The Herbaceous Notes of Fragrance

Transcription

Glen O. Brechbill
Fragrance Books Inc.
www.perfumerbook.com
New Jersey - USA
2012
Fragrance Books Inc. @www.perfumerbook.com
Glen O. Brechbill
“To my late much loved father Ray and beloved mother
Helen Roberta without them non of this work
would have been possible”
II
THE HERBACEOUS NOTES
OF
FRAGRANCE ©
This book is a work of non-fiction. No part of the book may be used or reproduced in
any manner whatsoever without written permission from the author except in the case
of brief quotations embodied in critical articles and reviews. Please note the enclosed
book is based on Fragrance Ingredients by House ©.
Designed by Glen O. Brechbill
Library of Congress
Brechbill, Glen O.
The Herbaceous Notes of Fragrance / Glen O. Brechbill
P. cm. 325 pgs.
1. Fragrance Ingredients Non Fiction. 2. Written odor descriptions to facillitate the
understanding of the olfactory language. 1. Essential Oils. 2. Aromas. 3. Chemicals.
4. Classification. 5. Source. 6. Art. 7. Twenty one thousand fragrances. 8. Science.
9. Creativity. I. Title.
Certificate Registry #
Copyright © 2012 by Glen O. Brechbill
All Rights Reserved
PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
First Edition
About the Book
The Herbaceous Notes of
Fragrance is basically about the
herbs used in fragrance creation.
The Good Scent Company has a
fairly complete listing on synthetic
ingredients, including my own
notes to the rear of the book. I
wanted to make this a predominately essential oil book, and save data
that is slowly disappearing due to
over regulation.
the oil.
Profits and the insatiable appetite
for more and more money are driving all business activities today.
The fragrance industry deems
essential oils a threat to the synthetic business. They fail to realize that
the natural source for their industry
is the very same ingredients that are
slowly being regulated out of use.
A simple warning label could have
been employed to disclose the
ingredients in question.
Unless one has a sophisticated gas
chromatography computer the cutting is very hard to prove.
However, it is a central problem
when one uses essential oils in
modern fragrance blends. The hysteria created by the folks at
( IFRA ) and indirectly by the
major five is another problem. The
large international houses control
Some herbs are considered a quasi eighty percent of the worlds fraspice blend. Many have culinary grance market.
Anytime any given market is domiapplications, and can be found in
nated by several players a monopkitchens. Often used to enhance During the past twenty or so years oly is created. This is what has
food flavors by making vegetables, RIFM the research arm of the slowly happened in the fragrance
fish and meat more tasty.
industry is slowing eliminating industry. When the big five stranmany natural ingredients from a gles the market they can create
Another application is aromathera- perfumers palette. The amend- shortages, price fixing, and slowly
py. In ancient times physicians, ments that IFRA creates are thus dominate all activities including the
nurses, witch doctors, indian tribes destroying the art, and the creativi- creative art.
used herbs to treat wounds and an ty that goes with it. This organizaassortment of ailments.
tion operates much like the German It's a shame what has happened to
Gestapo during WW II. However, this industry. Ad layers of uninThe problem with using natural in this case one is punished by formed management, marketing,
essential oils in an aromatherapy heavy fines, and blasted in the news advertising, public relations, sales,
setting is due to adulteration. media.
creative directors, no one knows
Fragrance ingredient brokers buy in
anything.
large lots, and then blend the oils If one is an artist, and speaks out
for consistent odor. Any given against this draconian legislation Briefs are created, and a perfumer
ingredient can be diluted with syn- one naturally will find themselves has to interpret meaningless drivel
thetic components that are found in jeopardizing a prestigious career.
to create a fragrance. In my mind
3
Glen O. Brechbill
an uninformed person is one who running out of ideas on how to spin
works in a occupation, and has a scent.
never read a book about it.
Each fragrance house has millions
It is my definite opinion in the not of compositions and formulas in
to distant future that the noses who their data-bases. Why do they need
are held with low respect will even- to create more formulas when any
tually be replaced by artificial intel- finished fragrance has tens of thouligence computers. In less then ten sands of endless permutations. A
to twenty years time these AI's like laboratory technician with minimal
the Hal computer in the 1968 film aromatic knowledge can create a
2001 a Space Odyssey will think slightly different fine fragrance in
faster, work harder, plus do the several hours of work by adjusting
work for free.
the parts per thousand in a formula.
Something not discussed by either
of the 2012 candidates is the secondary job market that is slowly
replacing human operators. Many
millions of jobs have been lost in
the United States to Asia, and
through this gradual erosion of
employment opportunities. As
more jobs are being lost through
automation we are in danger of creating a society that is elite in nature.
Those with great wealth will have
privileges and live better then those
who are either poor or are at the
bottom of the labor pool.
Today’s fragrance industry’s root is
in the essential oils. I firmly believe that they have lost their way.
Three of the big four players have
their own perfume school. Little
attention is given to natural materials, and when one forgets the roots
of a wonderful art one is dooming
the future of its own business into
mediocrity. Add in thousands of
new fragrances of which most end
up in failure the industry is close to
Three families that include Citrus,
Chypre, and Fougere have been
eliminated from a perfumers palette
of possibilities due to ( IFRA's )
growing list of regulatory amendments.
Once one becomes a perfumer the
passion to create something from
nothing is gone. There is an endless game of trying to create the
next best seller with a dwindling
pallete of materials to choose from
at an ever-cheaper price. In fact I
would estimate that it would be
close to impossible to create anything new with all of the restrictions in place. If one comes up with
something different it can be duplicated within a week by a competitor.
This book took several weeks to
complete, plus several days to fine
tune. Of course I borrowed material from the Wikipedia folks since it
is free. The accuracy and ownership of any of their data is
unknown. However, it adds to the
Do I have something against this book and I am grateful that it was
regulatory body? I am in the slow available.
process of disclosing their secrets
book by book. I happen to love the The books that I have created have
art, but hate the way candidates are helped me to deal with the stress of
selected for this prestigious occu- taking care of my much beloved
pation. Instead of selecting the mother who is slowly dying. She is
best-qualified individuals those that the love of my life, and when she
are chosen are often the best con- unfortunately passes away I will
nected. How can anything new be deeply miss her. All of my books
created when the palette is slowly are dedicated to my parents Ray
being strangled.
who has passed away, and Roberta
my mother.
Education in book reading should
be encouraged. However, today it
is estimated that those under 30
read on the average one to two
books a year for pleasure. I read .
over a hundred fragrance books in
two years before I created my first
book of notes many years ago.
4
Index
Copyright
2
About The Book
3-4
Index
5-7
Essential Oil Map of the World
8
International Directory By Country & House
9 - 14
The Herbs
15 - 24
Angelica
25 - 26
Basil
27 - 31
Bay Leaf
32 - 34
Chamomile
35 - 38
Chervil
39
Chives
40 - 41
Coriander
42 - 44
Costus
45 - 46
Cress
47
Curry Leaf
48 - 49
5
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Dill
50 - 51
Hay
52
Hemp
53 - 56
Hyssop
57 - 58
Lavender
59 - 62
Lemon Balm
63 - 65
Lemongrass
66 - 67
Lemon Myrtle
68 - 70
Lemon Verbena
71 - 72
Lovage
73
Marjoram
74
Mentha
75 - 78
Myrtle
79 - 81
Oregano
82 - 84
Origanum
85 - 87
Parsley
88 - 90
Peppermint
91 - 93
Rosemary
94 - 97
Sage
98 - 99
Savory
100 - 101
Star Anise
102 - 103
6
Tarragon
104 - 105
Thyme
106 - 108
Wintergreen
109 - 110
BOOK # 1 ( A - H )
111 - 203
BOOK # 2 ( I - Z )
204 - 325
Bibliography
326 - 328
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Glen O. Brechbill
A World of Fragrance’s
8
International Directory by Country & House
Continent/Country/Fragrance House
Continent/Country/Fragrance House
Manuscript # 1 ( A - H )
Fiveash Data Management
Fleurchem, Inc.
Fleurin, Inc.
Flexitral, Inc.
Florachem Corporation
Florida Chemical Company, Inc.
Florida Worldwide Citrus
Frencharoma Imports Co., Inc.
Manuscript # 2 ( I - Z )
North America
Canada
The Spice Trader
United States
Good Scents Company
Gorlin & Company
Graham Chemical Corporation
Alfa Chem
American Society of Perfumers
Aromatic International LLC
Artiste Flavor / Essence
Astral Extracts
I.P. Callison & Sons
Innospec Inc.
International Flavors & Fragrances
J & E Sozio, Inc.
Joint American Ventures in China
Bedoukian Research, Inc.
Bell Flavors & Fragrances
Berje Inc.
MelChem Distribution
Millennium Chemicals
Carrubba Inc.
Central States Chemical Marketing
Champon Vanilla
Citrus & Allied
Cookson & Hunt International Co.
Creative Fragrances Ltd.
DMH Ingredients
Natural Resourcing
Norwest Ingredients
Oliganic
Penta Manufacturing
Phoenix Aromas & Essential Oils
Polarome International
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Glen O. Brechbill
Prima Fleur
Brazil
Rosetta Enterprises LLC
Citral Oleos Essenciais Ltda.
Sarcom Inc.
Science Lab
Sensient Technologies Corporation
Sigma Aldrich
Spectrum Chemicals
Sundial Fragrances & Flavors
Sunrose Aromatics
J. Piltz & Cia. Ltda.
Texarome
Treatt USA Inc.
Trisenx, Inc.
Belgium
Uhe Company, Inc.
Ungerer & Company
Bulgaria
Petit Marie
Rai Ingredients
Europe
Synaco Group
Vesselino Trading Company
Vigon International, Inc.
Denmark
Walsh, John D., Company, Inc.
Central America
Mexico
Esencias y Materiales Lozmat
Tecnaal Group
South America
Argentina
Esarco
Euma
Fritzsche SAICA
San Miguel Agici y F
Wambesco Gmbh
France
A.N.E.C.
Adrian Industries SAS
Albert Vielle SA
Aromatic Collection
Aromax
Axxence SARL
BFA Laboratories
Barosyl S.A.
Biolandes Parfumerie
Charabot & Company Inc.
Clos D’Aguzon
Diffusions Aromatiques
Dulcos Trading
Exaflor
10
H.Reynaud & Fils
Hungary
IPRA Fragrances
Interchim
Silvestris & Szilas Ltd.
Italy
Laboratoire Monique Remy
Baller s.r.l.
Mane SA
Moraflor Produits Aromatiques
Muller & Koster
PCAS
Payan Bertrand SA
Prodarom
Prodasynth
Capua s.r.l.
Citroflor di G.
Espira S.p.A
Farotti Essences srl
Moelhausen S.P.A.
Rhodia Organics
Robertet SA
Portugal
SIPA A. Ch. Berthier
Sovimpex
Symarome
Kruetz Helmut
Germany
Bordas Destilaciones Chinchurreta
Basf
Cami de Fontainilles
Dullberg Konzentra Gmbh
Destilerias Munoz Galvez, s.a.
Eramex Aromatics Gmbh
Lluche Essence
Frey & Lau Gmbh
Ventos, Ernesto S.A.
Lothar-Streck
Switzerland
Paul Kaders GmbH
Essencia, Aetherische Oele AG
Sensient Essential Oils Gmbh
Symrise GmbH & Co. KG
Firmenich
Spain
Givaudan Fragrance Corporation
Th. Gyer Gmbh & Co. KG
Puressence Wuresten Inc.
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Glen O. Brechbill
The Netherlands
Fruitarom Industries
Brighten Colorchem, B.V.
Nardev
Flavodor
Asia
PFW Aroma Chemicals
China
United Kingdom
China Aroma Chemical Co., Ltd.
China Perfumer
Chinessence Ltd.
A & E Connock Ltd.
Augustus OIls. Ld.
HC Biochem
Hangzhou Aroma Chemical Co.
British Society of Perfumers
Buckton Home Page Ltd.
Shanghai M & U International
De Monchy Aromatics, Inc.
Tianjin Jiete Fine Chemical Co.
Earth Oil Plantations Ltd.
Hong Kong
FD Copeland & Sons Ltd.
Fine Chemical Trading
Furest Day Lawson
Naradev
O’Laughlin Industries
Global Essence Ltd.
India
Handa Fine Chemicals Ltd.
Amen Organics
Anthea Aromatics Pvt. Ltd.
Anupam Industries
JC Buck Ltd.
Lionel Hitchen Ltd.
B.S. Industries
Bansal Aroma
Quality Analysis
SRS Aromatics Ltd.
FFC Aroma
Flowersynth
Venus Enterprises
GMPCT
Gyran Flavours
Mediterranean
Israel
Hermani Ex-Imp Corporation
Hindustan Mint & Agro Products
Agan Aroma & Fine Chemicals
Aromor Flavors & Fragrances Ltd.
Indian Spices
12
Kanta House
Katyani Exorts
Krupa Scientific
Kuber Impex Ltd.
Zeon Corporation
Korea
Castrading
Narain Terpene & Allied Chemical
M.X.D. Enterprise System
Organica Aromatics Pvt. Ltd.
Nepal
P.P. Sheth & Co.
Petitgara Chemicals
Premier Chemical Corporation
Privi Organics Ld.
Shambhala Herbal & Aromatics Pvt. Ltd.
Singapore
Raj Aromatics Aroma Corporation
Taytonn Pte Ltd.
SAT Group
Seema International
Shreeji Aroma
Som Santi House
Some Extracts
Sri Lanka
Tadimetry Aromatics Pvt Ltd.
Thakker Group
Thailand Institute of Science
EOAS International
Thailand
Turkey
Ultra International Limited
U.K. Aromatic & Chemicals
Oregano
Indonesia
Viet Nam
Djasula Wangi
Enter Oil
Haldin
Australia
Indesso
Australian Botanical Products
Japan
Cosmark
Basf Japan Ltd.
Perfume & Flavor Manufacturers
Peter Jarvis Cosmetic Develop.
Kao Corporation
W & W Australia Pty Ltd.
Takasago International Corporation
13
Glen O. Brechbill
Africa
Africa Trade
Egypt
A.Fakhry & Company
Fayyum Gharbya Aromatic
Kato Aromatic S.A.E.
14
Herbs
A(n)[nb 1] herbal is "a collection of
descriptions of plants put together
for medicinal purposes." Expressed
more elaborately it is a book containing the names and descriptions
of plants, usually with information
on their virtues (properties) and in
particular their medicinal, tonic,
culinary, toxic, hallucinatory, aromatic, or magical powers, and the
legends associated with them. A
herbal may also classify the plants
it describes,[3] may give recipes for
herbal extracts, tinctures, or
potions, and sometimes include
mineral and animal medicaments in
addition to those obtained from
plants. Herbals were often illustrated to assist plant identification.
In the late 17th century, the rise of
modern chemistry, toxicology and
pharmacology reduced the medicinal value of the classical herbal. As
reference manuals for botanical
study and plant identification
herbals were supplanted by Floras
systematic accounts of the plants
found growing in a particular
region, with scientifically accurate
botanical descriptions, classification, and illustrations. Herbals have
seen a modest revival in the western world since the last decades of
the 20th century, as herbalism and
related disciplines (such as homeopathy and aromatherapy) became
popular forms of complementary
and alternative medicine.
ing culinary, medicinal, and in some
cases spiritual usage. General usage
differs between culinary herbs and
medicinal herbs. In medicinal or
spiritual use any of the parts of the
plant might be considered "herbs",
including leaves, roots, flowers,
seeds, resin, root bark, inner bark
(and cambium), berries and sometimes the pericarp or other portions
of the plant. Culinary use of the term
"herb" typically distinguishes
between herbs, from the leafy green
parts of a plant (either fresh or
dried), and spices, from other parts
of the plant (usually dried), including seeds, berries, bark, root and
fruit.
Culinary Herbs
Herbals were among the first literature produced in Ancient Egypt,
China, India, and Europeas the
medical wisdom of the day accumulated by herbalists, apothecaries
and physicians. Herbals were also
among the first books to be printed
in both China and Europe. In
Western Europe herbals flourished
for two centuries following the
invention of moveable type (c.
1470–1670).
In general use, herbs are any plants
"with leaves, seeds, or flowers used
for flavoring, food, medicine, or
perfume" or parts of "such a plant
as used in cooking". In botanical
use, the term "herb" is employed
differently, for any non-woody
flowering plant, regardless of its
flavor, scent or other properties,
and thus includes only grass-like
plants and forbs.
are distinguished from vegetables in
that, like spices, they are used in
small amounts and provide flavor
rather than substance to food.
Many culinary herbs are perennials
such as thyme or lavender, while
others are biennials such as parsley
or annuals like basil. Some perennial herbs are shrubs (such as rosemary, Rosmarinus officinalis), or
Herbs have a variety of uses includ- trees (such as bay laurel, Laurus
15
Glen O. Brechbill
nobilis) this contrasts with botanical herbs, which by definition cannot be woody plants. Some plants
are used as both an herb and a
spice, such as dill weed and dill
seed or coriander leaves and seeds.
Also, there are some herbs such as
those in the mint family that are
used for both culinary and medicinal purposes.
healing system, based on a quaternary elemental healing metaphor.
Famous herbalist of the Western
tradition
include
Avicenna
(Persian),
Galen
(Roman),
Paracelsus
(German
Swiss),
Culpepper (English) and the botanically inclined Eclectic physicians
of 19th century/early 20th century
America (John Milton Scudder,
Harvey Wickes Felter, John Uri
Medicinal Herbs
Lloyd). Modern pharmaceuticals
had their origins in crude herbal
Plants contain phytochemicals that medicines, and to this day, many
drugs are still extracted as fractionhave effects on the body.
ate/isolate compounds from raw
There may be some effects when herbs and then purified to meet
consumed in the small levels that pharmaceutical standards.
typify culinary "spicing", and some
herbs are toxic in larger quantities. Some herbs are used not only for
For instance, some types of herbal culinary and medicinal purposes,
extract, such as the extract of St. but also for psychoactive and/or
John's-wort (Hypericum perfora- recreational purposes; one such
tum) or of kava (Piper methys- herb is cannabis.
ticum) can be used for medical purposes to relieve depression and Sacred Herbs
stress. However, large amounts of
these herbs may lead to toxic over- Herbs are used in many religions.
load that may involve complica- For example, myrrh (Commiphora
tions, some of a serious nature, and myrrha)
and
frankincense
should be used with caution. One (Boswellia spp) in Christianity, the
herb-like substance, called Shilajit, Nine Herbs Charm in Anglo-Saxon
may actually help lower blood glu- paganism,
the
neem
tree
cose levels which is especially (Azadirachta indica) by the Tamils,
important for those suffering from holy basil or tulsi (Ocimum tenuidiabetes. Herbs have long been florum) in Hinduism, and many
used as the basis of traditional Rastafarians consider cannabis
Chinese herbal medicine, with (Cannabis sp) to be a holy plant.
usage dating as far back as the first Siberian Shamans also used herbs
century CE and far before. for spiritual purposes. Plants may
Medicinal use of herbs in Western be used to induce spiritual expericultures has its roots in the ences for rites of passage, such as
Hippocratic (Greek) elemental vision quests in some Native
American cultures. The Cherokee
Native Americans use white sage
and cedar[which?] for spiritual
cleansing and smudging.
History
The word herbal is derived from the
mediaeval Latin liber herbalis
("book of herbs"): it is sometimes
used in contrast to the word florilegium, which is a treatise on flowers with emphasis on their beauty
and enjoyment rather than the
herbal emphasis on their utility.
Much of the information found in
printed herbals arose out of traditional medicine and herbal knowledge that predated the invention of
writing.
Before the advent of printing,
herbals were produced as manuscripts, which could be kept as
scrolls or loose sheets, or bound
into codices. Early handwritten
herbals were often illustrated with
paintings and drawings. Like other
manuscript books, herbals were
"published" through repeated copying by hand, either by professional
scribes or by the readers themselves. In the process of making a
copy, the copyist would often translate, expand, adapt, or reorder the
content. Most of the original
herbals have been lost; many have
survived only as later copies (of
copies...), and others are known
only through references from other
texts.
As printing became available, it
16
was promptly used to publish
herbals, the first printed matter
being known as incunabula. In
Europe, the first printed herbal with
woodcut (xylograph) illustrations,
the Puch der Natur of Konrad of
Megenberg,
appeared
in
1475.Metal-engraved plates were
first used in about 1580. As woodcuts and metal engravings could be
reproduced indefinitely they were
traded among printers: there was
therefore a large increase in the
number of illustrations together
with an improvement in quality and
detail but a tendency for repetition.
the Chen Lei Pen Ts’ao written by
T’Ang Shenwei in 1108, which
passed through twelve editions
until 1600; a monograph on the
lychee by Ts’ai Hsiang in 1059 and
one on the oranges of Wen-Chou by
Han Yen-Chih in 1178. In 1406
Chou Wang Hsiao published the
herbal Chiu Huang Pen Ts'ao. It
contained high quality woodcuts
and descriptions of 414 species of
plants of which 276 were described
for the first time, the book pre-dating the first European printed book
by 69 years. It was reprinted many
times. Other herbals include Pen
Ts'ao Fa Hui in 1450 by Hsu Yung
As examples of some of the world's and Pen Ts'ao Kangmu of Li Shi
most important records and first Chen in 1590.
printed matter, researchers will find
herbals scattered through the Sushruta Samhita of India
world's most famous libraries
including the Vatican Library in Traditional herbal medicine of
Rome, the Bodleian Library in India, known as Ayurveda, possibly
Oxford, the Royal Library in dates back to the second millenniWindsor, the British Library in um BCE tracing its origins to the
London and the major continental holy Hindu Vedas and, in particulibraries.
lar, the Atharvaveda. One authentic
compilation of teachings is by the
China is renowned for its tradition- surgeon Sushruta, available in a
al herbal medicine that date back treatise called Sushruta Samhita.
thousands of years. Legend has it This contains 184 chapters and
that Emperor Shennong, the description of 1120 illnesses, 700
founder of Chinese herbal medi- medicinal plants, 64 preparations
cine, composed the Shennong pen from mineral sources and 57 prepaTs’ao ching or Great Herbal in rations based on animal sources.[
about 2700 BCE as the forerunner Other early works of Ayurveda
of all later Chinese herbals. It sur- include the Charaka Samhita,
vives as a copy made c. 500 CE and attributed to Charaka. This tradidescribes about 365 herbs.High tion, however is mostly oral. The
quality herbals and monographs on earliest surviving written material
particular plants were produced in which contains the works of
the period to 1250 CE including: Sushruta is the Bower Manuscript
dated to the 4th century CE.
Hernandez - Rerum Medicarum
and the Aztecs
An illustrated herbal published in
Mexico in 1552, Libellus de
Medicinalibus Indorum Herbis
("Book of Medicinal Herbs of the
Indies"), is written in the Aztec
Nauhuatl language by a native
physician, Martín Cruz. This is
probably an extremely early
account of the medicine of the
Aztecs although the formal illustrations, resembling European ones,
suggest that the artists were following the traditions of their Spanish
masters rather than an indigenous
style of drawing. In 1570 Francisco
Hernández (c.1514–1580) was sent
from Spain to study the natural
resources of New Spain (now
Mexico). Here he drew on indigenous sources, including the extensive botanical gardens that had
been established by the Aztecs, to
record c. 1200 plants in his Rerum
Medicarum of 1615. Nicolás
Monardes’ Dos Libros (1569) contains the first published illustration
of tobacco.
Statue of Theophrastus c. 371 – c.
287 BCE, Orto botanico di Palermo
Egypt, Mesopotamia, Greece and
Rome
By about 2000 BCE, medical
papyri in ancient Egypt included
medical prescriptions based on
plant matter and made reference to
the herbalist's combination of med-
17
Glen O. Brechbill
icines and magic for healing.
The ancient Egyptian Papyrus
Ebers is one of the earliest known
herbals; it dates to 1550 BCE and is
based on sources, now lost, dating
back a further 500 to 2000 years.
The earliest Sumerian herbal dates
from about 2500 BCE as a copied
manuscript of the 7th century BCE.
Inscribed Assyrian tablets dated
668–626 BCE list about 250 vegetable drugs: the tablets include
herbal plant names that are still in
use today including: saffron,
cumin, turmeric and sesame.
The ancient Greeks gleaned much
of their medicinal knowledge from
Egypt and Mesopotamia.[31]
Hippocrates (460–377 BCE), the
"father of medicine" (renowned for
the eponymous Hippocratic oath),
used about 400 drugs, most being
of plant origin. However, the first
Greek herbal of any note was written by Diocles of Carystus in the
fourth century BC although nothing
remains of this except its mention
in the written record. It was
Aristotle’s pupil Theophrastus
(371–287 BCE) in his Historia
Plantarum
and
De
Causis
Plantarum (better known as the
Enquiry into Plants) that established the scientific method of careful and critical observation associated with modern botanical science.
Based largely on Aristotle’s notes,
the Ninth Book of his Enquiry deals
specifically with medicinal herbs
and their uses including the recommendations of herbalists and drug-
gists of the day, and his plant
descriptions often included their
natural habitat and geographic distribution. With the formation of the
Alexandrian School c. 330 BCE
medicine flourished and written
herbals of this period included
those of the physicians Herophilus,
Mantias, Andreas of Karystos,
Appolonius Mys, and Nicander.
The work of rhizomatist (the rhizomati were the doctors of the day,
berated by Theophrastus for their
superstition) Krateuas (fl. 110
BCE) is of special note because he
initiated the tradition of the illustrated herbal in the first century
BCE.
Arabic Book of Simple Drugs (c.
1334) from Dioscorides’ De
Materia Medica. By Kathleen
Cohen, in the British Museum.
Dioscorides - De Materia Medica
The De Materia Medica (c. 40–90
CE;
Greek,
of
Pedanios
Dioscorides, a physician in the
Roman army, was produced in
about 65 CE. It was the single
greatest classical authority on the
subject and the most influential
herbal ever written,serving as a
model for herbals and pharmacopoeias, both oriental and occidental, for the next 1000 years up to
the Renaissance. It drew together
much of the accumulated herbal
knowledge of the time, including
some 500 medicinal plants. The
original has been lost but a lavishly
illustrated Byzantine copy known
as the Codex Vindobonensis dating
from about 512 CE remains.
Pliny - Naturalis Historia
Pliny the Elder's (23–79 CE) encyclopaedic Naturalis Historia (c.
77–79 CE) is a synthesis of the
information contained in about
2000 scrolls and it includes myths
and folklore; there are about 200
extant copies of this work. It comprises 37 books of which sixteen
(Books 12–27) are devoted to trees,
plants and medicaments and, of
these, seven describe medicinal
plants. In medieval herbals, along
with De Materia Medica it is Pliny's
work that is the most frequently
mentioned of the classical texts,
even though the work De
Simplicibus of Galen (131–201
CE) is more detailed and notable.[
Another Latin translation of Greek
works that was widely copied in the
Middle Ages, probably illustrated
in the original, was that attributed
to Apuleius and this also contained
the alternative names for particular
plants given in several languages. It
dates to about 400 CE and a surviving copy dates to about 600 CE.
The Middle Ages and Arab World
During the 600 years of the
European Middle Ages from 600 to
1200 CE, the tradition of herbal
lore fell to the monasteries. Many
of the monks were skilled at producing books and manuscripts and
tending both medicinal gardens and
the sick, but written works of this
18
period simply emulated those of the Albertus Magnus c. 1193–1280, were by Peter Schoeffer, his Latin
classical era.
author of De Vegetabilibus
Herbarius in 1484, followed by an
updated and enlarged German verMeanwhile, in the Arab world, by Albertus Magnus
sion in 1485, these being followed
900 CE the great Greek herbals had
in 1491 by the Hortus Sanitatis
been translated and copies lodged In the 13th century, scientific printed by Jacob Meyderbach.
in centres of learning in the inquiry was returning and this was Other early printed herbals include
Byzantine empire of the eastern manifest through the production of the Kreuterbuch of Hieronymus
Mediterranean
including encyclopaedias; those noted for Tragus from Germany in 1539 and,
Byzantium, Damascus, Cairo and their plant content included a trea- in England, the New Herball of
Baghdad where they were com- tise by Albertus Magnus (c. William Turner in 1551 were
bined with the botanical and phar- 1193–1280) a Suabian educated at arranged, like the classical herbals,
macological lore of the Orient. In the University of Padua and tutor to either alphabetically, according to
the medieval Islamic world, St Thomas Aquinas. It was called their medicinal properties, or as
Muslim botanists and Muslim De Vegetabilibus (c. 1256 AD) and "herbs, shrubs, trees".Arrangement
physicians made a major contribu- even though based on original of plants in later herbals such as
tion to the knowledge of herbal observations and plant descriptions Cruydboeck of Dodoens and John
medicines. Al-Dinawari described it bore a close resemblance to the Gerard’s Herball of 1597 became
more than 637 plant drugs in the earlier Greek, Roman and Arabic more related to their physical simi9th century, in the 12th century Ibn herbals. Another famous account of larities and this heralded the beginAl-'Awwam described 585 fungi the period was De Proprietatibus nings of scientific classification. By
(55 associated with fruit trees), and Rerum (c. 1230–1240) of English 1640 a herbal had been printed that
Ibn Al-Baitar described more than Franciscan monk Bartholomaeus included about 3800 plants – nearly
1,400 different plants, foods and Anglicus.
all the plants of the day that were
drugs, over 300 of which were his
known.
own original discoveries, in the Western Europe
13th century. Others associated
In the Modern Age and
with this period include Mesue Perhaps the best known herbals Renaissance, European herbals
Maior (Masawaiyh, 777–857 CE) were produced in Europe between diversified and innovated, and
who, in his Opera Medicinalia, syn- 1470 and 1670. The invention in came to rely more on direct obserthesised the knowledge of Greeks, Germany of printing from movable vation than being mere adaptations
Persians, Arabs, Indians and type in a printing press c. 1440 was of traditional models. Typical
Babylonians and this work was a great stimulus to herbalism. The examples from the period are the
complemented by the medical new herbals were more detailed fully illustrated De Historia
encyclopaedia of Avicenna (Ibn with greater general appeal and Stirpium Commentarii Insignes by
Sina, 980–1037 CE). Avicenna’s often with Gothic script and the Leonhart Fuchs (1542, with over
Canon of Medicine was used for addition of woodcut illustrations 400 plants), the astrologicallycenturies in both East and West. that more closely resembled the themed Complete Herbal by
During this period Islamic science plants being described.
Nicholas Culpeper (1653), and the
protected classical botanical
Curious Herbal by Elizabeth
knowledge that had been ignored in Three important herbals, all appear- Blackwell (1737).
the West and Muslim pharmacy ing before 1500, were printed in
thrived.
Mainz, Germany. Two of these
19
Glen O. Brechbill
Anglo-Saxon Herbals
Anglo-Saxon plant knowledge and
gardening skills (the garden was
called a wyrtzerd, literally, herbyard) appears to have exceeded that
on the continent. Our limited
knowledge of Anglo-Saxon plant
vernacular comes primarily from
manuscripts that include: the
Leechbook of Bald and the
Lacnunga. The Leechbook of Bald
(Bald was probably a friend of
King Alfred of England) was
painstakingly produced by the
scribe Cild in about 900–950 CE.
This was written in the vernacular
(native) tongue and not derived
from Greek texts.The oldest illustrated herbal from Saxon times is a
translation of the Latin Herbarius
Apulei Platonici, one of the most
popular medical works of medieval
times, the original dating from the
fifth century; this Saxon translation
was produced about 1000–1050 CE
and is housed in the British Library.
Another vernacular herbal was the
Buch der natur or "Book of Nature"
by Konrad von Megenberg
(1309–1374) which contains the
first two botanical woodcuts ever
made; it is also the first work of its
kind in the vernacular.
Anglo-Norman Herbals
In the 12th and early 13th centuries,
under the influence of the Norman
conquest, the herbals produced in
Britain fell less under the influence
of France and Germany and more
that of Sicily and the Near East.
This showed itself through the
Byzantine-influenced Romanesque
framed illustrations. Anglo-Saxon
herbals in the vernacular were
replaced by herbals in Latin including Macers Herbal, De Viribus
Herbarum (largely derived from
Pliny), with the English translation
completed in about 1373.
Fifteenth Century Incunabula
The earliest printed books and
broadsheets were known as
incunabula and the first printed
herbal appeared in 1469, a version
of Pliny's Historia Naturalis: this
was published nine years before
Dioscorides De Materia Medica
was set in type. Important incunabula include the encyclopaedic De
Proprietatibus Rerum of Franciscan
monk Bartholomew Anglicus (c.
1203–1272) which, as a manuscript, had first appeared between
1248 and 1260 in at least six languages and after being first printed
in 1470 ran to 25 editions.[58]
Assyrian
physician
Mesue
(926–1016) wrote the popular De
Simplicibus, Grabadin and Liber
Medicinarum Particularum the first
of his printings being in 1471.
These were followed, in Italy, by
the Herbarium of Apuleius
Platonicus and three German works
published in Mainz, the Latin
Herbarius (1484), the first herbal
published in Germany, German
Herbarius (1485), the latter evolving into the Ortus Sanitatis (1491).
To these can be added Macer[disambiguation needed De Virtutibus
Herbarum, based on Plinys work,
the printed edition of 1477 being
among the first printed herbals with
illustrations.
Fifteenth Century Manuscripts
In medieval times, medicinal herbs
were generally referred to by the
apothecaries (physicians or doctors) as "simples" or "officinals".
Before 1542, the works principally
used by apothecaries were the treatises on simples by Avicenna and
Serapion’s Liber De Simplici
Medicina. The De Synonymis and
other publications of Simon
Januensis, the Liber Servitoris of
Bulchasim Ben Aberazerim, which
described the preparations made
from plants, animals and minerals,
provided a model for the chemical
treatment of modern pharmacopoeias. There was also the
Antidotarium of Nicolaus de
Salerno, which contained Galenical
compounds arranged in alphabetical order.
Spain and Portugal - de Orta,
Monardes, Hernandez
The Spaniards and Portuguese were
explorers, the Portuguese to India
(Vasco da Gama) and Goa where
physician
Garcia
de
Orta
(1490–1570) based his work
Coloquios dos Simples (1563). The
first botanical knowledge of the
New World came from Spaniard
Nicolas Monardes (1493–1588)
who published Dos Libros between
1569 and 1571. The work of
20
Hernandez on the herbal medicine which also covered details of ecolof the Aztecs has already been dis- ogy and plant communities. In this,
cussed.
he was placing emphasis on botanical rather than medicinal characterGermany - Bock, Brunfels and istics, unlike the other German
herbals and forshadowing the modFuchs
ern Flora. De Historia Stirpium
Further information: Hans Weiditz (1542 with a German version in
A Hans Weiditz hand-coloured 1843) of Fuchs was a later publicawoodcut from Otto Brunfels' tion with 509 high quality woodcuts that again paid close attention
Herbarum Vivae Eicones.
to botanical detail: it included many
Otto Brunfels (c. 1489–1534), plants introduced to Germany in the
Leonhart Fuchs (1501–1566) and sixteenth century that were new to
Hieronymus Bock (1498–1554) science. The work of Fuchs is
were known as the "German fathers regarded as being among the most
of botany"[62] although this title accomplished of the Renaissance
belies the fact that they trod in the period.
steps of the scientifically feted
Hildegard of Bingen whose writ- Low Countries - Dodoens, Lobel,
ings on herbalism were Physica and Clusius
Causae et Curae (together known as
Liber subtilatum) of 1150. The The Flemish printer Christopher
original manuscript is no longer in Plantin established a reputation
existence but a copy was printed in publishing the works of Dutch
1533.
herbalists Rembert Dodoens and
Carolus Clusius and developing a
The 1530, Herbarum Vivae Eicones vast library of illustrations.
of Brunfels contained the admired Translations of early Greco-Roman
botanically accurate original wood- texts published in German by Bock
cut colour illustrations of Hans in 1546 as Kreuterbuch were subseWeiditz along with descriptions of quently translated into Dutch as
47 species new to science. Bock, in Pemptades
by
Dodoens
setting out to describe the plants of (1517–1585) who was a Belgian
his native Germany, produced the botanist of world renown. This was
New Kreuterbuch of 1539 describ- an elaboration of his first publicaing the plants he had found in the tion Cruydeboeck (1554).[67]
woods and fields but without illus- Matthias de Lobel (1538–1616)
tration; this was supplemented by a published his Stirpium Adversaria
second edition in 1546 that con- Nova (1570–1571) and a massive
tained 365 woodcuts. Bock was compilation of illustrations[68]
possibly the first to adopt a botani- while Clusius’s (1526–1609) magcal classification in his herbal num opus was Rariorum Plantarum
Historia of 1601 which was a compilation of his Spanish and
Hungarian floras and included over
600 plants that were new to science.
Italy - Mattioli, Calzolari, Alpino
Early Italian manuscript herbal, c.
1500. Plants illustrated are
Appolinaris,
Chamomeleon,
Sliatriceo and Narcissus.
In Italy, too herbals were beginning
to include botanical descriptions.
Notable herbalists included Pietro
Andrea Mattioli (1501–1577),
physician to the Italian aristocracy
and his Commentarii (1544), which
included many newly described
species, and his more traditional
herbal Epistolarum Medicinalium
Libri Quinque (1561). Sometimes,
the local flora was described as in
the publication Viaggio di Monte
Baldo (1566) of Francisco
Calzolari.
Prospero
Alpino
(1553–1617) published in 1592 the
highly popular account of overseas
plants De Plantis Aegypti and he
also established a botanical garden
in Padua in 1542, which together
with those at Pisa and Florence,
rank among the world’s first.
England - Turner,
Parkinson, Culpeper
Gerard,
The first true herbal printed in
Britain was Richard Banckes'
Herball of 1525[71] which,
although popular in its day, was
unillustrated and soon eclipsed by
21
Glen O. Brechbill
the most famous of the early printed herbals, Peter Treveris's Grete
Herball of 1526 (derived in turn
from the derivative French Grand
Herbier).
An engraving of Parkinson from his
work Theatrum Botanicum (1640),
reprinted in Agnes Arber's Herbals
William Turner
(1508–7 to 1568) was an English
naturalist, botanist, and theologian
who studied at Cambridge
University to eventually became
known as the “father of English
botany” achieving botanical notoriety through his 1538 publication
Libellus de re Herbaria Novus,
which was the first essay on scientific botany in English. His threepart A New Herball of 1551- 1568,
with woodcut illustrations taken
from Fuchs, was noted for its original contributions and extensive
medicinal content and for being
more accessible by being written in
vernacular
English.
Turner
described over 200 species native
to England. and his work had a
strong influence on later eminent
botanists such as John Ray and Jean
Bauhin.
John Gerard
(1545–1612) is the most famous of
all the English herbalists. His
Herball of 1597 is, like most
herbals, largely derivative. It
appears to be a reformulation of
Hieronymus Bock's Kreuterbuch
subsequently translated into Dutch
as Pemptades by Rembert Dodoens
(1517–1585), and thence into
English by Carolus Clusius,
(1526–1609) then re-worked by
Henry Lyte in 1578 as A Nievve
Herball. This became the basis of
Gerard's Herball or General
Hiftorie of Plantes.[75] that
appeared in 1597 with its 1800
woodcuts (only 16 original).
Although largely
derivative,
Gerard's popularity can be attributed to his evocation of plants and
places in Elizabethan England and
to the clear influence of gardens
and gardening on this work. He had
published, in 1596, Catalogus
which was a list of 1033 plants
growing in his garden.
second
was
his
Theatrum
Botanicum of 1640, the largest
herbal ever produced in the English
language. It lacked the quality illustrations of Gerard's works, but was
a massive and informative compendium including about 3800
plants (twice the number of
Gerard's first edition Herball), over
1750 pages and over 2,700 woodcuts. This was effectively the last
and culminating herbal of its kind
and, although it included more
plants of no discernible economic
or medicinal use than ever before,
they were nevertheless arranged
according to their properties rather
than their natural affinities.
John Parkinson
(1616–1654) was an English
botanist, herbalist, physician,
apothecary and astrologer from
London's East End. His published
books were A Physicall Directory
(1649), which was a pseudoscientific pharmacopoeia. The English
Physitian (1652) and the Complete
Herbal (1653), contain a rich store
of pharmaceutical and herbal
knowledge. His works lacked scientific credibility because of their
use of astrological although he
combined diseases, plants and
astrological prognosis into a simple
integrated system that has proved
extremely popular to the present
day.
Nicholas Culpeper
(1567–1650) was apothecary to
James I and a founding member of
the Worshipful Society of
Apothecaries. He was an enthusiastic and skilful gardener, his garden
in Long Acre being stocked with
rarities. He maintained an active
correspondence with important
English and Continental botanists,
herbalists and plantsmen importing
new and unusual plants from overseas, in particular the Levant and
Virginia. Parkinson is celebrated
for his two monumental works, the
first Paradisi in Sole Paradisus
Terrestris in 1629: this was essentially a gardening book, a florilegium for which Charles I awarded Legacy
him the title Botanicus Regius
Primarius - Royal Botanist. The Pharma-copoeia, Plant Taxonomy,
22
and Flora
Back cover of the Chinese pharmacopoeia First Edition, published in
1930.
The legacy of the herbal extends
beyond medicine to botany and
horticulture. Herbal medicine is
still practiced in many parts of the
world but the traditional grand
herbal, as described here, ended
with the European Renaissance, the
rise of modern medicine and the
use of synthetic and industrialized
drugs. The medicinal component of
herbals has developed in several
ways. Firstly, discussion of plant
lore was reduced and with the
increased medical content there
emerged the official pharmacopoeia.
The
first
British
Pharmacopoeia was published in
the English language in 1864, but
gave such general dissatisfaction
both to the medical profession and
to chemists and druggists that the
General Medical Council brought
out a new and amended edition in
1867. Secondly, at a more popular
level, there are the books on culinary herbs and herb gardens,
medicinal and useful plants.
Finally, the enduring desire for simple medicinal information on specific plants has resulted in contemporary herbals that echo the herbals
of the past, an example being Maud
Grieve's A Modern Herbal, first
published in 1931 but with many
subsequent editions.
the herbal also lives on. Herbals
often explained plant lore, displaying a superstitious or spiritual side.
There was, for example, the fanciful doctrine of signatures, the belief
that there were similarities in the
appearance of the part of the body
affected the appearance of the plant
to be used as a remedy. The astrology of Culpeper can be seen in contemporary anthroposophy (biodynamic gardening) and alternative
medical approaches like homeopathy, aromatherapy and other new
age medicine show connections
with herbals and traditional medicine.
It is sometimes forgotten that the
plants described in herbals were
grown in special herb gardens
(physic gardens). Such herb gardens were, for example, part of the
medieval monastery garden that
supplied the simples or officinals
used to treat the sick being cared
for within the monastery. Early
physic gardens were also associated with institutes of learning,
whether a monastery, university or
herbarium. It was this medieval
garden of the fourteenth to sixteenth centuries, attended by
apothecaries and physicians, that
established a tradition leading to
the systems gardens of the eighteenth century (gardens that
demonstrated the classification system of plants) and the modern
botanical garden. The advent of
printing, woodcuts and metal
engraving improved the means of
The magical and mystical side of communication. Herbals prepared
the ground for modern botanical
science by pioneering plant
description, classification and illustration. From the time of the
ancients like Dioscorides through
to Parkinson in 1629, the scope of
the herbal remained essentially the
same.
The greatest legacy of the herbal is
to botany. Up to the seventeenth
century, botany and medicine were
one and the same but gradually
greater emphasis was placed on the
plants rather than their medicinal
properties. During the seventeenth
and eighteenth centuries, plant
description and classification began
to relate plants to one-another and
not to man. This was the first
glimpse of non-anthropocentric
botanical
science
since
Theophrastus and, coupled with the
new system of binomial nomenclature resulted in "scientific herbals"
called Floras that detailed and illustrated the plants growing in a particular region. These books were
often backed by herbaria, collections of dried plants that verified
the plant descriptions given in the
Floras. In this way modern botany,
especially plant taxonomy, was
born out of medicine. As herbal
historian Agnes Arber remarks
"Sibthorp's monumental Flora
Graeca is, indeed, the direct
descendant in modern science of
the De Materia Medica of
Dioscorides."
23
Glen O. Brechbill
Herbs:
Angelica
Basil
Basil, Holy
Basil, Thai
Bay Leaf
Boldo
Borage
Chamomile Blue
Chamomile Roman
Chervil
Chives
Cicely
Coriander - Bolovian
Coriander Vietnamese
( rau ra( m )
Coriander Leaf
( cilantro )
Costus
Cress
Curry leaf
Dill
Elsholtzia Ciliata
Epazote
Eryngium Foetidum
( long coriander )
Hay
Hemp
Hoja Santa
Houttuynia Cordata
( gia^'p cá )
Hyssop
Jimbu
Lemon Grass
Lemon Myrtle
Lemon Verbena
Limnophila Aromatica
( rice paddy herb )
Lovage
Marjoram
Mint
Mitsuba
Mugwort
Myrtle
Oregano
Origanum
Parsley
Peppermint
Perilla
Rosemary
Rue
Sage
Sansho - ( leaf )
Savory
Shiso
Sorrel
Spike Lavender
Star Anis
Tarragon
Thyme
Wintergreen
Woodruff
Lavandin
Lavender
Lemon Balm
24
Angelica
Angelica is a genus of about 60
species of tall biennial and perennial herbs in the family Apiaceae,
native to temperate and subarctic
regions
of
the
Northern
Hemisphere, reaching as far north
as Iceland and Lapland. They grow
to 1–3 m tall, with large bipinnate
leaves and large compound umbels
of white or greenish-white flowers.
Some species can be found in purple moor and rush pastures.
Angelica species grow to 1–3 m
tall, with large bipinnate leaves and
large compound umbels of white or
greenish-white flowers. Although
their flowers are pollinated by a
great variety of insects (the generalist pollination syndrome), the floral
scents are species-specific, and
even specific to particular subspecies.
Species
Angelica Acutiloba dang-gui in Chinese
Angelica Ampla giant angelica
Angelica Archangelica garden angelica, archangel,
angelique
Angelica Arguta Lyall's Angelica
Angelica atropurpurea Purplestem Angelica, Alexanders
Angelica breweri Brewer's angelica
Angelica californica California angelica
Angelica callii Call's angelica
Angelica canbyi Canby's angelica
Angelica cartilaginomarginata
Angelica dahurica bai zhi in Chinese
Angelica dawsonii Dawson's angelica
Angelica dentata coastalplain angelica
Angelica genuflexa kneeling angelica
Angelica gigas cham dangwi in Korean
Angelica glabra synonym for Angelica dahurica
Angelica grayi - Gray's angelica
Angelica Hendersonii Henderson's angelica
Angelica Japonica
Angelica Keiskei ashitaba in Japanese
Angelica Kingii –
King's angelica
Angelica Lineariloba –
poison angelica
Angelica Lucida –
seacoast angelica
Angelica pachycarpa
Angelica palustris
Angelica pancicii
Angelica pinnata –
small-leaf angelica
Angelica pubescens
Angelica roseana –
rose angelica
Angelica sinensis –
dong quai
Angelica scabrida –
Charleston Mountain angelica
Angelica sylvestris –
wild angelica
Angelica tomentosa –
woolly angelica
Angelica triquinata –
filmy angelica
Angelica ubatakensis
Angelica venenosa –
hairy angelica
Angelica wheeleri –
Utah angelica
Cultivation & Uses
Some species are grown as flavor-
25
Glen O. Brechbill
ing agents or for their medicinal
properties. The most notable of
these is garden angelica (A.
archangelica), which is commonly
known simply as angelica. Natives
of Lapland use the fleshy roots as
food and the stalks as medicine.
Crystallized strips of young angelica stems and midribs are green in
colour and are sold as decorative
and flavoursome cake decoration
material, but may also be enjoyed
on their own. The roots and seeds
are sometimes used to flavor gin.
Its presence accounts for the distinct flavor of many liqueurs, such
as Chartreuse.
Among the Sami people of
Lappland, the plant is used to make
a traditional musical instrument the
fadno.
Seacoast angelica (A. lucida) has
been eaten as a wild version of celery.
In parts of Japan, especially the Izu
Islands, the shoots and leaves of
ashitaba (A. keiskei) are eaten as
tempura, particularly in the spring.
A. sylvestris and some other
species are eaten by the larvae of
some Lepidoptera species, including bordered pug, grey pug, limespeck pug and the V-pug.
America from Newfoundland west
to Wisconsin and south to
Maryland, and was smoked by
Missouri tribes for colds and respiratory ailments. This species is very
similar in appearance to the poisonous water hemlock.
The boiled roots of angelica were
applied internally and externally to
wounds by the Aleut people in
Alaska to speed healing.
Candied angelica is a popular cake
decoration and flavouring.
The herb, also known by the
Chinese name, Bai Zhi, and Latin
name, Radix Angelicae Dahurica,
is used medicinally in Traditional
Chinese Medicine. According to a
study, Methoxy-8-(2-hydroxy-3buthoxy-3-methylbutyloxy)-psoralen has been shown to regulate
the cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2)dependent phase of prostaglandin
D(2) generation in bone marrowderived mast cells (IC50, 23.5
mM). In addition, this compound
consistently modulated the production of leukotriene C(4), demonstrating the ability to modulate both
cyclooxygenase-2 and 5-lipoxygenase activity. Furthermore, this
compound also affected the degranulation reaction (IC50, 4.1 mM)
A. dawsonii was used by several
first nations in North America for
ritual purposes.
A. atropurpurea is found in North
26
Basil
Sweet Basil, is a common name for
the culinary herb Ocimum
basilicum , of the family Lamiaceae
(mints), sometimes known as Saint
Joseph's Wort in some Englishspeaking countries.
Basil, originally from India[1], is
best known as a culinary herb
prominently featured in Italian cuisine, and also plays a major role in
the Northeast Asian cuisine of
Taiwan and the Southeast Asian
cuisines of Thailand, Vietnam,
Cambodia, and Laos. Depending
on the species and cultivar, the
leaves may taste somewhat like
anise, with a strong, pungent, often
sweet smell.
There are many varieties of
Ocimum basilicum, as well as several related species or species
hybrids also called basil. The type
used in Italian food is typically
called sweet basil, as opposed to
Thai basil (O. basilicum var. thyrsiflora), lemon basil (O. × citriodorum) and holy basil (Ocimum tenuiflorum), which are used in Asia.
While most common varieties of
basil are treated as annuals, some
are perennial in warm, tropical cli-
mates, including holy basil and a For a more complete list, see List of
cultivar known as 'African Blue'.
basil cultivars
Basil is originally native to India African blue basil (Ocimum
and other tropical regions of Asia, basilicum X O. kilimandscharicum)
having been cultivated there for
more than 5,000 years.
Camphor basil, African basil (O.
kilimandscharicum)
Etymology
Cinnamon
basil
(Ocimum
The word basil comes from the basilicum 'Cinnamon')
Greek (basileus), meaning "king",
as it is believed to have grown Dark opal basil (Ocimum basilicum
above the spot where St. 'Dark Opal')
Constantine and his mother St.
Helen discovered the Holy Globe basil, dwarf basil, French
(Ocimum
basilicum
Cross.The
Oxford
English basil
Dictionary quotes speculations that 'Minimum')
basil may have been used in "some
royal unguent, bath, or medicine". Hoary basil (Ocimum americanum
Basil is still considered the "king of formerly known as O. canum)
herbs" by many cookery authors
Holy Basil (Ocimum tenuiflorum,
formerly known a O. sanctum)
Nomenclature & Taxonomy
Most commercially available basils
are cultivars of sweet basil. There
are over 160 named cultivars available and more new ones every year.
There are also a number of species
sold. Here are some basils commonly sold in the USA.
Spice Basil (a cultivar of Ocimum
americanum, which is sometimes
sold as Holy Basil)
Lemon basil (Ocimum americanum)
Lettuce
27
leaf
basil
(Ocimum
Glen O. Brechbill
basilicum 'Crispum')
They also eat fried chicken with
deep-fried basil leaves. Basil (most
Purple basil (Ocimum basilicum commonly Thai basil) is commonly
'Purpurescens')
steeped in cream or milk to create
an interesting flavor in ice cream or
Queen of Siam basil (Ocimum chocolates (such as truffles). The
basilicum citriodorum)
leaves are not the only part of basil
used in culinary applications, the
Rubin basil (Ocimum basilicum flower buds have a more subtle fla'Rubin')
vor and they are edible.
Culinary Use
Basil is commonly used fresh in
cooked recipes. In general, it is
added at the last moment, as cooking quickly destroys the flavor. The
fresh herb can be kept for a short
time in plastic bags in the refrigerator, or for a longer period in the
freezer, after being blanched quickly in boiling water. The dried herb
also loses most of its flavor, and
what little flavor remains tastes
very different, with a weak
coumarin flavor, like hay.
Basil is one of the main ingredients
in pesto - a green Italian oil-andherb sauce. Its other main ingredients are olive oil, garlic, and pine
nuts.
The most commonly used
Mediterranean basil cultivars are
"Genovese", "Purple Ruffles",
"Mammoth",
"Cinnamon",
"Lemon", "Globe", and "African
Blue". The Chinese also use fresh
or dried basils in soups and other
foods. In Taiwan, people add fresh
basil leaves to thick soups
(Chinese: ??; pinyin: ge-ngta-ng).
(Chinese:
pinyin: luó lè) or
(Chinese: pinyin: ba- xi- li(),
although often refers to a different
plant - parsley.
Lemon basil has a strong lemony
smell and flavor very different from
those of other varieties because it
contains a chemical called citral. It
is widely used in Indonesia, where
it is called kemangi and served raw,
Thai basil is also a condiment in the together with raw cabbage, green
Vietnamese noodle soup, pho+?.
beans, and cucumber, as an accompaniment to fried fish or duck. Its
Basil Seeds
flowers, when broken up, are a
zesty salad condiment.
