Volume 9, No. 2, 1977 - Borneo Research Council

BORNEO RESEARCH BULLET
Vol. 9, No. 2
September
Notes From the Editor: Checklist;
---BRC Meeting; Contributions for
the support of the BRC
. . . . . . . .
-Research Notes
Points on the Collection of General
Ethnographic Data among Tribal
Peoples in Borneo
; Michael R. Dove
A Framework for the Study and
Writing of Sarawak and Sabah
Craig A. Lockard
History
.
.......
Brief Comunications
Bajoe: A Sama Community at Watampone, Sulawesi
H. Arlo Nimmo
....
News and Announcements
---
......
Borneo Research Council Meeting
Center for Natural Resource Management and Environmental Studies,
Bogor Agricultural University.
IUCN Plan for South-East ~ s i a
Malaysia/Singapore/Brunei Studies
Group Organized . . . . . . . .
Cambridge Museum Reorganizes . . . .
Conference on Southeast Asian Studies
105
107
Borneo
News
--
109
-
. . . .
.......
...
. . .
...
................
105
108
108
109
-
The Borneo Research Bulletin is published twice
yearly (April and September) by the Borneo
Research Council. Please address all inquiries
--- --H -and contributions for publication to Vinson
Sutlive, Jr., Editor, Borneo Research Bullcg,
Department of Anthropology, College of WillLiam
and Mary, Will.iamsburg, V i r g i n i a , 23105, U. S.A.
Single issues are available at USSZ.'"
Book Reviews, Abstracts,
Bibliography
Edwin Lee:
Towkays of Sabah: Chinese
Leadership
Indigeno'usChallenge
the Last Phase of British' pule
---Edgar Wickberg
....
R E S E A R C H
POINTS
--
ON
N O T E S
THE COLLECTION OF GENERAL ETHNOGRAPHIC DATA
AMONG
111
I
ZITI~
--
Michael R. Dove
Stanford University
NOTES FROM THE EDITOR
Introductiofi
In The Dialectics of Social Life, Robert Murphy makes
the observation that the social sciences have developed
through field experiences, their interpretation, and
the continuous dialectic inherent in these processes.
Thus, an inference we may draw is that the "doing" of
social science research is never completed.
Soon after beginning field-work in Kalimantan, I realizec
that my greatest task was not merely to gather data--I
was inundated with data--but to gather meaningful data,
"meaningful" especially in the sense of being sufficiently complete to enable me to isolate determinate
variables from non-determinate ones. In attempting to
gather this kind of data, I worked out the system of
recording and organizing data that is described below,
using cards from my data-files by way of example.
From the late 1940s until about the beginning of this
decade, a vast amount of data was collected in the
several states of Borneo by a relatively large number
of fieldworkers. Current conditions are not as
conducive to fieldwork yet, despite--or, perhaps,
because of this fact--a continuation of analysis of
data can yield new insights and raise fresh questions,
hopefully to be answered in the future.
Recording the Data:
All data I gathered initially were hand-written, in an
abbreviated style, into 3" x 5" lined, spiral-bound
notebooks. I dated each page as I wrote it. At the end
of every day, I read through the day's notes, correcting
illegible writing and adding in details while my memory
was still fresh.
"Research Notes" contain two articles which illustrate
the dialectic process. The first is a reflection on
problems of gathering "meaningful" data, the second a
conceptual framework bringing together materials from
several disciplines in the interest of "writing Sarawak
and Sabah history."
The Editor encourages contributions of these kind,
together with material from scholars currently working
in Borneo, and especially of indigenous fieldworkers.
The Borneo Research Bulletin will remain the important
publication it has become only through such scholarly
support.
Again, we call particular attention to two notices which
appear in this issue. Fkrst, A_ Checklist of the Works
..
(continued p. 119)
Notebook and Notecard
\
I
I
i
I
Within two to four weeks, I typed up these notes, clarifying and elaborating as needed the abbreviated account.
(The presence of an informant while doing this, to
assist in resolving difficulties in the account. was
exceedingly desirable.) By not typing up my notes
immediately, I had time to ponder them, and I was better
able to critically appraise them while typing and to
make notes on further lines of investigation. By not
waiting more than four weeks to type the notes, I was
always able to &edge up additional details from memory
as I typed. (I found that after more than four weeks,
these details would fade from memory.)
-56I t y p e d a l l o f my n o t e s , w i t h t h e e x c e p t i o n o f l e x i c a l
d a t a , o n t o 5" x 8" c a r d s , s p e c i a l l y c u t from l e d g e r type paper f o r d u r a b i l i t y .
I made o n e c a r b o n f o r e a c h
card typed, a s insurance a g a i n s t l o s s , mailing t h e
c a r b o n s b a c k home a t i n t e r v a l s .
Lexical
I
I o r g a n i z e d my d a t a - c a r d s i n t o s e v e n d i f f e r e n t f i l e s ;
The
of these f i l e s .
f r e s h d a t a were t y p e d i n t o
(1) G e n e r a l
( 2 ) Swidden, ( 3 ) P h o t o s ,
seven f i l e s were:
( 4 ) Lexical, (5) Notes, (6) Queries and ( 7 ) Daily
An e i g h t h f i l e was o r g a n i z e d f o r a s s i s t a n t s '
Journal.
daily journals.
one
G e n e r a l File ( s e e F i g u r e 1, p . 5-8 ) : The n o t e s i n
F i g u r e 1 show t h a t t h e d a t a i n t h i s f i l e a r e o r g a n i z e d
c h r o n o l o g i c a l l y by d a t e o f t y p i n g ; i . e . , t y p i n g f r o m
t h e notebook.
T h i s i s , p e r h a p s , t h e s i m p l e s t method
p o s s i b l e . A s e q u e n t i a l number was t y p e d o n t o e a c h
card t o f a c i l i t a t e t h e l a t e r construction of a t o p i c a l
index to t h e f i l e s .
Swidden File: (see F i g u r e 2 , p . 5 9 ) : I l a r g e l y r e s i s t e d
t h e t e m p t a t i o n t o o r g a n i z e my g e n e r a l d a t a c a r d s i n t o
many s e p a r a t e t o p i c a l f i l e s , a s o p p o s e d t o a s i n g l e
chronological f i l e , o u t of t h e b e l i e f t h a t the prolifer a t i o n o f s e p a r a t e f i l e s would c a u s e my o v e r a l l o r g a n i I made a s i n g l e e x c e p t i o n by
z a t i o n of d a t a t o s u f f e r .
c r e a t i n g a s e p a r a t e f i l e f o r t h e swiddens t h a t were
I created a
farmed w h i l e I was a t my f i e l d - s i t e .
separate f i l e f o r t h e s e d a t a because they consisted
l a r g e l y o f a g r e a t number o f s u c c i n c t b i t s o f i n f o r mation, a l l o f which would have posed i n d e x i n g problems
A t the
had t h e y b e e n s t r e w n t h r o u g h my G e n e r a l F i l e .
end of my f i e l d - w o r k , I a d d e d t h e Swidden F i l e c a r d s
i n t o t h e s e q u e n t i a l n u m b e r i n g s y s t e m o f my G e n e r a l F i l e ,
so t h a t c e r t a i n o f t h e d a t a o n t h e c a r d s c o u l d b e
e n t e r e d i n t o ( a n d , t h u s , r e t r i e v e d b y means o f ) my s i n g l e
topical index.
Photo F i l e ( s e e F i g u r e 3, p. 6 0 ) : I always t r i e d t o t a k e
n o t e s f o r t h i s f i l e a f t e r e x p o s i n g e a c h frame, or a t
l e a s t a t t h e end o f each day.
I f I had w a i t e d t o examine
my d e v e l o p e d f i l m - - a w a i t o f 6 t o 1 8 m o n t h s i n my c a s e - b e f o r e c a t a l o g i n g i t , I w o u l d by t h e n h a v e b e e n u n a b l e t o
remember t h e d a t e , s u b j e c t a n d l o c a t i o n o f e a c h f r a m e .
I
I
File
(see F i g u r e 4 , p . 6 1 )
.
N o t e s a n d Q u e r i e s F i l e s (see F i g u r e s 5 a n d 6 , p p . 6 2 - 3 ) :
-A t t h e same t i m e I t y p e d up d a t a f r o m n o t e b o o k s o n t o
n o t e c a r d s , I made e n t r i e s i n t o a " N o t e s F i l e " a n d a
"Queries File."
I p u t i n t o t h e s e two f i l e s n o t d a t a b u t
a n a l y s e s of d a t a ( t o g u i d e p o s t - f i e l d w r i t i n g ) and
q u e r i e s of d a t a ( t o guide f u r t h e r i n v e s t i g a t i o n s while
s t i l l i n t h e f i e l d ) , r e s p e c t i v e l y . B e c a u s e o f my
c e n t r a l i n t e r e s t i n swiddens, I found it u s e f u l t o
o r g a n i z e e a c h o f t h e s e f i l e s i n t o two s e c t i o n s :
"Swiddens" and " G e n e r a l . "
D a i l y J o u r n a l (see F i g u r e 7 , p . 6 4 ) : A t t h e e n d o f e a c h
d a y I t y p e d o n t o 5 " x 7'' c a r d s a n e n t r y i n t o a j o u r n a l .
W h i l e s t i l l i n t h e f i e l d t h i s j o u r n a l s e r v e d t o mark
t h e p r o g r e s s i o n o f t i m e , and a l s o c o n s t i t u t e d a n o u t l e t
f o r a n a l y s i s o f t h e e x p e r i e n c e of f i e l d - w o r k .
After
l e a v i n g t h e f i e l d , t h i s j o u r n a l h a s proven o f v a l u e i n
supplementing o t h e r r e c o r d s w i t h r e g a r d t o where a g i v e n
m
.A t t h e
b i t o f d a t a was o b t a i n e d
and from w
e n d o f my f i e l d - w o r k , I a d d e d t h e j o u r n a l c a r d s i n t o t h e
s e q u e n t i a l n u m b e r i n g s y s t e m o f my G e n e r a l a n d S w i d d e n
f i l e s , f o r t h e same r e a s o n s o f i n d e x i n g a n d r e t r i e v a l
t h a t w e r e m e n t i o n e d f o r t h e Swidden F i l e .
of
A s s i s t a n t s (see F i g u r e 8 , p . 6 5 ) : I
Daily Journals
arranged f o r each o f t h e Kantu' a s s i s t a n t s t o keep a d a i l q
j o u r n a l f o r m e , w r i t t e n i n t h e Kantu' language using an
Consonant w i t h
o r t h o g r a p h y t h a t w e worked o u t t o g e t h e r .
my i n t e r e s t s t h e y f o c u s e d t h e i r j o u r n a l s upon d a i l y
p r o d u c t i o n a n d c o n s u m p t i o n w i t h i n t h e i r own h o u s e h o l d s .
E v e r y n i n e m o n t h s I t y p e d up t h e i r h a n d - w r i t t e n j o u r n a l s
o n t o 5" x 7 ' c a r d s , a n d t h e n a d d e d t h e c a r d s i n t o t h e
s e q u e n t i a l n u m b e r i n g s y s t e m o f my G e n e r a l F i l e , a g a i n ,
f o r e a s e o f indexing and r e t r i e v a l .
These j o u r n a l s
p r o v e d t o b e r i c h s o u r c e s o f d a t a , some o f w h i c h was
anticipated, other unanticipated.
I
I
T o p i c a l I n d e x (see F i g u r e 9 , p . 6 6 ) : A f t e r r e t u r n i n g
from t h e f i e l d I completed t h e s e q u e n t i a l numbering of
a l l t h e c a r d s i n my G e n e r a l F i l e , D a i l y J o u r n a l , a n d
Daily Journals of Assistants.
