malkangiri - Gopabandhu Academy Of Administration

ODISHA DISTRICT GAZETTEERS
MALKANGIRI
GOPABANDHU ACADEMY OF ADMINISTRATION
[GAZETTEERS UNIT]
GENERAL ADMINISTRATION DEPARTMENT
GOVERNMENT OF ODISHA
ODISHA DISTRICT GAZETTEERS
MALKANGIRI
DR. TARADATT, IAS
CHIEF EDITOR, GAZETTEERS &
DIRECTOR GENERAL, TRAINING COORDINATION
GOPABANDHU ACADEMY OF ADMINISTRATION
[GAZETTEERS UNIT]
GENERAL ADMINISTRATION DEPARTMENT
GOVERNMENT OF ODISHA
ii
PREFACE
It highlights key developments over time in all such facets, whilst
serving as a placeholder for the timelessness of its unique culture and ethos.
It permits viewing a District beyThe Gazetteer is an authoritative document
that describes a District in all its hues–the economy, society, political and
administrative setup, its history, geography, climate and natural phenomena,
biodiversity and natural resource endowments. ond the prismatic image of a
geographical or administrative unit, since the Gazetteer holistically captures
its socio-cultural diversity, traditions, and practices, the creative contributions
and industriousness of its people and luminaries, and builds on the
economic, commercial and social interplay with the rest of the State and the
country at large. The document which is a centrepiece of the District, is
developed and brought out by the State administration with the cooperation
and contributions of all concerned. Its purpose is to generate awareness,
public consciousness, spirit of cooperation, pride in contribution to the
development of a District, and to serve multifarious interests and address
concerns of the people of a District and others in any way concerned.
Historically, the ―Imperial Gazetteers‖ were prepared by Colonial
administrators for the six Districts of the then Orissa, namely, Angul,
Balasore, Cuttack, Koraput, Puri, and Sambalpur. After Independence, the
Scheme for compilation of District Gazetteers devolved from the Central
Sector to the State Sector in 1957. Within the State, the responsibility for
developing the Gazetteers was transferred from the Revenue Department to
the Gopabandhu Academy of Administration (GAA) in 1999. In this process,
the ―District Gazetteers‖ of all thirteen Districts were published as follows:
Koraput/1966
(Supplement/1984),
Mayurbhanj/1967,
Bolangir/1968,
Sambalpur/1971,
Dhenkanal/1972,
Sundargarh/1975,
Puri/1977,
Kalahandi/1980, Boudh-Khondmal/1983, Keonjhar/1986, Balasore/1994,
Ganjam/1995 and Cuttack/1992. The Gazetteers of Balasore/1994,
Ganjam/1995 and Cuttack/1992, however, could not capture the implications
of the reorganisation of these Districts. Though 10 out of 13 Districts had
been reorganised into 27 and the total number of Districts in the State had
gone up to 30, the reality remained to be captured in the Districts‘
Gazetteers.
Be it so, the time is now ripe to build on the rich cache of Gazetteers
available across the Districts in Odisha, and to develop updated documents
that capture the essence of each District as it exists today. The Districts
have evolved over the last couple of decades as a result of various natural
iii
phenomena and unforeseen forces, besides a slew of economic and social
sector reforms undertaken at the National, State and local levels. The
resulting impacts have been more cataclysmic in some Districts than others,
which are reflective of the complex dynamics at work which determine a
District‘s state of preparedness and receptivity to change or its absorptive
capacity. This diversity in impacts across Districts is now captured both in
measurable parameters and non-measurable underlying trends and
perceptions in the updated District Gazetteers.
Besides catching up with the developments in each of the thirty Districts
and the environs, it was felt opportune to capture the major shifts in areas
and issues of priority and concern across the districts by suitably
restructuring the document, to recount the post-Independence events in brief
for their historic value and evolutionary impact on the District, and to bridge
an important lacuna, viz. incorporating the role played by freedom fighters
from each District in India‘s Independence, which was sparingly mentioned
in the Gazetteers initially prepared by colonial administrators.Though the
updated Gazetteers draw heavily on the past Gazetteers of thirteen
undivided Districts, the documents were also restructured to provide for
elimination, modification and insertion of some issues in discussion with the
Consulting Editors and District Administration in order to present a
comprehensive and contemporaneous picture of the Districts.
The task of developing and updating the Gazetteers for the present 30
Districts was initiated in the first week of May 2015. Procedurally, a series of
time-bound initiatives taken since then were bed-rocked on the complete
and continuous involvement of the District Collector and heads of concerned
line departments at the district level in the coverage of issues and
developments over time, coupled with specific participation of a number of
scholars and experts, including some senior serving and retired civil
servants. A standardised synopsis of the District Gazetteer was prepared by
GAA to assist in the development of the initial drafts by each District
Administration. For this exercise, a Committee was constituted by GAA
under the District Collector to steer the development of the initial draft for the
respective District. A number of Sub-Committees comprising officials and
experts were also constituted, again at District level, for drafting specific and
thematic chapters. The initial drafts prepared by the District Administration
were received by GAA starting in August 2015. After in-house scrutiny of
these drafts, detailed comments and suggestions for bridging information
gaps were sent by GAA to enable suitable revisions by the District
Administration. A process of continuous monitoring of the development of
the next stage of drafts was followed, and the second drafts were received
iv
by GAA by the end of October 2015. This revised draft Gazetteer of each
District was then placed for scrutiny at two levels– the first by the public at
large
by
hosting
the
drafts
at
the
website
of
GAA
(gopabandhuacademy.gov.in), and the second by a set of 30 Experts, one
for each District, designated as Consulting Editor.
Simultaneously, Government in General Administration Department
(GAD) with the approval of Hon‘ble Chief Minister reconstituted the State
Advisory Committee (SAC) and State Working Committee (SWC) on
Gazetteers vide Notification No. 23473 dated 26 September, 2015. The SAC
continues to be headed by Chief Secretary, Government of Odisha. The
SWC hereafter was to be chaired by the Director General, GAA, who had
also been notified as the ex-officio Chief Editor of Gazetteers, besides being
granted functional freedom to prepare and publish the Gazetteers. A series
of meetings were held by DG, GAA with the Consulting Editors appointed for
refinement of the drafts prepared at the District level to discuss and to
ensure accuracy and coherence, quality and content. The Consulting Editors
also visited the respective Districts regularly to interact with senior officials,
governmental and non-governmental organisations and persons concerned
with the preparation of the initial two drafts. The drafts reviewed by DG,
GAA, with the Consulting Editors were forwarded to the District Collectors for
authentication of content and further improvements in quality, wherever felt
necessary.
The final round of discussions with the Consulting Editors was held in
GAA in February through till April 2016, and the draft Gazetteers, finalised at
this stage again in consultation with the District Collectors, were placed
before the SWC. Drafts recommended by it were placed before the SAC for
approval.
After the reorganization of Koraput district on 2nd October 1992,
Malkangiri arrived as a new district. The district is famous for its scenic
beauty and for the predominance of tribal population. In order to provide
modern amenities to its inhabitants, Governments both in the Centre as well
as in State have taken a number of initiatives for impmlementing
developmental projects in the districts in the recent past to address the
relative development deficits. The present Gazetteer tries to discuss the
developments that are taking place in this newly created district as well as
the rich indigenous culture of tribal communities. District Administration
under the leadership of Collector has greatly contributed in preparing the
initial draft. The local experts in the field of tribal culture have rendered
immense help to the district administration and to the Consulting Editor. I
thank Mr D. Prasantha Kumar Reddy, IAS, Collector, Malkangiri, his team of
v
officers and local experts for their efforts in preparing the initial draft and
providing additional inputs from time to time.
Special thanks are due to Shri Gagan Kumar Dhal, IAS, Principal
Secretary to Government, Tourism and Culture and to Dr. Chandra Shekhar
Kumar, IAS, Transport Commissioner, Odisha for their special input for the
improvement of the draft.
Professor Jagabandhu Samal accepted the challenge of finetuning the
initial draft as Consulting Editor and it would have been impossible to see
this document in the present form without his dedicated hard work and
commitment in a time bound manner. I convey my sincere thanks to him.
I record my sincere gratitude to the members of the State Working
Committee and State Advisory Committee for their valuable inputs and
advice. I will be failing in my duty if I do not acknowledge the contribution of
my friends and colleagues in the State Administration and particularly those
at GAA, namely Dr. Rabi Narayan Patra, Deputy Director (Studies), Shri
Subrat Kuanr, Research Officer and Dr. Rabindra Kumar Swain, Compiler.
Finally, despite optimum efforts to plug the obvious limitations and
lacunae in the Gazetteer, factual deficiencies, misspellings and grammatical
errors might be found. The responsibility for all its shortcomings doubtless
remains mine. With an eye to the future, I urge all readers, including
thematic experts, young scholars, and luminaries, to offer their valuable
suggestions for improving the quality and contents of the document for the
next addition with the passage of time.