When soaked in water, the seeds of
several basil varieties become Chemical Components
gelatinous, and are used in Asian
drinks and desserts such as falooda, The various basils have such differsherbet or ho^.t é. They are used for ent scents because the herb has a
their medicinal properties in number of different essential oils
Ayurveda, the traditional medicinal that come together in different prosystem of India and Siddha medi- portions for various breeds. The
cine, a traditional Tamil system of strong clove scent of sweet basil is
medicine. They are also used as derived from eugenol, the same
drinks in Southeast Asia.
chemical as actual cloves. The citrus scent of lemon basil and lime
Other Basils
basil reflects their higher portion of
citral, which causes this effect in
Several other basils, including several plants including lemon
some other Ocimum species, are mint, and of limonene, which gives
grown in many regions of Asia. actual lemon peel its scent. African
Most of the Asian basils have a blue basil has a strong camphor
clove-like flavor that is, in general, smell because it contains camphor
stronger than the Mediterranean and camphene in higher proporbasils. The most notable is the holy tions. Licorice basil contains anetbasil or tulsi, a revered home- hole, the same chemical that makes
grown plant in India and Nepal. In anise smell like licorice, and in fact
China, the local cultivar is called is sometimes called "anise basil."
(Chinese: pinyin: jiu( céng ta(; literally "nine-level pagoda"), while Other chemicals that help to prothe imported varieties are called duce the distinctive scents of many
28
basils, depending on their propor- eases and arthritis. BCP is the only
tion in each specific breed, include: product identified in nature that
activates CB2 selectively; it intercitronellol (scented geraniums, acts with one of two cannabinoid
roses, and citronella)
receptors (CB2), blocking chemical
signals that lead to inflammation,
linalool (a flowery scent also in without triggering cannabis's
coriander)
mood-altering effects.
myrcene (bay leaf, myrcia)
Aroma Profiles
pinene (which is, as the name 1,8-cineole
implies, the chemical that gives
pine oil its scent)
Bergamotene
ocimene
terpineol
linalyl acetate
fenchyl acetate
trans-ocimene
1,8-cineole
camphor octanane
methyl eugenol
eugenol
beta-caryophyllene
Eugenol
Linalool
Methyl chavicol
Methyl cinnamate
Methyl eugenol
Phenylpropanoids
Based on chemical content, basils
can be divided into four groups:
trans-?-Ocimene
1. French; Ocimum basilicum, con- Cultivation
tains lower amounts of phenols
Most culinary and ornamental
2. exotic; contains methyl chavicol basils are cultivars of the species
(40 - 80 %
Ocimum basilicum, but other
species are also grown and there are
3. methyl cinnamate - ether 90%
many hybrids between species.
Traditionally a green plant, some
4. eugenol
varieties, such as 'Purple Delight'
have leaves that appear purple.
Basil and oregano contain large
amounts of (E)-beta-caryophyllene Basil grows between 30–130 cm
(BCP), which might have a use in tall, with opposite, light green,
treating inflammatory bowel dis- silky leaves 3–11 cm long and 1–6
cm broad. The flowers are small,
white in color and arranged in a terminal spike. Unusual among
Lamiaceae, the four stamens and
the pistil are not pushed under the
upper lip of the corolla, but lie over
the inferior lip. After entomophilous pollination, the corolla
falls off and four round achenes
develop inside the bilabiate calyx.
Basil is very sensitive to cold, with
best growth in hot, dry conditions.
It behaves as an annual if there is
any chance of a frost. In Northern
Europe, Canada, the northern states
of the U.S., and the South Island of
New Zealand it will grow best if
sown under glass in a peat pot, then
planted out in late spring/early
summer (when there is little chance
of a frost). Additionally, it may be
sown in soil once chance of frost is
past. It fares best in a well-drained
sunny spot.
Although basil grows best outdoors, it can be grown indoors in a
pot and, like most herbs, will do
best on an equator-facing windowsill. It should be kept away
from extremely cold drafts, and
grows best in strong sunlight, therefore a greenhouse or row cover is
ideal if available. They can, however, be grown even in a basement,
under fluorescent lights.
If its leaves have wilted from lack
of water, it will recover if watered
thoroughly and placed in a sunny
location. Yellow leaves towards the
bottom of the plant are an indica-
29
Glen O. Brechbill
tion that the plant has been stressed; plant helps "promote growth",
usually this means that it needs less largely because the plant responds
water, or less or more fertilizer.
by converting pairs of leaflets next
to the topmost leaves into new
In sunnier climates such as stems.
Southern Europe, the southern
states of the U.S., the North Island Companion Planting
of New Zealand, and Australia,
basil will thrive when planted out- In double-blinded taste tests, basil
side. It also thrives over the sum- has been found to not affect signifmertime in the central and northern icantly the taste of tomatoes when
United States, but dies out when planted adjacent to them.
temperatures reach freezing point.
It will grow back the next year if Diseases
allowed to go to seed. It will need
regular watering, but not as much Basil suffers from several plant
attention as is needed in other cli- pathogens that can ruin the crop
mates.
and reduce yield. Fusarium wilt is a
soil-borne fungal disease that will
Basil can also be propagated very quickly kill younger basil plants.
reliably from cuttings in exactly the Seedlings may also be killed by
same manner as 'Busy Lizzie' Pythium damping off.
(Impatiens), with the stems of short
cuttings suspended for two weeks A common foliar disease of basil is
or so in water until roots develop. gray mold caused by Botrytis
cinerea; it can also cause infections
Once a stem produces flowers, post-harvest and is capable of
foliage production stops on that killing the entire plant. Black spot
stem, the stem becomes woody, and can also be seen on basil foliage
essential oil production declines. and is caused by the fungi genus
To prevent this, a basil-grower may Colletotrichum.
pinch off any flower stems before
they are fully mature. Because only More recently, downy mildew of
the blooming stem is so affected, basil caused by Peronospora belsome stems can be pinched for leaf bahrii has been a huge problem for
production, while others are left to both commercial producers and
bloom for decoration or seeds.
home growers. The disease was
first reported in Italy in 2004, was
Once the plant is allowed to flower, reported in the U.S. in 2007 and
it may produce seed pods contain- 2008 and has been steadily increasing small black seeds, which can be ing in prevalence, distribution, and
saved and planted the following economic importance since then.
year. Picking the leaves off the
30
Potential Health Effects
Recently, there has been much
research into the health benefits
conferred by the essential oils
found in basil. Scientific studies in
vitro have established that compounds in basil oil have potent
antioxidant, antiviral, and antimicrobial properties, and potential for
use in treating cancer. In addition,
basil has been shown to decrease
the occurrence of platelet aggregation and experimental thrombus in
mice.It is traditionally used for supplementary treatment of stress,
asthma and diabetes in India.[ In
Siddha medicine, it is used for
treating pimples on the face, but
noted that intake of the seeds in
large quantities is harmful for the
brain.
Basil, like other aromatic plants
such as fennel and tarragon, contains estragole, a known carcinogen
and teratogen in rats and mice.
While human effects are currently
unstudied, extrapolation using body
weight from the rodent experiments
indicates that 100–1000 times the
normal anticipated exposure still
probably produces a minimal cancer risk.
Cultural Aspects
This section needs additional
citations for verification. Please
help improve this article by adding
citations to reliable sources.
Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (May 2011)
Female of Xylocopa pubescens for- In Europe, basil is placed in the
aging on basil.
hands of the dead to ensure a safe
journey. In India, they place it in
There are many rituals and beliefs the mouth of the dying to ensure
associated with basil. The French they reach God.[citation needed]
sometimes call basil "l'herbe The ancient Egyptians and ancient
royale", while in Welsh it has the Greeks believed it would open the
synonymous name "brenhinllys". gates of heaven for a person passJewish folklore suggests it adds ing on.
strength while fasting. In Portugal,
dwarf bush basil is traditionally In Boccaccio's Decameron a mempresented in a pot, together with a orably morbid tale (novella V) tells
poem and a pom-pon, to a sweet- of Lisabetta, whose brothers slay
heart, on the religious holidays of her lover. He appears to her in a
Saint John and Saint Anthony. dream and shows her where he is
However, basil represented hatred buried. She secretly disinters the
in ancient Greece, and European head, and sets it in a pot of basil,
lore sometimes claims that basil is a which she waters with her daily
symbol of Satan. African legend tears. The pot being taken from her
claims that basil protects against by her brothers, she dies of her grief
scorpions, while the English not long after. Boccaccio's tale is
botanist Culpeper cites one the source of John Keats' poem
"Hilarius, a French physician" as Isabella or The Pot of Basil - which
affirming it as common knowledge in turn inspired the paintings
that smelling basil too much would Isabella (Millais painting) and
breed scorpions in the brain.
Isabella and the Pot of Basil. A
similar story is told of the
Holy basil, also called tulsi, is high- Longobard queen, Rosalind.
ly revered in Hinduism and also has
religious significance in the Greek Toxicity Studies
Orthodox Church, where it is used
to prepare holy water. It is said to A study of the essential oil showed
have been found around Christ's antifungal and insect-repelling
tomb after his resurrection. The properties. A similar study reported
Bulgarian Orthodox Church, in 2009 has confirmed that extracts
Serbian
Orthodox
Church, from the plant are very toxic to
Macedonian Orthodox Church and mosquitos. However, the plant is
Romanian Orthodox Church use not toxic to rats. Nevertheless, furbasil (Bulgarian and Macedonian: ther scientific researches should be
Romanian: busuioc, Serbian: to warranted, since there are no equivprepare holy water and pots of basil alent reports of its use against
are often placed below church humans.
altars.
31
Glen O. Brechbill
Bay Leaf
Bay leaf (plural bay leaves) refers
to the aromatic leaf of the bay laurel (Laurus nobilis, Lauraceae).
Fresh or dried bay leaves are used
in cooking for their distinctive flavor and fragrance. The leaves are
often used to flavor soups, stews,
braises and pâtés in Mediterranean
cuisine. The fresh leaves are very
mild and do not develop their full
flavor until several weeks after
picking and drying
Taxonomy
The term "bay leaf" is used to refer
to several other plants besides the
leaves of L. nobilis. These include:
leaves, but is culinarily quite different, having a fragrance and taste
similar to cinnamon (cassia) bark,
but milder. In culinary terms, it is
misleading to call it bay leaf
because it is of a genus other than
that of the bay laurel tree, it does
not taste the same as the bay laurel
leaf, and cannot be used in cooking
as a substitute for the bay laurel
leaf.
Indonesian bay leaf or Indonesian
laurel (salam leaf) – the leaf of
Syzygium polyanthum is not commonly found outside of Indonesia;
this herb is applied to meat and,
less often vegetables. Like Indian
bay leaf, it is also inaccurately
named because the plant is actually
a member of the Myrtaceae family.
California bay leaf – the leaf of the
California bay tree (Umbellularia
californica), also known as
California laurel, Oregon myrtle, History
and pepperwood, is similar to the
Mediterranean bay, but has a The bay laurel tree has been cultivated since the beginning of recordstronger flavor.
ed history; it originated in Asia
Indian bay leaf or Malabathrum Minor, and spread to the
(Cinnamomum tejpata; also tej pat, Mediterranean and other countries
tejpat, tejpata or Palav aaku in with suitable climates. Bay leaf is
Telugu or Punnai ilai in Tamil or not grown in northern regions, as
Daalchini in Kannada). In appear- the plants do not thrive in cold cliance, the leaf is similar to bay mates. Turkey is one of the main
32
exporters of bay leaves, although
they are also grown in areas of
Albania, France, Belgium, Italy,
Russia,
Colombia,
Central
America, North America, and
India. The laurel tree from which
the bay leaf comes was very important both symbolically and literally
in both Greece and Rome. The laurel can be found as a central component found in many ancient
mythologies that glorify the tree as
a symbol of honor. Bay leaves are
one of the most widely used culinary herbs in Europe and North
America. In the Elizabethan era,
some people believed pinning bay
leaves to one's pillow on the eve of
Saint Valentine's Day would permit
one to see one's future spouse in a
dream.
Taste and Aroma
If eaten whole, bay leaves are pungent and have a sharp, bitter taste.
As with many spices and flavorings, the fragrance of the bay leaf is
more noticeable than its taste.
When dried, the fragrance is herbal,
slightly floral, and somewhat similar to oregano and thyme. Myrcene,
which is a component of many
essential oils used in perfumery, a pantry to repel meal moths, flies,
can be extracted from the bay leaf. roaches, and silverfish.
Bay leaves also contain the essential oil eugenol.
Bay leaves have been used in entomology as the active ingredient in
Uses
killing jars. The crushed, fresh,
young leaves are put into the jar
Bay leaves are a fixture in the cook- under a layer of paper. The vapours
ing of many European cuisines they release kill insects slowly but
(particularly
those
of
the effectively and keep the specimens
Mediterranean), as well as in North relaxed and easy to mount. The
America. They are used in soups, leaves discourage the growth of
stews, meat, seafood and vegetable moulds They are not effective for
dishes. The leaves also flavor many killing large beetles and similar
classic French dishes. The leaves specimens, but insects that have
are most often used whole (some- been killed in a cyanide killing jar
times in a bouquet garni) and can be transferred to a laurel jar to
removed before serving (they can await mounting. It is not clear to
be abrasive in the digestive tract). what extent the effect is due to
In
Indian
(Sanskrit
name cyanide released by the crushed
Tamaalpatra, Hindi Tejpatta) and leaves, and to what extent other
Pakistani cuisine, bay leaves are volatile products are responsible.
often used in biryani and other rich
spicy dishes although not as an Medicinal Value
everyday ingredient in home cuisine and as an ingredient in garam Question book-new.svg
This
masala.
unreferenced section requires citations to ensure verifiability.
Bay leaves can also be crushed or
ground before cooking. Crushed In the Middle Ages, bay leaves
bay leaves impart more of their were believed to induce abortions
desired fragrance than whole and to have many magical qualities.
leaves, but are more difficult to They were once used to keep moths
remove, and thus they are often away, owing to the leaf's lauric acid
used in a muslin bag or tea infuser. content that gives it insecticidal
Ground bay laurel may be substitut- properties. Bay leaves have many
ed for whole leaves, and does not properties that make them useful
need to be removed, but it is much for treating high blood sugar,
stronger due to the increased sur- migraine headaches, bacterial and
face area and in some dishes the fungal infections, and gastric
texture may not be desirable.
ulcers. Bay leaves and berries have
been used for their astringent,
Bay leaves can also be scattered in carminative, diaphoretic, digestive,
33
diuretic, emetic and stomachic
properties. Bay oil, or oil of bays
(oleum lauri) is used in liniments
for bruises and sprains. Bay leaf
has been used as an herbal remedy
for headaches. It contains compounds, called parthenolides,
which have proven useful in the
treatment of migraines. Bay leaf
has also been shown to help the
body process insulin more efficiently, which leads to lower blood
sugar levels. It has also been used
to reduce the effects of stomach
ulcers. Bay leaf contains eugenol,
which has anti-inflammatory and
antioxidant properties. Bay leaf is
also an antifungal and antibacterial,
and has also been used to treat
rheumatism, amenorrhea, and colic.
Safety
Some members of the laurel family,
as well as the unrelated, but visually similar mountain laurel and cherry laurel, have leaves that are poisonous to humans and livestock.
While these plants are not sold anywhere for culinary use, their visual
similarity to bay leaves has led to
the oft-repeated belief bay leaves
should be removed from food after
cooking because they are poisonous. This is not true - bay leaves
may be eaten without toxic effect.
However, they remain very stiff
even after thorough cooking, and if
swallowed whole or in large pieces,
they may pose a risk of scratching
the digestive tract or even causing
choking. Thus, most recipes that
use bay leaves will recommend
Glen O. Brechbill
their removal after the cooking
process has finished.
Cultivation
Gardeners in frost-free or light frost
areas will find that bay laurel
seedlings planted in the ground easily grow into large trees, 38 feet (12
m) and taller; but when kept
pruned, it can thrive as a small
bush. Bay laurel can also be grown
in containers, the size of which limits the ultimate size of the trees.
New plants are often started via
layering, or from cuttings, since
growing from seed can be difficult.
Bay trees are difficult to start from
seed, due in part to the seed's low
germination rate, and long germination period. Fresh seeds with the
pericarp removed typically have a
40% germination rate, while dried
seeds and/or seeds with an intact
pericarp have yet lower germination rates. In addition, the seed germination period can be 50 days or
more, which increases the risk of
the seeds rotting before they germinate. Treating the seeds with gibberellic acid can be useful in
increasing seed germination, as is
careful monitoring of moisture levels in the rooting medium.
34
Chamomile
Chamomile or camomile is a common name for several daisy-like
plants of the family Asteraceae.
These plants are best known for
their ability to be made into an
infusion which is commonly used
to help with sleep and is often
served with either honey or lemon.
Because chamomile can cause uterine contractions which can lead to
miscarriage, the U.S. National
Institutes for Health says that pregnant and nursing mothers should
not consume chamomile. Chrysin,
a flavonoid found in chamomile,
has been shown to be anxiolytic in
rodents, and is believed to be at
least partially responsible for
chamomile's reputation as a sleep
aid. It is known to reduce stress
Species
There are a number of species
whose common name includes the
word chamomile. This does not
mean they can be used in the same
manner as the herbal tea known as
"chamomile." Plants including the
common name "chamomile", are of
the family Asteraceae, and include:
Matricaria
recutita,
wild
chamomile, commonly used in sponding to the immediate French
chamomile tea
source, is the older in English,
while the spelling "chamomile"
Anthemis
nobilis,
Roman more accurately corresponds to the
chamomile
ultimate Latin and Greek source.
And to some extent congeners such Medicinal Uses
as:
Preliminary research suggests
Anthemis arvensis, corn or scent- chamomile is an effective therapy
less chamomile
for anxiety.
Anthemis
chamomile
cotula,
Anthemis
chamomile
tinctoria,
stinking In Russia, chamomile tea is used
for stomach troubles, colds, and
muscle aches as well as the usual
dyer's anxiety and insomnia.
Chamomile is also useful as an
Cladanthus multicaulis, Moroccan antidiuretic.
chamomile
The
National
Center
for
Eriocephalus punctulatus, Cape Complementary and Alternative
chamomile
Medicine caution of rare allergic
reactions (Asteraceae allergy)
Matricaria
discoidea,
wild and/or atopic dermatitis (skin rash).
chamomile or pineapple weed
GERMAN CHAMOMILE
Etymology
Matricaria chamomilla or German
The word derives, via French and chamomile, also spelled camomile,
Latin, from Greek (chamaimilon) is an annual plant of the composite
("earth apple"). The more common family Asteraceae. Synonyms are:
British spelling "camomile", corre- Chamomilla
chamomilla,
35
Glen O. Brechbill
Chamomilla recutita (correct name Growth
according to the Flora Europaea),
Matricaria recutita, and Matricaria Matricaria chamomilla has a
suaveolens.
branched stem which is erect and
smooth, and which grows to a
Matricaria chamomilla can be height of 15–60 cm. The long and
found near populated areas all over narrow leaves are bipinnate or tripEurope and temperate Asia, and it innate.
has been widely introduced in temperate North America and The flowers are borne in paniculate
Australia. It often grows near roads, capitula. The white ray florets are
around landfills, and in cultivated furnished with a ligule, while the
fields as a weed because the seeds disc florets are yellow. The hollow
require open soil to survive.
receptacle is swollen and lacks
scales. This property distinguishes
Etymology
German Chamomile from, Corn
Chamomile (Anthemis arvensis),
Common names include wild which has a receptacle with scales.
chamomile, Hungarian chamomile, The flowers bloom in early to mid
pineapple weed (referring to the summer and have a strong aromatic
shape of the inflorescences), and smell.
scented mayweed (and is distinct
from the scentless mayweed Uses
Matricaria perforata). Chamomile
blue refers to chamazulene, the Herbalism
purified deep blue essential oil
derived using steam distillation German chamomile is used in
rather than the plant itself. herbal medicine for a sore stomach,
Hungarian chamomile has a reputa- irritable bowel syndrome, and as a
tion (among herbalists) for being gentle sleep aid. It is also used as a
incorrectly prepared because it is mild laxative and is anti-inflammadried at a temperature above the tory and bactericidal. It can be
boiling point of the volatile compo- taken as a herbal tea, two teaspoons
nents of the plant.
of dried flower per cup of tea,
which should be steeped for ten to
The word chamomile comes from fifteen minutes while covered to
the Greek (chamaime-lon) meaning avoid evaporation of the volatile
"earth-apple",which is derived oils. The marc should be pressed
from (chamai) meaning "on the because of the formation of a new
ground" and (me-lon) meaning active principle inside the cells,
"apple". It is so called because of which can then be released by rupthe apple-like scent of the plant.
turing the cell walls, though this
substance only forms very close to
36
boiling point. For a sore stomach,
some recommend taking a cup
every morning without food for two
to three months. It is also used as a
mouthwash against oral mucositis.
It has acaricidal properties against
certain mites, such as Psoroptes
cuniculi.
One of the active ingredients of the
essential oil from German
chamomile is the terpene bisabolol.
Other active ingredients include
farnesene, chamazulene, flavonoids
(including apigenin, quercetin, patuletin and luteolin) and coumarin.
Potential Pharmacology
A 2006 review of the medical literature reported a number of beneficial effects for chamomile in in
vitro and animal tests, but added
that more human clinical trials are
needed before any firm conclusions
can be drawn. Research with animals suggests antispasmodic, anxiolytic, anti-inflammatory and some
antimutagenic and cholesterol-lowering effects for chamomile.
Chamomile has sped healing time
of wounds in animals. It also
showed some benefit in an animal
model of diabetes. In vitro
chamomile has demonstrated moderate antimicrobial and antioxidant
properties
and
significant
antiplatelet activity, as well as preliminary results against cancer.
Essential oil of chamomile was
shown to be a potential antiviral
agent against herpes simplex virus
type 2 (HSV-2) in vitro. Potential
risks include interference with war- duction of those oils, making cerfarin and infant botulism in very tain herbs, like mints (spearmint,
young children.
sage, oregano) and basil stronger in
scent and flavour.
The methanol extract of Matricaria
recutita showed potent anti-allergic Chamomile tea is also thought to be
activity by inhibition of histamine useful to suppress fungal growth,
release from mast cells in cell for example, misting it over
mediated allergic models.
seedlings may prevent damping off.
A recent prospective clinical study
found twice-a-day chamomile compress as effective as hydrocortisone
1% ointment on peristomal skin
lesions in colostomy patients.
Chamomile is frequently an invasive species in agricultural fields.
Farmers often must control
chamomile's spread to maintain
productivity of their fields.
In 2009, researchers at the
University of Pennsylvania concluded the first controlled clinical
trial of chamomile extract for
Generalized Anxiety Disorder
(GAD). The results suggest that
chamomile may have modest anxiolytic activity in patients with mild
to moderate GAD, although the
results have not since been replicated.
Possible Side Effects
Chamomile is a relative of ragweed
and can cause allergy symptoms
and can cross-react with ragweed
pollen in individuals with ragweed
allergies. It also contains coumarin
and thus care should be taken to
avoid potential drug interactions,
e.g. with blood thinners.
English chamomile, or whig plant,
is a low perennial plant found in
dry fields and around gardens and
cultivated grounds. It has daisy-like
white flowers that are found in
Europe, North America, and
Argentina. The stem is procumbent,
the leaves alternate, bipinnate, finely dissected, and downy to
glabrous. The solitary, terminal
flowerheads, rising 8 to twelve
inches above the ground, consist of
prominent yellow disk flowers and
silver-white ray flowers. The flowering time is June and July, and its
fragrance is sweet, crisp, fruity and
herbaceous.
The plant is used to flavor foods, in
tisanes, perfumes, and cosmetics. It
is used to make a rinse for blonde
hair, and is popular in aromatherapy, whose practitioners believe it to
be a calming agent to end stress and
aid in sleep.
The word chamomile comes from
Greek (chamaime-lon), "earthapple", from (chamai), "on the
ground" + (me-lon), "apple", so
called because of the applelike
scent of the plant.
While extremely rare, very large
Other Uses
doses of Chamomile may cause
nausea and vomiting. Even more
Chamomile is also used cosmeti- rarely, rashes may occur. A type-IV
cally, primarily to make a rinse for allergic reaction with severe anablonde hair, and as a yellow dye for phylaxis has been reported in a 38fabrics.
year old man who drank chamomile Culture
tea.
Agriculture
Chamomile is mentioned in
ROMAN CAMOMILE
Shakespeare's Henry IV, part 1 'The
Camomile; The more it is trodden
Chamomile is sometimes known as
"the plant doctor", because it is Anthemis
nobilis
synonym: on, the faster it grows'.
thought to help the growth and chamaemelum nobile, commonly
novel The
health of many other plants, espe- known as Roman camomile, Mary Wesley's
cially ones that produce essential chamomile, garden camomile, Camomile Lawn was also televised
oils. It is thought to increase pro- ground apple, low chamomile, in Great Britain in the 1990s.
37
Glen O. Brechbill
The lawns of Buckingham Palace,
London use camomile instead of
grass.
Folklore
Use of chamomile dates back as far
as ancient Egypt where it was dedicated to their gods. Folk remedies
using the plant include treatments
for dropsy and jaundice. It was also
believed to revive any wilting plant
placed near it. The flowers were
also used as a dye to lighten hair.
Medical Properties
Chamomile is considered to be an
antiseptic, antibiotic, disinfectant,
bactericidal & vermifuge
38
Chervil
( Anthriscus cerefolium ), sometimes called garden chervil, is a
delicate annual herb related to parsley. It is commonly used to season
mild-flavoured dishes and is a constituent of the French herb mixture
fines herbes.
Biology
A member of the Apiaceae, chervil
is native to the Caucasus but was
spread by the Romans through most
of Europe, where it is now naturalised.
The plants grow to 40–70 cm
(16–28 in), with tripinnate leaves
that may be curly. The small white
flowers form small umbels, 2.54–5
cm (1.00–2.0 in) across. The fruit is
about 1 cm long, oblong-ovoid with
a slender, ridged beak.
Root Chervil
Another type of chervil is grown as
a root vegetable, sometimes called
turnip rooted chervil or tuberousrooted chervil. This type of chervil
produces much thicker roots than
types cultivated for their leaves. It
was a popular vegetable in the 19th
century. Now virtually forgotten in Toxicity
Britain and the United States, root
chervil is still used in French cui- Chervil has also been implicated in
sine, in soups or stews.
"strimmer dermatitis", or phytophotodermatitis, due to spray
Uses
from weed trimmers and other
forms of contact. Other plants in
Culinary Uses
the family Apiaceae can have similar effects.
Sometimes
referred
to
as
"gourmet's parsley", chervil is used Cultivation
to season poultry, seafood, and
young vegetables. It is particularly Chervil is best grown seeded in
popular in France, where it is added place, as transplanting can be diffito omelettes, salads, and soups. cult, due to the long taproot. It
More delicate than parsley, it has a prefers a cool and moist location,
faint taste of liquorice or aniseed.
otherwise it rapidly goes to seed
(also known as bolting). Regular
Horticulture
harvesting of leaves also helps to
prevent bolting. If plants bolt
Chervil is sometimes used to repel despite precautions, the plant can
slugs.
be periodically re-sown throughout
the growing season, thus producing
Traditional
fresh plants as older plants bolt and
go out of production.
Chervil had various traditional
uses. It was claimed to be useful as Chervil grows to a height of 12 to
a digestive aid, for lowering high 24 inches (300 to 610 mm), and a
blood pressure, and, infused with width of 6 to 12 inches (150 to 300
vinegar, for curing hiccups. Besides mm).
its digestive properties, it is used as
a mild stimulant.
39
Glen O. Brechbill
Chives
Chives - Allium schoenoprasum are the smallest species of the edible onions. A perennial plant, they
are native to Europe, Asia and
North America. Allium schoenoprasum is the only species of
Allium native to both the New and
the Old World.
The name of the species derives
from the Greek skhoínos (sedge)
and práson (leek). Its English name,
chive, derives from the French
word cive, from cepa, the Latin
word for onion.
50 cm long, and 2–3 mm in diameter, with a soft texture, although,
prior to the emergence of a flower,
they may appear stiffer than usual.
The flowers are pale purple, and
star-shaped with six petals, 1–2 cm
wide, and produced in a dense
inflorescence of 10-30 together;
before opening, the inflorescence is
surrounded by a papery bract. The
seeds are produced in a small threevalved capsule, maturing in summer. The herb flowers from April to
May in the southern parts of its
habitat zones and in June in the
northern parts.
Chives are a commonly used herb
and can be found in grocery stores
or grown in home gardens. In culinary use, the scapes are diced and
used as an ingredient for fish, potatoes, soups, and other dishes.
Chives have insect-repelling properties that can be used in gardens to
control pests.
bees, and they are at times kept to
increase desired insect life.
Uses
Culinary arts
Chives are grown for their leaves,
which are used for culinary purposes as flavoring herb, and provide a
somewhat milder flavour than
those of their neighbouring Allium
species.
Chives have a wide variety of culinary uses, such as in traditional
dishes in France and Sweden,
among others. In his 1806 book
Attempt at a Flora (Försök til en
flora), Retzius describes how
chives are used with pancakes,
soups, fish and sandwiches. They
are also an ingredient of the
gräddfil sauce served with the traditional herring dish served at
Swedish midsummer celebrations.
The flowers may also be used to
garnish dishes. In Poland chives are
served with quark cheese.
Chives are the only species of
Allium native to both the Old
World and New. Sometimes, the
plants found in North America are
classified as A. schoenoprasum var.
sibiricum, although this is disputed.
There have been significant differences among specimens. One
example was found in northern
The chive is a bulb-forming herba- Maine growing solitary, instead of
ceous perennial plant, growing to in clumps, also exhibiting dingy
30–50 cm tall. The bulbs are slen- grey flowers.
der conical, 2–3 cm long and 1 cm
broad, and grow in dense clusters Although chives are repulsive to Chives are one of the "fines herbes"
from the roots. The scapes (or insects in general, due to their sul- of French cuisine, which also
stems) are hollow and tubular, up to fur compounds, their flowers attract include tarragon, chervil and/or
40
parsley.
Chives can be found fresh at most
markets year-round, making them a
readily available herb; they can also
be dry-frozen without much
impairment to the taste, giving
home growers the opportunity to
store large quantities harvested
from their own gardens.
Uses in Plant Cultivation
properties. As chives are usually
served in small amounts and never
as the main dish, negative effects
are rarely encountered, although
digestive problems may occur following over-consumption.
Chives starting to look old can be
cut back to about 2–5 cm. When
harvesting, the needed number of
stalks should be cut to the base.
During the growing season, the
plant will continually regrow
leaves, allowing for a continuous
Chives are also rich in vitamins A harvest.
and C, contain trace amounts of
sulfur, and are rich in calcium and History & Cultural Importance
iron.
Chives have been cultivated in
Cultivation
Europe since the Middle Ages,
although their usage dates back to
Chives are cultivated both for their 5000 years ago. They were someculinary uses and their ornamental times referred to as "rush leeks"
value; the violet flowers are often (from the Greek schoinos meaning
used in ornamental dry bouquets.
rush and prason meaning leek).
Retzius also describes how farmers
would plant chives between the
rocks making up the borders of
their flowerbeds, to keep the plants
free from pests (such as Japanese
beetles). The growing plant repels
unwanted insect life, and the juice Chives thrive in well drained soil,
of the leaves can be used for the rich in organic matter, with a pH of
same purpose, as well as fighting 6-7 and full sun.
fungal infections, mildew and scab.
Chives can be grown from seed and
Its flowers are attractive to bees, mature in summer, or early the folwhich are important for gardens lowing spring. Typically, chives
with an abundance of plants in need need to be germinated at a temperature of 15 °C to 20 °C (60 °F-70
of pollination.
°F) and kept moist. They can also
be planted under a cloche or germiMedicine
nated indoors in cooler climates,
The medicinal properties of chives then planted out later. After at least
are similar to those of garlic, but four weeks, the young shoots
weaker; the faint effects in compar- should be ready to be planted out.
ison with garlic are probably the
main reason for their limited use as Chives are also easily propagated
a medicinal herb. Containing by division.
numerous organosulfur compounds
such as allyl sulfides and alkyl sul- In cold regions, chives die back to
foxides, chives are reported to have the underground bulbs in winter,
a beneficial effect on the circulato- with the new leaves appearing in
ry system. They also have mild early spring.
stimulant, diuretic, and antiseptic
The Romans believed chives could
relieve the pain from sunburn or a
sore throat. They believed that eating chives could increase blood
pressure and act as a diuretic.
Romanian Gypsies have used
chives in fortune telling. It was
believed that bunches of dried
chives hung around a house would
ward off disease and evil.
41
Glen O. Brechbill
Coriander
Coriander (Coriandrum sativum),
also called cilantro (Spanish) or
dhania
(Hindi)
or
Malli
(Malayalam), is an annual herb in
the family Apiaceae. Coriander is
native to southern Europe and
North Africa to southwestern Asia.
It is a soft, hairless plant growing to
50 centimetres (20 in) tall. The
leaves are variable in shape, broadly lobed at the base of the plant, and
slender and feathery higher on the
flowering stems. The flowers are
borne in small umbels, white or
very pale pink, asymmetrical, with
the petals pointing away from the
center of the umbel longer (5–6
mm) than those pointing towards it
(only 1–3 mm long). The fruit is a
globular, dry schizocarp 3–5 mm
diameter. While in the Englishspeaking world (except for the
U.S.) the leaves and seeds are
known as coriander, in American
culinary usage the leaves are generally referred to by the Spanish word
cilantro.
which comes from Latin coriandrum, in turn from Greek (koriannon).The earliest attested form of
the word is the Mycenaean Greek
ko-ri-ja-da-na (written in Linear B
syllabic script, reconstructed as
koriadnon), similar to the name of
Minos' daughter Ariadne, and it is
plain how this might later evolve to
koriannon or koriandron.
which is a close relative to coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) but
has a distinctly different appearance, a much more potent volatile
leaf oil and a stronger smell.
Uses
"soapy" taste or a rank smell and
avoid the leaves. The flavours have
also been compared to those of the
stink bug, and similar chemical
groups are involved (aldehydes).
There appears to be a genetic component to the detection of "soapy"
versus "herby" tastes. Belief that
aversion is genetically determined
may arise from the known genetic
variation in taste perception of the
synthetic chemical phenylthiocarbamide; however, no specific link
has been established between
coriander and a bitter taste perception gene.
All parts of the plant are edible, but
the fresh leaves and the dried seeds
are the parts most commonly used
in cooking. Coriander is common
in South Asian, Middle Eastern,
Central Asian, Mediterranean,
Indian, Tex-Mex, Latin American,
Portuguese, Chinese, African, and
Scandinavian cuisine.
Leaves
The leaves have a different taste
from the seeds, with citrus overtones. Many experience an unpleasant
The leaves are variously referred to
as coriander leaves, fresh coriander,
Chinese parsley, or cilantro (in
Etymology
America, from the Spanish name The fresh leaves are an ingredient
in many South Asian foods (such as
for the plant).
chutneys and salads), in Chinese
First attested in English late 14th
century, the word coriander derives It should not be confused with dishes, in Mexican cooking, particfrom the Old French coriandre, culantro (Eryngium foetidum L.) ularly in salsa and guacamole and
42
as a garnish, and in salads in Russia
and other CIS countries. Chopped
coriander leaves are a garnish on
Indian dishes such as dal. As heat
diminishes their flavor, coriander
leaves are often used raw or added
to the dish immediately before
serving. In Indian and Central
Asian recipes, coriander leaves are
used in large amounts and cooked
until the flavor diminishes. The
leaves spoil quickly when removed
from the plant, and lose their aroma
when dried or frozen.
Fruit
are therefore highly valued as a raw beers.[13] The coriander seeds are
material for the preparation of used with orange peel to add a citessential oil.
rus character.
It is commonly found both as whole
dried seeds and in ground form.
Seeds can be roasted or heated on a
dry pan briefly before grinding to
enhance and alter the aroma.
Ground coriander seed loses flavor
quickly in storage and is best
ground fresh.
Roots
Coriander seed is a spice in garam
masala and Indian curries, which
often employ the ground fruits in
generous amounts together with
cumin. It acts as a thickener.
Roasted coriander seeds, called
dhana dal, are eaten as a snack. It is
the main ingredient of the two
south Indian dishes: sambhar and
rasam. Coriander seeds are boiled
with water and drunk as indigenous
medicine for colds.
History
The dry fruits are known as coriander or coriandi seeds. In India they
are called dhania.The word "coriander" in food preparation may refer
solely to these seeds (as a spice),
rather than to the plant. The seeds
have a lemony citrus flavour when
crushed, due to terpenes linalool
and pinene. It is described as warm,
Flowers of Coriandrum Sativum
nutty, spicy, and orange-flavored.
The variety C. s. vulgare or macrocarpum has a fruit diameter of 3–5
mm, while var. microcarpum fruits
have a diameter of 1.5–3 mm.
Large-fruited types are grown
mainly by tropical and subtropical
countries, e.g. Morocco, India and
Australia, and contain a low
volatile oil content (0.1-0.4%).
They are used extensively for
grinding and blending purposes in
the spice trade. Types with smaller
fruit are produced in temperate
regions and usually have a volatile
oil content of around 0.4-1.8%, and
Outside of Asia, coriander seed is
used for pickling vegetables, and
making sausages in Germany and
South Africa (see boerewors). In
Russia and Central Europe, coriander seed is an occasional ingredient
in rye bread as an alternative to caraway. Coriander seeds are used in
European cuisine today, though
they were more important in former
centuries.
Coriander roots have a deeper,
more intense flavor than the leaves.
They are used in a variety of Asian
cuisines. They are commonly used
in Thai dishes, including soups and
curry pastes.
Coriander grows wild over a wide
area of the Near East and southern
Europe, prompting the comment,
"It is hard to define exactly where
this plant is wild and where it only
recently established itself."[14]
Fifteen desiccated mericarps were
found in the Pre-Pottery Neolithic
B level of the Nahal Hemel Cave in
Israel, which may be the oldest
archeological find of coriander.
About half a litre of coriander mericarps were recovered from the
tomb of Tutankhamen, and because
this plant does not grow wild in
Egypt, Zohary and Hopf interpret
this find as proof that coriander was
cultivated by the ancient Egyptians.
The Bible mentions coriander in
Exodus 16:31: "And the house of
Israel began to call its name manna:
and it was round like coriander
seed, and its taste was like that of
flat cakes made with honey."
Coriander seeds are used in brew- Coriander seems to have been cultiing certain styles of beer, particu- vated in Greece since at least the
larly some Belgian wheat second millennium BC. One of the
43
Glen O. Brechbill
Linear B tablets recovered from
Pylos refers to the species as being
cultivated for the manufacture of
perfumes, and it appears that it was
used in two forms: as a spice for its
seeds and as a herb for the flavor of
its leaves. This appears to be confirmed by archaeological evidence
from the same period: the large
quantities of the species retrieved
from an Early Bronze Age layer at
Sitagroi in Macedonia could point
to cultivation of the species at that
time.
Coriander was brought to the
British colonies in North America
in 1670, and was one of the first
spices cultivated by early settlers.
44
Costus
is a genus of perennial tropical
herbaceous plants from the costus
family (Costaceae). They are often
characterized and distinguished
from relatives such as Zingiber
(true ginger) by their spiraling
stems. The genus as a whole is thus
often called spiral gingers, but this
can also refer to C. barbatus specifically.
Costus spectabilis is the floral
emblem of Nigeria; its flowers are
represented (erroneously in red
instead of yellow color) on its coat
of arms. It is important not to confuse "Costus speciousus, C.
spectabilis etc. with the herb known
by the common name 'costus'.
Some species are of importance to
herbivores, such as caterpillars of
the Restricted Demon (Notocrypta
curvifascia) which feed on Crape
Ginger (C. speciosus). The Crape
Ginger is also a source of diosgenin, a compound used for the
commercial production of various
steroids, such as progesterone. In
Trinidad and Tobago, a mix of
Costus scaber juice and crushed
Renealmia alpinia berries is used to
treat dogs bitten by snakes.
Selected Species
Costus dubius (Afzel.) K.Schum.
Costus acanthocephalus K.Schum.
Costus englerianus K.Schum.
Costus acaulis S.Moore
Costus erythrocoryne
Costus acreanus (Loes.) Maas
Costus erythrophyllus Loes.
Costus adolphi-friderici Loes.
Costus fragilis Maas
Costus afer Ker Gawl.
Costus fusiformis Maas
Costus albus A.Chev.
Costus guanaiensis Rusby
Costus allenii Maas
Costus giganteus, Giant Ginger
Costus arabicus Vell. (Syn.: C. ver- Costus igneus
schaffeltianus)
Costus laevis Ruiz & Pav.
Costus barbatus – Spiral Ginger
Costus lima
Costus chartaceus – Christmas
Costus
Costus ligularis
Costus comosus Roscoe
Costus longebracteolatus
Costus curvibracteatus Maas
Costus lucanusianus J.Braun &
K.Schum.
Costus cuspidatus (Nees & Mart.)
Maas
Costus malortieanus
Costus deistellii
Costus mosaicus W.Bull
45
Glen O. Brechbill
Costus oblongus S.Q.Tong
Costus osae Maas & H.Maas
Costus phaeotrichus
Costus phyllocephalus
Costus potierae F.Muell.
Costus pulverulentus C.Presl
cultivated species of the genus
Costus. This plant is native to
southeast Asia, especially on the
Greater Sunda Islands in Indonesia.
Costus differs from the common
ginger by having only one row of
spirally arranged leaves.
The species reproduces vegetatively by rhizome and birds disperse
seeds when they feed on the fruits.
Costus ricus Maas & H.Maas
While it is native to many Pacific
Islands, it is an introduced invasive
Costus rumphianus Valeton ex species on others, including the
K.Heyne
Cook Islands, Fiji, and Hawaii. It is
cultivated in India for its medicinal
Costus scaber
uses and elsewhere as an ornamental.
Costus speciosus – Crape Ginger
Habitat: Roadside ditch, low lying
Costus spectabilis
areas in the forest. Flowering season starts after rainy season,
Costus spicatus – Spiked Spiralflag October to December.
Ginger; Indian Head Ginger
The plant has many historical uses
Costus spiralis (Jacq.) Roscoe
in Ayurveda, where the rhizome has
been used to treat fever, rash, asthCostus stenophyllus Standl. + ma, bronchitis, and intestinal
L.O.Williams
worms. It is mentioned in the Kama
Sutra as an ingredient in a cosmetic
Costus tapenbeckianus
to be used on the eyelashes to
increase sexual attractiveness.
Costus tonkinensis Gagnep.
C. speciosus has a large number of
Costus viridis S.Q.Tong
common names in many languages,
including isebsab (Palauan), keu or
Costus woodsonii
kemuk or keumul (Bengali),
keukand (Hindi), Thebu (Sinhala),
Costus Specious
pakarmula (Gujarati), pushkarmula
(Marathi and Sanskrit),Jom Lakhuti
or Cheilocostus speciosus or crape (Assamese) and kostam (Tamil).
ginger is possibly the best known
46
Cress
(Lepidium sativum) is a rather fastgrowing, edible herb that is genetically related to watercress and mustard, sharing their peppery, tangy
flavor and aroma. In some regions,
garden cress is known as mustard
and cress, garden pepper cress, pepper grass, pepperwort or poor person's pepper.
This annual plant can reach a height
of 60 cm (~24 inches), with many
branches on the upper part. The
white to pinkish flowers are only 2
mm (1/12 of an inch) across, clustered in branched racemes.
form, so can be only partially preserved. Consumers commonly
acquire cress as seeds or (in
Europe) from markets as boxes of
young live shoots.
and fresh treat.[citation needed]
Lepidium sativum seeds are used
medicinally for indigestion and
constipation.
Edible shoots are typically harvested in one to two weeks after planting, when they are 5–13 cm (2 - 5
inches) tall.
Culinary
Garden cress is added to soups,
sandwiches and salads for its tangy
flavor. It is also eaten as sprouts,
and the fresh or dried seed pods can
Agriculture
be used as a peppery seasoning
(haloon). In England, cut cress
Garden cress is commercially shoots are commonly used in sandgrown in England, France, the wiches with boiled eggs, mayonNetherlands and Scandinavia.
naise and salt.
Cultivation of garden cress is practical on both mass scales and on the
individual scale. Garden cress is
suitable for hydroponic cultivation
and thrives in slightly alkaline
water. In many local markets, the
demand for hydroponically grown
cress can exceed available supply,
partially because cress leaves are
not suitable for distribution in dried
Other Uses
Garden cress, known as chandrashoor, and the seeds, known as
halloon in India, are commonly
used in the system of ayurveda to
prevent postnatal complications.
Cress may be given to pet birds,
such as budgerigars, for a healthy
47
Glen O. Brechbill
Curry Leaf
Curry is a generic term primarily
employed in Western culture to
denote a wide variety of dishes
originating in Indian, Pakistani,
Bangladeshi, Sri Lankan, Thai or
other Southeast Asian cuisines.
Their common feature is the incorporation of more or less complex
combinations of spices and herbs,
usually, but not invariably including fresh or dried hot capsicum
peppers, commonly called "chili"
or "cayenne" peppers.
dating to the 18th century. Such
mixtures are commonly thought to
have first been prepared by Indian
merchants for sale to members of
the British Colonial government
and army returning to England.
a gravy. According to this theory,
kari was first encountered in the
mid-17th century by members of
the British East India Company
trading with Tamil merchants along
the Coromandel Coast of southeast
India, particularly at Fort St.
George (later called Madras and
renamed Chennai in 1996). Here,
they became familiar with "a spice
blend used for making kari dishes
called kari podi (powder) or curry
powder."
Dishes called "curry" may contain
meat, poultry, fish, or shellfish,
either alone or in combination with
vegetables. They may also be
entirely vegetarian, especially
among those for whom there are
religious proscriptions against eatIn the original traditional cuisines, ing meat or seafood.
Origins and Dissemination
the precise selection of spices for
each dish is a matter of national or Curries may be either "wet" or Dishes of highly spiced meat are
regional cultural tradition, religious "dry." Wet curries contain signifi- thought to have originated in prepractice, and, to some extent, fami- cant amounts of sauce or gravy historic times among the inhabily preference. Such dishes are based on yoghurt, coconut milk, tants of the Indus Valley
called by specific names that refer legume purée (dal), or stock. Dry Civilization. Archaeological evito their ingredients, spicing, and curries are cooked with very little dence dating to 2600 BCE from
cooking methods.
liquid which is allowed to evapo- Mohenjo-daro suggests the use of
rate, leaving the other ingredients mortar and pestle to pound spices
Traditionally, spices are used both coated with the spice mixture.
including mustard, fennel, cumin,
whole and ground; cooked or raw;
and tamarind pods with which they
and they may be added at different Etymology
flavored food. Such dishes are also
times during the cooking process to
recorded during the Vedic Period of
produce different results.
Curry was adopted and anglicised Indian history, roughly 1700 to 500
from the Tamil word kari meaning BCE.
So-called "curry powder," denoting 'sauce', which is usually understood
a commercially prepared mixture of to mean vegetables and/or meat Spiced dishes in the Indian style
spices, is largely a Western notion, cooked with spices with or without were apparently carried eastward to
48
Burma, Thailand, and China by
Buddhist monks in the 7th century
CE, and carried southwards to
Indonesia, The Philippines, and
elsewhere by coastal traders at
about the same time.
The establishment of the Mughal
Empire, beginning in the early 16th
century, transformed much of older
Indian cuisine, especially in the
north. The Mughals brought
Persian ingredients and cooking
methods as well as Islamic food
practices.
Another important influence was
the establishment of the Portuguese
trading center in Goa in 1510,
resulting in the first introduction of
the "chili" pepper to India. It had
been discovered by Christopher
Columbus on his first voyage to the
New World in 1492.
From the mid-18th century, curry
has been increasingly popular in
Great Britain.
During the 19th century, curry was
also carried to the Caribbean by
Indian indentured workers in the
British sugar industry.
Since the mid-20th century, curries
of many national styles have
become popular far from their origins, and increasingly become part
of international fusion cuisine.
Curries of the Indian Subcontinent
From the culinary point of view, it
is useful to consider the Indian subcontinent to be the entire historical
region encompassed prior to
Independence and the Partition of
India in August, 1947; that is, the
modern countries of India,
Pakistan, Bangladesh, and Sri
Lanka. It is usual to distinguish
broadly between "northern" and
"southern" styles of Indian cuisine,
recognizing that within those categories are innumerable sub-styles
and variations. The distinction is
commonly made with reference to
the staple starch: wheat in the form
of unleavened breads in the north;
rice in the south.
Curry Powder
Is a spice mixture of widely varying
composition developed by the
British during the days of the Raj as
a means of approximating the taste
of Indian cuisine at home. Masala
refers to spices, and this is the name
given to the thick and pasty sauce
based on a combination of spices
with ghee (clarified butter), butter,
palm oil or coconut milk. Most
commercial curry powders available in Britain, the U.S. and
Canada, rely heavily on ground
turmeric, in turn producing a very
yellow sauce. Lesser ingredients in
these Western yellow curry powders are often coriander, cumin,
fenugreek, mustard, chili, black
pepper and salt. By contrast, curry
powders and pastes produced and
consumed in India are extremely
diverse; some red, some yellow,
some brown; some with five spices
and some with as many as 20 or
more. Besides the previously mentioned spices, other commonly
found spices in different curry powders in India are allspice, white
pepper, ground mustard, ground
ginger, cinnamon, roasted cumin,
cloves, nutmeg, mace, green cardamom seeds or black cardamom
pods, bay leaves and coriander
seeds.
Health Benefits
Some studies have shown that
ingredients in curry may help to
prevent certain diseases, including
colon cancer and Alzheimer's disease. A number of studies have
claimed that the reaction of pain
receptors to the hotter ingredients
in curries leads to the body's release
of endorphins, curry is claimed to
be one of the most powerful aphrodisiacs. With the complex sensory
reaction to the variety of spices and
flavours, a natural high is achieved
that causes subsequent cravings,
often followed by a desire to move
on to hotter curries. Some refer to
this as addiction, but other
researchers contest the use of the
word "addiction" in this instance
49
Glen O. Brechbill
Dill
Dill (Anethum graveolens) is,
depending on where it is grown,
either a perennial or annual herb. It
is the sole species of the genus
Anethum, though classified by
some botanists in a related genus as
Peucedanum graveolens (L.)
C.B.Clarke.
remark, "wild and weedy types of
dill are widespread in the
Mediterranean basin and in West
Asia." Although several twigs of
dill were found in the tomb of
Amenhotep II, they reported the
earliest archeological evidence for
its cultivation comes from late
Neolithic lakeshore settlements in
Growth
Switzerland. Traces have been
found in Roman ruins in Great
Dill grows to 40–60 cm (16–24 in), Britain.
with slender stems and alternate,
finely divided, softly delicate In Semitic languages, it is known as
leaves 10–20 cm (3.9–7.9 in) long. shubit. The Talmud requires that
The ultimate leaf divisions are 1–2 tithes shall be paid on the seeds,
mm (0.039–0.079 in) broad, slight- leaves, and stems of dill.
ly broader than the similar leaves of
fennel, which are threadlike, less Etymology
than 1 mm (0.039 in) broad, but
harder in texture. The flowers are The name "dill" comes from Old
white to yellow, in small umbels English dile, thought to have origi2–9 cm (0.79–3.5 in) diameter. The nated from a Norse or Anglo-Saxon
seeds are 4–5 mm (0.16–0.20 in) word dylle meaning to soothe or
long and 1 mm (0.039 in) thick, and lull, the plant having the carminastraight to slightly curved with a tive property of relieving gas.
longitudinally ridged surface.
Uses
Origins & History
Fresh and dried dill leaves (someDill originated within an area times called "dill weed" to distinaround the Mediterranean and the guish it from dill seed) are used as
South of Russia. Zohary and Hopf herbs, mainly in Finland, Sweden,
the Baltic, in Russia, and in central
Asia.
Like caraway, its fernlike leaves are
aromatic and are used to flavor
many foods, such as gravlax (cured
salmon), borscht and other soups,
and pickles (where the dill flower is
sometimes used). Dill is best when
used fresh, as it loses its flavor rapidly if dried; however, freeze-dried
dill leaves preserve their flavor relatively well for a few months.
Dill seed is used as a spice, with a
flavor somewhat similar to caraway, but also resembling that of
fresh or dried dill weed. Dill seeds
were traditionally used to soothe
the stomach after meals. Dill oil
can be extracted from the leaves,
stems and seeds of the plant.
Dill is the eponymous ingredient in
dill pickles: cucumbers preserved
in salty brine and/or vinegar.
In Arabic, dill seed, called ain
jaradeh (cricket eye), is used as a
spice in cold dishes such as fattoush
and pickles.
In Arab countries of the Persian
50
Gulf, dill is called shibint and is pushpa. In Gujrati, it is known as
used mostly in fish dishes.
hariz. In India, dill is prepared in
the manner of yellow moong dal as
In Lao cuisine and parts of northern a main-course dish. It is considered
Thailand, dill is known in English to have very good antigas properas Laotian coriander and Lao ties,so it is used as mukhwas, or an
cilantroIn the Lao language, it is after-meal digestive. It is also tradicalled phak see, and in Thai, it is tionally given to mothers immediknown as phak chee Lao. In Lao ately after childbirth.
cuisine, the herb is typically used in
mok pa (steamed fish in banana In Manipur, dill locally known as
leaf) and several coconut milk- pakhon is an essential ingredient of
based curries that contain fish or chagem pomba a traditional
prawns.
Manipuri dish with fermented soybean and rice.
In Romania dill (ma(rar) is used on
a national scale as an ingredient for In Serbia, dill is known as mirodjisoups such as borscht, pickles and ja and is used as an addition to
other dishes; it is often mixed with soups, potato salads and French
salted cheese and used as a filling fries.
for the langos. Another popular
dish with dill as a base ingredient is In Canada, dill is a favourite herb to
the dill sauce.
accompany poached salmon.
more.