I t h e n went through a l l
t h e c a r d s , d i v i d e d t h e d a t a on e a c h c a r d i n t o minimal
b i t s , a s c e r t a i n e d t h e t o p i c a l c a t e g o r y i n t o which e a c h
b i t would f a l l and e n t e r e d a s u c c i n c t d e s c r i p t i o n o f
e a c h d a t a - b i t - - p r e c e d e d by t h e s e q u e n t i a l number o f
i t s c a r d - - o n t o a s e p a r a t e 3 " x 5" i n d e x i n g c a r d r e s e r v e d
I d i d o n l y minimal c r o s s f o r each t o p i c a l c a t e g o r y .
The e n t r i e s on t h e i n d e x c a r d s a r e l i s t e d i n
indexing.
n u m e r i c a l o r d e r a c c o r d i n g t o t h e number o f t h e f i l e c a r d
on which t h e y a r e f o u n d .
The i n d e x c a r d s t h e m s e l v e s a r e
I u s e d a p p r o x i m a t e l y 90
f i l e d a l p h a b e t i c a l l y by t o p i c .
distinct topical categories.
Some s u c h i n d e x seems t o
be n e c e s s a r y t o s p e e d up t h e r e t r i e v a l o f d a t a .
Interview Schedules ( s e e F i g u r e 1 0 . p. 67 ) : I c o n s t r u c t e d
i n t e r v i e w s c h e d u l e s f o r t h o s e t o p i c s r e g a r d i n g which I
r e q u i r e d numerous, s u c c i n c t b i t s o f d a t a from e v e r y
household i n t h e l o n g h o u s e .
T h e r e were a t l e a s t two
benefits t o t h e use of such schedules.
F i r s t , t h e use
of i n t e r v i e w s c h e d u l e s m i n i m i z e d o m i s s i o n and t a r d i n e s s
i n t h e c o l l e c t i o n o f t h e d a t a ; by g l a n c i n g a t a s c h e d u l e
I c o u l d e a s i l y and f r e q u e n t l y r e m i n d m y s e l f o f what d a t a
I a l r e a d y had a s w e l l a s what d a t a I had y e t t o o b t a i n .
T h i s c o n t i n u a l r e m i n d e r was c r i t i c a l t o t h e t i m e l y
c o l l e c t i o n o f s u c h d a t a f o r c u r r e n t a c t i v i t i e s were
l i k e l y t o f a d e q u i c k l y from t h e memories o f my i n f o r m a n t s .
Second, t h e u s e o f i n t e r v i e w s c h e d u l e s minimized t i m e
s p e n t i n c o l l e c t i n g l a r g e amounts o f s u c c i n c t b i t s 'of
d a t a f o r example, when m e e t i n g someone on t h e t r a i l ,
a g l a n c e a t a n i n t e r v i e w s c h e d u l e a n d a m i n u t e o r two o f
c o n v e r s a t i o n would e n a b l e me t o u p - d a t e t h a t s c h e d u l e
(Note: The i n t e r v i e w
f o r t h a t person's household.
s c h e d u l e i n F i g u r e 10 h a s b e e n t y p e d o n t o a 5" x 8" f o r
f i l i n g purposes.
I n t h e f i e l d I p r i n t e d most s c h e d u l e s
o n t o 3 " x 5" c a r d s which f i t e a s i l y i n t o a s h i r t - p o c k e t . )
-I
Id '4i
F i g u r e 1:
a
-40 Ll
0
Id
!2 k U
General F i l e
Position of
Household in
Longhouse
Year in
which Swidden
Type of
Swidden
Location
of Swidden
Sequential
Number of
This Card
I
I
t7
Name of
, Tikin 1976 U m a i P a i y a
Eldest Male
7/9/?5 U m p a i m e s t i j a d i
7/20/75 B e b u r u n g : u m p a i
Dates of
Writing
(in notebook)
(Lubuk Yunserai)
1803
Beburung: udah demia?
T e b a i h : m u l a i today
8/5/75 T e b a i h : u d a h
T e b a n g : m u l a i 8/2.
B e b u r u n g : Tikin here.
P a i y a ? : m a i y o u here, d a r a t n c i p i t
Kaiyu pemesai pala? bisi?, tawaih nebaih.
8/7/75 T e b a i h - t e b a n q u d a h yest. Lumpu, Tikin,
Dyuri t u r u n yest.
Bini Dyuri nade kalaa? ngau nebaih/nebang:
anak nade tau? d u d i .
Bini T i k i n ngau nebaih 5 a r i . -Dyuri &
Tikin nebaih kadiri?
4 a r i bedurok nebaih
2 a r i , bedurok nebang 2 a r i .
Dibai? sekali?:
some.
R e d a k : Some
/25/75
Dibai? sekali?:
yes, though b i s i ? n e b a n g
,
.
ngau b e l i y o n q .
Title of File
Sequential Number
of This Card
I
sequntia$:
4 / 6 ~ l a n g k a um u d a i S u a t : men. pose at
start b e r a n g k u t .
4/6/75 j a l a i K e n u a ? : P e n g a b a n g , B e r e n a
Demok
await men at a l a i m e n t u
4/6/75 j a l a i K e n u a ? : L u m p u & J u r i
carrying l a n y i ? .
Number of
This Roll
Location
of Photo
'~011 17 (Color)
Date of
Photo
4/6/75
Frames
4/6/75
.
4.6.75
t e p i a n : p e r a u used to ferry l a n y i ?
p a d i from t a n a h s e p i a k during
ngangkut.
at foot q e r e t a k : S u a t n g i t a u I ? )
assembled p a d i with j a n i ? , men and
girls pose alongside for camera.
at foot g e r e t a k : close-up of Suat
killing j a n i ? with s a n g k o h at
tanga? geretak. .
1
I
Lexical
Entry
bali?
( l a n d t h a t h a s been dipumai
t w i c e ; f i r s t a s kampunq
a n d t h e s e c o n d t i m e a s rnemudai)
( s a i d o f a burung t h a t h a s two
mali? diri?
different calls)
t,,a,ai
m a l i ? ( a p l a c e w h e r e t w o rumah
were
b u i l t - i n t h e second, t h e r u a i
d
i
b
a
i
?
k
e
b
ilek
(of t h e f i r s t )
iof t h e second)
Entry i n
r n u ~ baail i ? ,
Dictionary
~ecorded
Usages
T i t l e of
File
Section
S e q u e n t i a l Number
of F i l e
\
s
-
I
of T h i s Card
/
General (16)
-
Sequential
Number
of Entry
R i g h t s t o kampung:
N o t e how M a r a ? ' s h a v i n g
n Y i a n y buah i n t a n a h # 4 s e e m e d t o g i v e Mara? r i g h t s .
t o t h a t ,kampung t h a t a r e d e - f a c t o s i m i l a r t o
r i g h t s t h a t Plara? w o u l d h a v e o b t a i n e d . f r o m h a v i n g
nasau there: ( i . e . , because of t h e d i f f i c u l t y t h a t
O t h e r s would h a v e i n bumai karnpuny i n w h i c h Mara?
Owned b u a h ) .
S a l e o f l a n d and unequal d i s t r i b u t i o n o f l a n d Z ~ s i d e ri f t h e r e i s a q r o w i n q c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f
l a n d i n t h e hands o f t h e few ( a s a r e s u l t o f nyualm e l i ) , a n d c o n s i d e r a s t o why t h i s
o c c u r now
b u t could n o t i n t h e p a s t .
57.
B U ~ S U a n t * and Kantu social s t r u c t u r e :
C o n s i d e r how t h e b e l i e f t h a t good a n t u a r e b u n s u
r e l a t e s t o t h e p a r t i c u l a r s of Kantu? s o c i a l
Strut t u r e .
-58.
Beburung - a b s t r a c t view o f burung a s s i t t i n g
i n judgmentt h e y s a y when n i n q a k u t o k (when o u t
h u n t i n g ? ) , they p u l a i because t h i s kutok k i t a i .
When.ningabacar
(when b e b u r u n g u r n a i ) , t h e y a b a n d o n
u m a i b e c a u s e t h a t umai i s d i t u l a k k i t a i , d i t u l a k
I
can
q
I-' -
w
(D
S e c t i o n of
F i l e ("Swiddens")
Title
of F i l e
Queries - umai
Sequential
Number
of Entry
S e q u e n t i a l Number
o f T h i s Card
161
61. Umai s i z e : measure a r e a f e l l e d ; b u r n e d - p l a n t e d ,
reaped ( a t l e a s t f o r a s s i s t a n t s ' p i n t u )
6 3 . u m a i w i t h mixed k a m p u n g & m e m u d a i : n o t e
percentage of mixture.
6 4 . P l a n t i n g : g e t d a t a on s u p i h , s u l u t i ? / s u l a t
6 7 . D a m p a ? : w h a t w e r e r e a s o n s f o r TB I m a k i n g t h e i r
l a s t d a m p a ? i n Kenua? ?
6 8 . N y i n g k e l a n u m a i : why n u t u p l u b a n g t u g a l W.
~ ~ n ~/ p u~l o di / pi a i y a ? v a r i e t i e s t h r i v e b e s t
i n memudai vs. kampung, o r lempa? Vs. mungou?
7 0 . Does p a r t i c i p a t i o n i n b u m a i o f k a m p u n g c o n f e r
d i f f e r e n t r i g h t s upon m a l e p a r t i c i p a n t s t h a n
upon f e m a l e ( i . e . , r e g a r d i n g s a l e o f s u c h
169. %
kampung?
7 1 . P a d i p u n : why p a d i - p u n T i g a n g c a r n p u r ?
7 2 . Why m a l i n u n u t w i c e ? So w h a t i f K a i y u ? b a r i ?
a f t e r f i r s t burn?
7 3 . Duku? p e n e b a i h / p a i y a ? : measure.
7 4 . P e n g a r o u h p a d i : examine.
S e q u e n t i a l Number
o f T h i s Card
3/11/75
a n d some p a d i , and t h e n m e a s u r e t h e b e r a s
I m e a s u r e d t o d a y , b u t a f t e r i t h a s .been
d i t u t o k i n Aiyung's l a n g k a u .
F o l l o w e d Aiyung t o Kenua? a n d m e t Lempiau
3/12/75
/that
Dates of
Journal
Entries
'on t h e t r a i l - p e r s u a d e d t h e l a t t e r t o accompany
me t o o n e u m a i t o m e a s u r e i t . L e f t t h e g r a d u a t e d
c y l i n d e r w i t h Aiyung t o m e a s u r e y e s t e r d a y ' s p a d i
a f t e r i t h a s b e e n t u t o k and t a m p i h . We m e a s u r e d
KK's u m a i
- v e r y , v e r y l a r g e , and under a h o t s u n
too.
Also very mountainous.
Got b a c k a n d
recovered u n t i l mid-afternoon.
Went i n t o r u a i a n d
q u e r i e d T i k i n on a l l r e l e v a n t a s p e c t s o f h i s u m a i .
Gave s h o r t E n g l i s h l e s s o n upon r e q u e s t t o a s s e m b l e
kids.
Q u a r t e r of them k e p t r u n n i n g o u t o n t o t h e
t a n y o u ? t o l a u g h a t how f u n n y t h e w o r d s s o u n d e d ,
q u a r t e r were s k i r m i s h i n g w i t h e a c h o t h e r , q u a r t e r
k e p t y e l l i n g a t t h e o t h e r s t o b e q u i e t and pay
s t r i c t a t t e n t i o n t o me, q u a r t e r a c t u a l l y d i d p a y
s t r i c t a t t e n t i o n and d i d v e r y w e l l .
The k i d s w e r e
having a r a t h e r f e s t i v e a f t e r n o o n , h e a t i n g
down by t h e r i v e r , t o make g l t a t h a t t h e y w o u l d
-66Figure 8:
Daily Journals of Assistants
Figure 9:
4J
CLI
oar
z-2
G -4
-dm
6 1
a u m
L l C U
a J l r d O Q
cnzuun
Topical Index
Figure 10
Interview Schedules
fi
,
FRAMEWORK FOR THE
STUDY
AND F!RITING
--OF SARAWAK AND
SABAH HISTORY
--
Craig A. Lockard
University of Malaya
and
University of Wisconsin-Green Bay
The following are the syllabi for two courses on the
history of Sabah and Sarawak which I taught at the
University of Malaya during the 1977-78 academic year
as a Fulbright-Hays Visiting Lecturer. The first course-History of Sabah and Sarawak Before 1945--was offered to
16 second year undergraduate students. The second
course--History of Sabah and Sarawak--attracted an
enrollment of 29 third year students. Approximately four
students in each class came from Sarawak and Sabah. I
also helped supervise one graduate student and one final
year student (both Sarawakians) preparing theses on
Sarawak history.
