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IHSN February 2004 Month Section Index ISSN 1543-6039 The URL to the IHSN is below and pages 1 to 4 of that URL will provide links to the three sections of the current and three prior months in both Acrobat and HTML versions: http://home.att.net/~w.thorsson/index.html Please enter it as one of your bookmarks or favorites. 2 =============================== Shelling Events (Conventions, shell shows, auctions, etc.) 4 =============================== Feature Articles Conus Descriptions by Wesley Thorsson 5 HSN reprints. The Return of Haminoea aperta by Olive Schoenberg Update of Haminoea aperta by Wesley Thorsson Prosobranch Veligers of Hawaii by Jane Taylor 8 8 11 =============================== COA List Server Threads COA List Server information 20 Return to General Index for links to other sections Internet Hawaiian Shell News page 1 February 2004 Month Section The February 2004 Meeting of HMS HAWAIIAN MALACOLOGICAL SOCIETY Meeting Time and Place 0730 PM, Wednesday, February 3, 2003 At the First United Methodist Church Victoria and Beretania Street (Talk story and show shells) at 7:00 PM Speaker and Program HMS Meeting Program and Speaker Dr. Dave Krupp will speak on Fungia Corals in Hawaii Fungia (Pleuractis scutaria Lamarck In a more circular form then normal, but the form varies greatly, and size can be a foot in length.. Propagation/reproduction of Hawaiian Corals. He will share with us his extensive laboratory and field work with "Fungia", the oval, thin solitary corals that have a central depression with vertical Internet Hawaiian Shell News page 2 plates radiating outward from the depression to the outer margin. You undoubtedly see these corals in diving and pick them up to look for Epitonium on them. They February 2004 Month Section HMS Meeting continued are a very interesting coral in that they are capable of moving on the ocean bottom. Now you will find out much more about them in clear English.. Dr Krupp is an Associate Professor of Biological and Marine Sciences, in the Dept of Nat'l Sciences, with Windward Comm. College; and he is also an Affiliate Faculty with the Hawaii Institute Of Marine Biology out of Coconut Island. Dr. Krupp received his B.A. in Biology at UCLA in 1976, then later graduated UH with a Ph. D. in Zoology in 1982. Dr. Krupp teaches at Windward Community College and has earned a reputation for being passionate about science. He loves teaching, he excites and motivates his students, and his high expectations challenge his pupils to think critically. Our HMS meeting room is open to members at about 7:00 PM on the first Wednesday of each month at the First United Methodist Church at Victoria and Beretania Street, normally in the first floor meeting room. December meetings are always scheduled to be elsewhere, most often at Hale Koa Hotel, 2055 Kalia Road, Honolulu, Hawaii Laulima Rooms 3&4. Occasionally, the church meeting room is taken by priority of church organizations. This is infrequent, but can be expected without notice in our meeting announcements several times each year. When this happens, first look for signs on the doors to the meeting room indicating where the meeting will be held. The principal alternate meeting room is on the Internet Hawaiian Shell News page 3 second floor at the Beretania Street end of the hallway. Look for us there. Guests are welcome. Parking Parking is available in the church basement, but a charge of $2.00 is made. After you park, note the parking space number, and go to the base of the parking entrance ramp on Victoria Street. There is a metal cabinet there with numbered slots for deposit of the parking fee. Put $2.00 into the slot number for your parking space. Quarters are easier to insert than dollar bills, so plan ahead to have eight quarters. The parking area must be vacated earlier than 10:00 PM as the doors will be closed and you will not be able to retrieve your car. If you neglect to deposit your parking fee, you will be assessed a charge of about $20.00 dollar bills, so plan ahead to have eight quarters. Dues are due. Your dues expired at the end of December and continue to support HMS that brings you such good programs monthly. Look at the top line of your HMS Bulletin mail label on the mailing envelope. The highest dues year you have paid is in the center of the line (Mail category code is on the left and your current account balance with HMS is on the right as in the following example: F-H Dec 2004 $0.00 where Dec 2004 is when your dues expire. February 2004 Month Section Coming Malacological Events 2003 SHELL SHOWS & RELATED EVENTS By Donald Dan 2004 SHELL SHOWS & RELATED EVENTS The following advanced information is subject to change. Please verify with individual organization Feb. 13-15 SARASOTA SHELL SHOW, Sarasota, FL Sarasota Municipal Auditorium, Tamiami Trail Lynn Gaulin, 4407 33rd Ct. East Bradenton, FL 34203 