I would like to thank the people of the District of Malkangiri for their
contributions over time to the making of the District as we now know it, and
commend this document to them and to all other stakeholders within the
State and beyond.
Dr. Taradatt, IAS
Chief Editor, Gazetteers &
Director General, GAA
vi
NOTES FROM CONSULTING EDITOR
nd
Malkangiri became a separate district with effect from 2 October,
1992 after reorganisation of districts of Odisha Vide Notification No. DRC
36/1992-137/R dated 01.01.1992. The erstwhile Koraput District was divided
into four districts Viz, Koraput, Malkangiri, Nawarangpur and Rayagada.
There are now 30 districts in place of 13 after reorganisation of the districts
of Odisha. The first Gazetteer of Koraput District (Undivided) was compiled
by Mr. R.C.S. Bell, I.C.S. in 1945 and then it was revised and re-written by
Sri Nilamani Senapati, I.C.S. (Rtd) and Dr. Nabin Kumar Sahu, M.A. Ph.D.
D.Litt in the year 1966.
The initiative to prepare the Gazetteers of the present 30 districts of
Odisha has been taken by the Gopabandhu Academy of Administration
under the able leadership of Dr. Taradatta, IAS, Director General of the
Academy. Infact, the preparation of the Gazetteers was started by him in the
month of May, 2015 when the Collectors of each district of the State were
requested to go ahead with Collection of facts and figures with the help of
district level officers, specialists and scholars and draft the Gazetteers.
Accordingly, in Malkangiri, the Collector and District Magistrate Sri
Prasanth Kumar Reddy, IAS entrusted the Chapters to be drafted by the
Officers of respective departments at district level. The present Gazetteer of
Malkangiri District is the sincere efforts of district level officers and Scholars
under the advice and guidance of the present Collector and District
Magistrate.
I am grateful to Dr. Taradatt, IAS, Director General of Gopabandhu
Academy of Administration, Bhubaneswar for entrusting me the
responsibility of editing the Gazetteer of Malkangiri District as a Consulting
Editor. I am also thankful to Sri Prasanth Kumar Reddy, IAS, Collector,
Malkangiri District who has extended his full cooperation in finalising the
Gazetteer. I am equally thankful to all the District Level Officers, their
colleagues and other scholars who have extended their cooperation in
collecting information and data and helping me to revise and edit the
Gazetteer and submit the same in the stipulated period of time. The officers
and staff of Gopabandhu Academy of Administration deserve my special
thanks for their help and cooperation in course of editing the Gazetteer.
Last but not the least, I extend my thanks to Sri Laxmikanta Khatua, the
Office Assistant of Sri Jagannath Mandir, Sabara Srikhetra, Koraput who has
helped in typing the draft Gazetteer of Malkangiri District.
In spite of all care and scrutiny, there may be some lapses and
omissions in the Gazetteers for which I take the sole responsibility.
Jagabandhu Samal
Consulting Editor
vii
CONTENTS
Page No
CHAPTER- I
GENERAL
Malkangiri District–A Profile-A Brief Historical Background Of The District- Cultural
History-Administrative Set Up–Location-Area-Topography-Land Profile–Minerals–
Forest - River System - Hill System - Rain Fall - Flora And Fauna.
01 – 10
CHAPTER-II
HISTORY
11 – 32
Malkangiri In Puranic Era - Pre And Proto History - Land Revenue Administration
During King‘s Rule - Administrative Setup During Dynasties Rule - Land Revenue
Administration During British Period - Uprisings And Freedom Movement - Martyrs
Of August 21, 1942 Mathili Firing - List Of Persons Convicted In Connection With
Mathili Police Station Attack On 21st August, 1942 - List Of The Freedom Fighters
Of Malkangiri District - Merger Of Princely State - A Brief Account Of Events In
Post Independent Period In Malkangiri District - Resettlement Programmes Balimela Hydro- Electric Power Poject - The District Industries Centre – Banking :
Cum-Credit Structure: Regulated Marketing In The District - Road CommunicationMotor Launch Service - Law And Order Situation - Social Unrest And Left Wing
Extremism - Police Organisation - 73rd Amendments To The Constitution And
Local Self Government - Implementation Of Panchayat Extension To Scheduled
Areas (Pesa) Act - Tribal Development - Development Of Primitive Tribal Groups:
(The Micro Projects) - Forest Right Act- 2006 And Its Implementation - Educational
Scenario - Medical And Health Services - Political Life And Voluntary Organisation
- Political Parties - Ngo‘s Participation - Social Welfare And Social Security
Programmes
CHAPTER-III
PEOPLE AND DEMOGRAPHY
Population Size - Population Growth Rate - Population Density - Demographic
Status - Age And Sex Composition - Sex Composition - Sex Ratio - Child
Population - Rural And Urban Population - Scheduled Tribe Population Scheduled Caste Population - Distribution Of Population – Literacy - Population
Composition - Ethnic Profile Of Scheduled Tribes - Ethnic Profile Of Scheduled
Case Communities - The Bengalis In Malkangiri District - Population Distribution
Based On Religion - Immigration & Imigration - General Structure Of Tribes - The
Bonda - The Didayi - The Koya - The Bhumia - The Gadaba - The Kandha - The
Paraja - The Matia - The Dharua - The Konda-Dora- General Structure Of Caste –
Adi Andhra – Badhei – Bhandari – Brahmin – Chandala- Dhakkodo - Dhobi
(Dhoba) – Domb – Gauda- Hadi – Ghasi – Keuta – Kandara – Katia – Karan –
Kshatriya - Kumbhara – Lohara – Mali – Namasudra – Rona – Sundi - Sankhari
(Kachhara) – Valmiki - Languages - Tribal Languages And Dialects - Differences
Of Dialects With The Same Linguistic Groups – Odia – Telugu - Tribal Dialects
And Scripts – Koya – Bonda – Didayee – Kandha – Gadaba- Bhumiya – Santali Inter Caste Relationship - Religion And Relegious Beliefs - Manners, Customs And
viii
33 – 81
Traditions - Home, Community And Social Life - House : Types Of Dwellings Dress And Ornaments - Food Habits And Drinks - Marriage And Morals - Marriage
Customs And Rituals - Marriage Age - Marriage Of Widows And Divorce Communal Life - Communal Dances - Fairs And Festivals And Ceremonial
Practices - Migration,Displacement And Rehabilitation - Micro Projects And
Emerging Issues
CHAPTER-IV
AGRICULTURE, IRRIGATION AND ALLIED SECTORS
SECTION- 1 : AGRICULTURE AND IRRIGATION
Background - Physiographic And Agro-Climatic Conditions - Soil Types, Nature
And Fertility Status - Malkangiri Agriculture District - Soil Testing And Its BenefitsLand Use Pattern - Land Holding – Irrigation - Rainfall Distribution - Soil Erosion
And Soil Conservation - Cultivable Area And Its Distribution - Agri-Input Use
Status - Fertilizer (Nutrient Wise) Consumption - Farm Mechanisation - Paddy
Area - Major Crops Grown In The District - Horticultural Crops - Organic- Farming Adoption Of New Technology By The Farmers - Crop Insurance - Agriculture
Credit, Marketing And Storage - Implementation Of Activities Under Different
Schemes - Monsoon Forecast And Contingent Plan - Organisation Set-Up Of
Agriculture Department In Malkangiri District - Organisation Set-Up Of Horticulture
Department In Malkangiri District
SECTION – II: ANIMAL RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT
Introduction - Existing Infrastructure - Livestock Population (As Per 2012 Census) Conservation Of Native Breed Of Cattle – ―Motu‖ - Animal Resource Department Routine Activities - Genetic Upgradation Of Local Cows & Buffaloes - Protection
Of The Existing Livestock & Poultry - Provision Of First Aid & Treatment Organisation Of Health Camps And Awareness Campaign - Preparedness For
Natural Calamities - District Diagnostic Laboratory (Ddl) - National Project On
Cattle & Buffalo Breeding (Npcbb) - Assistance To States For Control Of Animal
Disease (Ascad) - Poultry Activities & Establishment Of Hatchery - Calf Rearing
Scheme Under Rkvy - Mobile Veterinary Unit Under Rkvy- National Mission For
Protein Supplementation (Nmps) - National Livestock Mission (Nlm) - General
Animal Husbandry Activities - A Note On Diary Development And Marketing In
Malkangiri District - Organisational Setup Of Animal Husbandry And Veterinary
Department In Malkangiri Distric
SECTION – III: FORESTRY
Introduction - Back Ground (General History) - Forest Acts - Creation Of
Malkangiri Forest Division - The Forest Profile- Character Of Vegetation - Wild
Life- List Of Plant Species Found The Forests - Animal Species Found In The
Forests - Forest Administration - Soil Profile – Habitation - N.T.F.P. - Joint Forest
Management : Vana Suraksha Samities (Vss) - Eco - Club - Environment SocietyEco-Tourism - Present Day System Of Forest Management - Joint Forest
Management, Vss (Forest Working Plans) - Exploitation And Marketing Of Ntfp
Species - Marketing Of Ntfp Species - Rights And Concessions (Past And
Present) - Implementation Of Forest Rights Act In Malkangiri District - Forest
Revenue From Different Sources - Creation Of New Forests- Afforestation/
Plantation Programmes And Their Success - Natural Calamity
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82 – 129
SECTION- IV: FISHERY DEVELOPMENT
Water Resources - Fish Production In Malkangiri District, 2014-15 - Fish Seed
Hatcheries And Farms - Summary – Constraints - Organisational Setup Of Fishery
Department In Malkangiri District
CHAPTER - V
INDUSTRIES AND SERVICES
130 – 145
Old-Time Industries – Power - Balimela Hydro-Electic Power Project - Project
Cost– Reservoir - Record Capacity Of Balimela Power House - District Industries
Centre – Mining - Large, Medium And Small Scale Industries - Large Scale
Industry - Medium Scale Industry - Saw Mills - Small Scale Industries –
Miscellaneous - Cottage Industry – Weaving - Oil-Pressing - Paddy-Hulling –
Carpentry - Toys And Jewellery – Pottery – Jaggery - Tobacco-Curing - BeeKeeping - Initiatives Taken For Promotion Of Micro Small And Medium
Enterprises- Entrepreneurs Memorandum Part-I & Part-Ii - Handicraft & Cottage
Industries Sector - Craft Village Programme - Rehabilitation Of Handicraft Artisans
(Rha) - Labour Laws- Development Of It- Sector- District E-Governance- Aims And
Objectives Of The Council – Odisha State Wide Area Network (Oswan) – EMunicipality – E-District- Bhulekh – E-Registration – Common Service Centre.
