LECTURER`S WRITTEN CORRECTION IN WRITING CLASS
Transcription
LECTURER`S WRITTEN CORRECTION IN WRITING CLASS
perpustakaan.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id LECTURER’S WRITTEN CORRECTION IN WRITING CLASS (A Case Study at Universitas Veteran Bangun Nusantara Sukoharjo in Academic Year 2013/2014) THESIS By: DAYAT NIM. S891208011 ENGLISH EDUCATION DEPARTMENT GRADUATE SCHOOL TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION FACULTY SEBELAS MARET UNIVERSITY SURAKARTA 2014 perpustakaan.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id LECTURER’S WRITTEN CORRECTION IN WRITING CLASS (A Case Study at Veteran Bangun Nusantara University Sukoharjo in Year Academic 2013/2014) THESIS By: DAYAT S891208011 Written to Fulfill One of the Requirements for Obtaining the Graduate Degree in English Education ENGLISH EDUCATION DEPARTMENT GRADUATE SCHOOL TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION FACULTY SEBELAS MARET UNIVERSITY SURAKARTA 2014 perpustakaan.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id APPROVAL SHEET Title: LECTURER’S WRITTEN CORRECTION IN WRITING CLASS (A Case Study at Veteran Bangun Nusantara U niversity Sukoharjo in Academic Year 2013/2014) By: DAYAT NIM. S891208011 This thesis has been approved by Consultants: Name Signature Date 1. Prof. Dr. H. Joko Nurkamto, M.Pd. ………………. NIP. 19610124 198702 1 001 ………………. 2. Dr. Ngadiso, M.Pd. NIP. 19621231 198803 1 009 ………………. The Head of English Education Department Graduate School of Sebelas Maret University Dr. Abdul Asib, M.Pd. NIP. 19520307 198003 1 005 ii ………………. perpustakaan.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id LEGITIMATION FROM THE BOARD OF EXAMINERS Title: LECTURER’S WRITTEN CORRECTION IN WRITING CLASS (A Case Study at Veteran Bangun Nusantara University Sukoharjo in Academic Year 2013/2014) By: DAYAT NIM: S891208011 This thesis examined by the Board of Examiners of English Education Department, Graduate School, Faculty of Teacher Training and Education, Sebelas Maret University. On May, 2014 Board of Thesis Examiners: Chairman Secretary Signature : Dr. Abdul Asib, M.Pd. NIP. 19520307 198003 1 005 ………… : Dra. Dewi Rochsantiningsih, M.Ed., Ph.D. NIP. 19600918 198702 2 001 ………… Examiner 1 : Prof. Dr. H. Joko Nurkamto, M.Pd. NIP. 19610124 198702 1 001 ………… Examiner 2 : Dr. Ngadiso, M.Pd. NIP. 19621231 198803 1 009 ………… The Dean of Teacher Training and Education Faculty of Sebelas Maret University The head of English Education of Graduate School of Sebelas Maret University Prof. Dr. M. Furqon Hidayatullah, M.Pd. NIP. 19600727 198702 1 001 Dr. Abdul Asib, M.Pd. NIP. 19520307 198003 1 005 iii perpustakaan.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id PRONOU NCEMENT This is to certify I myself write this thesis entitled Lecturer’s Written Correction in Writing Class (A Case Study at Veteran Bangun Nusantara University Sukoharjo in Year Academic 2013/2014). It is not plagiarized or made by others. Anything related to other’s work is written in quotation, the source of which is listed on the bibliography. If then this pronouncement proves incorrect, I am ready to accept any academic punishment, including the withdrawal or cancellation of my academic degree. Surakarta, May 2014 DAYAT S891208011 iv perpustakaan.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id ABSTRACT D a y a t, S891208011. 2013. Lecturer’s Written Correction in Writing Class (A Case Study at Veteran Bangun Nusantara University Sukoharjo in Year Academic 2013/2014). First Consultant: Prof. Dr. Joko Nurkamto, M.Pd.; Second Consultant: Dr. Ngadiso, M.Pd. Thesis. Surakarta. English Education Department Graduate School, Sebelas Maret University of Surakarta 2014. The aims of this study are to explore: (1) how the lecturers gives written correction to student’s writing; (2) how the students respond the lecturers’ written correction; and (3) how far lecturer’s written correction affects the students’ improvement in writing accuracy. This thesis is qualitative study with a single case study design. The research was conducted at Veteran Bangun Nusantara University Sukoharjo.The participants included one lecturer and eight Educational English students in the third semester. The method of inquiry was an instrumental case study at a single site by using semi-structured and focus-group interviews, direct observation and documentary analysis. The data were analyzed by using interactive analysis model. The findings show: (1) the implementation of written correction: Providing written correction was conducted after the students submitted their final draft to the lecturer. The lecturer mostly used indirect correction technique (39.0%); direct correction (10.0%); metalinguistics, on error code (5.0%); focused (5.5%); unfocused (34.5%); and reformulation (6.0%) in correcting students’ writing errors. In correcting the lecturer gave underline, cross, and strikethrough to the incorrect forms; (2) The students’ response on the lecturer’s written correction in terms of students’ preference towards different types of written correction, there was main discrepancy between the students’ preference and the lecturer’s perception. All students preferred direct correction to other techniques while the lecturer used dominantly indirect correction. To make use the correction, the students followed up the correction by learning and revising; and (3) all students and the lecturer agreed that LWC was important for them because by receiving correction from their lecturer, they could learn from the errors they had made. Finally, the written correction affected the students’ improvement on writing accuracy: grammatical structure, content, organization, vocabulary and mechanics. The findings of this study indicate that written correction is helpful for students to enhance their writing accuracy. Therefore, it is recommended that the lecturer should provide written correction on the students’ writing. Furthermore, it is suggested that the lecturer should consider the students’ preference on types of written correction technique in providing correction in the students’ writing. Keywords: written correction, students’ responses, students’ achievement, discrepancy, accuracy, case study. v perpustakaan.