Cultivation
Successful cultivation requires
warm to hot summers with high
sunshine levels; even partial shade
will reduce the yield substantially.
It also prefers rich, well drained
soil. The seeds are viable for three
to 10 years.
The seed is harvested by cutting the
flower heads off the stalks when the
seed is beginning to ripen. The seed
heads are placed upside down in a
paper bag and left in a warm, dry
place for a week. The seeds then
separate from the stems easily for
storage in an airtight container.
Companion Planting
Dill Plants
In Vietnam, the use of dill in cook- In Santa Maria, Azores, dill (endro)
ing is regional, specifically north- is the most important ingredient of
ern Vietnamese cuisine.
the traditional Holy Ghost soup
(sopas do Espírito Santo). Dill is
In Iran, dill is known as shevid and found practically anywhere in
is sometimes used with rice and Santa Maria, and curiously rare in
called shevid-polo. It is also used in the other Azorean Islands.
Iranian aash recipes, and is also
called sheved in Persian.
In Anglo-Saxon England, as prescribed
in
Leechdoms,
In India, dill is known as shepu in Wortcunning, and Starcraft of Early
Marathi, savaa in Hindi or soa in England (also called Læceboc)
Punjabi. In Telugu, it is called soya (many of whose recipes were borand soya-kura (for herb greens). It rowed from Greek medicinal texts),
is also called sapsige soppu in dill was used in many medicines,
Kannada. In Tamil it is known as including medicines against jaunsada kuppi). In Malayalam, it is dice, headache, boils, lack of
(chathakuppa)or (sathakuppa). In appetite, stomach problems, nauSanskrit, this herb is called shata- sea, liver problems, and much
When used as a companion planting, dill draws in many beneficial
insects as the umbrella flower
heads go to seed. Fittingly, it makes
a good companion plant for cucumbers. It is a poor companion for carrots and tomatoes.
51
Glen O. Brechbill
Hay
Is a grass, legumes or other herbaceous plants that have been cut,
dried, and stored for use as animal
fodder, particularly for grazing
livestock such as cattle, horses,
goats, and sheep. Hay is also fed to
pets such as rabbits and guinea
pigs. Pigs may be fed hay, but they
do not digest it as efficiently as
more fully herbivorous animals.
Hay is fed when or where there is
not enough pasture or rangeland on
which to graze an animal, when
grazing is unavailable due to
weather (such as during the winter)
or when lush pasture by itself is too
rich for the health of the animal. It
is also fed during times when an
animal is unable to access pasture,
such as when animals are kept in a
stable or barn.
52
Hemp
(from Old English hænep) is mostly used as a name for low tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) strains of the
plant Cannabis sativa, of fiber
and/or oilseed varieties. In modern
times, hemp has been used for
industrial purposes including paper,
textiles, biodegradable plastics,
construction, health food and fuel.
Hemp is legally grown in many
countries across the world including Spain, China, Japan, Korea,
England, France, Africa, North
Africa, Egypt and Ireland. Hemp is
commonly associated with marijuana (hemp's THC rich cousin). Since
2007, commercial success of hemp
food products has grown considerably.
Hemp is one of the faster growing
biomasses known, producing up to
25 tonnes of dry matter per hectare
per year. A normal average yield in
large scale modern agriculture is
about 2.5–3.5t/ac (air dry stem
yields of dry, retted stalks per acre
at 12% moisture). Approximately,
one tonne of bast fiber and 2–3
tonnes of core material can be
decorticated from 3–4 tonnes of
good quality, dry retted straw.
For a crop, hemp is very environmentally friendly as it requires few
pesticides and no herbicides.[
Results indicate that high yield of
hemp may require high total nutrient levels (field plus fertilizer nutrients) similar to a high yielding
wheat crop.
Hemp is one of the earliest domesticated plants known.
Cannabis Sativa Stem
Cannabis sativa L. subsp. sativa
var. sativa is the variety grown for
industrial use, while C. sativa
subsp. indica generally has poor
fiber quality and is primarily used
for production of recreational and
medicinal drugs. The major difference between the two types of
plants is the appearance and the
amount of ?9-tetrahydrocannabinol
(THC) secreted in a resinous mixture by epidermal hairs called glandular trichomes, although they can
also be distinguished genetically.
Oilseed and fiber varieties of
Cannabis approved for industrial
hemp production produce only
minute amounts of this psychoactive drug, not enough for any phys-
ical or psychological effects.
Typically, hemp contains below
0.3% THC, while cultivars of
Cannabis grown for recreational
use can contain anywhere from 2 %
to over 20 %.
The world leading producer of
hemp is China with smaller production in Europe, Chile and North
Korea. While more hemp is exported to the United States than to any
other country, the United States
Government does not consistently
distinguish between marijuana and
the non-psychoactive Cannabis
used for industrial and commercial
purposes.
Uses
Hemp is used for a wide variety of
purposes including the manufacture
of cordage of varying tensile
strength, durable clothing and
nutritional products. The bast fibers
can be used in 100% hemp products, but are commonly blended
with other organic fibers such as
flax, cotton or silk, for apparel and
furnishings, most commonly at a 55
%/45 % hemp/cotton blend. The
inner two fibers of hemp are more
53
Glen O. Brechbill
woody and are more often used in
non-woven items and other industrial applications, such as mulch,
animal bedding and litter. The oil
from the fruits ("seeds") oxidizes
(commonly, though inaccurately,
called "drying") to become solid on
exposure to air, similar to linseed
oil, and is sometimes used in the
manufacture of oil-based paints, in
creams as a moisturizing agent, for
cooking, and in plastics. Hemp
seeds have been used in bird seed
mix as well. Hempseed is also used
as a fishing bait.
and grows quickly. It produces
roughly 10% more fiber than cotton
or flax when grown on the same
land. Because hemp has hollow
fibers and cotton does not, hemp
clothing better regulates body temperature. Hemp fiber also has antimicrobial properties, making it useful not only in clothing, bedding,
and upholstery but also in medical
bandages.
Hemp has been used to make paper
but the paper industry has switched
over to wood pulp.
Medicine
It was often used to make sail canvas, and the word canvas derives
Hemp oil has anti-inflammatory from cannabis.
properties.
Abaca, or "Manila hemp", a relaThe fiber is the most valuable parts tive of the banana plant, replaced
of the hemp plant. It is commonly its use for rope.
called bast, which refers to the
fibers that grow on the outside of Burlap, made from jute, took over
the woody interior of the plant's the sacking market.
stalk, and under the outermost part
(the bark). Bast fibers give the The carpet industry switched over
plant's strength. Hemp fibers can be to wool, sisal, and jute, then nylon.
between approximately 0.91 m (3
ft) and 4.6 m (15 ft) long, running Netting and webbing applications
the length of the plant. Depending were taken over by cotton and synon the processing used to remove thetics.
the fiber from the stem, the hemp
may naturally be creamy white, Hemp is still a traditional choice for
brown, gray, black or green.[cita- seals in water plumbing, but is
competing with Teflon and other
tion needed]
synthetic materials.
The use of hemp for fiber production has declined sharply over the Building Material
last two centuries, but before the
industrial revolution hemp was a Concrete-like blocks made with
popular fiber because it is strong hemp and lime have been used as
an insulating material for construction. Such blocks are not strong
enough to be used for structural elements; they must be supported by a
brick, wood, or steel frame.
The first example of the use of
hempcrete was in 1986 in France
with the renovation of the Maison
de la Turque in Nogent-sur-Seine
by the innovator Charles Rasetti.
The Renewable House was the
UK's first home made from hemp
- based materials. Construction was
completed in 2009. The first US
home made of hemp-based materials was completed in August 2010
in Asheville, North Carolina.
Cultivation
Hemp is usually planted between
March and May in the northern
hemisphere, between September
and November in the southern
hemisphere. It matures in about
three to four months. Millennia of
selective breeding have resulted in
varieties that look quite different.
Also, breeding since circa 1930 has
focused quite specifically on producing strains which would perform very poorly as sources of drug
material. Hemp grown for fiber is
planted closely, resulting in tall,
slender plants with long fibers.
Ideally, according to Britain's
Department for Environment, Food
and Rural Affairs, the herb should
be harvested before it flowers. This
early cropping is done because
fiber quality declines if flowering is
allowed and, incidentally, this crop-
54
ping also pre-empts the herb's
maturity as a potential source of
drug material.However, in these
strains of industrial hemp the
tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) content would have been very low,
regardless.
The seeds are sown from mid April
to mid May with grain drills to 4–6
cm sowing depth. Hemp needs less
fertilizer than corn does. A total of
60–150 kg of nitrogen, 40–140 kg
phosphorus (P2O5) and 75–200 kg
of potassium 5 per acre for hemp
fiber made before sowing and again
later, maybe three to four weeks .
When practiced, especially in
France double use of fiber and seed
fertilization with nitrogen doses up
to 100 kg / ha rather low. Organic
fertilizers such as manure can utilize industrial hemp well. Neither
weeds nor crop protection measures are necessary.
History
Hemp use archaeologically dates
back to the Neolithic Age in China,
with hemp fiber imprints found on
Yangshao culture pottery dating
from the 5th century BC. The
Chinese later used hemp to make
clothes, shoes, ropes, and an early
form of paper.
ation.
Textile expert Elizabeth Wayland
Barber summarizes the historical
evidence that Cannabis sativa,
"grew and was known in the
Neolithic period all across the
northern latitudes, from Europe
(Germany, Switzerland, Austria,
Romania, the Ukraine) to East Asia
(Tibet and China)," but, "textile use
of Cannabis sativa does not surface
for certain in the West until relatively late, namely the Iron Age." "I
strongly suspect, however, that
what catapulted hemp to sudden
fame and fortune as a cultigen and
caused it to spread rapidly westwards in the first millennium B.C.
was the spread of the habit of potsmoking from somewhere in southcentral Asia, where the drug-bearing variety of the plant originally
occurred. The linguistic evidence
strongly supports this theory, both
as to time and direction of spread
and as to cause."
cultivated for its fibers, and was
used for ropes on many ships,
including those of Christopher
Columbus. The use of hemp as a
cloth was centered largely in the
countryside, with higher quality
textiles being available in the
towns.
The Spaniards brought hemp to the
Western Hemisphere and cultivated
it in Chile starting about 1545.
However, in May 1607, "hempe"
was among the crops Gabriel
Archer observed being cultivated
by the natives at the main Powhatan
village, where Richmond, Virginia
is now situated; and in 1613,
Samuell Argall reported wild hemp
"better than that in England" growing along the shores of the upper
Potomac. As early as 1619, the first
Virginia House of Burgesses passed
an Act requiring all planters in
Virginia to sow "both English and
Indian" hemp on their plantations.
The Puritans are first known to
have cultivated hemp in New
Jews living in Palestine in the 2nd England in 1645.
century were familiar with the cultivation of hemp, as witnessed by a United States "Marihuana" producreference to it in the Mishna tion permit. In the United States,
(Kil'ayim 2:5) as a variety of plant, hemp cultivation is legally prohibalong with Arum, that sometimes ited, but during World War II farmtakes as many as three years to ers were encouraged to grow hemp
grow from a seedling.
for cordage, to replace Manila
hemp previously obtained from
In late medieval Germany and Italy, Japanese-controlled areas. The U.S.
hemp was employed in cooked government produced a film
dishes, as filling in pies and tortes, explaining the uses of hemp, called
or boiled in a soup.
Hemp for Victory.
The classical Greek historian
Herodotus (ca. 480 BC) reported
that the inhabitants of Scythia
would often inhale the vapors of
hemp-seed smoke, both as ritual
and for their own pleasurable recre- Hemp in later Europe was mainly In 1937, the Marihuana Tax Act of
55
Glen O. Brechbill
1937 was passed in the United
States. It levied a tax on anyone
who dealt commercially in
cannabis, hemp, or marijuana. It
was repealed by an overriding law
in 1970.
Hemp was used extensively by the
United States during World War II.
Uniforms, canvas, and rope were
among the main textiles created
from the hemp plant at this time.
Much of the hemp used was cultivated in Kentucky and the
Midwest.
Historically, hemp production had
made up a significant portion of
antebellum Kentucky's economy.
Before the American Civil War,
many slaves worked on plantations
producing hemp.
During World War II, the U.S. produced a short 1942 film, Hemp for
Victory, promoting hemp as a necessary crop to win the war.
By the early twentieth century, the
advent of the steam engine and the
Diesel engine ended the reign of the
sailing ship. The production of iron
and steel for cable and ships' hulls
further eliminated natural fibres in
marine use. Hemp had long since
fallen out of favour in the sailing
industry in preference to Manila
hemp.
56
Hyssop
(Hyssopus) is a genus of about 1012 species of herbaceous or semiwoody plants in the family
Lamiaceae, native from the east
Mediterranean to central Asia.
They are aromatic, with erect
branched stems up to 60 cm long
covered with fine hairs at the tips.
The leaves are narrow oblong, 2–5
cm long. The small blue flowers are
borne on the upper part of the
branches during summer. By far the
best-known species is the Herb
Hyssop (H. officinalis), widely cultivated outside its native area in the
Mediterranean.
Note that anise hyssop, Agastache
foeniculum (also called blue giant
hyssop), is a very different plant
and not a close relation, although
both are in the mint family. Anise
hyssop is native to much of northcentral and northern North
America.
Species
Hyssopus ambiguus (Trautv.) Iljin
Hyssopus cretaceus Dubjan.
Hyssopus cuspidatus Boriss.
Hyssopus ferganensis Boriss.
wine, sour wine) was put at the end
of a hyssop branch and brought up
Hyssopus latilabiatus C.Y.Wu & to His mouth for Him to drink.
H.W.Li
Both Matthew and Mark mention
the occasion but refer to the plant
Hyssopus lophanthoides Buch.- using the general term (kalamos),
Ham. ex D.Don
which is translated as "reed" or
"stick."
Hyssopus macranthus Boriss.
The seeds are sown in spring and
Hyssopus ocymifolius Lam.
the seedlings planted out 40–50 cm
apart. Hyssop can also be propagatHyssopus officinalis L.
ed from cuttings or root division in
spring or autumn. Hyssop should
Hyssopus seravschanicus (Dub.) be grown in full sun on wellPazij
drained soil, and will benefit from
occasional clipping. It is shortHyssopus tianschanicus Boriss
lived, and the plants must be
replaced every few years. It is ideal
Cultivation
for use as a low hedge or border
within the herb garden.
The name hyssop can be traced
back almost unchanged through the Hyssop also has uses in the garden;
Greek (hyssopos). The Book of it is said to be a good companion
Exodus records that the blood of plant to cabbage because it will
the sacrifices was applied to the deter the Cabbage White butterfly.
doorposts using hyssop on the night It has also "been found to improve
of Passover. Its purgative properties the yield from grapevines if planted
are also mentioned in the Book of along the rows, in particular if the
Psalms. Jesus, on the cross, know- terrain is rocky or sandy, and the
ing that all things had now been fin- soil is not as easy to work as it
ished said, "I thirst" and a sponge might be." Hyssop is said to be
soaked in vinegar (Roman soldier antagonistic to radishes, and they
57
Glen O. Brechbill
should not be grown nearby.
Hyssop also attracts bees, hoverflies, and butterflies, thus has a
place in the wild garden as well as
being useful in controlling pests
and encouraging pollination without the use of unnatural methods.
Hyssop leaves can be preserved by
drying. They should be harvested
on a dry day at the peak of their
maturity and the concentration of
active ingredients is highest. They
should be dried quickly, away from
bright sunlight in order to preserve
their aromatic ingredients and prevent oxidation of other chemicals.
Good air circulation is required,
such as an airing cupboard with the
door left open, or a sunny room,
aiming for a temperature of 2032°C. Hyssop leaves should dry out
in about six days, any longer and
they will begin to discolor and lose
their flavor. The dried leaves are
stored in clean, dry, airtight containers, and will keep for 12–18
months.
Hyssop is also used, usually in
combination with other herbs such
as liquorice, in herbal remedies,
especially for lung conditions. The
essential oils of hyssop can cause
fatal convulsions in rats, and may
not be as safe as most people
believe.
Ritual Use
Hyssop is also often used to fill the
Catholic ceremonial Aspergillum,
which the priest dips into a bowl of
holy water, and sprinkles onto the
congregation to bless them. To wit,
the invocation in the Psalm
Miserere states Thou shalt purge
me with hyssop, and I shall be
clean:. However, researchers have
suggested that the Biblical accounts
refer not to the plant currently
known as hyssop but rather to one
of a number of different herbs."
Culinary use
Hyssop leaves have a slightly bitter
minty flavour and can be added to
Hyssop is used as a food plant by soups, salads, or meats, although
the larvae of some Lepidoptera should be used sparingly, as the
species including Cabbage Moth.
flavour is very strong.
Usage
19th century illustration of H. officinalis
Hyssop is used as an ingredient in
eau de Cologne and the liqueur
Chartreuse. It is also used to color
the spirit Absinthe, along with
Melissa and Roman wormwood.
58
Lavander
The lavenders (botanic name
Lavandula) are a genus of 39
species of flowering plants in the
mint family, Lamiaceae. It is an Old
World genus, found from Cape
Verde and Canary Islands, southern
Europe across to northern and eastern Africa, the Mediterranean,
south-west Asia to south-east India.
Many members of the genus are
cultivated extensively in temperate
climates as ornamental plants for
garden and landscape use, and also
commercially for the extraction of
essential oils.
contain the essential oils.
Description
Historically L. stoechas, L. pedunculata and L. dentata were
described in Roman times (LisBalchin 2002). From the Middle
Ages onwards, the European
species were considered two separate groups or genera, Stoechas
(LL. stoechas, pedunculata, dentata) and Lavandula (LL. spica, latifolia), until Linnaeus combined
them. He only recognised 5 species
in the Species Plantarum (1753), L.
multifida and L. dentata (Spain)
and L. stoechas and L. spica from
Southern Europe. L. pedunculata
More recently work has been done
was included within L. stoechas.
by Upson and Andrews, and cur-
The genus includes herbaceous
annual or short lived herbaceous
perennial plants (the species from
India), and suffruticose perennials,
subshrubs or small shrubs across
most of the rest of its distribution.
Leaf shape is diverse across the
genus. They are simple in some
commonly cultivated species. In
others they are pinnately toothed,
or pinnate, sometimes multiple pinnate and dissected. In most species
the leaves are covered in fine hairs
or indumentum, which normally
Flowers are borne in whorls, held
on spikes rising above the foliage,
the spikes being branched in some
species. Some species produce
coloured bracts at the apices. The
flowers may be blue, violet or lilac
in the wild species, occasionally
blackish purple or yellowish. The
calyx is tubular, with five lobes, the
upper lip often cleft, and the lower
lip 3-cleft.
Nomenclature and Taxonomy
By 1790 L. pinnata and L. carnosa
were recognised. The latter was
subsequently
transferred
to
Anisochilus. By 1826 de Lassaras
described 12 species in three sections, and by 1848 eighteen species
were known.
One of the first modern major classifications was that of Dorothy
Chaytor in 1937 at Kew. The six
sections she proposed for 28
species still left many intermediates
that could not easily be assigned.
Her sections included Stoechas,
Spica, Subnudae, Pterostoechas,
Chaetostachys and Dentatae.
However all the major cultivated
and commercial forms resided in
the Stoechas and Spica sections.
There were four species within
Stoechas (Lavandula stoechas, L.
dentata, L. viridis and L. pedunculata) while Spica had three (L.
officinalis (now L. angustifolia), L.
latifolia and L. lanata). She
believed that the garden varieties
were hybrids between true lavender
L. angustifolia and spike lavender
(L. latifolia).
59
Glen O. Brechbill
rently Lavandula is considered to Names
have 3 subgenera.
The English word lavender is genSubgenus Lavandula is mainly of erally thought to be derived from
woody shrubs with entire leaves. It Old French lavandre, to wash, ulticontains the principal species mately from the Latin lavare (to
grown as ornamental plants and for wash), referring to the use of infuoils. They are found across the sions of the plants. The botanic
Mediterranean region to northeast name Lavandula was used by
Africa and western Arabia.
Linnaeus is considered to be
derived from this and other
Subgenus Fabricia consists of European vernacular names for the
shrubs and herbs, and it has a wide plants. However it is suggested that
distribution from the Atlantic to this explanation may be apocIndia. It contains some ornamental ryphal, and that the name may actuplants.
ally be derived from Latin livere,
"blueish".
Subgenus Sabaudia constitutes two
species in the southwest Arabian The names widely used for some of
peninsula and Eritrea, which are the species, English lavender,
rather distinct from the other French lavender and Spanish lavenspecies, and are sometimes placed der are all imprecisely applied.
in their own genus Sabaudia.
"English lavender" is commonly
used for L. angustifolia, though
In addition there are numerous some references say the proper
hybrids and cultivars in commer- term is "Old English Lavender".[6]
cial and horticultural usage.
The name "French lavender" may
be used to refer to either L. stoechas
Distribution
or to L. dentata. "Spanish lavender"
may be used to refer to L. stoechas,
The native range extends across the L. lanata or L. dentata.
Canary Islands and Madeira, North
and East Africa, Southern Europe Usage
and the Mediterranean, Arabia and
India. Some of its members are The accounts provided here apply
found as naturalised plants and mostly to those plants grown for
weeds elsewhere.
ornament and for oil extraction,
which
are
all
from
the
It is thought the genus originated in Mediterranean region.
Asia but it is most diversified in its
western distribution.
Ornamental Garden
tion is the common or English
lavender Lavandula angustifolia
(formerly named L. officinalis). A
wide range of cultivars can be
found. Other commonly grown
ornamental species are L. stoechas,
(Spanish lavender) L. dentata
(French lavender), and L. multifida
(Egyptian lavender).
Because the cultivated forms are
planted in gardens worldwide, they
are occasionally found growing
wild as garden escapes, well
beyond their natural range.
Commonly such adventitious
establishment is apparently harmless at worst, but in some cases
Lavandula species have become
invasive; for example, in Australia
Lavandula stoechas has become a
cause for concern; it occurs widely
throughout the continent, and has
been declared a noxious weed in
Victoria since 1920. It also is
regarded as a weed in parts of
Spain.
Oil Production
Commercially the plant is grown
mainly for the production of essential oil of lavender. This has antiseptic and anti-inflammatory properties.[citation needed] These
extracts are also used as fragrances
for bath products.
English lavender (Lavandula
angustifolia) yields an essential oil
with sweet overtones, and can be
used in balms, salves, perfumes,
The most common form in cultiva- cosmetics, and topical applications.
60
Lavandin, Lavandula × intermedia
(also known as Dutch lavender),
yields a similar essential oil, but
with higher levels of terpenes
including camphor, which add a
sharper overtone to the fragrance.
The lavandins Lavandula × intermedia are a class of hybrids of L.
angustifolia and L. latifolia. The
lavandins are widely cultivated for
commercial use, since their flowers
tend to be bigger than those of
English lavender and the plants
tend to be easier to harvest, but
lavandin oil is regarded by some to
be of a lower quality than that of
English lavender, with a perfume
less sweet.
Culinary Use
A bee on a lavender flower
Flowers yield abundant nectar from
which bees make a high-quality
honey. Monofloral honey is produced primarily around the
Mediterranean, and is marketed
worldwide as a premium product.
Flowers can be candied and are
sometimes used as cake decorations. Lavender flavors baked
goods and desserts (it pairs especially well with chocolate), and is
also used to make "lavender sugar".
Lavender flowers are occasionally
blended with black, green, or herbal
tea, adding a fresh, relaxing scent
and flavor.
is not used in traditional southern
French cooking. It does not appear
at all in the best-known compendium of Provençal cooking, J.-B.
Reboul's Cuisinière Provençale In
the 1970s, a herb blend called
herbes de Provence usually including lavender was invented by spice
wholesalers, and lavender has more
recently become popular in cookery.
sleep and relaxation. An infusion
of flowerheads added to a cup of
boiling water soothes and relaxes at
bedtime. Lavender oil (or extract of
Lavender) heals acne when used
diluted 1:10 with water, rosewater,
or witch hazel; it also treats skin
burns and inflammatory conditions.
A recent clinical study investigated
anxiolytic effects and influence on
sleep quality. Lavender oil with a
high percentage of linalool and
linalyl acetate, in the form of capsules, was generally well tolerated.
It showed meaningful efficacy in
alleviating anxiety and related sleep
disturbances.
Lavender lends a floral and slightly
sweet flavor to most dishes, and is
sometimes paired with sheep's-milk
and goat's-milk cheeses. For most
cooking applications the dried buds
(also referred to as flowers) are
used, though some chefs experiment with the leaves as well. Only History & Culture
the buds contain the essential oil of
lavender, from which the scent and The ancient Greeks called the
flavor of lavender are best derived. lavender herb nardus, after the
Syrian city of Naarda (possibly the
In the United States, both lavender modern town of Dohuk, Iraq). It
syrup and dried lavender buds are was also commonly called nard.
used to make lavender scones and The species originally grown was
marshmallows.
L. stoechas.
Medical Uses
Lavender was one of the holy herbs
used in the biblical Temple to preThe essential oil was used in hospi- pare the holy essence, and nard is
tals during World War I to disinfect mentioned in the Song of Solomon
floors and walls.
(4,14)
Lavender is used extensively with
nard and saffron,
herbs and aromatherapy. According
calamus and cinnamon,
to folk wisdom, lavender has many
with every kind of incense tree,
uses. Infusions of lavender are
with myrrh and aloes,
believed to soothe insect bites,
and all the finest spices.
burns, and headaches. Bunches of
Though it has many other tradition- lavender repel insects. In pillows, During Roman times, flowers were
al uses in southern France, lavender lavender seeds and flowers aid sold for 100 denarii per pound,
61
Glen O. Brechbill
which was about the same as a
month's wages for a farm laborer,
or fifty haircuts from the local barber. Its late Latin name was lavanda-rius, from lavanda (things to be
washed), from the verb lava-re (to
wash). The Greeks discovered early
on that lavender if crushed and
treated correctly would release a
relaxing fume when burned.
In medieval times powdered lavender was used as a condiment.
62
Lemon Balm
Lemon balm (Melissa officinalis),
not to be confused with bee balm,
Monarda species, is a perennial
herb in the mint family Lamiaceae,
native to southern Europe and the
Mediterranean region.
It grows to 70–150 cm tall. The
leaves have a gentle lemon scent,
related to mint. During summer,
small white flowers full of nectar
appear. These attract bees, hence
the genus name Melissa (Greek for
'honey bee'). Its flavour comes from
citronellal (24%), geranial (16%),
linalyl
acetate
(12%)
and
caryophyllene (12%).
This herb can be easy to cultivate in
Plant Hardiness Zones 4 to 9
according to the United States
Department of Agriculture. In zone
4, it needs well-drained sandy soil
and a winter mulch or adequate
snowcover to survive. In zone 7, it
can be harvested at least until the
end of November. While it prefers
full sun (as described on most plant
tags), it is moderately shade-tolerant, much more so than most herbs.
In dry climates, it grows best in
partial shade. It can also be easily
grown as an indoor potted herb.
In North America, Melissa offici- M. officinalis ‘Aurea’
nalis has escaped cultivation and
spread into the wild.
(M. officinalis ‘Quedlinburger
Niederliegende’ is an Improved
Lemon balm requires light and at variety bred for high essential oil
least 20 degrees Celsius (70 content.)
degrees Fahrenheit) to germinate,
so it is best to plant indoors or in Usage
spring and not to cover the seeds.
Culinary Use
Lemon balm grows in clumps and
spreads vegetatively as well as by Lemon balm is often used as a
seed. In mild temperate zones, the flavouring in ice cream and herbal
stems of the plant die off at the start teas, both hot and iced, often in
of the winter, but shoot up again in combination with other herbs such
spring. It can be easily grown from as spearmint. It is also frequently
stem cuttings rooted in water, or paired with fruit dishes or candies.
from seeds. Under ideal conditions, It can be used in fish dishes and is
it will seed itself prolifically and the key ingredient in lemon balm
can become a nuisance in gardens. pesto. It has been suggested that it
might be a better, healthier preserMelissa officinalis may be the vative than beta hydroxy acid in
"honey-leaf"
mentioned
by sausages
Theophrastus. It was in the herbal
garden of John Gerard, 1596. There Medicinal Uses
are many cultivars of Melissa officinalis, such as:
The crushed leaves, when rubbed
on the skin, are used as a repellant
M. officinalis 'Citronella'
for mosquitos.
M. officinalis 'Lemonella'
M. officinalis 'Quedlinburger'
Lemon balm is also used mediciM. officinalis 'Lime'
nally as an herbal tea, or in extract
M. officinalis ‘Variegata’
form. It is claimed to have antibac63
Glen O. Brechbill
terial and antiviral properties (it is making it of possible use in the
effective against herpes simplex).
treatment of Graves' disease or
hyperthyroidism.
It is also used as an anxiolytic, mild
sedative or calming agent. At least Lemon balm essential oil is very
one study has found it to be effec- popular in aromatherapy. The
tive at reducing stress, although the essential oil is commonly co-disstudy's authors call for further tilled with lemon oil, citronella oil,
research. Lemon balm extract was or other oils.
identified as a potent inhibitor of
GABA
transaminase,
which Lemon balm is used in some variaexplains anxiolytic effects. The tions of the Colgate Herbal toothmajor compound responsible for paste for its soothing and aromatic
GABA transaminase inhibition properties.
activity in lemon balm is rosmarinic acid.
Lemon balm should be avoided by
those on thyroid medication (such
Lemon balm and preparations as thyroxine), as it is believed the
thereof also have been shown to herb inhibits the absorption of this
improve mood and mental perform- medicine.
ance. These effects are believed to
involve muscarinic and nicotinic Despite extensive traditional
acetylcholine receptors. Positive medicinal use, melissa oil was iniresults have been achieved in a tially
prohibited
by
the
small clinical trial involving International
Fragrance
Alzheimer patients with mild to Association (IFRA)'s 43rd amendmoderate symptoms.
ment, but this restriction appears to
have been revisited and relaxed in
Its antibacterial properties have the 44th amendment.
also been demonstrated scientifically, although they are markedly One traditional use of lemon balm
weaker than those from a number tea was in extending age, although
of other plants studied. The extract this effect has not been proven. Obof lemon balm was also found to X, a mixture of three herbs, Morus
have exceptionally high antioxidant alba, M. officinalis, and Artemisia
activity.
capillaris, may help regulate obesity. Ob-X reduces body weight gain
Lemon balm is mentioned in the and visceral adipose tissue mass in
scientific journal Endocrinology, genetically obese mice.
where it is explained that Melissa
officinalis exhibits antithyrotropic Recent research found a daily dose
activity, inhibiting TSH from of the tea reduced oxidative stress
attaching to TSH receptors, hence status in radiology staff that were
exposed to persistent low-dose
radiation during work. After only
30 days of taking the tea daily
researchers found Lemon balm tea
resulted in a significant improvement in plasma levels of catalase,
superoxide dismutase, and glutathione peroxidase and a marked
reduction in plasma DNA damage,
myeloperoxidase, and lipid peroxidation.
Lemon balm was found to be effective in the amelioration of laboratory-induced stress in human subjects, producing "significantly
increased self-ratings of calmness
and reduced self-ratings of alertness." The authors further report a
"significant increase in the speed of
mathematical processing, with no
reduction in accuracy" following
the administration of a 300 mg
dose.
Chemistry
Lemon balm contains eugenol,
which kills bacteria and has been
shown to calm muscles and numb
tissues. It also contains tannins that
contribute to its antiviral effects, as
well as terpenes that add to its
soothing effects.
Melissa officinalis also contains 1octen-3-ol, 10-alpha-cadinol, 3octanol,
3-octanone,
alphacubebene, alpha-humulene, betabourbonene,
caffeic
acid,
caryophyllene,
caryophyllene
oxide, catechinene, chlorogenic
acid, cis-3-hexenol, cis-ocimene,
64
citral A, citral B, citronellal,
copaene, delta-cadinene, eugenyl
acetate, gamma-cadinene, geranial,
geraniol, geranyl acetate, germacrene D, isogeranial, linalool, luteolin-7-glucoside, methylheptenone,
neral, nerol, octyl benzoate, oleanolic acid, pomolic acid, protocatechuic acid, rhamnazine, rosmarinic
acid, rosmarinin acid, stachyose,
succinic acid, thymol, transocimene and ursolic acid.
65
Glen O. Brechbill
Lemon Grass
Cymbopogon (lemongrass) is a
genus of about 55 species of grasses, (of which the type species is
Cymbopogon citratus) native to
warm temperate and tropical
regions of the Old World and
Oceania. It is a tall perennial grass.
Common names include lemon
grass, lemongrass, barbed wire
grass, silky heads, citronella
grass,cha de Dartigalongue, fever
grass, tanglad, hierba Luisa or
gavati chaha amongst many others.
Uses
Lemongrass is native to India and
tropical Asia. It is widely used as a
herb in Asian cuisine. It has a subtle citrus flavor and can be dried
and powdered, or used fresh.
Lemongrass is commonly used in
teas, soups, and curries. It is also
suitable for poultry, fish, beef, and
seafood. It is often used as a tea in
African countries such as Togo and
the Democratic Republic of the
Congo and Latin American countries such as Mexico.
Lemongrass oil is used as a pesticide and a preservative. Research
shows that lemongrass oil has anti- Institute of Pondicherry, the
fungal properties.
Association for the Preservation of
the Saint Thomas Christian
Cymbopogon citratus from the Heritage in Kerala and many other
Philippines, where it is locally manuscript collections in India.
known as tanglad.
The lemon grass oil also injects natural fluidity into the brittle palm
Citronella grass (Cymbopogon nar- leaves and the hydrophobic nature
dus and Cymbopogon winterianus) of the oil keeps the manuscripts dry
grows to about 2 meters (about 6.5 so that the text is not lost to decay
feet) and has red base stems. These due to humidity.
species are used for the production
of citronella oil, which is used in East-Indian
Lemon
Grass
soaps, as an insect repellent in (Cymbopogon flexuosus), also
insect sprays and candles, and also called Cochin Grass or Malabar
in aromatherapy, which is famous Grass (Malayalam: (inchippullu), is
in Bintan Island, Indonesia. native to Cambodia, India, Sri
Therefore it's assumed that it's ori- Lanka, Burma,and Thailand while
gin is from Indonesia. The principal the West-Indian lemon grass
chemical constituents of citronella, (Cymbopogon citratus), also
geraniol and citronellol, are anti- known as serai in Malay, is
septics, hence their use in house- assumed to have its origins in
hold disinfectants and soaps. Malaysia. Indonesian people used
Besides oil production, citronella to called it serai too or sereh. While
grass is also used for culinary pur- both can be used interchangeably,
poses, in tea and as a flavoring.
C. citratus is more suited for cooking. In India C. citratus is used both
Lemon Grass Oil, used as a pesti- as a medical herb and in perfumes.
cide and preservative, is put on the Cymbopogon citratus is consumed
ancient palm-leaf manuscripts as a tea for anxiety in Brazilian folk
found in India as a preservative. It medicine, but a study in humans
is used at the Oriental Research found no effect. The tea caused a
Institute Mysore, the French recurrence of contact dermatitis in
66
one case.
Lemon grass is also known as
Gavati Chaha in the Marathi language (Gavat=grass; Chaha=tea),
and is used as an addition to tea,
and in preparations like 'kadha,'
which is a traditional herbal 'soup'
used against coughs, colds, etc. It
has medicinal properties and is
used extensively in Ayurvedic medicine. It is supposed to help with
relieving cough and nasal congestion.
In Kerala, lemon grass is steeped as
an herbal tea called "Chukku
Kaapi", literally "dried ginger coffee".
67
Glen O. Brechbill
Lemon Myrtle
Backhousia citriodora (common
names lemon myrtle, lemon scented myrtle, lemon scented ironwood) is a flowering plant in the
family
Myrtaceae,
genus
Backhousia. It is endemic to subtropical rainforests of central and
south-eastern
Queensland,
Australia, with a natural distribution from Mackay to Brisbane.
Other common names are sweet
verbena tree, sweet verbena myrtle,
lemon scented verbena, and lemon
scented backhousia.
Growth
It can reach 20 m (66 ft) in height,
but is often smaller. The leaves are
evergreen, opposite, lanceolate,
5–12 cm (2.0–4.7 in) long and
1.5–2.5 cm (0.59–0.98 in) broad,
glossy green, with an entire margin.
The flowers are creamy-white, 5–7
mm diameter, produced in clusters
at the ends of the branches from
summer through to autumn, after
petal fall the calyx is persistent.
Etymology
Lemon myrtle was given the botanical name Backhousia citriodora in
1853 after the English botanist, The citronellal chemotype is
James Backhouse.
uncommon, and can be used as an
insect repellent.
The common name reflects the
strong lemon smell of the crushed Uses
leaves. "Lemon scented myrtle"
was the primary common name Indigenous Australians have long
until the shortened trade name, used lemon myrtle, both in cuisine
"lemon myrtle", was created by the and as a healing plant. The oil has
native foods industry to market the the highest citral purity; typically
leaf for culinary use. Lemon myrtle higher than lemongrass. It is also
is now the more common name for considered to have a "cleaner and
the plant and its products.
sweeter" aroma than comparable
sources of citral–lemongrass and
Lemon myrtle is sometimes con- Litsea cubeba.
fused with "lemon ironbark", which
is Eucalyptus staigeriana. Lemon Culinary
myrtle is a food.
Lemon myrtle is one of the well
Essential Oils
known bushfood flavours and is
sometimes referred to as the
B.citriodora has two essential oil "Queen of the lemon herbs". The
chemotypes:
leaf is often used as dried flakes, or
in the form of an encapsulated
The citral chemotype is more flavour essence for enhanced shelfprevalent and is cultivated in life. It has a range of uses, such as
Australia for flavouring and essen- lemon myrtle flakes in shortbread;
tial oil. Citral as an isolate in steam flavouring in pasta; whole leaf with
distilled lemon myrtle oil is typical- baked fish; infused in macadamia
ly 90–98%, and oil yield 1–3% or vegetable oils; and made into
from fresh leaf. It is the highest nat- tea, including tea blends. It can also
ural source of citral.
be used as a lemon flavour replacement in milk-based foods, such as
68
cheesecake, lemon flavoured icecream and sorbet without the curdling problem associated with
lemon fruit acidity.
metres (16 ft) and usually has a
dense canopy. The principal attraction to gardeners is the lemon smell
which perfumes both the leaves and
flowers of the tree. Lemon myrtle is
The dried leaf has free radical scav- a hardy plant which tolerates all but
enging ability.
the poorest drained soils. It can be
slow growing but responds well to
Antimicrobial
slow release fertilisers.
Lemon myrtle essential oil possesses antimicrobial properties; however the undiluted essential oil is toxic
to human cells in vitro. When diluted to approximately 1%, absorption
through the skin and subsequent
damage is thought to be minimal.
Lemon myrtle oil has a high
Rideal-Walker coefficient, a measure of antimicrobial potency. Use
of lemon myrtle oil as a treatment
for skin lesions caused by molluscum contagiosum virus (MCV), a
disease affecting children and
immuno-compromised patients, has
been investigated. Nine of sixteen
patients who were treated with 10%
strength lemon myrtle oil showed a
significant improvement, compared
to none in the control group. The
oil is a popular ingredient in health
care and cleaning products, especially soaps, lotions and shampoos.
Seedling lemon myrtle go through a
shrubby, slow juvenile growth
stage, before developing a dominant trunk. Lemon myrtle can also
be propagated from cutting, but is
slow to strike. Growing cuttings
from mature trees bypasses the
shrubby juvenile stage. Cutting
propagation is also used to provide
a consistent product in commercial
production.
January 2011. Myrtle rust severely
damages new growth and threatens
lemon myrtle production. Controls
are being developed.
Lemon Myrtle History
Pre 1788 - Aboriginal people use
B.citriodora for medicine and
flavouring.
1853 - Scientifically named
Backhousia citriodora by botanist,
Ferdinand von Mueller, with the
genus named after friend, James
Backhouse, quaker missionary and
botanist.
1888 - Bertram isolates citral from
B.citriodora oil, and Messrs.
Schimmel and Co., Dresden, write
about the essential oil as having
In plantation cultivation the tree is “…probably a future.”
typically maintained as a shrub by
regular harvesting from the top and 1900s-1920s - B.citriodora distilled
sides. Mechanical harvesting is on a small-scale commercial basis
used in commercial plantations. It around Eumundi, Queensland.
is important to retain some lower
branches when pruning for plant 1920s - Discovery of antimicrobial
health. The harvested leaves are qualities of steam-distilled B.citridried for leaf spice, or distilled for odora oil, by A.R. Penfold and
the essential oil.
R.Grant, Technological Museum,
Sydney.
The majority of commercial lemon
myrtle is grown in Queensland and 1940s - Tarax Co. use B.citriodora
Cultivation
the north coast of New South oil as a lemon flavouring during
World War II.
Lemon myrtle is a cultivated orna- Wales, Australia.
mental plant. It can be grown from
1950s - Some production of oil cartropical to warm temperate cli- Myrtle Rust
ried out in the Maryborough and
mates, and may handle cooler districts provided it can be protected A significant fungal pathogen, myr- Miriam Vale areas from bush stands
from frost when young. In cultiva- tle rust (Uredo rangelii) was detect- by JR Archibold, but the small
tion it rarely exceeds about 5 ed in lemon myrtle plantations in industry falls into decline.
69
Glen O. Brechbill
1989 - B.citriodora investigated as
a potential leaf spice and commercial crop by Peter Hardwick,
Wildnerness Foods Pty Ltd. The
company commissions Dr Ian
Southwell, The Essential Oils Unit,
Wollongbar Agricultural Institute,
to analyse B.citriodora selections
using gas chromatography.
B.citriodora by Toona Essential
Oils pty Ltd.
2010 - Lemon myrtle sells out in
London after Jamie Oliver
describes it as "pukka" on his TV
show.
1990 - Restaurants and food manufacturers supplied with dried B.citriodora leaf by Vic Cherikoff, Bush
Tucker Supply Pty Ltd, produced
by Russel and Sharon Costin,
Limpinwood Gardens.
1991 - B.citriodora plantation
established by Dennis Archer and
Rosemary Cullen-Archer, Toona
Essential Oils Pty Ltd, ; and subsequent commercial supply of plantation produced B.citriodora oil in
1993.
1997 - Large-scale plantations of
B.citriodora established in north
Queensland, by Australian Native
Lemon Myrtle Ltd.
Late 1990s - B.citriodora begins to
be supplied internationally for a
range of flavouring, cosmetic
and anti-microbial products.
Agronomic production of B.citriodora starts to exceed demand.
2001 - Standards for Oil of B.citriodora established by The Essential
Oils Unit, Wollongbar, and
Standards Australia.
2004 - Monograph published on
70
Lemon Verbena
Aloysia citrodora is a species of
flowering plant in the verbena family, Verbenaceae, that is native to
Argentina, Paraguay, Brazil,
Uruguay, Chile, Bolivia, and Peru.
Common names include Lemon
Verbena and Lemon Beebrush. It
was brought to Europe by the
Spanish and the Portuguese in the
17th century.
standard tea in place of actual
lemon (as is common with
Moroccan tea). It can also be used
to make a sorbet. In addition, it has
anti-Candida albicans activity. In
European Union, Verbena essential
oils (Lippia citriodora Kunth.) and
derivatives other than absolute are
prohibited when used as a fragrance
ingredient.
Description
Moderate antioxidant supplementation with lemon verbena extract
protects neutrophils against oxidative damage, decreases the signs of
muscular damage in chronic running exercise without blocking the
cellular adaptation to exercise.
Lemon Verbena is a deciduous
open shrub growing to 2 –3 m high.
The 8 cm long glossy, pointed
leaves are slightly rough to the
touch and emit a powerful lemon
scent when bruised. Sprays of tiny
lilac or white flowers appear in late
Spring or early Summer. It is sensitive to cold, losing leaves at temperatures below 0°C although the
wood is hardy to -10°C.
Uses
Lippia citriodora extract shows
antioxidant properties that could
play an important role in modulating GSH-reductase activity in lymphocytes and erythrocytes and protecting plasma from exercise oxidative damage.
Lemon verbena leaves are used to
add a lemony flavor to fish and
poultry dishes, vegetable marinades, salad dressings, jams, puddings, and beverages. It also is used
to make herbal teas, or added to
Lemon verbena extract containing
25% verbascoside showed strong
antioxidant capacity, especially in a
lipophilic environment, which was
higher than expected as concluded
from the antioxidant capacity of
pure verbascoside, probably due to
synergistic effects. The capacity of
verbascoside to act as an effective
radical scavenger in lipophilic environments was also shown.
Verbascoside-enriched
extracts
might have interesting applications
in cosmetic, nutraceuticals or functional food; however, the genotoxicity of verbascoside may limit its
use.
Chemistry
The major isolates in lemon verbena oil are citral (30-35%), nerol and
geraniol.
Phenylpropanoids are the main
class of compounds from lemon
verbena which have shown a wide
biological activity, verbascoside
being the most abundant one.
Synonyms
For Lemon Verbena are Verbena
triphylla L'Hér., Verbena citriodora
Cav., Lippia triphylla, Lippia citriodora, Aloysia citriodora (Cav.)
Ort.
71
Glen O. Brechbill
Garden History
The first European botanist who
publicly noticed this plant was the
French Philibert Commerson, who
collected in the Buenos Aires on his
botanical circumnavigation with
Bougainville, about 1785. The
plant had already been quietly
imported directly into the Real
Jardín Botánico de Madrid, where
professors Casimiro Gómez Ortega
and Antonio Palau y Verdera
named it, though they did not publish it, Aloysia citrodora, to compliment the morganatic wife of the
Garden's patron Infante Luis
Antonio de Borbon, Prince of
Asturias and brother of king Carlos
III.
seeds and specimens of the plant to
Charles Louis L'Héritier de
Brutelle in Paris; L'Héritier published it as Verbena triphylla in his
Stirpes Novae. 1784. From Paris
John Sibthorpe, professor of
Botany at Oxford, obtained the
specimen that he introduced to
British horticulture: by 1797 the
Lemon Verbena was common in
greenhouses around London, and
its popularity as essential in a fragrant bouquet increased through
the following century
Unofficial importations from
Spanish America seldom fared
well: when another French botanist
Joseph Dombey landed his collections at Cadiz in 1785 they were
impounded and left to rot in warehouses, while he was refused permission even to have seeds planted.
Among the bare handful of plants
Dombey had assembled during
eight years at Lima, Lemon
Verbena survived.
Palau y Verdera's dedication was
utterly ignored, and when the plant
became popular throughout southern Spain as Yerba Luisa it was
connected, even in print, with the
more prominent personage Maria
Luisa, Queen of Spain.
Meanwhile Gómez Ortega sent
72
Lovage
Lovage (Levisticum officinale) is a
tall perennial plant, the sole species
in the genus Levisticum, in the
family
Apiaceae,
subfamily
Apioideae, tribe Apieae.
boidal, acutely pointed leaflets with
a few marginal teeth; the stem
leaves are smaller, and less divided
with few leaflets. The flowers are
yellow to greenish-yellow, 2–3 mm
diameter, produced in globose
Distribution
umbels up to 10–15 cm diameter;
flowering is in late spring. The fruit
The exact native range is disputed; is a dry two-parted schizocarp 4–7
some sources cite it as native to mm long, mature in autumn.
much of Europe and southwestern
Asia, others from only the eastern Uses
Mediterranean region in southeastern Europe and southwestern Asia, The leaves can be used in salads, or
and yet others only to southwestern to make soup, and the roots can be
Asia in Iran and Afghanistan, citing eaten as a vegetable or grated for
European populations as natu- use in salads. Its flavor and smell is
ralised. It has been long cultivated very similar to celery. Lovage tea
in Europe, the leaves being used as can be applied to wounds as an
a herb, the roots as a vegetable, and antiseptic, or drunk to stimulate
the seeds as a spice, especially in digestion. The seeds can be used as
southern European cuisine.
a spice, similar to fennel seeds. In
the UK, an alcoholic lovage cordial
Lovage is an erect, herbaceous, is traditionally mixed with brandy
perennial plant growing to 1.8–2.5 in the ratio of 2:1 as a winter drink.
m tall, with a basal rosette of leaves Lovage is second only to capers in
and stems with further leaves, the its quercetin content. The roots,
flowers being produced in umbels which contain a heavy, volatile oil,
at the top of the stems. The stems are used as a mild aquaretic.
and leaves are shiny glabrous green Lovage root contains furato yellow-green. The larger basal nocoumarins which can lead to
leaves are up to 70 cm long, tripin- photosensitivity.
nate, with broad triangular to rhom-
Etymology
The name 'lovage' is from "loveache", ache being a medieval name
for parsley; this is a folk-etymological corruption of the older French
name levesche, from late Latin levisticum, in turn thought to be a corruption of the earlier Latin ligusticum, "of Liguria" (northwest
Italy), where the herb was grown
extensively. In modern botanical
usage, both Latin forms are now
used, for different, but closely related genera, with Levisticum for
(culinary) lovage, and Ligusticum
for Scots lovage, a similar species
from northern Europe, and related
species. In Germany and Holland,
one of the common names of
lovage is Maggikraut (German) or
Maggiplant (Dutch) because the
plant's taste is reminiscent of
Maggi soup seasoning. Italian levistico, French livèche, Romanian
leus,tean, Hungarian lestyán,
Russian lyubistok, etc. In Bulgaria,
it is known as deveseel. The Czech
name is libec(ek, and the Polish
name is lubczyk, both meaning
'love herb'. The name in Swedish is
libbsticka. The official German
name is Liebstöckel, literally 'love
sticklet'.
73
Glen O. Brechbill
Marjoram
(Origanum
majorana,
syn.
Majorana hortensis Moench,
Majorana majorana (L.) H. Karst)
is a somewhat cold-sensitive perennial herb or undershrub with sweet
pine and citrus flavors. In some
Middle-eastern countries, marjoram is synonymous with oregano,
and there the names sweet marjoram and knotted marjoram are used
to distinguish it from other plants of
the genus Origanum.
are dried slowly in the shade. It is
often used in herb combinations
such as herbes de Provence and
za'atar. The flowering leaves and
tops of marjoram are steam-distilled to produce an essential oil
that is yellowish in color (darkening to brown as it ages). It has many
chemical components, some of
which are borneol, camphor and
pinene.
cold, but is slightly less sweet.
Origanum pulchellum is known as
showy marjoram or showy
oregano.
Related Species
The name marjoram (Old French
majorane, Medieval Latin majorana) does not directly derive from
the Latin word maior (major).
Marjoram is indigenous to the
Mediterranean area, and was
known to the Greeks and Romans
as a symbol of happiness.
Oregano (Origanum vulgare, sometimes listed with marjoram as
Origanum majorana) is also called
wild marjoram. It is a perennial
common in southern Europe in dry
copses and on hedge-banks, with
many stout stems 30–80 cm high,
bearing short-stalked, somewhat
Cultivation
ovate leaves and clusters of purple
flowers. It has a stronger flavor
Considered a tender perennial than marjoram.
(USDA Zones 7-9), marjoram can
sometimes prove hardy even in Pot marjoram or Cretan oregano
zone 5.
(Origanum onites) has similar uses
to marjoram.
Marjoram is cultivated for its aromatic leaves, either green or dry, Hardy marjoram or French marjofor culinary purposes; the tops are ram, a cross of marjoram with
cut as the plants begin to flower and oregano, is much more resistant to
74
Mentha
Mentha (also known as Mint, from
Greek míntha, Linear B mi-ta) is a
genus of flowering plants in the
family Lamiaceae (mint family).
The species are not clearly distinct
and estimates of the number of
species varies from 13 to
18.Hybridization between some of
the species occurs naturally. Many
other hybrids as well as numerous
cultivars are known in cultivation.
The genus has a subcosmopolitan
distribution across Europe, Africa,
Asia, Australia, and North
America.
capsule containing one to four Mint, Pudina (in Hindi)
seeds.
Mentha asiatica - Asian Mint
While the species that make up the
Mentha genus are widely distrib- Mentha australis - Australian mint
uted and can be found in many
environments, most Mentha grow Mentha canadensis
best in wet environments and moist
soils. Mints will grow 10–120 cm Mentha cervina - Hart's Pennyroyal
tall and can spread over an indeterminate area. Due to their tendency Mentha citrata – Bergamot mint
to spread unchecked, mints are considered invasive.
Mentha crispata - Wrinkled-leaf
mint
Species
Mentha cunninghamii
The list below includes all of the
taxa that have been recognized as Mentha dahurica - Dahurian Thyme
species in recent works on Mentha.
No author has recognized all of Mentha diemenica - Slender mint
them. As with all biological classifications of plants, this list can go Mentha gattefossei
out of date at a moment's notice.
Common names are also given for Mentha grandiflora
species that have them. Synonyms,
along with cultivars and varieties Mentha haplocalyx
are given in articles on the species.
Mentha japonica
Mentha aquatica – Water mint, or
Mentha kopetdaghensis
Marsh mint
Mints are aromatic, almost exclusively perennial, rarely annual,
herbs. They have wide-spreading
underground and overground
stolons and erect, square, branched
stems. The leaves are arranged in
opposite pairs, from oblong to
lanceolate, often downy, and with a
serrate margin. Leaf colors range
from dark green and gray-green to
purple, blue, and sometimes pale
yellow. The flowers are white to
purple and produced in false whorls
called verticillasters. The corolla is
two-lipped with four subequal
lobes, the upper lobe usually the Mentha arvensis – Corn Mint, Wild Mentha laxiflora - Forest mint
largest. The fruit is a small, dry Mint, Japanese Peppermint, Field
75
Glen O. Brechbill
Mentha longifolia sylvestris, Horse Mint
Mentha Selected hybrids
Mentha piperita – Peppermint
Mentha pulegium – Pennyroyal
Mentha requienii – Corsican mint
The mint family has a large grouping of recognized hybrids.