CHAPTER- VI
BANKING, TRADE AND COMMERCE
146 – 168
History Of Indigenous Banking- Rural Indebtedness - Cooperative Credit Societies
And Co-Operative Stores - Large-Sized Agricultural Credit Co-Operative SocietiesGraingola Co-Operative Societies - Banking-Cum-Credit Structure Under CoOperative Sector - Administrative Wing - Banking-Cum-Credit Wing- Large Sized
Adivasi Multipurpose Co-Operative Society (Lampcs) - Housing Cooperative
Societies - Non-Agricultural Credit Cooperative Societies - Pariba Utpadanakari
Samabaya Samiti - Central Cooperative Societies - Central Co-Operative BankCommercial Banks - Banking Services - Self Help Groups And Microfinance Microfinance (Revolving Fund And Shg Bank Credit Linkage) – Nabard - Financial
Literacy Credit Counselor (Flcc) - Sbirseti - Life Insurance - Community
Occupation, Trade And Commerce - Trade Centres - Fairs, Melas And Festivals Mundi: Paddy Procurement- Regulated Markets- Weekly Markets - Income Of
Rmc - Bye-Laws - Constitution Of The Market Committee - Retail Marketing And
Rural Marketing Centres - Weight And Measures (Old Units And Adoption Of All
India Standard) - Malkangiri Circle Of Commercial Tax
CHAPTER - VII
TRANSPORT AND COMMUNICATION
Old Time Modes Of Conveyance And Trade Routes - Road Transport- Number Of
Registered Vehicles In The District: (Upto 25.02.2016) - Present Communication
Scenario - Major Roads - Motor Launch Service In Balimela Dam Reservoir Distance And Gram Panchayats Covered - Rural Road Connectivity In Malkangiri
District - Major Roads And Bridges Constructed In Recent Years
x
169 – 178
CHAPTER - VIII
ECONOMIC TRENDS
179 – 192
District Income Estimates - District Domestic Product - Gross Domestic Product Gross Domestic Product At Base Year Price - Net Domestic Product – Net
Domestic Product At Base Year Price - Human Development Indicator- General
Level Of Prices - General Level Of Wages - Types Of Workers (Based On Skill) Standard Of Living - Employment Exchange
CHAPTER - IX
GENERAL AND REVENUE ADMINISTRATION
193 – 202
History Of Pre-Independence Administrative Setup - Land Revnue Administration
During The King‘s Rule - Land Revenue Administration During The British Period Administration In Independent India - Status Of Homestead And Village Sites In
Undivided Koraput - Settlement Operation And Distribution Of Land To Landless
Persons - Land Distribution - Land Revenue Collection - Administrative Set-Up
Malkangiri District – Administration
CHAPTER - X
LAW AND ORDER, AND JUSTICE
203 – 215
Introduction - A Brief Historical Background : Law And Order And Police
Administration - Organisation Of Police Force - The Current Situation - Incidence
Of Crime - Naxal Violence - Organization Of Police Force - Malkangiri Police SubDivision - Chitrakonda Police Sub-Division - Women And Child Cell - Iahtu
(Integrated Anti-Human Trafficking Unit) - Sadar Court, Malkangiri - Motu Court At
M.V-79 - Deployment Of Force - Neighboring Police Stations Of Malkangiri
District- Vigilance Organization - Excise Department - Collection Of Excise
Revenue In Malkangiri District - Jails And Lock-Ups - Schedule Accommodation
Of The Jail - The Infrastructure Facilities Available - Staff‘s Quarters - Maintenance
- Security Management - Sanitary Facilities - Clothing & Bedding - Clothing For
Male Convicts - Clothing For Female Convicts - Diet - Medical Facilities Interviews Facilities - Indoor & Out Door Games - Observation Facilities Educational Facilities - Aim Of The Institution
CHAPTER - XI
LOCAL SELF-GOVERNMENT
Evolution Of Local Self-Government In Malkangiri District - A Brief Note On
Evolution Of Panchayatiraj System - Panchayat Samitis Profile In Malkangiri
District - Khairput Panchayat Samiti- Korukonda Panchayat Samiti - Mathili
Panchayat Samiti - Kalimela Panchayat Samiti - Malkangiri Panchayat SamitiKudumulugumma Panchayat Samiti - Podia Panchayat Samiti - Zilla Parishad,
Malkangiri - Three Tier Panchayati Raj Institutions (Malkangiri District) Gram
Panchayat - Panchayat Samiti - Zilla Parishad - Election To Local Bodies Reservation Of Seats - Break Up Of Elected Zp Members (As In 2012 Election) Pallisabha And Modus Operandi - Functioning Of Gram Sabha In Malkangiri
District- Responsibilities And Powers Of Panchayati Raj Institutions Accountability Of Panchayati Raj Institutions - The Panchayats (Extension To The
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216 – 231
Scheduled Areas) Act, 1996 - Implementation Of Pesa And Changes In
Panchayati Raj Administration - Urban Local Bodies (Ulbs) - Municipality,
Malkangiri - Public Institutions In The Municipality - Nac, Balimela- Total Nos. Of
Public Institutions - Focus Area Of Development
CHAPTER - XII
EDUCATION AND CULTURE
232 – 242
Education And Educational Administration – Background - Current Eductional
Status - The Educational System - District Primary Education Programme (Dpep)
- Sarva Sikhya Abhiyan (Ssa)- Mid-Day-Meal Programme (Mdm) - Growth
Of Other Educational Institutions - General Education - Central Govt Initiatives State Govt Initiatives- Total Schools (All Types) - Higher Education Scenario Education Of Scs, Sts, Obcs And Minorities - Education For Minorities - Education
For Girls - Women‘s Education - Girl‘s Education - Kbk Project – Kgbv - Model
School And Girls‘ Hostels - Free Bicycle To Girls-Guidance And Counseling Science Exhibition At Block Level And District Level - Special Teachings For
Learning Enhancement-Vocational Education - Information And Communication
Technology (Ict) - Secondary And University Education -Technical Education Festivals In The District-Literary Periodicals And Magazines - Literary
Organisations - Literary Persons–Annexure-1 : Schools, Enrolments And Mdm
Status For The Year- 2014-15 – Annexure-Ii: Schools, Enrolments And Mdm
Status For The Year 2015-16.
CHAPTER - XIII
MEDICAL AND PUBLIC HEALTH
Introduction - Mainstreaming Ayush - The Health And Family Welfare DepartmentMission/ Vision - A Brief Historical Background – Objectives - Health Status In
General - Common Causes Of Death - Administrative Set Up - Chief District
Medical Officer (C.D.M.O) - Assistant District Medical Officer (Admo- Fw) Assistant District Medical Officer (Admo-Ph) - Assistant District Medical Officer
(Admo-Med) - District Tuberculosis Officer (D.T.O) - District Leprosy Officer
(D.L.O) - District Malaria Officer (D.M.O)- District Surveillance Officer (D.S.O) Medical Officer L/C - Medical Officer (Phc-New) - Sub Centres - Rogi Kalyan
Samiti (R.K.S.) - Accredited Social Health Activist (Asha) - Organization Set Up Of
Health & Fw Department In Malkangiri District - District Health Institutions At A
Glance - District Head Quarter Hospital - First Referral Unit (Fru) - Blood Bank
Service - Cold Chain Point - Sick Newborn Care Unit (Sncu) - Newborn
Stabilisation Unit (Nbsu) - Maternity Waiting Home - Nutrition Rehabilitation Centre
(Nrc) - Mobile Health Unit (Mhu) - 108 & 102 Service - Other Health Activities Village Health And Nutrition Day (Vhnd) - Biju Gramin Swasthya Sibir (Bgss) Janani Surakshya Yojana (Jsy)- Janani Sishu Surakshya Karyakram (Jssk) Support To Pustikar Diwas - Rashtriya Bal Swasthya Karyakram (Rbsk) - Biju
Krushak Kalyan Yojana (Bkky) - Rastriya Swasthya Bima Yojana (Rsby) - Odisha
State Treatment Fund – Immunization - Infant Mortality Rate (Imr) - Maternal
Mortality Ratio (Mmr) - Maternal Death - Health Indicators - I.M.R. And M.M.R.
