 126,9 cm (Kunsthalle Hamburg) A ship runs aground amidst thick sheets of ice. Based on a true incident, Friedrich created an epic image of nature’s overwhelming supremacy over the travails of man. Today, “The Sea of Ice” is commonly interpreted in political terms, seen as an expression of shattered aspirations with regard to civil liberties and liberal reform in Germany. Rechts/oben (Ausschnitt) Caspar David Friedrich (1774-1840): Das Eismeer (Die gescheiterte Hoffnung), um 1823/24 Öl auf Leinwand, 96,7 x 126,9 cm (Kunsthalle Hamburg) Mitten in einem Gebirge aus Eisschollen kentert ein Schiff. Angeregt durch eine wahre Begebenheit, hat Friedrich hier ein monumentales Bild für die Übermacht der Natur gegenüber dem Mühen des Menschen geschaffen. Meist wird das „Eismeer“ heute als politisches Sinnbild gedeutet, das den gescheiterten Hoffnungen auf Bürgerfreiheit und liberale Reformen in Deutschland Ausdruck verleiht. 44 John Everett Millais (1829-1896): Ophelia, 1852 Oil on canvas, 76,2 x 111,8 cm (Tate Gallery, London) John Everett Millais (1829-1896): Ophelia, 1852 Öl auf Leinwand, 76,2 x 111,8 cm (Tate Gallery, London) Right Dante Gabriel Rossetti (1828-1882): Lady Lilith, 1866-68 (altered 1872-73) Oil on canvas, 38 x 33,5 cm (Delaware Art Museum, Wilmington/DE) Rechts Dante Gabriel Rossetti (1828-1882): Lady Lilith, 1866-68 (1872-73 geändert) Öl auf Leinwand, 38 x 33,5 cm (Delaware Art Museum, Wilmington/DE) 72 Left/above (detail) Pierre-Auguste Renoir (1841-1919): Dance at Moulin de la Galette, Montmartre, 1876 Oil on canvas, 131 x 175 cm (Orsay Museum, Paris) Renoir’s artful dispersion of light creates a bustling, lively atmosphere. This marvellous painting actually owes its apparent spontaneity to meticulous techniques of composition. Nevertheless, Renoir’s masterpiece of modernity was too much for his public, who found it hard to see beyond the “violet blue storm clouds” which covered the ground. Links/oben (Ausschnitt) Pierre-Auguste Renoir (1841-1919): Moulin de la Galette, Montmartre, 1876 Öl auf Leinwand, 131 x 175 cm (Orsay-Museum, Paris) Kunstvoll gesetzte Lichtreflexe erzeugen eine Bewegung voller Atmosphäre und Leben. Renoirs so spontan wirkendes, monumentales Gemälde ist jedoch ein sorgfältig komponiertes Meisterwerk der Moderne. Das in seinen Sehgewohnheiten herausgeforderte Publikum zeigte sich von einem Erdboden, der „blauvioletten Gewitterwolken gleicht“, irritiert. 99 Edgar Degas (1834-1917): The Star, 1876/77 Pastel, 58 x 42 cm (Orsay Museum, Paris) Edgar Degas (1834-1917): Der Star, 1876/77 Pastell, 58 x 42 cm (Orsay-Museum, Paris) Edgar Degas (1834-1917): The Dance Class, 1873-75/76 Oil on canvas, 85 x 75 cm (Orsay Museum, Paris) Edgar Degas (1834-1917): Die Tanzklasse, 1873-75/76 Öl auf Leinwand, 85 x 75 cm (Orsay-Museum, Paris) Movement was at the heart of Degas’ artistic oeuvre, and ballet, with its array of graceful poses, provided him with a wealth of motifs. Yet the painter did not restrict himself to the decorative aspect of the balletic art. His images regularly drew attention to the physical and psycholigical demands of the dancer’s profession, whilst also highlighting the low social standing of ballet girls. Degas künstlerisches Interesse galt der Bewegung, und das Ballett mit seinen zahl reichen graziösen Posen bot ihm eine Fülle von Motiven dafür. Doch hat sich der Maler nicht auf die dekorativen Seiten der graziösen Kunst beschränkt. Immer wieder thematisiert er in seinen Bildern nicht nur die physischen und psychischen Zumutungen des Tänzerinnenberufs, sondern auch den niedrigen sozialen Rang der Ballettmädchen. 