E-mail: [email protected] (941) 755-1270 Feb. 20-22 NAPLES SHELL SHOW Naples, FL The Nature Conservancy, 14th Avenue N. Gary Schmelz, 5575 12th Ave. SW Naples, FL 34116 E-mail: [email protected] (941) 455-4984 Feb. 27-29 ST. PETERSBURG SHELL SHOW, Treasure Is., FL Treasure Is. Community Center, 1 Park Place Bob & Betty Lipe, 348 Corey Avenue St. Petersburg Beach, FL 33706 (727) 360-0586; FAX: 360-3668 E-mail: [email protected]. Exhibits accepted at web site: http://web.tampabay. rr.com/shellclub Feb. 28-29 XVIéme RECONTRES INTERNATIONALES DU COQUILLAGE, Paris, France Bourse de Commerce, 2 rue des Viarmes, 75004 Paris, France (Note: new venue for 2004) M. & D. Wantiez, 88, Rue du General Leclerc 95210 Saint Gratien, France E-mail: [email protected] 33 (1) 34-17-00-39 Mar. 4 - 6 SANIBEL SHELL SHOW, Sanibel, FL Sanibel Community Center, Periwinkle Way Anne Joffe, 1163 Kittiwake Circle Sanibel, FL 33957 E-mail: [email protected] (239) 472-3151 Mar. 11-13 MARCO ISLAND SHELL CLUB SHOW XXIII, Marco Is., FL Wesleyan United Methodist Church, Barfield Road Jean Sungheim, P.O. Box 633 Marco Island, FL 34146 (941) 642-7247 This information was collected and distributed by DONALD DAN, COA Award Chairman 6704 Overlook Drive Ft. Myers, FL 33919, U.S.A. Tel. Voice & Fax (239) 481-6704 E-mail: [email protected] Many thanks to Donald Dan for this service Internet Hawaiian Shell News page 4 February 2004 Month Section Conus descriptions By Wesley Thorsson Giancarlo Paganelli, of Rimini, Italy and I exchanged Conus graphics. His photos were magnificent and displayed three views of most species: ventral, dorsal and apical. See the following URL to view his photos: www.coneshell.net Looking at the apical views reminded me of my complaints with most illustrations in popular and scientific books: They ignore the variation of the posterior canal in apical view. As Giancrlo’s photos clearly show, variation is considerable between species: The outer lip in ventral view connects to the shell prior whorl as a radial line, or curved line, or a deep or shallow slit. The accompanying illustrations show this variation. I examined some of my photos of Conus from Hawaii and compared the apical view to Giancarlo’s. Most had a similar shape of the outer lip connection to the body whorl. Conus leopardus from Hawaii, however, differed significantly. My study of this characteristic is not extensive, but indicates that there is a degree of variation within a species from the same area, but not dramatic difference. Usually the variation is slight, and could be considered a worthwhile characteristic of a species. Another variation that is a characteristic of individual species is the length of the operculum to the shell length and the shape of the operculum. Again, this variation is considerable but is generally ignored in descriptions. I went through some of my photos of Conus from Hawaii that had photos of the operculum and shell and noted the following ratios: Internet Hawaiian Shell News page 5 Species mm length of shell Operc ratio C. capitanus C. distans C. flavidus C. flavidus C. imperialis 51.0 50.0 39.3 48.6 36.9 0.34 0.28 0.064 0.14 0.068 17.4 14.0 2.5 6.7 2.5 The common characteristics of Conus that are used are: width/length, spire length/shell length, curvature of sides of spire and body whorl, sculpture, number of cords on the spire whorls, color pattern. In addition, Manual of the Living Conidae, D. Rockel, W. Korn, & Alan J. Kohn, Verlag Christa Hemmen, Grillparzerstr. 22, D65187, Germany, list relative weight (grams per mm length) and position of maximum diameter (height of maximum diameter above anterior tip/ length of aperture). They also illustrate the coloration of the siphon and top of foot. In my opinion, the animal can also include length of tentacle/length of tentacle plus tentacle pedestal (the eye is on top of the tentacle pedestal outside the tentacle). Coloration of the tentacle and tentacle pedestal is also significant as is the coloration of the foot crawling surface, and position of the operculum (does it extend past the foot posterior) and width of operculum/ length of operculum. Coloration and texture of the mantle can also be significant though the mantle is seldom discussed. All these factors can be considered in separating two species. February 2004 Month Section Conus description continued A C. acutangulus Convex edge C. hyaena concave edge. C D C. leopardus Convex edge. C. leopardus Radial edge E F C. leopardus 63.8 mm Hawaii specimen Sharp notch C. leopardus 178 mm Hawaii specimen. Sharp notch All photos by Giancarlo Paganelli except figs. E & F by Thorsson Internet Hawaiian Shell News page 6 February 2004 Month Section Conus description continued A B C. aculeiformis deep notch C. nussatella U notch C D C. abreviatus 42.1 mm Hawaii specimen Wide V notch E C. abreviatus wide V notch F C Striatus curved V notch Note: in ventral view the raised shoulder. C. striatus