I
'
Because few if any similar courses are taught outside
Malaysia ( I certainly never taught them previously and
had to compile these syllabi hurriedly and totally from
scratch) and only one to my knowledge in other Malaysian
post-secondary institutions, I believe that the course
syllabi which I prepared might be of interest to readers
of the .Bulletin- concerned with the social, cultural,
political. or economic history of Sarawak, ~ a b a hand
Brunei; they might also interest history teachers in
East (and West) Malaysia. As the reader will note, the
course outlines and bibliographies are somewhat more
ambitious than merely assisting students (and instructor)
in organizing their work and thoughts. I have
consciously attempted to present a framework, in outline
form, for the study, writing, and teaching of Sabah and
Sarawak history.
There has been a great need for a work of synthesis and
reflection on the historical development from earliest
times to the present which would accord as much (or more)
attention to social, cultural, and economic as to polit . j c a 1 and di~lomatichistorv, and would devote as much
Such a
emphasis a s p o s s i b l e t o t h e pre-modern p e r i o d .
work s h o u l d make u s e o f t h e a v a i l a b l e a r c h a e o l o g i c a l ,
a n t h r o p o l o g i c a l , g e o g r a p h i c a l and economic l i t e r a t u r e a s
w e l l a s t h e s t a n d a r d h i s t o r i c a l and p o l i t i c a l I s oamu r c e s
f o r t h e n i n e t e e n t h and t w e n t i e t h c e n t u r i e s .
c u r r e n t l y engaged a t an e a r l y s t a g e i n r e s e a r c h i n g s u c h
a h i s t o r y ( b a s e d i n p a r t on t h e s e two c o u r s e s ) ; t h e
r e a d i n g l i s t s , a d m i t t e d l y i n c o m p l e t e , f o r t h e two
c o u r s e s s u g g e s t many o f t h e a v a i l a b l e s e c o n d a r y s o u r c e
Anyone who would l i k e t o s u g g e s t a d d i t i o n a l
materials.
s. o r other
sources, o r d i s c u s s problems i n t e r p r e t a t i o n
i s welcome
m a t t e r s r e l a t e d t o t h e p r o j e c t (ADC: 1979)
t o correspond w i t h m e c/o Department of H i s t o r y ,
U n i v e r s i t y o f Malaya, P a n t a i V a l l e y , Kuala Lumpur,
M a l a y s i a ( u n t i l May 1, 1 9 7 8 ) o r ( a f t e r May 1, 1 9 7 8 1 ,
c/o S o c i a l Change and Development C o n c e n t r a t i o n , Univ e r s i t v o f W i s c o n s i n - G r e e n Bay, Green Bay, W i s c o n s i n ,
5 4 3 0 2 . U.S.A.
S a r a w a k and Sabah
to 1 9 4 5
Introduction
T h i s c o u r s e c o v e r s t h e h i s t o r y o f Sarawak and Sabah from
e a r l i e s t t i m e s u n t i l t h e end of t h e J a p a n e s e Occupation
i n 1945. Because of t h e n a t u r e o f a v a i l a b l e s o u r c e
m a t e r i a l s , much o f o u r e m p h a s i s w i l l b e p l a c e d on t h e
period a f t e r European p e n e t r a t i o n i n t h e 1840s: w e w i l l ,
however, a l s o a c c o r d a s much a t t e n t i o n a s p o s s i b l e t o
Due t o t h e
t h e poorly-documented pre-modern p e r i o d .
i n s t r u c t o r ' s e x p e r t i s e . a n d t h e b e t t e r documentary r e c o r d
bah.
we w i l l a l s o d e v o t e more t i m e t o Sarawak t h a n t o S a The
Modern B r u n e i w i l l r e c e i v e o n l y l i m i t e d c o v e r a g e .
a v a i l a b l e t e x t s and o t h e r r e a d i n g m a t e r i a l s t e n d t o
s t r e s s p o l i t i c a l and d i p l o m a t i c h i s t o r y and w e w i l l But
d i s c u s s t h e Brooke R a j and t h e C h a r t e r e d Company.
we w i l l o n l y be t a n g e n t l y c o n c e r n e d w i t h s u c h t o p i c s a s
t h e l o r e o f t h e Brooke f a m i l y , r e l a t i o n s b e t w e e n t h e
Brookes and B r i t a i n , o r B r i t i s h i m p e r i a l r i v a l r i e s w i t h
A s much a s p o s s i b l e , t h i s c o u r s e
v a r i o u s o t h e r powers.
w i l l l a y e m p h a s i s on t h e s o c i a l c u l t u r a l , a n d economic
h i s t o r y o f t h e n o r t h e r n Bornean p e o p l e s - I b a n s , Malays,
Kadazans, C h i n e s e , Kayans, B a j a u s , e t c . The a s s i g n e d
and recommended r e a d i n g s h a v e b e e n c a r e f u l l y s e l e c t e d t o
e m p h a s i z e s o c i a l and c u l t u r a l h i s t o r y a s much a s p o s s i b l e ;
they i l l u s t r a t e t h a t considerable m a t e r i a l does e x i s t t o
a l l o w u s t o s t r e s s n o n - p o l i t i c a l and n o n - d i p l o m a t i c
developments.
Basic Readings (Texts)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
I
S t e v e n Runciman, The White R a j a h s :
H i s t o r y of
Sarawak from 1 8 4 1 x = ( a l l )
X. G . ~ r e ~ o n n i n g
H ,i s t o r y of Modern Sabah 1881-1963
'
-( C h a p t e r s 1-12]
~ o b e ; t ~ r i n g l e ;R a j a h s and R e b e l s : The I b a n s o f
Sarawak u n d e r Brooke R u l e , 1841-1941 ( a l l )
~ :S o c i a l
C r a i g A. L o c k a r d , ~ r o m K a m ~ F t C i t A
H i s t o r y of Kuching, M a l a y s i a , 1820-1970 (chapters
1-6)
Cheng Te-Kun, A r c h a e o l o g y & Sarawak.
--
--
Course O u t l i n e
The f o l l o w i n g i s a t e n t a t i v e s c h e d u l e f o r t h e weekly
l e c t u r e s d u r i n g t h i s academic y e a r .
It also constitutes
a n a t t e m p t t o p r e s e n t i n o u t l i n e form a framework f o r t h e
s t u d y and w r i t i n g o f Sarawak and Sabah h i s t o r y from
e a r l i e s t t i m e s u n t i l 1 9 4 5 , w i t h a n e m p h a s i s on s o c i a l ,
c u l t u r a l and economic h i s t o r y .
The m a j o r themes
s e l e c t e d f o r a n a l y s i s , a s w e l l a s t h e amount o f t i m e
a l l o t t e d t o d i f f e r e n t p e r i o d s and d e v e l o p m e n t s , h o p e f u l l y
r e f l e c t a good b a l a n c e b e t w e e n t h e a v a i l a b i l i t y o f s o u r c e s
( e s p e c i a l l y s t r o n g on Brooke, Sarawak; much w e a k e r on
modern S a b a h ; v e r y l i m i t e d f o r t h e premodern p e r i o d
g e n e r a l l y , economic h i s t o r y , a n d t w e n t i e t h c e n t u r y
B r u n e i ) and t h e n e e d s o f a c o m p r e h e n s i v e and f a i r
historical treatment.
The a s s i g n e d and recommended
r e a d i n g a s s i g n m e n t s f o r e a c h week a r e l i s t e d w i t h t h e
weekly t o p i c ; r e q u i r e d r e a d i n g s a r e marked w i t h a n
asterisk.
The f u l l c i t a t i o n f o r e a c h book o r a r t i c l e
l i s t e d c a n b e o b t a i n e d by l o c a t i n g t h e r e a d i n g i n t h e
a t t a c h e d b a s i c b i b l i o g r a p h y by t h e number which
accompanies t h e r e a d i n g a s s i g n m e n t .
Week
1
Week
Topic
Introductory Remarks
A.
Physical and Human Configurations
Geography
a. Climate
b. Topography
c. Major Towns and Districts
d. Resource Base
Reading
*D97 Runciman, 3-16
*D91 Pringle, 1-17
*D61 Lockard, 1-4
C5 Ginsburg, Chapter 3
D47 Jackson. 15-37
Peoples and Cultures of Northern Borneo
3
a. Dayaks
b. Kadazans-Muruts
c. Malayo-Muslims
d. Chinese
e. Others
Reading
*C33 Roff, 19-31
*Dl10 Sarawak Gazette, all
D33 Harrisson, all
*D91 Pringle, 17-37
D34 Harrisson, 154-59
C5 Ginsburg, Chapter 4
Evolution
of Human Settlement to Ca. 1500
B.
2
4
.
Prehistory
a. The Niah Record
b. Problems of Niah Excavations
c. Other Sarawak Sites
d. Sabahan Development
e. Brunei Neolithic
Reading
*D40 Harrisson, all
*Dl0 Cheng, 6-11
*E25 Harrisson and Harrisson, 1-22
C36 Solheim, all
C12 Harrisspn, all
I
5
I
C.
Topic
Iron-Age Transformation
a. Santubong
b. Some possible Sarawak and Sabah Changes
c. Pre-Islamic Brunei
d. Islamization of Brunei
e. Islam in North and West Borneo
Reading
*Dl0 Cheng, 1-5, 12-22
*E25 Harrisson and Harrisson, 22-32
D34 Harrisson, 117-35; 648-51
C6 Harrisson, all
*C30 Ongkili, 1-9
*F1 Brown, 130-40
C9 Harrisson, all
D32 Harrisson, 104-116-120
Maturation of Bornean Society and Culture,
ca. 1500-ca. 1840
6
The Kapuas Connection
a. Malayo-Muslim coastal society
b. Iban migrations to Sarawak
c. Marauding and Headhunting
d. Chinese in West Borneo
Reading
*D91 Prinqle, 38-65
*D61 ~ o c k a r d ,4-13
*D74 Morgan, all
Dl00 Sandin, all
Dl25 Vayda, all
D97 Richards, all
C23 Jackson, 14-28
D53 Kalom and Hudson, all
7
The Brunei Connection
a. Brunei society and politics
b. Brunei and Sarawak
c. Sarawak coastal society
d. Brunei and Sabah
Week
Week
7 (cont'd)
Reading
*C30 O n g k i l i , 9-16
*F1 Brown, C h a p t e r s 7-10,
*D3 Babcock, a l l
D24 Edwards, 50-55
D83 Osman, a l l
8
11
Topic
12
The S u l u C o n n e c t i o n
O r i g i n s o f S u l u I n f l u e n c e i n Sabah
a.
N a t u r e o f S u l u I n f l u e n c e i n Sabah
b
.-.
c. Sabah S o c i e t y
Reading
*E40 R e y n o l d s , 39-113
* ~ 1 0 lack, a l l
E61 Warren, 1-31
E
-25 H a r r i s s o n a n d H a r r i s s o n , P a r t D
E59 Warren, a l l
E34 M a j u l , a l l
12
~
-
Western I m p a c t a n d C o n t r o l , c a . 1840-ca.
9
E a r l y Brooke R a j
Sarawak i n t h e e a r l y N i n e t e e n t h C e n t u r y
a.
b.
Sarawak c i v i l w a r
r .Brooke i n t e r v e n t i o n
d.
The new r e g i m e
Reading
* ~ 9 7~ u n c i m a n. 17-91
*D61 L o c k a r d , 13-20
C38 T a r l i n g , 34-161
*F1 Brown,. 1?8-155
R e s i s t a n c e and C o n f l i c t i n S a r a w a k , 1842-1860
a.
The " p i r a c y " q u e s t i o n
b.