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id MOTTO The best person is who benefits all human beings. (Al-Hadith) vi perpustakaan.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id DEDICATION I with sense of pride dedicate this work to my beloved mother for her affection and patience who grows me up, my wife who always supports and motivates in accomplishing the Master study; my son with his cuteness as a motivator; and my brothers and sister who assist me to remember the importance of family, Prof. DR. Samion, H.AR., M.Pd., for providing me golden opportunity to study Master of Education, and all of my colleagues who were always together in joys and sorrows during the study. vii perpustakaan.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id ACKNOWLEDGEMENT In the name of Allah, the Compassionate, the Merciful. Praise is to Allah, Lord of the Universe; for His great Blessing, Guidance, and spiritual Force, finally I can accomplish writing this thesis. Sincere gratitude and thanks to my consultants Prof. Dr. H. Joko Nurkamto, M.Pd., and Dr. Ngadiso, M.Pd. Gentlemen, I appreciate your regular and forthright comments about the study and encourage and support during my personal difficulty. I also thank the Dean of FKIP Sebelas Maret University of Surakarta, for giving me permission to conduct my research. I would like to express my gratitude to the Head of English Education Department of Graduate School, Drs. Agus Sudargono, M.Si., without his permission this research will not be able to be carried out. My gratefulness goes to the Head of English Education Department of Graduate School, Dr. Abdul Asib, M.Pd., who provided me the opportunity of studying during these semesters. I would like to recognize my mother’s blessings and patience during my difficulty in my life. I must thank my wife, and son. Indeed, I am indebted to them for their prayer and support during the course and, even more so, during the production of this thesis. Special thanks to writing Lecturer of Veteran Bangun Nusantara University Sukoharjo for all data to complete this study. Thanks also to the students of third semester of Veteran Bangun Nusantara University Sukoharjo for joining the interview. Finally, I thank all my colleagues, friends, and acquaintances who gave so willingly of their time to make this study a success. May 2014 D a y at viii perpustakaan.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id TABLE OF CONTENT COVER ....................................................................................................... i APPROVAL ................................................................................................ ii LEGITIMATION FROM THE BOARD OF EXAMINERS ......................... iii PRONOUNCEMENT .................................................................................. iv ABSTRACT ................................................................................................ v MOTTO ....................................................................................................... vi DEDICATION ............................................................................................. vii ACKNOWLEDGMENT .............................................................................. viii TABLE OF CONTENT ............................................................................... ix LIST OF TABLES ....................................................................................... xi LIST OF FIGURES ..................................................................................... xii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ...................................................................... xiii LIST OF APPENDICES .............................................................................. xiv CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION .......................................................... 1 A. B. C. D. CHAPTER II Background of the Study .............................................. Problem Statement ....................................................... Objectives of the Study ................................................ Significance of the Study ............................................. 1 12 13 13 LITERATURE REVIEW ............................................... 16 A. Theories and Descriptions ............................................ 1. Writing .................................................................... a. Definition .......................................................... b. Components of Writing ...................................... c. Kinds of Writing Skills ...................................... d. Types of Writing Genres .................................... e. Process of Writing ............................................. 2. Written Correction ................................................... a. Definition of Error ............................................. b. Errors on Student’s Writing ............................... c. Definition of Written Correction ........................ d. The advantages and the disadvantages of written correction ........................................... e. The Types of Written Correction Techniques ..... 3. Washback in Writing Class ...................................... a. Definition .......................................................... b. The Aims of Washback ...................................... c. Washback Effect ................................................ d. Planning Writing Assessment ............................ e. Design of Writing Test ....................................... ix 16 16 16 17 18 19 20 23 23 24 26 27 29 38 39 40 41 43 45 perpustakaan.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id B. Review of Relevant Research ....................................... 48 CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ................................... 54 A. Setting of the Study ...................................................... 