Results Interpretation

Transcription

39
Glossary
Body Compositon Glossary
Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis
BIA (Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis) is a technique that measures body impedance,
sending a low, safe electrical current through the body. The current only passes through
the water fluids inside the body, and based on the impedance values obtained, the body
water volume is calculated. As water fluids are usually inside muscle tissues, by using
the water volume, the fat free mass (FFM) can be calculated.
The best advantage of impedance is its high precision, accuracy and the non-invasive
application of its method.
However, the volume of body water fluctuates to sustain homeostasis in the body thus,
alters each measurement. To minimize measurement errors and ensure its high accuracy, subjects must follow standard pretest guidelines under the same conditions.
Impedance
Impedance, denoted Z, is an expression of the opposition to alternate and/or direct electric current. This is a vector quantity consisting of a sum of electric resistance (R), inductive reactance (XL) and capacitive reactance (XC).
The resistor is a device used to control the current of an electrical circuit by providing
resistance. In the human body, the water volume is the resistor. Body water is composed
of both intracellular and extracellular water, and both resist the current.
The capacitor is an electrical element used to store charge temporarily, generally consisting of two metallic plates separated and insulated from each other by a dielectric. The
resistance of a capacitor is called reactance, and in the body, the cell membrane performs this function.
Simply, the human body has all the components of an electronic conductor. The impedance is expressed as a sum of the vectors:
2
2
2
Impedance = Resistance + Reactance
8-point Tactile Electrode Method
The 8-point tactile electrodes easily contact the body at 2 points in each hand and foot, 8
points in total. This method divides the body into 5 regions (left and right arm, trunk, left
and right leg) with a minimal error rate, enhancing measurement reproducibility. The common method using 4 electrodes divides the body into only 2 regions (the upper and lower
body) leading to over-generalized inaccurate results. The 8-point tactile electrode method
measures the 5 segments of the body directly, giving pinpoint measurement of each sec-
Glossary
40
tion. This method minimizes the error and detects the body water content and the level of
muscle development in each segment. This helps patients and athletes that need pinpoint accuracy of their muscle measurements, and is also extremely helpful in rehabilitative medicine and movement cure.
There are other methods such as pincers or ECGs, but this method is far easier to use
for testing. The natural placement of hands, feet and ankles yields consistent measurements, minimizing error.
The 8-point tactile electrode method is classified as a tetra-polar method because it utilizes 4 electrodes at a time selected automatically by an internal microprocessor.
Multi-Frequency Analysis
Conventional BIA uses a single frequency and estimates the amount of intracellular
water from the extracellular impedance values. Low frequency current hardly travels
through the intracellular water resulting in inaccurate measurements. The proportion of
intra and extracellular water is consistent in a healthy body; however, in children, elderly
people, obese people and patients, their amounts may be imbalanced. Generally, extracellular water is measured by low frequency currents (lower than 50kHz), and intracellular
water is measured by high frequency currents (higher than 200kHz) and it is important to
know both.
Multifrequency analysis utilizes a variety of frequencies from 1 kHz to 1 MHz, accurately
assessing body water content, the principal component in BIA. It also compares the
results of the lower currents with the higher currents, and calculates water distribution in
the intracellular and extracellular compartments.
The body resistance increases with currents below 50 kHz, and the current loss is lower
with higher frequencies. This technology is utilized with great reliability and precision.
Segmental Analysis
Segmental measurement involves breaking down the body into 5 segments (right arm, left
arm, trunk, right leg and left leg) and measuring the resistance for each segment separately.
Thus, the amount of body water and fat free mass in each segment are provided.
Furthermore, the analysis is highly accurate because the measured value of each part
does not affect the measurements of the others. These results are not from estimation
but direct measurement.
Other body composition analyzers fail to measure body fat accurately and body shape
cannot be determined. They use empirical references and estimated values to correct
the inaccurate measurements. The InBody examines segmental development of the subject and gives exact measurements regardless of gender, age, disease and ethnicity.
The trunk impedance is the most important segmental measurement of all. The trunk,
because of the larger circumference, contributes the least to impedance. Its impedance
www.biospaceamerica.com
41
Glossary
ranges from 15
to 30
depending on the physical size of the subject.
difference in the trunk is considered a significant error, capable
Unlike in the limbs, 2-3
of affecting the results. Therefore, the precise measurement of the trunk is the key to
accurate whole body analysis.
Empirical Data
Empirical estimation refers to the application of variables estimated from innumerous
personal information inputted, such as gender or age, and from some general assumptions, like that athletes usually have more muscle than general people. For example,
body fat mass of females can be estimated based on the empirical fact that women usually have more body fat mass than men. Thus, in order to adjust inaccurate results,
empirical estimations refer to those variables that may affect the results of a body composition analysis.
Obesity
Obesity is defined as an excessively high amount of body fat or adipose tissue in relationship to lean body mass.
Until the 90’s, obesity was considered just one factor leading to disease, but the WHO
defined obesity as a disease in itself, requiring necessary control and treatment. Now,
obesity is one of the world’s most common diseases, with several different types and
treatments.
Framingham’s studies show that 20% more weight than the standard level increases the
risk of health injury, and 120% more weight is medically termed obese. National Institute
of Health (NIH) agreed with this
Methods to evaluate obesity are becoming more accurate and researchers have been
utilizing many different methods to identify obesity such as body mass index (BMI), subcutaneous skin fold measurement, WHR, waist circumference, underwater weighing densitometry, etc. After 1980, with the improvement in technology, the methods diagnosing
obesity improved as well. These improved methods include BIA, CT, DEXA, MRI,
infrared therapy, ultrasound, and more.
Muscular Obesity
Muscular obesity type individuals have a high quantity of muscle compared to weight, but
they also have a high quantity of body fat. This frequently appears in overweight athletes
who have a lot of muscle as well as fat.
Glossary
42
Sarcopenic Obesity
Sarcopenic obese people have a standard weight, a low BMI, but a disproportional body
fat percentage. It occurs frequently in young Asian women. Despite looking thin, they
have a low level of lean body mass and a high percentage of body fat. It is hard to detect
this kind of obesity just by BMI or through general observations, so body composition
analysis is a helpful tool to detect this state of obesity. The treatment focuses on increasing muscle content and decreasing body fat. Low fat diets and increased protein consumption are recommended in conjunction with weight training and physical activity.
Intracellular Water / Extracellular Water
Body Water are classified as intracellular and extracellular water. The fluid inside the cell
membrane is considered intracellular water (ICW), and the extracellular Water (ECW) is
the water in the space between the cells (interstitial fluid) as well as the plasma fluid. The
proportion between intracellular and extracellular water balanced in healthy, normal individuals, and any disproportion is most likely caused by edema, due to an increased level
of interstitial water.
Total Body Water
About 99% of all molecules in the body are water, about 70% of total body weight. The
body water supply is responsible for and involved in nearly all metabolism, including
digestion, absorption, circulation, and excretion. It also helps maintain normal body temperature and is essential for carrying waste products out of the body.
Inside muscle, there is protein and water. Through body water composition, the muscle
quantity can be measured. The body water is distributed throughout the different compartments in the body. Three-fifth of it is in the intracellular compartment, and another
fifth is the extracellular compartment.