Deep U notch All photos by Giancarlo Paganelli except fig. C by Thorsson Internet Hawaiian Shell News page 7 February 2004 Month Section Reprinted from September, 1971 HAWAIIAN SHELL NEWS Page .9 The Return of Haminoea aperta by OLIVE SCHOENBERG Harninoea aperta Pease is a small shell (approx. l0mm) that, in its live state, never fails to make a collector who is seeing the animal for the first time, think he's found a new species. The brilliant green and orange colored animal shows through its whitish, transparent shell. The spectacular mollusk elongates out of its shell when it crawls about and it characteristically travels "duck style" or "follow-the-leader". It is not easy to find the shells and they are listed as uncommon in Hawaii. When they do appear, however, they are found in many different spots at the same time and it is as a bloom. Then they disappear. A bloom occurred in 1966 on the Waianae Coast, and in a very small area in a tidal flat near Nanakuli, there were thousands of H. aperta, spilling out over the reef beyond the surf, into deeper water. In a few weeks they were gone except for one or two stragglers that were found after much searching over the next few years. Recently, it was reported that a lot of these shells had been found in a tide pool on Lanai Island, and someone else had found them at Makua. We wondered if the little rock near Nanakuli would again shelter H. aperta and a special trip was made there. It was so! They had come back ... and in quantity ... and to exactly the same rock after an absence of 4 1/2 years. Update on Haminoea aperta Pease to H. cymballium (Quoy & Gaimard. 1835) By Wesley Thorsson After scanning and OCR-ing (Optical Character Recognition) the above article, I decided that this article deserved a color photo rather than the black and white photos in the article. Easier said than done, however. I went to my graphics files under “Bulla-like families” that I use to reduce the strain on my memory in finding the scientific names of the families and genera involved. Under subfolder Haminoea I found only Haminoea sp with about 40 photos of two shells (among others) brought to me by Trudi Ernst on August 14. 2002. The station data read: Ernst Station 020822 Kahe Power Plant Beach 40 feet: wind 10-15 knots, Visibility 75 ft. 11:00 AM Internet Hawaiian Shell News page 8 Collected bits of coral rubble. Removed shells from sand. My photo log read: Fuji S1 camera photos F0470 to F0552 (old series) taken in aquarium using 106 mm macro lens with doubler. Fuji F0569 to F586 of shells other than bubble shell. I was never a great finder of any of this superfamily of shells, and had been unable to quickly identify Trudi’s bubble shell and it was entered as Haminoea species and I never got around to doing the identification work, other than to establish that it was not in Kay (197) under superfamily Bullacea pages 421 to 432. Looking in Vaught (1989) page 65, I found that she had the superfamily as Philinoidea ? with February 2004 Month Section The Return of Haminoea aperta continued Hamineidae having 2 subfamilies and 20 genera including genus Haminoea. I looked in Kay (1979) and didn’t find Olive’s Haminoea aperta so got out the other Hawaii reference books and found: Hawaiian Seashells (1972) no match Seashells of Hawaii (1974) no match Living Seashells (1078) H. cymbalum Shells of Hawaii Atyidae: H. cymbalum Hawaii’s Sea Creatures Haminoeidae H. cymbalum Hawaiian Seashells (2001) no match The matches to my photographs were very close as to shell and size, so I now, following The Southern Synthesis take Olive’s specimen to be: Superfamily Haminoeoidea Family Haminoeidae Genus Haminoea Species cymbalum (Quoy & Gaimard, 1835 I didn’t find the source from which Olive found H. aperta Pease. Thorsson photos of Haminoea cymbalum (Quoy & Gaimard, 1835) Internet Hawaiian Shell News page 9 February 2004 Month Section The Return of Haminoea aperta continued Thorsson photos of Haminoea cymbalum (Quoy & Gaimard,1835) Selected photos of the animal. All the color is on the animal which is basically green with orange rounded orange spots on the mantle and most other parts. The siphon is more white. The “fried egg” pattern is on the animal inside the shell and on the top side of the foot posterior. Eyes are black. The animal agrees closely with other reference illustrations. References for Hawaiian Marine Shells Boom, Robert, 1972 Hover, John P., 1998 Johnson, Scott, 1978 Kay, E. A. 1979 Hawaiian Seashells, pg. 28, Robert Boom publisher, Honolulu Hawaii’s Sea Creatures, pg. 145, Mutual Publishing Co., Honolulu Living Seashells, pg. 18, Oriental Publishing Co., Honolulu Hawaiian Marine Shells pg. 426 to 428, Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu Kay, E. A. & SchoenbergDole, Olive, 1991 Shells of Hawaii, pg. 65, fig. 102, University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu Vaught, Kay Cunningham, 