4. Perjalanan Antariksa - ITB

Transcription

AS2105 Astronomi &
Lingkungan
Ferry M. Simatupang
Prodi Astronomi – Fakultas MIPA
Institut Teknologi Bandung
Last Updated: 15 March 2013
Bab 3
Antariksa
2
1. Sampah Antariksa
2. Hukum Antariksa
3. Bahaya Radiasi Antariksa
4. Perjalanan Antariksa
3.4. Perjalanan Antariksa
3
Outline
4
1. Space Travel & Space Tourism
2. Peran Sipil Dalam Eksplorasi Angkasa
Luar
3. Space Suit Dan Evolusinya
1. Space Travel & Space Tourism
5
Space Travel…
6
Dreams of space travel are
assumed to be as old as
mankind itself: When
humans observed the sky,
they wanted to explore the
universe in the same way as
they wished to fly when they
observed birds.
Ruang Angkasa, Tantangan Masa Kini Dan Masa
Depan
7
Space Travel: Dreams Come True
8
To improve life here, To extend life to there,
To find life beyond
- The NASA Vision
Definisi
9
Perjalanan Antariksa (Space Travel):
Perjalanan manusia di luar atmosfer Bumi pada
ketinggian-minimal sub-orbital (100 km).
Definisi
10
Space tourism:
istilah yang dipergunakan secara luas untuk
konsep customer membayar untuk melakukan
perjalanan di luar atmosfer Bumi.
Dennis Tito adalah space
tourist pertama. Foto di
samping memperlihatkan saat
kedatangannya di ISS pada
April 2001.
Space Tourism
11
“Space tourism can be defined to include not only the vehicles that
take public passengers into space, but also from the perspective of
the "destination" paradigm. As such, the industry can be
envisioned to include not only earth-based attractions that
simulate the space experience such as space theme parks, space
training camps, virtual reality facilities, multi-media interactive
games and telerobotic moon rovers controlled from Earth, but also
parabolic flights, vertical suborbital flights, orbital flights lasting up
to 3 days, or week-long stays at a floating space hotel, including
participatory educational, research and entertainment experiences
as well as space sports competitions (i.e. space Olympics).”
Space Policy Institute, 2002
Space Tourism
12
Space camp at the Yuri
Gagarin Cosmonaut
Training Center at the
Russian Star City.
Training in a neutral
buoyancy hydrolab for
$7000 is shown in the
picture.
What Is Space Tourism
13
 Paying passengers will have opportunity to
travel beyond Earth’s atmosphere and
experience orbital flights. Sub-orbital early on
 Prolonged stays in rotating “space hotels” and
participate in research, entertainment, and
sport
 Terrestrial based ancillary services
 Pre-trip
planning facilities, launch sites, space
theme parks, virtual reality simulations
Space Tourism Challenges
14
 Cost and safety; shuttle – 1 in 100 failure rate
 Cooperation of many separate players
 Governments
and regulators, numerous industries;
energy, tourism, insurance, engineering, aviation,
and most certainly, financial markets (investment)
 Valid, reliable, and convincing estimates of space
tourism market demand
 Gain
interest, participation, cooperation, and
particularly to convince investors
Batas Angkasa Luar
15
Dalam studi ini, ruang angkasa didefinisikan
sebagai ketinggian di atas 100 km
 3 km: manusia tidak bisa beroperasi efisien
 5,3 km: butuh suplemen oksigen
 16 km: butuh pakaian bertekanan
 20 km: butuh kabin bertekanan
 24 km: butuh botol oksigen
 32 km: butuh turbo ramjet
 45 km: butuh mesin roket
 81 km: astronaut wings (US DoD)
 100 km: tidak ada gaya aerodinamik
(Kármán line)
No Aerodynamic, No Problem!
16
No Aerodynamic, No Problem!