Body Fat
Body fat is the result of excess calorie intake. These calories are deposited as fat to
reserve energy. Lipids yield 9 kcal of energy per gram while carbohydrates and proteins
yield only 4 kcal of energy per gram. Body fat serves as a protective cushion and provides structural support to prevent injury of vital organs such as heart, liver, kidneys, and
spleen. Body fat also insulates the body from heat loss and extreme temperature
changes, and these deposits under the skin can be metabolized to generate heat in
response to low skin temperatures.
Most of the fat in food is in the form of triglyceride. Fatty acids are classified according to
their degree of saturation as saturated, monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty
acids. Because of hydrophobic property of fatty acids, they are transported through blood
43
Glossary
as a lipoprotein. High-density lipoproteins (HDL), low-density lipoproteins (LDL) and very
low-density lipoproteins (VLDL) are used as parameters to determine hyperlipidemia.
Underwater weighing is considered one of the gold standards of body composition
assessment. In this procedure, body density is calculated through body volume according to the Archimedes principle of displacement, which states that an object submerged
in water is buoyed up by the weight of the displaced water. Once body density has been
determined, one can then convert this value into a body fat percentage through calculations.
In BIA method, the electric current flows through body water but not through body fat.
Resistance increases with the level of fat content, and impedance values rise.
Fat is the most concentrated source of energy, and excess may be harmful. Excess body
fat in relation to weight is considered obesity, and its distribution or accumulation in certain parts of the body plays an important role in increasing the risk of many diseases and
health conditions.
Subcutaneous Fat
The subcutaneous fat layer cushions the dermis from underlying tissues, such as muscle
and bone. This tissue is usually composed of fat cells as well as the structures that run
through it, like blood vessels, nerves, etc. There are some differences in the quantity of
subcutaneous fat by gender and age. Adult females are prone to have more subcutaneous fat than juveniles when men have less than both of these groups. Fat helps maintain body temperature and store excess energy. Visceral fat and subcutaneous fat are
both included in body fat, but subcutaneous fat is less of a threat for diseases.
Basal Metabolic Rate
Basal metabolic rate is the lowest rate of energy expenditure to sustain life. (i.e. neurotransmissions, blood circulation, respiration, digestion, body temperature maintenance, and
other cellular functions.) It is measured at rest (but not asleep) for minimum 12 hours within
a thermally neutral body. This rate is directly related to lean body mass. Therefore, even
with the same weight, individuals with less body fat and more muscle have a higher
basal metabolic rate.
There are three methods to expend energy: basal metabolism, the thermic effect of food
and activity. Energy expenditure by food consumption depends on digestion, distribution
after absorption, and storage and this method of expenditure cannot be increased. In
order to lose weight, it is necessary to increase basal metabolism or/and activity, and
appropriate exercises are recommended to increase muscle quantity and basal metabolism and to avoid the repercussions of extreme dieting.
44
Glossary
Balance between the Upper and Lower Body
The InBody measures Impedance Index in four limbs and a trunk separately. Healthy
individuals who exercise regularly have a well-balanced upper and lower body. Bodies
that are imbalanced are correlated with disease and lack of exercise.
Many middle-aged men have a weak and unbalanced lower body. On the other hands,
young women and children show an insufficiency of muscle in their arms. A lack of exercise utilizing certain parts of the body causes imbalances in the muscle development.
Physical activity
Weight training increases both muscle content and strength. This type of exercise is
called anaerobic exercise and does not utilize oxygen for energy. Muscle stimulation
facilitates blood circulation and increase muscle fibers.
Activities must start with the bigger muscles and then utilize the smaller ones. For beginners, three sets of each exercise are recommended. One set of exercise is 10-12 times
of repeated movement.
Breathing is very important when doing physical activities; inhale with muscle tension,
and exhale with muscle relaxation. Always breathe! In order to decrease injury and muscle fatigue by lactate accumulation, each exercise session should begin with a warm-up
of aerobic exercise. Examples of weight-training exercises include dumbbells, push-ups,
curl-ups or use of equipment such as shoulder press and the leg curl machine.
Importance of physical activity
1. 90% of the body’s energy is consumed by muscle, making muscle the principal fat burner. Therefore, development of muscle and bone by physical activity
increases the body’s caloric consumption.
2. Steady physical activity maintains skin elasticity and balances body shape.
3. Stimulation of bone is necessary to prevent osteoporosis by increasing bone
density.
4. Muscle has more density than fat so people with more muscle will look thinner
regardless of weight.
Aerobic Exercise
The American College of Sports Medicine defines aerobic exercise as “any activity that
uses large muscle groups, can be maintained continuously, and is rhythmic in nature.”
After 5 minutes of exercise, the volume of oxygen intake and expenditure producing
energy becomes equal.
There are many aerobic exercises like jogging, running, swimming, bicycling, etc.
The benefits include an efficient heart, weight loss, improved mental health, improved
immune system, improved stamina, disease reduction, increased life span, improved
45
Glossary
muscle health and others. For more improvements, the heart rate is kept at the lower end
of the target heart rate zone, or in other words, at 40-50% of maximum exercise capacity.
The Institute of Medicine (IOM) issued a report recommending that adults should spend
at least 60 minutes doing moderately intense physical activity every day of the week.
Generally, normal adults should exercise 3 times a week to improve cardio respiratory
resistance and frequency should eventually increase to 5 times a week in order to continue improvement. Beginners should start with 5 minutes of exercise 3-4 times a week.
People who exercise more than 5 times a week should alternate body endurance exercises and other activities, like swimming or bicycling to utilize different muscle groups
and give others some rest.
Obese people need to do more aerobic exercise. After 30 minutes of exercise, the
source of energy shifts from carbohydrates to fat, helping burn fat reserves and decrease
body fat.
For example, bicyclists use their legs, but the fat utilized is not only the fat concentrated
in legs, but rather all throughout their body. The fat is broken down and used as energy.
So, running or jogging is better for weight loss than sit-ups.
INTRODUCTION
This manual provides a detailed explanation of the InBody520 Body Composition
Analyzer and its functions. This manual makes use of actual examinees results to explain
the following:the meaning of various analyses, constituents of the standard range for a
particular test, required health management measures, and how to properly use this piece
of equipment. Please read this manual carefully before using our InBody520 Body
Composition Analyzer in your everyday life.
1
Body Composition Analysis
BODY COMPOSITION ANALYSIS
Things to keep in mind for accurate measurement using the InBody520
The accuracy of a body composition analysis test depends on the examinee
and on the environment in which the test is conducted. As such, certain precautionary steps should be taken in order to assure accurate test results.
Before conducting the test, please read the following rules carefully and
make sure that the examinees have taken all the factors capable of affecting
its test results and accuracy into account.
Precautionary steps to be taken before conducting a test
BODY COMPOSITION ANALYSIS
1. Assure the test is conducted before a meal .
In cases where the examinee has already eaten, the test should be
put off at least for two hours after the meal. This is because the
food mass is included in the subject’s weight and thus, may result
in measurement errors.
2. Make sure to use the bathroom .
Waste is not included in the body’s compositional elements, but
the volume of urine and excrement is included in the weight measurement. This can result in biological errors.
3. Do not exercise right before conducting the test.
Strenuous exercise or sharp movements can cause temporary
changes in body composition.
4. Stand still for about 5 minutes .
Conducting the test immediately after lying in bed or sitting for a
long period of time might result in a slight change in the test
results. This is because the body water tends to move to the lower
extremities of the body as soon as the person stands or gets up.
5. Do not conduct the test right after shower or sauna .
Sweating causes a temporary change in a person’s body composition.