115 CD 1 Viennese Transition · Wiener Übergang Ludwig va n B e e t h o v e n (1770-1827) Sinfonie Nr. 5 c-Moll, op. 67 (1807-08) Symphony No. 5 in C minor, op. 67 1 1. Allegro con brio 8:05 Ludwig Staatskapelle Dresden Herbert Blomstedt Klaviersonate Nr. 14 cis-Moll, op. 27 Nr. 2 „Mondscheinsonate“ (1801) Piano Sonata No. 14 in C sharp minor, op. 27 No. 2 “Moonlight” 2 1. Adagio sostenuto 5:35 3 2. Allegretto 2:02 4 3. Presto agitato 6:56 P 1979 VEB Deutsche Schallplatten Berlin Dieter Zechlin A musical journey through the 19th century has to begin with Ludwig van Beethoven. Born and raised in Bonn but adopting Vienna as his home, he honed his talent for composition in the Austrian capital, probably meeting Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart in the process and studying under Joseph Haydn. From 1800 onwards, he created works of seminal genius in every form of music he turned his hand to, from string quartets to solo concertos and his only opera, “Fidelio”. His nine symphonies were to have an especially far-reaching effect on later composers. The Fifth Symphony was the key, its four-tone opening motif giving rise to everything that follows. It can be found in each of the four movements on the way to “durch Nacht zum Licht” (a typical romantic inflection). The first movement hints at a shift towards modernity, certainly embracing the 19th century, already in progress, without losing sight of the Viennese tradition. P 1969 VEB Deutsche Schallplatten Berlin Eine musikgeschichtliche Reise durch das 19. Jahrhundert hat mit Ludwig van Beethoven zu beginnen. Eigentlich ein Zugereister, weil in Bonn geboren und aufgewachsen, erweiterte er in Wien über die (vermutliche) Bekanntschaft mit Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart und des Studiums bei Joseph Haydn sein kompositorisches Talent. Dabei schuf er nach 1800 in allen Bereichen der Tonkunst Genial-Wegweisendes, sei es das Streichquartett, die einzige Oper („Fidelio“) oder das Solokonzert. Als besonders nachhaltig erwiesen sich für alle nachfolgenden Komponisten seine neun Sinfonien, von denen die Fünfte eine Schlüsselstellung einnimmt. Das viertönige Grundmotiv wird zur Keimzelle des Geschehens; alles Weitere geht aus ihm hervor, es lässt sich in allen vier Sätzen wiederfinden, auf dem Weg „durch Nacht zum Licht“ (einer typisch romantischen Wendung). Der erste Satz klingt wie ein Aufbruch in die Moderne, zumindest in das angebrochene 19. Jahrhundert – ohne die Wiener Tradition zu verhehlen. va n Beethoven Klavier · piano Beethoven’s progressiveness was already apparent at the turn of the century. His “Moonlight Sonata” sweeps aside many classical notions of composition, its delicate opening in contrast to the two ensuing movements. Schon um die Jahrhundertwende zeichnete sich Beethovens Fortschrittlichkeit ab. Seine „Mondscheinsonate“, die nur für den ersten Satz einen zarten Charakter gelten lässt, fegt bereits manche klassische Tradition aus dem Notenbild. Ludwig va n Beethoven Sinfonie Nr. 9 d-Moll, op. 125 (1822-24) Symphony No. 9 in D minor, op. 125 5 4. Presto – Schluss · conclusion „Freude, schöner Götterfunken“ 11:25 Helena Doese Sopran · soprano Marga Schiml Alt · alto Peter Schreier Tenor Theo Adam Bass Rundfunkchor Leipzig Chor der Staatsoper Dresden Staatskapelle Dresden Herbert Blomstedt P 1982 VEB Deutsche Schallplatten Berlin Beethoven’s introduction of vocal parts defied the conventional form of a symphony as a purely orchestral work. The final movement is based on Friedrich Schiller’s “Ode to Joy”. Over an hour long in total, this symphony marks the end of the classical era in music – new values would now come into play. Mit der Verbindung zum gesungenen Wort sprengt Beethoven die Vorgabe, eine Sinfonie habe aus reiner Orchestermusik zu bestehen. Der Schlusssatz seiner mehr als einstündigen Sinfonie auf der Grundlage von Friedrich Schillers „Ode an die Freude“ ist musikalischer Endpunkt der Klassik – ab sofort gelten andere Werte. 