1989 A Classification of the Living Mollusca, pg. 65, Amer. Malac. Quirk & Wolfe, 1974 Seashells of Hawaii, Seashell Paradise, Honolulu Severns, Mike, 2001 Hawaiian Seashells, second edition, pgs. 210 to 213, Island Heritage Publishing, Honolulu Internet Hawaiian Shell News page 10 February 2004 Month Section Reprinted from Page 1 VOL. XIX NO. 12 DECEMBER, 1971 NEW SERIES NO. 144 AN EDUCATIONAL PUBLICATION OF THE HAWAIIAN MALACOLOGICAL SOCIETY SOME PROSOBRANCH VELIGERS OF HAWAII by JANE TAYLOR Figure I depicts a pre-settlement veliger of Serpulorbis sp. with the appropriate larval structures labelled: b. beak, c. columella, e. eye, es. esophagus, f. foot, fg. .food grove, h. larval heart, i. intestine, ldg. larval digestive gland, m. mouth, poc. Post-oral cilia, prc. Pre-oral cilia, ss. style sac, t. cephalic tentacle, vldg. ventral lobe of digestive gland. Veliger description and biology When the cilia which fringe the velum are operative, currents are set up which attract particles to the food groove. These particles are swept clockwise along the food groove to the mouth and down the esophagus to the style sac. Algal particles can be seen rotating within the style sac as they are digested by enzymes from the larval digestive gland. Waste materials are pushed along the intestine and exit into the mantle cavity behind the head region. The larval heart aids in the circulation of body fluids. Eyes are located at the bases of the cephalic tentacles and probably do little more than perceive light and dark regions. Many pre-settlement protoconchs have a beak, which prevents the mantle cavity from becoming clogged with particles.. Internet Hawaiian Shell News page 11 February 2004 Month Section Prosobranch Veligers of Hawaii continued Prosobranch veligers1 are among the most beautiful and interesting organisms living in Hawaii's inshore plankton. Their diversity in form and color present a continual source of delight and discovery to both amateur and professional students of the mollusks. The longest-lived and largest number of planktonic veligers are found in tropical and subtropical marine areas simply because favorable amounts of sunlight and food prevail and because water temperature in these marine areas does not vary as greatly as in temperate areas. It follows, then, that in Hawaii we have an unusual opportunity to gather an enormous amount of information concerning molluscan life histories. Who would use this information? Experimental embryologists in search of new experimental organisms with which they can study developmental phenomena. Ecologists who seek to understand nutrition and food webs as they occur in oceanic and estuarine areas. Pollution specialists who seek animal indicators of water quality. People who seek to establish regions of aquaculture in which mollusks, fish or crustaceans can be farmed to feed the increasing human population. Zoologists who want to learn the extent to which a species can be distributed in a specific region. In short, this type of information interests a broad spectrum of specialists. The term “veliger” denotes a molluscan larval stage found in bivalves and gastropods. The veliger has a velum, a circular or lobed diaphanous fold of tissue located on either side of the head. Around the periphery of the velum beat cilia, which set up currents which effect both food gathering and locomotion. Bivalves have larval shells which are also bivalved; there are no tentacles in the head region lateral to the eyes, and the velum is usually circular, although it can be bilobed or even fourlobed, as in Pinna, the paper oyster. In gastropods, a variety of protoconch shapes and colors, foot shapes, velar shapes and “faces” obtain. Some gastropod veligers (certain nudibranchs) do not have exterior protoconchs. Some veligers (bubble shells) do not have cephalic tentacles. It is important to stress that the veliger stage is only one arbitrarily defined developmental stage in a continuum: egg /sperm - zygote - early cleavage stages; non-motile embryo; trochophore; veliger; veliconcha; juvenile; adult; egg /sperm. Generally, gastropods deposit fertilized eggs in egg capsules on some substratum. In many species, all development through metamorphosis is passed in the egg capsule and the young hatch as miniature adults. By Thorson's estimate2, 75 to 85 percent of tropical and subtropical species of gastropods have planktonic veliger stages. Because so many gastropods have planktonic larval stages, these species can extend their geographic ranges and exploit new food supplies and shelter. Thus, the chances of survival of the species is increased. After hatching, veligers may remain planktonic for periods ranging from a few minutes to two or more months. Where are veligers found and how are they captured? Veligers are found in nearly all relatively calm marine surface waters on days which are not overcast. On cloudy days, arrow worms, ctenophores and rather plain micro-crustacea predominate. On sunny days, where the surface water is not excessively turbid and choppy, one 2. 