2
6. Do not take measurements during the menstrual cycle .
Females experience increases in body water during their menstrual cycle.
7. Conduct the test at normal temperatures (68 ~ 77 ).
While the human body is stable at normal temperatures, body composition is susceptible to change in hot or cold weather.
8. If a retest is carried out, make sure to conduct the test under
consistent conditions .
Identical conditions (i.e. wearing the same clothes, testing before eating or exercising etc.) should be maintained in order to assure the accuracy of the test results.
Posture guide for body composition analysis
A proper posture increases the accuracy of the test results.
Weight measurement and how to step on the footpads
Please remember to remove your socks or stockings
before stepping onto the footpad. If at all possible wear
light clothing to ensure the accuracy of the test. Be sure
to remove everything from your pockets and all accessories. When ready, place your feet on the footpad electrodes as the shapes guide you to do. A reading of your
weight will be conducted first. Do not hold on to the
handgrips while the body weight is being registered.
Moreover, do not make any sudden movements during
the weighing process.
It is important to properly place
your feet on the footpads. Please
do not move during weighing
Input of personal data and how to hold the hand grips
Please enter your exact height. If the height is incorrect,
test results will be inaccurate. The gender of the examinee should also be entered. Once you have entered the
personal data, take hold of the handgrips. Put your
thumb on the top of the handgrip, while holding the bottom of the handgrip with your other four fingers.
Straighten out your elbows and leave some space
between your armpits and body. This will ensure proper
posture and alignment.
If the handgrips are not properly
held during the test, an incorrect
estimation of the examinee’s
body composition may occur.
Please assure that proper testing
methods are maintained until the
test is complete.
3
Contents
RESULTS SHEET
p.4
p.25
p.4
p.26
p.9
p.10
p.12
p.27
Results interpretation
4
1. Name, Age, Height, Gender and Date
Once the body composition analysis of the examinee is completed, the results are
automatically printed. Appearing at the top of the results sheet you will see: the
name (or ID), age, height and gender of the examinee and the date and time when
the test was conducted. Personal data such as gender, age and height of the examinee should be entered on the LCD touch screen.
2. Body Composition Analysis
The horizontal bar graphs help
you understand your body composition when compared to standard
values. The values next to the bars
show you the numerical values
and the end of bars indicate your
position in the range given. If the length of the bars are similar, your body composition
is well balanced. If the length of the bars differ, it means your body composition is
unbalanced. The InBody technology is able to measure weight, Lean Body Mass
(LBM), and Body Fat Mass (BFM). The results sheet shows a comparative chart of
the value of these body compositional elements using the bar graphs. Each compositional element has its own absolute value. The lengths of the bar graphs indicate the
percentage of the standard value for each compositional element. Therefore, a score of
100% indicates the
standard
value calculated
based on the standard weight for that parUnder
Normal
Over
ticular individual. When an individual controls his/her exercise levels and diet as part
of a weight management program, the body composition of Body Fat Mass and Lean
Under change.
Normal When a Over
Body Mass (muscle)
weight management program is followed, the
program manager can verify if the body composition of the participants have properly
changed by monitoring LBM and BFM.
UNIT:%
1) Weight
Standard weight indicates the ideal value in accordance with the examinee’s
height.The InBody520 provides the standard weight range, based on the BMI (Body
Mass Index) Standard Weight Index.
BMI method
Standard Weight(kg)=ideal BMI Height2(m2)
5
The Obesity Index indicates the level of obesity. Generally, a BMI of 18.5~24.9 is
used to determine the normal weight range. With the InBody520, the normal weight
range is 15% of standard value, very similar to one based on BMI (18.5~25).
Standard weight is determined according to a BMI of 22 for males, a BMI of 21.5
for females and a growth chart for those under 18 years of age.
2) Lean Body Mass
100% Lean Body Mass indicates that the examinee being measured has reached
his/her standard weight and standard Lean Body Mass. The standard proportion of
LBM is 85% of the standard weight for males, and 77% of the standard weight for
females. The normal range of LBM is 90-110% of the standard LBM. Change in
muscle is the most effective indicator of health improvements as a result of exercise.
The UCLA definition of obesity is based on the level of muscle development. This definition is based on a proactive approach to obesity, one in which obesity is regarded as
a problem involving the proportion of Lean Body Mass to Body Fat Mass.
Lean Body Mass refers to the entire body weight with the exception of Body Fat
Mass. Athletes have a higher proportion of Lean Body Mass than regular people. As
such, it is important for athletes to measure their Lean Body Mass. InBody520 provides comprehensive data which can be used to evaluate the health of an examinee.
3) Body Fat Mass
Body Fat Mass indicates the total quantity of lipids that can be extracted from fat
and other cells. Body Fat Mass is not directly measured using the BIA method, but
calculated by subtracting Lean Body Mass from the body weight. InBody520 uses
the following formula to measure Body Fat Mass:
Body Fat Mass = Body Weight - Lean Body Mass
Body Fat Mass is stored under the skin, in visceral areas and between muscles.
When an examinee’s fat mass is higher than the standard range, he/she is diagnosed as being obese (excess body fat). The range of diseases that can result from
obesity include hypertension, arteriosclerosis, hyperlipemia, fatty liver, cholelithiasis, diabetes,obstetrical diseases, breast cancer, and endometritis
6
The normal range of Body Fat Mass is ascertained by calculating an examinee’s
body fat mass as compared to the standard weight and standard Body Fat Mass.
The InBody520 displays the percentage of the standard value of Body Fat Mass in
a bar graph.
Table1. Standard body composition ranges
Males
Females
Weight
85 ~115% of standard weight 85 ~115% of standard weight
Lean Body Mass 90 ~110% of standard LBM 90 ~110% of standard LBM
Body Fat Mass
80 ~160% of standard BFM 80 ~160% of standard BFM
Compared with Lean Body Mass, Body Fat Mass is various among people. Therefore, each bar has different scale.
HOW TO APPLY THESE RESULTS TO YOUR CLIENTS
The test results have been designed so the examinee can easily understand them,
and that then facilitates his/her ability to follow the program designated. The test
conductor can use alphabetical shapes that are based on the length of the graphs
to provide explanations to the examinees regarding their overall health.
1) Relations among Weight, Lean Body Mass and Body Fat Mass
A person is identified as having an ideal body composition when the body
composition graphs form a ‘D’ shape. In such cases, the LBM bar graph is
longer than the weight and Body Fat Mass bar graphs. On the other hand, if
the LBM graph is shorter than the Body Fat Mass graph, the body composition graph forms a ‘C’shape. Persons with such results should immediately
begin taking weight control measures.
Let us now use the following examples to identify ways of using the test results.
7
8 different body types, based on a balanced body composition
This body composition graph forms a slightly curved
‘D’ This is the ideal body composition. Of course, it
goes without saying that this healthy state should be
continuously maintained. As such, the person conducting the test should mention to the examinee that abdominal fat often increases
as a person gets older, and emphasize the necessity for continuously monitoring
their body to ensure that the healthy state is maintained.