17
2. Peran Sipil Dalam Eksplorasi
Angkasa Luar
18
Kompetisi Berhadiah
19
 Ansari X-Prize: $10 juta untuk penerbangan
di ketinggian sub-orbital. Dimenangkan
oleh SpaceShipOne (perusahaan Scaled
Composite)
 Google Lunar X-Prize: $30 juta
 America’s Space Prize: $50 juta untuk
penerbangan berawak di (ketinggian) orbital
 NASA Centennial Challenges
Ansari X-Prize
20
The Ansari X-Prize is a $10
million purse for the first
privately built vehicle that
could safely haul a pilot
and the equivalent weight
of two passengers to the
edge of space -- then
repeat the feat within two
weeks.
Progress
21
SpaceShipOne, a full privately financed
rocket, broke sound barrier (exceed Mach 2 &
Mach 3) and reached an altitude of 65 km
SpaceShipOne wins $10 million
Ansari X-Prize!
22
SpaceShipOne rocketed to a
winning height of 367,442
feet (112 kilometers) on 04
October 2004, setting a new
altitude record for the craft
and proving that private
industry can build a viable
vehicle for sending paying
passengers to space.
SpaceShipOne wins $10 million
Ansari X-Prize!
23
SpaceShipOne flew into suborbital space for
the second time in five days, securing the $10
million Ansari X-Prize.
Market Demand By Passenger
24
Proyeksi Masa Depan Perjalanan Antariksa
25
Now
(Mass Space
Tourism is
not Existing)
Penerbangan suborbital dalam 15 tahun
dan orbital dalam 25
tahun ke depan
Kita belum siap untuk
perjalanan antariksa
komersial
Space Tourism:
A Fantasy Or A Coming Reality?
26
“Already, private interests are
working on initial space trip
vehicle designs, and travel and
tourism business interests are
offering initial space trip
services that could begin in the
next few years. The future is
almost upon us -- carpe diem.”
–National Aeronautics and Space
Administration Marshall Space Flight
Center
Diambil dari Presentasi: Mercer School of Engineering. Professional Practice, Dr Davis P. Adams
Is The Technology Here?
27
 The foundation necessary to develop private
spacecraft already exists. After decades of
government work as well as revolutionary advances
in composite materials and computers all that is
necessary is to convince investors and venture
capitalists to step forward.
 The private industry is already developing satellite
launch systems, and a few corporations are
developing orbital and suborbital manned launch
vehicles for commercial use.
Is Space Tourism Economical?
28
 The Demand is here. Every year millions of
Americans visit space-themed tourist destinations
such as museums, space camps, and launch sites.
Orbital tourism may be limited, but it is already a
$1+ Billion industry on earth.
 This demand extends to space too: a family focus
survey in the late 90’s indicated that 1 in 3
Americans would like to travel to space, with 7.5%
of those willing to pay over $100,000. Surveys of
Europe and Japan show that millions would travel
to space if the cost could drop to $10,000 or so.
 In 20 years the commercial space industry could
easily be worth 1/2 billion annually.
What currently exists?
29
 At the moment only four
groups have achieved
manned space flight. The
US, Russia, China, and a
private company called
Virgin Galactic. Private
citizens interested in
going into space as
paying tourists are
limited to only Russia
and Virgin Galactic.
Virgin Galactic’s SpaceShipOne and
the White Knight Carrior
30
 In recent years the
Russians have been
subsidizing their space
industry with corporate
advertising and orbital
rides. For approximately
$20 million a rich
tourists can ride with
cosmonauts to the
International Space
Station.
31
 Virgin Galactic won a $10
million X-Prize a few
years back for sending a
private manned craft into
space. They have
expanded their program
and will be taking tourists
on sub-orbital flights in
2009 or 2010 for
$200,000 a seat.
Hundreds have already
paid in full.
What Could Be Coming?
32
 In addition to the handful of private
firms attempting to start a space
tourist industry along side Virgin
Galactic, New Mexico is in the
process of constructing a $225
million spaceport. Scheduled for
completion in 2010, Space Port
America will be the worlds first
spaceport built for specifically for
commercial use. Studies suggest
that it could generate 3,000 jobs
and $300,000 million revenue
within the first 5 years of operation.
What Could Be Coming?