1 . a molluscan larval stage; shell and velum present, foot not yet functional in crawling. Internet Hawaiian Shell News page 12 Thorson, G. 1950. “Reproductive and larval ecology of marine bottom invertebrates.” Biol. Rev., 25:1-45. February 2004 Month Section Prosobranch Veligers of Hawaii continued Fig. 2 Protoconchs of veligers, Kaneohe Bay, Oahu. a. Coralliophila sp. b. Vexillum fusconigra (Thaisidae). c. Bursa granularis, not long after hatching. d. Mitra sp. e. Serpulorbis sp., newly hatched. f. Dendroporna platypus, pre-settlemen,. g. Hipponyx sp., pre-settlement. h. Crucibulurn pinosum, two views, i. Conus sp. j. Conus sponsalis. k. Mitra sp. l. Cypraea sp. m. Terebra sp. n. Kermia sp. (Turridae). o. Cypraea isabella p. Littorina pintado q. Theodoxus neglectus, with operculum. r. Natica marochiensis, pre-settlement. s. Trivia sp-, without outer part of protoconch. t. Rissoina miltozona. u. eulimids. v. epitoniids. w. turrid sp. obtains colorful amphipods, marine worms and a variety of veligers. Areas which yield the highest diversity of prosobranch veligers are those clearwater areas between turbid inshore areas and clear, Internet Hawaiian Shell News out-to-sea regions where channels funnel water through a defined region. page 13 February 2004 Month Section Prosobranch Veligers of Hawaii continued 3 4 5 6 7 Fig. 3 is Veliger of Lamellaria species Fig. 4 is Veliger of Eucithra angiostoma (Pease, 1868) (Turridae) Fig. 5 is Veliger of Coralliophila d’orbignyana (Petit, 1851) [was cited as a muricid on color photo, and corrected to C. deformis (Lamarck) which is now considered a synonym Fig. 6 is Veliger of Strombus maculatus Sowerby, 1842 Fig. 7 is veliger of Janthina globosa Swainson, 1822 Internet Hawaiian Shell News page 14 February 2004 Month Section Prosobranch Veligers of Hawaii continued Collecting veligers A nylon plankton net from 1/2 to one meter at its widest diameter is towed from a slowly moving boat for at least 10-15 minutes. Mesh size of the net should be no larger than 0.33mm. A wide mouth jar approximately one liter in volume is secured to the net by means of a hose clamp, which may be obtained in most hardware stores, or twine. The contents of the sample should be poured through a small fish net (mesh size of 1 to 2mm) into a bucket containing a few centimeters of fresh sea water. This separates large components such as algae, jellyfish, arrow worms, etc. from the desired smaller components. Then a centripetal effect is introduced by swirling the bucket a few times. After waiting a few minutes for the sedimenting organisms to collect at the bottom, the supernatant sea water and organisms are poured off into another bucket. By repeating this procedure several times, one is able to obtain a reasonably pure sample of veligers. It is desirable to separate the components in this manner as soon after collection as possible because veligers, especially common species such as Crucibulum spinosum, are capable of secreting appreciable amounts of mucus, which not only aggregates the veligers, but also causes other organisms or pieces of debris to adhere to them. This makes later scanning with a dissecting microscope more difficult and time-consuming. Take one or two buckets of fresh sea water back to the laboratory for subsequent filtration with a piece of nylon cloth which has a pore size of 0.012mm). Water filtered in such a manner can be stored for 1 to 2 weeks without spoilage. Upon return to the lab, the plankton sample is transferred to two-liter beakers and allowed to settle for a few minutes. The supernatant [occupying the top layer] organisms are returned to the sea or used as food for aquarium fish. Upon swirling the remainder, more veligers are caught up in the vortex and deposited at the bottom. The Internet Hawaiian Shell News process is repeated until quick scanning indicates veligers are no longer present in the supernatant sea water. Making veliger observations The veliger portion is then viewed in petri dishes. Crowding 20 large veligers (greater than 0.75mm) or about 50 small veligers (0.10.75mm) into a small (5.5cm in diameter) plastic petri dish greatly increases the chances of their metamorphosing into juveniles within the first week of captivity. If they do not metamorphose during that time, it is unlikely that they will have sufficient energy to do so later, thus they will not grow sufficiently to permit identification. Care and feeding viligers The care and feeding of veligers after capture is time consuming, and refurbishment of the culture dishes must be accomplished every two days. Each small petri dish should be provided with 2 to 3 drops of a mature, but not dense, culture of Phaeodactylum tricornutum3a golden diatom, or with the same amount of another acceptable