At the opposite end of the health spectrum, we find
the ‘C’ shaped graph. In this case, the examinee’s
weight is within the normal range. Although the
examinee’s body weight might not be classified as
obese, he/she does not have the ideal body shape.They
are experiencing difficulties managing the shape of their bodies through simple
weight control measures. People who are in this category usually visit the obesity
clinic. If a person who is diagnosed as this type change his/her body composition
through exercise, he/she can maintain a satisfactory body shape without actually
losing any weight. The conductor of the test can recommend that the examinee can
achieve a ‘D’ shape in his/her body composition graphs,by losing Body Fat Mass
while gaining LBM. Many adults who have a high level of Body Fat Mass are
included in this category. Abdominal obesity is a factor in the development of cardiovascular diseases for those within the standard weight range, no different than
individuals in the overweight range.
This type is a typical healthy body with well developed LBM. However people in this category need to
be careful not to lose too much Body Fat Mass.
This type is exemplified by a person whose weight is
within the standard range, but yet cannot be regarded
as being in ideal health. For this type, the length of the
LBM graph is shorter than the standard range, while
the Body Fat Mass is within the standard range. An
examinee of this type will also exhibit a ‘C’ shape on his/her body composition
graphs. However, this type should be identified as a weak body type, and not as an
obesity type. People who belong to this type have usually lost intestinal and muscular protein; a situation caused by such potential factors as a lack of exercise, lack
of proper protein nutrition, or an increased.
8
metabolism as a result of injuries or disease. Symptoms of this include edema, the
decomposition of muscle cells, changes in nerve tissues, secondary infections, and
stunted growth in children.
Obesity causes many diseases. People diagnosed as
being obese run a higher risk of myocardial infarction, congestion, cardiac failure, and hypertension. In
addition, there exists a correlation between obesity
and diabetes(NIDDM). Moreover, obese people also
run a higher risk of contracting large intestine cancer, rectal cancer, and in the case
of males, prostatic carcinoma. Furthermore, other potential problems have been
identified, such as a decrease in tolerance to exercise, osteoarthritis, as well as a
decrease in lung function.
Athletes are usually included in the overweight muscle
type. Such people can easily be included in the obese
category when the BMI method is used. This type is
deemed to be overweight because of the weight of
their skeletal muscle. This type of person does not
need to undertake weight control measures.
Most people who fall under the obesity type caused
by excess weight are those that have been diagnosed
as chronically obese. The LBM is measured to be
over the standard range, not developed through exercise, but because the person has excessive bodycomposition mass compared to the standard weight. Those diagnosed as being
chronically obese need medical treatment. This type of patient should follow a
weight reduction program that is designed to decrease their Body Fat Mass and
treat or prevent diseases that may accompany this condition, rather than focusing
on improving the shape of their body.
Those people who are diagnosed as belonging to theunderweight weak body type, have a lower possibility
of developing adult diseases. However, should this
poor nutrition continue for a long period of time,
many health problems can arise, such as a decrease in
the body’s ability to absorb nutrition, poor nutrition caused by a loss of appetite,
imbalanced nutrition due to a loss of intestinal protein,metabolic disorders, as well
as other side effects.
9
3. Body Water Balance
UNIT:%
The InBody520 Analyzer measures TBW by using a multifrequency technique that separates TBW into ICW and ECW.
Intracellular Water(ICW) indicates the quantity of water within the cellular membrane. Extracellular Water(ECW)
indicates the total quantity of water in the interstitial fluid and blood. In the case of a
healthy body, the proportion of ICW and ECW is maintained at about a 3:2 ratio.
Total Body Water (TBW) = Intracellular Water (ICW) + Extracellular Water (ECW)
Under
Normal
Over
Figure 1. Accuracy of Total
Body Water
analysis
The right graph displays the results of Total Body Water analysis, comparing results from InBody520 with results from deuterium oxide dilution method. The accuracy of Total Body Water analysis was found to
be R2adj=0.87. This confirms that InBody is capable of higher accuracy
when it comes to the analysis of Total Body Water.
Ref 1. G. Bedogni, Accuracy of an eight-point tactile electrode impedance method in the assessment of total body water, Eur. J. Clin. Nutr.
56, 1143~1148, 2002.
Table2. Standard ranges of body composition
Males
Total Body Water
90 ~110% of standard TBW
Intracellular Water
90 ~110% of standard ICW
Extracellular Water 90 ~110% of standard ECW
Females
90 ~110% of standard TBW
90 ~110% of standard ICW
90 ~110% of standard ECW
FAQ 1
Q1. How do you measure the amount of water in the intestines?
Microamperage current is limited in its ability to penetrate the walls of the
intestines. It is impossible to measure the amount of water in the intestines using
bioelectrical impedance analysis(BIA). This is why examinees are recommended
to take the test before eating. For example, if an examinee uses InBody520 after
having taken in 1L of water, this water can cause an increase in body weight.
Recent water addition is mistaken as fat cells, increasing the Fat Mass.
10
Examinees are recommended to remove their clothes and accessories, to avoid
eating prior to the test, and to dispose of urine and excrement; all of which are
not part of the body’s composition, but affect body weight.
Ref 2. Vivian H. Heyward, Applied Body Composition Assessment, Human Kinetics, p44-55, 1996.
4. Obesity Diagnosis
InBody520’s obesity diagnosis
function makes use of BMI
(Body Mass Index) and Percent
Body Fat to determine obesity
levels. By analyzing the examinee’s weight usingUnder
BMI and
Percent
Body
Fat,
InBody520
Analyzer makes it posNormal
Over
sible to screen for sarcopenic obesity. People included in this sarcopenic obesity
type fall within the standard range when it comes to BMI and weight, but are
regarded as obese when their percentage of body fat is calculated.
Table3. Standard ranges of body composition
Standard Range
Males
Females
BMI
22 (Standard range: 18.5 ~24.9) 21.5 (Standard range: 18.5 ~24.9)
Percent Body Fat
10 ~20%
18 ~ 28%
1) BMI(Body Mass Index)
As we can see from the formula, BMI = Weight(kg) / height2(m2), BMI is used to
approximate obesity levels. The BMI method has been widely applied in the general medicine, dietary, and sports medicine fields as the main means of diagnosing
obesity. However, this method is flawed in that it cannot be applied to adults with high
levels of LBM, children, those over the age of 65, or pregnant females. Nevertheless,
as the BMI has been the most commonly used index, much research on using the
BMI method to prevent adult diseases has been conducted. This is why InBody520
also includes BMI based information. Differences have emerged among
researchers as to which standards should be used to determine the BMI of examinees of different age and gender. InBody520 uses the WHO standards as the standard ranges for BMI (1998, Table4).
InBody520 identifies the standard BMI as 22 for males, 21.5 for females and the
standard BMI ranges as 18.5-24.9 for both males and females.
11
Table4. European weight classification based on the BMI method (WHO, 1998)
Classification
Underweight
Norma
Overweight
Dangerous weight level
1st level obesity
2nd level obesity
3rd level obesity
BMI(kg/m2)
18.5
18.5 ~ 24.9
25
25 ~ 29.9
30 ~ 34.9
35 ~ 39.9
40
Danger of onset of accompanying diseases
Low
Moderate
Increased
Dangerous
Advanced
Very advanced
With regards to the BMI and Percent Body Fat of children, InBody520 applies children standards, not adult standards.
2) Percent Body Fat
Percent Body Fat indicates the percentage of Body Fat to Body Weight.
Percent Body Fat = Body Fat Mass / Body Weight 100
The standard Percent Body Fat is 15% for males and 23% for females, while the
standard range of Body Fat Mass for males is 10-20% of the standard weight, and
18-28% of the standard weight for females.3,4
When a person’s Percent Body Fat is calculated as being beyond the standard
range, he/she is regarded as being obese. When a person’s Percent Body Fat falls
below the standard range, he/she is regarded as having a low level of body fat.