33
 For the future the sky is the
limit. The next step would be
for orbital travelers, and
suggestions have been made
by both the private sector
and government studies that
the ISS be used in part or
whole as a orbital hotel and
destination for high paying
tourists.
A Final Word…
34
“Space tourism may suggest that 20th century
dreams of a 21st century technological nirvana
are on the horizon - but the technical reality is
that the future will draw heavily on the past.”
The dream of travel and the possibilities
-Rob Choppinger
of space all but guarantee that orbital
tourism will grow. Our country (US) has
invested heavily in space, giving us the
position to continue as a global leader in
this area. The dream from the days of the
Apollo program are awakening again. As
with the early days of aviation, thousands
are willing to risk their lives to open a
new frontier to commercial use.
Hilton On The Moon
35
Hilton unveils plans for the first luxury hotel in space.
“The possibility of an orbiting or lunar hotel is discussed.
It is suggested that when space scientists make it
physically feasible to establish hotels in space and to
transport people, the hotel industry will meet the
challenge” (Barron Hilton).
Space Tourism
36
 Space Tourism is a fledgling industry, born out of





necessity.
Driven by the same curiosity and ambition that took
humanity to the Moon.
It appears to be here to stay.
Make your reservation now !!!
The space tourism industry is officially open for
business
Tickets prices: 20 million dollar for a one-week stay
in space
Turis Antariksa Pertama
37
American multimillionaire
Dennis Tito, 60, following
an eight-day space flight
which cost him 20 million
dollars, safely returned to
Earth on May 06, 2001.
Virgin Galactic
38
 Richard Branson form The Spaceship Company that built the





SpaceShipTwo
First flights were October 2010.
At present, seats onboard Virgin Galactic spaceships are price
tagged at $200,000 each.
By the fifth year of operations those prices will drop to around
$50,000
Nearly 7,000 people indicated their interest in making a
reservation and paying a deposit.
Space tourism have the potential to handle 15,000 passengers
and generate $700 million in revenues per year by 2021.
Virgin Galactic
39
 SpaceshipTwo





Secara resmi dibuka ke publik: 7 Des
2009
Sedang menjalankan flight-test, dan
telah berhasil melakukan 16 gliding
flight sampai Oktober 2011
Kapasitas: 2 pilot + 6 penumpang
Apogee: 110 km
Didesain untuk bisa masuk kembali
ke atmosfer pada sembarang sudut.
Virgin Galactic
40
 Armada awal


WhiteKnightTwo carrier aircraft
Virgin MotherShips
 VMS Eve
 VMS Spirit of Steve Fossett
SpaceShipTwo suborbital spacecraft
Virgin SpaceShips
 VSS Enterprise
 VSS Voyager
 Belum diberi nama
SpaceshipTwo & White Knight Two
41
SpaceshipTwo & White Knight Two
42
“Katy Perry Traktir Pacar Terbang ke Luar Angkasa”
43
Senin, 02/08/2010 09:36 WIB
Eny Kartikawati - detikhot
Jakarta Penyanyi Katy Perry memberi hadiah unik pada tunangannya aktor
Russell Brand yang berulang tahun ke-35. Perry membelikan sang kekasih
tiket seharga US$ 200 ribu untuk terbang ke luar angkasa.
Brand merayakan ulang tahunnya yang ke-35 pada 4 Juni lalu. Namun hadiah
istimewa Perry untuk Brand baru terungkap sekarang.
Bocoran soal tiket ke luar angkasa itu didapat dari juru bicara pesawat Virgin
Galactic, Louella Faria. "Memang benar. Kami pun sangat senang bisa terbang
dengannya," ujar Faria seperti dilansir Daily Mail, Senin (2/8/2010).
Dalam perjalanannya ke luar angkasa, Brand dijanjikan mendapatkan
pengalaman yang tak akan terlupakan. Nantinya, dia bisa bisa melihat bumi
dari berbagai sisi. Pesta ulang tahun pun siap digelar di atas pesawat.