culture. Clean, smooth coral chips with a thin covering of algae were provided to induce settlement; also, some clean, fine sand was included to insure an ion system favorable for shell deposition. The sea water should be renewed with the stored, filtered sea water every 48 hours to prevent buildup of detrimental protozoan and bacterial populations, to renew the oxygen supply and to eliminate waste products. After metamorphosis, suspected herbivores (nerites, limpets, littorines, Bittium and cerithiids) are provided with rock chips with algal films, or small clumps of filamentous alga (Strombus), or algal fronds with detritus. These food supplies are found in most calm sea water localities. Suspected 3 page 15 . available from the Hawaii Institute of Marine Biology, Kaneohe, Oahu, Attn: Mr. David Hashimoto. February 2004 Month Section Prosobranch Veligers of Hawaii continued carnivores (naticids, miters, columbellids, cones, etc.) can he offered Rissoella sp. a tiny (1 to 2mm) black snail or minute polychaetes. Trivia juveniles eat small, transparent, colonial tunicates; juveniles of Epitonium favor corals or sea anemones such as Aiptasia. The food supplies of cypraeid juveniles appear to be variable and to depend on the species involved: C. caputserpentis is an algal feeder after metamorphosis.4 Types of veligers found Which veligers can one expect to find in turbid, inshore areas? Crucibulum spinosum, various species of Cerithiopsis, an occasional Theodoxus neglectus, a few species of Triphora and Mitrella, a columbellid. Also one finds one or two species of Kermia and Daphnella (Turridae) and vermetids - especially Petaloconchus and Vermetus. In clear, offshore (not oceanic) areas, one finds Serpulorbis, a vermetid, most abundant. Abundant nerites, cypraeids, thaisids, and an occasional Echinospira 5 belonging to Lamellaria or Trivia are also associated with these areas. In March, Philippia oxytropis, Natica marochiensis and Strombus maculatus are found in greater numbers than during the remainder of the year. Although a few species of miters, cones and cowries have larvae in the plankton during all months, they are especially abundant during the period from May through September. Both the veligers and juveniles of oceanic pteropods such as Creseis and Atlanta are frequently in the plankton of clear, offshore areas. In the intermediate waters, a mixture of both groups occurs with the addition of Nassarius dermestina, Littorina pintado, Heliacus variegatus and various limpets. A composite of photographs of a sample of veligers which occur in the plankton of Hawaiian waters is presented on the insert. Camera lucida [a device that projects objects onto paper for sketches] drawings of representatives of the major families are shown on page 4. It is hoped that this article will encourage the reader to examine shells in search of protoconchs in the many collections assembled by members of HMS. If they are encountered, much information could be compiled by members of the Society which could yield important clues about the larva of that species. A good hand lens can yield the following information: number of whorls in the protoconch before the abrupt change in shell character due to metamorphosis, color of protoconch, sculpture or lack thereof on the protoconch, presence or absence of a beak and general size and shape of the protoconch. It might even be in the interests of the HMS to assemble their own shell collection with specimens bearing protoconchs for the use of future investigators who study larval biology. In any event, an appreciation of larval shells will augment the esthetic appreciation of adult shells. 4 Editor’s [Ellis Cross] Note: The HSN editors proudly present the accompanying article by Mrs. Jane Taylor who is defending her Ph. D. thesis on Hawaiian veligers. This is a comprehensive work which should be of great interest to all collectors and the publication, in color, of five of Mrs. Taylor's photographs of veligers plus the excellent figures and illustrations by Mrs. Taylor of numerous other veliger species is a “first” for the HSN and a tribute to her work in this field. In a note to the editors, Mrs. Taylor expressed the . Kay, E. A., Ph.D. dissertation, University of Hawaii. 5 . for a discussion of the Echinospira larva, see Fretter, V. and A. Graham. 1962. British Prosobranch Molluscs, Ray Society, London, p. 467. Internet Hawaiian Shell News page 16 February 2004 Month Section Prosobranch Veligers of Hawaii continued desire that we make it clear that the “About These Shells” box on the color plate was an editorial remark and not her own words. Since the printing of the color plate, which was, done earlier in the year, Mrs. Taylor has made some additional findings and the headings on the insert should be changed as follows: 1. “Veliger of Daphnella species” should be changed to “Veliger of Eucithara angiostoma (Turridae)” 2. “Veliger of a muricid” should be changed to “Veliger of Coralliophila deformis” 3. "Veliger of Strombus species" should be changed to “veliger of Strombus maculatus” 4. “Veliger of Janthina species” should be changed to “veliger of Janthina globosa” IHSN Editor notes: These corrections have been entered in figs. 3 to 7 Internet Hawaiian Shell News Footnotes below are also placed in bold at the foot of the column applicable and are repeated below as in the original article as they may be hard to see. Footnotes: 1 . a molluscan larval stage; shell and velum present, foot not yet functional in crawling. 