Brooke e x p a n s i o n a n d " p a c i f i c a t i o n "
c. Brooke-Iban c o n f l i c t
d.
Brooke-Malay c o n f l i c t
e . The C h i n e s e " r e b e l l i o n "
Readinq
*D91 P r i n g l e 66-134
*D97 Runciman, 92-133
*D61 L o c k a r d , 49-54
D25 Enggu, a l l
*Dl17 S t e v e n s , 5-9
F.
13
1842-ca.1870
E a r l y European A c t i v i t i e s i n Sabah and B r u n e i
a.
Eighteenth Century B r i t i s h A c t i v i t i e s
b.
Sabah S o c i e t y
c.
British colonization of ~ a b u a n
d.
B r i t i s h and American i n i t i a t i v e s t o 1 8 8 1
e.
The S u l u c l a i m t o S a b a h
f.
The B r u n e i P r o t e c t o r a t- eg.
Brunei under B r i t i s h i n f l u e n c e t o 1941
Reading
*E48 T r e g o n n i n g C h a p t e r s 1-2
,
.
*F1 Brown, C h a p t e r 11 (155-159)
C38 Ta'rlincr. 162-256
.E60 Warren, a l l
*E66 W r i g h t , a l l
F6 C r i s s w e l l , a l l
*En7 T a r l i n g , a l l
F18 T r e g o n n i n g , a l l
2
-
10
Topic
Sarawak S o c i e t y u n d e r James Brooke,
a.
Development o f Kuching S o c i e t y
b.
Growth o f a p l u r a l s o c i e t y
c. R u r a l t r e n d s
Readin3
*D61 L o c k a r d , 25-49
*Dl12 Seymour, 116-118
Dl23 Varney, a l l
.
Sarawak u n d e r a S t r e n g t h e n e d R a j , 1870-1941
The
a.
b.
c.
C h a r l e s Brooke a n d Vyner Brooke Regimes.
The r i s e o f C h a r l e s BrookeA d m i n i s t r a t i o n s n d P o l i c y under Rajah C h a r l e s
The o c c u p a t i o n of t h e Fourth a n d F i f t h
Divisions.
d.
Vyner B r o o k e ' s r e q i m e
Reading
*D99 Runciman, 134-252
*D91 P r i n g l e , 135-209, 320-49
*Dl17 S t e v e n s , 33-34
*D24 Edwards, I : 5 5 - 5 7 ; I I : 7 8 - 8 0
D20 D o e r i n g , a l l
*D88 P r i n g l e , a l l
D92 R e i n h a r d t , a l l
C38 T a r l i n g , 257-552
C4 C r i s s w e l l a l l
Week
Topic
14
Iban Migrations and Brooke Response
a. Iban society under the Brookes
b. Brooke policies toward the Ibans
c. Rebellion and "pacification"
Reading
*D91 Pringle, 210-'82
D89 ~ringle,all
*Dl17 Stevens, II:34-41; III:53-57
D26 Freeman, 130-51
~ 1 0 1Sandin, all
15
Chinese Immigration and Economic Development
a. Chinese immigration
b. Spread of Chinese
c. Chinese society.
d. Development of Sarawak economy
e. Impact of rubber
Reading
*D66 Lockard, all
*D77 May-Thomas, all
*D28 Goldman, all'
D57 Lee, all
Dl11 Satem, all
1365 Lockard, 195-210
*D24
Edwards, I:57-59; II;83-84
*Dl17 Stevens, 51-52
Dd7 Jackson, 89-91
*C21 Jones, 146-51
1
16
Development of Towns
a
Growth of Kuching
b. Chinese society in Kuching
c. Malay society in Kuching
d. Growth of Sibu and Miri
e. Other towns in Sarawak
Reading
*D61 Lockard, 58-88, 93-137, 143-180, 185-246
*Dl12 Seymour, I:114-16; III:156-59
C32 Osman, all
0117 Stevens, III:52-53
~ 6 Lockard,
7
Chapter 3
D47 Jackson, 63-72
Week
17
G.
Topic
Rural Life and Culture Change
a. Changes in Dayak society
b. Spread of education
c. Spread of Christianity and Islam
d. Population growth
e. Impact of Chinese
Reading
*D91 Pringle, 283*Dl9 Deegan, all
*Dl12 Seymour, 11:
*D24 Edwards, II:8
D80 Noakes, a.-11
C24 Jones, 31-61
Western Impact and Control in Sabah, 1880-1941
18
Chartered Company Rule
a. Origins of Company control
, b . Structure of Sabah administration
c. Policies of Chartered Company
Reading
*E48 Tregonning, Chapters 2-4
*E8 Black, all
E7 Black, 1-182
19
Rebellion, Resistance and Response
a. The Mat Salleh "Rebellion"
b. Other resistance
c. Murut responses
d. Company "pacification" policies
Reading
*E9 Black all
*E65 Wookey, all
*E48 Tregonning, Chapter 11
E7 Black, Chapters 4-7
El6 Crisswell, all
20
Immigration and Economic Development
a. Chinese immigration
b. Chinese society
c. Indonesian immigration
d. Economic development
e. Growth of estates
Week
A_ S e l e c t e d B i b l i o g r a p h y
Topic
A.
Reading
*E48 Tregonning, Chapters 5, 7
*E38 0ngkili. all
*E31 Lee, all
*E27 John, all
El2 Burrough, all
E24 Han, 42-52, 58-72, 258-64
21
A1
~2
A3
A4
A5
A6
Social, Cultural and Political Change
a. Socio-Cultural Change
b. Growth of Towns
c. Spread of Christianity
d. Political Developments
Reading
*Ell Black, all
*E48 Tregonning, Chapters 6, 8-10
E61 Warren, 31-109
War and Occupation, 1941-1945
Sarawak and Sabah in World War I1
22
a. Japanese Occupation
b. Sabah and Sarawak resistance
c. Impact of occupation
~eading
*D99
- - . Runciman, 253-67
*E48 ~reqonninq Chapter 12
* ~ 6 1~ockard. 253-58
*Dl17 Stevens, IV:75-77
*D24 Edwards, I1:84-88
E23 Hall. all
C13 Harrisson, all
Useful Periodicals
and Journals
--
F. Conclusions
23
Retrospects and Conclusions
a. The Study of Sarawak and Sabah History
b. An overview of course
c. Some comparisons between Sarawak and Sabah
Reading
*C27 Lockard, all
*D80 Ongkili, all
I
Cotter, Conrad, Bibliography of English
Language Sources on Human Ecology: Eastern
Malaysia and Brunei, 1965, 2 Vols.
B2
Cotter, Conrad; Wilhelm Solheim, and Thomas
Williams,. "North Borneo, Brunei, and Sarawak: A Bibliography of English Language
Historical Administrative and Ethnographic Sources", unpublished, 1962.
B3
Crisswell, Colin, "Select Bibliography of
Published Works in English with Relevance
to Borneo History", E , No. 4.1972, 15-22.
B4
Rousseau, Jerome, "Bibliography of Borneo
Bibliographies", E , No. 2, 1970, 35-36.
B5
See also extensive bibliographies in R.
Pringle(D91); C. Lockard (Dbl), S. Runciman (D99), I. Black (E7), K. Tregonning
(E48), and N. Tarling (C3R). .
I
C.
Journal of Malaysian Branch, Royal Asiatic
Society (JMBRAS)
Sabah Society Journal (SSJ)
Sarawak GazeFte (SG)
Sarawak Museum Journal (SMJ)
B1
E.
-
Borneo Research Bulletin (BRB)
Brunei Museum Journal (BMJ)
--
Works
- - of General Relevance
C1
Angeles, F. Delor, "Brunei .and the Moro
Wars", -BMJ, Vol. 1, 1969.
C2
Carreon, Manuel, "Margatas The Datus of
Borneo", ,&S
Vol. 8, No. 25, 1957.
C3
Carroll, John, "The Word Bisaya in the Philippines and Borneo", SMJ, Vol. 9, No. 15-16,
1960.
C4
Crisswell, Colin, "The Origins of the Limbang Claim", Journal of Southeast Asian
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B r o o k e R u l e , ' 1 8 4 1 - 1 9 4 1 , " u n p u b l i s h e d M.A.
t h e s i s , Hawaii, 1967.
Dl14
i
,~
I
S m y t h i e s , B., " H i s t o r y o f F o r e s t r y i n Sarawak."
SG, S e p t e m b e r , 1 9 6 1 ,
-
Dl15
S o l h e i m , W i l h e l m , "The N i a h R e s e a r c h P r o g r a m , "
JMBRAS, V O ~ .5 0 , N O - 1, 1 9 7 7 .
Dl16
S o n z a , Demy, "The B i s a y a o f B o r n e o a n d t h e
P h i l i p p i n e s : A New Look a t t h e M a r a g t a s , ' SMJ,
V o l . 1 0 , N O . 4 0 - 4 1 , 1 9 7 2 31-40.
Dl17
S t e v e n s , P e t e r , "A H i s t o r y o f t h e Kanowit
D i s t r i c t , " E, J a n u a r y - A p r i l , 1 9 7 0 .
Dl16
W i l l i a m Tan, "The Kang-chu S y s t e m i n ~ a r a w a k , "
S a r a w a k T r i b u n e , Nov, 2 7 , 1 9 6 6
Dl19
T a r l i n g , N i c h o l a s , " B r i t a i n and Sarawak i n t h e
T w e n t i e t h C e n t u r y : R a j a C h a r l e s , Raya V y n e r ,
a n d t h e C o l o n i a l O f f i c e , " JMBRAS, V o l . X L I I I ,
No. 2 , 1 9 7 0 , 25-52.
I
1I
1
,
SMJ,
, "The W e s t w a r d M i g r a t i o n o f
t h e S e a ~ a y a k s , "SMJ, V o l . 7 , N o . 7 , J u n e ,
1 9 5 6 , 58-81.
tlistor~
-
Dl02
Dl03
o.f
A
"Iban Leaders,"
1976.
heir P o e t r y , " -SMJ, V o l . 1 , May, 1 9 4 9 , 77-86.
a s
D99
,
NO. 36-37, 1 9 7 0 , 8 9 - 1 6 1 .
Dl09
, "The M i g r a t i o n s o f t h e I b a n s
D9 7
S a n d i n , ene edict, " O r i g i n s o f t h e S a r i b a s
M a l a y s , " SMJ, V o l . 1 7 . No. 3 4 - 3 5 , 1 9 6 9 , 2 3 1 - 4 4 .
I
R i c h a r d s , A . J . N . , "Notes on Kanowit P u n i t i v e
~ x p e d i t i o n ,1 9 3 4 . " SMJ, V o l . 8 , No. 8 , December
1 9 5 6 , 470-71.
D96
D98
Dl07
SMJ,
, "The B a k e t a n s - 11," SMJ,
32-33, 1 9 6 8 , 1 1 1 - 2 1 .
Dl20
T'fen Ju-K'ang, The Chinese
in Sarawak:
Study of Social Structure, 1956.
Dl32
Young, G.V.C., "The Brooke Constitution of
1941," E, December, 1964.
Dl21
, "The Early History of the
Chinese in Sarawak," unpublished appendix 1
in T'ien Ju-K'ang, The Chinese of Sarawak, 1953.
Dl33
Yusuf bin Abang Puteh, Abang, Some Aspects of
the Marriage Customs Among the Sarawak Malays,
1966.
Dl22
Tremeer, R.E. "The .Early History of Rubber
Planting in Sarawak, 1880-1910," E, March,
1964.
Dl23
Dl24
E.
El
Alman, John, "Kawang Incident,"
September 196'2.
SSJ, Vol.
3,
Varney, Peter, "The Anglican Church in Sarawak
from 1848 to 1852," SMJ, Vol. 16, No. 32-33,
1968, 377-406.
E2
, "Some Early Iban Leaders in the
SMJ, Vol. 17,
Anglican Church in Sarawak," NO. .34-35, 1969, 273-89.
E3
Appell, George, "Ethnographic Profiles of the
Dusun-Speaking Peoples of Sabah, Malaysia,"
JMBRAS, Vol. 41, 1968.