1. Place ........................................................................ 2. Time ........................................................................ B. Research Design .......................................................... C. Subject of the Study ..................................................... D. Techniques of Collecting Data ..................................... E. Technique of Validating Data ....................................... F. Techniques of Analyzing the Data ................................ 54 54 57 58 60 61 65 68 CHAPTER IV RESEARCH FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION .............. 70 A. Research Findings ........................................................ 70 B. Discussion .................................................................... 103 CHAPTER V CONCLUSION, IMPLICATION, AND SUGGESTION ...................................................... 114 A. Conclusion ................................................................ 114 B. Implication and Suggestion ...................................... 116 BIBLIOGRAPHY ...................................................................................... 122 APPENDICES ............................................................................................ 131 x perpustakaan.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id LIST OF TABLES Table 1.1 Studies on Error Correction ............................................................ 8 Table 2.1 Types of Written Correction Techniques ........................................ 38 Table 2.2 Distinction between Previous Studies and Recent Study ................. 53 Table 3.1 The Sum of Students of Third Semester .......................................... 56 Table 3.1 Research Schedule .......................................................................... 58 Table 4.1 Writing Materials ........................................................................... 77 Table 4.2 Teaching Sources ........................................................................... 79 Table 4.3 The Record of Types of Correction Techniques .............................. 86 Table 4.4 Students’ Errors on Writing ............................................................ 95 Table 4.5 The Proportion of Error Elements ................................................... 96 Table 4.6 Students’ Final Achievement .......................................................... 102 Table 4.7 The Summary of the Main Findings ................................................ 103 xi perpustakaan.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id LIST OF FIGURES Figure 2.1: Writing process in practice according to Brown and Hood ........... 22 Figure 2.2 Direct Written Correction .............................................................. 31 Figure 2.3 Indirect Written Correction ........................................................... 32 Figure 2.4 Error Codes (1) ............................................................................. 33 Figure 2.5 Error Codes (2) ............................................................................. 33 Figure 2.6 Explanation ................................................................................... 34 Figure 2.7 Reformulation ............................................................................... 37 Figure 2.8 The Stages Progress Testing .......................................................... 44 Figure 3.1 Univet Bantara Sukoharjo ............................................................. 55 Figure 3.2 Classroom Condition ..................................................................... 57 Figure 3.3 Interview Techniques .................................................................... 63 Figure 3.4 Interactive Model Analysis ............................................................ 68 Figure 4.1 Writing Syllabus ........................................................................... 72 Figure 4.2 Phase of Correction ....................................................................... 84 Figure 4.3 The Manner of Direct Correction Technique ................................. 87 Figure 4.4 The Manner of Indirect Correction Technique ............................... 88 Figure 4.5 The Metalinguistic Techniques ...................................................... 88 Figure 4.6 The Reformulation Technique ....................................................... 89 xii perpustakaan.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS CF : Corrective Feedback EFL : English as Foreign Language ESL : English as Second Language FL : Foreign Language IKIP : Institute of Teacher Training and Education L2 : Second Language LCD : Liquid Cristal Display LWC : Lecturer’s Written Correction NES : Native English Speaker NS : Native Speaker S2 : Graduate School TLU : Target Language Use WCF : Written Correction Feedback xiii perpustakaan.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id LIST OF APPENDICES Appendix 1 : The Research Instrument ......................................................... 131 Appendix 2 : The Field Note ........................................................................ 152 Appendix 3 : The Transcripts of Interview .................................................... 166 Appendix 4 : The Teaching and Learning Document .................................... 198 Appendix 5 : The Results of Classroom Observation .................................... 214 Appendix 6 : The Result of Artifacts Analysis .............................................. 219 Appendix 7 : The Students’ Achievement: Semester One and Two ............... 228 Appendix 8 : The Photographs ...................................................................... 240 Appendix 9 : The Research Schedule ............................................................ 267 Appendix 10 : The Lecturing Schedule of English Study Program .................. 269 Appendix 11 : The Letter of Research Permission from UNS ......................... 275 Appendix 12 : The Statement of Research Act ................................................ 277 xiv