122 F r a n z S c h u b e rt (1797-1828) F r a n z S c h u b e rt Klavierquintett A-Dur, D 667 „Forellenquintett“ (1819) Piano Quintet in A major, D 667 “Trout” 6 4. Thema (Andantino) und sechs Variationen 7:40 Theme (Andantino) and six variations Siegfried Lorenz Norman Shetler Peter Rösel Klavier · piano Karl Suske Violine · violin Dietmar Hallmann Viola Jürnjakob Timm Violoncello Rainer Hucke Kontrabass · double bass P 1987 VEB Deutsche Schallplatten Berlin Also in Vienna, working in Beethoven’s shadow, Franz Schubert was the archetypal “romantic” composer, living more or less completely for his art. He never had the financial means to be fully independently of benevolent friends and patrons. His creative output spanned just twenty years, yielding around one thousand compositions. Most of them were in song form, but he also wrote symphonies, a few operas and no small amount of chamber music. His famous “Trout Quintet” contains a movement which is a set of variations on the melody of his earlier song “Die Forelle“/ “The Trout” (D 550). It was written for Silvester Paumgartner, who no doubt suggested the idea, along with advising the composer of his preferred instrumentation (including contrabass) for a piano quintet. Im Schatten Beethovens entwickelte Franz Schubert in Wien den Typus des „romantischen“ Komponisten, der fast nur noch für seine Kunst lebte. Nie hatte er genug Geld, um unabhängig von wohlmeinenden Freunden und Gönnern seine schöpferische Arbeit zu verrichten. Entstanden sind in knapp zwanzig Jahren etwa eintausend Werke, darunter überwiegend Lieder, aber auch sinfonische Werke, einige Opern und reichlich Kammermusik. Das berühmte „Forellenquintett“ enthält einen Variationssatz auf die Melodie des zuvor komponierten Liedes „Die Forelle“ (D 550); wahrscheinlich hatte der Auftraggeber, Silvester Paumgartner, dies parallel zu konkreten Besetzungsvorgaben (Kontrabass) zur Bedingung für einen Klavier quintettauftrag gemacht. 7 „Erlkonig“, D 328 (1815) 4:21 Bariton · baritone Klavier · piano P 1975 VEB Deutsche Schallplatten Berlin Schubert was only eighteen years old when he composed this marvellous song using words from a Johann Wolfgang von Goethe poem. Charged with tension, it unveiled a new technique of piano accompaniment – with a narrative function at the heart of the action. Auf Johann Wolfgang von Goethes Gedicht schrieb der achtzehnjährige Schubert ein großartiges Lied, dessen spannungsgeladene Effekte sich auch aus einer neuartigen Verwendung der Klavierbegleitung ergeben – bis hin zur kommentierenden Mit wirkung im Geschehen. F r a n z S c h u b e rt Sinfonie Nr. 7 h-Moll, D 759 „Die Unvollendete“ (1822) Symphony No. 7 in B minor, D 759 “The Unfinished” 8 1. Allegro moderato 10:50 9 2. Andante 12:16 Staatskapelle Dresden Peter Schreier P 1977 VEB Deutsche Schallplatten Berlin Schubert wrote the most famous “unfinished” piece in the history of music. He completed the andante, but only sketches of a third scherzo movement exist. The dramatic theatre of the first movement is followed by the lyricism and a sudden surge in energy in the second, before matters are calmly resolved – can it really be said that something is missing, just because the classical, faster final movement is not in place? Das berühmteste „unvollendete“ Musikstück der Geschichte stammt von Schubert. Es existieren zwar Skizzen zu einem dritten (Scherzo-)Satz, aber nach Vollendung des Andante komponierte er diese Sinfonie nicht „zu Ende“. Erst die Dramatik des ersten Satzes, dann Lyrik und jäher Ausbruch mit versöhnlichem Ende im zweiten Satz – ob wirklich etwas fehlt, nur weil der klassische Abschluss, ein schneller Satz, nicht komponiert wurde? 