2. Thorson, G. 1950. “Reproductive and larval ecology of marine bottom invertebrates.” Biol. Rev., 25:1-45. 3. available from the Hawaii Institute of Marine Biology, Kaneohe, Oahu, Attn: Mr. David Hashimoto. 4. Kay, E. A., Ph.D. dissertation, University of Hawaii. 5. for a discussion of the Echinospira larva, see Fretter, V. and A. Graham. 1962. British Prosobranch Molluscs, Ray Society, London, p. 467. page 17 February 2004 Month Section Reprinted from Page 2 HAWAIIAN SHELL NEWS October, 1971 DEDICATION By Ellis Cross Several years before the formation of the Hawaiian Malacological Society, the late Mary L. King, then a young girl vacationing in Florida, started collecting sea shells. Since her early days of collecting, Mariel, as she was known to her many friends, encouraged, financed, and personally directed many world wide collecting trips. One such expedition has been declared “Probably the greatest private contribution in the field of marine zoology that has ever been made by anyone anywhere.” This issue of the Hawaiian Shell News, commemorating the 30th anniversary of the HMS, is dedicated to the memory of this great lady of shells. Minnesota born and raised, Mariel became a resident of Hawaii about 1950. From the beginning of her Island collecting she became interested in the scientific aspects of conchology and malacology and devoted her collecting time, talents, and funds to increasing our knowledge of Indo-Pacific shells. She was a member of the HMS for many years and won an Honorary Associate in Malacology at the Bishop Museum. Mariel organized and directed her first expedition (a small one) in 1950 to Australia's Great Barrier Reef. Next came the expedition to the Mauritius Islands in 1954. Realizing the lack of information about Indo-Pacific deep water fauna she organized and sponsored the first Sulu Sea Expedition in January, 1957. An 85-foot boat was chartered in Manila and taken to the Sulu Sea area for four months. According to Dr. Tom Richert, a member of the expedition, “This entire trip was superb as to variety and quantity of specimens. We completely encircled the islands of the Sulu Sea. Absolutely fabulous collecting.” Mariel donated half of all shells collected to the National Museum of the Philippines and half to the Bishop Museum of Honolulu. Internet Hawaiian Shell News Mary L. (Mariel) King Who did many wonderful things for HMS and Malacology Perhaps as a result of the work in the Sulu Sea expedition, Mariel King in 1959 determined to find out what lay in the sand or grew in the coral and marine vegetation in Hawaiian waters too deep for divers. Thus was born the now famous “Pele” expeditions. Dr. Pat Burgess, writing in Pele Log, HSN for December, 1962, stated, “Hangups, lost dredges, and blank hauls were taken in stride. The back-breaking toil of the hand winch, all were endured because of the rare and beautiful specimens, many of them new to science, that were taken.” Pele expeditions continued throughout the years but not to the exclusion of other Indo-Pacific work by Mrs. King. page 18 February 2004 Month Section Dedication of October 1971 HSN to Mariel King continued The next international expedition organized and sponsored by Mariel was the West Australian Expedition in May and June, 1960. For this work Mrs. King chartered the 83-foot vessel Davena and equipped it with a hydraulic winch and good dredges with heavy cable. An observer wrote, “Collecting was excellent and many specimens were brought in that were new to West Australian science. Other forms of marine life were also collected (shrimp, fish, etc.). Shells dredged or diver-collected were mostly volutes and cowries. The material from this trip will keep scientists of West Australian Museum busy for years to come.” In the next few years Marie] King sponsored additional research and collecting expeditions. One to Palmyra Island a few hundred miles south and west of Hawaii; a second Sulu Sea expedition with shells going to the West Australia Museum, National Museum of the Philippines, and the Bishop Museum; then to French Oceania on an expedition in September and October, 1967, sponsored jointly by the National Geographic Society and Mariel King. On this expedition stations were dredged at all 12 of the Marquesas Islands, most of the Society group, and some of the Tuamotus plus