Trend - Disease Control Programme – Malaria - Dengue & Chikungunya –
Filariasis - Outbreak In The District – Diarrhoea - Acute Encephalitis Syndrome
(Aes) - Integrated Counseling And Testing Centres (Ictc) - Services Provided In
Ictcs - Revised National Tuberculosis Control Programme (Rntcp) - National
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243 – 267
Leprosy Eradication Programme (Nlep) - Non Communicable Diseases (Ncd) Registration Of Birth & Death - Potable Water – Sanitation - Family Planning Family Planning Services – Training- National Health Mission (Nhm) - Nuhm (The
National Urban Health Mission) – Constraints.
CHAPTER - XIV
TRIBAL DEVELOPMENT
268 – 291
Introduction - Strategies - Integrated Tribal Development Agency - Tribal Sub-Plan
Approach - Schemes/ Programs Implemented By Itda - Sca To Tsp (Special
Central Assistance To Tribal Sub-Plan) - Agriculture Programme - Horticulture
Programme - Animal Husbandary Programme – Bankable - I.G.S (Individual
Scheme) - (Group Scheme) - Irrigation - Infrastructure Development SchemeTraining - Skill Upgradation Training / Plet / Prt - Protection Of Sts From
Exploitation – Article 275 (1) Of The Constitution - Special Plan For Kbk Districts State Plan / Csp/ Central Plan - Non Plan - Implementation Of Forest Rigt Act2006 - The Scheduled Tribes And Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition
Of Forest Rights) Act -2006 ) - Rights - Title Rights - Use Rights - Relief And
Development Rights - Forest Management Rights - Process Of Recognition Of
Rights - Education – Hostels - Social Justice - The Inter Caste Marriage Prevention Of Atrocity - Ban On Illegal Transaction Of Sc/St Lands & Restoration Distribution Of Ceiling Surplus Lands/ Home Stead Land To The Sc/St
Community- Abolition Of Untouchability - Legal Aid - Bonda Development AgencyFinancial Achievements During The Period From 2012-13 To 2014-15 - Activities
Which Proved To Be Beneficial For Pvtg – ―Bondas‖ - Bringing The Bonda
Children Into The Fold Of Education Through Education Complexes - Didayi
Development Agency - Important Programmes Implemented By Dda - The Present
Approach To Didayi Development - Financial Achievements During The Period
From 2012-13 To 2014-15
CHAPTER - XV
SOCIAL WELFARE AND SOCIAL SECURITY
292 – 298
Mandate - Icds Project - Supplementary Nutrition Programme - Health Check Up Referral Service - Nutrition And Health Education - Pre- School EducationMamata Yojana - Women Welfare Programmes - Kishori Shakti Yojana- Swadhar
Shelter Home - Mohila O Sishu Desk - Trafficking Of Women - Protection Of
Women From Domestic Violence - Prohibition Of Child Marriage - Construction Of
Awc Buildings - Social Security And Disability Welfare - National Family Benefit
Scheme - Annapurna Scheme - Disabilty Welfare Schemes - Bhima Bhoi
Samarthya Abhijan - Distribution Of Aids And Appliances - Banishree ScholarshipDri Loans - Marriage Incentive - Laptop For Under Graduate Students – Cmrf - 3%
Reservation In Appointments - Special Schools
CHAPTER - XVI
PUBLIC LIFE AND VOLUNTARY ORGANIZATIONS
Political Parties And Organizations-Pressure Groups - General And Assembly
Election-Newspapers And Magazines Published - Ngos And Voluntary
Organizations
xiii
299 – 303
CHAPTER - XVII
PLACES OF INTEREST AND TOURISM
Cultural History - Ramayan & Mahabharata Era - Pre- Historic Age- Places Of
Tourist Interest- Satiguda Dam – Chitrakonda - Balimela - Bhairavi Temple - Goi
Parbat (Hill) - Raja Rani Bandha - Tarini Temple – Mundiguda – Manyamkonda Bonda Hill – Motu – Ammakunda - Travel And Guide - Tourist Facilities –
Accommodation - Tourist Office.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
INDEX
GLOSSARY
xiv
304 – 315
ABBREVIATION
AABY
ATMA
AI
ASCAD
AAO
AHO
AH & VS
ASI
ANM
ADMO
ADM
ASHA
ARCS
AES
APL
AVD
AYUSH
AWC
AAY
ANC
AISF
BC
BVO
BT
BSF
BRCC
BSE
BGSS
BPL
BDO
BKKY
BJD
BSP
BJP
BSNL
BDA
BRGF
CD
CFC
CDVO
CC
CRPF
CSI
CRC
CDMO
CSC
CBSE
CPI
CPI(ML)
CFT
Aam Admi Bima Yojana
Agriculture Technology Management Agency
Artificial Insemination
Assistant to States for Control of Animal Diseases
Assistant Agriculture Officer
Assistant Horticulture Officer
Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Service
Assistant Sub-Inspector
Auxiliary Nurse Midwife
Assistant District Medical Officer
Additional District Magistrate
Accredited Social Health Activist
Assistant Registrar Cooperative Societies
Acute Encephalitis Syndrome
Above Poverty Line
Alternative Vaccine Delivery
Ayurveda, Yoga, Unani, Siddha and Homeopathy
Anganwadi Centre
Antoday Anna Yojana
Anti Neonatal Care
All India Students Federation
Before Christ
Block Veterinary Officer
Blue Tongue
Border Security Force
Block Resource Centre Coordinator
Board of Secondary Education
Biju Grameen Swasthya Sibir
Below Poverty Line
Block Development Officer
Biju Krushak Kalyan Yojana
Biju Janta Dal
Bahujan Samaj Party
Bhartiya Janata Party
Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited
Bonda development Agency
Backward Region Grant Fund
Community Development/Cross Drainage
Consumption of Fixed Capital
Chief District Veterinary Officer
Cement Concrete
Central Reserve Police Force
Court Sub-Inspector
Cluster Resource Centre Coordinator
Chief District Medical Officer
Common Service Centre
Central Board of Secondary Education
Communist Party of India
Communist Party of India (Maoist Legitimist)
xv
CEA
CPM
CCD Plan
DDL
DM
DI
DHH
DAO
DEO
DTO
DLO
DSO
DRDA
DWO
DSWO
DDO
DFAC
DIC
DPEP
DSP
DMO
DISC
DRCS
DAV
DDA
ET
ESSO
EDCT
FARD
FRU
GP
GDP
GRS
GGCS
HDI
HGs
HM
HS
HTRI
HBCS
IAP
ICT
ITES
IWMP
IWDP
IB
IRBN
ICDS
IAHTU
ICSE
IAY
IPC
Communist Party (Marxism)
Conservation-cum-Development Plan
District Diagnostic Laboratory
District Magistrate
District Inspector
District Headquarter Hospital
District Agricultural Officer
District Education Officer
District Tuberculosis Officer
District Leprosy Officer
District Surveillance Officer/ District Statistical Officer
District Rural Development Agency
District Welfare Officer
District Social Welfare Officer
District Development Officer
District Farmers Advisory Committee
District Industry Centre
District Primary Education Programme
Deputy Superintendent of Police
District Malaria Officer
District Information Services Societies
Deputy Registrar Cooperative Societies
Dayananda Anglo Vedic
Didayi Development Agency
Entero Toxania
Earth System Science Organisation
Early Diagnosis Complete Treatment
Fisherman and Animal Resource Department
First Referral Unit
Gram Panchayat
Gross Domestic Product
Gram Rojgar Sevak
Graingolla Cooperative Societies
Human Development Index
Home Guards
Headmaster
High School
Harijan and Tribal Research Institute
House Building Cooperative Societies
Integrated Action Plan
Information and Communication Technology
Information Technology Enabled Services
Integrated Watershed Management
Integrated Watershed Development Programme
Inspection Bungalow
Indian Reservation Battalion
Integrate Child Development Scheme
Integrated Hanti-Human Trafficking Unit
Indian Council of Secondary Education
Indira Awas Yojana
Indian Penal Code
xvi
IAS
IMD
IGNOAP
IMR
IDS
ICTC
ITDA
IGS
JNU
JSSK
JSY
KCCB
KV
KBK
KGBV
KM
KVK
KVIC
KVIB
LIC
LBCD
LAMPCS
LPA
LACs
LWE
MV
MPV
MIP
MWS
MVU
MDR
MEL Act
MCC
MDM
MHT
MWH
MSME
MLA
MGNREGS
MP
MCM
MTUHI
MMR
MDD
Campaign
NAC
NI
NWDP