This low level of body fat can be separated into two types: The first is a person
whose muscle type is deemed to account for a desirable proportion of the body
composition. Such people’s weight is regarded as being within the standard range
or falling within the overweight range. The second type, the poor nutrition type, is
one in which a person’s body is deemed to be in an unhealthy state because of a
lack of Body Fat Mass and LBM. This type has a higher possibility of contracting
clinical diseases.
In case of children less than 18 years old, different standards are applied as it is necessary to consider the difference in physical characteristics from adults.
Ref 3. Robert D. Lee, David C. Nieman, Nutritional Assessment 2th, McGraw-Hill, 1998
Ref 4. George A. Bray, MD. Contemporary Diagnosis and Management of Obesity, Handbooks in Health Care Co.,1998
12
5. Segmental Lean Development
Under
Normal
Segmental Soft Lean Mass
Over
UNIT:%
With the InBody520, you can
measure the soft lean mass of your
body parts. It is achieved through
the use of one of the InBody520’s
measuring principles, bioelectrical
impedance measurements of body
parts. The measurement of soft
lean mass for body parts is based
on the following theory.
(Height) /(Segmental Resistance)
Ref 5. Henry C Lukaski, Phyllis E Johnson, William W Bolonchuk and Glenn I Lykken, Assessment of fat-free mass using
bioelectrical impedance measurements of the human body, The American J. of Clinical Nutrition, Vol. 41, pp810-817, 1985
There are two bar graphs for each body part in the Lean Balance graph. The two
graphs have different meanings, respectively.
The numbers beside the upper bar graph indicates the actual soft lean mass of a
subject. If the upper bar graph reaches 100%, it means that the subject has ideal
soft lean mass for his or her ideal weight, which is derived from the subject’s
height. Therefore, the length of the upper bar graph shows the relative ratio of the
ideal soft lean mass for his or her ideal weight.
If the lower bar graph reaches 100%, it denotes the ideal soft lean mass for the subject in relation to his or her actual weight. Therefore, the length of the lower bar
graph indicates the relative ratio of the ideal soft lean mass for the actual weight,
while the number beside the lower bar graph shows that ratio.
By displaying these two bar graphs, it makes it more effective to diagnose the actual soft lean mass of the subject. The upper bar graph is based on the soft lean mass
of the subject’s ideal weight, so that the 100% value will not vary unless there is a
change in his or her height. Thus, it is easier to see the increase or decrease of the
soft lean mass while providing an enduring goal. Since the lower bar graph is only
based on the soft lean mass of the actual weight, the 100% value will alter in
accordance with the weight change.
13
Hence, though it is not possible to check the increase or decrease of the soft lean
mass as with the upper graph, it will directly reflect changes in the subject’s
weight, thereby allowing you to determine whether or not there is actual soft lean
mass appropriate to his or her weight. In addition, you can also see if the subject
has appropriate ratio between muscles and body fat in his or her body parts.
Throughout the lean balance muscle graph for body parts, you can see if upper •
lower • left • right muscle developments are balanced and if body parts’ soft lean
mass is appropriate(muscle strength). The normal range of the graph is: for right
and left arms, 80~120%; for trunk, right and left legs, 90~110%.
FAQ 2
Why are the standard ranges for arms and legs different?
The standard range for Soft Lean Mass in the arm is 80 ~ 120%, while that in
the trunk and legs is 90 ~ 110%. The difference in these standard ranges is
based on the fact that while the upper body tends to vary greatly from individual to individual, very little variations are found in terms of people’s legs. As
people use their legs, this part of the body tends to be the first to benefit from
exercise; as such, the degree of Lean Mass in legs usually ranges somewhere
between 90 ~ 110% of the standard. However, one should also take the time to
exercise his/her upper body. In this regards, it is difficult to develop Lean Mass
of arm when one does not partake in exercises designed to specifically develop
muscle in that particular part of the body. This is the main reason why Lean
Mass of arm tends to vary greatly from the standard. Therefore, the standard
range for Lean Mass of arms is 80 ~ 120%, which is a wider range than that
applied to Lean Mass of legs.
14
FAQ 3
How precise is the soft lean mass for the body parts?
The precision data of the soft lean mass for the body parts can be obtained from
DEXA (Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry) and the InBody precision test.
The following are the results of a comparative study that shows that the R_ is
above 0.86. This indicates that the precision of body part measurement is high.
8080
4.54.5
44
7070
3.03.0
6060
33
5050
2.52.5
FFM
LTM
arm
FFM
LTM
arm
4040
(kg)
(kg)
(kg)
(kg)
22
3030
1.51.5
2020
11
0.50.5
1010
00
00
0 0 1010 2020 3030 4040 5050
00
RIRI
sum500
sum500
2
(cm
/ 2/) )
(cm
1414
1212
1010
LTM
leg 8 8
LTM
leg
(kg)
(kg) 6
6
44
22
5050 100
100 150
150 200
200
RIRI
arm500
arm500
2
(cm
/ 2/) )
(cm
aa
00
00
5050 100
100 150
150 200
200
RIRI
leg500
leg500
2
(cm
/ 2/) )
(cm
bb
cc
Prediction of fat-free mass and appendicular lean tissue mass from eight-polar
Y
X
a0
a1
R2adj
RMSE
Kg (%)
Y by DXA
(kg)
Y by BIA
(kg)
DY (BIA-DXA)
(kg)
FFM
RIsum500
2.4
1.6
0.92
2.80(6)
48.0 10.1
48.0 9.7
0.0 2.8
LTMarm
RIarm500
-0.6
0.03
0.93
0.18(8)
2.3 0.7
2.3 0.7
0.0 0.2
LTMleg
RIleg500
-0.06
0.06
0.86
0.63(8)
7.5 1.7
7.5 1.6
0.0 0.6
2
Abbreviations : a0, intercept; a1, slope; R adj, adjusted coefficient of determination; RMSE, root mean square error;
BIA, bioelectrical impedance analysis: DXA, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry; FFM, fat-free mass; LTM, lean tissue
mass; RIx, resistance index at x kHz; sum, sum of segmental resistances (arms, trunk and legs).
* Ref 6. G. Bedogni et al, Cross-calibration of eight-polar bioelectrical impedance analysis versus dual-energy Xray absorptiometry for the assessment of total and appendicular body composition in healthy subjects aged 21-82
years, Annals of human biology, Vol. 30, No. 4, pp. 380-391, 2003
15
TIP2
Comprehending two muscle bar graphs in the Segmental Lean Development.
1. Find out more about the lean balance and body strength.
A. Compare the length of the soft lean mass graph for body parts to see if
muscle distribution is balanced.
B. Evaluate the appropriateness of soft lean mass (muscle strength) by the
length of the below bar.
2. Find out the relationships among weight, upper and lower bar graphs in the
Segmental Lean Development.
A. If the actual weight is close to the ideal one.
B. If the actual weight is higher than the ideal one.
C. If the actual weight is lower than the ideal one.
3. Observe the trend of Segmental Lean Development graph.
1. Find out more about the lean balance and body strength.
By comparing the lengths of the body part graphs, see if each body part has proportionally developed. The lean balance of the comprehensive evaluation will be
based on the lower bar graph.