Namun untuk menikmati perjalanan ke luar angkasa itu, bintang film
'Bedtime Stories' itu harus menjalani pelatihan dulu. Selama tiga hari, Brand
harus menjalani pelatihan untuk mencari tahu apakah dia bisa berpergian ke
luar angkasa.
(eny/eny)
Spaceport America
44
Latest status:
 As of October 2010, Virgin Galactic had accepted 370
reservations for suborbital trips, and collected $50
million in deposits. The company plans to launch its first
flight in 2011 from Spaceport America.
(Update: 450 reservation as of Oct 2011)
 As of 2008, it was expected that, once completed,
Spaceport America would become the venue for the
annual X Prize Cup suborbital spaceflight competitions.
(Update: Spaceport America was officially declared
open on the 18 October 2011)
Spaceport America
45
Latest status:
 On January 5, 2011 Executive Director, Rick Homans offered his
resignation effective as of January 7. Mr. Homans stated in his
letter that the administration of incoming Governor Susana
Martinez had insisted upon it.
 With the beginning of the administration of New Mexico
Governor Susana Martinez in 2011, the state government has
taken a new approach to increase private investment to complete
the spaceport project. In order to oversee the new effort, Gov.
Martinez appointed an entirely new board of directors for the
Spaceport Authority.
Space Hotel
46
Tourist stop? Hotel investment
community is intrigued but
remains skeptical. Low-cost
access to space is a key to lofting
orbiting facilities like this... as
well as public waiting lines for
that special room with a view.
Legalitas
47
 Dalam undang-undang AS, setiap
perusahaan yang hendak meluncurkan
pesawat antariksa komersial berawak dari
daratan Amerika ke ketinggian sub-orbital
harus mempunyai lisensi Federal Aviation
Administration's Office of Commercial
Space Transportation (FAA/AST).
 Lisensi berguna untuk keselamatan publik
dan keselamatan aset/properti
Who Needs a Launch License?
48
 Commercial Space Launch Act of 1984 requires
U.S. citizens to obtain a license prior to
conducting the launch of a launch vehicle
 Only exception is for missions conducted by
and for the government (such as launches by
NASA or the U.S. Air Force)
 Over the last 20 years, there have been 185
licensed launches, without any fatalities or
property damage to the uninvolved public.
Diambil dari: U.S. Space Transportation Outlook, FAA, 28 Jan 2008
Licenced Operations
49
Air Launch
Sea Launch
Ground Launch
Reusable Launch Vehicles (RLV)
Diambil dari: U.S. Space Transportation Outlook, FAA, 28 Jan 2008
Launch Sites
Suborbital
Rockets
3. Space Suit Dan Evolusinya
50
Bekerja di Antariksa
51
Why Do Astronauts Need Space Suits?
52
 You will become
unconscious within 15
seconds because there is
no oxygen
 Your blood and body fluids
will boil and then freeze
because there is little or no
air pressure
 Your skin, heart, and other
internal organs will
expand because of the
boiling fluids
This photo shows what
will happen to fluids in
the microgravity of
space
53
 You will be exposed to
extreme changes in
temperature: 248°F
(120°C) in the sunlight and
-148°F (-100°C) in the
shade
 You will be exposed to
various types of radiation
such as solar wind
(charged particles emitted
from the sun) and cosmic
rays
54
 Inside the spacecraft the
An astronaut inside the ISS
atmosphere can be
controlled so that special
clothing is not needed
 There is no atmospheric
pressure and oxygen in
space to sustain life so to
explore and work in space
human beings must take
their environment with
them
What The Space Suit Should
55
 Supply oxygen
 Protect the body from
bombardment from
micrometeoroids
 Insulate the wearer from
the temperature extremes
of space
 Remove heat and moisture
generated by sweat
 Protect the body from
space radiation
What The Space Suit Also Should
56
 Be airtight and resistant to
external influences
 It should allow as much
unrestricted movement as
possible
 It should have a large
tensile strength because of
the gas pressure inside the
garment
What The Space Suit Also Should
57
 Allow for communication
in airless space
 The radio communication
gear allows the astronauts
to keep in touch with each
other and with the
astronauts inside the space
station
 It also has a very sensitive
alarm system in case a call
for help is needed
Communications Carrier Assembly with
built-in earphones and a microphone
Typical Intake and effluent mass budget of Space
Crew
58
• Carbon Dioxide = 1.00 kg
• Respiration & Perspiration
Water = 2.28 kg
• Urine = 1.50 kg
• Feces water = 0.091 kg
• Urine solids = 0.059
• Feces solid = 0.032 kg
• Sweat solid = 0.018 kg
Oxygen = 0.84 kg
Food solids = 0.62 kg
Water (Drink) = 1.62 kg
Water in food = 1.50 kg
Metabolised water = 0.40 kg
TOTAL = 4.98 kg
TOTAL = 4.98 kg
Short duration mission
(per person per day)
‘Open cycle’ Environmental
Control And Life Support
System (ECLSS)
All required resources for the crew
provided from storage and stores
the waste generated without any
re-cycling
Space Suit
59
The evolution of the space suit from large and bulky to streamlined
(1969 to 2020(?))