Synonyms, along with cultivars and
varieties where available, are
included within the specific
species.
Mint
Cultivation
All mints prefer, and thrive in, cool,
moist spots in partial shade. In general, mints tolerate a wide range of
conditions, and can also be grown
in full sun.
Mentha sachalinensis - Garden Mentha × dalmatica (M. arvensis ×
mint
M. longifolia)
They are fast growing, extending
their reach along surfaces through a
Mentha satureioides - Native Mentha × dumetorum (M. aquatica network of runners. Due to their
Pennyroyal
× M. longifolia)
speedy growth, one plant of each
desired mint, along with a little
Mentha spicata – M. viridis, syn M. Mentha × gracilis - Ginger Mint
care, will provide more than
cordifolia Spearmint, Curly mint
enough mint for home use. Some
Mentha × maximilianea (M. aquat- mint species are more invasive than
Mentha suaveolens – Apple mint, ica × M. suaveolens)
others. Even with the less invasive
Pineapple mint (a variegated cultimints, care should be taken when
var of Apple mint)
Mentha × piperita – Peppermint, mixing any mint with any other
Chocolate Mint
plants, lest the mint take over. To
Mentha vagans - Gray mint
control mints in an open environMentha × rotundifolia (M. longifo- ment, mints should be planted in
Taxonomy
lia × M. suaveolens) - False Apple- deep, bottomless containers sunk in
mint
the ground, or planted above
Mentha is a member of the tribe
ground in tubs and barrels.
Mentheae in the subfamily Mentha × smithiana (M. aquatica ×
Nepetoideae. The tribe contains M. arvensis × M. spicata) - Red Some mints can be propagated by
about 65 genera and relationships Raripila Mint
seed. Growth from seed can be an
within it remain obscure. Different
unreliable method for raising mint
authors have disagreed on the cir- Mentha × verticillata (M. aquatica for two reasons: mint seeds are
cumscription of Mentha. Some × M. arvensis)
highly variable - one might not end
authors have excluded Mentha
up with what one presupposed was
cervina from the genus. Mentha Mentha × villosa (M. spicata × M. planted; and some mint varieties
cunninghamii has also been exclud- suaveolens) - Also called Mentha are sterile. It is more effective to
ed by some authors, even in some nemorosa, large apple mint, foxtail take and plant cuttings from the
recent treatments of the genus. In mint, hairy mint, woolly mint, runners of healthy mints.
2004, a molecular phylogenetic Cuban mint, mojito mint, and is
study indicated that both of these known as Yerba Buena in Cuba.
The most common and popular
species should be included in
mints for cultivation are pepperMentha.
Mentha × villosonervata (M. longi- mint (Mentha × piperita), spearmint
folia × M. spicata) - Sharp-toothed (Mentha spicata), and (more recent76
ly) apple mint (Mentha suave- are used, respectively.
olens).
Mint is a necessary ingredient in
Mints are supposed to make good Touareg tea, a popular tea in northcompanion plants, repelling pest ern African and Arab countries.
insects and attracting beneficial
ones. Mints are susceptible to Alcoholic drinks sometimes feature
whitefly and aphids.
mint for flavor or garnish, such as
the Mint Julep and the Mojito.
Harvesting of mint leaves can be Crème de menthe is a mint-flavored
done at any time. Fresh mint leaves liqueur used in drinks such as the
should be used immediately or grasshopper.
stored up to a couple of days in
plastic bags within a refrigerator. Mint essential oil and menthol are
Optionally, mint can be frozen in extensively used as flavorings in
ice cube trays. Dried mint leaves breath fresheners, drinks, antiseptic
should be stored in an airtight con- mouth rinses, toothpaste, chewing
tainer placed in a cool, dark, dry gum, desserts, and candies; see
area.
mint (candy) and mint chocolate.
The substances that give the mints
Uses
their characteristic aromas and flavors are menthol (the main aroma
of Peppermint and Japanese
Culinary
Peppermint) and pulegone (in
A jar of mint jelly. Mint jelly is a Pennyroyal and Corsican Mint).
traditional condiment served with The compound primarily responsible for the aroma and flavor of
lamb dishes.
spearmint is R-carvone.
Mint Lemonade served in Syria
Mints are used as food plants by the
The leaf, fresh or dried, is the culi- larvae of some Lepidoptera species
nary source of mint. Fresh mint is including Buff Ermine.
usually preferred over dried mint
when storage of the mint is not a Medicinal and Cosmetic
problem. The leaves have a pleasant warm, fresh, aromatic, sweet Question book-new.svg
This
flavor with a cool aftertaste. Mint unreferenced section requires citaleaves are used in teas, beverages, tions to ensure verifiability.
jellies, syrups, candies, and ice
creams. In Middle Eastern cuisine, Mint was originally used as a
mint is used on lamb dishes, while medicinal herb to treat stomach
in British cuisine and American ache and chest pains, and it is comcuisine, mint sauce and mint jelly monly used in the form of tea as a
77
home remedy to help alleviate
stomach pain. In Rome, Pliny recommended that a wreath of mint
was a good thing for students to
wear since it was thought to "exhilarate their minds". During the
Middle Ages, powdered mint
leaves were used to whiten teeth.
Mint tea is a strong diuretic.A common use is as an antipruritic, especially in insect bite treatments
(often along with camphor).[citation needed] The strong, sharp flavor and scent of mint is sometimes
used as a mild decongestant for illnesses such as the common cold.
Mint is also used in some shampoo
products.
Menthol from mint essential oil
(40% - 90%) is an ingredient of
many cosmetics and some perfumes. Menthol and mint essential
oil are also much used in medicine
as a component of many drugs, and
are very popular in aromatherapy.
Menthol is also used in cigarettes as
an additive, because it blocks out
the bitter taste of tobacco and
soothes the throat.
Insecticides
Mint oil is also used as an environmentally-friendly insecticide for its
ability to kill some common pests
like wasps, hornets, ants and cockroaches.
Aromatherapy
Known in Greek Mythology as the
herb of hospitality, one of the first
Glen O. Brechbill
known uses for mint in Europe was
as a room deodorizer. The herb was
strewn across floors to cover the
smell of the hard-packed soil.
Stepping on the mint helped to
spread its scent through the room.
Today, it is more commonly used
for aromatherapy through the use of
essential oils.
small mint-flavored confectionery
item can be called a mint.
In common usage, other plants with
fragrant leaves may be called
"mint" although they are not in the
Mint Family.
Vietnamese Mint, commonly used
in Southeast Asian cuisine is
Etymology of Mint
Persicaria odorata in the family
Polygonaceae, collectively known
Mint descends from the Latin word as smartweeds or pinkweeds.
mentha, which is rooted in the
Greek word minthe, personified in "Mexican mint marigold" is
Greek mythology as Minthe, a Tagetes lucida in the sunflower
nymph who was transformed into a family (Asteraceae).
mint plant. The word itself probably derives from a now extinct preGreek language (see Pre-Greek
substrate).
Mint leaves, without a qualifier like
peppermint or apple mint, generally refers to spearmint leaves.
In Central and South America, mint
is known as hierbabuena (literally,
"good herb"). In Lusophone countries, especially in Portugal, mint
species are popularly known as
Hortelã. In many Indo-Aryan languages, it is called Pudi-na.
The taxonomic family Lamiaceae is
known as the mint family. It
includes many other aromatic
herbs, including most of the more
common cooking herbs, including
basil, rosemary, sage, oregano, and
catnip.
As an English colloquial term, any
78
Myrtle
Myrtus (myrtle) is a genus of one or
two species of flowering plants in
the family Myrtaceae, native to
southern Europe and north Africa.
The plant is an evergreen shrub or
small tree, growing to 5 m tall. The
leaf is entire, 3–5 cm long, with a
fragrant essential oil. The star-like
flower has five petals and sepals,
and numerous stamens. Petals usually are white. The fruit is a round
berry containing several seeds,
most commonly blue-black in
colour. A variety with yellowamber berries is also present. The
flower is pollinated by insects, and
the seeds are dispersed by birds that
eat the berries.
The common myrtle Myrtus communis, also called true myrtle, is
widespread in the Mediterranean
region and is commonly cultivated.
The other species, Saharan myrtle
M. nivellei, is restricted to the
Tassili n'Ajjer mountains in southern Algeria and the Tibesti
Mountains in Chad, where it occurs
in small areas of sparse relict woodland near the centre of the Sahara
Desert; it is listed as an endangered
species. However, some botanists
are not convinced that M. nivellei is
sufficiently distinct to be treated as for myrtle compounds in the treata separate species.
ment of rhinosinusitis Sinusitis. In
several countries (particularly in
Myrtle is cultivated as an ornamen- Europe and China) there have been
tal garden shrub, particularly for its a tradition for prescribing this subnumerous flowers in later summer. stance for sinus infections. The
It may be clipped to form a hedge. active substance is known as
Myrtol standardized, although it is
It is used in the islands of Sardinia unclear what this chemical is exactand Corsica to produce an aromatic ly. An ointment containing the
liqueur called "Mirto" by macerat- essential oil myrtle was effective
ing it in alcohol. Mirto is known as against herpes simplexvirus (HSVone of the most typical drinks of 1) infection. An extract of the
Sardinia and comes in two vari- berries of Myrtus communis had
eties: "Mirto Rosso" (red) produced significant ulcer-protective effects
by macerating the berries, and when administered to rats.
"Mirto Bianco" (white) produced
from the less common yellow Myth & Ritual
berries and sometimes the leafs.
In Greek mythology and ritual the
Medicinal Uses
myrtle was sacred to the goddesses
Aphrodite and also Demeter:
Myrtle occupies a prominent place Artemidorus asserts that in interin the writings of Hippocrates, preting dreams “a myrtle garland
Pliny, Dioscorides, Galen, and the signifies the same as an olive garArabian writers.
land, except that it is especially
auspicious for farmers because of
The fresh, clear aroma of this oil is Demeter and for women because of
excellent at clearing the airways Aphrodite. For the plant is sacred to
and is considered safe for young both
goddesses.”
Pausanias
and old alike. In addition, a recent explains that one of the Graces in
systematic review of herbal medi- the sanctuary at Elis holds a myrtle
cines has proven a positive effect branch because “the rose and the
79
Glen O. Brechbill
myrtle are sacred to Aphrodite and
connected with the story of Adonis,
while the Graces are of all deities
the nearest related to Aphrodite.”
Myrtle is the garland of Iacchus,
according to Aristophanes, and of
the victors at the Theban Iolaea,
held in honour of the Theban hero
Iolaus.
tial chamber after a wedding (Tos.
Sotah 15:8; Ketubot 17a). Myrtles
are both the symbol and scent of
Eden (BhM II: 52; Sefer haHezyonot 17). The Hechalot text
Merkavah Rabbah requires one to
suck on a myrtle leaves as an element of a theurgic ritual. Kabbalists
link myrtle to the sefirah of Tiferet
and use sprigs in their Shabbat
(especially Havdalah) rites to draw
down its harmonizing power as the
week is initiated (Shab. 33a; Zohar
Chadash, SoS, 64d; Sha’ar haKavvanot, 2, pp. 73–76).
In Rome, Virgil explains that “the
poplar is most dear to Alcides, the
vine to Bacchus, the myrtle to lovely Venus, and his own laurel to
Phoebus.” At the Veneralia, women
bathed wearing crowns woven of
myrtle branches, and myrtle was In neo-pagan and wicca rituals,
used in wedding rituals.
myrtle, though not indigenous
beyond the Mediterranean Basin, is
In the Mediterranean, myrtle was now commonly associated with and
symbolic of love and immortality. sacred to Beltane (May Day).
In their culture the plant was used
extensively and was considered an Myrtle in a wedding bouquet is a
essential plant.
general European custom.[14]
Crowns of myrtle are used in the
In Jewish liturgy, it is one of the Ukrainian wedding ceremony.
four sacred plants of Sukkot, the
Feast of Tabernacles representing A sprig of myrtle from Queen
the different types of personality Victoria's wedding bouquet was
making up the community - the planted as a slip, and sprigs from it
myrtle having fragrance but not have continually been included in
pleasant taste, represents those who royal wedding bouquets.
have good deeds to their credit
despite not having knowledge from Garden History
Torah study. Three branches are
held by the worshippers along with Because of its elegance of habit,
a citron, a palm leaf, and two wil- appealing odour, and amenity to
low branches. In Jewish mysticism, clipping by the topiarius, as much
the myrtle represents the phallic, as for sacred associations, the myrmasculine force at work in the uni- tle was an indispensable feature of
verse. For this reason myrtle Roman gardens. As a reminder of
branches were sometimes given the home, it will have been introduced
bridegroom as he entered the nup- wherever Roman elites were set80
tled, even in areas of the
Mediterranean Basin where it was
not already endemic: "the Romans
must surely have attempted to
establish a shrub so closely associated with their mythology and tradition," observes Alice Coats. In
Gaul and Britannia it will not have
proved hardy. In England it was
reintroduced in the 16th century,
traditionally with the return from
Spain in 1585 of Sir Walter Raleigh
and Sir Francis Carey, who also
brought with them the first orange
trees seen in England. Myrtus communis will have needed similar protection from winter cold and wet.
Alice Coats notes an earlier testimony: in 1562 Elizabeth's great
minister Lord Burghley wrote to
Mr Windebank in Paris to ask him
for a lemon, a pomegranate and a
myrtle, with instructions for their
culture which suggests that the
myrtle, like the others, was not yet
familiar.
By 1597 John Gerard lists six varieties being grown in southern
England., and by 1640 John
Parkinson noted a double-flowering one. Alice Coats suggests that
this was the very same double that
the diarist and gardener John
Evelyn noted "was first discovered
by the incomparable Fabr. Piereshy,
which a mule had cropt from a wild
shrub." In the late 17th and early 18
century myrtles in cases, pots and
tubs were brought out to summer in
the garden and wintered with other
tender greens in an orangery.
Fairchild, The City Gardener
(1722) notes their temporary use,
rented from a nurseryman annually
to fill an empty fireplace in the
warm months.
With the influx to England of more
dramatic tender plants and shrubs
from Japan or Peru in the 19th century, it was more difficult to find
room for the Common Myrtle of
borderline hardiness.
Related Plants
Many other related species native
to South America, New Zealand
and elsewhere, previously classified in a wider interpretation of the
genus Myrtus, are now treated in
other
genera,
Eugenia,
Lophomyrtus,
Luma,
Rhodomyrtus, Syzygium, Ugni,
and at least a dozen other genera.
The name "myrtle" is also used to
refer to unrelated plants in several
other genera: "Crape myrtle"
(Lagerstroemia, Lythraceae), "Wax
myrtle" (Morella, Myricaceae), and
"Myrtle" or "Creeping myrtle"
(Vinca, Apocynaceae).
81
Glen O. Brechbill
Oregano
named Origanum vulgare by
Carolus Linnaeus, is a common
species of Origanum, a genus of the
mint family (Lamiaceae). It is
native to warm-temperate western
and southwestern Eurasia and the
Oregano is a perennial herb, growing from 20–80 cm tall, with opposite leaves 1–4 cm long. Oregano
will grow in a pH range between
6.0 (mildly acid) and 9.0 (strongly
alkaline) with a preferred range
between 6.0 and 8.0. The flowers
are purple, 3–4 mm long, produced
in erect spikes. It is sometimes
called wild marjoram, and its close
relative O. majorana is known as
sweet marjoram.
Description
Oregano is a perennial growing to
20 inches, with pink flowers and
spade-shaped, olive-green leaves. It
prefers a hot, relatively dry climate,
but will do well in other environments. To cultivate, it should be
planted in early spring, in fairly dry
soil, with full sun. The plants
should be spaced 12 inches apart.
Plant Biology
ered the best for culinary uses, with
a taste less remarkable and punClosely related to the herb marjo- gent. It can pollinate other more
ram, oregano is also known as wild sophisticated strains, but the offmarjoram. Oregano is a perennial, spring are rarely better in quality.
although it is grown as an annual in
colder climates, as it often does not The related species, Origanum
onites (Greece, Turkey) and O. hersurvive the winter months.
acleoticum (Italy, Balkan peninsula, West Asia), have similar flavors.
Biochemistry
A closely related plant is marjoram
The main chemical constituents from Turkey, which, however, difinclude
carvacrol,
thymol, fers significantly in taste, because
limonene, pinene, ocimene, and phenolic compounds are missing
caryophyllene. The leaves and from its essential oil. Some variflowering stems are strongly anti- eties show a flavor intermediate
septic, antispasmodic, carminative, between oregano and marjoram.
cholagogue, diaphoretic, emmenagogue, expectorant, stimulant, Notable Subspecies Are:
stomachic and mildly tonic.
Origanum vulgare gracile (= O. tyttanthum) is originally from
Taxonomy
Kyrgyzstan, and has glossy green
Many subspecies and strains of leaves and pink flowers. It grows
oregano have been developed by well in pots or containers, and is
humans over centuries for their more often grown for added ornaunique flavors or other characteris- mental value than other oregano.
tics. Tastes range from spicy or The flavor is pungent and spicy.
astringent to more complicated and
sweet. Simple oregano sold in gar- Origanum vulgare hirtum (Italian
den stores as Origanum vulgare oregano, Greek oregano) is a commay have a bland taste and larger, mon source of cultivars with a difless dense leaves, and is not consid- ferent aroma from those of O. v.
82
gracile. Growth is vigorous and
very hardy, with darker green,
slightly hairy foliage. Generally, it
is considered the best all-purpose
culinary subspecies.
etc. are usually hardy sweet marjoram (O. × majoricum), a hybrid
between the southern Adriatic O. v.
hirtum and sweet majoram (O.
majorana). They have a reputation
for sweet and spicy tones, with litOriganum vulgare onites (Cretan tle bitterness, and are prized for
oregano, Turkish oregano, rigani, their flavor and compatibility with
pot marjoram) is a tender perennial various recipes and sauces.
growing to 18 inches tall, with pale
green to gray-green woolly round- Uses
ed foliage. It has a strong, intensely
spicy flavor.
Culinary
Origanum vulgare syriacum[verification needed] (= O. maru[verification needed], Syrian oregano,
Lebanese oregano, za'atar) has larger leaves that vary in colors ranging
from pale green to grayish. Their
taste is pungent and similar to
Greek oregano.
Oregano is an important culinary
herb, used for the flavor of its
leaves, which can be more flavourful when dried than fresh.[6] It has
an aromatic, warm and slightly bitter taste, which can vary in intensity. Good quality oregano may be
strong enough almost to numb the
tongue, but the cultivars adapted to
Example Cultivars Are:
colder climates often have a lesser
flavor. Factors such as climate, seaAureum – Golden foliage (greener sons and soil composition may
if grown in shade), mild taste
affect the aromatic oils present, and
this effect may be greater than the
Greek Kaliteri – O. v. hirtum differences between the various
strains/landraces, small, hardy, species of plants.
dark, compact, thick, silvery-haired
leaves, usually with purple under- Oregano's most prominent modern
sides, excellent reputation for fla- use is as the staple herb of Italianvor and pungency, as well as American cuisine. Its popularity in
medicinal uses, strong, archetypal the US began when soldiers returnoregano flavor (Greek kaliteri: the ing from World War II brought
best).
back with them a taste for the
“pizza herb”, which had probably
Hot & Spicy – O. v. hirtum strain
been eaten in southern Italy for centuries. There, it is most frequently
Nana – dwarf cultivar
used with roasted, fried or grilled
vegetables, meat and fish. Unlike
Cultivars traded as Italian, Sicilian, most Italian herbs, oregano com83
bines well with spicy foods, which
are popular in southern Italy. It is
less commonly used in the north of
the country, as marjoram generally
is preferred.
The herb is also widely used in
Turkish, Palestinian, Lebanese,
Egyptian,
Syrian,
Greek,
Portuguese, Spanish, Philippine
and Latin American cuisines.
In Turkish cuisine, oregano is mostly used for flavoring meat, especially for mutton and lamb. In barbecue and kebab restaurants, it can
be usually found on table, together
with paprika, salt and pepper.
The leaves are most often used in
Greece to add flavor to Greek
salad, and is usually added to the
lemon-olive oil sauce that accompanies many fish or meat barbecues
and some casseroles.
Oregano is also used by chefs in the
southern Philippines to eliminate
the odor of carabao or beef when
boiling it, while simultaneously
imparting flavor.
Medicinal
Hippocrates used oregano as an
antiseptic, as well as a cure for
stomach and respiratory ailments.
A Cretan oregano (O. dictamnus) is
still used today in Greece as a palliative for sore throat.
Oregano is high in antioxidant
activity, due to a high content of
Glen O. Brechbill
phenolic acids and flavonoids. It
also has shown antimicrobial activity against strains of the food-borne
pathogen Listeria monocytogenes.
In 2005, the US Federal Trade
Commission brought legal action
against a firm that had claimed oil
of oregano treated colds and flus,
and that oil of oregano taken orally
treated and relieved bacterial and
viral infections and their symptoms, saying the representations
were false or were not substantiated
at the time the representations were
made, and that they were therefore
a deceptive practice and false
advertisements. The final stipulation on the matter said no representation as to any health benefit could
be made without "competent and
reliable scientific evidence".
Etymology
Oregano is the anglicised form of
the Italian word origano, or possibly of the medieval Latin organum;
this latter is used in at least one Old
English work. Both were drawn
from the Classical Latin term origanum, which probably referred
specifically to sweet marjoram, and
was itself a derivation from the
Greek (origanon), which simply
referred to "an acrid herb". The etymology of the Greek term is often
given as oros "mountain" + the
verb ganousthai "delight in", but
the Oxford English Dictionary
notes it is quite likely a loanword
from an unknown North African
language
84
Origanum
Is a genus of about 20 species of
aromatic herbs in the family
Lamiaceae, native from the
Mediterranean Basin east to eastern
Asia. The genus includes some
important culinary herbs, including
marjoram and oregano.
Origanum majorana L. – (sweet) Oregano is a perennial herb, growmarjoram
ing from 20–80 cm tall, with opposite leaves 1–4 cm long. Oregano
Origanum ×majoricum Cambess. – will grow in a pH range between
hardy sweet marjoram
6.0 (mildly acid) and 9.0 (strongly
alkaline) with a preferred range
Origanum microphyllum
between 6.0 and 8.0. The flowers
are purple, 3–4 mm long, produced
Origanum species are used as food Origanum minutiflorum O.Schwarz in erect spikes. It is sometimes
plants by the larvae of some & P.H.Davis
called wild marjoram, and its close
Lepidoptera species, including
relative O. majorana is known as
Coleophora albitarsella.
Origanum onites L.
sweet marjoram.
Selected Species
Origanum rotundifolium Boiss.
Description
Origanum acutidens
Origanum scabrum
Origanum amanum
Origanum sipyleum
Origanum calcaratum
Origanum syriacum L.
Origanum compactum Benth.
Origanum vulgare – oregano
Oregano is a perennial growing to
20 inches, with pink flowers and
spade-shaped, olive-green leaves. It
prefers a hot, relatively dry climate,
but will do well in other environments. To cultivate, it should be
planted in early spring, in fairly dry
soil, with full sun. The plants
should be spaced 12 inches apart.
Origanum dictamnus L. – hop mar- Origanum Vulgare
joram, Cretan dittany, dittany of
Crete
named Origanum vulgare by
Carolus Linnaeus, is a common
Origanum laevigatum
species of Origanum, a genus of the
mint family (Lamiaceae). It is
Origanum leptocladum
native to warm-temperate western
and southwestern Eurasia and the
Origanum libanoticum
85
Plant Biology
Closely related to the herb marjoram, oregano is also known as wild
marjoram. Oregano is a perennial,
although it is grown as an annual in
colder climates, as it often does not
survive the winter months.
Glen O. Brechbill
Biochemistry
syriacum)
The main chemical constituents
include
carvacrol,
thymol,
limonene, pinene, ocimene, and
caryophyllene. The leaves and
flowering stems are strongly antiseptic, antispasmodic, carminative,
cholagogue, diaphoretic, emmenagogue, expectorant, stimulant,
stomachic and mildly tonic.
Notable Subspecies Are:
Taxonomy
Many subspecies and strains of
oregano have been developed by
humans over centuries for their
unique flavors or other characteristics. Tastes range from spicy or
astringent to more complicated and
sweet. Simple oregano sold in garden stores as Origanum vulgare
may have a bland taste and larger,
less dense leaves, and is not considered the best for culinary uses, with
a taste less remarkable and pungent. It can pollinate other more
sophisticated strains, but the offspring are rarely better in quality.
The related species, Origanum
onites (Greece, Turkey) and O. heracleoticum (Italy, Balkan peninsula, West Asia), have similar flavors.
A closely related plant is marjoram
from Turkey, which, however, differs significantly in taste, because
phenolic compounds are missing
from its essential oil. Some varieties show a flavor intermediate
between oregano and marjoram.
Syrian oregano (Origanum vulgare
Greek Kaliteri - O. v. hirtum
strains/landraces, small, hardy,
dark, compact, thick, silvery-haired
leaves, usually with purple undersides, excellent reputation for flavor and pungency, as well as
medicinal uses, strong, archetypal
oregano flavor (Greek kaliteri: the
best).
Origanum vulgare gracile (= O. tyttanthum) is originally from
Kyrgyzstan, and has glossy green
leaves and pink flowers. It grows
well in pots or containers, and is
more often grown for added ornamental value than other oregano. Hot & Spicy - O. v. hirtum strain
The flavor is pungent and spicy.
Nana - dwarf cultivar
Origanum vulgare hirtum (Italian
oregano, Greek oregano) is a com- Cultivars traded as Italian, Sicilian,
mon source of cultivars with a dif- etc. are usually hardy sweet marjoferent aroma from those of O. v. ram (O. × majoricum), a hybrid
gracile. Growth is vigorous and between the southern Adriatic O. v.
very hardy, with darker green, hirtum and sweet majoram (O.
slightly hairy foliage. Generally, it majorana). They have a reputation
is considered the best all-purpose for sweet and spicy tones, with little bitterness, and are prized for
culinary subspecies.
their flavor and compatibility with
Origanum vulgare onites (Cretan various recipes and sauces.
oregano, Turkish oregano, rigani,
pot marjoram) is a tender perennial Uses
growing to 18 inches tall, with pale
green to gray-green woolly round- Culinary
ed foliage. It has a strong, intensely
spicy flavor.
Dried oregano for culinary use
Oregano growing in a field
Origanum vulgare syriacum(= O.
maru[ Syrian oregano, Lebanese Oregano is an important culinary
oregano, za'atar) has larger leaves herb, used for the flavor of its
that vary in colors ranging from leaves, which can be more flavourpale green to grayish. Their taste is ful when dried than fresh.[6] It has
pungent and similar to Greek an aromatic, warm and slightly bitoregano.
ter taste, which can vary in intensity. Good quality oregano may be
Example Cultivars Are:
strong enough almost to numb the
tongue, but the cultivars adapted to
Aureum - Golden foliage (greener colder climates often have a lesser
flavor. Factors such as climate, seaif grown in shade), mild taste
86
sons and soil composition may
affect the aromatic oils present, and
this effect may be greater than the
differences between the various
species of plants.
Oregano is also used by chefs in the
southern Philippines to eliminate
the odor of carabao or beef when
boiling it, while simultaneously
imparting flavor.
Oregano's most prominent modern
use is as the staple herb of ItalianAmerican cuisine. Its popularity in
the US began when soldiers returning from World War II brought
back with them a taste for the
“pizza herb”, which had probably
been eaten in southern Italy for centuries. There, it is most frequently
used with roasted, fried or grilled
vegetables, meat and fish. Unlike
most Italian herbs, oregano combines well with spicy foods, which
are popular in southern Italy. It is
less commonly used in the north of
the country, as marjoram generally
is preferred.
Medicinal
The herb is also widely used in
Turkish, Palestinian, Lebanese,
Egyptian,
Syrian,
Greek,
Portuguese, Spanish, Philippine
and Latin American cuisines.
In Turkish cuisine, oregano is mostly used for flavoring meat, especially for mutton and lamb. In barbecue and kebab restaurants, it can
be usually found on table, together
with paprika, salt and pepper.
Hippocrates used oregano as an
antiseptic, as well as a cure for
stomach and respiratory ailments.
A Cretan oregano (O. dictamnus) is
still used today in Greece as a palliative for sore throat.
Oregano is high in antioxidant
activity, due to a high content of
phenolic acids and flavonoids. It
also has shown antimicrobial activity against strains of the food-borne
pathogen Listeria monocytogenes.
In 2005, the US Federal Trade
Commission brought legal action
against a firm that had claimed oil
of oregano treated colds and flus,
and that oil of oregano taken orally
treated and relieved bacterial and
viral infections and their symptoms, saying the representations
were false or were not substantiated
at the time the representations were
made, and that they were therefore
a deceptive practice and false
advertisements. The final stipulation on the matter said no representation as to any health benefit could
be made without "…competent and
reliable scientific evidence.
The leaves are most often used in
Greece to add flavor to Greek
salad, and is usually added to the
lemon-olive oil sauce that accom- Etymology
panies many fish or meat barbecues
and some casseroles.
Oregano is the anglicised form of
87
the Italian word origano, or possibly of the medieval Latin organum;
this latter is used in at least one Old
English work. Both were drawn
from the Classical Latin term origanum, which probably referred
specifically to sweet marjoram, and
was itself a derivation from the
Greek (origanon), which simply
referred to "an acrid herb". The etymology of the Greek term is often
given as oros"mountain" + the verb
ganousthai "delight in", but the
Oxford English Dictionary notes it
is quite likely a loanword from an
unknown North African language.
Glen O. Brechbill
Parsley
(Petroselinum hortense) is a species
of Petroselinum in the family
Apiaceae, native to the central
Mediterranean region (southern
Italy, Algeria and Tunisia), naturalized elsewhere in Europe, and
widely cultivated as an herb, a
spice and a vegetable.
Description
Garden parsley is a bright green,
hairless, biennial, herbaceous plant
in temperate climates, or an annual
herb in subtropical and tropical
areas.
Where it grows as a biennial, in the
first year, it forms a rosette of tripinnate leaves 10–25 cm long with
numerous 1–3 cm leaflets, and a
taproot used as a food store over the
winter. In the second year, it grows
a flowering stem to 75 cm tall with
sparser leaves and flat-topped 3–10
cm diameter umbels with numerous
2 mm diameter yellow to yellowish-green flowers. The seeds are
ovoid, 2–3mm long, with prominent style remnants at the apex.
One of the compounds of the essential oil is apiol. The plant normally
dies after seed maturation.
Cultivation
which is related to its end use.
These are often treated as botanical
Parsley grows best in moist, well varieties, but are cultivated selecdrained soil, with full sun. It grows tions, not of natural botanical oribest between 22–30 °C, and is usu- gin.
ally grown from seed. Germination
is slow, taking four to six weeks, Leaf Parsley
and often difficult because of furanocoumarins in its seed coat. Plants The two main groups of parsley
grown for the leaf crop are typical- used as herbs are curly leaf (i.e.) (P.
ly spaced 10 cm apart, while those crispum crispum group; syn. P.
grown as a root crop are typically crispum var. crispum) and Italian,
spaced 20 cm apart to allow for the or flat leaf (P. crispum neapoliroot development.
tanum group; syn. P. crispum var.
neapolitanum); of these, the
Parsley attracts some wildlife. neapolitanum group more closely
Some swallowtail butterflies use resembles the natural wild species.
parsley as a host plant for their lar- Flat-leaved parsley is preferred by
vae; their caterpillars are black and some as it easier to cultivate, being
green striped with yellow dots, and more tolerant of both rain and sunwill feed on parsley for two weeks shine, and has a stronger flavor
before turning into butterflies. Bees (though this is disputed), while
and other nectar-feeding insects curly leaf parsley is preferred by
visit the flowers. Birds such as the others because of its more decoragoldfinch feed on the seeds.
tive appearance in garnishing. A
third type, sometimes grown in
Cultivars
southern Italy, has thick, celery-like
leaf stems.
Parsley plant, crispum group
Root Parsley
In cultivation, parsley is subdivided
into several cultivar groups Another type of parsley is grown as
depending on the form of the plant, a root vegetable, the Hamburg root
88
parsley (P. crispum radicosum
group, syn. P. crispum var. tuberosum). This type of parsley produces
much thicker roots than types cultivated for their leaves. Although seldom used in Britain and the United
States, root parsley is very common
in central and eastern European cuisine, where it is used in soups and
stews.
Though root parsley looks similar
to the parsnip, it tastes quite different. Parsnips are among the closest
relatives of parsley in the family
Apiaceae, but the similarity of the
names is a coincidence, parsnip
meaning "forked turnip"; it is not
closely related to real turnips.
Companion Plant
Parsley is widely used as a companion plant in gardens. Like many
other members of the carrot family
(umbellifers), it attracts predatory
insects, including wasps and predatory flies to gardens, which then
tend to protect plants nearby. For
example, they are especially useful
for protecting tomato plants as the
wasps that kill tomato hornworms
also eat nectar from parsley.[citation needed] It offers protection
even in its first year as the strong
scent of the parsley leaves appear to
mingle with the tomato scent and
confuses the tomato moth.
Culinary Use
central and eastern European
cuisines, where it is used as a vegetable in many soups, stews and
casseroles.
Parsley Salad
Freeze-dried parsley
Biological Activity
Parsley is widely used in Middle
Eastern, European, and American
cooking. Curly leaf parsley is often
used as a garnish. In central and
eastern Europe and in western Asia,
many dishes are served with fresh
green chopped parsley sprinkled on
top. Green parsley is often used as a
garnish on potato dishes (boiled or
mashed potatoes), on rice dishes
(risotto or pilaf), on fish, fried
chicken, lamb or goose, steaks,
meat or vegetable stews (like beef
bourguignon, goulash or chicken
paprikash).
In southern and central Europe,
parsley is part of bouquet garni, a
bundle of fresh herbs used as an
ingredient in stocks, soups, and
sauces. Freshly chopped green
parsley is used as a topping for
soups such as chicken soup, green
salads or salads such as salade
Olivier, and on open sandwiches
with cold cuts or pâtés. Parsley is a
key ingredient in several Middle
Eastern salads such as tabbouleh.
Persillade is a mixture of chopped
garlic and chopped parsley used in
French cuisine. Gremolata is a traditional accompaniment to the
Italian veal stew, ossobuco alla
milanese, a mixture of parsley, garlic, and lemon zest.
Apigenin, a chemical found in great
quantities in parsley, has been
found to have potent anticancer
activity. It works by inhibiting the
formation of new blood vessels that
feed a tumor.
Parsley seed extract appears to
increase diuresis by inhibiting the
Na+/K+-ATPase pump in the kidney, thereby enhancing sodium and
water excretion while increasing
potassium reabsorption.
When chewed, parsley is commonly believed to freshen bad breath,
especially from eating garlic.
However, some people regard this
as a myth; it is no more effective
than chewing any other substance
(such as chewing gum).
Parsley is a source of phytochemicals, such as carotenoids, which are
known to exert various biological
effects.
The methanolic extract of parsley is
antimicrobial.
Parsley seed extract can reduce
blood pressure, possibly due to its
diuretic effects.
Polyacetylenes can be found in
Root parsley is very common in Apiaceae vegetables like parsley
89
Glen O. Brechbill
where they show cytotoxic activities.
Health Risks
Parsley should not be consumed in
excess by pregnant women. It is
safe in normal food quantities, but
large amounts can have uterotonic
effects.
Etymology
The word "parsley" is a merger of
the Old English petersilie (which is
identical to the contemporary
German word for parsley:
Petersilie) and the Old French peresil, both derived from Medieval
Latin petrosilium, from Latin petroselinum, the latinisation of the
Greek (petroselinon), "rock-parsley", from (petra), "rock, stone", +
(selinon), "parsley". The earliest
attested form of the word selinon is
the Mycenaean Greek se-ri-no,
written in Linear B syllabic script.
According to the Oxford English
Dictionary, the first known use of
the form parsley (as opposed to the
older petrosili form) was in
William Langland's 1376 work
Piers Plowman, where he refers to
"persely".
The species authorship is commonly cited as Petroselinum crispum
(Mill.) Nyman ex A.W. Hill, a combination published in 1925, but the
same name was used earlier (1866)
by Fuss, making (Mill.)
90
Peppermint
(Mentha × piperita, also known as
M. balsamea Willd.) is a hybrid
mint, a cross between watermint
and spearmint. The plant, indigenous to Europe, is now widespread
in cultivation throughout all
regions of the world. It is found
wild occasionally with its parent
species.
Botany
Peppermint was first described in
1753 by Carolus Linnaeus from
specimens that had been collected
in England; he treated it as a
species, but it is now universally
agreed to be a hybrid.
It is a herbaceous rhizomatous
perennial plant growing to 30–90
cm (12–35 in) tall, with smooth
stems, square in cross section. The
rhizomes are wide-spreading,
fleshy, and bare fibrous roots. The
leaves are from 4–9 cm (1.6–3.5 in)
long and 1.5–4 cm (0.59–1.6 in) cm
broad, dark green with reddish
veins, and with an acute apex and
coarsely toothed margins. The
leaves and stems are usually slightly hairy. The flowers are purple,
6–8 mm (0.24–0.31 in) long, with a
four-lobed corolla about 5 mm
(0.20 in) diameter; they are produced in whorls (verticillasters)
around the stem, forming thick,
blunt spikes. Flowering is from mid
to late summer. The chromosome
number is variable, with 2n counts
of 66, 72, 84, and 120 recorded.
moist, shaded locations, and
expands by underground stolons.
Young shoots are taken from old
stocks and dibbled into the ground
about 1.5 feet apart. They grow
quickly and cover the ground with
runners if it is permanently moist.
For the home gardener, it is often
grown in containers to restrict rapid
Ecology
spreading. It grows best with a
good supply of water, without
Peppermint typically occurs in being water-logged, and planted in
moist habitats, including stream areas with part-sun to shade.
sides and drainage ditches. Being a
hybrid, it is usually sterile, produc- The leaves and flowering tops are
ing no seeds and reproducing only used; they are collected as soon as
vegetatively, spreading by its rhi- the flowers begin to open and can
zomes. If placed, it can grow any- be dried. The wild form of the plant
is less suitable for this purpose,
where, with a few exceptions.
with cultivated plants having been
Outside of its native range, areas selected for more and better oil
where peppermint was formerly content. They may be allowed to lie
grown for oil often have an abun- and wilt a little before distillation,
dance of feral plants, and it is con- or they may be taken directly to the
sidered invasive in Australia, the still.
Galápagos Islands, New Zealand,
and in the United States. in the Uses
Great Lakes region, noted since
1843.
Peppermint has a long tradition of
medicinal use, with archaeological
Cultivation
evidence placing its use at least as
far back as ten thousand years ago.
Peppermint generally grows best in
91
Glen O. Brechbill
Peppermint has a high menthol
content, and is often used as tea and
for flavouring ice cream, confectionery, chewing gum, and toothpaste. The oil also contains menthone and menthyl esters, particularly menthyl acetate. Dried peppermint typically has 0.3-0.4% of
volatile oil containing menthol (748%), menthone (20-46%), menthyl acetate (3-10%), menthofuran
(1-17%) and 1,8-cineol (3-6%).
Peppermint oil also contains small
amounts of many additional compounds including limonene, pulegone, eucalyptol, caryophyllene
and pinene. It is the oldest and most
popular flavour of mint-flavoured
confectionery. Peppermint can also
be found in some shampoos, soaps
and skin care products. Menthol
activates cold-sensitive TRPM8
receptors in the skin and mucosal
tissues, and is the primary source of
the cooling sensation that follows
the topical application of peppermint oil.] Used in this way, it has
been known to help with insomnia.
Freeze-dried leaves
One animal study has suggested
that Peppermint may have radioprotective effects in patients undergoing cancer treatment.
The aroma of peppermint has been
found to enhance memory. As such,
it can be administered by instructors to their students before examinations, to aid recall.
Peppermint flowers are large nectar
producers and honey bees as well
as other nectar harvesting organisms forage them heavily. A mild,
pleasant varietal honey can be produced if there is a sufficient area of
plants.
or leaves rather than the volatile
components alone. Peppermint
relaxes the gastro-esophageal
sphincter, thus promoting belching.
Peppermint oil is also used in some
Chinese medicines / medicated oils.
Peppermint Oil
Toxicology
Peppermint oil has a high concentration of natural pesticides, mainly The toxicity studies of the plant
menthone.
have received controversial results.
Some authors reported that the
In 2007, Italian investigators plant may induce hepatic diseases
reported that 75% of the patients in (liver disease), while others found
their study who took peppermint oil that it protects against liver damage
capsules for four weeks had a major that is caused by heavy metals.In
reduction in irritable bowel syn- addition to that, the toxicities of the
drome (IBS) symptoms, compared plant seem to vary from one cultiwith just 38% of those who took a var to another and are dose dependplacebo. A second study in 2010, ent. This is probably attributed
conducted in Iran, found similar from the content level of pulegone.
results. 2011 research showed that
peppermint acts through a specific List of the Cultivars
anti-pain channel called TRPM8 to
reduce pain sensing fibres. The A number of cultivars have been
authors feel that this study provides selected for garden use:
information that is potentially the
first step in determining a new type Mentha × piperita 'Candymint'.
of mainstream clinical treatment for Stems reddish.
Irritable Bowel Syndrome.
Mentha × piperita 'Citrata'
Similarly, some poorly designed (Includes a number of varieties
earlier trials found that peppermint including Orange Mint, Eau De
oil has the ability to reduce colicky Cologne Mint, Grapefruit Mint).
abdominal pain due to IBS with an Leaves aromatic, hairless.
NNT (number needed to treat)
around 3.1, but the oil is an irritant Mentha × piperita 'Crispa'. Leaves
to the stomach in the quantity wrinkled.
required and therefore needs wrapping for delayed release in the Mentha × piperita 'Lime Mint'.
intestine. This could also be Foliage lime-scented.
achieved by using the whole herb
92
Mentha × piperita 'Variegata'.
Leaves mottled green and pale yellow.
Mentha × piperita 'Chocolate Mint'.
Flowers open from bottom up; reminiscent of flavour in Andes
Chocolate Mints, a popular confection.
93
Glen O. Brechbill
Rosemary
Rosmarinus officinalis, is a woody,
perennial herb with fragrant, evergreen, needle-like leaves and white,
pink, purple or blue flowers, native
to the Mediterranean region. It is a
member of the mint family
Lamiaceae, which includes many
other herbs, and is one of two
species in the genus Rosmarinus.
The name "rosemary" derives from
the Latin name rosmarinus, derived
from "dew" (ros) and "sea" (marinus), or "dew of the sea" because in
many locations it needs no water
other than the humidity carried by
the sea breeze to live. The plant is
also sometimes called Anthos, from
the ancient Greek word meaning
"flower".
Rosemary is used as a decorative
plant in gardens and has many culinary and medical uses. The plant is
said to improve the memory and is
used as a symbol of remembrance,
especially in Australia and New
Zealand to commemorate ANZAC
Day. The leaves are used to flavor
various foods, like stuffings and
roast meats. Rosemary contains the
antioxidants carnosic acid and rosmarinic acid, and other bioactive
compounds including camphor,
caffeic acid, ursolic acid, betulinic
acid, rosmaridiphenol, and rosmanol. Some of these may be useful in
preventing or treating cancers,
strokes, and Alzheimer's Disease.
Taxonomy
Rosmarinus officinalis is one of
two species[dubious – discuss] in
the genus Rosmarinus. The other
species is the closely related, but
less
commercially
viable,
Rosmarinus eriocalyx, of the
Maghreb of Africa and Iberia.
Named by the 18th-century naturalist and founding taxonomist
Carolus Linnaeus, it has not undergone much taxonomic change
since.
Description
lengthy periods.[4] Forms range
from upright to trailing; the upright
forms can reach 1.5 m (5 ft) tall,
rarely 2 m (6 ft 7 in). The leaves are
evergreen, 2–4 cm (0.8–1.6 in) long
and 2–5 mm broad, green above,
and white below, with dense short
woolly hair. The plant flowers in
spring and summer in temperate
climates but the plants can be in
constant bloom in warm climates;
flowers are white, pink, purple or
deep blue.
Mythology
The name derives from the Latin
words ros marinus, which translate
as dew of the sea. According to legend, it was draped around the
Greek goddess Aphrodite when she
rose from the sea, born of
Ouranos's semen. The Virgin Mary
is said to have spread her blue cloak
over a white-blossomed rosemary
bush when she was resting, and the
flowers turned blue. The shrub then
became known as the 'Rose of
Mary'.
Rosemary is an aromatic evergreen
shrub that has leaves similar to pine
needles. The leaves are used as a
flavouring in foods like stuffings
and roast lamb, pork, chicken and
turkey. Rosemary is native to the
Mediterranean and Asia, but is reasonably hardy in cool climates. Cultivation
Rosemary can withstand droughts,
surviving a severe lack of water for Since it is attractive and drought
94
tolerant, Rosemary is used as an
ornamental plant in gardens and for
xeriscape landscaping, especially in
regions of Mediterranean climate.
It is considered easy to grow and
pest-resistant. Rosemary can grow
quite large and retain attractiveness
for many years, can be pruned into
formal shapes and low hedges and
has been used for topiary. It is easily grown in pots. The groundcover
cultivars spread widely, with a
dense and durable texture.
'Blue Boy' – dwarf, small leaves
Culinary Use
'Golden Rain' – leaves green, with The leaves, both fresh and dried,
yellow streaks
are
used
in
traditional
Mediterranean cuisine. They have a
'Gold Dust' -dark green leaves, with bitter, astringent taste and are highgolden streaks but stronger than ly aromatic, which complements a
Golden Rain
wide variety of foods. A tisane can
be made from the leaves. When
'Irene' – low and lax, trailing, burnt, they give off a mustard-like
intense blue flowers
smell and a smell similar to burning
wood, which can be used to flavor
'Lockwood de Forest' – procumbent foods while barbecuing. Rosemary
selection from 'Tuscan Blue'
is high in iron, calcium and vitamin
B6, 317 mg, 6.65 mg and 0.336 mg
Ken Taylor' – shrubby
per 100 g, respectively. Rosemary
extract has been shown to improve
Majorica Pink' – pink flowers
the shelf life and heat stability of
omega 3-rich oils, which are prone
Miss Jessop's Upright' – distinctive to rancidity.
tall fastigate form, with wider
leaves.
Medicine
Rosemary grows on friable loam
soil with good drainage in an open
sunny position. It will not withstand waterlogging and some varieties are susceptible to frost. It
grows best in neutral to alkaline
conditions (pH 7–7.8) with average
fertility. It can be propagated from
an existing plant by clipping a
shoot 10–15 cm (4–6 in) long, 'Pinkie' – pink flowers
Hungary water was first prepared
stripping a few leaves from the botfor the Queen of Hungary Elisabeth
tom, and planting it directly into 'Prostratus' - lower groundcover
of Poland to " renovate vitality of
soil.
paralyzed limbs. " and to treat gout.
'Pyramidalis (a.k.a. 'Erectus') – It was used externally and prepared
Cultivars
fastigate form, pale blue flowers
by mixing fresh rosemary tops into
spirits of wine. Don Quixote
Numerous cultivars have been 'Roseus' – pink flowers
(Chapter XVII, 1st volume) mixes
selected for garden use. The folit in his recipe of the miraculous
'Salem' – pale blue flowers, cold balm of Fierabras.
lowing are frequently sold:
hardy similar to 'Arp'
Albus' – white flowers
Rosemary has a very old reputation
'Severn Sea' – spreading, low- for improving memory and has
Arp' – leaves light green, lemon- growing, with arching branches; been used as a symbol for rememflowers deep violet
scented
brance during weddings, war commemorations and funerals in
'Tuscan Blue' – traditional robust Europe and Australia. Mourners
'Aureus' – leaves speckled yellow
upright form
would throw it into graves as a
'Benenden Blue' – leaves narrow,
symbol of remembrance for the
'Wilma's Gold' – yellow leaves
dark green
dead. In Shakespeare's Hamlet,
95
Glen O. Brechbill
Ophelia says, "There's rosemary,
that's for remembrance." (Hamlet,
iv. 5.) A modern study lends some
credence to this reputation. When
the smell of rosemary was pumped
into cubicles where people were
working, they showed improved
memory, though with slower recall.
1,8-cineole
(1,3,3-trimethyl-2oxabicyclo 2,2,2 octane), one of
rosemary's main chemical components was found to improve speed
and accuracy in cognitive performance in a study in 2012.
Potential Medicinal Use
The results of a study suggest
carnosic acid, found in rosemary,
may shield the brain from free radicals, lowering the risk of strokes
and neurodegenerative diseases
like Alzheimer's disease and
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and
is anti-inflammatory. Carnosol is
also a promising cancer chemoprevention and anti-cancer agent. A
study found that rosemary "produced a significant enhancement of
performance for overall quality of
memory and secondary memory
factors, but also produced an
impairment of speed of memory
compared to controls."
Rosemary contains a number of
potentially biologically active compounds, including antioxidants
carnosic acid and rosmarinic acid.
Other bioactive compounds include
camphor (up to 20% in dry rosemary leaves), caffeic acid, ursolic
acid, betulinic acid, rosmaridiphe-
nol and rosmanol. Rosemary
antioxidants levels are closely related to soil moisture content.
Rosemary may have some anticarcinogenic properties. A study
where a powdered form of rosemary was given to rats in a measured amount for two weeks showed
a reduction in the binding of a certain carcinogen by 76%, and greatly reduced the formation of mammary tumors.
strongest and fastest gave the
answer. Rosemary was stuffed into
poppets (cloth dolls) to attract a
lover or attract curative vibrations
for illness. It was believed that
placing a sprig of rosemary under a
pillow before sleep would repel
nightmares, and if placed outside
the home it would repel witches.
Somehow, the use of rosemary in
the garden to repel witches turned
into signification that the woman
ruled the household in homes and
Folklore and Customs
gardens where rosemary grew
abundantly. By the 16th century,
In the Middle Ages, rosemary was men were known to rip up roseassociated with wedding cere- mary bushes to show that they, not
monies - the bride would wear a their wives, ruled the roost.
rosemary headpiece and the groom
and wedding guests would all wear Sprigs of rosemary are worn on
a sprig of rosemary, and from this ANZAC Day and sometimes
association with weddings, rose- Remembrance Day to signify
mary evolved into a love charm. remembrance; the herb grows wild
Newlywed couples would plant a on the Gallipoli peninsula.
branch of rosemary on their wedPrecautions
and
ding day. If the branch grew, it was Health
Toxicology
a good omen for the union and family. In ‘A Modern Herbal’, Mrs
Grieves says “A rosemary branch, Rosemary in culinary or therapeurichly gilded and tied with silken tic doses is generally safe, but can
ribands of all colours, was also pre- cause allergic skin reactions when
sented to wedding guests, as a sym- used in topical preparations.
bol of love and loyalty.” If a young According to recent European
person would tap another with a research, rosemary interferes with
rosemary sprig and if the sprig con- the absorption of iron and should
tained an open flower, it was said not be consumed by those with iron
that the couple would fall in love. deficiency anemia. A toxicity study
of the plant on rats has shown
Rosemary was used as a divinatory hepatoprotective and antimutagenic
herb. Several herbs were grown in activities; however, precaution is
pots and assigned the name of a necessary for those displaying
potential lover. They were left to allergic reaction or are prone to
grow and the plant that grew the epileptic seizures. Rosemary essen96
tial oil may have epileptogenic
properties, as a handful of case
reports over the past century have
linked its use with seizures in otherwise healthy adults or children.
Avoid consuming large quantities
of rosemary especially if pregnant
or breast feeding.
97
Glen O. Brechbill
Sage
Salvia officinalis (garden sage,
common sage) is a perennial, evergreen subshrub, with woody stems,
grayish leaves, and blue to purplish
flowers. It is a member of the family Lamiaceae and is native to the
Mediterranean region, though it has
naturalized in many places
throughout the world. It has a long
history of medicinal and culinary
use, and in modern times as an
ornamental garden plant. The common name "sage" is also used for a
number of related and unrelated
species.
Taxonomy
Salvia officinalis was described by
Carl Linnaeus in 1753. It has been
grown for centuries in the Old
World for its food and healing
properties, and was often described
in old herbals for the many miraculous properties attributed to it. The
specific epithet, officinalis, refers
to the plant's medicinal use the
officina was the traditional storeroom of a monastery where herbs
and medicines were stored. S. officinalis has been classified under
many other scientific names over
the years, including six different
names since 1940 alone.
Description
shrub he called sphakos, and a similar cultivated plant he called
elelisphakos. Pliny the Elder said
the latter plant was called salvia by
the Romans, and used as a diuretic,
a local anesthetic for the skin, a
styptic, and for other uses.
Charlemagne recommended the
plant for cultivation in the early
Middle Ages, and during the
Carolingian Empire, it was cultivated in monastery gardens. Walafrid
Strabo described it in his poem
Hortulus as having a sweet scent
and being useful for many human
ailments he went back to the Greek
root for the name and called it
lelifagus.
Cultivars are quite variable in size,
leaf and flower color, and foliage
pattern, with many variegated leaf
types. The Old World type grows to
approximately 2 ft (0.61 m) tall and
wide, with lavender flowers most
common, though they can also be
white, pink, or purple. The plant
flowers in late spring or summer.