A. Compare the length of the soft lean mass graph for body parts to see if muscle distribution is balanced.
Balanced development of the upper &
lower body and of the left & right side of the body
The length of the arm, trunk and leg graphs are
similar, thus indicating that the upper and
lower parts of the body are well balanced. In
addition, the left and right sides of body are
also in balance, as exhibited by the fact that
the graphs for both arms and legs are of the
same length. All the graph bars for the upper
and lower body fall within the standard range, indicating a proper muscle balance.
Under
Normal
Over
Under
Normal
Over
Under
Normal
Over
16
Left-right imbalance in the upper body
There is about one-cell difference in length
between right and left arms in the upper body.
This subject does not have proportionallydeveloped arms. He or she must have a habit
of using the right arm more or a history of not
using his or her left arm due to some reason
such as injury.
Left-right imbalance in the lower body
The bar graph of the right leg is shorter than
that of the left. This subject does not have proportionally-developed lower body. He or she
must have a habit of using the left leg more or
a history of not using his or her right leg due to
some reason such as injury.
Under
Normal
Over
Under
Normal
Over
Under
Normal
Over
Under
Normal
Over
Upper & lower body imbalance – strong upper body type
The length of the arm bar graph is longer than
that of the leg and falls above the normal
range. In addition, although the bar graph for
legs is within the normal range, the difference
in length of the upper and lower body graphs
is more than one cell. Therefore, it can be categorized as the strong upper body type, which
is marked by the better-developed lower body.
Under
Normal
Over
Under
Normal
Over
Under
Normal
Over
Under
Normal
Over
Under
Normal
Over
Under
Normal
Over
Under
Normal
Over
Under
Normal
Over
Normal
Over
Upper & lower body imbalance – strong lower body type
The length of the leg bar graph is longer than
that of the arm and falls above the normal
range. In addition, although the arm’s bar
graph is in the normal range, the difference in
length of the upper and lower body graph is
more than one cell. Therefore, it can be categorized as the strong lower body type, which
is marked by the better-developed upper body.
Under
Normal
Over
Under
Normal
Over
Under
Normal
Over
Under
Under
17
Over
Upper & lower body imbalance ; weak upper body type
Although the bar graph for the legs is beyond
the standard range, the bar graph for the arms
falls below the standard level. This case can
be referred to as a weak upper body type.
This type is often exhibited among persons
who seldom exercise.
Under
al
Over
al
Over
al
Normal
Normal
Under
Normal
Over
Over
Upper & lower body imbalance ; weak lower body type
Although the bar graph for the arms is
beyond the standard range, the bar graph for
the legs falls below the standard level. This
case can be referred to as a weak lower body
type. As the lower body must support the
body weight, proper muscle development is
essential. When the lower body muscles are
not sufficiently developed, diseases such as
arthritis and osteoporosis become more likely.
Under
Normal
Over
Under
Normal
Over
Under
Normal
Over
Under
Normal
Over
B. Evaluate the appropriateness of soft lean mass(body strength) by the length of the lower bar.
The upper bar graph presents the ideal weight to which each subject should aspire.
As the length of the upper bar graph encompasses the concepts of ideal weight and
soft lean mass, it provides the goal to keep the ideal soft lean mass, while considering the ideal and actual weights. Since the lower bar graph compares the soft lean
mass in relation to the actual weight, it checks if there is an appropriate, ideal
amount of soft lean mass for each body part in relation to the actual weight. At that
time, the body strength index item in the comprehensive evaluation is determined
according to whether or not the lower bar graph falls in each category: below average, average, or above average. Thus the body strength will differ in accordance
with the range to which the length of bar graph belongs. It would be ideal for both
the upper and lower bar graphs to be in the normal or above average range, in particular, both to be more than 100%.
Under
Over
Normal
Over
Under
Normal
Over
In addition, depending on whether the lower bar graph is bigger or smaller than
100%, it is possible to determine if soft lean mass and body fat amounts are appropriate. In other words, if one has a soft lean mass ideal for the actual weight, it
should be near 100%. It can be seen that the soft lean mass and body fat in body
parts are well balanced. On the other hand, if soft lean mass is smaller, it will be
18
short of 100%. The smaller the bar graph is, it can be said that the person is either a
weak type with low muscle or a type with more body fat and less lean muscle.
Lastly, if there is more muscle, the lower body graph will exceed 100%. The higher the bar graph is raised above 100%, the more muscles the person has developed
than body fat. Therefore, the length of the lower body graph allows you to see the
ratio between muscles and body fat.
Let’s look at the following examples.
Male, 25 years old, 5ft. 8.9in., 126.5lbs. (Ideal weight:148.8lbs.)
Currently, this man has yet to reach his the
ideal weight. If you look at the upper bar
graphs in the Segmental Lean Development,
you can see that they are all below the normal
range. The shortness of the graph may be caused
by his actual weight falling behind the ideal
weight or just by an actual insufficiency of the
soft lean mass. If you see the lower bar graph, the
arms are within the normal range while legs are
above 100%, indicating that he has an appropriate soft lean mass for the actual weight.
Female, 68 years old, 5ft. 4.2in., 152.3lbs. (Ideal weight:123.5lbs.)
This female’s actual weight is higher than the
ideal weight. If you look at the upper bar
graphs in the Lean Balance, they all fall in the
normal range. So it seems that she has an
appropriate soft lean mass. However, there are
two possible explanations for that. It may be
caused by her higher actual weight to the ideal
one. Or she may just be well muscled. At that
time, if you see the lower bar graph, the arms
are about 90% while the legs are within the 79% range, indicating that it is below the
normal range. In other words, although she appears to have appropriate muscles due
to her higher actual weight than the ideal one, she lacks a certain amount of soft lean
mass appropriate to her actual weight. In particular, in case of the legs, the lower bar
graph is short of 100% so that she has more body fat and less soft lean mass.
19
2. Find out the relationships among weight, upper and lower bar
graphs in the Segmental Lean Development.
As the concepts of ideal weight and actual weight are included in the standards of
determining the lengths of upper and lower bar graphs in the lean balance, the
length type of upper and lower bar graphs will vary depending on the difference
between subject’s actual and ideal weight.
A. If the actual and ideal weights are alike, the upper and lower bar graphs will not be
much different.
As the discrepancy between the actual and ideal weight is insignificant, the 100%
standard value is similar to each other. Therefore the lengths of the graphs are similar.
a) If the lower bar graph exceeds 100%
It is a desirable health state in terms of both ideal weight and actual weight.
Male, 28 years old, 5ft. 8.9in., 150.1lbs.
Actual weight (150.3lbs.)÷ ideal weight (148.8lbs)
As the discrepancy between the actual and ideal
weight is insignificant, the lengths of the two
bar graphs are similar. As the lower bar graph of
the lower body falls in the normal range, the
upper and lower body strength is in the average
range. Especially, as it exceeds 100%, the balance between muscles and body fat is met.
b) If the lower bar graph does not exceed 100%
Based on the actual weight, the subject is weak in health with insufficient soft lean mass.
Female, 28 years old, 5ft. 3in., 119.7lbs.
Actual weight (119.9lbs.)÷ ideal weight (118.8lbs)
Again, the lengths of the two bar graphs are
similar. As the lower bar graph is below the
normal range, the upper and lower bodies are
weak. Especially, as they fail to reach 100%, it
can be said that the subject has more body fat
and less soft lean mass.
20
B. If the actual weight is higher than the ideal weight, the lower bar graph is shorter than
the upper bar graph.