NMPS
NFSM
NLM
Indian Administrative Service
Indian Metrological Department
Indira Gandhi National Age Pension
Infront Mortality Rate
Infrastructure Development Scheme
Integrated Counselling and Testing Centre
Integrated Tribal Development Agency
Income Generating Scheme
Jawahar Navoday Vidyalaya
Janani Sishu Surkshya Karyakram
Janani Surakshya Yojana
Koraput Central Cooperative Bank
Kendriya Vidyalaya
Koraput Bolangir and Kalahandi
Kstarba Gandhi Balika Vidyalaya
Kilometre
Krishi Vigyan Kendra
Khadi and Village Industries Corporation
Khadi and Village Industries Board
Life Insurance Corporation
Loose Boulder Check Dam
Large Size Adivase Multi Purpose Societies
Long Period Average
Livestock Aid Centres
Left Wing Extremism
Malkangir Village
Malkangiri Patteru Village
Minor Irrigation Project
Micro Watershed
Mobile Veterinary Unit
Major District Road
Madras Estate Land Act
Mao Communist Centre
Mid-Day-Meal
Mobile Health Team
Maternity Waiting Home
Micro Small and Medium Enterprise
Member of Legislative Assembly
Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Scheme
Member of Parliament
Master Crafts Man
Modernisation and Technological Upgradation of Handicraft
Industries
Maternal Morality Ratio
Malaria, Dengu and Diarrhoea Campaign
Notified Area Council
Nutrient Index
National Watershed Development Programme
National Mission for Protein Supplementation
National Food Security Mission
National Livestock Mission
xvii
NPMSHF
NPCBB
NTFPs
NDP
NPEGEL
NBSU
NRC
NMFP
NCLP
NCD
NABARD
NREP
NWDPRA
NGO
NVBDCP
NLEP
NUHM
OLIC
OAS
OLRDS
OLR Act
OSAP
OIC
OP
OPEPA
OBC
OTELP
OSWAN
OPS
OSRTC
OAPF
OLM
OIC
OZP
OGP ACT
OLIC
OAIC
OKCL
OSEB
OSCB
PSM
PSB
PMGSY
PWD
PWG
PMEGP
POP
PTG
PVTG
PMJJBY
PS
PACS
National Project on Management of Soil Health and Fertility
National Project and Cattle and Buffalo Breeding
National Timber Forest Products
Net Domestic Product
National Programme for Education of Girls at Elementary Level
New Born Stabilisation Unit
Nutrition Rehabilitation Centre
National Mission for Food Processing
National Child Labour Project
Non-Communicable Diseases
National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development
National Rural Employment Programme
National Watershed Development Programme for Rainfall Areas
Non-Government Organisation
National Vector Born Disease Control Programme
National Leprosy Eradication Programme
National Urban Health Mission
Odisha Life Irrigation Corporation
Odisha Administrative Service
Odisha Livestock Resource Development Society
Odisha Land Reforms Act
Odisha State Armed Police
Officer Incharge
Outpost
Odisha Primary Education Programme Authority
Other Backward Class
Odisha Tribal Empowerment and Livelihood Programme
Odisha State Wide Area Network
Odisha Police Service
Odisha State Road Transport Corporation
Odisha Armed Police Force
Odisha Livelihood Mission
Officer In Charge
Odisha ZillaParishad
Odisha Gram Panchayat Act
Odisha Lift Irrigation Corporation
Odisha Agro Industries Corporation
Odisha Knowledge Corporation Limited
Odisha State Electricity Board
Odisha State Cooperative Bank
Phospo-SolublesingMycroriza
Phospo-Solublesing Bacteria
Pradhan Mantri Gram SadakYojana
Public Works Department
Peoples‘ War Group
Prime Ministers Employment Generation Programme
Pottera Outpost
Primitive Tribal Group
Particularly vulnerable Tribal Group
Prime MinisterJibanJyotiBimaYojana
Police Station
Primary Agricultural Cooperative Society
xviii
PHD
PNC
PLC
RKBY
RKS
RIDF
RKVY
RD
ROR
RMSA
RBSK
RKS
RSBY
RNTCP
RI
RLEGP
RLTAP
RHA
RCMS
SC
ST
SCA
SDVO
SOG
SNCU
SDA
SP
SDPO
SSY
SHG
S& ME
SEO
TCA
TGA
TSP
TRW
PMGSY
PRI
TLC
TASP
TMC
TOP
TB
UNICEF
UTP
ULB
VSS
VAW
VH
VD
VAS
VHND
Public Health Department
Post Neonatal Care
Project Level Committee
RastriyaKrushiBimaYojana
RogiKalyanSamiti
Rural Infrastructure Development Fund
RastriyaKrushiVikashYojana
Rural Development
Record of Rights
RastriyaMadhyamikSikshaAbhijan
Rastribal Bal SwasthyaKaryakram
RogiKalyanSamiti
RastriyaSwasthyaBimaYojana
Revised National Tuberculosis Control Programme
Revenue Inspector
Rural Landless Employment Guarantee Programme
Revised Long Term Action Plan
Rehabilitation of Handicraft Artisans
Regional Cooperative Marketing Society
Scheduled Caste
Scheduled Tribe
Special Central Assistance / Service Centre Agency
Sub Divisional Veterinary Officer
Special Operation Group
Sick Newborn Care Unit
State Designated Agency
Superintendent of Police
Sub Divisional Police Officer
SukanyaSamrudhiYojana
Self Help Group
School and Mass Education
Social Education Organiser
Total Cultivable Area
Total Geographical Area
Tribal Sub Plan
Tribal and Rural Welfare
Pradhan Mantri Gram SadakYojana
Panchyati Raj Institutions
Total Literacy Campaign
Tribal Area Sub Plan
Trinamul Congress
Town Out Post
Tuberculosis
United Nations International Children‘s Educational Fund
Under Trial Prissisor
Urban Local Bodies
VanaSurakshyaSamiti
Village Agriculture Worker
Veterinary Hospital
Veterinary Dispensary
Veterinary Assistant Surgeon
Village Health and Nutrition Day
xix
VPDS
VLE
VHP
WHS
WMU
WHO
Vaccine Preventable Disease
Village Level Entrepreneur
Viswa Hindu Parishad
Water Harvesting Structure
Watershed Management Unit
World Health Organization
xx
xxi
xxii
CHAPTER-I
GENERAL
Malkangiri District – A Profile
The District ‗Malkangiri‘ is one of the border districts of Odisha. It
touches the broaders of Andhra Pradesh and Chhattisgarh. The district is
named after its headquarters town Malkangiri. During formation of Odisha
province in 1936, Malkangiri was a Taluk of Nawarangpur Sub-Division of
Koraput district. In 1962, it was upgraded to a sub-division of the then
Koraput district. The present Malkangiri got its identity as a district with effect
from 2nd October, 1992 after reorganization of districts vide Government of
Odisha Notification No.-DRC 36/1992-49137/R dated 01.01.1992 dividing
Koraput into four districts viz. Koraput, Malkangiri, Nawarangpur and
Rayagada.
(Map: Malkangiri District)
Malkangiri is a district known for its diversity. According to the 2001
census report, the District had 504198 population, with annual growth rate of
19.39%, whereas in 2011 census, the District has a population of 613192,
with annual growth rate of 21.53%. According to 2001 census of the total
population 57.43% belonged to ST and 21.35% to SC. The ST and SC
population was 57.85% and 22.77% respectively as per the 2011 census.
The geography of Malkangiri district is marked by different hill terrains, farflung cut off area and dense forest. As per the indicators of demographic
profile, it was the lowest literacy rate district with 30.53% and 49.49 % as per
1
the census 2001 and census 2011 respectively. It is primarily due to
predominance of tribal population. More than 90% of people live in rural
areas. According to the 2001 census report, the District had 124082 literates,
which has increased to 250964 as per the census-2011. The number of
female literate was 42192 as per 2001 census report, and now it has gone
up to 99914. The male and female literacy rate of the District was 40.14%
and 30.53% respectively in 2001, which has increased to 60.29 and 38.95
respectively as per census, 2011. The sex ratio indicates 997 females per
1000 males as per the census 2001 which has increased to 1016 females
per 1000 males (2011).