E4
, "The Structure of District
Administration, Anti-Administration Activity
and Political ~nstability," Ethnology,
Vol. 25, 1966.
E5
, and Robert Harrison, "The
Ethnographic Classification of the DusunSpeaking Peoples of Northern Borneo," Ethnology,
Vol. 8, 1969.
E6
Ariff, M.D., The Philippines Claim to Sabah:
Its Historical, Legal
Political Implications, 1970.
E7
Black, I.D., "Native Administration by the
British North Borneo Chartered Company, 18781915," unpublished Ph.D. dissertation,
Australian National University, 1971.
E8
, "The Ending of Brunei Rule in
Sabah, 1878-1902," JMBRAS, Vol. 41, 1968,
176-92.
E9
, "Dayaks in North Borneo: The
Chartered Company and the Sea Dayaks of
Sarawak, SMJ, vol. 17, No. 34-35, 1969.
,
"Incident at Pandasan,"
SSJ,
Vol. 4, 1963.
I
Dl25
Vayda, Andrew, "Head-hunting Near and Far:
Antecedents and Effects of Coastal Raiding by
Ibans in the Nineteenth Century," SMJ, Vol. 23,
NO. 44, 1973, 111-138.
I
Dl26
Wagner, Ulla, Colonialism and Iban Warfare,
-1972.
1
Dl27
Ward, A.B., Rajah's Servant, 1966.
Dl28
Ward, Barbara, "A Hakka Konqsi in Borneo."
Journal of Oriental Studies, Vol. 1, July,
1954, 358-64.
Dl29
Wilford, G.E., "The Bau Goldfield," E,
April, 1962.
Dl30
Wright, Leigh, "Sarawak's Relations with
Britain, 1858 to 1870," SMJ, Vol. 11, No.
23-24, 1964, 624-48.
Dl31
Works of Special -Relevance to Sabah
I
I
I
,
"British Recognition of Sarawak,"
SG,
November
and
December, 1964.
-
El0
Black, I.D., "The Political Structure of Sabah
on the Eve of Chartered Company Rule," E,
Vol. 3, No. 2, December 1971.
Glyn-Jones, N., The Dusun of the Penampang
Plains in North Borneo, 1953.
Hall, Maxwell, Labuan Story, 1958.
Ell
,
"Inter Ethnic Relations and
Culture Change under Colonial Rule: A Study
of Sabah," in G.N. Appell, ed., Studies
'Borneo Societies: Social Process and Anthropological Explanation, 1976, 27-43.
+
Burrough, Josephine, "Tea Cultivation in
Sabah, 1884-1939," JSS, Vol. 6, No. 1,
1973-74, 1-6.
Burrough, P.A., "Message Sticks used by Murut
and Dusun People in Sabah," JMBRAS, Vol.
XLVIII, Part 2, 1975, 119-123.
Clement, W.R.T.,
"The Origin of the Muruts,"
SMJ, Vol. 1, No. 1, February, 1911.
Copeland, A.T., "Muruts of North Borneo:
Malaria and Racial Extinction," Lancet,.
Vol. 228, 1935, 1233-39.
Crisswell, Colin, "The Mat Salleh Rebellion
Reconsidered," SMJ, Vol. 19, No. 38-39,
1971, 155-166.
,
Kinabalu Guerillas, 1949.
Han, Sin-Fong, "A Study of the Occupational
Patterns and Social Interaction of Overseas
Chinese in Sabah, Malaysia," unpublished
Ph.D. dissertation, Michigan, 1971.
Harrisson, Tom, and Barbara Harrisson,
Prehistory of Sabah, 1971.
The
Holly, S., "The Origin o£ the Idahan people, "
SMJ, Vol. 6, No. 20, 1955.
John, David, . he Timber Industry and Forest
Administration .in Sabah Under Chartered
Company Rule," Journal of Southeast Asian
,Studies, Vol. 5, No. 1, March, 1974, 55-81.
, and J.C. Jackson, "The Tobacco
Industry of North Borneo: A Distinctive Form
of Plantation Agriculture," Journal of Southeast Asian Studies, Vol. 4, No. 1 March, 1973,
88-106.
Evans, Ivor. "Kadamaian Dusun Headmen of
Former Times," SMJ, Vol. 6, No. 19-21,
1955, 54-5.
Kahin, Georse, "The State of North Borneo,
Fortier, David, "The Chinese in North Borneo,"
in Morton Fried, ed., Colloquium on Overseas
Chinese, 1958.
Keith, Agnes, Land Below the Wind, 1939.
Godlet, K.J., "Coal Mining at Silipopan,
SSJ, Vol. 5, No. 4, September 1972.
1906-32," Garner, Lela A., "The Philippine Claim to
North Borneo," unpublished Ph.D. dissertation,
Tufts, 1965.
Lee, Yong-Leng, "The Chinese in Sabah (North
Borneo)," Erdkunde, Vol. 19, No. 4, Nov. 1965.
, ~ d r t h.~orneo:
.A study in
Settlement Geography, 1962.
Liefer, Michael,,The Philippine Claim to
Sabah, 1968.
Tan, N.C., "The Kulintangan Buis Revolt,"
Vol. 3, September 1962, 13-14.
Majul, Cesar, "Political and Historical Notes
on the Old Sulu Sultanate," JMBRAS, Vol. 38,
No. 1, July, 1955, 23-42.'
SSJ,
Tarling, Nicholas, "The Entrepot at Labuan and
the Chinese," SSJ, Vol. 5, No. 2, Dec., 1970.
(Also published in Jerome Chen and Nicholas
Tarling, eds., Studies in the Social History
of China and Southeast Asia. 1970. 355-74.)
"The Sulu Sultanate and its
Original Acquisition of Sabah," in Symposium
on Sabah, 1969.
,
Meadows, Martin, "The Philippine Claim to
North ~orneo,
" Political ~ciknceQuarterly,
Vol. LXXVIII, NG. 3, 1962, 321-55.
Tregonning, K.G.,
1881-1963, 1965.
5
History of Modern Sabah,
--
, North Borneo, 1960.
Oades, Rizalino, "Chinese Emigration Through
Honq Konq to North Borneo Since 1880,"
unp;blished M. A. thesis, Hong Kong university,
1960.
, "The Claim for North Borneo
by the Philippines," Australian OutLook,
Vol. 16, December, 1962.
Ongkili, James, "K@lekaan Ekonomi Kompeni
Berpiagam Sabah, 1881-194lIc Malaysia in
History, Vol. 16, No. 1, June, 1973, 9 3 5 .
, "Alexander Dalrymple,"
Australian Quarterly, Vol. 23, September, 1951.
Ortiz, Pacifico, "Legal Aspects of the North
Borneo Question," Philippine 'Studies, Vol. 2,
1963.
, "Steps in the Acquisition of
North Borneo," Historical Studies, Australia
and New
- Zealand, Vol. 5, No. 19, Nov. 1952.
Reynalds. John X., "Towards an Account of S u l ~
and Its Bornean Dependencies, 1700-1878,"
unpublished M.A. thesis, Wisconsin, 1970.
, "The Elimination of Slavery
in North Borneo," JMBRAS, Vol. 36, July,
1953, 24-36.
Reber, Ann, "The Sulu World in the 18th and
Early Nineteenth Centuries," unpublished M.A.
thesis, Cornell, 1966.
, "William Pryer, The Founder
of Sandakan," JMBRAS, Vol. 37, May, 1954, 35-50.
, "American ~ctivityin North
Borneo, 1865-81," Pacific
Historical Review,
Vol. 23, Nov. 1954.
Rutter, Owen, British North Borneo, 1922.
, The Pirate Wind, 1930.
, "A Sandakan Diary of the
18901s,"SMJ, Vol. 6, 1955, 205-216.
Short, Brock, "Brunei, Sulu and Sabah: An
Analysis of Rival Claims," BMJ, Vol. 1, 1959.
Solheim, Wilhelm, "Remarks on the Prehistory
of Sahah and Southeast Asian .Archaeology,"BI;
. o ~ . l E
1, 1973, 3-6.
E57
, "The Mat Salleh Revolt,
1894-1905," JMBRAS, Vol. 29, No. 1, 1956.
E58
, "The Philippine Claim to
Sabah," JMBRAS, Vol. XLIII, No. 1, 1970, 161-70.
Warren, James, "Slave-Trade-Raid : The SocioEconomic Patterns of the Sulu Sultanate in the
Eighteenth Century," unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Australia National University, 1976?
Brown, Donald, "Social Classification and
History," Comparative Studies 9Society and
History, Vol. 16, 1973.
,
, "Balambangan and the Rise of
the Sulu Sultanate, 1772-1775," J M B M S ,
Vol. 50, No. 1, 1977.
, "Brunei and the Bajau,"
Vol. 3, No. 2, December, 1971, 55-58.
, --The North Borneo Chartered
Company's Administration of the Bajau.
A
Whelan, R.G.,
History of Sabah, 1970.
Harrisson, Tom and Barbara Harrisson, "Kota
Baru in Brunei," -SMJ, Vol. 7, No. 8, 19'49.
,
"Ethno-Historical Relationships and Patterns of Customary Behavior Among
North Borneo Native Peoples," unpublished paper.
Hushes-Hallett. H.R.. "A Sketch of the Historv
of-~runei,"JMBRAS,
- ~ o l .18, No. 2, August,
1940, 23-42.
-
Wookey, W.K.C., "The Mat Salleh Rebellion,"
SMJ, Vol..7, No. 23, December, 1956.
-
Janardanan, E.C., "Brunei Malay Rubber
SMJ, Vol. 10, No. 19-20, 1962, 598-9
Begi,nningsnU-
Wriaht. Leiah. "Historical Notes on the North
Borneo Dispute," Journal
of Asian Studies,
- Vol. 25, No. 3, Pay, 1966, 471-84.
.
a
.
Leys, P., "Observations on the Brunei Political
System of 1883-85," JMBRAS Vol. 17, No. 2, 1968.
, "Piracy in the Southeast Asian
Archipelagb," Journal of Oriental Studies,
Vol. 14, No. 1, January, 1976, 23-34.
Low, Hugh, "Selesilah: Book of Descent of the
Rajahs of Brunei," JMBRAS, Vol. 5, June, 1880,
1-35.
Yap, Hyun-Phen, "The Founding of Labuan, 1846,"
unpublished B.A. academic exercise, University
of Singapore, 1958.
F.
Metussin Omar and P.M. Shariffuddin, "The Stone
Age in Brunei," BMJ, Vo1.3, No. 4, 1976, 127-32.
Works of Special Relevance to Brunei
F1
F13
Brown, Donald, Brunei: The Structure and
History of a_ Bornean Malay Sultanate, 1970.
F14
,
"Social Structure, History and
Historiography in Brunei and Beyond," in G.N.
Appell, ed., Studies in Borneo Societies:
Social Process
Anthropological Explanation.
Nicholl, Robert, ed., European Sources for the
History of the Sultanate of Brunei in the
-~ i x t e e n t F ~ e n t u r1975,
~,
'--
I
F2
E,
Crisswell, Colin, "The Establishment of a
Residency in Brunei: A Study of the Relations
Between North Borneo, Sarawak, and Britain,
1881-1905, unpublished M.A. thesis, Hong Kong
University, 1971.
Williams, Thomas, The Dusun: A North Borneo
Society, 1965.
2
"Hugh Low on History of Brunei,"
BMJ, Vol. 1, No. 1, 1969.
-
, "Notes on the Early Toponymy
of Brunei,' BMJ, Vol. 3, No. 3, 1975, 123-36.
-
I
'
F15
Sharifuddin, P.M., and Abdul Latif Hj.
Ibrahim, "Batu Tarsilah: The Genealogical
Tablet of the Sultans of Brunei," JMBRAS,
Vol. XLVII, Part 1, 1974, 87-95.
F16
Singh, Ranjit, "Brunei: The Problems of Political Survival 1839-1963," unpublished M.A.
thesis, University of Malaya, 1976.