Evolution Of The Spacesuit
60
 The Mercury space suit was
un-pressurized and served
only as a backup for a
possible spacecraft cabin
pressure loss (an event that
never happened)
 It had laced boots, a helmet
that attached by a collar ring,
and gloves
 It was cooled by an external
fan and received oxygen via
tubes connected to the space
craft
The Mercury space suit (1961-1963)
61
 The Apollo suit had to be
redesigned for extra
vehicular activities (EVA’s)
 It had boots, gloves, a
communications cap and a
clear plastic helmet
 During lift-off the suit’s
oxygen and cooling water
were supplied by the ship
An Apollo space suit from 1975
62
The Apollo pressure space
suit for EVA’s consisted of
many layers:
 Three layers of nylon to hold
the pressure
 Five layers of aluminized
Mylar interwoven with
Dacron and two layers of
Kapton for heat protection
 Two layers of Teflon coated
cloth (nonflammable) for
protection from scrapes
The Spacesuit worn by Neil Armstrong
on Apollo 11 mission (1969)
63
Space suits on
early shuttle
missions
 During the early flights of the
space shuttle astronauts
wore a brown flight suit to
protect them if the cabin
pressure failed
 As space shuttle flights
became more routine
astronauts stopped wearing
pressurized space suits
during lift off and began
wearing light blue cover-alls,
black boots, and a
communications helmet
Crew of Challenger
just prior to launch
64
 After the Challenger disaster
in 1986 NASA required all
astronauts to wear
pressurized space suits
during lift-off and re-entry
 These orange pressurized
suits had a communications
cap, helmet, boots, gloves,
parachute and inflatable life
preserver
 These space suits were
designed only for emergency
use
Latest space suit used on the
Space Shuttle
65
 The Extravehicular Mobility Unit
(EMU) is used for space walking
from the shuttle and the space
station
 The EMU has 13 layers of
material including an inner
cooling garment, pressure
garment, thermal micrometeoroid
garment, and an outer cover
 The materials used are nylon
tricot, Spandex, urethane-coated
nylon, Dacron, neoprene-coated
nylon, Mylar, Gortex, Kevlar, and
Nomex
The Extravehicular Mobility Unit
66
The EMU consists of:
 Gloves, helmet, torso assembly
 Liquid Cooling and Ventilation garment
(to remove excess body heat)
 Communications Carrier Assembly
(microphones and earphones)
 Extravehicular Visor assembly (to protect
from sunlight)
 In-suit drink bag
 Urine collection bag
 Primary Life Support Subsystem
(provides oxygen, removal of carbon
dioxide, power, cooling water, radio
equipment, and warning system)
67
The spacesuit, including life support system, weighs about 310 pounds. If an
astronaut weighing 175 pounds wears the complete suit, the total weight would be
495 pounds!