Cultural History
The culture of Malkangiri District is mostly displayed by the song and
dance of its tribal people. The chief tribes inhabit here are Bondas,
Gadabas, Kondhs and Koyas. Music and Dance are the chief source of
amusement of these tribes and during the festive season, it becomes their
favourite pastime. Each tribe has its own distinctive music and musical
instruments. The making and manipulation of some of these instruments are
done with such skill that, extremely simple though they are, it becomes
almost impossible to emulate them. In each tribe, different types of music
and musical notes are prescribed. Women sing in chorus while working in
the fields, and men and boys do so while away in the lonely hours of tending
cattle by warbling to themselves. Dancing is one of the art form which all
men and women are passionately fond of. During festivals and in festive
seasons dancing begin at nightfall, last whole night and continue even
through the following day. Each tribe has its own particular dance which they
perform with various musical instruments and practice different type of music
for different seasons and occasions.
In these tribal festivals mostly a Dem-god or Demon is worshipped. The
chief festival among the Kondhs is the Kedu festival, which was once
associated with human sacrifice. At present a buffalo is sacrificed in place of
the human victim. Hunting is another favourite recreation of these tribal
people. In the hot season and especially in the month of ‗Chaitra', organized
beats are held in which all the men and boys of the village take part, armed
with bows and arrows, axes or spears and occasionally with matchlocks and
slay any live thing, irrespective of age or sex, which they may meet in the
forest. Apart from these festivals, Bada Yatra, Bali Yatra and Chaitra Parba
are the other major festivals celebrated in the District. A district level cultural
festival, Malyabanta Mohatsava, is being celebrated since 2003 in the
district. In addition to tribal festivals other Hindu festivals like Dashahara,
2
Diwali and Sivaratri, etc are observed in the district in which the tribals also
participate.
Administrative Set Up
The headquarters of the district is at Malkangiri. The Collector and the
District Magistrate is the administrative head of the district. He is assisted by
the Additional District Magistrate, one Sub-Collector, Deputy Collectors,
seven Block Development Officers and seven Tahsildars for smooth
functioning. There are also other District level Officers working under the
general supervision of Collector. The district consists of only one subdivision namely Malkangiri, seven numbers of Tahasils namely, Malkangiri,
Chitrakonda, Motu, Mathili, Khairput, Kudumulugumma and Kalimela. In
order to look after the developmental activities in rural areas, the district is
divided into 7 numbers of C.D. Blocks. There were 3 Tahasils which
subsequently became seven, 8 Police Stations and 1045 villages in the
district. In addition to existing 8 police stations, 3 new police stations namely
Paparmetla, Jodamba and Podia were created. Eleven new villages (4 each
in Malkangiri and Motu P.S., one each in Orkel, Podia and Kalimela P.S.)
were created during the decade, 2001 to 2011. The detailed administrative
set-up of the district is given as below:
Table: 1.1
The Administrative setup of the District - Malkangiri
District Headquarter
Malkangiri
Sub-Divisions (01)
Malkangiri
01. Malkangiri, 02. Chitrakonda, 03. Motu, 04. Kalimela,
05. Mathili, 06. K.Gumma, 07. Khairput
01. Malkangiri, 02. Kalimela, 03. Podia, 04. Korukonda,
05. Kudumulugumma, 06. Khairput, 07. Mathili
01. Malkangiri, 02. Balimela, 03. Chitrakonda, 04.Kalimela
01.Malkangiri
Tahasils (07)
Blocks (07)
Towns
Municipalities (01)
NACs (01)
Fire Stations (02)
01.Balimela
01. Malkangiri, 02.Podia, 03. Kalimela, 04. MV 79,
05. Mathili, 06. Motu, 07. Energy PS ( Malkangiri)
08. Chitrakonda, 09. Orkel, 10. Mudulipada (Khairput)
11. Judambo, 12. Papermetla
01. Malkangiri 02.Kalimela and 03. Mathili
Gram Panchayats
108
Assembly Constituencies
Parliamentary constituency
02 (Malkangiri and Chitrakonda)
It is a part of Nawarangpur Loksabha Costituency
Police stations (12)
3
Location
Malkangiri district lies between 17° 45'N to 18° 40'N latitudes and 81°
10' E to 82° E longitudes, with a height of 641‖ (feet) from the sea level. The
district is located in the South-West corner of Odisha state.
In the East, Malkangiri is bounded by Koraput (a portion) of Orissa,
Vishakapattanam and East Godavari district of Andhra Pradesh. In the West,
Malkangiri is bounded by Sukma district of Chhattisgarh. In the North,
Malkangiri is bounded by Koraput district of Orissa. In the South, Malkangiri
touches East Godavari district of Andhra Pradesh.
Area
This district is spread over an area of 5,791 sq. Kms. Maximum NorthSouth Elongation is 137 kms and Maximum East-West Elongation is 76 kms.
The block wise demographic pattern and geographical areas are given in the
table below.
Table: 1.2
Blockwise area, GPs and households in Malkangiri District
Sl.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Block / Tahsil
Geographical Area
(in Sq. Km.)
Malkangiri
Korukonda
Mathili
Khairput
K.Gumma
Kalimela
Podia
Municipality- Malkangiri
NAC-Balimela
Total
752.48
869.56
892.76
639.00
987.59
724.56
902.14
18.06
4.85
5791
Nos. of
GPS
Nos. of
Households
13
24
20
09
11
21
10
108
15241
27481
21641
9752
13900
26615
13093
7150
2758
137631
Topography
The district is a part of the Eastern-Ghats and is characterized by
undulating topography. It has both hill and flat terrain. The hilly terrains are
mostly located in the North East part, in the borders of districts Koraput,
Sukuma (Chhatishgarh), Vishakhapatnam (Andhra Pradesh). There are
some challenging and vulnerable areas of the district where the
administration faces tough challenges while delivering public services to
some tribes and primitive tribal groups residing in the geographically difficult
terrains namely, Populur, Kurmanur, Andrahal, Mudulipada, Badadural and
Markapadar Gram Panchayats. Also, there are six Gram Panchayats
namely, Badapada, Jodambo, Pansaput, Papermetla, Andrapally and
4
Ralegada which are surrounded by the Chitrakonda reservoir and are
earmarked as cut-off areas from the district mainland.
Land Profile
Geologically this Division forms the part of the Indian Peninsula, one of
the oldest rock masses on the earth. The early geological history is of about
1600 million years back. The sedimentary and igneous rocks were formed
which were repeatedly subject to changes in temperature and pressure,
resulting in formation of altered or metamorphic rocks such as Charnockite,
Khondalite and Granite Gneiss. Later around 1400 million years back, an
arm of the sea extended into the western part during the Cuddapah period,
resulting in formation of Sand Stone, Shale and Lime Stone. The Sand
Stones generally forms the hills, where as the Lime Stone and the Shales
forms the valleys. Similarly Khondalites constitute flat-topped hills and
plateau, while the Charnockites form sharp ridges and hills. Thus the hills
and valleys resulting in undulating uplands are covered with an extensive
capping of laterite. The Koraput plateau and its high hills represent early
laterite surface. The prolonged erosion of this old plateau resulted in 300mt.
Malkangiri Plain.
Minerals
Malkangiri district is endowed with some mineral resources like
asbestos, Tin, Lime, Stone, Bauxite and Quartz along with numerous
occurrences of dimension and decorative stones.
Lime stone occurrences have been reported in Kottametta, Usklvagu,
Nandiveda, Kadelguda and Dharampalli. A reserve of 240 million tones of
lime stone has been estimated in the district.
The tin bearing pegmatites and the gravelzones are clustered in west
and north-west of Mathili area. The tin ore from the gravel zones are
observed around Padmagiri, Maligurtha, Manjariguda, Chendenga,
Vederupalle, Badaguda, Temrupalle, Sargiguda, Goliaguda, Dhurmaguda,
Balarishi, Sarangapalli, Pujariguda, Dhakadarashi, Haladikunda and
Dongarasahi. Saniferous pegmatites are located in Vederupalli, Budaguda,
Maligurtha, Mundaguda, Chedanga, Manjariguda, Bijapadar and Dhusanad.
Bauxite deposits in the district have been identified in the plateau at
Korukonda, Siktapalli and Korapalli. Asbestos has been reported around
MV-76 and MV-96.
Talc/ Soap stone occurrences have been reported around villages like
Saradaput and Pandripani.
5
Vein quartz have been indentified around villages like Kamalpur,
Gudiali, Saradaput, Ramavaram, Moltapalli, etc.
Dimension and decorative stones have been reported from Sargiguda,
Goliaguda and Padmagiri.
Incidence of major mineral resources is not quite encouraging in the
district. Therefore, mining does not contribute substantially to the growth of
the district. Leaving aside the above major mineral resources, the District is
rich in minor mineral resources such as river sand, road metals, morrum,
laterite, etc. These are meeting the demands from the construction sector
and other allied necessity of the district and State. The minor mineral sector
is also contributing to a large extent in employment generation in the rural
area of the District and the State as a whole.
6
Forest
Malkangiri District displays a vast bounty of forest wealth. It has 157 sq.