The leaves are oblong, ranging in
size up to 2.5 in (6.4 cm) long by 1
in (2.5 cm) wide. Leaves are greygreen, rugose on the upper side, and
nearly white underneath due to the
many short soft hairs. Modern cultivars include leaves with purple, The plant had a high reputation
rose, cream, and yellow in many throughout the Middle Ages, with
many sayings referring to its healvariegated combinations.
ing properties and value. It was
sometimes called S. salvatrix (sage
History
the savior), and was one of the
Salvia officinalis has been used ingredients of Four Thieves
since ancient times for warding off Vinegar, a blend of herbs which
evil,
snakebites,
increasing was supposed to ward off the
women's fertility, and more. The plague. Dioscorides, Pliny, and
Romans likely introduced it to Galen all recommended sage as a
Europe from Egypt as a medicinal diuretic, hemostatic, emmenaherb. Theophrastus wrote about gogue, and tonic.
two different sages, a wild under98
Uses
sage was found to be effective in for their use as a low ground cover,
the management of mild to moder- especially in sunny dry environThe top side of a sage leaf - tri- ate Alzheimer's disease.
ments. They are easily propagated
chomes are visible.
from summer cuttings, and some
The strongest active constituents of cultivars are produced from seeds.
The underside of a sage leaf - more sage are within its essential oil, Named cultivars include:
trichomes are visible on this side.
which contains cineole, borneol,
and thujone. Sage leaf contains tan- 'Alba', a white-flowered cultivar
Common sage is grown in parts of nic acid, oleic acid, ursonic acid,
Europe for distillation of an essen- ursolic acid, cornsole, cornsolic 'Aurea', golden sage
tial oil, though other species, such acid, fumaric acid, chlorogenic
as Salvia fruticosa may also be har- acid, caffeic acid, niacin, nicoti- 'Berggarten', a cultivar with large
vested and distilled with it.
namide, flavones, flavonoid glyco- leaves, which rarely blooms,
sides, and estrogenic substances.
extending the useful life of the
As a kitchen herb, sage has a slight
leaves
peppery flavor. In British cooking, Investigations have taken place into
it is used for flavoring fatty meats, using sage as a treatment for 'Extrakta', has leaves with higher
Sage Derby cheese, poultry or pork Alzheimer's disease patients. Sage oil concentrations
stuffing, Lincolnshire sausage, and leaf extract may be effective and
in sauces. Sage is also used in safe in the treatment of hyperlipi- 'Icterina', a cultivar with yellowItalian cooking, in the Balkans, and demia.
green variegated leaves
the Middle East. It is one of the
major herbs used in the traditional Common Names
'Lavandulaefolia', a small leaved
turkey
stuffing
for
the
cultivar
Thanksgiving Day dinner in the Salvia officinalis has numerous
United States. Despite the common common names. Some of the best 'Purpurascens' ('Purpurea'), a puruse of traditional and available known include sage, common sage, ple-leafed cultivar
herbs in French cuisine, sage never garden sage, golden sage, kitchen
found favour there.
sage, true sage, culinary sage,
Dalmatian sage, and broadleaf
Salvia and "sage" are derived from sage. Cultivated forms include purthe Latin salvere (to save), referring ple sage and red sage. In Turkey,
to the healing properties long attrib- salvia officinalis is widely known
uted to the various Salvia species. It as adaçay, meaning "island sage".
has been recommended at one time in the levant its called maramia.
or another for virtually every ailment by various herbals. Modern Cultivars
evidence shows possible uses as an
antisweating agent, antibiotic, anti- There are a number of cultivars,
fungal, astringent, antispasmodic, with the majority grown as ornaestrogenic, hypoglycemic, and mentals rather than for their herbal
tonic. In a double blind, random- properties. All are valuable as small
ized and placebo-controlled trial, ornamental flowering shrubs, and
99
Glen O. Brechbill
Savory
Satureja is a genus of aromatic
plants of the family Lamiaceae,
related to rosemary and thyme.
There are about 30 species called
savories, of which Summer savory
and Winter savory are the most
important in cultivation.
Description
Uses
Satureja douglasii – Yerba Buena
(syn. S. chamissonis)
Both summer savory and winter
savory are used to flavor food. The
former is preferred by cooks but as
an annual is only available in summer; winter savory is an evergreen
perennial, reputed to help ease flatulence.
Savory plays an important part in
Italian cuisine, particularly when
cooking beans. It is also used to
season the traditional Acadian stew
known as fricot. Savory is also a
key ingredient in sarmale, a stuffed
The leaves are 1 to 3 cm long, with cabbage dish in traditional
flowers forming in whorls on the Transylvanian cuisine.
stem, white to pale pink-violet.
Yerba Buena (Spanish: "good
herb"; S. douglasii) is used to make
Ecology & Cultivation
a herbal tea in the western United
Satureja species are food plants for States.
the larva of some Lepidoptera (butterflies and moths). Caterpillars of Species
the moth Coleophora bifrondella
feed exclusively on Winter savory Satureja acinos
(S. montana).
Satureja alpina
Savory may be grown purely for
ornamental purposes; members of Satureja coerulea
the genus need sun and wellSatureja cuneifolia
drained soil.
Satureja species are native to warm
temperate regions and may be
annual or perennial. They are lowgrowing herbs and subshrubs,
reaching heights of 15–50 cm.
100
Satureja gillesii
Satureja
Savory
hortensis
–
Summer
Satureja mexicana
Satureja montana – Winter Savory
Satureja multiflora – Chilean Shrub
Mint
Satureja palmeri (believed extinct;
rediscovered 2001)
Satureja rumelica
Satureja spicigera
Satureja thymbra
Satureja viminea – Serpentine
Savory
Satureja viminea
Satureja vulgaris – Wild Basil
Formerly in Satureja
Browne's Savory, Clinopodium
brownei (as Satureja brownei)
San Miguel Savory, Clinopodium
chandleri (as Satureja chandleri)
Large-flowered
Calamint,
Calamintha grandiflora (as Satureja
grandiflora)
Stone Mint, Cunila mariana (as
Satureja origanoides)
Etymology
The etymology of the Latin word
'satureia' is unclear. Speculation
that it is related to saturare,[
101
Glen O. Brechbill
Star Anise
, commonly called Star anise, star
aniseed, or Chinese star anise,
(Chinese: pinyin: ba-jia(o, lit.
"eight-horn" or "eight-corners") is a
spice that closely resembles anise
in flavor, obtained from the starshaped pericarp of Illicium verum,
a small native evergreen tree of
northeast Vietnam and southwest
China. The star shaped fruits are
harvested just before ripening.
Nomenclature & Taxonomy
n Persian, star anise is called badian, hence its French name badiane.
In northern India it is called badian
khatai. It is said that its origin is a
place called Khata in China. In
Malay it is called "Bunga Lawang".
It is widely used in Malay cooking.
In Tamil it is called as"" ("Annachi
mokku") and in Malayalam it is
called "thakolam"
Culinary Uses
Star anise contains anethole, the
same ingredient that gives the unrelated anise its flavor. Recently, star
anise has come into use in the West
as a less expensive substitute for
anise in baking as well as in liquor
production, most distinctively in
the production of the liquor
Galliano. It is also used in the production of sambuca, pastis, and
many types of absinthe. Star anise
enhances the flavour of meat. It is
used as a spice in preparation of
biryani all over the Indian subcontinent. It is widely used in Chinese
cuisine, in Indian cuisine where it is
a major component of garam
masala, and in Malay and
Indonesian cuisine. It is widely
grown for commercial use in
China, India, and most other countries in Asia. Star anise is an ingredient of the traditional five-spice
powder of Chinese cooking. It is
also a major ingredient in the making of, a Vietnamese noodle soup.
In India it is used as an ingredient
of masala chai.
Modern pharmacology studies
demonstrated that its crude extracts
and active compounds possess
wide pharmacological actions,
especially in antimicrobial, antibacterial, antioxidant, insecticidal,
analgesic, sedative and convulsive
activities. It is the major source of
shikimic acid, a primary precursor
in the pharmaceutical synthesis of
anti-influenza drug
Tamiflu.
Shikimic acid is produced by most
autotrophic organisms and whilst it
can be obtained in commercial
quantities from elsewhere, star
anise remains the usual industrial
source. In 2005, there was a temporary shortage of star anise due to its
use in making Tamiflu. Late in that
year, a way was found of making
shikimic acid artificially. Roche
now derives some of the raw material it needs from fermenting E. coli
Medicinal Uses
bacteria. The 2009 swine flu outbreak led to another series of shortStar anise has been used in a tea as ages as stocks of Tamiflu were built
a remedy for rheumatism, and the up around the world, sending prices
seeds are sometimes chewed after soaring.
meals to aid digestion. As a warm
and moving herb, star anise is used Star anise is grown in four
to assist in relieving cold-stagna- provinces in China and harvested
tion in the middle jiao, according to between March and May. It is also
found in the south of New South
Traditional Chinese medicine.
102
Wales. The shikimic acid is extracted from the seeds in a ten-stage
manufacturing process which takes
a year. Reports say 90% of the harvest is already used by the Swiss
pharmaceutical
manufacturer
Roche in making Tamiflu, but other
reports say there is an abundance of
the spice in the main regions Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi and
Yunnan.
Japanese star anise (Illicium anisatum), a similar tree, is not edible
because it is highly toxic (due to
containing sikimitoxin); instead, it
has been burned as incense in
Japan. Cases of illness, including
"serious neurological effects, such
as seizures", reported after using
star anise tea may be a result of
using this species. Japanese star
anise contains anisatin, which causes severe inflammation of the kidneys, urinary tract and digestive
organs.The toxicity of Illicium
anisatum, also known as Shikimi, is
caused by its content in potent neurotoxins (anisatin, neoanisatin, and
pseudoanisatin), due to their activity as non-competitive antagonists
of GABA receptors.
103
Glen O. Brechbill
Tarragon
dragon's-wort,French
tarragon,Russian tarragon, silky
wormwood, or wild tarragon
(Artemisia dracunculus) is a perennial herb in the family Asteraceae
related
to
wormwood.
Corresponding to its species name,
a common term for the plant is
"dragon herb". It is native to a wide
area of the Northern Hemisphere
from easternmost Europe across
central and eastern Asia to India,
western North America, and south
to northern Mexico. The North
American populations may, however, be naturalised from early human
introduction.
Tarragon grows to 120–150 cm tall,
with slender branched stems. The
leaves are lanceolate, 2–8 cm long
and 2–10 mm broad, glossy green,
with an entire margin. The flowers
are produced in small capitulae 2–4
mm diameter, each capitulum containing up to 40 yellow or greenishyellow florets. French tarragon,
however, seldom produces flowers.
root division. It is normally purchased as a plant, and some care
must be taken to ensure that true
French tarragon is purchased. A
perennial, it normally goes dormant
in winter. It likes a hot, sunny spot,
without excessive watering.
Russian tarragon (A. dracunculoides L.) can be grown from seed
but is much weaker in flavor when
compared to the French variety.
However, Russian tarragon is a far
more hardy and vigorous plant,
spreading at the roots and growing
over a meter tall. This tarragon
actually prefers poor soils and happily tolerates drought and neglect.
It is not as strongly aromatic and
flavorsome as its French cousin,
but it produces many more leaves
from early spring onwards that are
mild and good in salads and cooked
food. The young stems in early
spring can be cooked as an asparagus substitute. Grow indoors from
seed and plant out in the summer.
Spreading plant can be divided easily.
reminiscent of anise, due to the
presence of estragole, a known carcinogen and teratogen in mice. The
European Union investigation
revealed that the danger of
estragole is minimal even at
100–1,000 times the typical consumption seen in humans.
Uses
Culinary Use
Tarragon is one of the four fines
herbes of French cooking, and particularly suitable for chicken, fish
and egg dishes. Tarragon is one of
the main components of Béarnaise
sauce. Fresh, lightly bruised sprigs
of tarragon may be steeped in vinegar to impart their flavor.
Tarragon is used to flavor a popular
carbonated soft drink in the countries of Azerbaijan, Armenia,
Georgia and, by extension, Russia,
Ukraine and Kazakhstan. The
drink, named Tarhun, is made out
of sugary tarragon concentrate and
colored bright green.
French tarragon is the variety generally considered best for the Health
kitchen, but is difficult to grow
cis-Pellitorin, an isobutyramide
from seed. It is best to cultivate by Tarragon has an aromatic property eliciting a pungent taste, has been
104
isolated from Tarragon plant.
In Slovenia, tarragon is used as a
spice for a traditional sweet cake
called potica.
Companion Plant
matography/mass spectrometry
analysis of the essential oil revealed
the presence of trans-anethole
(21.1%), ?-trans-ocimene (20.6%),
limonene
(12.4%),
?-pinene
(5.1%), allo-ocimene (4.8%),
methyl eugenol (2.2%), ?-pinene
(0.8%), ?-terpinolene (0.5%),
bornyl acetate (0.5%) and bicyclogermacrene (0.5%) as the main
components.
The scent and taste of tarragon is
disliked by many garden pests,
making it useful for intercropping
as a companion plant, to protect its
gardenmates. It is also reputed to be Etymology
a nurse plant, enhancing growth
and flavor of companion crops.
The plant's common name and
Latin name originate from the
Biochemical Effects
belief in the Doctrine of Signatures
which suggested that a plant's
Tarragon reduces platelet adhesion appearance reflected its possible
and blood coagulation and thus uses. The serpentine shape of tarmay help prevent cardiovascular ragon's root made herbalists believe
it could cure snake bites. From this
disease.
came the Greek name drakon (dragIn one study in rats, tarragon on), the Arabic tarkhum (little dragshowed significant antihyper- on), and the Latin name dracuncuglycemic activity in streptozotocin- lus (little dragon).
induced rats compared to the standard drug. The herb has the potential to act as antidiabetic as well as
antihyperlipidemic.
An ethanolic extract of Artemisia
dracunculus alleviated peripheral
neuropathy in high fat diet-fed mice
(a model of prediabetes and obesity).
Chemistry
A. dracunculus oil contained predominantly phenylpropanoids such
as methyl chavicol (16.2%) and
methyl eugenol (35.8%). Gas chro105
Glen O. Brechbill
Thyme
History
Ancient Egyptians used thyme for
embalming. The ancient Greeks
used it in their baths and burnt it as
incense in their temples, believing
it was a source of courage. The
spread of thyme throughout Europe
was thought to be due to the
Romans, as they used it to purify
their rooms and to "give an aromatic flavour to cheese and liqueurs".
In the European Middle Ages, the
herb was placed beneath pillows to
aid sleep and ward off nightmares.
In this period, women would also
often give knights and warriors
gifts that included thyme leaves, as
it was believed to bring courage to
the bearer. Thyme was also used as
incense and placed on coffins during funerals, as it was supposed to
assure passage into the next life.
Cultivation
Thyme is widely cultivated for its
strong flavour, which is due to its
content of thymol.
Thyme is best cultivated in a hot,
sunny location with well-drained
soil. It is generally planted in the
spring, and thereafter grows as a
perennial. It can be propagated by
seed, cuttings, or by dividing rooted sections of the plant. It tolerates
drought well. The plants can take
deep freezes and are found growing
wild on mountain highlands.
Culinary Use
Thyme is widely used in cooking.
The herb is a basic ingredient in
Levantine (Lebanese, Syrian,
Palestinian, Jordanian, Israeli),
Libyan, Armenian, Indian, Italian,
French,
Albanian,
Persian,
Portuguese, Assyrian, Spanish,
Greek, Nigerian, Caribbean, and
Turkish cuisines, and in those
derived from them.
Thyme is often used to flavour
meats, soups and stews. It has a
particular affinity to and is often
used as a primary flavour with
lamb, tomatoes and eggs. Thyme,
while flavourful, does not overpower and blends well with other
herbs and spices. In some
Levantine countries, and Assyrian,
the condiment za'atar (Arabic for
thyme) contains thyme as a vital
ingredient. It is a common compo106
nent of the bouquet garni, and of
herbes de Provence.
Thyme is sold both fresh and dried.
The fresh form is more flavourful,
but also less convenient; storage
life is rarely more than a week.
While summer-seasonal, fresh
greenhouse thyme is often available year round.
Fresh thyme is commonly sold in
bunches of sprigs. A sprig is a single stem snipped from the plant. It
is composed of a woody stem with
paired leaf or flower clusters
("leaves") spaced ½ to 1" apart. A
recipe may measure thyme by the
bunch (or fraction thereof), or by
the sprig, or by the tablespoon or
teaspoon. If the recipe does not
specify fresh or dried, assume that
it means fresh. Dried thyme is
widely used in Armenia (called
Urc) in teas.
Depending on how it is used in a
dish, the whole sprig may be used
(e.g. in a bouquet garni), or the
leaves removed and the stems discarded. Usually when a recipe
specifies 'bunch' or 'sprig', it means
the whole form; when it specifies
spoons it means the leaves. It is ous mouthwashes such as Listerine.
perfectly acceptable to substitute Before the advent of modern antibidried for whole thyme.
otics, oil of thyme was used to
medicate bandages. Thymol has
Leaves may be removed from also been shown to be effective
stems either by scraping with the against various fungi that commonback of a knife, or by pulling ly infect toenails.Thymol can also
through the fingers or tines of a be found as the active ingredient in
fork. Leaves are often chopped.
some all-natural, alcohol-free hand
sanitizers.
Thyme retains its flavour on drying
better than many other herbs. As A tea made by infusing the herb in
usual with dried herbs, less of it is water can be used for coughs and
required when substituted in a bronchitis. Medicinally, thyme is
recipe. As a rule of thumb, use one- used for respiratory infections in
third as much dried as fresh thyme the form of a tincture, tisane, salve,
a little less if it is ground. syrup, or by steam inhalation.
Substitution is often more compli- Because it is antiseptic, thyme
cated than that because recipes can boiled in water and cooled is very
specify sprigs, and sprigs can vary effective against inflammation of
in yield of leaves. Assuming a four- the throat when gargled three times
inch sprig (they are often somewhat a day, with the inflammation norlonger), estimate that six sprigs will mally disappearing in two to five
yield one tablespoon of leaves. The days. The thymol and other volatile
dried equivalent is 1:3, so substitute components in the leaf glands are
one teaspoon of dried or three- excreted via the lungs, being highly
fourths of a teaspoon of ground lipid-soluble, where they reduce the
thyme for six small sprigs.
viscosity of the mucus and exert
their antimicrobial action. Other
As with bay, thyme is slow to infections and wounds can be
release its flavours, so it is usually dripped with thyme that has been
added early in the cooking process. boiled in water and cooled.
Medicinal Use
Oil of thyme, the essential oil of
common thyme (Thymus vulgaris),
contains 20-54% thymol. Thyme
essential oil also contains a range of
additional compounds, such as pCymene, myrcene, borneol and
linalool. Thymol, an antiseptic, is
the main active ingredient in vari-
Important species and cultivars
For a longer list of species, see
Thymus (genus).
Variegated lemon thyme
Thymus × citriodorus (synonym T.
fragrantissimus, T. serpyllum citratus and T. serpyllum citriodorum)
(citrus thyme). Cultivars are selected for aromas of different citrus
fruits:
Lemon thyme (Thymus × citriodorus) - lemon
Orange thyme (Thymus × citriodorus 'Orange') - orange, unusually low growing
Silver thyme (Thymus × citriodorus 'Argenteus' or variegata) lemon,
variegated with white or yellow
Thymus herba-barona (caraway
thyme) is used both as a culinary
herb and a ground cover, and has a
very strong caraway scent due to
the chemical carvone.
Thymus pseudolanuginosus (woolly thyme) is not a culinary herb, but
In traditional Jamaican childbirth is grown as a ground cover.
practice, thyme tea is given to the
mother after delivery of the baby. Thymus serpyllum (wild thyme,
Its oxytocin-like effect causes uter- creeping thyme) is an important
ine contractions and more rapid nectar source plant for honeybees.
delivery of the placenta, but this All thyme species are nectar
was said by Sheila Kitzinger to sources, but wild thyme covers
cause an increased prevalence of large areas of droughty, rocky soils
in southern Europe (Greece is esperetained placenta.
cially famous for wild thyme
107
Glen O. Brechbill
honey) and North Africa, as well as
in similar landscapes in the
Berkshire and Catskill Mountains
of the northeastern US. The lowestgrowing of the widely used thyme,
it is good for walkways.
Thymus vulgaris (common thyme,
English thyme, summer thyme,
winter thyme, French thyme, or
garden thyme) is a commonly used
culinary herb. It also has medicinal
uses. Common thyme is a
Mediterranean perennial which is
best suited to well-drained soils and
full sun.
108
Wintergreen
is a group of plants. Wintergreen
once commonly referred to plants
that continue photosynthesis
(remain green) throughout the winter. The term evergreen is now
more commonly used for this characteristic.
Most species of the shrub genus
Gaultheria demonstrate this characteristic and are called wintergreens
in North America, the most common generally being the Eastern
Teaberry (Gaultheria procumbens).
Uses
Wintergreen
berries,
from
Gaultheria procumbens, are used
medicinally. Native Americans
brewed a tea from the leaves to
alleviate rheumatic symptoms,
headache, fever, sore throat and
various aches and pains. During the
American Revolution, wintergreen
leaves were used as a substitute for
tea, which was scarce.
Wintergreen is a common flavoring
in American products ranging from
chewing gum, mints and candies to
smokeless tobacco such as dipping
tobacco (American "dip" snuff) and
snus. It is also a common flavoring cadinene) that gives such plants a
for dental hygiene products such as distinctive "medicinal" smell whenmouthwash and toothpaste.
ever bruised. Salicylate sensitivity
is a common adverse reaction to the
Wintergreen oil can also be used in methyl salicylate in oil of winterfine art printing applications to green; it can produce allergy-like
transfer a color photocopy image or symptoms or asthma.
color laser print to a high-rag content art paper, such as a hot-press Wintergreen essential oil is
watercolor paper. The transfer obtained by steam distillation of the
method involves coating the source leaves of the plant following macimage with the wintergreen oil then eration in warm water. Methyl saliplacing it face-down on the target cylate, the main chemical conpaper and pressing the pieces of stituent of the oil, is not present in
paper together under pressure using the plant until formed by enzymatic
a standard etching press.
action from a glycoside within the
leaves as they are macerated in
Artificial wintergreen oil, called warm water. Oil of wintergreen is
methyl salicylate, is used in also manufactured from some
microscopy because of its high species of birch, but these decidurefractive index.
ous trees are not called wintergreens. Spiraea plants also contain
Oil of Wintergreen
methyl salicylate in large amounts
and are used similarly to winterThe Gaultheria species share the green. Although wintergreen has a
common characteristic of produc- strong "minty" smell and flavour,
ing oil of wintergreen. Wintergreen Gaultheria plants are not true mints.
oil is a pale yellow or pinkish fluid
liquid that is strongly aromatic with Wintergreen oil is used topically
a sweet woody odor (components: (diluted) or aromatheraputically as
methyl salicylate (approx. 98%), a- a folk remedy for muscle and joint
pinene, myrcene, delta-3-carene, discomfort, arthritis, cellulite, obelimonene, 3,7-guaiadiene, delta- sity, edema, poor circulation,
109
Glen O. Brechbill
headache, heart disease, hypertension, rheumatism, tendinitis,
cramps, inflammation, eczema, hair
care, psoriasis, gout, ulcers, broken
or bruised bones[citation needed].
The liquid salicylate dissolves into
tissue and also into capillaries, so
overuse is equally risky as overuse
of aspirin. Wintergreen also is used
in some perfumery applications and
as a flavoring agent for toothpaste,
chewing gum and soft drinks, confectionery, in Listerine, and in mint
flavorings. One surprising application is rust removal and degreasing
of machinery. Wintergreen is particularly effective for breaking
through sea water corrosion.
Toxicity of Wintergreen Oil
30 mL (about 1 fl oz) of oil of wintergreen is equivalent to 55.7 g of
aspirin, or about 171 adult aspirin
tablets (US). This conversion illustrates the potency and potential toxicity of oil of wintergreen even in
small quantities.
Illiteracy may be a common factor
in accidental overdoses and ingestions in adults. Treatment is identical to the other salicylates. Early
use of hemodialysis in conjunction
with maximal supportive measures
is encouraged in any significant
ingestion of methyl salicylate.
Strong warning labels are recommended for household salicylatecontaining compounds such as oil
of wintergreen.
110
A & E Connock Ltd. - United Kingdom
Essential Oils & Aromatic Chemicals
BOOK # 1 ( A - H )
Basil
Bay Laurel Leaf
Bay Leaf
Aromatic Waxes
Lavender
Coriander Leaf
Coriander Seed
Lavandin
Lavender
Lemon Balm ( Melissa )
Lemon Myrtle
Lemon Verbena
Lemongrass
Marjoram Sweet
Marjoram Wild
Oregano
Peppermint
Roman Chamomile
Spearmint Oil
Spike Lavender
Star Anise
Thyme Red
Thyme White
Thymol Red
Thymol White
111
Glen O. Brechbill
A. Fakhry & Company - Egypt
Natural Materials
Achillea Fragantissima
Anethum Graveolens
Anthriscus Cerefolium
Coriandrum Sativum
Cymbopogon Flexuosus
Hyssopus Officinalis
Levisticum Officinale
Matricaria Chamomilla
Mentha Piperita
Mentha Pulegium
Mentha Spicata
Ocimum Basilicum CT Citral
O. Basilicum CT Linalool
O. Basilicum CT Methyl Chavicol
O. Basilicum CT Methyl
Cinnamate
Origanum Majorana
Rosmarinus Offinalis
Salvia Officinalis
Salvia Sclarea
Satureja Hortensis
Satureja Montana
Thymus Citriodorus
Thymus Serpyllum
Thymus Vulgari
112
A.N.E.C. - France
Endroit Produits
Basilic
Hysope
Lavande
Lavandin
Marjolaine
Sauge Sclarée
113
Glen O. Brechbill
Adrian Industries SAS - France
Products
Angelica Roots
Angelica Seeds
Basil, Linalool type
Basil, Methyl Chavicol type
Bay
Chamomile Blue
Chamomile Roman
Chamomile Wild
Coriander ( Leaf or Seed )
Cornmint ( Peppermint Arvensis )
Peppermint Mintcham
Organic Dry Herbs & Spices
Sage Officinalis
Sage Sylvestris
Savory
Spearmints
Spike Lavender
Alfalfa
Ash Tree Leaves
Thyme Red
Thyme White
Basil
Bay Pink - Shinus Moelle
Black Curent Leaves
Box Tree Leaves
Dill ( Herb or Seed )
Bay Oil rectified
Hyssop
Terpenes & By Products
Lavandin Grosso
Lavandin Ordinary
Lavandin Sumian
Lavandin Super
Lavender 40/42 %
Lavender 50/52 %
Lavender Abrialis
Lavender Clove
Lemongrass
Lovage Leaf
Lovage Root
Lemongrass Terpenes
Calendula
Chervil
Chives
Cinnamon Leaf
Cinnamon Spice
Clove Buds and Stems
Coriander
Cumin
Peppermint Terpenes
Dill Herb
Star Aniseed Terpenes
Ginger
Thyme Terpenes
Hamamelis
Hawthorn
Marjoram Cultivated
Marjoram Sylvestris
Terpenyl Acetate
Thymol Crystals
Processed Essential Oils
Aromatic Chemicals
Coumarin
Origanum
Laurel Leaves
Lavender Flower
Lavendin Flower
Limetree ( Tilleul )
Lovage
Marjoram
114
Mate
Mentha Citrate
Mentha Piperita
Mentha Veridis
Origanum
Rosemary
Safron
Sage Clary
Star Anise
Tarragon
Thyme
115
Glen O. Brechbill
Africa Trade - Africa
Essential Oils
Lavandula Stoechas
Mentha Aquatica
Mentha Pulegium
Egypt Essential & Herb Oils
Ref AF2344
Rosemary Rosmarinus Officinalis
SEASON FOR PRODUCTS
Egypt Essential Oils, Plant Extracts, Basil ( crushed ) ( leaves )
Herbs & Spices
Ref OT3536
Chamomile ( flower ) ( powder )
( seeds )
Essential Oils
Dill ( weed ) ( seeds )
Basil Linalool Oil
Marjoram ( crushed )
Chamomile Blue Oil
Parsley ( crushed )
Coriander Oil
Peppermint ( crushed ) ( leaves )
Dill Oil
Sage or Salvia Officinalis
( leaves ) ( stems )
Lemongrass Oil
Spearmint ( crushed ) (leaves )
Marjoram Oil
Turmeric or Moghat ( roots )
Thyme ( crushed )
Parsley Oil
Peppermint Oil
Tunisia Essential Oils
Ref AF2821
Spearmint Oil
Thyme Red Oil
DISTILLED ON SPECIAL ORDER
Morocco Essential Oils
Ref AF 3482
Coriander Seeds
Herbs:
Medicinal & Aromatic Plants
Heather
Mint: Leaves & sifting
Oregano
Penny Royal
Rosemary
Sage: Standard & sifting
Thyme
Myrtle
ESSENTIAL OILS
Rosemary
Laurel
Peppermint
Myrtle
116
Oregano
Penny Royal
Rosemary
Thyme
Morocco Essential Oils
Ref AF3782
Camomille Bleue
Camomile Sauvage
Menthe Pouliot
Menthe Poivree
Mentha Nana
Romarin
Sauge
AROMATIC & MEDICINAL PLANTS
Chamomille Metricaire
Coriandre Graine
Laurier Noble
Lavande Officinale
Menthe Nana
Menthe Poivree
Menthe Pouliot
Romarin
Sage Lavandufolia
Thyme
117
Glen O. Brechbill
Albert Vieille SA - France
Maitieres Premietres Aromatiques
Angelica Roots Oil - Yugoslavia
Angelica Seeds Oil - France
Thyme Thymol Oil clear - France
Chamomille Wild Oil - Morocco
Chives Oil - France
Coriander Oil - Russia
Hyssop Oil - Bulgaria
Lavandin Abrial Oil - France
Lavandin Grosso Oil - France
Lavandin Super Oil - France
Lavender Oil - Bulgaria, France
Lemongrass Oil - Brazil
Lemongrass Oil - Guatemala
Lovage Root Oil - France
Marjoram Oil - Egypt, Spain
Peppermint Oil - India
Peppermint Oil - US
Rosemary Oil - Morocco, Tunisia
Sage Oil 30 % - Albania
Sage Oil - Spain
Spearmint Oil 80 % - China
Spike Lavender Oil - Spain
Star Anise Oil - China
Tarragon Oil - France, Hungary
Thyme Linalol Oil - France
Thyme Red Oil - Spain
118
Alfa Chem - USA
Fine Aroma Materials
Angelica Root Oil
Angelica Seed Oil
Lemongrass Oil Terpeneless
Lemongrass Terpenes
Lovage Oil ( Liveche )
Basil Oil Comores
Basil Oil Moroccan
Basil Oil Sweet USA
Bay Oil
Bay Oil Terpeneless
Marjoram Oil Spanish
Mentha Arvensis - Cornmint
Mentha Piperita - Peppermint
Resinoids
Lavandin Resinoid
Lavender Resinoid
Concretes
Camomile Concrete
Origanum Oil Spain
Camomile Oil Blue
Camomile Oil Roman
Camomile Oil Sauvage Maroc
Coriander Seed Oil
Coriander Seed Oil
Cornmint Oil Brazil
Cornmint Oil Chinese
Cornmint Oil Indian
Cornmint Oil redistilled
Cornmint Terpenes
Dillweed Oil
Lavandin Concrete
Parsley Seed Oil
Peppermint Oil Yakima
Peppermint Oil Yakima redistilled
Peppermint Oil Terpenes
Peppermint Oil Terpeneless
Wintergreen Oil
Absolutes
Aromatic Chemicals
Camphor Powder natural USP
Camphor Powder synthetic USP
Camphor Powder Technical 96 %
Camphor Oil White
Camphor Oil Yellow 96/98 %
Camphor Oil 1070
Camomile Abs.
Camomile Sauvage Abs.
Hyssop
Coriander Abs.
Lavandin Oil Abrialis
Lavandin Oil Grosso
Lavandin Oil ‘Sumian’
Lavandin Oil Super
Lavender Oil 40/42
Lavender Spike Oil
Lemongrass Oil East Indian
Lemongrass Oil Guatemalan
Lemongrass Oil rectified
Hay Abs. ( Foin Coupe )
Lavandin Abs.
Lavender Abs.
Peppermint Abs.
119
Glen O. Brechbill
Amen Organics - India
Products
Chamomile Blue Oil
Sage Oil
Spearmint Oil
Lemon Grass Oil
Thyme Oil
Thyme Red Oil
Thymol Ex Ajowan
Peppermint Oil
Thyme Oil ( Ajwain )
Winter Green Oil
Essential Oils
Angelica Oil
Angelica Root Oil
Basil Oil
Bay Oil
Borage Oil
Chamomile German Oil
Chamomile Roman Oil
Coriander Oil Indian
Coriander Seed Oil
Costus Root Oil
Lavandin Oil
Lavender Oil
Marjorams Sweet Oil
Parslay Seed Oil
Peppermint Dementholized Oil
Peppermint Oil
Red Thyme Oil
120
American Society of Perfumers - USA
Classification of Olfactory Notes
Herbal & Aromatic Notes
Chamomile Blue
Chamomile Roman
Costus
Hay
Hyssop
Laurel Leaf
Lavandin
Lavender
Myrtle
Origanum
Rosemary
Sage
Spike Lavender
Star Anis
121
Anupam Industries - India
Product Catalog
Cumarine
Lavender Oliffac
Terpenyl Acetate Extra
122
Aromatic Collection - France
Endroit: Produits
Angelica Root Oil
Basil Oil Linalool Type
Basil Oil Methyl Chavicol Type
Chamomile Oil Roman
Coriander Oil
Hay
Lavandin Oil Acetylated
Lavandin Oil Grosso
Lavandin Oil Sumian
Lavandin Oil Super
Lavender Oil Clonal
Lavender Coumarin Free
Lavender Oil Population
Lavender Terpeneless
Sage Oil Dalmatian
( Sage Oil Officinalis )
Sage Oil Spanish
Savory Oil
Spearmint Oil
Spike Lavender Oil
Star Aniseed Oil
Tarragon Oil
Thyme Oil Red
Thyme Oil White
Terpenes
Lavender Terpenes
Concretes & Absolutes
Marjoram Oil Sweet
Myrtle Oil
Thyme
Origanum Oil
Rosemary
Peppermint Oil Crude
Peppermint Oil Rectified
Peppermint Oil Redistilled
Sage
Rosemary Oil Moroccan
Rosemary Oil Spanish
Rosemary Oil Tunisian
Floral Water
Oleoresins
Thyme
Lavender Water
123
Glen O. Brechbill
Aromatic International LLC - USA
Odor Profiles
Herbal Group
Armoise
Tancy
Tarragon ( Estragon )
Thyme Wormwood
Basil
Black Current Buds
Bucchu
Camphor
Cedar Leaf
Eucalyptus
Hyssop
Juniper Berry
Lavandin
Lavender
Oregano
Parsley
Pennyroyal
Peppermint
Pine
Rosemary
Sage Clary
Sage Dalmation
Spearmint
Spruce
124
Aromatics Adl - France
Catalogue Des Produits
Angelique Racines
Angelique Semences
Menthe Amerique Yakima
Basilic Comores
Basilic Egypte Linalol
Basilic Egypte Methyl Chavicol
Bay West Indies
Sauge Espagne
Sauge Sclaree Ensilee
Sauge Sclaree Traditionnelle
Spearmint USA Farwest Native
Spearmint USA Farwest Scotch
Camomille Bleue Egypte
Camomille Romaine
Camomille Sauvage Maroc
Coriandre Feuilles
Coriandre Graines
Thym Blanc 45/50 Thymol
Thym Blanc 60/65 Carvacrol
Thym Rouge 45/50 Thymol
Hysope Pays
Camomille Egypte
Lavande Haut Titrage
Lavande 40/42
Lavande Bulgarie
Lavandin Abrialis
Lavandin Grosso
Lavandin Sumian
Lavandin Super
Lemongrass Guatemala 75 %
Sauge Sclaree Pays
Concretes
Produits Aromatiques Definis Ex
Naturel Et Synthetiques
Acetate Terpenyle
Coumarine Chine
Menthe Arvensis Chine 50 %
Menthol
Menthe Amerique Itaho
Menthe Amerique Madras
Menthe Amerique Midwest
Menthe Amerique Willamette
125
Glen O. Brechbill
Artiste Flavor / Essence - USA
Fragrances & Specialty Ingredients
Angelica Root Oil
Oleoresins
Basil Oil
Basil
Bay
Chamomile Oil
Coriander Seed
Dillweed Oil
Lovage
Lavandin Oil
Lavender Oil
Marjoram
Marjoram Oil
Rosemary
Peppermint Oil
Sage
Rosemary Oil
Thyme
Sage Oil
Star Anise
Thyme Oil
Wintergreen Oil
Absolutes
Basil Sweet
Lavender
Sage
126
Astral Extracts - USA
Products
Angelica Root Oil
Angelica Seed Oil
Basil
Hyssop
Parsley Seed Oil
Rosemary
Sage - Dalmatian
Sage Clary
Botanicals
Chamomile Flowers
127
Glen O. Brechbill
Augustus Oils Ltd. - U.K.
Fragrance Specialties & Essential Oils
Angelica Root Oil
Angelica Seed Oil
Anise China Star
Absolutes & Concretes
Basil Oils
Hay
Chamomile Oils
Coriander Oils
Lavandin
Lavender
Dill Weed Oil
Peppermint
Hemp Oil
Thyme
Clary Sage
Lavender Oils
Lavender Spike Oil
Lemongrass Oil
Lovage Oils
Marjoram Oils
Myrtle Oil
Peppermint Oils
Tarragon Oils
Thyme Oils
Floral Waters
Chamomile
Lavender
Rosemary
128
Australian Botanical Products Pty. Ltd. - Australia
Essential & Citrus Oils
Angelica Root
Angelica Root Himalayan
Lemongrass Paraguay
Lovage Root
Basil
Basil Australian
Basil Methyl Chavicol, Comoros
Basil Sweet Linalool
Bay West Indies
Marjoram Marjorana
Marjoram Spanish
Chamomile English
Chamomile German Extra Blue
Chamomile Matricaria
Chamomile Roman
Chamomile Wild Moroccan
Coriander
Dill Seed Europe
Dill Weed
Wintergreen Gaultheria Nepal
Wintergreen Natural Chinese
Origanum
Parsley Herb
Parsley Seed
Peppermint Arvensis Pure
Peppermint Australian
Peppermint Eucalyptus
Peppermint Mitcham
Peppermint Yakima
Rosemary Maroc
Rosemary Spanish
Rosemary Tunisian
Rosemary Verbenone
Rosemary Verbenone Australia
Hyssop
Lavandin
Lavender
Lavender French Alpine
Lavender Bulgarian
Lavender French Population
Lavender Spike Spanish Genuine
Lavender Tasmanian
Lavender True Organic
Lemon Myrtle
Lemongrass Cochin
Lemongrass Guatemala
Lemongrass Nepal
Sage Dalmatian
Sage Spanish
Savory Summer
Savory Winter
Spearmint
Spearmint Mid West
Tarragon
Thyme Linalool Organic
Thyme Red
129
Glen O. Brechbill
Axxence SARL - France
Specialty Materials
Angelica Seed
Angelique Semence
Basil Linalol
Basilic Linalol
Hyssop
Hysope Pays
Lovage Root
Liveche Racine
Myrtle Rectified
Myrte Rectifiee
Parsley Seed
Persil Semence
Oleoresins
Basil
Basilic
Lovage Root
Liveche
Travail a Facon
Fractionnement
Rectification
Coriander Terpeneless
Coriandre Deterpenee
Dill Seed Terpeneless
Aneth Semences Deter.
Absolutes
Basil
Basilic
Chamomile Blue
Camomille Bleue
Clary Sage
Sauge Sclaree
Hay
Foin
130
BASF Japan Ltd. - Japan
Fine Chemicals
Iso Phytol
Morillol
Prenol
Others
Cyclopatchol 50
131
Glen O. Brechbill
BFA Laboratoires - France
Essential Oils & Specialties
Coriander
Coriandrum Sativum L.
Thyme
Thymus sp pl
Dill
Anethum sp.pl
Thyme ( Thymol Type )
Thymus sp pl
Thyme
Thymus sp pl
Turmeric
Curcuma Longa L.
Hydraresin Absolutes
Thyme
Thymus sp pl.
Oleoresins
Coriander
Dill
Anethum sp.L.
Thyme
Thymus sp. pl
Plant Infusions
Coriander
132
B.S. Industries - India
Essential Oils
Angelic Oil ( Root )
Anise Oil 85% A
Basil Oil
Bay Oil
Campher Crystals
Campher Oil FCC stm
Chamomile Oil ( Blue Oil )
Coriander Oil 70 %
Dill Seed Oil ( Anithi )
Lavender Oil
Lemon Balm Oil
Lemon Grass Oil
Marjoram Oil
Mentha Citrata Oil
Mentha Crystals
Mentha Oil
Mentha Piperata Oil
Peppermint Oil
Red Thyme Oil 50%
Herbal Extract Water Soluble
Latin Name
Essential Oil Name
Abies Webbiana
Acacia Nelotica
Talis Patri
Babbul
Acacia Cancinna
Acorus Calamus
Adhatoda Vasica
Aegle Marmelos
Allium Sativum
Alliam Cepa
Alpinia Galanga
Ambrette
Anacyclus Pyrethrum
Andrographis Paniculata
Argyreia Speciosa
Asparagus Adscendens
Asparagus Racemosus
Atropa Beliadona
Azardirachata Indica
Sikata ( Soap Pod )
Bach
Vasaka
Bael
Garlic
Onion
Kulanjan
Musk Dana
Akarkara
Kalmegh
Vidhara
W. Mulsi
Shatavari
Baliadona
Neem Leaf
Bacopa Monnieri
Berberis Aristata
Boerhaavia Diffusa
Boswellia Serrata
Butea Monosperma
Nira-Brahmi
Daru Haldi
Puneranva
Sallaki
Palas
Cassiaangustifolia vahl
Carthamus Tinctorius
Cassia Fistula
( Indian Laburnum )
Celastrus Panicultus
Centella Asiatica
( Peny wort )
Commiphora Mukul
Convolvulus Pluricaulis
Curcuma Longa
Senna
Kusum Phool
Amalatas
133
Malkanguni
Brahmi
Guggul
Shankhpushpi
Haldi
Glen O. Brechbill
Daucus Carota
Carrot
Eclipta Alba
Emblica Officinalis
Evolvulus Alsinoides
Bhringarj
Amla ( Emblic )
Shankapushpi
Foeniculum Vulgare
Saunf, Variali (Fennel)
Glycyrrhiza Glabra
( Liquorice )
Gymnema Sylvestre
Mulethi
Holarrhena Antidysentrica
Kurchi
Ipomea Turpethum
Nishot
Joba
Kusum
Kawsibua Imermis
Henhdi
Lawsonia Alba
Lichen
Hena
Chharila
Mimosa Pudica
Mesua Ferrea
Momordica Charantia
Morinda Citrifolia
Mucuna Puriens
Myrica Esculenta
Lajwant
Nagkesar
Karela
Noni
Kawach
Kaiphal
Nardostachys
Nux Vomica
Nyctanthes
( Tree of Sorrow )
Jatamanshi
Kuchla
Harsinghar
Ocimum Sanctum
( Basil )
Ocimum Gratissimum
( Wild Basil )
Operculina Tupethum
Tulsi
Pimpinella Anisum
( Star Anise )
Shatapushpa
Gurmar
Ban Tulsi
Phoenix Sylvestris
( Date )
Psoralea Corylifolia
Phylianthus Niruri
Picrorhiza Kurroa
Piper Longum
( Long Pepper )
Picrorhiza Kurroa
Plumbago Rosea
Plumbago Zeylancum
Petrocapus Marsupium
Khajur
Rubia Cordifolia
( Maddar )
Manjistha
Shilajeet
Salacia Reticulata
Sapindus Trifoliatus
Saraca Indiaca
Sida Cordifolia
Smilax China
Solanum Xanthocarpum
Sphaeranthus Indicus
Syzygium Cuminii
Rock Mineral
Koranti, Etanayakam
Ritha
Ashoka
Bala
Chob-Chini
Kantakar
Gorakhumndi
Jamun
Tamarindus Indicus
Taxus Baccata
Terminalia Belerica
Terminalia Chebula
Ternina Arjuna
Tinospora Cordifolia
Triphala
Tribulus Terrestris
Trigonella Foenum Gracum
Tylophora Indica
Emili
Talispatra
Bahera
Haridra
Arjuna
Guduchi
Valerian Wallichi
Valerian Wallichi
Vitex Negundo
Tagar
Tagar
Nirgundi
Withania Somnifera
Ashwagandha
Zingiber Officinalis
Adarak
Babchi
Bhui-Amal
Kutki
Pippali
Kutki, Kadu
Chitrak Mool
Chitark
Bijasar
Gokhru
Methi
Antamul
Nishodh
134
Bansal Aroma - India
Product List
Angelica Root Oil
Herbal Extracts
Basil Oil
Basil Oil ( Holy )
Bay Oil
Lavender Oil
Lemon Grass Oil
Peppermint Oil
Chamomile Oil
Coriander Seed Oil
Costus Oil
Spearmint Oil
Wintergreen Oil
Hyssop Oil
Lavenden Oil
Lavender Oil
Lemon Grass Oil
Marjoram Oil
Peppermint Oil
Rosemary Oil
Sage Oil
Spearmint Oil
Thyme Oil
Wintergreen Oil
Oleoresins
Basil
135
Glen O. Brechbill
Barosyl S.A. - France
Essential Oils
Angelica Root
Angelica Archangelica
Angelica Seed
Basil Comores Island
Ocimum Basilicum V.
Basil Linalol
Ocimum Gratissimum
Basil Viet Nam
Ocimum Basilicum
Basilic Madagascar
Ocimum Basilicum V.
Lavender Fine
Lavandula Angustifolia
Lavender Maillette
Lemon Balm
Melissa Officinalis
Lemongrass
Cymbopogon Citratus
Marjoram Egyptian
Origanum Marjorana
Marjoram Spanish
Thymus Mastichina
Chamomile Roman
Chamaemelum Nobile
Chamomile Wild Morrocan
Chamomile Wild Spain
Pennyroyal
Mentha Pulegum
Peppermint
Mentha Piperita
Dillweed
Rosemary Morocco
Rosmarinus Officinalis C.
Rosemary Spanish
Rosmarinus Officinalis
Hyssop
Lavandin Super
Lavandin Super Spanish
Lavender 40/42
Lavender Bulgarian
Lavender Chinese
Sage Dalmatian
Sage Sclary
Salvia Sclarea
Sage Spanish
Sage Lavandulifolia
Spike Lavender
Lavandula Latifolia
Winter Savory
Satureja Montana
Organic Essential Oils
Basil
Ocimum Basilicum
Lavander
Lavandula Angustifolia O
Lavandin Super
Lavandula Angustifolia S.
Rosmary "Camphora"
Rosmary "Cineole"
Rosmarinus Officinalis C.
Spike Lavender
Lavandula Spicata
Thyme
Thymus Satureioides
Spearmint Chinese 60
Spearmint Chinese 80
Spearmint USA Native
136
Berge Inc. - USA
Essential Oils, Aroma Chemicals & Fragrance Specialties
Angelica Root Oil
Angelica Seed Oil
Marjoram Oil Sweet
Basil Oil Comores Type
Basil Oil Indian
Bay Oil W.I.
Dillweed Oil
Hyssop Oil
Lavandin Oil Grosso
Lavender Abs Bulgarian
Lavender Oil 40/42 French
Lavender Oil Bulgarian
Lavender Oil Spike
Lemongrass Oil Guatemala
Lemongrass Oil E.I.
Lemongrass Terpenes
Lovage Root Oil
Camphor Gum Natural
Camphor Gum Synthetic
Coumarin
Origanum Oil
Chamomile Oil Blue
Chamomile Oil Roman
Chamomile Oil Wild Maroc
Coriander Herb Oil Cilantro
Coriander Seed Oil
Cornmint Oil 50% Dem Indian
Cornmint Oil 50% Dem China
Cornmint Oil Rectified
Aroma Chemicals
Parsley Leaf Oil
Parsley Seed Oil
Peppermint Oil Indian
Peppermint Oil Willamette
Rosemary Oil Morocco
Sage Oil 30%
Sage Oil 50%
Sage Oil Clary
Sage Oil Spanish
Savory Oil
Spearmint Oil Chinese 60 %
Spearmint Oil Native
Spearmint Oil Terpenes
Tarragon Oil
Thyme Oil Red
Thyme Oil White
Wintergreen Oil Redist.
137
Glen O. Brechbill
Biolandes Parfumerie - France
Fine Essential Oils
Flowers & Flowering Heads
Lavender 40/42 Oil
Lavender 50/52 Oil
Chamomile
Parsley Seeds AG Oil
Hyssop
Lavandin
Lavender
Sage
Rosemary Oil
Rosemary Inco 15
Tarragon Oil
Thyme Oil
Thyme Inco 20
Wood, Branches
Absolutes
Thyme
Chamomile Wild Absolute
Pods, Seeds
Parsley
Roots
Hay Absolute
Hay Absolute Decolorized
Lavandin Absolute
Lavender Absolute
Lovage
Thyme Absolute
Natural Products
Chamomile Wild Oil
Hay Inco 20
Hyssop Pays Oil
Lavandin Grosso Oil
Lavandin Super Oil
Lavender BG Oil
138
Bordas Destilaciones Chinchurreta Sa - Spain
Fine Essential Oils
Basil V. Oil
Coumarin
Coriander Oil
Thymol Crystal
Terpinyl Acetate
Lavender Oil Spike Spanish
Lavender Oil, Spanish
Paprika Oleoresin 100,000 c.u.
Watersoluble
Rosemary Spanish Oleoresin
Botanicals
Sage Spanish,Oleoresin
Marjoram Oil, Spanish
Mint Oil, dementholized
Pennyroyal Oil
Peppermint Oil
Rosemary Oil, Spanish
Rosemary Oil, Moroccan
Rosemary Terpenes
Sage Oil, Spanish
Savory Oil
Star Anise Oil
Star Anise Terpenes
Coriander Seed
Lavender Spike Flower Spanish
Thyme Grey Oleoresin
Thyme Red Oleoresin
Marjoram Leaves Spanish
Terpenes
Paprika Powder 80 ASTA
Rosemary Terpenes
Thyme Red Terpenes
Rosemary Leaves Commercial
Sage Leaves, Spanish
Star Anise Seeds
Thyme Oil, Red
Thyme Oil, White
Oleoresins
Absolute
Coriander Oleoresin
Thyme Absolute, Red
Marjoram Oleoresin, Spanish
Aroma Chemicals
Watersoluble
Camphor Technical
Star Anise Terpenes
139
Glen O. Brechbill
Brighten Colorchem B.V. - The Netherlands
Product List of Aromatic Chemicals
Camphor natural
Camphor Oil
Camphor Oil White
Spearmint Oil
Aromatic Chemicals
Camphor Synthetic
Coumarin
Di Methyl Hydro Quinone
Terpinyl Acetate
Thymol
140
Buckton Page Ltd. - U.K.
Product List
Angelica Root Oil
Concretes
Basil Oil
Bay Oil
Basil Concrete
Camphor Oils
Coriander Herb Oil
Lavandin Concrete
Lavender Concrete
Absolutes
Dill Oil
Basil Abs.
Hay Oil
Hyssop Oil
Lavandin Oil
Lavender Oil
Lemongrass Oil
Lovage Root Oil
Hay Abs.
Hay Abs. Decolorised
Lavandin Abs.
Lavender Abs.
Herbal Extracts
Majoram Oil
Angelica Sinesis
Origanum Oil
Parsley Oil
Pennyroyal Oil
Peppermint Oil Arvensis
Peppermint Oil Piperita
Sage Oil
Savory Oil
Thyme Oil
Wintergreen Oil
141
Glen O. Brechbill
Camí de Fontanilles - Spain
Product List
Origanum Oil
Rosemary Oil
Sage Officinalis Oil
Spanish Sage Oil
Thyme Red Oil
Spanish Origin
Chamomile Oil
Lavandin Super Oil
Spike Lavender Oil
Thyme White Oil
Other Origin
Coriander Oil
Lavandin Abrialis Oil
Lavandin Grosso Oil
Lemongrass Oil
Peppermint Oil ( Piperita )
142
Carrubba Inc. - USA
Botanical Extracts
Angelica
Basil
Bay Laurel
Camomile
Chamomile Roman
Coriander
Hemp Seed
Hyssop
Lavender
Lemon Balm
Lemongrass
Lemon Thyme
Lemon Verbena
Marjoram
Mugwort
Myrtle
Parsley
Perilla Seed
Rosemary
Sage
Tarragon
Wintergreen
143
Glen O. Brechbill
Castrading - Korea
Essential Oils
Angelica Root
Basil, Comores
Basil, Sweet
Bay, West Indies
Camphor Powder, synthetic
Camphor, White
Coriander
Cornmint, India
Cornmint, China
Costus
Dill Seed
Dill Weed
Parsley Herb
Parsley Seed
Penny Royal
Peppermint, Redistilled
Peppermint, Triple Distilled
Peppermint, Mitchum
Perilla
Rosemary, Spain
Rosemary, Tunisia
Sage, Clary
Sage, Dalmation
Sage, Spanish Wild
Spearmint, Native
Spearmint, Scotch
Hyssop
Lavandin Abrialis 30/32 %
Lavandin Grosso
Lavandin Super
Lavender 40/42 %
Lavender 50/52 %
Lemongrass, China
Lemongrass, Guatemala
Lemongrass, India
Tarragon
Thyme, Red
Thyme, White
Wintergreen
Marjoram, Cultivated
Marjoram, Wild
Oregano
144
Central States Chemical Marketing - USA
Bio Scent’s Product Catalog
Basil Oil
Thyme Red Oil - N & A
Coriander Seed Oil
Cornmint Terpeneless Oil
Absolutes
Clary Sage Abs.
Hyssop Oil
Lavandin Grosso Oil
Lavandin Super Oil
Lavender 40/20 natural
Lavender Maillete Oil
Lavender Spike Oil P & N
Lavender Water
Lemongrass - Guatemala
Lovage Root Oil
Lavender Abs.
Lavandin Abs.