123 www.earbooks.net M a s t e r p i e c e s 1800-1900 – A cent u r y in words, pict u res and music. “180 0 -190 0”, another volu me in the ISBN 978-3-940004-76-5 “Masterpieces” series, provides a compact overview of the music and art of the 19th century. The most important paintings and musical works are presented with concise and informative notes. A comprehensive introduction details the most significant events of the century and examines their influence on painting and music. Music CDs: Four discs guide the listener through the outstanding musical achievements of the period. First class performances come courtesy of Peter Schreier, Theo Adam, Karl Suske, Norman Shetler, the Staatskapelle Berlin and its Dresden counterpart, the Leipzig Gewandhaus Orchestra and Otmar Suitner, amongst others. 9<HTOJPA=a ehgf> M e i s t e r w e r k e 1800-1900 – Das 19. Jahrhundert in Wort, Bild und Musik. „1800-1900“, ein weiterer Titel aus der earBOOKS-Serie „Meisterwerke“, vermittelt einen kompakten Überblick über die Malerei und die Musik des 19. Jahrhunderts. Dieser Band präsentiert die bedeutendsten Gemälde und musikalischen Werke mit jeweils kurzen, informativen Begleittexten, die auf Wissenswertes der einzelnen Werke hinweisen. Eine ausführliche Einleitung geht auf die wichtigsten Ereignisse des Jahrhunderts und deren Einfluss auf die Malerei und die Musik dieser Zeit ein. Musik-CDs: Die beiliegenden vier CDs präsentieren einen Querschnitt musikalischer Highlights. Interpreten wie Peter Schreier, Theo Adam, Karl Suske, Norman Shetler, die Staatskapelle Berlin und Dresden, das Gewandhausorchester Leipzig oder Otmar Suitner stehen für hochkarätige Interpretationen. CD 1 CD 2 CD 3 CD 4 Viennese Transition Wiener Übergang German Romanticism Deutsche Romantik The World of Opera Opernwelt National Schools Nationale Schulen L udwig F elix M endelssohn B artholdy (1809-1847) Sinfonie Nr. 3 a-Moll, op. 56 „Schottische“ Symphony No. 3 in A minor, op. 56 “Scottish” 1 2. Vivace non troppo 4:22 C arl M aria von W eber (1786-1826) „Der Freischütz“ 1 Was gleicht wohl auf Erden dem Jägervergnügen 2:33 F rédéric C hopin (1810-1849) „Lieder ohne Worte“ für Klavier: „Venezianische Gondellieder“ · “Songs without Words” for piano: “Venetian Gondola Songs” 2 Andante sostenuto, op. 19 Nr. 6 2:16 3 Allegretto tranquillo, op. 30 Nr. 6 2:52 4 Andante con moto, op. 62 Nr. 4 2:36 „Der Wildschütz“ 2 A, B, C, D 4:47 van B eethoven (1770-1827) Sinfonie Nr. 5 c-Moll, op. 67 Symphony No. 5 in C minor, op. 67 1 1. Allegro con brio 8:05 Klaviersonate Nr. 14 cis-Moll, op. 27 Nr. 2 „Mondscheinsonate“ Piano Sonata No. 14 in C sharp minor, op. 27 No. 2 “Moonlight” 2 1. Adagio sostenuto 5:35 3 2. Allegretto 2:02 4 3. Presto agitato 6:56 A lbert L ortzing (1801-1851) G aetano D onizetti (1797-1848) F ranz S chubert (1797-1828) Sinfonie Nr. 3 Es-Dur, op. 97 „Rheinische“ Symphony No. 3 in E flat major, op. 97 “Rhenish” 6 4. Feierlich 5:33 „Tristan und Isolde“ 5 Vorspiel zum ersten Aufzug · Prelude act I 11:44 „Erlkonig“, D 328 4:21 Sinfonie Nr. 7 h-Moll, D 759 „Die Unvollendete“ Symphony No. 7 in B minor, D 759 “The Unfinished” 8 1. Allegro moderato 10:50 9 2. Andante 12:16 Helena