If the actual weight is higher than the ideal weight, the soft lean mass required by
the actual weight is greater than that required by the ideal weight. Therefore, if the
actual weight is higher than the ideal weight, the lower bar graph is always shorter
than the upper bar graph. So what is crucial here is whether or not the length of the
lower bar graph is above 100%. To determine whether one is a well-muscled type
or body fat type, you can also refer to the length of the lower bar graph.
It is a desirable health state with sufficiently developed muscles in terms of the actual weight.
Actual weight (176.6lbs.) £æ ideal weight (162.7lbs.)
The lower bar graph is shorter than the upper
bar graph. This is a natural phenomenon arising from the fact that the actual weight is higher than the ideal one. If you look at the lower
bar graph, you can see that it is either in or
above the normal range with an average upper
and lower body strength. As it is above 100%,
he has a desirable health state with more muscles than body fat. This type is often found in
the sportsman figures.
The muscles are insufficient in relation to the actual weight.
Female, 27 years old. 5ft. 5in., 171.1lbs.
Actual weight (171.3lbs.)£æideal weight (126.3lbs.)
The lower bar graph is shorter than the upper
one. It is a natural phenomenon. Though she
appears to have sufficient muscle mass in the
upper bar graph, it is solely because of her
higher actual weight than ideal weight. In
other words, if you look at the lower bar graph,
the upper body is in the normal range, indicating her upper body strength is average. On the
other hand, her lower body falls below the normal range so that the lower body
strength denotes a weak state. Especially with the lower body, the lower bar graph
lags much behind 100%, showing that she has more body fat than muscles.
21
C. If the actual weight is lower than the ideal weight, the lower bar graph is longer than the upper one.
If the actual weight is lower than the ideal weight, the subject’s soft lean mass
required by the actual weight is smaller than that required by the ideal weight.
Therefore, if the actual weight is lower than the ideal weight, the lower bar
graph is always longer than the upper bar graph. So what is crucial here is
whether or not the length of the lower bar graph exceeds 100%. To determine
if the subject is a well-muscled type or body fat type, you can simply refer to
the length of the lower bar graph.
Based on the actual weight, it is a desirable health state with sufficient muscle mass.
Actual weight (114.8lbs.) ideal weight (140.4lbs.)
The lower bar graph is longer than the upper
one. It is a natural phenomenon arising from
the fact that his actual weight is lower than the
ideal weight. In terms of the upper bar graph,
he appears to have insufficient muscles as his
upper and lower bodies fall below the normal
range. However, it is due to the lower actual
weight than the ideal weight. If you look at the
lower bar graph, they are all in the normal range with average body strength.
Especially in the case of the lower body, the lower bar graph exceeds 100%, indicating that he is in a desirable health state with a bit more muscle than body fat.
Based on the actual weight, it is a weak state with a lack of muscles.
Female, 50 years old, 4ft. 9.1in., 77.2lbs.
Actual weight (77.3lbs.) ideal weight (97.6lbs.)
The lower bar graph is longer that the upper
one and it is due to the lower actual weight
than ideal weight. In terms of the upper bar
graph, her soft lean mass is scarce. If you look
at the lower bar graphs, they are all below the
100%. Based on the actual weight, she is in a
weak state with insufficient muscles.
22
3. Observe the trend of lean balance graph with regular measuring.
If you carry out the InBody test not only once but on the regular basis, you can see
how the lean balance graph changes over time. Throughout the following examples, let’s observe the trend.
1) Overweight obesity type
In this case, it is advisable to employ methods that can reduce the weight while
maintaining the soft lean mass.
It falls in the category of overweight
obesity type, which is characterized
by high weight that is above the normal range with a lot of body fat. In
terms of the upper bar graph, it
appears to be well muscled, however,
the lower bar graph is far below
100%. It is the type that has more
body fat and less lean muscle in each
body part.
As weight has been reduced, there
must be less body fat and the soft lean
mass. As a result, the upper bar graph
also turns out to be a bit shorter.
However, if you look at the lower bar
graph, you actually can see that the
lower bar graph is more extended
than before due to the weight loss.
As the weight loss continues, there must be a bit of a decline in body fat and soft
lean mass. The upper bar graph becomes a bit shorter. At the same time the lower
bar graph is either close to 100% or longer owing to the weight loss accompanied
by the maintaining of soft lean mass.
During the above process, if there is no change in the lower bar graph even after treatment, it can be explained
by the incomplete manifestation of the effects of treatment.
23
2) Weight in the normal range but wants to have more firm body shape
If a person is not overweight but looks sluggish due to more body fat and less lean
muscle, it is recommended to apply methods to earn appropriate soft lean mass for
the weight.
Though the weight is in the normal
range, it is above the ideal weight and
the muscle strength for body parts falls
below the average. So the person may
appear sluggish due to less lean muscle
and more body fat. If you look at the lean
balance graph, the upper bar graph
exceeds 100%, whereas the lower bar
graph is below the average, indicating that
there is more body fat in each body part.
If you maintain soft lean mass with a decline in body fat and weight, the upper bar
graph will either remain the same or be decreased a bit. As the weight becomes
lower than the ideal weight with the loss of body fat, the lower bar graph will be
longer than the upper one, approaching or exceeding 100%. Consequently, the
physical figure will be transformed into a firm-looking one as there is a proper
ratio of lean muscle and body fat in each body part.
In the above result, if the lower bar graph does not show any changes or fails to exceed 100%, it cannot be considered a desirable result. If the lower bar graph exceeds 90%, it can be said to be a standard. Still, however, the
ideal ratio between lean muscle and body fat is achieved at 100%.
24
3) Weak physical state, wants to increase more lean muscle
As the weight is less than the ideal weight with insufficient lean muscle, it is necessary to introduce a process of increasing soft lean mass.
As the actual weight is lower than the
ideal one, the lower bar graph is longer
than the upper one. However, the upper
and lower bar graphs are below the average indicating a weak physical state with
insufficient muscle.
With the increase in soft lean mass, the
upper bar graph is elongated. Also the lower
bar graph is elongated accordingly and
exceeds 100%. That’s the desirable result.
4) Sportsman type but wants to increase more lean muscle.
If a person is well muscled and overweight and continues to build muscle, the
increase in soft lean mass can be observed.
Currently, the person is well muscled and
overweight, which is a type frequently
found in sportsmen. As the actual weight
is higher than the ideal weight, the upper
bar graph is longer than the lower one.
However, both bar graphs exceed 100%,
so that he or she is in ideal physical condition with more lean muscle in relation
to the actual weight.
If soft lean mass is increased due to continuous exercises, the upper bar graph will be elongated. As the actual weight
increased a bit with the rise in soft lean mass, the basic value of the lower bar
graph will be increased. However, with the increase in soft lean mass, you can see
the length of the lower bar graph is increased accordingly.
25
6. Body Composition
The InBody520 assigns a quantitative value to the select elements of the body s
composition. These values demonstrate the weight of each compositional element
which comprises the examinee s total body weight.
1) 4-Compartment Model
The InBody520 Analyzer s body composition analysis is based on the 4Compartment Model. This 4-Compartment Model assumes that the body is composed of four different elements: total body water, protein, minerals, and body fat.
The InBody520 Analyzer combines proteins and minerals and labels these Dry
Lean Mass. The Total Body Water component is then separated into intracellular
water and extracellular water for further analysis.