Peppermint Fresh Abs
Marjoram Oil
Myrtle Oil
Parsley Seed Oil
Pennyroyal Oil
Rosemary Oil - Spain N & A
Rosemary Oil - Tunisia
Sage Oil - Spain
Savory Oil
Spearmint Oil 60 %
Spearmint Oil, rectified
Tarragon ( Estragon ) Oil
145
Glen O. Brechbill
Champon Vanilla, Inc. - USA
Basil
Bay 50 / 55 %
Coumarin
Terpinyl Acetate
Camomille Oil
Coriander
Cornmint
Lavandin Abrialis
Lavandin Grosso
Lavandin Super
Lavender 40 / 42 %
Lavender Spike
Lemongrass
Marjoram
Origanum
Parsley Leaf / Seed
Peppermint
Rosemary
Sage Clary
Sage Dalmatian
Sage Spanish
Thyme
Aromatic Chemicals
Camphor 1.070
Camphor Oil
146
Charabot & Company Inc. - France
Fine Essential Oils
Coriander Oil
Coriander Oil Russian
Costus Oil
Hyssop Oil
Lavandin Abrialis
Lavandin Grosso
Lavender 40/42
Peppermint Oil French
Peppermint Oil Natural
Thyme Oil Provence
Thyme Oil REd
Thyme Oil White
147
Glen O. Brechbill
China Aroma Chemical Co., Ltd. - China
Essential Oils & Imported Products
Angelica Oil
Angelica Abs.
Camomile Concrete
Clarysage Concrete
Basil Oil ( Eugenol Type )
Basil Oil Sweet
Bay Oil
Tinctures
Chamomile Roman Oil
Angelica Offinalis Tincture
Angelica Pubescens Tinctue
Angelica Tincture
Hyssop Oil
Lavandin Oil
Lavender Oil
Lemongrass Oil
Marjorams Sweet Oil
Mentha Piperita Oil
Menthol
Peppermint Oil
Perilla Red Oil
Perilla Seed Oil
Thyme Oil
White Camphor Oil
Wintergreen Oil
Concretes
Angelica Concrete
Angelica Polyclade Concrete
148
China Perfumer - China
On Line Catalogs
Angelica Root Oil
Angelica Seed Oil
Saga Oil Albania
Sage Clary Oil
Sage Clary Oil USA
Camomile Oil Egypt
Camomile Oil Roumania
Coriander Oil
Costus Oil
Thyme Red Oil
Thyme White Oil
Thyme Albania
Hyssop Oil
Absolutes
Lavandin Oil
Lavandin Oil Extra
Lavender Oil Bulgaria
Lavender Oil France
Lavender Oil 50/52
Lavender Oil 40/42
Lavender Oil
Lemongrass Oil
Lavandin Abs.
Lavandin Abs. Decolor
Lavender Abs. Bulgaria
Lavender Abs.
Lavender Abs. Decolor
Sage Clary Abs.
Concretes
Marjoram Oil
Mentha Piperita Oil USA
Mentha Piperita Oil India
Mentha Pulegium Oil Morocco
Mentha Piperita Oil
Lavandin Concrete
Recos
Coumarine
Oregano Oil Albania
Parsley Leaf Oil
Parsley Seed Oil
Rosemary Oil Tunis
149
Glen O. Brechbill
Chinessence Ltd. - China
Key Products
Camphor Oil 50 % Min.
Clary Sage Oil
Lavender Oil
Lemongrass Oil Yunnan
Peppermint Oil
Peppermint Oil DMO
Peppermint Oil Mentha Pepprita
Peppermint Oil Triple Distilled
Spearmint Oil
Wintergreen Oil
Natural Isolated
Camphor Powder BP
Menthol
Aroma Chemicals
Camphor Powder ( Synthetic )
Coumarin
Terpinyl Acetate 90 %, 95 %, 98 %
Terpinyl Acetate Alpha
150
Citral Oleos Essenciais Ltda. - Brazil
Perfume Bases, Essential Oils & Aromatic Chemicals
Aromaterapia
Basil Ocimum Oil
Chamomile Wild Ormenis Oil
Clary Sage Sclarea Oil
Lavender Officinalis Oil
Rosemary Officinalis Oil
Thyums Oil
Oleos Essencias - Naturals
Clary Sage Sclarea Oil A1230
Lavander Officinalis F1712
Lavandin Oil Grosso F7555
Lemongrass Oleo
Myrtele Communis Oil A0850
Rosemari Oil
Thyme Oil A1300
Perfumaria
Acetato Terpenila
Cumarina Rhodiacent
151
Glen O. Brechbill
Citrus & Allied - USA
Citrus & Aroma Products
Encapsulated Oleo Resins
Basil Oleoresin
Oregano Oleoresin
Mint Oils
Cornmint Oil
Peppermint Oil
Spearmint Oil
Oleoresins
Basil
Oregano
Paprikas
Sage
Herb Oils
Basil
Oregano
Rosemary
Sage
152
Clos D’Aguzon - France
Matieres Premieres Aromatiques
Angelica Root Oil
Basil Oil Methyl Chavicol Type
Chamomile Oil Roman
Coriander Oil
Hay Oil
Hyssop Oil
Lavandin Oil Grosso
Lavandin Oil Sumian
Lavandin Oil Super
Lavandin Acetyl Atederberry Oil
Lavender Oil
Lavender Oil Clonal
Lavender Coumarin Free
Lavender Terpeneless
Lovage Root Oil
Marjoram Oil Sweet
Mentha Citrata
Myrtle Oil
Rosemary Oil Moroccan
Natural Derivatives
Sage Oil Dalmatian
( Sage Oil Officinalis )
Sage Oil Spanish
Savory Oil
Spearmint Oil
Spike Lavnder Oil
Star Aniseed Oil
Lavender Terpenes
Thyme Oil Red
Thyme Oil White
Concretes & Absolutes
Lavandin
Lavender
Rosemary
Thyme
Oleoresins
Rosemary
Origanum Oil
Sage
Pennyroyal Oil
Peppermint Oil Crude,
Peppermint Oil Rectified,
Peppermint Oil Redistilled,
Thyme
153
Glen O. Brechbill
Cokson & Hunt International Co. - USA
Basil Oil - India
Bay Oil - Dominica, West Indies
Camphor Powder - China
Coriander Oil - Russia, Ukraine,
Egypt
Cornmint Oils - India, China,
Brazil, Singapore
Pennyroyal Oil - Morocco,
Spain, Tunisia
Peppermint Oils - USA, Canada,
China, India
Aromatic Chemicals
Coumarin
Terpenes
Peppermint
Spearmint
154
Creative Fragrances Ltd. - USA
Essential Oils
Angelica Root Oil - Hungary
Wintergreen Oil - China
Basil Oil Reunion ( Exotic ) France
Basil Oil Sweet - France
Bay Leaf Oil - W.I.
Chamomile Oil German - Hungary
Chamomile Oil Roman - France
Chamomile Oil Maroc - Morocco
Coriander Seed Oil - Russia
Cornmint Oil - India
Dillweed Oil - US
Hyssop Oil - Croatia
Lavandin Oil Abrialis - France
Lavender Oil 40/42 - France
Majoram Oil Spanish - Spain
Myrtle Oil - Spain
Parsley Seed Oil - Hungary
Peppermint Oil Redistilled - US
Rosemary Oil - Spain
Spearmint Oil ( Native ) - US
Spearmint Oil, Terpeneless 80 %
Carvone - China
Tarragon Oil ( Estragon ) - France
Thyme Oil White - Spain
155
Glen O. Brechbill
DMH Ingredients - USA
Angelica Root
Basil Sweet - Comoros
Bay, Oil W.I.
Coriander
Cornmint - Brazil, China
Dill Seed, Weed
Hyssop
Lavandin Abrialis
Lavandin Grosso
Lavandin Super
Lemongrass, Chinese
Marjoram
Myrtle
Parsley
Rosemary
Spearmint, Native
Spearmint, Scotch
Thyme, Red
Thyme, White
Wintergreen
156
De Monchy Aromatics, Inc. - U.K.
Essential Oils & Specialties
Angelica Root
Bay West Indian ( Light )
Chamomile German
Chamomile Roman
Coriander Leaf
Dill Seed
Dill Weed
Lavender
Lemongrass Cochin
Peppermint Idaho
Peppermint Madras
Peppermint Midwest
Peppermint Yakima
Peppermint Willamette
Peppermint Terpenes
Spearmint American
Spearmint Rectified
Wintergreen Chinese
Aroma Chemicals
Terpinyl Acetate
157
Glen O. Brechbill
Destilerias Munoz Galvez, s.a. - Spain
Essential Oils, Aroma Chemicals & Flavours
Lavandin Abrialis
Lavandin Super
Lavender
Pennyroyal 85 % min. Pulegone
Rosemary
Sage Spanish
Thyme Red 40/55 % ph. Thymol
Thyme White 30 % Phenols
Aromatic Chemicals
Terpinyl Acetate
158
Diffusions Aromatiques - France
Camomille Infusion
Cannelle Infusion
Cardamome Distille
Cola Noix Infusion
Gentiane Infusion
Sureau Fleurs Infusion
Produit De Synthese
Coumarine
Produits Naturels
Basilic Absolue
Lavande Officinale Huile
Essentielle
Thym Rouge Huile Essentielle
159
Glen O. Brechbill
Dulcos Trading - France
Liste de Produits
Angelique Graines
Basilic Comores
Basilic Madagascar
Camomille Sauvage Maroc
Coriandre Russe
Coriande - Pologne
Coriandre - Pologne
Marjolaine - Allemagne
Hysope
Romarin - Maroc
Romarin - Espagne
Romarin antioxydant visqueux
Romarin antioxydant poudre
Lavande
Lavandin
Lemongrass Chine 80 %
Sauge Triloba - Grece
Sauge Triloba - Grece
Sauge Offiicinalis - Grece
Sauge antioxydant visqueux Grec
Menthe Bresil 45/50
Menthe Chine 50 %
Menthe Inde
Menthe Pouliot Maroc
Thyme - Allemagne
Romarin Espagne
Romarin Maroc
Romarin Tunisie
Spearmint Chine 60 %
Spearmint Chine 80 %
Thym Espagne 45/50 %
Extraits
Basilic - Feuilles Egypte
160
Dullberg Konzentra GmbH - Germany
Fine Essential Oils
Angelica Root Oil
Thyme Oil
Basil Oil
Bay Oil
Wintergreen Oil
Wild Thyme Oil
Chamomile Oil
Coriander Oil
Dill Seed Oil
Dill Weed Oil
Hyssop Oil
Lavandin Oil
Lavender Oil
Lemongrass Oil
Lemon Balm Oil
Marjoram Oil
Mint Oil
Myrtle Oil
Origanum Oil
Parsley Oil
Pennyroyal Oil
Peppermint Oil
Rosemary Oil
Sage Oil Dalmatian
Sage Oil Spanish
Spearmint Oil
161
Glen O. Brechbill
Earth Oil Plantations Ltd. - U.K.
Basil Oil
Cornmint Oil
Lavender Oil
Lavandin Oil
Lemon Balm Oil
Lemongrass Oil
Lemon Balm Oil
Peppermint Oil
Roman Chamomile Oil
Sage Oil
Spearmint Oil
Spike Lavender Oil
Sweet Marjorman Oil
Thyme Oil
162
Enter Oil - Viet Nam
Essential Oils
Basil Oil
Methyl Chavicol 84 %
min.
Camphor Oil
Camphor 40 % min.
Camphor 45 % min.
Peppermint Oil - Mentha Arvensis
L - Menthol 55 % min;
TMC: 70 % min.
TMC: 85 % min.
Star Anise Oil
( Anethol 90 % min )
163
Glen O. Brechbill
Eramex Aromatics GmbH - Germany
Esential, Citrus Oils & Aromataic Chemicals
Angelica Root Oil, Benelux
Angelica Root Oil, Eastern
European
Angelica Seed Oil, Benelux
Angelica Seed Oil Eastern
European
Parsley Herb Oil
Parsley Seed Oil
Peppermint Oil, American
Basil Oil, Linalool
Bay Oil, West Indian
Sage Oil, Salvia Officin
Sage Oil, Spanish
Savory Oil
Spearmint Oil
Spearmint Oil, Farwest Native
Spike Lavender Oil, Spanish
Rosemary Oil, Tunesian
Chamomile Oil, Blue
Chamomile Oil, Egyptian
Chamomile Oil, Moroccan
Coriander Leaf Oil
Coriander Seed Oil
Curry Leaf Oil
Oleoresins
Basil Oleoresin, 10 %
Bay Oleoresin, 10 %
Coriander Oleoresin
Dill Seed Oleoresin, 10 %
Lovage Root Oleoresin
Marjoram Oleoresin, 10 %
Origanum Oleoresin, 10 %
Thyme Oil, Red, Spanish
Thyme Oil, White, German
Thyme Oil, White
Thyme Oil ex Thymus Serpyllum
Hyssop Oil
Parsley Herb Oleoresin, 6 %
Parsley Seed Oleoresin, 10 %
Rosemay Oleoresin, 5 %
Lavender Oil, Bulgarian
Lavender Oil, Moldavian
Lemongrass Oil, Cochin
Lovage Leaf Oil
Lovage Root Oil
Absolute / Concretes
Marjoram Oil, Egyptian
Marjoram Oil, German
Mint Oil ( Mentha Arvensis )
Myrtle Oil, Tunesian
Hay Absolute
Basil Absolute
Sage Oleoresin, 30 %
Savory Oleoresin
Clary Sage Absolute
Thyme Oleoresin
Lavender Absolute / Concrete
Lavandin Absolute / Concrete
Thyme Absolute
Origanum Oil
Origanum Oil, Eastern European
164
Esarco - Argentina
Organic Herbs
Chamomilla Flower Oil
Lavandin Flower Oil
Lavender Flower Oil
Mentha Citrata Oil
Mentha Peppermint Oil BP
Mentha Oil
Mentha Piperita Oil
Oregano Leaves Oil
Rosemary Leaves Oil
Sage Leaves Oil - France
( Officianalis )
Savory Leaves Oil
Spearmint Oil
Aromatic Chemicals
Thymol natural ( Ex - Ajowin Oil )
165
Glen O. Brechbill
Esencias y Materiales Lozmar, S.A. de C.Y. - Mexico
Esencias
Lavanda 40/42
Lavanda Mont Blanc
Lavandin Abrialis
Lavandin Grosso
Menta Arvensis
Menta Crespa ( Yerbabuena )
Menta Piperita
Menta Poleo
Romero Espanol
Quimicos De Aromaticos
Acetato De Terpenilo
Cumarina
166
Esperia S.p.A - Italy
Essential Oils
Basil
Chamomile Roman
Clary Sage
Lavandin
Lavender
Myrtle
Peppermint
Savory
Thyme Red
Thyme White
167
Glen O. Brechbill
Essencia, Aetherische Oele Ag - Switzerland
Liste des Produits
Angelique Racine
Angelique Semence
Bay - St. Thomas
Pimenta Racemosa
Camomille - Bleue Euro.
Chamomilla Recutita
Camomille - Romaine
Anthemis Nobilis
Coriandre Semences
Coriandrum Sativum
Hysope
Lavande France Ph.Eur.4.1
Lavande Maillette Ph.Eur.4.1
Lavandin Abrialis
Lavandula Hybrida
Lemongrass
Cymbopogon Citratus
Menthe Crepue Chinois
Mentha Spicata
Menthe Crepue USA
Mentha Spicata
Menthe Nagaoka Ph.Eur.4.1
Mentha Arvensis
Menthe rect. de Chine
Mentha Arvensis
Menthe Poivree France
Mentha Piperita
Menthe Poivree Yakima US
Mentha Piperita
Mentha Pulegium
Romarin Afrique du Nord
Romarin deterpenee
Romarin Ph.Eur.4.1
Sauge D’Espagne
Salvia Lavanduifolia
Sauge Dalmatien Ph.Helv.8
Salvia Officinalis
Sauge Sclaree Ph.Eur.4.1
Salvia Sclarea
Absolutes
Lavande Absolue Ether art.
Lavandin Concrete Verte
Lavandula Hybrida
Terpenes
Terpene De Lavande
Terpene De Lemongrass
Cymbopogon Citratus
Terpene De Romarin
Terpene De Thyme
Acetate De Terpenyle
Terpinyl Acetate
Coumarin crist.
Coumarin
Thym Citron
Thymus Citriodorus
Thym rouge Ph.Eur.4.1
Thymus Vulgaris
Thym rouge Suisse
Thymus Vulgaris Varico
Thym rouge 30/35 % i.n.
Thymus Vulgaris
168
Euma - Argentina
Essential Oils & Natural Products
Basil Oil ( Basilic )
Camomile Fluid Extrace
Camomile Fluid Extragilic
Camomile Romaine, natural
Camomile Tinture Madre
Camphor Oil
Coriander Oil
Salvia Dalmatia
Salvia Sclarea
Tarragon Oil
Thyme Red Oil
Thyme White Oil
Thymol Cristals
Dill Oil
Aceites Esenciales & Productos
Naturales
Hyssop Oil
Coriandro Ac. Es.
Lavandin Grosso
Lemon Verbena / Vervain Oil
Lemongrass Oil
Levender, Dalmatia
Levender, Mont Blanc
Menta Arvens / Jap. Desmentolada
Menta Arvensis Entera / Cruda
( mentha arvensis L )
Menta Bi Rectificada 4567 A
Menta Mitcham
Menta Piperita ( Ingl ) Ac. Es.
( mentha piperita )
Menta Rectificada 4565
Menta Spearmint ( Spicata ) Ac. Es.
( mentha spicata )
Menta Spearmint Colas
Marjoram
Mint Bi Rectified 4567 A
Mint Dementholated
Mint Entire / Raw
Mint Rectified 4565
Mint Tri Rectified 44575
Oregano Oil
Parsley Leaf Oil
Peppermint Oil
Rosemary Oil
169
Glen O. Brechbill
Exaflor - France
Catalogue
Angelique Racines
FRANCE
TUNISIE
Basilic
Basilic
Basilic
Lavande
Lavandin
Romarin
USA
Menthe Poivree
Camomille
Coriandre
Menthe Poivree
Romarin
Lavande
Lavandin
Lemongrass
INDE
Marjolaine
Menthe
Lemongrass
Basilic
ITALIE
Romarin
Camomile
Thym Espagne
MADAGASCAR
Huiles Essentielles Promenez Vous
Sur La Carte
Basilic
ALLEMAGNE
MAROC
Camomille
Camomille
ESPAGNE
Myrthe
Marjolaine
RUSSIE
Romarin
Coriandre
170
FD Copeland & Sons Ltd. - UK
Essential Oils
Angelica Root Oil
Peppermint Oil - Brazilian
Peppermint Oil - Chinese
Peppermint Oil - Indian Arvensis
Peppermint Oil - Indian Piperita
Peppermint Oil / bp
Peppermint rectified various
Peppermint Terpenes Arvensis
Peppermint Terpenes Piperita
Basil Oil ( Linalol Type )
Basil Oil ( Methyl Chavicol )
Bay Oil
Chamomille Oil - Blue
Chamomille Oil - Roman
Chamomille Oil - Wild
Coriander Oil
Spearmint Oil - American Far West
Spearmint Oil - Native
Spearmint Oil - Scotch
Spearmint Oil - American rectified
Spearmint Oil - Chinese rectified
Spearmint Terpenes American
Dill Seed Oil
Hay Oil
Hyssop Oil
Lavandin Oil Grosso
Lavender Oil French
Lavender Spike Oil
Loveage Root Oil
Tarragon Oil
Thyme Oil - Spanish Red
Thyme Oil - Spanish White
Thyme Oil - Vulgaris
Wintergreen Oil
Marjoram Oil
Myrtle Oil
Origanum Oil
Parsley Seed Oil
Peppermint Oil - Am Far West
Peppermint Oil - Am Rect
Peppermint Oil - Arvensis Rect
171
Glen O. Brechbill
Farotti Essences srl - Italy
Natural Essential Oils
Angelica Root Essence
Basil Egypt Essence
Chamomile Blue Essence
Chamomile Roman Essence
Coriander Russian Essence
Lavender Essence
Lavandula Essence
Lemon Balm Grasse Essence
Lemongrass Java Essence
Lemongrass Essence
Mint Essence
Myrtle Morocco Essence
Oregano Morocco Essence
Peppermint Essence
Rosemary Tunisia Essence
Sage Officinalis Essence
Sage Sclarea Essence
Thyme White Essence
172
Fayyum Gharbya Aromatic - Egypt
Product List
Basil Oil Linalool
Ocimum Basilicum L.
Chamomile Concrete
Marticaria Chamomila
Basil Oil Methyl Chavicol
Ocimum Basilicum L
Blue Chamomile Oil
Matricaria chamomila L.
Coriander Herb Oil
Dill Oil
Anethum Graveolens
Marjoram Oil
Marjorana Hortensis L.
Parsley Herb Oil
Petroselium Sativum
Parsley Seed Oil
Petroselium Sativum
Absolutes
Basil Abs.
Ocimum Basilicum L.
Concretes
Basil Concrete
Ocimum Basilicum L.
173
Glen O. Brechbill
Fine Chemical Trading Ltd. - U.K.
Products
Angelica Root
Basil - Holy
Basil - Linalool
Basil - Methyl Chavicol
Bay Oil
Coriander Seed
Dill Oil
Lavandin
Lavender
Lemon Verbena Oil
Lemongrass
Marjoram
Myrtic
Parsley Oil ( Indian )
Peppermint
Roman Chamomile
Rosemary
Sage
Spearmint
Thyme
Absolutes
Basil Sweet
174
Fiveash Data Management, Inc., - USA
Spectra of Essential Oils
Angelica Root England, Hungary,
India
Angelica Seed Hungary
Basil Camphor Type India
Basil Grand Vert Madagascar
Basil Holy -Tulsi India
Basil Sweet Bulgaria, Comoro
Islands, India, Madagascar
Bay West Indies
Chamomile Blue England, Egypt
Hungary
Chamomile Cape S. Africa
Chamomile Roman England,
France, Oregon
Chamomile Wild Morocco
Coriander Seed Russia
Cornmint India
Dill Seed Bulgaria, Hungary
Dill Weed Oregon
Hyssop Croatia
Hyssop Hungary
Hyssop Russia
Hyssop Switzerland
Hyssop United Kingdom
Lavandin Grosso France
Lavender 40/42% France
Lavender 40/42% Stara Planina
Bulgaria
Lavender China, Hungary,
Oregon “Liberty’s Own”
Oregon, Pure 40/42 %
France, Russia, Turkey
Lavender Spike Spain
Lemongrass India
Lovage Leaf Hungary
Lovage Root Hungary
Marjoram Sweet Hungary
Marjoram Wild Spain
Myrtle Cineole Type Spain
Myrtle Lemon Australia
Myrtle Linalool Type Morocco,
Turkey
Oregano Morocco
Oregano Spanish Albania,
Hungary
Oregano Turkey
Oregano Wild Spain, Turkey,
United Kindom
Parsley Herb Oregon
Parsley Seed Egypt, Hungary,
India
Pennyroyal Morocco
Peppermint Baby Yakima Redist
Washington
Peppermint Natural India,
Willamette, Yakima
Peppermint Redist Willamette
Oregon
Peppermint Redist Yakima
Washington
Peppermint Terpene Free Yakima
Washington
Peppermint Triple Dist Yakima
Perilla Oil Japan
Rosemary Camphor Type Spain
Rosemary Cineole Type China,
Hungary, Morocco, Tunisia
Rosemary Verbenone France
Sage Blue Mountain So Africa
Sage Dalmatian 30% Hungary,
Ukraine
Sage Spanish Spain
Spearmint 60% China, India
Spearmint Oregon
Tarragon - Estragon Hungary
Tarragon - Estragon S. America
Thyme Red Borneol Type
Morocco
Thyme Red Thymol Type Hungary
Thyme Red Thymol Type Spain
Thyme Serpolet Bulgaria
Thyme Spike Turkey
Thyme White FCC USA
Wintergreen China
175
Food Oils
Hemp Seed Butter China
Hemp Seed Filtered China
176
Flavodor - The Netherlands
Catalogues
Angelica Root Oil
Angelica Seed Oil
Sage Oil, Clary
Sage Oil, Dalmatian
Savory Oil
Spearmint Oils
Spike Lavender
Basil ( Icum ) Oil
Bay Oil
Hay
Lavandin
Lavender
Rosemary
Chamomile Blue Oil
Chamomile Roman Oil
Chervil Oil
Chives Oil
Coriander Oil
Thyme Oil, Red / White
Sage Clary
Spike Lavender
Oleo Resins
Thym
Basil
Bay ( Laurel )
Fixatives
Dill Seed Oil
Dill Weed Oil
Coriander
Lemongrass Terpenes
Lavandin Oil
Lavender Oil
Dill
Peppermint Terpenes
Lovage
Lemongras Oil
Lovageroot Oil
Marjoram
Marjoram Oil, Wild / Cultivated
Mentha Arvensis Oil
Mentha Citrata Oil
Myrtle Oil
Oregano
Rosemary
Sage
Origanum Oils
Thyme
Parsley Herb Oil
Parsley Seed Oil
Peppermint Oil, Misc. Origins
Absolute Resinoids
Angelica Root
Rosemary Oil
177
Glen O. Brechbill
Fleurchem, Inc. - USA
Angelica Root
Angelica Seed
Basil, Seychelles
Basil, Sweet
Bay
Chamomile, Blue
Chamomile, Moroccan Wild
Chamomile, Roman
Coriander
Cornmint 40/50
( Peppermint Arvensis )
Dillweed
Hyssop
Lavandin, Abrialis 30/32
Lavandin, Grosso
Lavandin, Normale 22/24
Lavandin, Supreme 50/52
Lavender, 40/42
Lavender, Barreme 48/52
Lavender, Bulgarian
Lavender, Spike
Lemongrass, Chinese
Lemongrass, Guatemalan
Lemongrass, Indian
Lovage Root
Origanum
Parsley Leaf
Parsley Seed
Pennyroyal
Peppermint, Arvensis
Peppermint, Dementholized
Peppermint, Idaho
Peppermint, Oregon
Peppermint, Piperita
Peppermint, Washington
Sage Clary, American
Sage Clary, French
Sage Clary, Moroccan
Sage Clary, Russian
Sage Dalmatian, Yugoslav
Sage Spanish
Spearmint, Chinese
Spearmint, Native
Spearmint, Scotch
Tarragon ( Estaragon )
Thyme, Red
Thyme, White
Wintergreen
Aromatic Chemicals
Coumarin
Majoram
Myrtle, Moroccan
178
Fleurin, Inc. - USA
Product Listing
Celery Seed Oil
Coriander Oil
Cumin Oil
Thyme Oil Red
Thyme Oil White
Resins
Tonka Feves Resin
Absolutes
Tonka Feves Abs.
179
Glen O. Brechbill
Florachem Corporation - USA
Aroma Chemicals
Basil Origanum 65/70 %
Aroma Chemicals
Coriander
Terpinyl Acetate ( European Type )
Lavender Spanish 40/42
Marjoram, Spanish
Myrtle Wine Aroma Oil
Pennyroyal
Rosemary Spanish
Spike LavenderTansy Spanish
Thyme Red 45/50 % Carvacrol
Thyme White 60/65 % Carvacrol
Thyme White Red 45/50 %
Thymol
Absolutes,
Resinoids
Concretes,
Gums,
Majoram Absolute, Spanish
Rosemary Absolute
Sage, Spanish Absolute
Spike Lavender Absolute
Spike Lavender Concrete
Thyme Absolute, Gray
Thyme Absolute, Red
180
Frencharoma Imports Co., Inc. - USA
Basil
Basil ( Comoro’s )
Bay Leaf W.I.
Oleoresins
Camomile Oil Roman
Coriander
Cornmint
Coriander
Dill Weed
Oregano
Hyssop
Rosemary
Lavandin Abrialis
Lavandin Grosso
Lavender
Lavender ( Bulgarian )
Lemon Grass
Sage
Basil
Marjoram
Tarragon Wonf
Thyme
Marjoram
Myrtle Oil Moroccan
Parsley Seed
Peppermint
Peppermint Yakama
Red Thyme
Rosemary
Spearmint ( Chinese )
Spearmint ( Native )
Spike Lavender
Thyme Red
181
Glen O. Brechbill
Frey + Lau GmbH - Germany
Angelica Root Oil
Basil Oil
Bay Oil
Chamomile Oil Blue
Chamomile Oil Egypt
Coriander Seed Oil
Cornmint Oil
Tarragon Oil
Thyme Oil
Wintergreen Oil
Aromatic Chemicals
Coumarin
Dihydrocoumarin
Lavandin Oil Avrialis
Lavandin Oil Grosso
Lavender Oil
Lemongrass Oil
Lovage Root Oil
Thymol
Marjoram Oil
Menthol
Mint Oil
Origanum Oil
Parsley Seed Oil
Parsley Leaf Oil
Peppermint Oil
Rosemary Oil
Sage Oil Dalmatian
Sage Oil Spanish
Savory Oil
Spearmint Oil
Spike-Lavender Oil
182
Fritzsche SAICA - Argentina
Products
Basil Oil
Coriander Seed Oil
Cornmint Oil
Dill Weed Oil
Lavender Oil
Lavender Oil Spike
Lemongrass Oil
Parsley Seed Oil
Peppermint Oil
Rosemary Oil
Sage Clary Oil
Sage Dalmatian Oil
Spearmint Oil
Star Anise Oil
Thyme Oil
Solid Extracts
Coriander Seed Oil
Lovage Root
183
Glen O. Brechbill
Fruitarom Industries - Israel
Essential Oils, Citrus & Specialties
Basil Oil Comores
Basil Oil Egypt ( Linalol )
Bay Oil
Spike Lavender Oil Spanish
Thyme Oil Red
Thyme Oil White
Chamomile Oil Blue
Chamomile Oil English
Coriander Oil
Coriander Oil Russian
Coumarin Substitute
Peppermints
L-Menthone
Menthol Crystals
Dill Oil
Peppermint Oil
Peppermint Oil Arvensis Rect.
Peppermint Oil Blend
Peppermint Oil Brazil Triple Rect.
Peppermint Oil Brazil Type
Peppermint Oil Brazil Type Rect.
Peppermint Oil Brazil Type
Tripple Rectified
Peppermint Oil Bulgarian
Peppermint Oil Chinese
Peppermint Oil Piperita USA
Peppermint Oil US Far West
Peppermint Oil USA Yakima
Peppermint Oil Wayne County
Lavandin Perfume
Lavender Oil
Lavender Oil 40/42
Lavender Oil French 40/42
Lemongrass Oil Cochin
Marjarom Oil Egypt
Myrrh Oil Daniel Distilled
Parsley Seed Oil
Rosemary Oil BPC73
Sage Oil Officinalis
Spike Lavender Oil BPC 1968
Spearmint Oil
Spearmint Oil El Reyo Type
Spearmint Oil USA
Spearmint Oil USA Far West
Native
184
Fuerst Day Lawson - U.K.
Essential Oils & Aroma Chemicals
Chamomile Oil English
Coriander Oil
Lavandin Oil
Lavender Oil
Lemongrass Oil
Lemongrass Terpenes
Spike Lavender Oil
Wintergreen Oil natural
Menthol & Mints
Cormint Oils
Menthol Crystals Chinese
Peppermint Crude China, India
Peppermint Oil Dementholised
Peppermint Terpenes
Piperita
Spearmint Oil ( China ) 60 %
Spearmint Oil ( China ) 80 %
Aroma Chemicals
Coumarin
Terpinyl Acetate
185
Glen O. Brechbill
GMPCT - India
Essential Oils & Perfumery Chemicals
Basil Oil
Coriander Oil
Lemon Grass Oil
Mentha Oil
Mentha Piperita Oil
Peppermint Oil
Rosemary Oil
Spearmint Oil
Terpenes
Basil Terpenes
Mint Terpenes
186
Givaudan Fragrance Corporation - Switzerland
Specialty Bases & Aroma Chemicals Compendium
Quest International - Perfumers
Compendium
Neo Lavandate ABQ7042
Rosemary C2599
187
Glen O. Brechbill
Global Essence Ltd. - U.K.
Products
Angelica Root Oil
Angelica Seed Oil
Spearmint Oil
Spike Lavender Oil
Savory Oil
Spearmint Oil
Basil Linalool Oil
Bay Oil
Tarragon Oil
Thyme Red Oil
Thyme White Oil
Thyme Red Oil
Chamomile Blue
Chamomile Roman
Coriander Herb Oil
Coriander Seed Oil
Coumarin
Basil Oil Linalool
Terpinyl Acetate
Dill Herb Oil
Chamomile Blue Oil
Chamomile Roman Oil
Chamomile Wild Oil
Coriander Leaf Oil
Hyssop Oil
Lavandin Grosso Oil
Lavandin Abraialis Oil
Lavender Oil
Lemongrass Oil
Marjoram Oil
Origanum Oil
Parsley Herb Oil
Parsely Seed Oil
Peppermint Oil
Aromatic Chemicals
Dill Oil
Hyssop Oil
Lavandin Oil
Lavender Oil
Lovage Leaf Oil
Origanum Oil
Parsley Leaf Oil
Peppermint Oil
Rosemary Oil
Rosemary Oil
Sage Oil
Savory Oil
Sage Dalmatian Oil
188
The Good Scents Company - USA
Perfumery Raw Materials Information
Angelica Root Oil
Angelica Seed Oil
Angelica Stem Oil
Majoram Oil Spain
Marjoram Oil Sweet Egypt
Myrtle Oil
Basil Oil Sweet
Bay Leaves Oil
Bay Leaves Oil Anise
Bay Leaves Oil Clove
Bay Leaves Oil Lemon
Bay Leaves Oil Terpeneless
Origanum Oil Spain
Hyssop Oil
Hyssop Oil Anise
Lavender Oil
Lavender Oil France
Lavender Oil Spike France
Lavender Oil Terpeneless
Lemongrass Oil
Lovage Herb Oil
Lovage Leaf Oil
Lovage Root Oil
Coriander Leaf Absolute
Coriander Seed Absolute
Hay Absolute
Parsley Leaf Oil
Parsley Seed Oil
Pennyroyal Oil
Chamomile Flower Oil England
Chamomile Flower Oil Germany
Coriander Leaf Oil
Coriander Seed Oil
Dill Seed Oil
Dill Weed Oil America
Absolute Listing
Peppermint Oil America
America
Perilla Oil
Lavandin Absolute
Lavandin Water Absolute
Lavender Bulgaria Absolute
Lavender France Absolute
Lavender Absolute Spike
Rosemary Absolute
Rosemary Oil Spain
Rosemary Terpeneless
Spearmint Absolute
Sage Oil Dalmatian
Sage Oil Spain
Savory Oil Summer
Savory Oil Winter
Spearmint Oil America
Spearmint Oil Terpeneless
Concrete Listing
Thyme Oil Red India
Thyme Oil Red Spain
Thyme Oil Spain
Thyme Oil White
Thyme Oil Wild or Creeping
Wintergreen Oil China
Thyme Absolute
Coriander Seed Concrete
Lavandin Concrete
Lavandin Concrete
Lavender Concrete
Rosemary Concrete
Aromatic Chemicals
Camphor Gum
Coumarin
189
Glen O. Brechbill
Di Hydro Coumarin
Terpinyl Acetate
Herbal
Acetyl Ethyl Carbinol
Acetyl Tributyl Citrate
Agate
Ajowan Seed Oil Turkey
Alcohol C - 6
Aldehyde C - 10 Dimethyl Acetal
Amber Dioxepine
Amyl Cinnamyl Formate - alpha
Amyl Heptanoate Iso
Amyl Tiglate Iso
Anise Indene
Arnica Flower Oil
Basil Absolute Sweet
Basil Oleoresin Sweet
Benzyl Methyl Tiglate
Bergamot Mint Oil
Bornyl Butyrate
Bornyl Salicylate
Buchu Leaf Oil
Buchy Mercaptan
Buchu Oxime
Cajuput Oil Vietnam
Calamus Rhizome Oil
Campholenic Aldehyde
Capsaicin
Caraway Seed Oil
Cardamom Liquid Resin
Cardamom Oleoresin
Carrot Seed Oil
Celery Ketone
Celeery Seed Oil India
Celerey Seed Oleoresin
Celery Undecene
Chamomile Flowr Oil German
Chamomile Iso Butyrate
Chamomile Octenone
Chamomile Oil
Chamomile Oil Morocco
Chamomile Valerate
Chrysanthemum Ketone
Cineole - 1, 4
Cineole - 1, 8
Clary Acetate
Clary Propyl Acetate
Clary Sage Concrete
Clary Sage Oil France
Clary Sage Resin America
Cognac Oil White
Coriander Oleoresin
Coriander Seed Absolute
Coriander Seed Concrete
Costmary Oil
Cresyl Salicylate - ortho
Cubebene - alpha
Cuminyl Acetate
Dehydroxylinalool oxide
Di Hydrolavandulal
Dihydrolavandulol
Dihydrolavandulyl Acetate
Dihydromint Lactone
Dihydroterpineol
Dihydroterpinyl Acetate
Dill Ether
Dill Weed Oil America
Dimethyl Benzyl Carbinyl
Formate
Dimethyl Salicylate
Diosphenol
Dodecen - 1 - al
Elder Flowers Absolute
Elemi Gum
Elemi Oil
Elemi Resinoid
Ethyl Amyl Ketone
Ethyl Chrysanthemate
Ethynyl Cyclohexyl Acetate
Eucalyptus Citriodora Oil
Eucalyptus Dives Var “C” Oil
Eucalyptus Globulus Oil
Fig Leaf Absolute
Floral Nitrile
Freesia Heptanol
Geranic Oxide
Geranium Concrete
Geranyl Octanoate
Heptanol - 3
Herbal
Herbal Acetal
Herbal Carbonate
Herbal Carene
Herbal Cyclohexane
Herbal Dioxane
Herbal Heptane
Herbal Ketone
Herbal Undecane
Herbal Undecanol
Herbal Undecanone
Hexyl Salicylate
Hop Absolute
Hop Oil
Hyssop Oil
Hop Oil
Hyssop Oil
Immortelle Flower Oil
Jambu Oleoresin
Juniper Carboxaldehyde
Juniperberry
Lavandin Absolute Grosso
Lavandin Concrete
Lavandin Water Absolute
Lavender
190
Lavender Concrete
Lavender Oil France
Lavender Oil Spike France
Lavender Oil Terpeneless
Lavender Spike Absolute
Linalyl Acetate
Linalyl Formate
Linalyl Octanoate
Linalyl Iso Valerate
Lovage Herb Oil
Lovage Root Absolute
Marigold Oil Mexico
Marjoram Oleoresin
Mate Absolute
Melilot Oleoresin
Methyl Hexyl Ether
Methyl Nicotinate
Mistletoe Absolute
Myrtenol
Myrtenyl Acetate
Myrtle Oil
Niaouli Oil Egypt
Nonanol
Nonisyl Acetate
Nonisyl Formate
Nopyl Acetate
Ocimene Oxirane
Ocimen - 1 - yl Acetate
Oregano Oleoresin
Origanum Oil Greece
Origanum Oil Turkey
Parsley Leaf Oil
Parsley Seed Oil
Parsley Seed Oleoresin
Patchouli Indene
Pentyl Acetate - 2
Pepper Tree Berry
Perillaldehyde
Petitgrain Heptane
Phenethyl Senecioate
Pine Hexanol
Pinene - Alpha
Pinene - Beta
Pinen - 3 - ol
Piperitenone Oxide
Piperitol
Piperitone
Propyl 2 - Furoate
Reseda Absolute
Rosemary Absolute
Rosemary Oil Spain
Rosemary Oleoresin
Rue Oil China
Thymol
Thymyl Methyl Ether
Tricyclodecenyl Iso Butyrate
Tricyclodecenyl Propionate
Tricyclodecyl Acetate
Tuberose Lactone
Valerian Root Oil
Valerolactone - Gamma
Wormseed Oil America
Yarrow Oil
Sabinene Hydrate
Saffron Oil
Saffron Pyranone
Safranal
Sage Absolute Spain
Sage Oil Spain
Sage Oleoresin
Savin Oil
Sweet Grass
Tagete Oil Egypt
Tagete Oil India
Tagette Carboxylate
Teal Leaf Absolute
Terpineol Acetate
Terpinolene
Terpinyl Acetate - alpha
Theaspirane
Thyme Absolute
Thyme Oil Red India
Thyme Oil Red Spain
Thyme Oil Spain
Thyme Oil White
Thyme Oil Wild or Creeping
Thyme Oleoresin
Thyme Undecane
191
Glen O. Brechbill
Gorlin & Company - USA
Essential Oils
Angelica Root
Basil - Comoros
Basil, Sweet
Bay - West Indies
Coriander
Cornmint - China
Cornmint - India
Dill Seed
Dill Weed
Hyssop
Lavandin Grosso
Lavandin Super
Lavender 40/42 %
Lavender 50/52 %
Lemongrass - China
Lemongrass - India
Peppermint, Mitchum
Perilla
Rosemary - Spain
Rosemary - Tunisia
Sage, Clary
Sage, Dalmation
Sage - Spanish Wild
Spearmint, Native
Spearmint, Scotch
Tarragon
Thyme, Red
Thyme, White
Mint Terpenes
Cornmint ( Mentha Arv )
Peppermint ( Mentha Pip )
Spearmint
Marjoram, Cultivated
Marjoram, Wild
Myrtle
Oregano
Pennyroyal
Peppermint, redistilled
Peppermint, triple Distilled
192
Graham Chemical Corporation - USA
Aroma Chemicals & Essential Oils
Angelica Root Oil
Angelica Seed Oil
Rosemary Oil
Basil Oil
Bay Oil
Chamomile Flower Oil
Coriander Leaf Oil
Coriander Seed Oil
Cornmint Oil ( Mentha Arvensis )
Dill Herb Oil
Sage Clary Oil
Sage Oil
Savory Oil
Spearmint Oil
Spike Lavender Oil
( Lavender Spike )
Spruce Oil ( Hemlock )
Star Anise Oil
Tangelo Oil
Tarragon Oil ( Estragon Oil )
Thyme Oil
Thyme Oil White
Hyssop Oil
Lavandin Oil
Lavender Oil
Lavender Spike Oil
Lemongrass Oil
Lemongrass Terpenes
Wintergreen Oil
( Methyl Salicylate ) natural
Aroma Chemicals
Camphor Powder synthetic
Marjoram Oil Sweet
Mentha Arvensis ( Cornmint )
Mentha Piperita ( Peppermint )
Myrtel Oil
Oregano Oil
Coumarin
Di Hydro Coumarin
Terpinyl Acetate
Parsley Leaf Oil
Pennyroyal Oil
Pepper Oil Black
Peppermint Oil ( Arvensis )
193
Glen O. Brechbill
Gyran Flavours - India
Products
Basil Oil
Holy Basil Oil
Sweet Basil Oil
Mentha Oil
Mentha Citrata Oil
Peppermint Oil BP
Rosemary Oil
Spearmint Oil
Aromatic Chemicals
L - Menthone
Mint Terpenes
Ocimene natural
194
HC Biochem - China
Essential Oils & Concretes
Angelica Oil
Concretes
Basil Oil Eugenol type
Bay Oil
Angelica
Coriander Seed Oil
Camomile
Clary Sage
Hyssop Oil
Tinctures
Lavandin Oil
Lavender Oil
Lemongrass Oil
Angelica
Angelica Offinalis
Angelica Pubescens
Marjorams Sweet Oil
Mentha Piperita Oil
Menthol Oil
Oregano Oil
Perilla Oil Red
Rosemary Oil
Spearmint Oil
Thyme Oil
Wintergreen Oil
Absolutes
Angelica Abs.
195
Glen O. Brechbill
H. Reynaud & Fils - France
Essential Oils
Camomille Romaine
Chamomille Roman
Hysope
Hysop
Lavande 40/42
Lavander 40/42
Lavande 48/50
Lavender 48/50
Lavande Maillette
Lavender Maillette
Lavande Matherone
Lavender Matherone
Lavandin Abrialis
Lavandin Abrialis
Lavandin Grosso
Lavandin Grosso
Lavandin Super
Lavandin Super
Lavandin Sumian
Lavandin Sumian
Lavandin Abrialis Brun
Lavandin Abrialis Brown
Lavandin Abrialis Vert
Lavandin Abrialis Green
Lavandin Grosso Brun
Lavandin Grosso Brown
Lavandin Grosso Vert
Lavandin Grosso Green
Absolue
Lavande Verte
Lavander Green
Lavandin Abrialis Brown
Lavandin Abrialis Vert
Lavandin Abrialis Green
Lavandin Grosso Brown
Lavandin Grosso Vert
Lavandin Grosso Green
Aromatherapy Essential Oils
Persil Feuilles
Parsley Leaf
Persil Graines
Parsley Leaf
Concrete
Lavande Verte
Lavender Green
Basilic
Basil Oil ( Linalool )
Camomille Romaine Europe
Chamomille Roman
Camomille Bleue Europe
Chamomille Blue
Coriandre Russe
Coriander Oil
Hysope
Hyssop Oil
Lavande 40/42 France
Lavender 40/42 Oil
Lavender 50/52 Oil
Lavande Absolue Bulgare
Lavender Abs. Bulg.
Lavande Absolue France
Lavender Abs. French
Lavende Bulgare
Lavender Bulgarian Oil
Lavende Maillette
Lavender Maillette Oil
Lavande MTB France
Lavender MTB Oil
Lavandin Abrialis France
Lavandin Abs. French
Lavandin Grosso Oil
Lavandin Super France
Lavandin Super Oil
Lemongrass Chine
Lemongrass Oil
Marjolaine Cultivee Egypte
Marjoram Oil Egypt
Marjolaine Officinale Esp.
Marjoram Oil Spain
Menthe Arvensis
Mint DMO Oil
Menthe Crepue 60 %
196
Spearmint Oil 60 %
Menthe Crepue 80 %
Spearmint Oil 80 %
Menthe Crepue USA
Mint Yakima Oil
Mint Pouliot Oil
Myrte Maroc
Myrtle Oil
Romarin Afrique Du Nord
Rosemary African Oil
Romarin Espagne
Rosemary Spain Oil
Sauge Espagne
Sage Oil Spain
Sauge Officinale Europe
Sauge Sclaree Pays
Clary Sage Oil
Thym Blanc Espagne
White Thyme Oil
Thym Espagne
Thyme Oil Spain
Water Soluble Oils
Lavandin Super France
Lavandin Super Oil
Lemongrass Chine
Lemongrass Oil
Marjolaine Officinale Spain
Marjoram Oil Spain
Romarin Afrique Du Nord
Rosemary African Oil
Sauge Officinale Europe
Sauge Sclaree Pays
Clary Sage Oil
Hydrolates
Camomille
Chamomille
Lavande
Lavender
Romarin
Rosemary
Sauge
Sage
Coriandre Russe
Coriander Oil
Lavender 40/42 Oil
Lavender 50/52 Oil
Lavande Maillette
Lavender Mallette Oil
Lavandin Abrialis France
Lavandin Grosso Oil
197
Glen O. Brechbill
Haldin - Indonesia
Essential Oils & Extracts
Lavender Oil
Herbs
Bastard Cedar Powder
Eurycoma Longifolia Powder
Java Tea Dried Leaf
Java Tea Powder
Java Tea - Tea Cut
Kaffir Lime Leaf Powder
Kaffir Lime - Tea Cut
Karrif Lime Whole Dried
Pale Catechu Powder
Tumeric Powder
198
Handa Fine Chemicals Ltd., - U.K.
Fine Essential Oils
Basil Oil
Bay Oil
Basil
Bay
Corriander Seed Oil
Costus Root Oil
Chamomile
Corriander Seed
Dill Seed Oil
Dill
Lavender Oil
Lemongrass Oil, Cochin
Hyssop
Majoram Oil
Mentha Citrate Oil
Methyl Chavicol 99 %
Parsley Herb Oil
Parsley Leaf Oil
Parsley Seed Oil
Penny Royal Oil
Lavender
Lemongrass
Marjoram
Mint
Myrtle
Parsley
Pennyroyal
Peppermint
Rosemary Oil
Sage
Sage Oil
Star Aniseed
Thyme
Thyme Oil
Wild Mint
Wintergreen Oil
Aromatic Chemicals
Concentrated Botanical Herbal Coumarin
Extracts
Angelica
199
Glen O. Brechbill
Hangzhou Aroma Chemical Company - China
Products
Dihydro Coumarin
200
Hemani Ex-Imp Corporation - India
Natural Essential Oils Aromatic Chemicals
Chamomile Blue Oil
Coriander Oil
Dill Seed Oil Natural
Dill Seed Oil 40 % ( Dilapole Free )
Dill Seed Oil ( As Per I.P./B.P Grade )
Dill Seed Oil ( As Per I.P./B.P Grade )
201
Glen O. Brechbill
Hindustan Mint & Agro Products Pvt. Ltd. - India
Products
Basil Ocimum Canum
De - Terpeneted
Mentha Spearmint Oil 55 %
Mentho Furane Natural 95 %
Menthol Crystals Bold USP/BP/IP
Menthol Crystals Medium USP/BP
Menthol Flakes Dry
( a ) L-Menthol 98.5 %
Chamomile Blue Oil
Indian Basil Oil ( Chavilcol )
Lemon Grass Oil
Mentha Citrata Oil
Mentha Piperita Oil
Menthol Powder Melted
( a ) L-Menthol 98.5 %
Menthone Crude 95 %
Menthone Processed
( a ) 80 x 20
( b ) 90 x 10
( c ) 95 x 5
( d ) 98 x 2
Natural Mint Products
CLS III Hexanol Natural
( a ) 50 %
( b ) 95 %
( c ) 98 %
Peppermint Oil De-Mentholised
Rectified Terpenless
( a ) L - Menthol 40 % TMC 52 %
( b ) L - Menthol 50 % TMC 65 %
( c ) L - Menthol 60 % TMC 75 %
Indian Herbs
Adulsa Leave
Ashwangandha
Ashwangandha Leaves
Amia
Ajwain Seed
Ajmoda Seed
Anant Mool
Asalia Leaves
Arjun Bark
L Menthyl Acetate
Mint Terpenes 99 %
Iso - Menthol
Iso - Menthone
Neo - Menthol
L - Limonene
Liquid Menthol
( a ) L - Menthol 72 % to 98 %
Mentha Citrata Oil
Mentha Piperita Oil
Peppermint Oil x Pipperita
Mentha Oil Arvensis / Shivalik
( Natural & Crude )
Mentha Oil Shivalik
3 - Octanol
Peppermint Oil De-Mentholised
( Crude )
(a) L - Menthol 20 % TMC 40 %
(b) L - Menthol 40 % TMC 55 %
(c) L - Menthol 60 % TMC 75 %
Bach
Baheda Crushed
Bavachi Seed
Bidarlkand
Brahmi Leaves
Bring Raj
Chiraita Crushed Best
Chitrak Mool Best
Dhawai Flower
Dhaniya
Gokhru
202
Gorakmundi
Gudhal
Guggul
Gulancha
Gurmar Leaves
Tukmaria
Harad
Henna
Jai Brahmi
Jatamansi
Kachnar Bark
Kala Dana
Kapur Kacheri
Karela
Kasturi Methi
Kateri
Kundurukkam
Kutaj Bark
Kutki
Majith
Malkangni
Methi
Mulethi
Nagarmotha
Palas Seed
Pipla Mool Dampa
Punarnava Root
Red Onion Powder
Senna Leaves
Shankhpushpi
Shatavari White
Tej Leaves
Tulsipan
Tulsi Panchang
Tukmalanga
203
Glen O. Brechbill
IPRA Fragrances - France
Produits
BOOK # 2 ( I - Z )
Angelique Semences
Angelique Racines
Wintergreen Chine
Absolues
Basilic Comores
Sauge Sclaree
Camomille Romaine
Coriandre Graines Russie
Concrètes
Sauge Sclaree
Hysope Pays
Lavande Bulgare
Lavande Pays
Lavande Russie
Lavandin Abrialis
Lavandin Grosso
Lavandin Super
Marjolaine Egypte
Menthe Arvensis Chine
Menthe Poivree Pays
Menthe Spearmint Chine
Menthe Spearmint U.S.A.