F17
Sweeney, P.L.A., "Selsilah Raja-Raja Berunai,"
JMBRAS, Vol. 41, No. 2, 1968.
P18
Tregonning, K.G., "The Partition of Brunei,"
Journal of Tropical Geography, Vol. 11,
1958, 84-9.
F19
Wright, Leigh, "The Partition of Brunei,"
Asian Studies, Vol. 5, No. 2, 1967, 282-303
( T h e s e c o n d c o u r s e w i l l appear i n t h e
A p r i l i s s u e o f t h e B u l l e t i n .)
B R I E F
Bajoe:
C O M M U N I C A T I O N S
A Sama Community a t Watampone, zulawesi
H. Arlo Nimmo
California State University, Hayward
During the past decade, considerable progress has been
made by various researchers in mapping the distribution
of Samalan-speaking peoples in insular Southeast Asia.
At this time, it appears that these peoples are concentrated in the Sulu Islands of the southern Philippines
with scattered communities in Mindanao, eastern Borneo,
and various Indonesian coasts, especially Sulawesi.
In July, 1977, I visited a community of former boatdwelling Samalan-speakers who live in a community of
pile dwellings built over the sea at Watampone in the
Bone District of southern Sulawesi. I was in the
community for only three hours, but with to record the
knformation I gleaned in the event that other researchers
may wish to visit the community for research purposes.
My escort was Elr. Herman S0,esangobeng, an Indonesian
student at Universitas Hasamuddin, Ujung Pandang, where
he was participating in a special program in social
science research techniques. He was conducting an
anthropological survey of the community as part of his
program.
'
Notice: The Editor announces the publication of
Checklist of the Works of
Tom Harrissb (1911-19'j-i;)
,oadby
David Alan Miller of the Ohio University
Library.
The Checklist--fifty pages in typed form-may be ordered from the Editor at $2.50
per copy.
The community is called "Bajoe" by -the neighboring
Buginese, who dominate the area, and the inhabitants 'are
call'ed "Orang Bajoe" although they refer to themselves
as "Orang Sama." It i's located in the shallow waters
.
directly to the south of the long-wharf-that serves
Watampone. To the north'of the wharf is 'a -Communityof
Mandar people, while the remainder of the population in.
the area is predominantl'y Buginese.' The Sama village
consists of some 100 ptle'houses, inhabited b y approxi-.
mately 700 people, according to the census data of Mr:
Soesangobeng. Mr. Soesangobeng's impression is that . '
extended family households are the norm, although he
had not yet'analyzed his,data.todiscover whether any
particular form predominates. Some of the houses are
'
substantial and well-constructed, while others are
poorly constructed, temporary structures. There is no
mosque in the community, although some of the people
frequent the mosque of the neighboring Buginese, and one
Sama has made the pilgrimage to Mecca.
According to Mr. Soesangobeng, two other Sama villages
are located nearby. They are considerably smaller and
have frequent social interaction, including marriage,
with Bajoe. He did not know of Samalan-speaking
communities in the area beyond these.
I tried to speak to the Bajoe people in the Samalan I
learned among the boat-dwelling Sama of Tawi-Tawi,,and
although some communication was possible, the two
languages do not appear to be mutually intelligible.
Unfortunately, I was unprepared to collect any word
lists which shed light on the relationship of the
language to that of Sulu. Certainly, there were many
cognates and structural similarities between the two.
Mr. Soesangobeng felt that the language was heavily
influenced by Buginese, and my impression was the same.
The people I talked to had not heard of the familiar
Sulu Islands, for example, Jolo, Siasi, Tawi-Tawi, or
Sitangkai, and the most distant travels to the north
related to me were by a man of about 50 who in his youth
visited Sandakan, to the south of which he said was then
located a Samalan-speaking community called Tanjung Arus.
According to the above man, his people lived exclusively
in houseboats until about 20 years ago when they began
to build houses at the present site. This was substantiated by a Buginese headman who said that he remembered
the same period when the Sama lived only in small houseboats. According to Mr. Soesangobeng, only one boat in
the community is used as a houseboat now, that belonging
to a very old man who lives alone. The most common boattype is called l e p a and is similar, although lacking. the
ornate carvings. to a boat-type called by the same name
in southern Sulu.
The relationship between the ~ugineseand Sama appears
to be largely economic, with the Sama providing fish in
exchange for land products. The Sama are obviously in a
subordinate position, and I was somewhat reminded of
Tausug-Sama relations in Jolo as described by Kiefer
(1972).
Of special interest to me were two origin stories, one
told by the Sama themselves and the other told by a
Buginese man from Watampone. Both are variants of
stories told in Sulu regarding the origins of the boatdwelling Sama there.
The Sama story claims that long ago a young man of royal
lineage fell in love with a beautiful young woman who
was strangely silent. He married her and her silence
continued into their marriage. Eventually, they had a
son who was as silent as his mother. The mother loved
the child and attended him constantly. One day the
child began to cry and the mother announced to her
husband that she was leaving with the infant, never to
return. The husband accepted her decision, but said
that they must decide upon some sign fortheir respective
descendants to bear so that they would recognize one
another as kinsmen. They decided that the males should
make fishnets, and the females should make mats. The
couple separated and their descendants are the Sama of
today who make fishnets and mats.
The second story is of interest because it mentions a
Johore homeland a theme that appears in various Sama
origin stories, and led Sopher (1964) to suggest an
origin near present day Johore for these people.
According to this story, told by a Buginese man, many
years ago there lived at Johore a handsome young man
of royal birth who deeply loved a young woman of equally
high rank. One evening when they were talking on the
beach, a great wave appeared and swept the young woman
to sea. The young man was distraught at the loss of his
loved one, and ordered all his people to board their
boats, search the sea for his beloved and not return
until they found her. They never found the young woman,
but feared to return without her, so they continued to
wander the sea in boats. Their descendants are the
present Sama of Bajoe.
Mr. Soesangobeng's research will be concluded in late
1977. He has no plans to publish his final report, but
hopefully it will somehow become available to students
of Southeast Asia to help provide further understanding
of the scattered Sama cultures.
resource production. These techniques must be defined
for specific resource types but in general the water,
land and biological resources available in any area have
multiple uses. Furthermore exploitation of one resource
affects the potential uses of others. Thus optimal
resource management practices require an area development focus with integrated management strategies that
take into account all major resources and relationships
between ecosystem components.
Bibliography:
Kiefer, Thomas, 1972, The Tausug, New
York, Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Inc: S o ~ h e r .David.
I
N E W S
A N D
A N N O U N C E M E N T S
Borneo Research Council ~ e e t i n ~
The Borneo Research Council will hold a business meeting on December 1, 1977, in the Galaxy Room in the
Sheraton Houston Hotel. The meeting will be held from
5 to 7 p.m. during the Annual Meeting of the American
Anthropological Association. In addition to considering business, the Council also invites presentations
of field reports and volunteered papers by students of
Borneo. For more information, please write the Editor.
Center for Natural Resource Management
-and Environmental Studies,
Agricultural University
BOG
Development in Indonesia depends very heavily on the
utilization of the country's natural resources. Twothirds of the 135 million. people rely on the agricultural
sector as their major source of livelihood. While.this
fraction may,decrease in the coming decades, the absolute
number will certainly increase as Indonesia moves towards
a population of more than 200 million within a generation.
Hence development activities--.to increase food production,
living standards, employment and national income--demand
improved techniques for higher, yet sustainable levels of
1
!
This idealistic goal can never be fully met. Yet even
the best agricultural systems in Indonesia function far
below possible production capacity and the coordinated
use of resources is generally lacking. The many
regional development projects, agricultural intensification and extensification efforts, and land rehabilitation activities now being undertaken in Indonesia
represent important experiments to raise production and
to develop resource management strategies. Some offer
excellent opportunities to test alternative patterns of
resource use and to creake comprehensive, ecologically
based area management.
At present a major constraint on the capacity to evolve
good natural resource management strategies in development is the scarcity of trained manpower, and the absence
of effective multidisciplinary staff groupings for
project formulation, analysis and implementation. This
shortage is most critically felt in local government
agencies and at the field level of central government
projects, for example, in land settlement programs.
To meet these training needs and to provide innovative
approaches to land and water resource development, a
Center for Natural Resource Management and Environmental
Studies has been established at the Bogor Agricultural
University (Institut Pertanian Bcgor - IPB). The functions
of the Center are to:
(1) Train scientists and resource managers in basic
approaches and techniques of research for integrated
resource management studies.
(2) Sponsor and undertake research to determine alternative management strategies for land and water
resources in broad ecological zones such as coastal
(3)
swamplands and critically damaged uplands.
Conduct long-term studies for agencies involved in
the management' of Indonesia's land and water
resources.
Tne work program will give special attention to areas
now considered marginal in terms of special measures of
agricultural production. These include eroded upland'
areas on Java, transmigration sites in Sumatra, and
areas threatened by potential loss of important resource
components (e.g., forests, fisheries, fertile topsoils).
In general, ecosystems where major additional resource
uses could be introduced will be included. Studies will
focus on high priority government project activities to
provide broader perspectives on area resource development than is possible from existing task-specific
agencies. Training will be oriented towards graduate
degree programs and to special short-term training
courses for staff in government.
'
The Center became operational in January 1977 with a
full-time staff closely linked to major IPB land and
water resource programs.
I
Persons interested in information about the Center are
invited to contact the Director, Dr. Soeratno Partoatmod jo.
IUCN Plan
for
Asia
- South-East
- -Arguably South-east Asia is the most endangered major
region in the world today, if accelerating destruction
of natural resources is taken as the key factor. IUCN
has done well, therefore, to make a survey of the
resource-conservation needs a top priority, and has
published in its January Bulletin, an outline action
programme for the region that stretches from Burma in
the north-west to Papua-NewGuinea in the south-east, and
takes in the whole of Thailand, Malaysia, Indochina,
Indonesia and the Philippines. Logging in the tropical
rain forests is the major threat, for the lowland forests
of the region are almost all at least committed to
logging, and the mere handful of forests supposedly
I
protected in reserves and national parks are in practice
far from secure. More than 25,000 species of flowering
plant are in danger, and a high proportion of all the
animals of the region are at risk. Orang-utan, tiger,
clouded leopard, kouprey and monkey-eating eagle are
among those for which special projects are recommended
by the two IUCN consultants, FPS Vice-President Ian
Grimwood, and Dr. Tim Whitmore of the British Museum
(Natural History). Attention is also paid to such major
reserves as Udjung Kulon in Java and Gunong Leuser in
Sumatra, homes of the rare Javan and Sumatran rhinos
respectively, and to the need for surveys to determine
the basic minimum of habitat that must be saved from the
logger and developer. IUCN is certainly to be congratulated. for this important initiative, but financing it
is clearly beyond the resources of WWF and IUCN, and
calls for massive funds from UN agencies such as UNEP,
FA0 and UNESCO, and from the aid programmes of the
developed nations. ( ~ e p r i t ne d b y k ~ n dpermission o f
Oryx, Journal
1977.)
of
t h e Fauna P r e s e r v a t i o n S o c i e t y ,
July,
I
1
i
,
~alaysia/Singapore/Brunei Studies Group Organized
At its second annual meeting in the Belmont Hotel, New
York, March 26, the Malaysia/Singapore/Brunei Studies
Group elected John A. Lent (Temple University) for a
second term as Chairman for 1977-78. Others who
volunteered to make up the Executive Committee are:.
K. Mulliner (Ohio University), Joseph Weinstock (Cornell
University), Thomas Willer (Southwestern Michigan
College) and Marvin Rogers (University of Missouri).
Craig Lockard (University of Wisconsin-Green Bay)
volunteered to be.liaison person while in Malaysia on
a Fulbright-Hays grant.
Cambridge Museum Reorganizes
The University Mus'eum of Archaeology and Ethnology,
Cambridge, has begun an extensive program of reorganization, lasting until 1984, its centennial year.
Collections will become inaccessible from time to time,
D r . C a s i E o ' s r e s e a r c h among t h e Jama
the institute.