Doese · Marga Schiml · Peter Schreier Siegried Lorenz · Theo Adam · Norman Shetler Dieter Zechlin · Peter Rösel · Karl Suske Dietmar Hallmann · Jürnjakob Timm Staatskapelle Dresden · Herbert Blomstedt „Ein deutsches Requiem“, op. 45 “A German Requiem”, op. 45 7 5. „Ihr habt nun Traurigkeit“ 6:46 Trio für Klavier, Violine und Waldhorn Es-Dur, op. 40 · Trio for piano, violin and hunting horn in E flat major, op. 40 8 3. Adagio mesto 7:28 - 11 Drei Intermezzi für Klavier, op. 117 Three intermezzos for piano, op.117 14:13 9 A nton B ruckner (1824-1896) - 16 „Te Deum“ für Soli, Chor und Orchester “Te Deum” for soloists, chorus and orchestra 23:36 12 Anna Tomowa-Sintow · Magdalena Hajossyova Renate Schorler · Rosemarie Lang Peter-Jürgen Schmidt · Hermann Christian Polster Norman Shetler · Amadeus Webersinke Peter Rösel · Manfred Scherzer · Peter Damm Staatskapelle Berlin · Gewandhausorchester Leipzig Hartmut Haenchen · Franz Konwitschny Helmut Koch · Heinz Rögner 4 Die Moldau · Vlatva 12:47 Sinfonie Nr. 9 e-Moll, op. 95 „Aus der Neuen Welt“ · Symphony No. 9 in E minor, op. 95 “From the New World” 5 2. Largo 11:26 V incenzo B ellini (1801-1835) „Il Pirata“ 4 Col sorriso d’innocenza 3:25 7 B edř ich S metana (1824-1884) A ntonín D vořák (1841-1904) R obert S chumann (1810-1856) „Kinderszenen“ für Klavier, op. 15 “Scenes from Childhood”, op. 15 5 Nr. 7 „Träumerei“ · “Reverie” 3:22 J ohannes B rahms (1833-1897) 2 „Lucia di Lammermoor“ 3 Chi mi frena in tal momento? 3:43 Sinfonie Nr. 9 d-Moll, op. 125 Symphony No. 9 in D minor, op. 125 5 4. Presto – Schluss · conclusion „Freude, schöner Götterfunken“ 11:25 Klavierquintett A-Dur, D 667 „Forellenquintett“ Piano Quintet in A major, D 667 “Trout” 6 4. Thema (Andantino) und sechs Variationen Theme (Andantino) and six variations 7:40 Fantasie-Impromptu cis-Moll in C sharp minor, op. 66 5:02 Polonaise Nr. 6 As-Dur in A flat major, op. 53 7:19 3 Mazurka Nr. 2 cis-Moll in C sharp minor, op. 6 Nr. 2 2:33 1 R ichard W agner (1813-1883) G iuseppe V erdi (1813-1901) „Nabucco“ 6 Va pensiero, sull’ ali dorate 4:21 G iuseppe V erdi „Aida“ 7 A te grave cagion m’adduce, Aida 9:00 G eorges B izet (1838-1875) „Carmen“ 8 Près des remparts de Seville 4:27 P eter T schaikowsky (1840-1893) „Nussknacker“-Suite · “The Nutcracker”, op. 71a 6 1. Overture miniature 3:08 7 2. Marche 2:27 M odest M ussorgsky (1839-1881) „Bilder einer Ausstellung“ “Pictures at an Exhibition” 8 Die Hütte der Baba-Yaga The Hut on Fowl’s Legs 3:01 9 Das große Tor von Kiew The Great Gate of Kiev 4:58 E dvard G rieg (1843-1907) P eter T schaikowsky (1840-1893) Peer Gynt, Suite Nr. 1, op. 46 10 3. Anitras Tanz · Anitras Dance 3:34 „Eugen Onegin“, op. 24 9 Puskaj pagibnu ja, no prezhde 12:31 C amille S aint -S aëns (1835-1921) G iacomo P uccini (1858-1924) „La Bohème“ 10 Che gelida manina 4:40 Lucia Aliberti · Evelyn Lear · Anna Tomowa-Sintow Georgine Resick · Ute Trekel-Burckhardt Thomas Stewart · Eberhard Büchner Anton de Ridder · Hans Sotin · Chor der Deutschen Staatsoper Berlin · Staatskapelle Berlin Gewandhausorchester Leipzig · Marcello Viotti Giuseppe Patané · Heinz Fricke · Heinz Rögner Bernhard Klee · Siegfried Kurz · Kurt Masur Sinfonie Nr. 3 c-Moll, op. 78 „Orgelsinfonie“ Symphony No. 3 in C minor, op. 78 “Organ Symphony” 11 4. Maestoso – Allegro – Pesante 7:28 C laude D ebussy (1862-1918) 12 „Prélude à l’après-midi d’un faune“ 9:27 Peter Rösel · Elfrun Gabriel · Joachim Dalitz Gewandhausorchester Leipzig Staatskapelle Dresden · Berliner Sinfonie-Orchester Rundfunk-Sinfonie-Orchester Berlin Claus Peter Flor · Václav Neumann Heinz Rögner · Otmar Suitner www.earBOOKS.net