Myrthe Maroc
Myrthe Tunisie
Produits Organiques
Synthese
et
de
Coumarine
Menthol Codex Cristallise
Menthol Liquide
Menthone
Romarin Maroc
Romarin Tunisie
Sauge Sclaree Pays
Sauge Sclaree Russie
Sauge Officinale Pays
204
Indian Spices - India
Spices
Major Spice Producing Areas
Spices
Edible Part(s) Major Source
Spices
Allspice
Berry, leaf
Jamaica, Mexico
Clove
Buds
Indonesia, Malaysia,
Tanzania
Aniseed
Fruit
Mexico, Spain
The Netherlands
Coriander
Fruit
Argentina, India,
Morocco, Romania,
Spain, Yugoslavia
Cumin
Fruit
India, Iran, Lebanon
Dill
Fruit
India
Fennel
Fruit
Argentina, Bulgaria,
Germany, Greece, India,
Lebanon
Basil, Sweet Leaf
Caraway
Fruit
France, Hungary, USA
Yugoslavia
Denmark, Lebanon,
The Netherlands,
Poland
Cardamom
Fruit
India, Guatemala
Cassia
Stem bark
China, Indonesia,
South Viet Nam
Fenugreek
Fruit
India
Celery
Fruit
France, India
Ginger
Rhyzome
Argentina
Chervil
Leaf
USA
Laurel
Leaf
India, Jamaica, Nigeria,
Sierra Leone, Portugal
Chilli
Fruit
Ethiopia, India, Japan
Kenya, Mexico,
Marjoram
Nigeria, Pakistan, USA,
Tanzania
Mint
Leaf
Turkey
Leaf
Chile, France, Lebanon,
Mexico, Peru, Bulgaria
Egypt, France, Greece
Germany, Morocco
Romania, Russia, UK
Cinnamon
Stem bark
Sri Lanka
Shoot
Seed
205
Glen O. Brechbill
Spices
Spices
Mustard
Aril, seed
Canada, Denmark,
Ethopia, Uk
Turmeric
Rhizome
China, Honduras,
India, Indonesia,
Jamaica
Nutmeg
Bulb
Grenada, Indonesia
Vanilla
Fruit/beans
Onion
Leaf
Argentina, Romania
Indonesia, Malaysia
Mexico
Oregano
Fruit
Greece, Mexico
Paprika
Fruit
Bulgaria, Hungary,
Morocco, Portugal,
Spain, Yugoslavia
Parsley Black Leaf
Belgium, Canada,
France, Germany,
Hungary
Pepper
Brazil, India, Indonesia,
Malaysia, Sri Lanka
The Netherlands,
Poland, Romania,
Turkey, Russia
France, Spain, USA,
Indonesia
Fruit
Seed
Rosemary
Flowers
Spain, France, Corsica,
Italy, Yugoslavia, Russia
Saffron
Pistil of Flor Spain
Sage
Leaf
Albania, Yugoslavia
Sesame
Seed
China, El-Salvador,
Ethopia, Guatemala,
India, Mexico,
Nicaragua
Star anise
Fruit
China, North Viet Nam
Tarragon
Leaf
France, USA
Thyme
Leaf
France, Spain
206
Innospec Inc. - USA
Aroma List
Herbaceous
Bigarade Oxide
Iso Freshal Nitrile
Iso Tagetone 50
Isobornyl Isobutyrate
Ocimene PQ
Thymoxane
207
Glen O. Brechbill
International Flavors & Fragrances - USA
Fragrance Ingredients
Clarycet
Cyclabute
Cyclaprop ®
Dihydro Myrcenyl Acetate
Dimethyl Benzyl Carbinyl Acetate
Diola
Herbac
Hexyl Salicylate
Rosemarel
Terpinyl Acetate ( CST )
Terpinyl Acetate ( GUM )
208
JC Buck Ltd. - U.K.
Products
Mint Oils
Buchu Betulina
Buchu Crenulata
Dillseed 50 % East European
Dillweed 38 % East European
Camomile Blue E. European
Camomile Blue Egyptian
Camomile Maroc Sauvage
Camomile Roman Italy
Camomile Roman Chile
Camomile Roman English Dist.
Caraway
Cardamom Guatemalan
Cardamom Honduras
Cardamom Sri. Lanka
Carrotseed
Cassia Chinese
Celery Leaf, English Distilled
Celery Seed Indian
Cinnamon Bark Sri Lanka 30 %
Cinnamon Leaf 75 %
Clove Bud Indonesian
Clove Bud Madagascan
Clove Bud Zanzibar
Clove Leaf Indonesian 85 % Rect.
Clove Leaf Madagascan
Coriander Herb East European
Coriander Herb Egyptian
Coriander Seed
Cumin Seed Egyptian
Eucalyptus Chinese 80/85 %
Eucalyptus South African 85 %
Mentha Citrata Indian
Pennyroyal
Peppermint Ind. Arvensis Rect.
Peppermint Ind. Piperita
Peppermint U.S. Far West Idaho
Peppermint U.S. Far West Madras
Peppermint U.S. Far West
Willamette
Peppermint U.S. Far West Yakima
Peppermint U.S. Midwest
Spearmint Chinese 60 %
Spearmint Chinese 80 %
Spearmint U.S. Far West Native
Spearmint U.S. Far West Scotch
Spearmint U.S. Mid West Native
Spearmint U.S. Mid West Scotch
Herb & Spice Oils
Ajowan
Aniseed BP
Aniseed China Star
Basil East European M. Chavicol
Basil Comores Type
Basil Egyptian Linalol
Bay W.I.
Black Pepper Indian
Black Pepper Sri Lanka
Davana
Fennel Sweet Spanish
Fennel Vulgaris East European
Garlic Chinese
Garlic Mexican
Ginger Chinese
Ginger Cochin
Ginger Sri Lankan
Juniperberry Sr. Lankan
Juniperberry Yugo. Std.
Juniperberry Yugo. Iso.
Juniper Needle East European
Lovage Root
Lovage Leaf
Marjoram Egyptian
Marjoram Spanish
Nutmeg Grenada
Nutmeg Indonesian
Onion Egypt
Onion Italian
Onion ( In Corn ) - Type A
Onion ( In Corn ) - Type B
209
Glen O. Brechbill
Origanum 65 % Spanish
By Products
Parsley Herb Egypt
Parsley Herb Europe
Parsley Herb U.S.
Parsley Seed Europe
Parsley Seed Egypt
Lemongrass Terpenes
Peppermint Terpenes
Peppermint Terpenes
Rosemary Terpenes
Rosemary Commercial
Rosemary Moroccan
Rosemary Spanish
Rosemary Tunisian
Rue
Spike Lavender Terpenes
Thyme Terpenes
Absolutes
Sage Dalmatian 30 %
Sage Dalmatian 50 %
Sage Officinalis, English Distilled
Sage Spanish
Savory
Lavandin
Lavander Bulgarian
Lavender French
Tarragon
Thyme Red Spanish Commercial
Thyme White Spanish Commercial
Essential Oils
Angelica Root
Angelica Seed English Distiled
Hyssop
Lavandin Abrialis
Lavandin Grosso
Lavandin Normale
Lavandin Super
Lavender Bulgarian
Lavender Chinese
Lavender Dalmatian
Lavender French 50/51
Lavender French Maillette
Lavender Russian
Spike Lavender
210
J & E Sozio, Inc. - USA
Esential Oils
Basil Oil
Lavandin Oil Grosso
Lavender Oil Spike
Lemongrass Oil Guatemala
Peppermint Oil Indian
Spearmint Oil
Thyme Oil White
211
Glen O. Brechbill
J. Piltz & Cia. Ltda. - Brazil
Esential Oils
Angelica
Camomila
Lavanda
Lavandim
Menta Piperita
Menta Arvensis
Menta Yakima
Spearmint Menta
Wintergreen
212
Joint American Ventures in China - USA
Aroma Chemicals
Coumarin
Dihydrocoumarin
Methyl-6 Coumarin
213
Glen O. Brechbill
Kanta House - India
Ajowan Oil
Orange Oil ( 5 Fold to 20 Fold )
Basil Oil ( Ocinum Canum Oil )
Basil Holy Oil
( Ocumum Sanctum Oil )
Peppermint Oil
( As Per I.P. Grade )
Spearmint Oil
( I.P. / B.P. / U.S.P. Grade )
Chamomile Blue Oil
Coriander Oil
Oleoresins & Extracts
Dill Seed Oil
Dill Seed
Lemon Grass Oil
Isolates & Aromatic Chemicals
Marjoram Oil
Mentha Citrata Oil
Mentha Piperata Oil
Mentha Shivalik Oil
Menthone 98 %
Methyl Chavicol ( Estragole )
3-Octanol 98 % Natural
Winter Green Oil
Thymol Crystal
Thymol Crystal Natural Ex.
Ajowan
Rectified Essential Oils
Dill Seed Oil 40 %
( Dillapole Free )
Dill Seed Oil 50 %
( Dillapole Free )
Dill Seed Oil 60 %
( Dillapole Free )
Dill Seed Oil ( As Per I.P. Grade )
Isolates & Aromatic Chemicals
Menthone 98 %
Thymol Crystal
Thymol Crystal Natural Ex.
Ajowan
Mentha Piperata Oil
( I.P. / B.P. U.S.P. Grade )
214
Kao Corporation - Japan
Aroma Chemicals
Herbavert
Jasmacyclat
Romilat
215
Glen O. Brechbill
Kato Aromatic S.A.E. - Egypt
Essential Oils
Basil Oil Linalool
Ocimum Basilicum L.
Ocimum Basilicum L.
Blue Chamomile Oil
Matricaria Chamomila L.
Others
Coriander Oil
Coriandrum Sativum
Coriander Herb Oil
Coraindrum Sativum L.
Marjoram Oil
Marjorana Hortensis L.
Parsley Herb Oil
Petroselium Sativum
Parsley Seed Oil
Petroselium Sativum
Concretes
Basil
Ocimum Basilicum L.
Chamomile
Matricaria Chamomila L.
Absolutes
Basil
Ocimum Basilicum L.
Chamomile
Maticaria Chamomila L.
216
Katyani Exports - India
Fine Spices & Herbs
Indian Name
Botanial Name
Part
Used
Aak / Akada
Ajmoda
Ajwain
Akarkara
Aloe / Alua
Amaltas
Amla
Anantmool
Anar
Anjir
Aparajita
Arand / Erandi
Arjuna
Arlu
Arni
Ashoka
Ashwagandha
Calotropis Gigantea Root
Apium Graveolens Seed
Carum Copticum
Seed
Anacyclus Pyrethrum Root
Aloe Vera
Gum
Cassia Fistula
Pulp
Emblica Officinalis Fruit
Hemidesmus Indicus Root
Punica Granatum
Rind
Ficus Carica
Fruit
Clitoria Ternatea
Plant
Ricinus Communis Root
Terminalia Arjuna
Bark
Ailanthus Excelsa
Plant
Premna Integrifolia Mool
Saraca Indica (South) Bark
Withania Somnifera Root
Chakramarda
Chirayata
Chitrak
Chui Mui / Lajjalu
Cotton
Cassia Tora
Seed
Swertia Chirata
Plant
Plumbago Zeylanica Root
Mimosa Pudica
Plant
Gosspium HerbaceumRoot
Dakh / Manuka
Dalchini
Daru Haridra
Devdaru
Dhavalnala
Dhub / Durva
Dill / Suwa
Vitis Vinifera
Fruit
Cinnamomum Tamal. Bark
Berberis Aristata
Bark
Polyalthia Longifolia Wood
Lobelia Nicotianae. Leaf
Cynodon Dactylon Leaf
Anethum Sowa
Seed
Ek Kulilasun
Elaichi ( Big )
Elaichi ( Small )
Allium Ascalonicum Bulbs
Amomum Subulatum Fruit
Elettaria Cardamom. Fruit
Babool
Bach, Vacha
Bacopa / Brahmi
Bad
Bahera
Bal Harad
Bala
Banfsha
Bel
Belladona
Bharangi
Acacia Arabica
Acorus Calamus
Bacopa Monnieri
Ficus Bengelensis
Terminalia Belerica
Terminalia Chebula
Sida Cardifolia
Viola Odorata
Angle Marmelos
Atropa Belladonna
Clerodendrum S.
Gaozaban
Ginger
Gokhru
Gorakhmundi
Gudmar
Guduchi
Guggul Commiphora
Gular
Onosma Bracteatum
Zingiber Officinale
Tribulus Terestris
Sphaereanthus Ind.
Gymnema Sylvestre
Tinospora Cordifolia
Mukul
Ficus Racemosa
Plant
Rhizome
Fruit
Flower
Leaf
Stem
Gum
Bark
Harir
Heena
Terminalia Chebula
Lawsonia Alba
Fruit
Leaf
Bhringraja
Eclipta Alba
Bhuiamla Phyllanthus Niruri
Brahmi
Centella Asiatica
Bark
Rhizome
Plant
Arial
Fruit
Fruit
Plant
Leaf
Fruit
Leaf
Bark
217
Plant
Plant
Plant
Glen O. Brechbill
Hing
Ferula Foetida
Gum
Imli
Imnddrayan
Ishwarmul
Tamarindus Indica
Cucumis Trigonus
Aristolochia Indica
Pulp
Mool
Root
Jaiphal / Nutmeg
Jamun
Jatamansi
Javitri
Jiwanti
Myristica Fragrans
Syzygium Cumini
Nardostachys Jatam.
Myristica Fragrans
Leptadenia Reticula.
Seed
Kernal
Root
Lavang / Clove
Lodhara
Syzygium Aromatic. Bud
Symplocos Racemosa Bark
Majuphal
Makoi
Malkangni
Manjishta
Methi / Fenugreek
Mooli
Mulethi
Quercus Infectoria
Solanum Nigrum
Celastruspaniculatus
Rubiacordifolia
Trigonella Foenum
Raphanus Sativus
Glycyrrhiza Glabra
Fruit
Plant
Seed
Root
Seed
Seed
Root
Nag Keshar
Nagar Motha
Narvel
Neem
Nirgundi
Nishodh
Mesua Ferrea
Cyperus Rotundus
Viburnum Foetidum
Azadirachta Indica
Vitex Negundo
Ipomoea Turpethum
Fruit
Root
Bark
Leaf
Plant
Chilka
Palak
Palasha
Parijat
Pashanbheda
Pind Khajur
Piplamool
Pippali
Pithpapara
Piyaj / Onion
Poodina / Mint
Puparnava
Spinacia Oleracea
Butea Menosperma
Nyctanthes Arbortr.
Bergenia Ligulata
Phoenix Dactylifera
Piper Longum
Piper Longum
Fumaria Officinalis
Allium Cepa
Mentha Arvensis
Boerhaavia Diffusa
Leaf
Flower
Leaf
Rasna
Revanchini
Rohital
Vanda Roxburghi
Rheum Emodi
Aphanamixis Poly.
Root
Root
Bark
Safed Musli
Sahjana
Sanay
Sanay
Sanuf
Sariva
Sarphonka
Shallaki
Salai Guggul
Asparagus Adscen.
Moringa Oleifera
Cassia Angustifolia
Cassia Angustifolia
Foeniculum Vulgare
Ichnocarpus Frutes.
Tephrosia Purpurea
Boswellia Serrata
Root
Bark
Leaf
Pod
Seed
Root
Plant
Gum
Plant
Kachnar
Kachura
Kaiphal
Kakadani
Kakdi
Kakrasringi
Kalihari
Kali Mirch
Kalimusli
Kalmegh
Kalongi
Kamal
Kaner
Kantakari
Kapus Kachri
Karanj
Karela
Kasni
Kasondi
Katel ( Big )
Kawach
Khardira
Khurasani Ajwain
Kuchla
Kuda / Kurchi
Kulinjan
Kulthi
Kusum
Kutki
Bauhinia Variegata Bark
Curcuma Zrdoaria
Rhizome
Myrica Nagi
Fruit
Capparis Spinosa
Root
Cucumis Melo
Seed
Pistacia Integerima Flower
Gloriosa Superba
Root
Piper Nigrum
Fruit
Curculigo Orchioides Root
Andrographis Pan. Plant
Nigella Sativa
Seed
Nelumbo Nucifera Seed
Nerium Indicum
Leaf
Solanum Xantho.
Plan
Hedychium Spicatum Root
Pongamia Pinaata
Seed
Momordica Charantia Fruit
Cichorium Intybus Seed
Cassia Occidentalis Seed
Solanum Indicum
Plant
Mucuna Pruriens
Seed
Acacia Catechu
Bark
Hyoscyamus Niger Leaf
Strychnos Nux.
Seed
Holarrhena Antidy. Bark
Alpinia Galanga
Rhizome
Dolichos Biflorus
Seed
Carthamus Tinctorius Flower
Picrorhiza Kurroa
Root
Lasun / Garlic
Allium Sativum
Bulbs
218
Fruit
Root
Fruit
Plant
Bulbs
Plant
Root
Shankhapushpi
Shatavar
Shikakai
Shirisha
Taggar
Tal Makhana
Tulsi
Evolvulus Alsinoides
Asparagus Race.
Acacia Concinna
Albizzia Lebbeck
Valeriana Officinalis
Asteracantha Long.
Ocimum Sanctum
Plant
Root
Pods
Root
Root
Plant
Leaf
Ulat Kambal
Unnab
Abroma Augusta
Zizyphus Sativa
Root
Fruit
Varahikand
Vasaka
Vidanga
Vidhara
Vidarikand
Vijayasar
Tacca Aspera
Adhatoda Vasica
Embelia Ribes
Argyreia Speciosa
Ipomoea Paniculata
Pterocarpus Marsup.
Tuber
Leaf
Seed
Root
Tuber
Wood
Wallo / Khus
Vetiveria Ziznioides Plant
Zuppha
Hyssopus Officinalis Plant
219
Glen O. Brechbill
Kruetz Helmut - Portugal
Produto
Angelica Root Oil
Basil Oil Comores
Basil Oil - Egypt ( Linalol )
Bay Oil
Chamomile Blue Oil
Chamomile English Oil
Coumarin Substitute
Dill Oil
Lavandin Perfume
Lavender Oil
Lavender Oil 40/42
Lavender Oil France 40/42
Lemongrass Oil Cochin
Rosemary Oil BPC73
Sage Oil Officinalis
Savory
Spearmint
Spike Lavender Oil BPC 1968
Spike Lavender Oil Spanish
Tarragon
Thyme Oil Red
Thyme Oil White
White Thyme
Marjarom Oil - Egypt
Marjarom Oil - Spain
Mint Arvensis
Myrtle Oil
Origanum Oil - Spain
Peppermint Oil
Red Thyme
Rose Oil - Turkey
220
Krupa Scientific - India
Flavours & Fragrances
Herbaceous
Amyl Salicylate
221
Glen O. Brechbill
Kuber Impex Ltd. - India
Herbs & Spices
Local Name
Botanical Name
Aconite Bach Nag Root
Agar
Ageda
Ajmod
Ajowan Seeds
Akkalkara Mul
Aloes
Amba Chhal
Ambahalder
Amla
Amli
Anantmool
Ankdo
Annatto Seeds
Anuir
Apple
Aritha
Arjun Bark
Arni Mool Root
Ashok Bark
Ashwagandha
Atibala - Chikana
Ativish
Aconite Ferox
Aquillaria Gallocha
Achyranthes Aspera
Apium Graveoens
Carum Couticum
Anacylus Pyrethrum
Aloes Indica
Mangifera Indica
Cucurma Amda
Emblica Officinalis
Tamarindus Indicus
Hemidesmus Indicus
Calotropis Giganta
Baxa Orellana
Ficus Carica
Pyrus Malus
Sapindus Trifoliatus
Terminalia Arjuna
Clitoria Ternatea
Saraca Indica
Withanla Somnifera
Sida Cordifolia
Aconitum Heterophyllun
Babul Bark
Babul Pods
Baheda
Bakula
Bakayan ( Fruit )
Banafshah, Wild Violet
Acacia Arabica
Acacia Arabica
Terminalia Belerica
Mimusops Elangi
Melia Azedirach
Viola Odorata
Baru Mool
Babchi Seeds
Beal Fruit
Beal Mul
Belladona Leaf/Herb
Belladona Root
Bhava
Bharangi Mool
Bhillama, Bhella
Bhui Kokhala
Bhoi-Pathri
Bidhara
Bijasar
Bhui-Amla
Black Piper
Blackteal
Brahmi
Andropogen Halepensis
Psoralea
Aegle Marmrlos
Aegle Marmelos
Aegle Marmelos
Atropa Belladona
( Vassia Fiseula Fruit )
Clerodendron Indicum
Semecarpus Anacadium
Kantakari
Launaea Pinnatifida
Argyreia Speciosa
Pterocarpus Masupium
Phyllanthus Niruri
Piper Ngrum
Sesamum Indicum
Centella Asiatica
Chavak
Chitrak
Cinchona Bark
Cotton Seed
Curry Leaf
Piper Chabaata
Plumbago Rosea
Cinchona Officinale
Gossypium Indicum
Bergera Koenigis
Dalchini
Darbha
Daruhalder
Dashmool
Devdhar
Dikemari
Dhamasa
Dhayati
Dhana
Eragrostis
Cynosuroide
Berberis Aristata
Dashmool
Cedrus Deodara
Gardenisgummipera
Fagoniaarabica
Woodfodia Fructicosa
Coriandrum Sativum
222
Dhatura Folio
Dhatura Phool
Dudal
Dudhi
Elaichi
Ephedra
Eranda Root
Euphorbia
Gahula
Gandhprasarini Leaf
Garlic, Lashun
Garmola, Amaltas
Ginger, Lashun
Glycyrrhiza, Mulethi
Godambi
Gorkhru
Green Chilli
Guguchi, Galo, Amruta
Guggal
Guggal Ethyl Acetate
Gurmar
Haldercucurma Longa
Harde, Harir, Haritaki
Henna Leaf
Hing
Indrajav
Jambu Seed
Jardalu Apricot
Jatamanshi
Jaypal
Jivanti
Jungli-Mehti, Bala
Jyotishmathi
Kakuani
Kakad
Kalihari, Khadyanag
Kali Draksha
Dhatura Alba
Woodfordia Horbundas
Taraxacum Officinale
Euporbia Thymifolia
Kali Musli
Kalmegh
Kantakari, Kateli
Kapilo
Kapur Kachri
Elattaria Cardamomum Karanja
Ephedra Vulgaris
Karela Seed
Ricinus Communis
Kasni Seed
Euphorbia Hirta
Kawach Seed
Kayphal Bark
Gavala (Prunusmahaleb) Kher, Khadir Bark
Paederia Foetidia
Khurasani, Ajmobark
Allium Sativam
Khus Valo
Cassia Fistula
Kovarya Seed
Zingiber Officinale
Kulinjan
Glycyrrhiza Glabra
Kurchi, Kada Chhal
Semicorpusabacarduyrus Kusum Phool
Tribulus Terrestris
Kuth, Uplet
Capsicum Annum
Kutki, Kadu
Tinispora Cordifolia
Commiphora Mukul
Lajwanti
Commiphora Mukul
Lemon
Gymnema Sylvestre
Limbodi Fruit
Lindipiper
Rizomes
Lobelia
Teminalia Chebula
Lodhra
Lawsonia Alba
Fraula Assafoetida
Makoi, Kakmachi
Male Fern
Wrightiat Incotoria
Mamejvo
Manjistha
Eugenia Jambolans
Meda
Prunus Armeniaca
Methi Seed
Nardostchya Jatamanshi Mochras
Myristica Fragans
Leptadenia Reticulata
Nagarmotha, Musta
Sida Cordifolia
Nagkesar
Cardiospermum Halicaca Neem Bark
Neem Leaves
Capparisspionsa
Nirgundi Leaf
Cucumissativus
Nishot
Gloriosa Superba
Nux Vomica, Kuchla Seed
Vitis Vinifera
223
Curculogo Orchioides
Andrographis Paniculat
Solanus Xanthocarpum
Mallotus Phillipinensis
Hedychium Spicatum
Pongamia Glabra
Momordica Charantia
Cichorium Intybus
Mucuna Pruriens
Mynica Nagi
Acacia Catechu
Hyoscyamus Niger
Vetivera Zizaniodes
Cassia Tora
Alpinia Galanga
Holarrhena Antidysentr
Carthamus Tinctorius
Saussurea Lappa
Picrorhiza Krroa
Mimosa Purida
Citrus Bergamia
Melia Azadirachta
Piper Longum
Lobelia Nicotianaefolia
Symplocos Racemosus
Solanum Nigrum
Diyopyeris Felix
Enicostema Littorale
Rubia Cordifolia
Gonatumcirrihilficum
Trigonella Foenum Grae
Bombax Malbaricum
Cyperus Scariousus
Mesua Ferrea
Melia Azadirachta
Melia Azadirachta
Vitex Negundo
Ipomen Turprnthum
Strychnos Nux Vomica
Glen O. Brechbill
Onion
Orange Peels
Orris
Allium Cepa
Citrus Aurantium
Iris Germanica
Papaya Beej
Pashanbhed
Patanga
Pimplimul
Pitpapdo
Podophyllum
Priphala
Pudina
Punarnava, Satodi
Pushkarmula
Putranjiva
Carrica Papaya
Saxifraga Ligulata
Caesalpinia
Pimperlongum
Fumaria Officinalis
Podophyllum Emodi
Amla+Baheda+Hardetus
Menntha Spicata
Boerrhavia Diffusa
Iris Florentina
Putranjiva Roxburghi
Rakta Chandan
Rasna Root
Ratanjyot
Rohitak, Rakta Rhohida
Rose-Wood, Sisam
Ruma Mastaki
Pterocarpus Santalinus
Vanda Roxburghi
Onosma Echioides
Amoora Rohituka
Dalbergia Sisoo
Pistacia Lentiscue
Safed Aghedo, Apamarg
Saghurghota
Sallai Gum, Sallaki
Salmali
Sandal, Chandan ( Sweet )
Saptparana Bark
Sarpagandha
Sau Variali
Scilla Indian, Jungli Piyaz
Senega Indian Root
Senna Leaf
Senna Pod
Shatavri
Shatapushpa, Badiyan
Shikakai
Shikakai
Sherdi Mool
Somlata
Stramonium Leaf
Suragavo Bark
Achyranthes Aspera
Caesalpinia Crista
Boswellia Serrata
Shalmali Malabarica
Santalum Album
Alstonia Scholaris
Rauvolfia Serpentina
Foeniculurn Vulgare
Urginea Indica
Poltagala Chinensis
Cassia Angustifolia
Cassia Angustifolia
Asparagus Racemosus
Pimpinella Anisum
Acacia Concina
Shilajit
Saccharum Officinarum
Sarcostemma Brevistigm
Datura Stramonium
Moringa Oleifera
Swet Musli
Asparagus Adscendens
Tagar
Taj, Dalchini
Talispatra
Tandalja Mool
Takla Beej
Tejbal
Trikatu
Valeriana Vallichi
Cinamomum Zeylanicum
Taxus Baccata
Amranthus Polygamus
Cassia Tara
Zylum Zanthoxylum
Piper+Black +Ginge
Umbar Bark
Ulat Kambal
Utkanta
Ficus Racemosa
Abroma Augusta
Echinops Echinatus
Vacha
Valerian, Tagar
Vans
Vardharo
Vasaka, Ardusa
Vavading, Vidang
Viburnum Bark, Narvela
Vidari Kand
Vayavama Bark
Acorus Calamus
Valerian Wallichi
Baambusa Arundinacea
Rourea Santaloides
Adathoda Vasica
Embelia Ribes
Viburnum Foetidum
Pueraia Tuberosa
Crataeva Religiosa
224
Laboratoire Monique Remy - France
Specialty Materials - The Major Catalog’s of Fragrance
Basil Grand Vert Absolute
Basil Grand Vert Absolute MD
Basil Oil Grand Vert
Basil Oil
Basil Oil Verveina
Basil Viet Nam Oil
Bay Oil Terpeneless
Sage Clary Absolute C’Less 50 %
MPG
Sage Clary Oil Traditional
French Oil
Thyme Oil Whtie Israel
Coriander Oil Terpenless
Hay Absolute MD 50 % B.B.
Hay Absolute LMR
Lavender Absolute MD
Lavender Oil Coumarin Free
Lavender Oil MT
Lavender Oil Organic Coumarin
Free
Lavandin Absolute H
Lavandin Absolue MD
Lavandin Super Oil
Lavandin Absolute N
Origanum Thymol Type Province
Myrtle Oil Tunisia Rectified
Peppermint Absolute MD
Rosemary Oil Tunisia
Sage Clary Absolute France
Sage Clary Absolute Colorless
225
Glen O. Brechbill
Lionel Hitchen Ltd. - U.K.
Essential Oils
Angelica Root
Concentrated Essential Oils
Spearmint
Basil
Bay
Chamomile rectified
Tarragon
Thyme
Standardised Oleoresins & Extracts
Coriander Leaf
Coriander Seed
Dillseed
Dillweed
Basil Herb
Basil Leaf
Bay ( Laurel ) Leaf
Herb & Spice Extracts
Coriander
Dill
Chamomile
Spearmint
Hyssop
Chilies
Lavender
Marjoam
Origanum
Parsley Herb
Parsley Seed
Peppermint
Coriander Leaf
Coriander Seed
Dillseed
Dilweed
Lemongrass
Lovage Leaf
Lovage Root
Rosemary
Marjoram
Sage
Savory
Spearmint
Tarragon
Thyme Red
Thyme White
Parsley Leaf
Parsley Seed
Rosemary
Sage
Savory
226
Lluche Essence - Spain
Essential Oils & Aromatiac Chemicals
Mentha Piperita India Oil
Mentha Piperita USA Madras Oil
Mentha Piperita USA Yakima Oil
Mint Terpenes
Myrrh Oil
Myrte Oil
Absolutes
Origanum Carvacrol Type Oil
Oleoresins
Parsley Leaf Oil
Parsley Seed Oil
Pennyroyal Oil
Coriander Oleoresin
Red Thyme Oil
Rosemary Oleoresin
Lavandin Grosso France Oil
Lavandin Grosso Spain Oil
Lavandin Super France Oil
Lavandin Super Spain Oil
Lavender Bulgaria Oil
Lavender China Oil
Lavender MB 40/42 Oil
Lemongrass Guatemala Oil
Lemongrass India Oil
Lemongrass Terpenes
Lovage Leaf Oil
Lovage Root Oil
Sage Oil Officinalis 30 %
Sage Spain Oil
Sage Oleoresin
Marjoram Spain Oil
Mentha Arvensis 50 %
Dementholized Oil
Mentha Arvensis 70 % Oil
White Thyme Oil
Wild Chamomile
Wild Chamomile Morocco Oil
Angelica Roots Oil
Angelica Seed Oil
Basil Egypt Oil
Basil India Oil
Basil Viet Nam Oil
Bay Dec. Oil
Coriander Leaf Oil
Coriander Seed Oil
Costus Roots Oil
Dill Leaf Oil
Dill Seed Oil
Clary Sage Abs.
Lavandin Abs.
Lavender Abs.
Marjoram Oleoresin
Thyme Red Oleoresin
Savory Oil
Spearmint China 60 % Oil
Spearmint China 80 % Oil
Spearmint Native Oil
Spike Lavender Oil
Star Aniseed Oil
Tarragon Oil
Thyme Capitatus Oil
Resinoids
Costus Resinoid
Natural Isolates
Menthol Large Crystals 42/44
Menthone 70/30
Menthone 80/20
Synthetic Aroma Chemicals
Camphor Powder DAB - 8
Camphor Powder DAB - 10
227
Glen O. Brechbill
Coumarin
Di Hydro Coumarin
Terpinyl Acetate
228
M.X.D. Enterprise System - Korea
Perfume List
Payan Bertrand Essential Oils - Origanum Extra
France
Peppermint Oil Extra
Angelica Seed Oil Extra
Rosemary Oil Extra
Angelique Racines Essence Extra
Sage Clary Oil Extra
Sage Officinalis Oil Extra
Savory Oil Extra
Basil Exotic Oil Extra
Basil Oil Extra
Bay Oil Rectified
Bay Oil Terpeneless Extra
Tarragon Oil Extra
Thyme Red Oil Extra
Thyme White Oil
Camomile Blue Oil Extra
Camomile Roman Oil
Camomile Roman Oil Extra
Camomile Wild Oil Extra
Coriander Oil Extra
Costus Oil Extra
Absolutes
Lavandin Abs. Extra
Lavender Abs.
Dill Herb Oil Extra
Dill Seed Oil Extra
Parsley Leaf Oil Extra
Parsley Seed Oil Extra
Hyssop Oil Extra
Sage Clary Abs. Extra
Lavandin Abrialis Oil Extra
Lavandin Grosso Oil Extra
Lavender Oil Extra
Lemongrass Oil Extra
Lovage Root Oil Extra
Marjoram Cultivated Oil Extra
Marjoram Wild Oil
Myrtle Oil Extra
229
Glen O. Brechbill
Mane SA - France
Raw Materials Catalog
Angelica Seed Oil - Belgium,
Netherlands
Angelica Root Oil - Belgium,
Netherlands
Chamomile Blue Oil North Africa
Chamomile Moroc Oil Morocco
Hay Oil - France
Marjoram Oil - France
Peppermint Oil - North West USA
Molecular Destillations
Lavender Abs. MD
100 % Natural
Hay Oil High Alps VMF
230
MelChem Distribution - USA
Natural Aroma Chemicals
Terpinyl Acetate Nat.
231
Glen O. Brechbill
Millennium Chemicals - USA
Fragrances Bases & Aromatic Chemicals
Lavender Fragrance 93 - 054
Spearmint 60 80 - 411
Spearmint Oil 600
Spearmint Oil 603
Spearmint Oil 660
Terpinyl Acetate FCC
232
Moelhausen S.p.A. - Italy
Fine Essential Oils
Angelica Seed Oil
Basil Oil
Basil Oil Exotic ( Estragole type )
Basil Oil Sweet ( Linalool type )
Bay Oil St. Thomas
Chamomile Oil Blue
Chamomile Oil Roman
Chamomile Oil Wild
Coriander Seed Oil
Hyssop Oil
Hyssop India
Hyssop Oil Slovenia
Lavandin Oil
Lavandin Grosso
Lavender Oil Provenza
Lavender Oil Spike
Marjoram Oil
Mentha Arvensis Oil
Mentha Arvensis Oil TTT
Mentha Terpenes
Pennyroyal Oil
Peppermint Oil
Peppermint Oil Italy
Peppermint Oil rectified
Thyme Oleoresin
Absolutes
Hay Abs.
Rosemary Oil
Rosemary Oil Spain
Lavender Green Benzol Abs.
Sage Oil
Sage Oil Clary
Savory Oil
Spearmint Oil ( 50 % Carvone )
Spearmint Oil ( 80 % Carvone )
Star Anise Oil
Star Anise Terpenes
Tarragon Oil
Thyme Oil Red
Thyme Oil White
Thyme Oil Wild
Wintergreen Oil
Extracts
Rosemary Extract
Origanum Oil
Origanum Oil Spain
Parsley Leaf Oil
Parsley Seed Oil
Pennyroyal Oil
Oleoresins
Coriander Oleoresin
Rosemary Oleoresin
233
Glen O. Brechbill
Moraflor Produits Aromatiques - France
Specialties & Essential Oils
Floral Notes
Rosemary - Morocco
Rosemary - Tunisia
Lavender
Sage Sclared - Russia
Rosemary
Thyme White Oil MF
Essential Oils
Specialties or Reconstitute Oils
Angelique Roots - Europe
Angelique Seeds - Europe
Basilic Linalol - Egypt
Bay - St. Thomas, Domique
Camomile Blue - Egypt
Camomile Roman - Italy
Camomile Wild - Morocco
Coriandre Seeds - Ukraine
Hysope - Europe
Coriander Seeds MF
Lavandin Oil MF
Lavandin Super Oil MF
Lavender Oil Std
Lavender Terpenes
Parsley Leaf Oil MF
Parsley Seed Oil MF
Thyme White Oil MF
Lavandin Abrialis - France
Lavandin Grosso - France
Lavandin Super - France
Lavender 38/40 - France
Marjoram - Egypt
Parsley Leaves - Australia
Parsley Seeds - France, Italy
Peppermint - USA
234
Muller & Koster - France
Essential Oils
Angelica Radici
Angelica Semi
Basilico
Ocimum Basilicum
Basilico Indes
Ocimum Basilicum
Basilico Pays
Ocimum Basilicum
Bay St. Thomas
Pimenta Acris
Camomilla Marocco
Anthemis Nobilis
Camomilla Romana
Anthemis Nobilis
Camomilla Matricaria
Camomilla Recutita
Coriandoli Pays
Coriandrum Sativum
Coriandoli Russia
Coriandrum Sativum
Lavanda Altitude
Lavanda Barreme
Lavanda Monte Bianco
Lavandin Abrialis
Lavandula Hybrida
Lavandin Abrialis Selection
Lavandula Hybrida
Menta Harvensis
Mentha Arvensis
Menta Piperita TTT
Mentha Piperita
Menta Piperita 50/55
Mentha Piperita
Menta 80 TTT
Mentha Arvensis
Timo Rosso ( Timolo )
Thymus Vulgaris
Timo Rosso Portogallo
Thymus Vulgaris
Wintergreen
Gaultheria Procumbens
Origano Spagna
Origanum Vulgare
Rosmarino
Rosmarino Det
Rosmarino Pays Det
Rosmarino Spagna
Rosmarino Tunisia
Timo Bianco
Thymus Vulgaris
Timo Bianco Pays
Thymus Vulgaris
Timo Rosso ( Carvacrolo )
Thymus Vulgaris
235
Naradev - Hong Kong
Essential Oils
Angelica Roots
Angelica Seeds O/D
Basil Egyptian
Basil Exotic
Basil Selecta
Bay
Chamomile Blue
Chamomile Moroccan
Chamomile Roman
Coriander
Coriander Leaves
Costus
Hysope
Lavandin A 30/30 %
Lavandin A Extra 30/30 %
Lavandin BM
Lavandin G 30/35 %
Lavandin S 30/40 %
Lavender 36/38 %
Lavender 38/42 %
Lavender 40/42 %
Lavender 40/42 % O/D
Lavender 48/50 %
Lavender 50/52 %
Lavender Bulgarian
Lovage Leaves
Lovage Roots
Myrtle
Pennyroyal
Peppermint French Type
Peppermint USA
Peppermint USA Rectified
Peppermint USA Standard
Rosemary Moroccan
Rosemary Tunisan
Sage Clary Russian
Sage Clary Selecta
Sage Clary USA
Sage Officinalis
Spearmint Chinese
Spearmint USA
Spike Lavender Spanish
Tarragon
Thyme Red
Thyme White
Marjoram
236
Nardev - Israel
Essential Oils
Anise Star Oil
Mace Oil
Bay Oil
Bay Oil Terpeneless
Nutmeg Oil - E.I.
Camphor Oil 1070
Camphor Oil White
Cardamom Oil - Guatemala
Cassia Oil
Cassia Oil redistilled
Celery Seed Oil
Cinnamon Bark Oil - Ceylon
Cinnamon Leaf Oil - Ceylon
Cinnamon Leaf Oil redistilled
Clove Bud Oil - Indonesia
Clove Bud Oil - Madagascar
Clove Bud Oil - redistilled
Clove Leaf Oil - Indonesia
Clove Leaf Oil - Madagascar
Clove Leaf Oil - redistilled
Coriander Seed Oil
Cumin Seed Oil
Pepper Oil Black
Pimento Berry Oil
Pimento Leaf Oil
Pimento Leaf Oil rectified
Thyme Oil Red
Thyme Oil redistilled
Thyme Oil White
Fennel Oil Bitter
Fennel Oil Sweet
Garlic Oil - China
Garlic Oil - Egypt
Garlic Oil - Mexico
Ginger Oil
Junipberry Oil
237
Glen O. Brechbill
Narain Terpene & Allied Chemical - India
Aromatic Chemicals
Indian Basil Oil
Mentha Arvensis Oil
Japanese Mint/Cormint
Mentha Citrata Oil
Bergamot Mint
Mentha Piperita Oil
Peppermint Oil
Spearmint Oil Indian
Aromatic Chemicals
Methyl Chavicol
( Estragole )
Menthol
Mint Terpenes
Peppermint Oil
Corn Mint Oil
238
Nardev - Israel
Essential Oils
Angelica Root Oil
Angelica Seed Oil
Myrtle Oil - Morocco
Thyme Oil redistilled
Thyme Oil White
Basil Oil - Comores
Basil Oil - Moroccan
Basil Oil Sweet - USA
Bay Oil
Bay Oil Terpeneless
Chamomile Oil - Blue
Chamomile Oil - Roman
Chamomile Oil - Sauvage Maroc.
Coriander Seed Oil
Cornmint Oil - Brazil
( Mentha Arvensis )
Cornmint Oil - China
( Mentha Arvensis )
Cornmint Oil - India
( Mentha Arvensis )
( Mentha Arvensis )
Parsley Seed Oil
( Corrnmint )
( Redistilled )
Peppermint Oil Yakima redistilled
Rosemary Oil - Morocco
Rosewood Oil - Brazil
( Bois De Rose )
Lavandin Oil Grosso
Lavender Oil 40/42
Lemongrass Oil - East Indian
Lemongrass Oil rectified
Lovage Oil ( Liveche )
Sage Clary Oil - France
Sage Clary Oil - Russia
Sage Clary Oil - USA
Sage Oil Dalmation 30 %
Sage Oil Spanish
Spearmint Oil - America
Spearmint Oil - China 60 %
Spearmint Oil - China 80 %
Spike Lavender Oil
( Lavender Spike )
Mace Oil
Marjoram Oil - Spanish
Tarragon Oil ( Estragon Oil )
Thyme Oil Red
239
( Methyl Salicylate )
Glen O. Brechbill
Natural Sourcing, LLC - USA
Essential Oils
Angelica Root, France
Star Anise, China
Basil, Bulgaria
Basil, Comoros
Basil, India
Basil, USA
Bay, Dominican Reputlic
Thyme Red, Spain
Clary Sage, Bulgaria
Clary Sage, China
Coriander, Bulgaria
Coriander, Russia
Dill Seed, Bulgaria
Dill Seed, Hungary
Hyssop, Hungary
Lavandin, Spain
Lavender, Bulgaria
Lavender Spike, Spain
Lemongrass, India
Lovage, France
Marjoram Sweet, Egypt
Peppermint, China
Rosemary, Spain
Sage, Dalmatia
Sage, Spain
Spearmint, China
240
Norwest Ingredients - USA
Mint & Essential Oils
Peppermint
Perilla, Japanese
Idaho
Madras
Midwest
Willamette
Yakima, Single Cut
Yakima, Double Cut
SPEARMINT
Native
Scotch
Specialty Essential Oils
Chamomile, Roman
Clary Sage
Dill, BP
Dillweed, FCC
Oregano, Organic
Parsley
241
Glen O. Brechbill
O’Laughlin Industries - Hong Kong
Herbal Extracts, Mints & Essential Oils
Herbal Extracts
Mentha Arvensis Oil De-Mentholized, Five Times Rectified, Cornmint, Japanese
Mint Oil
Mentha Piperita Oil ( China FW ),
Crude, Peppermint Oil
Mentha Piperita Oil ( China FW ),
FCC Grade, Peppermint Oil
Clary Sage Oil
Salvia Sclarea Oil
Star Anise Oil
Illicum Verum Oil
Mint Oils
Fragrance & Flavor Ingredients
American Scotch Spearmint Oil
( China NW ), 65 %
Spearmint Oil, Scotch
Terpinyl Acetate
( China NW ), 65 %
Spearmint Oil, scotch
( China NW ), 80 %
Spearmint Oil, scotch
Mentha Arvensis Oil, De - Menththolized, Crude
Corrmint, Japanese Mint Oil
Mentha Arvensis Oil De - Mentholized, Single rectified
Cornmint, Japanese Mint Oil
Mentha Arvensis Oil De - Mentholized, Triple Rectified
Corrmint, Japanese Mint Oil
242
Oliganic - USA
Essential Oil Crop Calendar
Angelica Root - Holland
Angleica Seed - Holland
Basil - Egypt
Basil - India
Bay - West Indies
Coriander - Morcco
Coriander - Russia
Coriander - Turkey
Dill Weed - Europe
Dill Weed - USA
Sage - Albania
Sage - Croatia
Sage - Spain
Sage - Turkey
Sage Clary - France
Sage Clary - USA
Sage Clary - Russia
Spearmint Far West - USA
Spearmint Far East - USA
Tarragon - Argentina
Thyme - Spain
Lavandin - France
Lavender - France
Lavender - Turkey
Lemongrass - China
Lemongrass - India
Oregano - Turkey
Oregano - Spain
Pennyroyal - Spain
Pennyroyal - Turkey
Peppermint - China
Peppermint - Turkey
Peppermint Far West - USA
Rosemary - Spain
Rosemary - Tunisia
Rosemary - Turkey
243
Glen O. Brechbill
Oregano - Turkey
Essential Oils
Bay ( Laurel ) Leaves
Laurus Nobilis
Coriander
Coriandrum Sativum
Lavandula
Lavandula Stoechas
Lavender
Lavandula Stoechas
Myrtle
Myrtus Communis
Oregano
Oreganum Vulgare
Oregano
Origanum Majorana
Oregano
Origanum Orites
Oregano ( Satureja )
Satureja Cunifolia
Oregano ( Savory )
Satureja Hotensis
Pennyroyal
Micromeria Fruitcosa
Peppermint
Mentha Aurantium
Sage
Salvia Triloba
244
Organica Aromatics Pvt. Ltd. - India
Fine Chemicals by Family
Esters
Naturanate
245
Glen O. Brechbill
PCAS - France
Specialty Chemicals Odor Classification
Herbaceous
Citronellyl Formate
Ethyl n - Amyl Ketone
Fenchone - l
Fenchyl Alcohol
Linalyl Butyrate
Linalyl Iso Butyrate
Menthone Iso
Methyl Heptyl Ketone
Methyl Hexyl Ketone
2 - Nonanone
2 - Octanone
3 - Octanone
Pluegol Iso
Terpineol Crystals Alpha
246
PFW Aroma Chemicals - The Netherlands
Fine Chemicals
Methyl Octalactone
Patchwood
247
Glen O. Brechbill
P.P. Sheth & Co. - India
Essential Oils
Basil Oil ( Linalol )
Bay Oil
Camomilla Oil, Blue
Camomilla Oil, Roman
Coriander Oil
Dillseed Oil
Lemongrass Oil India
Myrtle Oil
Origanum Oil
Sage Oil Clary
Sage Oil Spanish
Star Anise Oil
Thyme Absolute
Thyme Oil Red
248
Paul Kaders GmbH - Germany
Fine Aroma Products
Angelica Oil ( Leaf / Root / Seed )
Basil Oil
Bay Leaf Oil
Chamomile Oil, Blue
Chamomile Oil, Moroccan
Chamomile Oil, Roman
Coriander Oil
Savory Oil
Camphor Powder synth.
Spearmint Oil American
Coumarin
Spearmint Oil Chin. / Ind. 60/80 %
Spike Lavender Oil
Terpinylacetate
Star Aniseed Oil min. 15°
Tarragon Oil
Thyme Oils ( Red / White )
Wintergreen Oil
Dill Oils (Seed / Tips / Weed)
Oleoresins
Lavandin Oil Grosso
Lavandin Oil Super
Lavender Oils
Lemongrass Oil
Lovage Oils ( Leaf / Root )
Basil
Bay ( Laurel )
Coriander
Coriander leaf
Marjoram Oil
Marjoram
Origanum Oil
Origanum
Parsley Oils ( Herb / Seed )
Peppermint Oil Arvensis, Chin. /
Ind.
Peppermint Oil Piperita
( American )
Parsley
Sage
Tarragon
Thyme
Rosemary Oil
Aromatic Chemicals
Sage Oil, Dalmatian ( officinalis )
Sage Oil, Spanish
Camphor Powder nat.
249
Glen O. Brechbill
Payan Bertrand SA - France
Essential Oils, Absolutes & Specialties
Angelica Root Oil
Angelica Seed Oil
Basil Oil
Basil Exotic Oil
Bay Rectified Oil
Bay Terpeneless Oil
Camomile Blue
Camomile Roman
Camomile Wild
Coriander Leaf Oil
Coriander Seed Oil
Origanum Oil
Parsley Leaf Oil
Parsley Seed Oil
Rosemary Oil
Sage Clary Oil
Savory Oil
Terpenyl Acetate natural
Thyme Red Oil
Thyme White Oil
Dill Herb Oil
Dill Seed Oil
Absolute
Hyssop Oil
Lavandin Abs.
Lavandin Grosso Oil
Lavender Oil
Lemongrass Oil
Lovage Oil
Sage Clary Abs.
Marjoram Cultivated Oil
Marjoram Wild Oil
Methyl Salicylate natural
Mint ( Mentha Citrata ) Oil
Mint ( Peppermint ) Oil
Mint ( Spearmint ) Oil
Myrtle Oil
Myrtle Decolorized Oil
250
Penta Manufacturing - USA
Natural Chemicals
Angelica Root Oil
Angelica Seed Oil
Basil Oil
Bay Oil
( Bleached & Filtered )
Bay Oil
( Pimenta Racemosa )
Bay Oil Redistilled
Bay Oil, Sweet
( Laurus Nobilis L. )
Chamomile Oil Roman
Dillseed Oil
Dillweed Oil
Hyssop Oil
NF/FCC
Peppermint Oil Triple Distilled
Perilla Leaf Oil
Perilla Seed Oil
Extracts
Chamomile Solid Extract
Terpenes
Origanum Terpenes
Rosemary Spanish Oil
Rosemary Oil, Morrocan
Sage Oil Dalmation FCC 50 %
Thujone
Sage Oil Dalmation, 30 %
Thujone
Sage Oil Clary Sage Oil Spanisy
Sandalwood Oil
Spearmint Oil
Spearmint Oil Terpeneless
Peppermint Terpenes
Rosemary Terpenes
Thyme Terpenes
Aromatic Chemicals
Camphor Powder
Lavender Oil 40/42
Lavender Oil, Spike
Lemongrass Oil
Lemongrass Oil Terpenes
Lovage Oil
Tarragon Oil
Tea Tree Oil
Thyme Oil Red
Thyme Oil White
Terpinyl Acetate
Wintergreen Oil
Oregano Oil
Origanum Oil
Parsley Herb Oil
Parsley Seed Oil
Pennyroyal Oil
Peppermint Oil
Oleoresins
Sage Oleoresin
Floral Waters
Peppermint Water NF
251
Glen O. Brechbill
Perfume & Flavor Manufacturers - Australia
A Complete Listing
Angelica Archangelica L. Root Oil
Angelica Archangelica L. Seed Oil
Angelica Archangelica L. Stem Oil
Angelica Root Oil
Angelica Seed Oil
Angelica Stem Oil
Basil Oil Sweet
Bay Leaves Oil
Bay Leaves Oil - Anise
Bay Leaves Oil - Clove
Bay Leaves Oil - Lemon
Blue Chamomile Flower Oil
Boldo Leaf Oil
Chamomile Flower Oil - English
German, Hungary,
Morocco, Roman
Clary Sage Oil - France
Coriander Leaf Oil
Coriander Seed Oil
Cornmint Oil - Paraguay
Costus Root Oil
Dill Herb Oil - America
Dill Seed Oil
Hay Oil
Hyssop Anise Oil
Hyssop Oil
Hyssopus Oil
Lavandula Angustifolia Oil Bulgaria
Lavandula Hydrida Oil
Lavandula Officinalis Oil - France
Lavandula Spp. Oil
Lavender Oil - Bulgaria
Lavender Oil - France
Lavender Oil 40/42 %
Lavender Oil Spike
Lemongrass Oil
Lovage Herb Oil
Lovage Leaf Oil
Lovage Root Oil
Marjoram Oil - Spain
Marjoram Sweet Oil
Marjoram Wild Oil
Mentha Arvensis Oil - Paraguay
Mentha Cardiaca Oil
Mentha Citrata Oil
Mentha Piperita Oil - America
Mentha Pulegium Oil
Myrtle Oil
Parsley Leaf Oil
Parsley Seed Oil
Pennyroyal Oil
Pennyroyal Wild Oil - Paraguay
Peppermint Oil - America
Perilla Frutescens Oil
Perilla Oil
Rosemarinus Officinalis Oil Morocco, Spain
Rosemary Oil - Morocco, Spain
Sage Oil - Spain
Sage Oil Dalmatian
Sagebrush Oil - America
Savory Summer Oil
Savory Winter Oil
Spearmint OIl
Spike Lavender Oil
Star Anise Oil - Spain
Tarragon Oil
Thyme Gracillis Oil - Spain
Thyme Sylvestris Oil - Spain
Thyme Vulgaris Red Oil - India,
Spain
Thyme Copticum White Oil
Thyme Wild or Creeping Oil
Thymus Capitatus Link Oil - Spain
Thymus Mastichina Oil - Spain
Thymus Satureiodes Oil
Thymus Serpyllum Oil
Thymus Sylvestris Oil - Spain
Thymus Vulgaris Oil - India, Spain
Thymus Zygis Oil - Spain
Wintergreen Oil - China
252
Peter Jarvis Cosmetic Developments Ltd. - U.K.
Botanical Listing
Floral Waters
Sage EG
Sage EO
Floral Water Peppermint
Herbal Extracts
Thyme EG
Thyme EO
Angelica EG
Angelica EO
Water Mint EA
Water Mint EG
Basil EG
Basil EO
Borage EG
Chamomile EA
Chamomile EG
Chamomile EO
Lavender EG
Lavender EO
Lemon Balm EG
Lemon Balm EO
Lemongrass EG
Lemongrass EO
Mint EA
Mint EG
Peppermint EG
Peppermint EO
Rosemary EA
Rosemary EG
Rosemary EO
253
Glen O. Brechbill
Petigara Chemicals - India
Natural Products
Costus Root Oil
Lemongrass Oil
Mint Oils
Cornmint Oil
Japanese Mint Oil
Mentha Arvensis Oil
Mentha Oil dementholised
Mentha Piperita Oil
Peppermint Oil
Spearmint Oil
Herbaceous Oils
Basil Oil
Coriander Oil
Dill Seed Oil - India
Parsley Seed Oil
Essential Oils
Coriander
254
Petit Marie - Brazil
Lista De Produtos
Angelica Root Oil
Angelica Seed Oil
Camomila Roman Oil
Coriander Oil
Thyme White Oil
Aromatic Chemicals
Absolutes
Acetato Terpenila
Lavanda Abs.