Km of very dense forest, 709 sq. Km. of moderately dense forests, and 1455
sq. Km of open forests. These taken together constitute about 40.08%. of
the total geographical area of the district. (Source: SFR: 2013) The major
forest species and forest products of the district are Sal, Bija, Teak, Mundi,
Sisam, Kusum, Bamboo, Tamarind, Mango, Kendu Leaves and Oil Seeds.
Forest has economic relevance to the district. A large number of tribal
families earn their livelihood from the forest products. The climate of this
district is mainly tropical in nature. Being in the fringe of eastern Ghat
ranges, the south western monsoon sets in it, a little bit earlier. The forests
have great influence on its climate.
(Forest Map of Malkangiri District)
7
Blocks like Podia, Mathili, Kalimela and cut-off areas of K.Gumma
Block are covered with dense forest coverage. Also, Govindpalli areas of
Khairput Block are covered under dense forest coverage. Open forests
areas cover major portions of Korkonda and Kalimela Block and also, partly
of Malkangiri Block.
River System
Malkangiri district possesses undulating topography with a large
number of hill streams. The entire rainwater is being drained through a
number of small drains which ultimately drains to major rivers such as
Sabori, Silleru, Potteru, Kolab and Machhkunda. River Saberi forms the
natural boundary between Malkangiri and Sukma district of Chhattisgarh
flowing through Mathili and Podia blocks. On the other side Sileru flows
along the South-eastern side of Malkangiri, forming the boundary between
Malkangiri and Andhra Pradesh and merges with Saberi at Motu trijunction.
River Potteru originates within Malkangiri and flows into Saberi.
The major Irrigation project Potteru Irrigation Project (PIP), targets to
provide irrigation facility to 61,034 hectares of land in the district. Canals
from this project are running throughout the district. Presently it provides
irrigation to 47,279 hectares. One medium Irrigation Project named as
Satiguda Irrigation Project (SIP) is designed to provide irrigation to 9000
hectares during Kharif and 5660 hectares during Rabi crops. 21 numbers of
Minor Irrigation Projects provide irrigation to 1442 hectares during Kharif and
331 hectares in Rabi. Lift Irrigation Points have been set up throughout
Malkangiri to provide better irrigation facilities.
Hill System
The important hills of the Malkangiri District are those that hedge in the
valley of the Machkunda throughout its sources. These usually stand about
1000 feet above the bed of the river. The plateau descends into the low-lying
tracts of Malkangiri about 900 feet high at their northern end and gradually
fall in a south-western direction to about 150 feet at Motu, at the extreme
south-western corner of the District. The highest point in the District is in the
north-eastern corner, a few miles to the north of Duduma falls, at a height of
3,625 feet. The rest of the District is a comparatively flat plain declining from
an elevation of about 800 feet near Govindapalli in the north to under 400
feet in the extreme south. A number of mountains and isolated hills such as
the Tulasi at Mathili, the Shulia at Korukonda, the Chitrakuta at Chitrakonda,
the Saptadhara at Govindapalli, the Vhima at Daniguda, the Danga at
Tandiki, Deva Dangara or Goi at Malkangiri, the Akuru at Akuru and in the
border the Golikonda at Bada Dural arise out of these tablelands.
8
Rain Fall
As revealed from the rainfall data, about 80% of the rainfall is received
during monsoon months (July to September). Winter and summer rain
appears to be scanty and uncertain. Average rainfall of the district is 1446.49
mm. with 98 rainy days approximately. Normally the cropping pattern in the
district is arrived at keeping in view the rainfall distribution. The annual
rainfall data with number rainy days for five years from 2010 to 2014 is given
as under.
Annual Rainfall Data in Malkangiri District from 2010 to 2014
Table: 1.3
Years
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
Annual
1830.42
1103.90
1713.36
1757.87
1509.65
Rainfall
(in mm)
No of Days
82
90
81
81
80
Block wise average rainfall and seasonal rainfall during 2014-15 are
given in detail in Chapter-IV which deals with agriculture and irrigation.
Flora and Fauna
Malkangiri district has an area of about 3364.23 hectares of forests.
About 40.08% of the total geographical area of the district is covered under
forest (Source- SER-2013), The Flora and Fauna of the district are abundant
and diverse in nature. There are about 235 species of plants including
shrubs. Some of the major or top canopy consists of Sal (Shorearousta),
Asan (Termindalia fomentosa), Kadamba (Anthocephalus cadamba),
Muchukunda (Pterocarpus marsupium) Mahula (Madhu caindica), Jamukoli
(Syzygiumcumini), Bahada (Terninaliaberllirica) and Sisu (Dalbergiasalifalia),
etc.``
The middle story consists of Kumbhi (careyaabarea), Sundargundi
(Mallotusphilippenensis), Manja (Caseariatomentosa), Phatua (Randia
dumetorum), Katha Kusum (Garugapinnata), Anla (Embilica Officinalis),
Kanchana (Bauhinia Variegate) and Bela (Aegle Marmelosets), etc.
Among the under growth species as Dhataki (Wood fordiafruticosa),
Jhelli (I(ndigoferapulchella), Modimodika (Helicteresisora), Kharkhari
(Clerodendrumifortunatum), and Bhuin Limba (Andrigrophispaniculata), etc
are found. The common grasses like- Chhana Ghasa (Imperatea), Guguchia
(Andropagon) and Phula Chhanchuni (Thysanolaena) etc are found in their
specific sites.
9
The district has a great variety of Fauna like 45 species of birds, 24
species of reptiles and 34 species of mammals. The common heterotrophs
in these forests are Sambar, Chital, Barking Dear, Mouse Dear, etc. The
tiger, leopard, jungle cat, civet cat and leopard are secondary heterotrophs.
Other mammals are hyaena, jackal, wild dog, sloth bear, mongoose, large
Indian squirrel, wild boar, etc. The avifauna includes the imperial pigeon,
doves, hill mynas, bulbuls, golden buck, koels, peafowl, red jungle fowl,
green pigeon, crow, kingfisher, common hornbills, Indian night jar, bush,
quail and cattle egrate, etc.
10
CHAPTER-II
HISTORY
Malkangiri in Puranic Era
The history of Malkangiri seems to be in no way less thrilling and
adventurous than any other place. The land of dense inaccessible forests,
small but beautiful rivers, undulating plateaus and splendorous rich tribal
culture have their own history of human civilization dating back to 2500
years. Reference to the place is found in Hindu Purans and mythologies.
During the reign of Lord Ramachandra, Malkangiri occupied an important
place in the entire Ramayana. It was the holy river ‗The Tamasa‘ and its
environs which encouraged Saint Valmiki to express his internal feelings in
the form of ―The Ramayan‖, the holiest scripture of the Hindus. This place
was referred to as the ―Malyaratnagiri‘ in the Ramayana. Tamasa, the river
flowing out of a cave, has derived its name from a tribal word ‗Tamsa‘, which
means cave. The banks of this river witnessed various events in the ―The
Ramayana‖. Similarly, the scenic beauty of Malyavantagiri has found an
important place in ‗Dandi Ramayan‘ of Balaram Das. The belief that lord
Ramachandra had visited this land is further strengthened by the existence
of the ‗Sitakamal‘, the bathing place of ‗Sita‘ near Mudulipada which is
presently under Khairput block.
Malkangiri was also a place of importance for the ‗Pandavas‘ as it finds
a reference in ‗Mahabharata‘. It is believed that Pandavas had spent one
year during their ‗Agyantvas‘ (living incognito) in the dense forests of
Malkangiri and in the villages inhabited by the tribals, like the Koyas.
‗Pandaboeru‘ (Ponds) are found in large numbers which are believed to be
used by the Pandavas. During the month of January, Pata Khanda Parva is
being celebrated by the Koyas, a primitive tribal community in which a sword
is worshiped. The Koya people believe that this sword belonged to the
Pandavas. They also celebrate ‗Bhimudu Parva‘ during January, in which
‗Bhima‘ the middle Pandava, is worshiped and the Koyas believe that
―Bhima‖ will protect them and their their families. Kanamaraju (Lord Krishna),
Balaraju (Arjuna) and Poturaju (Bhima) are the three famous lords, who are
being worshipped by the people of the area on every alternative year.
‗Badayatra‘ festival is devoted to these lords and is celebrated throughout
the district.
During the period of Indus Valley civilization, a rich civilization is
believed to have flourished along the banks of the river ―Tamasa‖. Some
11
ancient monuments were discovered from these places, which justify the
above facts. A big ‗Shiva Linga‘ to establish enlighten a linkage of this
civilization with that of Indus Valley Civilization. The ancient kings of this
place, during the early Vedic and later Vedic periods were worshiping Lord
Mallikeshwar, after whom they named their kingdom as ‗Malika Nagari‘. This
Malika Nagari gradually became Malkangiri in the modern times, it is
believed. Also, some people believe that the name ―Malkangiri‖ has been
derived from the name of the hill ‗Malyabanta Giri‘.