Mapun i s w e l l known t o , s t u d e n t s o f S o u t h e a s t A s i a n
societies.
a l t h o u g h t h e Museum w i l l n o t b e c o m p l e t e l y c l o s e d . Work
on t h e A f r i c a n c o l l e c t i o n s i s . w e l l a d v a n c e d , b u t some
The A s i a n c o l l e c t i o n s ' w i l l b e
a r e s t i l l unavailable.
d e a l t w i t h l a t e r . i n 1 9 7 7 a n d i n 1 9 7 8 . The a r c h a e o l o g i c a l d i s p l a y s a r e now c o n s i d e r a b l y r e d u c e d ; t h e s e a n d
a l l a r c h a e o l o g i c a l c o l l e c t i o n s , e x c e p t t h o s e from
O c e a n i a , a n d America, w i l l b e c l o s e d c o m p l e t e l y from 1
June t o ' 3 ' O c t o b e r , 1977. A f t e r t h i s d a t e o n l y l i m i t e d
t e a c h i n g d i s p l a y s w i l l b e o n v i e w u n t i l t h e new a r c h a e o l o g i c a l e x h i b i t i o n s a r e completed.
I
The Museum Committee r e g r e t s a n y i n c o n v e n i e n c e c a u s e d - t o
v i s i t o r s , b u t h o p e s it w i l l b e a p p r e c i a t e d . t h a t t h i s
r e o r g a n i z a t i o n i s f o r t h e l o n g - t e r m b e n e f i t o f a l l who
u s e t h e Museum.
Announcements o n p r o g r e s s w i l l b e made
F u r t h e r i n f o r m a t i o n may b e o b t a i n e d
from t i m e t o t i m e .
from t h e C u r a t o r .
Conference
S o u t h e a s t Asian s t u d i e s
The U n i v e r s i t y o f Malaya i s s p o n s o r i n g a C o n f e r e n c e o n
S o u t h e a s t A s i a n S t u d i e s o n November 22-26, 1 9 7 7 , i n
Kota K i n a b a l u .
The t h e m e i s i n t e r d i s c i p l i n a r y s t u d i e s
a t t h e undergraduate l e v e l .
T h e r e a l s o w i l l be p a n e l s
f o r presentation of individual research papers.
Every
e f f o r t i s b e i n g made t o accommodate t h e i n t e r e s t s . o f
a l l t h o s e who h a v e o f f e r e d p a p e r s f o r t h e C o n f e r e n c e .
Consequently, a t t h e t i m e o f p u b l i c a t i o n o f t h e Borneo
Research B u l l e t i n , t h e f i n a l program had n o t been set.
B O R N E O
Regional
N E W S
News
RICHARD FIDLER h a s b e e n c h o s e n t o p a r t i c i p a t e i n a
s p e c i a l r e s e a r c h i n s t i t u t e on c r 0 s . s - ' c u l t u r a l / m u l t i c u l t u r a l r e s e a r c h i n t h e b e h a v i o r a l and s o c i a l s c i e n c e s
a t t h e ~ a s t - ' w e s t C e n t e r i n H o n o l u l u , 4 ' J a n u a r y t o 30
A p r i l , 1978. A f t e r t h e i n s t i t u t e , , D r . F i d l e r w i l l
c o n d u c t f i e l d res_earch o n t h e B i g I s l a n d f r o m May t o
July.
ERIC CASINO w i l l b e a member o f t h e s t a f f f o r
LEIGH WRIGHT c o n d u c t e d a s t u d y g r o u p f r o m t h e R o y a l
A s i a t i c S o c i e t y i n February t o meet t h e s t a f f s and
o b s e r v e t h e work o f t h e t h r e e museums o f B r u n e i , S a b a h ,
and Sarawak.
The g r o u p a l s o h a d t w o j o i n t m e e t i n g s
w i t h t h e Sabah S o c i e t y through t h e k i n d n e s s of t h e
D r . Wright w i l l
former s e c r e t a r y , David W. FlcCredie.
g i v e a n i n t e r i m r e p o r t on h i s long-term " p i r a c y " p r o j e c t
a t t h e Conference on S o u t h e a s t Asian S t u d i e s .
Sabah News
--
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DAVID W . MCCREDIE, B,Sc. ( H o n o r s ) , F.R.G.S.,
is a t t h e
He
p r e s e n t t i m e C u r a t o r - D e s i g n a t e o f t h e S a b a h Museum.
w i l l t a k e up h i s a p p o i n t m e n t o n r e t u r n f r o m o v e r s e a s
l e a v e o n 2 November, 1 9 7 7 . D u r i n g S e p t e m b e r a n d
October he t r a v e l l e d through t h e United S t a t e s with a
p a r t i a l t r a v e l g r a n t f r o m t h e John D . R o c k e f e l l e r I11
Fund.
M r . McCredie i s p a r t i c u l a r l y i n t e r e s t e d i n
l e a r n i n g c u r r e n t d e s i g n and p r e s e n t a t i o n t e c h n i q u e s t o
b e i n c o r p o r a t e d i n t h e new S a b a h Museum w h i c h i s u n d e r
c o n s t r u c t i o n a n d a t c o m p l e t i o n w i l l c o s t a b o u t USS1
M r . McCredie v i s i t e d GEORGE APPELL a n d VINSON
million.
He has lived
SUTLIVE d u r i n g h i s t o u r o f t h e S t a t e s .
i n Sabah f o r 1 3 y e a r s and t r a v e l l e d w i d e l y , o f t e n i n
remote and p r e v i o u s l y u n e x p l o r e d r e g i o n s a s a s o i l
s u r v e y o r and i n a g r i c u l t u r a l development.
After editing
The P r e h i s t o r y o f S a b a h b y Tom a n d B a r b a r a H a r r i s s o n , h e
d i s c o v e r e d a n o p e n s i t e o f s t o n e t o o l s n e a r t h e Madai
C a v e s i n t h e Kunak S u b - D i s t r i c t o f t h e Tawau R e s i d e n c y .
M r . M c C r e d i e i s e a g e r f o r B o r n e o s c h o l a r s t o c o n t a c t him
a t t h i s t i m e when t h e museum " i s t a k i n g o n a new l e a s e
His
o n l i f e u n d e r t h e new g o v e r n m e n t a l a d m i n i s t r a t i o n . '
a d d r e s s i s c / o The S a b a h Museum, P.O. Box 1 2 3 9 ,
Kota K i n a b a l u , S a b a h , M a l a y s i a .
Sarawak
News
BARBARA HARRISSON h a s c o m p l e t e d h e r work a t t h e W e s t e r n
A u s t r a l i a n I n s t i t u t e o f T e c h n o l o g y a n d h a s t a k e n up
h e r a p p o i n t m e n t a s D i r e c t o r o f t h e P r i n c e s s h o f Museum o f
Ceramics, Leeuwarden, F r e i s l a n d , N o r t h H o l l a n d .
The
Borneo Research Council congratulates her on this
prestigious appointment.
My first observation relates to the organization. of
towkay politics. Two comments can be made. First, in
some Overseas Chinese communities unity for external
political action is achieved by formally organizing
various associations into a representative hierarchy
with one or more umbrella organizations (Chamber of
Commerce, Benevolent Association, and the like) at the
top. In other communities unified and disciplined
action is achieved through the existence of personal
networks of patronage and loyalty, expressed in the
form of headship of key associations, which interlock
in ways that concentrate power in the hands of a very
few economic cum political leaders (towkays). Sabah,
on Lee's evidence, seems to have had both of these
forms. A formal pyramid of locally-based speech group
associations ( h u i k u a n ) culminated in local Chambers of
Commerce which were, in turn, united at the all-Sabah
level in a federation. Simultaneously, towkays maintained personal networks through these and other associations and through their business operations.
INGE NIEMITZ obtained her Ph.D. in June at JustusLiebi.g-University of Giessen, West Germany. Her dissertation is entitled, "Programmed Learning in Homeeconomical Education." CARSTEN NIEMITZ passed his
examinations to be a Medical Bachelor in August, 1976.
He took part in the Burg Wartenstein Symposium for
Anthropological Research in Lower Austria. Part of the
results of this symposium will be published in book
form dealing with the relationship between anatomy,
ecology and behavior in 1978. He has completed his
investigations on the functional anatomy of dermatoglyphics in the Bornean tarsier.
B O O K
R E V I E W S ,
A B S T R A C T S
A N D
B I B L I O G R A P H Y
i,
BOOK REVIEWS
Edwin Lee: The
Towkays o f Sabah: Chinese L e a d e r s h i e
Indigenous t h e L a s t P h a s e of B r i t i s h
Challenge
~
-. u l e ,Singapore University Press, 1976.p,271.-and
-
2
The unspecific title of Lee's book leaves one wondering
what to expect. Is this a biographical collection? An
essay on entrepreneurship and business organization? A
sociological analysis in a Chinese community? In fact,
it is none of these and an appropriate title might have
been something like, T h e T o w k a y s i n S a b a h P o l i t i c s ,
1 9 6 1 - 1967.
As a contribution to 'the literatures of both
Sabah politics and Overseas Chinese studies this book
can be reviewed from either of those perspectives. Since
my interests and knowledge lie in the latter field I
shall say nothing about the treatment'of Sabah's politics
and simply make some observations about the relevance of
this study to work on the Overseas Chinese.
I
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Second, the importance of the h u i k u a n at such a late
date as the 1960s seems to substantiate a theory about
organizational development in Overseas Chinese communities. Some years ago Maurice Freedman argued that
the larger the Overseas Chinese community the more
numerous, diverse and complex would be its associational
inventory.
Without knowing from Lee's book how numerous
or diverse associations were in the Sabah of the 1 9 6 0 ~ ~
it is of interest that the h u i k u a n , an elementary
dialect-based association of the kind that emerges very
early in an Overseas Chinese community, was not only
thriving past the date when such organizations had lost
much of their importance elsewhere but was actually
enjoying a revival. This phenomenon seems to bear out
Willmott's modification of Freedman: an argument that
government policy is a critical variable in determining
organizational development. In Cambodia Willmott found
that h u i k u a n persisted quite late and enjoyed almost a
political monopoly because the French colonial government recognized them and assigned them a monopoly of
certain political powers. In Sabah, the sudden development of political parties in response to governmental
change and the colonial government's recognition of
hui k u a n as units that could nominate candidates for
elections apparently had somewhat the same.effect.
My second observation concerns the theme of personal
loyalty as a basis for political action. After 1955
several Sab.ah towkays rpse to economic importance and
political opportunity in connection with their
possession of goverpment timber contracts. As Sabah
headed towards Falaysia they attempted to protect
their opportunities to participate and to discharge
their communal responsibility of' preserving Chinese
culture in Sabah. The political parties they formed
did not, in the end, enter a full alliance with indigenous bodies; instead, the towkay leaders of those
parties sought and achieved the.persona1 protection of
a key indigenous leader. Lee explains this as a
reflection of towkay personal style and preference.
Towkays were unaccustomed to and uncomfortable with
political parties in which their position was based
upon popular election. They preferred nomination or
recognition by their peers and the addition of one more
superordinate loyalty to the structure that already
existed. I would not disagree with this interpretation
but only add to it. In pre-1949 China, a merchant
protected himself,and his network of clients by
associating hirnse'lf with an 'official, or a soon-to-be
official, as patron. - Yoreover, the Sabah towkay was,
in some respects, in a vulnerable position. His
communal obligation to preserve Chinese culture in
Sabah and his obvious vested economic interests made
him suspect in the eyes of many non-Chinese voters.
Small wonder if he preferred a protected rather than
an exposed position.
Third, I miss in Lee's book a full discussion of towkay
language capacity in relation to the politics of individuals and groups. Lee notes in passing that certain
groups were unable to speak English, while others were
fluent in it. The political results of that fundamental
difference are rarely spelled out in detail. For
instance, I would expect a tqwkay fluent in English to
be able to function as a government-community intermediary or broker in a personal way, precisely because
of his language skill. A towkay who spoke only Chinese,
I
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however, would be less able to do so, having to rely
upon the linguistic and cultural skills of an English
secretary in his Chamber of Commerce. One would also
expect persons not fluent in English to take an
integrationist position in discussions of the Chinese
community's future--to organize and support communal
parties in order to preserve Chinese culture, while
those of English education might be more likely to form
or join multi-racial parties and thereby more easily
become associated with assimilationists. There is also
the related question of outside support. We are told
of the Kuomintang activities in the Democratic Party of
North Borneo, a body formed by Chinese-educated towkays.