68
 To help the astronauts move
around freely while
performing a spacewalk, a
manned maneuvering unit
(MMU) was attached to the
EMU
 The MMU was a nitrogen
propelled backpack that
allows the astronaut to fly
with precision
 The MMU was used 9 times
on 3 Space Shuttle missions
in 1984
Astronaut Bruce McCandless made
the first untethered spacewalk in
February 1984 (photo by NASA)
69
 Over 150 spacewalks
(EVA’s) have been needed
for construction of the
International Space
Station
 Tethers, safety grips and
the robot arm are used for
spacewalks now, but what
happens if a problem
occurs and the astronaut
begins to float away into
the void of space?
Spacewalk using the robotic arm (NASA)
70
 NASA has a device called
SAFER is worn like a backpack
Simplified Aid For EVA
Rescue (SAFER)
 It is a self-contained
maneuvering unit worn by
astronauts that relies on
small nitrogen-jet thrusters
with limited amount of
propellant to let them move
around in space
 It is to be used in
emergencies only and so far
has never been needed
Future Spacesuits
71
 Apollo moonwalkers
worked in space suits that
limited a person’s
flexibility to perform
tasks
 These spacesuits
cocooned an astronaut in
a bubble of pressurized
air and weighed more
than 100 pounds
Jack Schmitt from Apollo 17 mission
is shown on the Moon in 1972
Future Spacesuits
72
 A trip to Mars will require more
thought than a trip to the space
station
 Unlike Earth, Mars does not
have a magnetosphere to
protect astronauts from
radiation and micrometeors
 You would also be exposed to
sand storms and a hyper-cold
environment
 The space suit would also need
to be light enough to move
around and explore in Martian
gravity
Future Spacesuits
73
 Future space explorers
on the Moon and Mars
could be outfitted in
lightweight, high-tech
spacesuits that offer far
more flexibility than the
bulky suits that have
been used since the
1960’s
Artwork by Cam Brensiger
Future Spacesuits
74
 Research is underway at
MIT on a Bio-Suit system
designed for travel to Mars
 It looks like a spandex
leotard made out of a
stretchy, skin-like polymer
that encases the body in a
flexible shrink-wrap that
prevents the wearer from
exploding in the vacuum of
space
Artist’s image of the Bio-Suit
Future Spacesuits
75
 The Bio-Suit is not
only much lighter
than conventional
spacesuits but it can
be outfitted with
chemical sensors,
wearable computers,
and thermal threads
for controlling body
temperature
Artwork by Cam Brensiger
Future Spacesuits
76
 NASA is developing
“hard suits” that are
more flexible, more
durable, lighter
weight, and easier
to put on than
current space suits
The AX-5 Hard Suit
being developed by NASA
Future Spacesuits
77
 Space suits on the shuttle
are designed to work in a
vacuum. The shuttle suits
would weigh about 19 kg
(42 lbs) on the Moon and
43 kg (95 lbs) on Mars
 Lighter EMU suits will be
needed to prevent the
astronauts from becoming
exhausted during long
periods of surface
exploration
The Mark III Hard Suit
being developed by NASA
Future Possibilities for Space Access
78
 NASA is planning to purchase commercial crew and cargo
deliveries to the International Space Station through its COTS
program. Those missions will be licensed by the FAA.
 There are several new prize competitions, including a $50M
America’s Space Prize for manned orbital flight, the $30M
Google Lunar XPRIZE, and several NASA Centennial Challenges.
 Suborbital Space Tourism is likely to make its commercial debut
over the next 5 years.
 Plans for commercially-operated space habitats have also been
announced.
Diambil dari: U. S. Space Transportation Outlook, FAA, 28 Jan 2008
Is There Really a Market for Space Tourism?
79
Futron recently conducted a Space Tourism Market
Study, based on a poll of affluent Americans.
Some of the results:
 Space Tourism could generate more than $1B per
year in revenues by 2021.
 Suborbital flights will constitute the biggest share,
with the potential for 15,000 passengers and $700M
in revenues per year.
 Orbital flights may include up to 60 passengers and
$300M in revenues per year.
Diambil dari: U. S. Space Transportation Outlook, FAA, 28 Jan 2008
80
To improve life here, to extend
life to there, to find life beyond
81

4. Perjalanan Antariksa - ITB

Transcription

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