Lavandin Abs. Benzol Green
Coumarina
Hyssop Oil
Di Metil Hidro Quinona
Concretes
Lavanda Aspike
Lavanda Mont Blanc 38 / 40 Oil
Lavanda Mont Blanc 40 / 42 Oil
Lavandin Grosso Oil
Lavender Spike Oil
Lavender Oil
Lemongrass Oil
Lemongrass Oil ( Capim Limiao )
Myrtle Oil
Lavandin Concrete
Oleos
Angelica Raiz Oleo
Angelica Semente Oleo
Bay Oleo ( Louro Cereja )
Camomila Romana Oleo
Coriandro Oleo
Origanum Oil
Hysopo Oleo
Parsley Seed Oil
Peppermint Oil
Menta Piperita Oleo
Rosemary Spanish Oil
Rosemary Spanish Oil ( Alecrim )
Rosewood Oil
Oregano Oleo
Star Anised Oil
Spearmint Oleo
Rosmarinho Oleo ( Alecrim )
Thyme Spanish Oil
255
Glen O. Brechbill
Phoenix Aromas & Essential Oils, Inc. - USA
Essential Oils
Angelica Root Oil
Angelica Seed Oil
Basil Oil Linalool
Basil Oil - Methyl Chavicol
Bay Oil
Chamomile Oil Blue
Chamomile Oil Roman
Chamomile Oil Wild
Coriander Herb Oil
Coriander Seed Oil
Cornmint Oil Redistilled
Chinese, Indian
Costus Root Oil
Parsley Herb Oil
Parsley Seed Oil
Peppermint Oil
Midwest, Farwest US,
Chinese, Indian
Rosemary Oil
Tunisian
Spearmint Oil 60 %, 80 %
Spearmint Oil Native Farwest
Spearmint Oil Scotch Farwest
Dillweed Oil
Hyssop Oil
Lavandin Gross Oil
Lavender Oil
Bulgarian, French,
Moldovan
Lemongrass Oil
Lovage Leaf Oil
Lovage Root Oil
Majoram Oil
Myrtle Oil
Origanum Oil
256
Plant Lipids - India
Product Catalog
Coriander Seed Oil
Free Sennosides 80 %
Dill Seed Oil
Garcinia Extract
Green Tea Extract ( Decaffeinated )
Guggul Extract 3 %
Gymnema Sylvestre Extract
25 % - 75 %
Parsley Seed Oil
Oleoresins & Resinoids
Coriander Seed Oleoresin
Morinda Citrifolia 10:1
Morinda Juice Powder
( Water Soluble )
Parsley Seed Oleoresin
Green Extractives
Sida Cordifolia Extract Solanesol
90 %
Coriander Leaf Oil
Tribulus Terrestris Extract 20 %
Herbal Extracts
Andrographolides 50 %, 90 %
Ashwagandha Extract
( Withania Sominfera
Extract )
Bacopa Monniera Extract
25 %, 50 %
Boswellic Acid
( Olibanum Resinoid )
Calcium Hydroxy Citrate
Calcium Sennosides 20 % - 75 %
Citrus Bio-Flavonoids 40 %
Coleus Forskholin 10 %
Curcumin Powder 98 %
257
Glen O. Brechbill
Polarome Intenrational - USA
Product Listing
Angelica Root Oil
Angelica Seed Oil
Lemongrass Oil Rectified
Basil Oil Comoros
Basil Oil Moroccan
Basil Oil Sweet USA
Bay Oil
Bay Oil Terpeneless
Mentha Arvensis - Cornmint
Mentha Piperita - Peppermint
Myrtle Oil Moroccan
Spearmint Oil American
Spearmint Redistilled
Thyme Oil Red
Thyme Oil Redistilled
Thyme Oil White
Origanium Oil Spain
Camomile Oil Blue
Camomile Oil Roman
Camomile Oil Sauvage Maroc
Camomile Roman Decolorized
Coriander Herb Oil (Cilantro)
Coriander Seed Oil
Cornmint Oil Brazil
( Mentha Arvensis )
Cornmint Oil Chinese
( Mentha Arvensis )
Cornmint Oil Indian
( Mentha Arvensis )
Cornmint Oil Redistilled
( Mentha Arvensis )
Parsley Seed Oil
Penny Royal Oil
Pepper Oil Black
( see Cornmin t)
( see Cornmint Redistilled )
Peppermint Oil Terpenes
Peppermint Oil Yakima Redistilled
Dillweed Oil
Rosemary Oil Maroc
Lavandin Oil “Sumian”
Lavandin Oil Grosso
Lavandin Oil Super
Lavender Oil 40/42
Lavender Spike Oil
Lemongrass Oil East Indian
Sage Clary Oil French
Sage Clary Oil French “Ancile”
Sage Clary Oil Russian
Sage Clary Oil USA
Sage Oil Spanish
Wintergreen Oil
( Methyl Salicylate Natural )
Absolutes
Camomile Sauvage Abs.
Coriander Abs.
Hay Abs. - ( Foin Coupe )
Lavandin Abs.
Lavender Abs.
Penny Royal Abs.
Peppermint Abs.
Sage Abs.
Sage Clary Abs.
Spearmint Abs.
Thyme Abs.
258
Concretes
Camomile Concrete
Clary Sage Concrete
Lavandin Concrete
Lavender Concrete
Sage Clary Resinoid
Sage Clary Concrete
Terpenes
Cornmint
Lemongrass Terpenes
Aromatic Chemicals
Amyl Salicylate
Camphor Powder Natural USP
Camphor Powder Synthetic USP
Camphor Powder Technical 96 %
Synthetic
Di Hydro Coumarin
( Benzodihydropyrone )
Terpinyl Acetate
259
Glen O. Brechbill
Premier Chemical Corporation - India
Angelica Root Oil
Aromatic Oils
Basil Oil ( Ocimum Bassillicum )
Basil Oil ( Ocimum Cannum )
Basil Oil ( Ocimum Sanctum )
Bay Oil
6-Methyl Coumarin
Zingerone
Chamomile Blue Oil
Chamomile Roman Oil
Citronella Java Oil
Clary Sage Oil
Combava Oil
Costus Root Oil ( Cultivated )
Lavender Oil
Lemon Balm Oil
Lemon Grass Oil
Marjoram Oil
Mentha Citrata Oil
Mentha Piperata Oil
Mentha Shivalik Oil
Myrtile Oil
Rose Mary Oil
Sage Oil
Tarragon Oil
Winter Green Oil ( Gaultheria
Fragrantissim Wall )
260
Prima Fleur - USA
Angelica
Angleica Archangelica - France
Angelica
Angelica Sylvestris - France
Basil, Linalool
Ocimum Basilicum - India
Basil, Tropical
Ocimum Basilicum - Madagascar
Bay Laurel
Laurus Nobilis - Spain
Borage, Total
Borago Officinalis - China
Chamomile German
Matricaria - France
Chamomile German Select
Matricaria Recutita - Spain
Chamomile Total
Michelia Champaca - India
Coriander
Coriandrum Sativum - France
Coriander Total
Coriandrum Sativum - Bulgaria
Dill
Anethum Graveolens - USA
Hyssop
Hyssopus Oficinalis - France
Lavandin
Lavandula Hybrida - USA
Lavender
Lavandula Angustifolia - France
Lavender
Lavender
Lavandula Angustifolia - Croatia
Lavender
Lavandula Angustifolia - Bulgaria
Lavender
Lavandula Angustifolia - Bulgaria
Lavender Fine
Lemon Myrtle
Backhousia Citriodora - USA
Lemongrass
Cymbopogon - East India
Lovage
Levisticum Officinale - France
Marjoram
Origanum Majorana - France
Marjoram Spanish
Origanum Majorana
Marjoram Sweet
Origanum Majorana - Egypt
Myrtle Green
Myrtus Communis - Corsica
Myrtle Red
Myrtus Communis - Corsica
Lavender
Lavandula x inter. Hybrida - France
261
Parsley Petroselinum - Hungary
Peppermint
Mentha Piperita - USA
Peppermint Crystal White - USA
Rosemary 1.8 Cineol
Rosmarinus Officinalis - Mor
Rosemary Verbenone
Rosmarinus Oficinalis - USA
Rosemary Verbenone
Rosmarinum Officinalis - Fr.
Rosemary Vrebenone
Rosmarinus - USA
Rosemary Camphor
Rosmarinus - Spain
Sage
Salvia Officinalis - France
Sage Dlamation
Salvia Officinalis - Croatia
Sage Select
Salvia Triloba - Greece
Savory
Satureia Hortense - France
Spearmint
Mentha Spicata - USA
Glen O. Brechbill
Thyme Borneol
Thymus Satureioides - Morocco
Thyme Geraniol
Thymus Vulgaris - France
Thyme Linalol
Thymus Vulgaris - France
Wintergreen
Gaultheria Procumbens - USA
262
Prodarom - France
Training Manual For Student Perfumer’s
Herbs:
Origanum
Angelica
Parsley
Peppermint
Perilla
Basil
Basil, Holy
Basil Thai
Bay Leaf
Camomile Blue
Camomile Roman
Coriander
Costus
Dill
Hay
Hemp
Hyssop
Rosemary
Sage
Sansho
Savory
Spike Lavender
Star Anis
Tarragon
Thyme
Wintergreen
Lavandin
Lavender
Lemon Balm
Lemon Grass
Lemon Myrtle
Lemon Verbena
Lovage
Marjoram
Mint
Myrtle
Oregano
263
Glen O. Brechbill
Prodasynth - France
Aroma Product Line
Coumarine
Coumarine Butyro
Terpinyl Acetate
264
Puressence Wuersten Inc. - Switzerland
Essential Oils
Angelicaroot Oil
Angelicaseed Oil
Thyme Oil
Terpenes
Basil ( icum ) Oil
Bay Oil
Chamomile Oil Blue
Chamomile Oil Roman
Chamomile Oil Moroccan
Coriander Oil
Costusroot Oil
Clary Sage Terpenes
Coriander Terpenes
Lavender Terpenes
Peppermint Residues / Terpenes
Spearmint Residues / Terpenes
Dillseed Oil
Dillweed Oil
Thyme Terpenes
Hyssop Oil
Sotecna SA
Lavandin Oil
Lavender Oil
Angelica Root Oil
Angelica Seed Oil
Marjoram Oil Wild
Marjoram Oil Cultivated
Lovage Leaf Oil
Lovage Root Oil
Pennyroyal Oil
Peppermint Oil
Parsley Seed Oil
Rosemary Oil
Sage Clary Oil
Sage Oil
Savory Oil
Spearmint Oil
Spike Lavender Oil
265
Glen O. Brechbill
Quality Analysis Ltd. - U.K.
Product List
Angelica Root Oil - England
Anise Star Oil - China
Origanum Oil - Israel
Parsley Seed Oil - Hungary
Peppermint ( Cornmint ) Oil Brazil, China
Peppermint Oil - England, India,
USA
Basil Oil - Egypt, India
( Methyl Chavicol )
Basil Oil - Egypt
( Linalool )
Bay Leaf Oil - West Indies
Chamomile ( Blue ) Oil - Egypt
Chamomlie ( Roman ) Oil England
Chamomile Oil - Morocco
Sage ( Dalmatian ) Oil - England
Sage Oil - Spain
Spearmint Oil - China, England,
U.S.A
Thyme ( Geraniol ) Oil - France
Thyme ( Red ) Oil - Spain
Thyme ( Sweet ) Oil - France
Thyme ( Thuyanol ) Oil - Spain
Thyme ( White Pure ) Oil - Spain
Dill Seed Oil - Europe
Lavandin Oil Abrialis Super France
Lavender Oil High Alt. - France
Lavender Oil Terpeneless Eastern Europe
Lavender Oil UK Distilled England
Lavender Oil - Croatia
Lemongrass Oil - Guatemalan,
India
Floral Waters
Peppermint Water
Marjoram Sweet Oil - Egypt
Marjoram Wild Oil - Spain
Myrtle Oil - Tunisia
266
Rai Ingredients - Brazil
Raw Materials
Camphor Crystal
Coumarin
Terpinil Acetate
267
Glen O. Brechbill
Raj Aromatics Aroma Corporation - India
Esential Oils & Aromatic Chemicals
Clos D’Aguzon S.A. - France
Lavendar Oil Population
Lavendar Oil Clonal
Lavendar Oil 38/40
Lavendar Oil Standard
Lavendin Oil Abrialis
Lavendin Oil Grosso
Lavendin Oil Standard
Lemon Oil Standard
Rosemary Oil STD
European
Clary Sage Oil
268
Rhodia Organics - France
Fine Products
Rhodiaflor SiA
Rhodiaflor SME
Rhodiaflor SME Extra Pure
Rhodiaflor SnH
Rhodiaflor SoA
Rhodiascent
Rhodiascent Extra Pure
269
Glen O. Brechbill
Robertet SA - France
Natural Ingredients
Angelica Root Essence
Angelica Root Oil
Angelica Seed Essence
Parsley Essence
Parsley Oil
Rosemary Abs.
Rosemary Oil
Basil Abs.
Basil Commores Essence
Basil Commores Oil
Camomile Blue Essence
Camomile Blue Oil
Camomile Romaine
Coriander Russian Essence
Coriander Terpeneless Essence
Coriander Terpeneless Oil
Sage Clary Abs.
Sage Oil
Sage Officianale Essence
Thyme Abs.
Thyme Oil
Thyme White Essence
Foin ( Hay ) Abs.
Foin ( Hay ) Oil
Hyssop Oil
Lavandin Abs.
Lavandin Essence
Lavandin Herbes P
Lavandin Oil
Lavender Abs.
Lavender Essence
Lavender Oil
Lovache Essence
Menthe Fraiche Abs.
Menthe Sechee Abs.
Mint Fresh Abs.
270
Rosetta Enterprises, LLC - USA
Products
Angelica Root
Angelica Seed
Tarragon FCC
Thyme Red FCC
Thyme White FCC
Basil FCC
Bay FCC
Coriander FCC
Dill Weed FCC
Hyssop
Lavandin Grosso
Lavender Fleurs 40/42 % FCC
Lavender Spike FCC
Marjoram Sweet Spanish FCC
Pennyroyal European FCC
Peppermint nat. Star Brand FCC
Peppermint Natural FCC
Peppermint Redistilled
Star Brand FCC
Peppermint Redistilled FCC
Rosemary FCC
Sage Dalmation FCC
Sage Spanish FCC
Spearmint FCC
Spearmint Redistilled FCC
271
Glen O. Brechbill
SAT Group - India
Essential Oils
Angelica Root Oil
Peppermint Products
Basil Oil
Basil Oil ( Holy )
Bay Oil
Crude Mentha Oil
Chamomile Oil
Coriander Seed Oil
Costus Oil
De-Mentholised Oil
Menthol Fine Flakes
Menthol Large Crystals
Menthol Liquid
Menthol Small Crystals
Hyssop Oil
Peppermint Oil
Lavendeen Oil
Lavender Oil
Lemon Grass Oil
Our Essential Oils
Marjoram Oil
Myrtle Oil
Chamomile Blue Oil ( German )
Origanum Oil
Parsley Oil
Peppermint Oil
Basil Oil
Lavender Oil
Lemongrass Oil
Rosemary Oil
Rosemary Oil
Sage Oil
Spearmint Oil
Thyme Oil
Winter Green Oil
278
SRS Aromatics Ltd. - U.K.
Perfumery Specialties
Specialty Bases
Extracts
Camomile Roman Reco 3573 P
Coumarin Substitute 5091 P
Cumarone 5157 P
Chamomile Extract
Essential Oils
Lavender Flowers Extract
Lemongrass Extract
Basil Oil GD Vert A
Basil Oil Me. Chav.
Basil Oil Methyl Chavicol A
Basil Oil Methyl Chavicol 2622
Chamomile Roman Oil A
Chamomile Roman Oil 627
Clary Sage Colourless A
Clary Sage Oil France 2930
Clary Sage Oil Traditional FRA
Hay Flower Extract
Parsley Extract
Rosemary Extract
Sage Extract
Sorrel Extract
Thyme Extract
Aroma Chemicals
Marjoram Oil
Myrtle Oil Tunisian Rect.
Peppermint Oil
Alloocimene 90
Camphor Powder DAB8
Camphor Powder natural
Absolutes
Lavandin Abs. S.B. 3913
Lavandin H Abs.
Lavandin H Abs. 2923
Lavender H Abs. 2030
Lavender H Abs. A
Coumarin
Coumarin Extra Pure
Terpinyl Acetate
273
Glen O. Brechbill
Sarcom Inc. - USA
Fine Oils & Aromatic Chemicals
Camphor White 35 % China
Camphor White 86/88 % China
Cornmint 50 % China
Cornmint 50 % India
Coumarin China
Di Hydro Coumarin China
Menthol USP China
Menthol USP India
Menthol USP Singapore
Dillweed 35 % Far West
Lavender 38 % China
Lemongrass 75 % India
Lemongrass 80 % China
Oregano Turkey
Peppermint Midwest
Peppermint Yakima
Spearmint 60 % China
Spearmint 80 % China
Spearmint 60 % India
Spearmint 80 % India
Spearmint Native
Spearmint Scotch
Wintergreen 98 % China
Aromatic Chemicals
Camphor Powder BP80 natural
China
Camphor Powder DAB8 China
Camphor Powder DAB6 China
Camphor Powder Technical grade
274
Science Lab - USA
Essential Oils
Angelica Root Oil
Origanum Oil Spanish FCC
Basil Oil Comoros
Basil Oil European
Basil Oil FCC
Bay Oil
Bay Oil FCC
Parsley Herb Oil FCC
Parsley Herb Oil Tasmanian
Parsley Leaf Oil
Pennyroyal Oil
Peppermint Oil FCC
Peppermint Oil NF
Camphor Oil White
Chamomile Oil Blue
Chamomile Oil Roman
Clary Sage Oil
Coriander Herb ( Cilantro ) Oil
Coriander Oil
Coriander Oil FCC
Dillweed Oil 32 %
Dillweed Oil American FCC
Hyssop Oil
Rosemary Oil Artificial
Rosemary Oil Tunisia FCC
Sage Oil Dalmatian FCC
Sage Oil Spain
Sage Oil Spanish FCC
Savory Oil ( Summer Variety )
Spearmint Oil FCC
Tarragon Oil
Thyme Oil Red
Thyme Oil White
Lavandin Oil Abrial FCC
Lavender Oil
Lemongrass Oil
Lemongrass Oil E.I. FCC
Wintergreen Oil Natural
Marjoram Oil Spanish FCC
Marjoram Oil Sweet
Mentha Arvensis Oil
Mentha Arvensis Oil Redistilled
Myrtle Oil
Origanum Oil
275
Glen O. Brechbill
Seema International - India
Product List
Chamomile Oil
Coriander Oil
Valerian Root Extract
Aroma Chemicals
Dill Seed Oil
Menthone 99 %
Lavender Oil
Lemon Grass Oil
Thymol Crystals
Mentha Piperita Oil
Parsley Oil
Peppermint Oil
Perilla Seed Oil
Spearmint Oil
Thyme Red Oil
Wintergreen Oil
Peppermint Products
Crude Dementholised Oil
Menthol Large Crystals
Menthol Small Crystals
Mentha Oil 72 %
Herbal Extracts
Shilajit Extract
276
Sensient Essential Oils Gmbh - Germany
Products
Angelica Root Oil - East Europe
Angelica Root Oil - West Europe
Basil Oil - Comoros
Methyl Chavicol Type
Basil Oil - Viet Nam
Methyl Chavicol Type
Bay Oil Light - W.I.
Camomile Oil - Roman
Chamomile Blue Oil Bavarian
Chamomile Blue Oil Egypt
Chamomile Oil Moroco
Dill Seed Oil - Bulgaria
Hyssop Oil - Balkans
Lavandin Oil Grosso - France
Lavandin Oil Grosso - France
organic
Lavandin Super Oil - France
45/50 %
Lavendel Oil - France
40/42 % water-souble
Lavendel Oil - France 46 %
Lavender Oil - Bulgaria organic
Lavender Oil - France Fine
Traditional AOC
Lavender Oil - France Traditional
( fain )
Lavender Oil France - organic
Lemongrass Oil Cochin 70 %
Lovage Root Oil - East Europe
Lovage Root Oil - West Europe
Peppermint Oil - Japan Kobayashi
tripple ref.
Peppermint Oil - Tokyo
Majoram Sweet Oil - Egypt
Majoram Wild Oil - Spain
Mint Oil rectified
Rosemary Oil - Morocco, Tunesia
Rosemary Oil - Morocco organic
Origanum Oil - Iran, Turkey
Origanum Turkey organic
Pepper Mint Oil - Japanese ref.,
rect. own disti.
Peppermint Yakima Oil - America
Peppermint Brazil Oil - 1 X rect.
CME own. disti.
Peppermint Willamette Oil America rect. own disti.
Peppermint Madras Oil - America
Peppermint Willamette Oil America
Peppermint Yakima Oil - America
Peppermint Oil - Brazil 45/50 %
Peppermint Oil - China 1 x rect.
CME own. disti.
Peppermint Oil - China 2 x double
rect. own. disti.
Peppermint Oil - China 50 %
Peppermint Oil - China double
rectified
Peppermint Oil - France Mitcham
organic
Sage Oil - Dalmatia 30 %
Sage Oil - Dalmatia 37/40 %
Savory Oil - Balkan
Thyme Light Oil - German
35/40 %
Thyme Light Oil - Iran
Thyme Red Oil - Spain 45/50 %
Wintergreen Oil - Chinese
Lavandin Grosso Oil - France
organic
Lavender Oil - Bulgarian organic
Lavender Oil - France organic
Peppermint - France “Mitcham”
organic
Rosemary Oil - Morocco organic
Oleoresins
Coriander Green 1, 5 %
277
Glen O. Brechbill
Coriander Seed Roasted
Coriander Seed Green 1, 5 %
Majoram 40 %
Parsley Seed
Rosemary
278
Sensient Technologies Corporation - USA
Fragrances
Spanish Essential Oils
Lavandin Abrialis
Lavandin Grosso
Marjoram Oil
Origanum Oil
Origanum Oil, white
Rosemary Oil
Spanish Sage Oil
Spike Lavender Oil
Thyme Oil, white
Thymus Baeticus
Product List
Amyl Salicylate
279
Glen O. Brechbill
Shambhala Herbal & Aromatics Pvt. Ltd. - Nepal
Specialty Products
Basil French Oil
Basil Holy Oil
Calamus Oil
Chamomile Oil
Cormint Oil
Simal
Bombax malabaricum Flower
Palans
Butea monosperma
Tajpat
Cinnamomum tamala Leaf
Yarsa Gumba
Cordyceps sinensis
Musli
Curculigo orchioides Rhizome
Haledo
Curcuma longa
Rhizome
Bhayakur
Dioscorea deloidea
Rhizome
Jibanti
Desmotrichum fim.
Rhizome
Dalechuk
Hippophae tibetana
Fruit
Nagbeli
Lycopodiumclavatum Spore
Satuwa
Paris polyphylla
Amala
Phyllanthus emblica Fruit
Nepali Name
Scientific Name
Part to
be sent
Chabo
Piper chabo
Fruit
Pipla
Piper longum
Fruit
Padmachal
Rheum australe
Rhizome
Seed
Whole In.
Lemongrass Oil
Wintergreen Oil
CRUDE HERBS FROM NEPAL
Nepali Name
Scientific Name
Part to
be sent
Shikakai
Acacia Coccinia
Fruit
Bikhmaa
Aconitum bisma
Rhizome
Bikh
Aconitum spicatum
Rhizome
Bojho
Acorus calamus
Rhizome
Bel
Aegle marmelos
Fruit
Ban Iasun
Allium wallichii
bulb
Alainchi
Amomum subulatum Fruit
Satawari
Rhizome
Asparagus racemosus Rhizome
280
Majitho
Rubia manjith
Stem/root
Rittha
Sapindus mukurossi Fruit
Kuth
Saussurea lappa
Rhizome
Balu
Sida codifolia
Whole P.
Lapsi
Spondias axillaris
Fruit
Chiraita
Swertia Chirayia
Whole P.
Barro
Terminalia balerica
Fruit
Harro
Terminalia Chebula
Fruit
Gurjo
Tinospora codifolia
Stem
Gokhur
Tribulus teresteris
Fruit
Timmur
Zanthoxylem armat. Fruit
Sutho
Zingiber officinale
Rhizome
281
Glen O. Brechbill
Shanghai M & U International Trade Co., Ltd. - China
Peppermint Oil
Spearmint Oil
Spearmint Oil Terpene
Star Aniseed Oil
Wintergreen Oil Natural
Aromatic Chemicals
Camphor Powder
Coumarin
Terpinyl Acetate
282
Shreeji Aroma - India
Anjalica Root
Terpenyl Acetate
Basil North
Basil South
Bay
Cammomile Blue
Cammomile Roman
Camphor
Coriander
Costus
Curry Leaf
Dill Seed
Lavender
Lemongrass
Marjoram
Mertyl
Peppermint
Rosemary
Sage
Spearmint
Aromatic Chemicals
Camphor
Coumarin
283
Glen O. Brechbill
Sigma Aldrich - USA
Essential Oils
Basil Oil
Bay Oil
Thyme Oil White
Wintergreen Oil, China
Chamomile Oil Blue
Chamomile Oil Moroccan
Chamomile Oil Roman
Coriander Oil
Cornmint Oil, Chinese
Dillweed Oil
Lavender Oil, 40/42% Fleurs
Lemongrass Oil East Indies
Lemongrass Oil, Guatemalan, rect.
Myrtle Oil, Tunisian
Parsley Oil
Peppermint Oil
Peppermint Oil redistilled
Peppermint Oil terpeneless
Sage Oil
Sassafras Oil
Spearmint Oil
Spearmint Oil terpeneless
Spike Lavender Oil
Tarragon Oil
Thyme Oil Red
284
Silvestris & Szilas Ltd. - Hungary
Essential Oils
Angelica Root Oil
( Angelica archangelica )
Angelica Seed Oil
( Angelica archangelica )
Basil Oil
( Ocimum basilicum )
Chamomile Oil, Blue
( Matricaria recutica )
( Anthemis nobilis )
Clary Sage Oil
( Salvia sclarea )
Coriander Leaf Oil
( Coriandrum sativum )
Coriander Seed Oil
( Coriandrum sativum )
Dill Seed Oil
( Anethum graveolens )
Dill Weed Oil
( Anethum graveolens )
Hyssop Oil
( Hyssopus officinalis )
Lavandin Oil
( Lavandula intermedia )
Lavender Oil
( Lavandula angustifolia )
Lovage Leaf Oil
( Levisticum officinale )
Lovage Root Oil
( Levisticum officinale )
Marjoram Oil
( Majorana hortensis )
Parsley Leaf Oil
( Petroselinum sativum )
Parsley Seed Oil
( Petroselinum sativum )
Peppermint Oil
( Mentha piperita )
Rosemary Oil
( Rosmarinus officinalis )
( Sage officinalis )
Savory Oil
( Summer type ) ( Satureja
hortensis )
Savory Oil
( Winter Type) ( Satureja
montana )
Herbal Extracts
Calendula
( Calendula officinalis )
Chamomile
( Matricaria chamomilla)
Hops
( Humulus lupulus )
Lavender
( Lavandula angustifolia )
Lemon Balm
( Melissa officinalis )
Licorice
( Glycyrrhiza glabra )
Linden-blossom
( Tilia vulgaris )
Nettle ( Urtica dioica )
Rosemary
( Rosmarinus officinalis )
Sage
( Salvia officinalis )
Spearmint Oil
( Mentha spicata )
Thyme Oil
( Thymus vulgaris )
285
Glen O. Brechbill
Som Santi House - India
Natural Products
Basil Oil - French
Basil Oil - North Indian
Basil Oil - Santum
Dill Seed Oil - Pharmaceutical
Dill Seed Oil - Nat.
Lavender Oil 38/40
Lemon Grass Oil - Nat
M. Piperita Oil - Nat
M. Piperita Oil - BP 50
Peppermint Oil - DD 50
Peppermint Oil - DD 60
Peppermint Oil - TPC
Peppermint Oil - SN
Sesame Seed Oil - CP
Spearmint Oil - Nat.
Spearmint Oil - DD
Spearmint Oil - DD 70
Spearmint Oil - TPC
286
Some Extracts - India
Products
Ajowan Oil 20 %
Ajowan Oil 20 % rectified
Dill Seed Oil Pharma
Dill Seed Oil nat.
Basil Oil ( Methyl Chavicol )
70 - 80 %
Lemon Grass Oil nat.
Peppermint Oil DD
Peppermint Oil TPC
Peppermint Oil SN
Dill Seed Oil
M. Arvensis 75 %
Sesamee Seed Oil CP
Spearmint Oil nat.
Spearmint Oil DD
Spearmint Oil TPC
Peppermint Oil 50 %
Spearmint Oil
Imported Products
Coriander Oil - Russian
Lavender Oil 42/44 %
Bontoux - France
Lavendin Oil Sumain - France
Rosemary Oil Pure - N. Africa
Indigenus Essential Oils
Ajowan Oil
Ajowan Oil Rectified
Basil Oil - North India
Basil Oil - French
Basil Oil Santum
287
Glen O. Brechbill
Sovimpex - France
Produits
Angelique Racine
Basilic Linalol
Basilic Methyl Chavicol
Camomille Romaine
Camomille Sauvage
Coriandre
Hysope
Sauge Sclaree - France
Sauge Sclaree - Russe
Sauge Sclaree - USA
Spearmint 60 % Chine/Inde
Spearmint 80 % Chine/Inde
Spearmint Native USA
Terpenes
Lavande
Lavandin
Lavande - Bulgare
Lavande - France
Lavande - Russe
Lavandin - Abrial
Lavandin - Grosso
Lavandin - Sumian
Lavandin Super
Lemongrass Cochin
Absolues / Concretes
Marjolaine Sylvestre
Menthe Arvensis
Menthe Dementholisee 50 %
Menthe Piperita
Menthe Poivree France
Acetate Terpenyle
Lavande
Lavandin
Sauge Sclaree
Aromatiques De Synthese
Coumarine
Salicylate Amyle
Romarin - Maroc
Romarin - Tunisie
Sauge Officinale 30 %
Sauge Officinale 50 %
Sauge Sclaree - Bulgare
288
Spectrum Chemicals - USA
Fine Chemicals
Angelica Root Oil
Basil European Oil
Bay Oil
Rosemary Oil artificial
Rosmary Oil Tunisia FCC
Chamomile Oil Blue
Chamomile Oil Roman
Corainder Herb ( Cilantro ) Oil
Coriander Oil
Savory Oil Summer Variety
Dillweed Oil American FCC
Hyssop Oil
Lavandin Oil Abrial FCC
Lemon Oil California C.P. FCC
Lemongrass Oil
Lemongrass Oil E.I. FCC
Lovage Oil
Marjoram Oil Spanish FCC
Marjoram Oil Sweet
Mentha Arvensis Oil
Mentha Arvensis Oil redistilled
Methyl Salicylate natural
Myrtle Oil
Origanum Oil Spanish FCC
Parsley Herb Oil Tasmanian
Parsley Leaf Oil
Parsley Seed Oil
Pennyroyal Oil
289
Glen O. Brechbill
Sundial Fragrances & Flavors - USA
Aromatic Chemicals
Amyl Salicylate
Terpinyl Acetate Supra Alpha 99 %
290
Sunrose Aromatics - USA
Fine Essential Oils
Key:
Oregano
O - Organic
Parsley Seed
Peppermint England (O)
Peppermint USA
Angelica Root (O)
Rosemary CT Camphor (O)
Rosemary CT Cineol (WC)
Rosemary Verbenone (O)
Chamomile German Blue (O)
Chamomile Roman (O)
Clary Sage (O)
Sage aka 'Greek Sage' CO2 (WC)
Sage, Dalmatian Organic (NOP)
Sage, Spanish (NOP)
Savory, Crete (WC)
Savory, Summer
Savory, Winter
Spearmint
Lavandin (O)
Lavender High Alp 1800 Ecocert
Lavender True (O)
Lemon Myrtle (O)
Lemongrass India (O)
Tarragon
Thyme Crete T. Capitatus (WC)
Thyme CT Linalool (WC)
Thyme Red Spain (WC)
Rosemary CT Camphor (O)
Rosemary Verbenone (O)
ONC - Organic, not certified
WC - Wild crafted
Angelica Root (O)
Angelica Seed
Coriander Hungary
Coriander India (WC)
Costus Root
Dill Seed
Hyssop
Hyssop Decumbens (WC)
Lavandin (O)
Lavandin (WC)
Lavender High Alp
Lavender High Alp 1800 Ecocert
Lavender Standard 40/42
Lavender Stoechas (WC)
Lavender True (O)
Lavender, Spike
Lemon Myrtle (O)
Lemongrass India (O)
Basil, Sweet CT Linalool (O)
Peppermint England (O)
Sage, Dalmatian Organic (NOP)
Sage, Spanish (NOP)
Absolutes
Wildcrafted Essential Oils
Hay Abs.
Basil, Holy (WC)
Basil, Sweet India (WC)
Bay Laurel, Crete (WC)
Lavender Abs.
Tarragon Abs.
Coriander India (WC)
Marjoram, Sweet
Marjoram, Wild (WC)
Hyssop Decumbens (WC)
291
Glen O. Brechbill
Lavandin (WC)
Lavender Stoechas (WC)
Marjoram, Wild (WC)
Rosemary CT Cineol (WC)
Savory, Crete (WC)
Thyme Crete T. capitatus (WC)
Thyme CT Linalool (WC)
Thyme Red Spain (WC)
Rare & Exotic
Hay Absolute
Hemp
Lavender Absolute
292
Symrise GmbH & Co. KG - Germany
Fragrance Ingredients
Acetanisole Crystals
Amyl Salicylate N/ISO
Coumarone
Di Hydro Coumarin
Herbaflorat
Hexyl Salicylate
Methyl Salicylate
Thymol Crystals
Thymol Crystals PH
Thymol dist.
293
Glen O. Brechbill
Synaco Group - Belgium
Essential Oils
Angelica Root Oil
Angelica Seed Oil
Basil Oil
Chamomille Oil Blue
Chamomille Oil Roman
Coriander Herb Oil - Russia
Peppermint Oil - China
Thyme Oil Red
Thyme Oil White
Thyme Wild Oil
Thymol
Wintergreen Oil
Oleoresins - Oil & Water Soluble
Dill Seed Oil
Dill Weed Oil
Hay Absolute
Hyssop Oil
Basil
Bay / Laurel
Coriander
Lavandin Oil
Lavender Oil
Lemongrass Oil
Lovage Leaf Oil
Lovage Root Oil
Dillseed
Marjoram Oil
Mentha American Willamette
Mentha Arvensis Oil
Mentha Citrata Oil
Mentha Piperita Oil
Oregano
Oreganum Oil
Sage
Parsley Herb Oil
Parsley Leaf Oil
Parsley Seed Oil
Tarragon
Thyme
Lovage
Marjoram
Parsley Seed
Rosemary
294
Synarome - France
Specialty Products
Camomille 7162 - 1
295
Glen O. Brechbill
Takasago International Corporation - Japan
Aroma Chemicals Compendium
2-Acetyl Pyrrole
Anethole 21/22 USP ( Synthetic )
Anethole 21/22 USP Extra Natural
Angelica Lactone
Aniseed Oil BP Extra
Aniseed Oil Pimpinella Spanish
Estragole
l-Menthol
dl-Menthol
Menthone Pure
l-Menthyl Acetate
Peppermint Oil
Perilla Oil
Rosmeary Oil Spanish
Sabine Oil
Sage Oil Spanish
Spike Lavender Oil
Spike Lavender Terpenes
Thyme Oil Red
Thymol Crystals
296
Taytonn Ptd Ltd. - Singapore
Fine Aromas
Company’s Represented:
International Flavors & Fragrances
Aroma & Fine Chemicals
Amyl Salicylate
CV Aroma
Toyotama
Capua
Coumarin
Citrovita
EOAS International
IFF
Miltitz Aromatics
Silvestris & Szilas
Taiwan Fine Chemicals
Toyotama
Indonesia
Lemongrass
European
Clary Sage
Coriander Seed
Lavandin Grosso
Lavender
297
Glen O. Brechbill
Tecnaal Group - Mexico
Essential Oils
Coriander
Origanum
Rosemary
Oleoresins
Coriander
298
Thailand Institute of Science & Technology - Thailand
Essential Oils by Country
Albania
Egypt
Morocco
Origanum Oil
Sage Oil
Australia
Blue Chamomile Oil
Coriander Oil
Dill Seed Oil
Marjoram Oil
Lavender Oil
France
Chamomile Oil
Clary Sage Oil
Lavandin Oil
Marjoram Oil
Pennroyal Oil
Rosemary Oil
Tarragon Oil
Brazil
Clary Sage Oil
Lavender Oil
Roman Chamomile Oil
Cornmint Oil
Lemongrass Oil
Seychelles
Guatemala
Lavandin Oil
Origanum Oil
Lemongrass Oil
Thailand
Hungary
Cornmint Oil
Dill Weed Oil
Roman Chamomile Oil
Tunisia
Bulgaria
Blue Chamomile Oil
Clary Sage Oil
Dillweed Oil
China
Rosemary Oil
Cornmint Oil
Lemongrass Oil
Spearmint Oil
Star Anise Oil
India
United States
Comoros
Clary Sage Oil
Coriander Oil
Cornmint Oil
Lemongrass Oil
Basil Oil
Italy
Clary Sage Oil
Dillweed Oil
Peppermint Oil
Spearmint Oil
USSR
Roman Chamomile Oil
Coriander Oil
299
Glen O. Brechbill
Dill Seed Oil
Lavender Oil
Viet Nam
Star Anise Oil
Yugoslavia
Coriander Oil
300
Thakker Group - India
Essential Oils & Fragrances
Clary Sage Oil - Hungary
Corriander Oil - Russia
Lavendin Abralis - Payan &
Bertrand
Lemon Grass Oil ( Relicare Ltd )
Reliance / Indian
Myrtile Oil - Payan & Bertrand
Star Aniseed Oil - Chinese
301
Glen O. Brechbill
Th. Gyer Gmbh & Co. KG - Germany
Products
isoamysalicylate
302
Treatt USA Inc. - USA
Citrus Specialties
Dihydrocoumarin
303
Glen O. Brechbill
Treatt USA Inc. - USA
Essential Oil Map of the World by Treatt USA Inc.
Europe
France
Rosemary
Albania
Basil
Clary Sage
Coriander
Hyssop
Lavandin
Lavender
Lovage
Peppermint
Tarragon
Romania
Origanum
Sage Dalmatian
Belgium
Lovage
Coriander
Russian Federation
Greece
Clary Sage
Coriander
Dill
Lavender
Mentha Arvensis
Sage Dalmatian
Spain
Hungary
Italy
Lavandin
Lavender
Marjoram
Origanum
Rosemary
Sage
Spike Lavender
Thyme
Peppermint
Switzerland
Moldova
Clary Sage
Clary Sage
Coriander
Lavender
Peppermint
Ukraine
Bosnia & Hersegovinia
Lavender
Origanum
Sage Dalmatian
Tarragon
Bulgaria
Coriander
Dill
Lavender
Coriander
Dill
Parsley
Tarragon
Croatia
Hyssop
Lavender
Finland
Coriander
Clary Sage
Coriander
304
Hyssop
Lavender
Peppermint
Madagascar
India
Basil
United Kingdom
Tunisia
Angelica
Chamomile
Coriander
Dill
Lavender
Lovage
Peppermint
Sage
Spearmint
Rosemary
Basil
Dill
Lemongrass
Mentha Arvensis
Mentha Citrata
Parsley
Peppermint
Spearmint
Thyme
Middle East
Iran
Lemongrass
North America
Canada
Pacific Ocean
Peppermint
Spearmint
Australia
United States
Lavender
Dill
Mentha Citrata
Parsley
Peppermint
Spearmint
Turkey
Caribbean
Origanum
Africa
Dominica
Bay
Algeria
South America
Peppermint
Brazil
Egypt
Mentha Arvensis
Basil
Chamomile
Coriander
Dill
Marjoram
Kenya
Asia
China
Lavender
Lemongrass
Lavender
305
Glen O. Brechbill
Trisenx, Inc. - USA
Fine Aromatic Chemicals
Lavandin Grosso Oil
Lavender Oil 40/42
Peppermint Oil ( Redist FW )
Thyme Oil ( White Turkey )
Library of Fine Chemicals
Amyl Salicylate ( Extra )
306
U.K. Aromatic & Chemicals - India
Amyl Salicylate
307
Glen O. Brechbill
Uhe Company, Inc. - USA
Chamomile
Coriander Russian
Cornmint
Dillweed
Hyssop
Lavandin Grosso
Lavender 40/42 %
Lavender Spike
Lemongrass 75 % Cochin
Lemongrass
Marjoram
Menthol
Parsley ( leaf / seed )
Peppermint Natural 50 %
Rosemary
Sage Clary American
Sage Clary French
Sage Clary Russian
Sage Officinalis
Sage Spanish
Spearmint
Aroma Chemicals
Coumarin Chinese
308
Ultra International Limited - India
Angelica
Chamomile Blue
Coriander
Costus Root
Holy Basil
Lavender
Lavendin ( Grosso )
Lemongrass
Mentha Arvensis
Mentha Citrata
Mentha Piperita
Peppermint
Rosemary
Spearmint
Natural Reconstruction Oils
Lavender
Lavender SPL
309
Glen O. Brechbill
Ungerer & Company - USA
Essential Oils Compendium
Angelica Root
Angelica Seed
Basil FCC
Bay FCC
Coriander FCC
Sage Spanish FCC
Sandalwood East Indian
Spearmint FCC
Spearmint Redistilled FCC
Tarragon FCC
Thyme Red FCC
Thyme White FCC
Hyssop
Wintergreen Southern FCC
Lavandin Grosso
Lavender Fleurs 40/42 % FCC
Lavender Spike FCC
Lemon California
Type Star Brand FCC
Lemongrass Guatemala FCC
Marjoram Sweet Spanish FCC
Origanum Rectified FCC
Origanum Vulgares FCC
Peppermint Natural
Star Brand FCC
Peppermint Natural FCC
Peppermint Redistilled
Star Brand FCC
Peppermint Redistilled FCC
Rosemary FCC
Sage Dalmation FCC
310
Ventos, Ernesto S.A. - Spain
Products
Angelica Root Oil
Angelica Seed Oil
Parsley Seed Oil
Pennyroyal Oil
Basil Oil ( Linalool Type )
Basil Oil ( Methyl Chavicol Type ) Rosemary Oil, Conc. Africa
Bay Oil
Rosemary Oil, Morocco
Rosemary Oil, Spain
Chamomile Oil, Blue
Sage Oil, Officinalis
Chamomile Oil, Wild
Sage Oil, Spanish
Coriander Seed Oil
Savory Oil
Spearmint Oil 60 %
Hyssop Oil
Spearmint Oil 80 %
Lavandin Oil, Abrialis
Lavandin Oil, Grosso
Lavandin Oil, Sumian
Lavandin Oil, Super
Lavender Oil, Bulgarian
Lavender Oil Spike
Lemongrass Oil, India
Lemongrass Oil, South America
Tarragon Oil
Thyme Oil White, natural
Thyme Oil, Red Spain
Thyme Oil, Wild
Marjoram Oil, Spain
Mentha Arvensis Oil 35 %
Mentha Arvensis Oil,
Rectified 50 %
Myrtle Oil
Aromatic Chemicals
Origanum Oil
Origanum Oil, Organic/Biologic
Coumarin
Parsley Oil, Leaf
Natural Aromatic Chemicals
Thujone - Synarome
Amyl Salicylate
Camphor
Di Hydro Coumarin
Di Hydro Coumrin, Chinese
311
Terpinyl Acetate
Terpinyl Acetate - IFF
Glen O. Brechbill
Venus Enterprises Ltd. - U.K.
Products
Angelica Oil
Aromatic Chemicals
Basil Oil
Bay Oil
Coumarin
Dihydro Coumarin
Chamomile Oil
Coriander Oil
Terpinyl Acetate
Dill Seed & Dill Weed Oil
Lavandin Oil
Lavender Oil
Lemongrass Oil
Lovage Oil
Marjoram Oil
Mentha Citrata Oil
Originum Oil
Parsley Seed Oil
Peppermint Arvensis Oil
Peppermint Piperita Oil
Rosemary Oil
Sage Oil
Spearmint Oil
Tarragon Oil
Thyme Oil
Wintergreen Oil
312
Vesselino Trading Company - Bulgaria
Production
Chamomilla Recutita (L.) Rausch
Diverse
Hyssopus Officinalis L.
Leaves
Lavandula Angustifolia Mill.
Fine Powdered
Mentha Piperita L.
Flowers
Floral Waters
Fruits
Herbs/aerial part
Roots
Water Concentrates
Seeds
Shreeded/crushed leaves no stems
Mentha Piperita L.
Concretes
Absolutes
Bulk Dried Medicinal Herbs
Bark
313
Glen O. Brechbill
Vigon International, Inc. - USA
Essential Oils
Anise Oil
Anise Oil, Spanish
Anise Star Oil Extra
Bay Oil Redistilled
Bay Oil Terpeneless
Nutmeg Oil East Indies
Pepper Black Spice ‘N’ Easy
Pimenta Beries Oleoresin FCC
Pimento Leaf Oil Redistilled
Thyme Oil White Distilled
Caraway Oil
Cardamom Oil True
Cassia Oil Natural
Cassia Oil Redistilled
Clery Seed Oil
Cinnamon Bark Oil
Cinnamon Leaf Oil
Clove Bud Oil
Clove Leaf Oil Redistilled
Clove Stem Oil
Coriander Oil
Coriander Oil Terpeneless
Cumin Oil
Oleoresin
Celery Oleoresin
Ginger Oleoresin African
Ginger Oleoresin Cochin FCC
Ginger Oleoresin Pale Dry
Mace Oleoresin
Superresin
Allspice Superresin
Dillweed Oil 30/32 %
Dillweed Oil 36 %
Fennel Oil
Garlic Oil China
Garlic Oil Mexican
Ginger Oil
Celery Superresin
Cinnamon Superresin
Clove Superresin
Cumin Superresin
Fennel Superresin
Nutmeg Superresin
Juniperberry Oil
Mace Oil
314
W & W Australia Pty Ltd. - Australia
Products
Aniseed Oil
Cassia Oil
Garlic Oil FCC
Licorice Extract Block
Licorice Extract Powder 22 %
Licorice Extract Powder 24 %
Aromatic Chemicals
Anethol
Coumarin
Ethyl Vanillin
Terpinyl Acetate
Vanillin
Vanillin Natural
315
Glen O. Brechbill
Walsh, John D., Company Inc. - USA
Products
Angelica Root Oil
Basil Oil
Bay Oil, W.I
Tarragon Oil
Thyme Oil, Red
Thyme Oil, White
Wintergreen Oil
Coriander Herb Oil
Coriander Seed Oil
Cornmint Oil
Lavandin Oil, Abrialis
Lavandin Oil, Grosso
Lavender Oil, 40/42%
Lavender Spike Oil
Absolutes
Lavandin Green Abs.
Lavender Abs.
Aromatic Chemicals & Naturals
Amyl Salicylate
Mentha Citrata
Chamomile "S" Oliffac
Chamomile Oliffac
Parsley Herb Oil
Parsley Seed Oil
Pennyroyal Oil
Peppermint Oil, Redistilled
Dihydro Terpinyl Acetate
Herboxane
Terpinyl Acetate
Rosemary Terpenes
Sage Oil, Dalmatian 30%
Sage Oil, Spanish
Spearmint Oil, Chinese 60%
Spearmint Oil, Chinese 80%
Spearmint Oil, Native
Spearmint Terpenes
316
Wambesco Gmbh - Denmark
Essential Oils & Essences
Angelica Root Oil
Basil Oil
Bay Oil
Bay Terpenes Oil
Coriander Seed Oil
Cornmint Oil
Cornmint Terpenes
Dillweed Oil
Lavandin Oil
Lavender Oil
Lemongrass Oil
Lemongrass Terpenes
Sage Oil
Savory Winter Oil
Spearmint Oil
(Mentha Cardiaca )
Spearmint Oil
(Mentha Spicata )
Spearmint Terpenes Oil
Star Anise Oil
Thyme Leaf Oil
Thyme Red Oil
( Thymus Sygis )
Thyme Terpenes Oil
Aromatic Chemicals
Coumarin Crystals
Marjoram Oil
(Thymus Mastichina)
Mint Oil
Mint Terpenes Oil
Myrtle Leaf Oil
Di Hydro Coumarin
Origanum Oil
( Thymbra Capitatae )
Parsley Leaf Oil
Parsley Seed Oil
Peppermint Oil
Peppermint Terpenes
Rosemary Oil
317
Glen O. Brechbill
Herbaceous Fragrance Chemicals
Alfania Base # 38228
If a compound based on alfalfa most likely green or herbal.
Amyl Cinnamic Aldehyde
Mild herbaceous reminiscent of many types of flowers.
Anisyl Formate
Sweet herbaceous green somewhat dry odor.
Armoise Oil
Herbaceous green.
Basil Oil Commores
Fresh, somewhat herbaceous.
Benzcinimal
Powerful sweet herbaceous, cinnamon spicy odor.
Benzyl Formate
Powerful fruity green herbaceous.
Camomile German
Typically sweet, and herbaceous.
Camomile Moroccan
Similar to above and below except for a rose, honey.
Camomile Roman
Characteristic odor of the flowers, fresh, sweet herbaceous.
Carvacrol
Penetrating dry medicinal phenolic herbaceous odor.
Carvone Laveo
Warm herbaceous bread like, reminiscent of spearmint oil.
CIS 3 Hexenyl Benzoate
Mild, but tenacious green herbaceous woody odor.
Cornmint Terpenes
Warm herbaceous bread like, spearmint like.
Coumarin
Sweet, herbaceous warm somewhat spicy odor, dilution - hay like.
Cuminic Aldehyde
Pungent green herbaceous odor.
318
Cyclo Galbonate
Strong herbaceous green.
Di Hydro Anethol
Powerful sweet herbaceous.
Di Hydro Cuminyl Alcohol Warm, herbaceous slightly woody odor.
Di Methyl Benzyl Carbinyl Warm herbaceous floral.
Warm herbaceous, nut tobacco like.
Ethyl Methacrylate
Very diffusive and penetrating grassy herbaceous odor.
Floropal
Herbal fresh floral green.
Flove Oil
Intensely sweet, coumarin hay like heavy herbaceous odor.
Galbex 183
Woody green herbaceous odor.
Gamma Heptalactone
Sweet herbaceous nut like.
Gamma Octalactone
Sweet herbaceous coconut like.
Geranium Moroccan
Sweet and powerful, rosy leafy slightly herbaceous odor.
Gyrane
A diffusive herbal green type odor.
Herbonal
A fresh garden herb like fragrance.
Herboxane
A faint herbal odor with a sweet dry out.
Hexyl Cyclo Pentanone # 405 Powerful and diffusive dry floral green herbaceous odor.
Hexyl Salicylate
Faint sweet herbaceous floral odor.
Iso Butyl Caproate
Mild herbaceous woody, but over all fruity oily odor.
Iso Butyl Salicylate
Sweet harsh herbaceous floral.
Iso Nonyl Alcohol
Powerful oily herbaceous, dilution - sweet odor.
Iso Plugeol
Minty herbaceous reminiscent of the first smell of tuberose.
319
Glen O. Brechbill
Jasmal
Powerful oily herbaceous warm jasmin odor.
Jessemal
Herbaceous floral jasmin.
Labdanum Abs.
A sweet herbaceous recalling ambergris, slightly animal.
Laveo Menthyl Acetate
Mild and sweet slightly fruity herbaceous minty odor.
Lavandin Grosso
Sweet balsamic herbaceous.
Lavender Oil Spiked
Typically sweet, balsamic and herbaceous.
Lie De Vin Select
Harsh herbaceous floral type odor.
Marigold Abs.
Intensely bitter herbaceous odor.
Menthanyl Acetate
Fresh piney citrusy somewhat herbaceous.
Methyl Anisate
Sweet herbaceous delicately floral odor.
Methyl Cinnamic Aldehyde Powerful sweet herbaceous cinnamon spicy.
Methyl Heptyl Ketone
Fruity floral, slightly fruity and herbaceous odor.
Methyl Jasmonate
Powerful herbaceous floral.
Methyl Lavender Ketone
Sweet floral lavender.
Ocimene
Warh herbaceous and very diffusive odor.
Origanum Oil
Possesses a tar like herbaceous, but very refreshing odor.
Orris Resinoid
A very herbaceous slightly green floral like odor.
Ortho Methyl Cinnamic Ald Powerful sweet herbaceous woody camphoraceous, spicy.
Oxaspirane
Powerful herbal minty camphoraceous.
Patchouli Dark
Extremely rich sweet herbaceous aromatic spicy woody.
Patchouli MD
Very sweet rich spicy aromatic herbaceous balsamic odor.
320
Patchone
Extremely dry woody camphoraceous, patchouli like odor.
Phenyl Ethyl Formate
Powerful green herbaceous rosy odor.
Phenyl Ethyl Propionate
Very warm herbaceous rosy deep fruity.
Phytia Abs.
Powerful floral herbaceous balsamic, not sweet.
Piconia
Woody, patchouli earthy like.
Rosemary Oil
Woody herbaceous, reminiscent of spike lavender oil.
Sage Oil Clary
Sweet herbaceous tenacious odor.
Sage Oil Dalmation
Fresh strong warm spicy herbaceous, camphoraceous.
Stemone
Green slightly herbaceous odor.
Taget Abs.
Intensely herbaceous green with a sweet fruity undertone.
Talin
Fruity herbal odor of anise, basil and fennel.
Tansy Oil
Almost sharp and spicy dry herbaceous odor.
Terpinyl Acetate
Mildly herbaceous sweet and refreshing.
Tepyl Acetate
Oily herbaceous floral, and sweet earthy odor.
Thyme Oil Red
Rich sweet powerful, warm herbaceous spicy.
Thymol Crystals
Powerful sweet medicinal herbaceous warm odor.
Tonka Beans Abs.
Sweet herbaceous slightly coumarin.
Tri Cyclo Decenyl Acetate
Powerful herbaceous green, and fresh woody odor.
T M Cyclo Hexanol Acetate Mild and sweet minty herbaceous.
Veltonal
Strong herbaceous type odor.
Verdyl Propionate
Fresh herbal note reminiscent of basil oil.
321
Glen O. Brechbill
Vetchouli
Green herbaceous odor.
Violet Abs. French
Strong herbaceous floral violet.
Violet Abs. Rue
Herbaceous floral violet, not as sweet as the french oil.
Violet Colorless 54.5219
Herbaceous floral odor of the violet.
Wormwood Oil
Intensely herbaceous green warm and deep.
322
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The Herbaceous Notes of Fragrance

Transcription

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