Ref 7 . Vivian H. Heyward, Applied Body Composition
Assessment,Human Kinetics, p.9, 1996
Cf. In addition to the use of the 4-Compartment Model, the 2-Compartment Model is also widely used to analyze thecomposition of the human body. The underwater weighing method of body composition analysis, which separates body
weight into Lean Body Mass and Fat Mass, is based on this 2-Compartment Model.
2) Dry Lean Mass
Dry Lean Mass is the sum of protein and minerals. Protein is solid in body cells, comprised of polymers of organic compounds, including nitrogen, and is a majorcomponent of muscle. Protein is also the main component of Dry Lean Mass. Minerals, the
other component of Dry Lean Mass, help preserve the body and play an important
role in the human body. The quantity of minerals is closely related to the level of exercise of an examinee. When the muscle mass increases, the weight of the bone also
increases. InBody520 uses the following formula to measure Dry Lean Mass:
Dry Lean Mass = Lean Body Mass - TBW
Protein is directly related to intracellular water. A lack of protein indicates poor nutrition, but contrary to what one may think, this protein is not the same as the one found
in food. Dry Lean Mass is proportionate to the quantity of muscle. Protein and intracellular water are indications of the level of muscle content an individual has.
Over
26
7. Muscle - Fat Control
InBody520 also offers a muscle – fat
control guide that is aimed at optimizing the examinee s body composition rather than simply increasing
or decreasing his/her weight. It tells
how to control the weight especially
by gaining or losing muscle or fat. Here, + refers to the mass that must be
increased, and - refers to the mass which should be decreased.
These numbers, a unique index offered only by the InBody520 indicating how
many pounds of Body Fat Mass should be lost and how many pounds of LBM
should be gained through exercise.
Many people give up in the middle of the process of treating their obesity because
their weight has not changed. In many cases, the reason is that LBM has increased
as much as the amount of Body Fat Mass lost. However, as their actual weight has
not changed at all, the effectiveness of the weight management program may be
difficult to ascertain. InBody520 makes it possible for the examinee to see how
much Body Fat Mass has been lost and how much LBM gained during the weight
management program. Therefore, InBody520 is a very useful device in diagnosing
obesity, monitoring the weight management process, and facilitating the formation
of a trust based relationship between the conductor and their clients.
Basal Metabolic Rate
The Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR) indicates the minimum energy required to sustain vital functions while at rest.
InBody520 makes it possible to estimate BMR using a known regression equation based on LBM. LBM is known to
be closely related to BMR. BMR is usually calculated using indirect Calorimetry, which in turn, employs oxygen
demand. However, InBody520 calculates BMR, using LeanBody Mass.8,9 For example, if the examinee gained LBM
during the weight management program, BMR would also increase. This is a desirable result in any weight management program.
REE = 21.6 LBM(kg) + 370 (LBM = Lean Body Mass, kg) 8,9
Ref 8. John J. Cunningham. Body composition as a determinant of energy expenditure: a synthetic review and proposed
general prediction equation. American Journal Clinical Nutrition, 54, 963~969, 1991.
Ref 9. Eric Ravussin and Clifton Bogardus. Relationship of genetics, age, and physical fitness to daily energy expenditure and fuel utilization. American Journal Clinical Nutrition, 49, 968~975, 1989
27
FAQ 4
When can I use BMR?
1. Obesity Treatment
Despite having similar weight conditions, examinees with more LBM also have
higher BMR. Therefore, the weight management programs for obese individuals should be focused on maintaining LBM and promoting BMR while
decreasing only Body Fat Mass. In addition, when an examinee undergoes on a
weight management program, if the amount of exercise is increased but the
food intake level remains the same, that is, under a person’s standard BMR
range, then, Body Fat Mass stored in the body is used as an energy source, thus,
eventually resulting in weight loss. applied to Lean Mass of legs.
2. Daily Reference Value
When individuals prepare the menu for their diets, the necessary daily amount
of energy should be calculated. In this regard, our InBody520’s BMR function
can be very useful.
Daily Reference Value(kcal) = BMR(kcal) Activity Factor
Activity Factors Used Account for the Thermic Effect of Exercise
Confined to bed
1.2
Ambulatory, low activity 1.3
Average activity
1.5 ~Over
1.75
Under
Normal
Highly active
2.0
8. Impedance
This chart shows the impedance values from
the measurement at 3 frequencies (5, 50,
500kHz). From left to right, it shows the values
for right arm, left arm, the trunk, right leg and
left leg.
BODY COMPOSITION ANALYZER
Examples
&
Body Composition Glossary
29
Examples
30
Examples
Normal type
Subject 21-year-old university student, male
does not need weight control
‘D’ shape
every result in normal range
History He is currently majoring in Business. He loves
sports and plays basketball with his friends everyday in
the gym. He also plays tennis and swims every weekend.
He is also a member of the in-line skate club. His body
composition lies within all standard ranges and forms the
‘D’ shape. Thus, he has a perfect body composition balance
with his BMI and Percent Body Fat in standard ranges.
Moreover, his Segmantal Lean Development is well developed. He is deemed to be in perfect condition, and do not
need to undertake a weight management program. He
needs to exercise continuously in order to maintain his
present health condition.
31
Examples
You can find hidden obesity through body composition analysis!
32
Examples
Sarcopenic obesity type
Subject Underweight low muscular type female
Height : 5 ft. 7.3 in. Weight: 125.4 lbs.
‘C’ shape
History Sarcopenic obesity is due to a lack of exercise.
She eats regular meals, but does not exercise enough, due
to her job as an office worker. Looking at her LBM and
Body Fat Mass, she falls under the category of the typical
‘C’ shape. Although she is underweight, her Body Fat
Mass is very high. Therefore, it is necessary for her to balance her body composition by increasing her LBM
through exercise.
33
Examples
Examples
34
Low muscle overweight type
very low BMR
‘C’ shape
While she is overweight and has a fatty liver, she might
feel safe because using the BMI method, her weight falls
within the standard range. However, she has a very high
Percent Body Fat at 42.4%. Such a result places her in the
chronic obesity type. Her obesity is confirmed by a simple
check of the body composition graphs. Her LBM is below
the standard range while her Body Fat Mass is way
beyond the standard range. Her test results look like a
curved ‘C’ shape. She should strive to change this into a
slight ‘D’ shape, by increasing her LBM and decreasing
her Body Fat Mass. Once this has been achieved, all her
graphs will fall within the standard ranges. Increasing
LBM in the lower extremities helps middle-aged females
prevent arthritis. This patient should be advised to continue exercising and have her Segmantal Lean Development
values monitored.
35
Examples
Enjoy an accurate body composition analysis with our InBody520 Analyzer!
Examples
36
Geriatric disease patient
This patient’s LBM is very low.
37
Examples
InBody520 analyzer also provides guidelines for exercising!
D
Examples
38
Athletic type
Subject 35-year-old, male
History Has been a bodybuilder for over 10 years, works
as a trainer in a gym.
does not need weight control
higher BMR
‘D’ shape
Judging from his external appearance, his upper body
LBM is remarkably developed. Having hurt his left leg in
the past, he is very careful not to do severe exercise. His
test results exhibit a severely curved ‘D’ shape, which is
often found in athletes. While his weight is beyond the
standard range, his Body Fat Mass is barely within the
standard range and his LBM is very well developed.
Looking at the Segmantal Lean Development, as expected, the graph of the left leg is smaller than the right leg’s.

Results Interpretation

Transcription

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