Pitcairn Island. A new species of Cypraea was collected at Pitcairn; two new Conus species and a Fusinus species were collected at the Marquesas. This collection was donated to the Smithsonian Institution and to the West Australian Museum. According to observers, this expedition filled a great gap in the knowledge of this area. Many internationally known scientists have participated in the Mariel King sponsored expeditions. Dr. Robert Fox, anthropologist, Dr. Edano, botanist, and Fernando Dayrit from the National Museum of the Philippines; Dr. Yoshi Kondo and Dr. Dennis Deveney of Bishop Internet Hawaiian Shell News Museum; Dr. Barry Wilson and Dr. Ray George of the Museum of West Australia; and Mr. Otis Imboten of the National Geographic Society are a few who contributed time and talent to the expeditions. According to Dr. Tom Richert who was present on most of the expeditions, “Mariel had a wonderful time working with the dredged material. She was an excellent sailor; never have I seen her sick or unable to carry out her part of the expedition. She was a real sport, always willing, never too tired to help.” Mariel King's dream was to donate her R.V. Pele to the Bishop Museum for research in Hawaiian waters and to purchase a “proper boat” for her extensive and far flung Indo-Pacific work, particularly for a collecting trip to the little worked area of the Mollucas. This Molluca expedition was fully planned and partly organized and only her untimely death prevented Mariel from accomplishing this dream expedition. The Mariel King Memorial Expedition to the Mollucas, sponsored jointly by the National Geographic Society with a grant to the Smithsonian Institution, Mrs. Mary L. King, Senior, and three local collectors, was the culmination of that dream and a tribute to Mariel's collecting work. Scientists, technicians, and crew members are in agreement, “Mariel was a great person; one whom we all miss”. In the years to come, those who work with the shells and other marine life she collected will help us all appreciate the work she has done. Mary L. King's contribution to science will live forever. To be continued in next month IHSN with an initial report of the Expedition. page 19 February 2004 Month Section MOLLUSK OBSERVATIONS posted in CONCH-L List Server Email Exchanges. subscribe CONCH-L CONCH-L is a “list server” in internet terms. It can be accessed by persons who have an Email connection, even though they do not have a connection to the internet itself. You can become a “subscriber” to CONCH-L by Email to: [email protected] with no entry under SUBJECT, and in the text portion enter only the following line Do not add anything else, but click on “SEND”. Example of total text: subscribe CONCH-L Wesley Thorsson To unsubscribe follow the above with only the message: SIGNOFF CONCH-L followed immediately by a space and your name in full: General information on CONCHL is at: Http://www.arches.uga.edu/~amylyne/CONCH-L.html Persons on the list send in an observation by Email, which is automatically forwarded to all members on the list. This message is called a “posting”. Members, who have comments or further observations on a subject, Email them and these comments are also sent to all on the list. Sometimes the subject matter diverts to allied subjects. Many “postings” are of general interest and may prove of help to a number of HSN readers. Note: Always enter a pertinent subject as all postings are maintained in their archives, and retrieval is easier if the subject is pertinent. When the same subject is used in various postings, the postings can be linked together in your display of your mail. The subject is then called a thread. Hints in using CONCH-L. same subject as the Email being answered) and then enter your text and send the message. Sending personal messages to all CONCH-L members by using Reply, will waste other people’s time. Avoid repeating all the incoming message when you do use Reply. Delete all but a minimum to identify the question being answered Don’t be too critical on a personal basis. Thank people who assist you, but by personal Email. Each message sent by CONCH-L will have a “From” line that gives the Email address of the submitter of the posting. If you want to respond to a posting on a personal basis, Select that Email address being careful not to select a blank space. Under File or Edit, select COPY. Then select your browser’s version of MAIL which will start a new Email form. From Edit or File menu select PASTE and the address will be inserted on the “Mail To” line. Enter the Subject (normally the Internet Hawaiian Shell News While these Email items are public to all members on the list, and are available anytime from the COA archives, they are technically private as is all Email. Members on the list whose queries and responses are used in this home page have agreed to the use of their posting. page 20 February 2004 Month Section