We are not told whether Taiwan assisted in these
Kuomintang activities, It seems to me reasonable to
suppose that a group of non-English speakers would feel
itself more in need of aid from Chinese sources from
outside than would an Enlgish-speaking party.
Fourth, it would have been useful to have a discussion
of how Sabah-oriented towkay politics were influenced
by other systems of politics within the Chinese
community. Wang Gungwu has pointed out that in Malaya,
political actors in the Chinese community may be
oriented in any of three ways: towards the politics of
their host society, towards the politics of their own
Chinese community, and towards the politics of China.
Surely, there must have been several towkays in Sabah
who were concerned primarily with community politics
or China politics, yet we never get a sense, from Lee's
book, or how their political activities may have intersected with or shaped those of the towkays who devoted
themselves to Sabah politics. Granting the difficulty
of such an analysis, one may still regret it is not a
part of the story presented here.
Finally, a general observation about the political
implications of personal backgrounds. Lee has suggested
at least four aspects of personal backgrounds as based
for political groupings and rivalries: odcupation,
regional base in Sabah.(Jesselton, Sandakan, Tawau, etc.)
speech group affiliation (Hokkien, Teochiu, Hakka), and
language capacity (English/Chinese). There may be other
variables besides these: age and generational status,
for instance, or orientation, along the lines suggested
by Wang Gungwu. How do these variables interact? If,
to revert to my example above, certain English-educated
leaders form communal rather than multi-racial parties
it is clear that some other variable than that of
educational background or language capacity is at work.
What variable or combination of variables would apply?
How do we account for the rise of the "independents"
who make their appearance in the mid-1960s? Craig
Lockard, looking at a similar group in Sarawak, sees
age or generational status as a major factor. 'Is this
the case for Sabah?
The foregoing suggestions and questions are not meant
as criticism of Lee for not writing the book I would
have preferred. His concern has been to present a
chronological analysis of the personalities and political maneuvers of Sabah towkay politics in relation to
Malaysia. Readers like me with an interest in the
insitutional meaning of those politics will have to pick
out the needed information as they go along. On my
reading, Lee has given us a useful book on the towkays'
role in Sabah politics. In the comments above I merely
with to express my hope that having given us this
valuable chronological analysis he will now stand back
from his data and recast parts of it into an integrated
analysis of the structure and operation of towkay
politics in the 1960s. (Edgar Wickberg)
ABSTRACTS
Gawai Burong: .he_ Chants a_"<
Iban -Bird- --Festival.
-- -
Celebrations ?of
.the
Benedict Sandin, with Introduction by Clifford Sather,
Penerbit Universiti Sains.Malaysia, Penang.
This is the first full-1ength.study of a major Iban
ri-tualcelebration to contain complete texts: and
translations of the ritual chants and invocational
songs in their entirety.
In varied forms, the Gawai Burong or "Bird Festival"
is the most complex and important of all traditional
Iban religious festivals, It celebrates Singalang
Burong, the Iban god of war, spiritual leader of the
omen birds and steward of prophetic communication
between the gods and mankind. During the "Bird
Festival," Singalang Burong and his followers are
invoked and are believed to descend from their spiritual home in the heavens to the earthly celebration.
By their unseen presence and symbolic identification
with the principal celebrants, the festival served in
the past, when the Iban were still an actively warring
people, to affirm war honors and leadership status
among those who took part in its celebration. It
represented the culminating rite in a traditional
cult of ritual head-taking, and by its performance
hosts and guests gained renown and their prowess on
the battlefield was vouched for and thought to be
further enhanced by the attending gods.
The present study r e c o ~ d san actual performance of the
Gawai Burong celebrated in the Saribas District of
Sarawak in 1937 and was collected by the author from
the principal mastersingers who conducted its performance. The opening sections of the study outline the
main features of the celebration, describe the art of
the bards or mastersingers, and summarize the allegorical narrative of the chants, The main body of the
study consists of the full Iban texts and translations
of the ritual songs and invocations themselves. These
cover two consecutive nights in performance. The
complex poetic form of the Iban texts distinguish this
cycle of songs as authentic masterpieces of Malaysian
oral literature and their contents provide a rich
source on Iban religion, traditional rites of warfare
and male leadership.
(Editor's Note: Copies of this book are obtainable
from Kedai Buku Kopera t i f Bhd . , Uni versi ti Sains
Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia.)
Mammals
of B orneo:
-Checklist.
Field K e y s -a n d -an A n n o t a t e d
Lord Medway, Monographs of the Malaysian Branch,
Royal Asiatic Society, No; 7, 1977.
This work is a new, completely revised and updated
edition of the authoritative text first published by
MBRAS in 1965. It treats the mammals of the entire
island of Borneo, together with adjacent small islands.
A twelve-page introduction proJides an outline history
of the study of Bornean mammals, and a discussion of
the diversity and distribution of this group of
animals in Borneo. Practical keys are given for field
identification. Each of the 196 wild mammal species
known from the region is separately listed with a brief
citation of synonymies and a full account of its known
distribution in Borneo, indicating museum collections
in which specimens have been seen and/or the principal
published sources. Thirty-one species are illustrated
in black and white photographic plates; there are also
nine line drawings. A selective bibliography lists
all sources cited, with the addition of other useful
references. There is an index to English and
systematic names.
of P e n a n c e of t h e N g a j u D a y a k : T r a n s l a t i o n
a n d Interprets t
i o f~ t h e C o d e o f A d a t Law o f P e n a n c e
b y ~ o h a n n e sS a l i l a h .
-
T h eA dat Law
-
Martin Baier, Tubingen, West Germany, 1977.
This two-volume work contains 497 paragraphs of the
law of penance in Ngaju together with a German
translation. Johannes Salilah, an Indonesian a d a t
judge and a former b a l i a n priest, was the compiler
and already had collated material on myths for Dr.
Scharer. Baier keeps close to native categories;
borrowing Salilah's original system and dividing
the lesser crime and penance groups into two categories which are differentiated according to the
evaluation of the crime. He thus gives the system a
local-related and a primarily personal-related
Adat
1
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dimension, Using three different codes from various
decades and regions, Baier provides an historical as
well as a valuable spatial treatment to this part of
Ngaju culture. The two volumes contain almost 500
pages with a detailed index and glossary.
II
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Phxnn
--
Manual
ana+ic r n n q er v. a
------- t-i-o-f i
- - on c--..---...
Plasm for Evaluation @
E
Utilization.
IRRI'
To-T7n.
1976.
-, -.- .
---
--
--
~
of Rice
- Germ
Manila :
Chang T.T., S.D.Sharma, C. Roy Adair, and A.T. Perez,
1972. Manual for Field Collectors of Rice.
Manila: IRRI.
Hanbury-Tenison, Robin, 1976. "Borneo Nomads Settle
Down," The Geographical Magazine, October, 105-9..
International Rice Research Institute, 1975. Major
Research in Upland Rice, Los Banos, Philippines,
IRRI .
Sabah National Parks Trustees, 1976. The Nepenthe?
of Mount Kinabalu. Kota Kinabalu, Sabah,
Malaysia: Sabah National Parks Series, Publication
NO. 2.
Seavoy, Ronald E. "Social Restraints on Food Production
in Indonesian Subsistence Culture," Journal of
Southeast Asian Studies, 1977, Vol. 8, 15-30.
played a significant part in the support of the
Council, and they are always welcomed.
NOTES FROM THE EDITOR
(continued from p. 53)
of
Harrisson, prepared by David Alan Miller, may
be ordered from the Editor (see notice on page 101).
This compilation by Mr. Miller is being produced as a
special publication of the Council. Second, the
Borneo Research Council will meet on December 1 in the
Galaxy Room of the Sheraton Houston Hotel during the
American Anthropological Association Annual Meeting in
Houston, Texas. Persons interested in presenting field
reports or papers are invited to contact the Editor.
We are grateful to the following persons who have made
financial contributions towards meeting the costs of
publishing the Bulletin: Helen Appell, J. Andrew
Fowler, Birute M.F. Galdikas, Erik Jensen, C. H.
Southwell, Leigh Wright, and Inger Wulff.
Feliows o f t h e Borneo Research Council
I
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THE BORNEO RESEARCH COUNCIL
-
I
The Borneo Research Council was founded in 1968 and its
membership consists of Fellows, an international group
of scholars who are pmfessionally engaged in research
,
in Borneo. The goals of the Council are (1) to promote
scientific research in the social, biological, and
medical sciences in Borneo; ( 2 ) to permit the research
community, interested Borneo government departments and
others to keep abreast of ongoing research and its
results; ( 3 ) to serve as a vehicle for drawing
attention to urgent research problems; (4) to coordinate the flow of information on Borneo research arising
from many diverse sources; (5) to disseminate rapidly
the initial results of research activity; and (6) to
facilitate research by reportin2 on current conditions.
The functions of the Council also include providing
counsel and assistance to research conservation
activities, and the practical application of research
results. Support for the activities of the Council
comes from subscriptions to the Borneo Research Bulletin,
Fellowship fees, and contributions. Contributions have
!
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The privileges of Fellows include (1) participation in
the organization and activities of the Council;
(2) right to form committees of Fellows to deal with
special research problems or interests; (3) support of
the Council's program of furthering research in the
social, biological, and medical sciences in Borneo;
(4) subscription to the Borneo Research Bulletin.
The Fellows of the Council serve as a pool of knowledge
and expertise on Borneo matters which may be drawn upon
to deal with specific problems both in the field of
research and in the practical application of scientific
knowledge
.
Fellowship in the Council is by invitation, and enquiries are welcomed in .this regard.
INFORETATION FOR AUTHORS
Research Notes:
These should be concerned with a
summary of research on a particular subject or geographical area; the results of recent research; a review of
the literature; analyses of state of research; and so
forth. Research Notes differ from other contributions
in that the material covered should be based on original research or the use of judgment, experience, and
personal knowledge on the part of the author in the
preparation of the material so that an original
conclusion is reached.
These differ from the foregoing
Brief Communications:
in that no original conclusions are drawn nor any data
included based on original research. They also differ
in consisting primarily of a statement of research
intentions or a summary of news, either derived from
private sources or summarized from items appearing in
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other places that may not be readily accessible to the
readers of the Bulletin but which have an interest and
relevance for them. They will be included with the
co~tributor'sname in parentheses following the item
to indicate the source. Summaries of news longer than
one or two paragraphs will appear with the contributor's name under the title and prefaced by "From.'
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Bibliographic Section:
A bibliography of recent
publications will appear in each issue of the Bulletin,
and, consequently, reprints or other notices of recent
publications would be gratefully received by the Editor.
Personal news, brief summaries of research activities, recent publications, and other brief
items will appear without the source specifically indicated. The Editor urges those contributing such news
items to send them in the form and style in which the
contributor wishes them to appear rather than leaving
this to the discretion of the Editor.
Other Items:
--
All contributions should be sent to the Editor, Borneo
Research Bulletin, c/o Department of Anthropology,
College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, Virginia,
23185, U.S.A.
STYLE FOR
CONTRIBUTIONS
--Please submit all contributions double-spaced. Research Notes and Brief Communications should be limited
to approximately eight double-spaced pages. Footnotes
are to be avoided wherever possible. Bibliographies
should be listed alphabetically by author at the end
of contributions; author should appear on a separate
line, then date, title of articre, journal, volume,
number, and pages. For books include place of publication and finally publisher. References in the body
of contributions should be cited by author's last name,
date, and page numbers as follows: (Smith, 1950:36-41).
For punctuation and capitalization, refer to Bibliographic Section. Names mentioned in the News Section
and other uncredited contributions will be capitalized
underlined.
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