Pre and Proto History
The peculiar geographical setting has to a large extent, made this
region isolated from the plain coastal districts of Odisha. For this it has till
now preserved many of its much varied and prolific wild Fauna and Flora.
Moreover due to this comparative isolation, its aboriginal inhabitants have
not undergone any radical change inspite of their casual contact with the
modern civilization. Almost all the aboriginal inhabitants, who constituted the
bulk of population of the district, speaking either Austric or Dravidian tongue,
live in a sort of Stone Age economy; especially the Gadava and the Bondas
are the people who are little affected by such culture-contacts. They still
practice the primitive axe and hoe cultivation, pottery and basket–making,
spinning and weaving and erecting funerary and religious rites.
Excepting the living megalithic ritual of these people nothing is known,
which can throw light on the pre-history of this region. Haimendorf gives a
somewhat detailed picture of these megaliths now erected by the Gadabas,
the Bondas, the Parengas and the Ronas of this district and compares them
with those of Baster and Assam. These observations and arguments, though
slightly back-dated, still hold well in the absence of new data coming from
this area.
The prominent among the various types of megalithic monuments
erected by these tribes are the stone circles which are known as ―Sadar‖ by
the Gadbas, the Parengas and the Ronas and ‗Sindibor‘ by the Bondas. The
difference between a Sadar and a Sindibor is that the former is erected in
memory of the dead, whereas the latter is considered to be the seat of some
deity like the Busung, the Earth Goddess. These circles are built up by
irregular collection of stone slabs and upright menhirs and used as general
sitting places for the villagers. Only on two occasions the Gadabas stone to
their Sadar, i.e. the Memorial Fest (Gota Mela) and the Crab Festival (Ongon
Gota), whereas the Bondas stones to their Sindibor (horse-shoe shaped) in
the Gowursing Ceremony in the month of Diali (October-November) and Gia
Feast in the month of Chait (March-April). These ceremonies of the Gadabs
12
and the Bondas are quite different from each other in their rituals, beliefs and
contents.
Though the Godaba have a common Sadar for the whole village, the
Parengas in addition to it have built up a few private ones in front of
individual houses. Opposite to a Sadar of the Ronas, on the other side of the
road, sometimes one finds low stone seats together with small menhirs.
A Bonda village sometimes contains five to six common Sindibors. But
in very rare cases a private Sindibor is built. In general a Sindibor, private or
public, contains very few menhirs.
The other type of megalithic monuments erected by the Bondas is the
rubble stone walls, five to six feet in height. They are erected on the path
linking two villages with gateways flanked with upright stones to let the path
through. They are generally found on the saddles where the path traverses a
ridge and are always surrounded by the forests. They contain quite a few
menhirs and are known as ‗rununghor‘. It is believed that those existed
since the beginning of the world as the seats of the deities. Many of them
are associated with Bunumpa, a branch eating deity. There are also menhirs
and flat stones erected by the Bondas near the springs because a spring is
always regarded as the seat of a deity.
Apart from these religious megaliths of the Bondas there are a few
dolmens which are erected to preserve the memory of the dead. Outside the
village and by the side of a road these dolmens are found consisting of a
table -stone supported by two or three smaller stones. They are generally
erected by wealthy men in honour of deceased relatives.
On the whole the megalithic practice of the district is based on two main
principles, viz.,(1) preserving the memory of the dead, and (2) offering a
seat for some deity. But no megalith is used as a grave or a burial of the
dead as those found in the peninsular and western India, Middle East,
northern and Western Europe, and the Mediterranean regions with
characteristic port-holes and other typical objects, peculiar to this culture.
The origin of the primitive culture of the aboriginal inhabitants of this
district, which is definitely pre–historic, is still not clearly known due to lack of
scientific investigation. Unlike many other districts of Odisha; our knowledge
regarding the pre-history of this district is very limited. But the neighbouring
areas have yielded evidences of early men. At Chitrakot waterfalls on the
river Indravati in the Bastar district of Madhya Pradesh (Now in
Chhattisgarh), evidence of a flourishing microlithic industry of the Late Stone
Age Culture has been discovered. This place is hardly forty miles to the west
of the Bastar -Koraput border. Kunavarman on the confluence of the Saberi
13
and the Godavari rivers in the East Godavari district of Andhra Pradesh has
yielded shouldered belt of Burmese type. In the same district on the banks of
the river Godavari numerous microlithic and megalithic sites have been
found by Cammeade.
Taking these discoveries in the neighbourhood into account one can
very well expect to find the same type of pre and proto historic cultural
sequence in the district. This hypothesis gains strength when we find here
the foundation of the living megalithic culture of the Neolithic times.
In the 5th century A.D the Nalas established a strong kingdom in the
Bastar-Koraput region. Their capital Pushkari was located near Podagada in
the present Nabarangpur district. Their kingdom was contiguous to the exstate area of Bastar in Madhya Pradesh (Now in Chhattisgarh), where in
1939 a hoard of 32 gold coins, belonging to the kings, Varaharaja, Sri
Arthapati Raja and Bhavadatta-varman were discovered. These are singledie coins, containing Nala legends on them .The larger sized coins measure
from 20 to 21mm. in diameter and weigh from 19 to 24.6 grams. The smaller
coins are about 15 mm in diameter and 7.5grams in weight.
The scripts of the legends are popularly known as the ‗box-headed‘
type, used between the 5th and 7th centuries A.D, in South Kosala and
Kalinga. This type of character is generally found in the inscriptions of the
Vakataka King Pravarasena-II, the Sarabhapuriyas, the Pandus of Kosala
and the Gangs of Kalinga.
In May 1957 a hoard of gold coins numbering 28 was discovered from
the reserved forest of Kodinga P.S. limits of Koraput district. This hoard of
coins belongs to the Naga Kings of Chakrakota. From the history of
Chakrakota, it is learnt that originally the place was under the Nalas, and
subsequently went to the possession of the Nagas, who ruled there from
about the 11th century. This hoard of gold coins has opened a new field of
research so far as the history of the Nagas is concerned. These coins are
thin disc-like ornaments and concavely shaped, containing the name of the
issuer and the emblem at the centre. The name of Prapaganda-Bhairva, Sri
Rajabhushana and Sri Ranabhushana are inscribed on them. The scripts
used on these coins belong to the southern type of characters of the 12th
century A.D. Similar type is used in the inscriptions of the Kakatiyas and the
Chalukyas, and similar gold coins were also issued by the Cholas from the
10th century onwards.
After the fall of the Naga Kings, we have no information regarding the
issue of further gold coins by them. As such, it may be concluded that the
14
suzerainty, which they had in the 12th century A.D. was not retained after
Somesvaradeva alias Prapaganda-Bhairva of the Koraput hoard.
Land Revenue Administration during King‟s Rule
The undivided Koraput district was formerly the hill country of Jeypore
Kingdom. The history of the land is the history of the primitive tribes, who
have made it their home. From the fifteen century until the British period, a
line of kings and zamindars ruled over the area. The land revenue
administration was of the ancient feudal system. As there was no survey or
settlement of land during this period, land was measured in terms of yoke or
seed capacity and it was not possible to know exactly the amount of land
each tenant occupied. The lands were administered partly by the roytwari
system and partly on a village system called mustajari. In the roytwari
system there was documented agreement between the landlords and
tenants; there was a register of each village and Amin or villagers were
appointed by the estate as the revenue Naik. There were very few villages
under this system. The mustajair is an agent for the collection of rent who
was paid either by a grant of land or percentage of the rents collected. The
office was hereditary and normally held by an influential person in the village.
The mustajaris are not required to keep any account of records of the
holdings in village. As the area was ruled by a king from the coastal plains,
most of the amins and mustajaris working for him were not necessarily tribal
people.
Administrative Setup during Dynasties Rule
The founder ruler of Jeypore state, King Vinayaka Dev came from
Kashmir and got married to Lilabati, the Princess of Nandapur. In the path of
establishing the kingdom, he faced a lot of hardship and revolts. Singaraju,
brother of Lilabati, sponsored his sincere efforts to King Vinayaka Dev for
suppressing the rebel groups. King Vinayaka Dev established two new
villages, namely ‗Nilakamberu‘ and ‗Singarajukhunta‘ as a mark of respect
and gratitude towards Lilabati and Singaraju. Some ancient monuments and
idols of different Gods and Goddesses were discovered from Nilakamberu.
Malkangiri was flourishing as a hill kingdom during the reign of ‗the
Ganga Dynasty‘ and was known as ‗Kumbudiri‘ as mentioned by the first
Collector of Koraput District, Mr. R.C.S. Bell in the Koraput Gazetteer, 1941.
There is enough evidence that the wild forest Country of Malkangiri was a
former civilized place. Kondakamber was formerly known as ‗Kambudiri‘. In
‗Kondakamberu‘ there are two inscriptions recording a gift to the ‗God
Nilakantheswar‘ by the Queen of Pandu Singh in the year 1376 A.D.
15
During the period from 1400 A.D. to 1872 A.D., this princely state was
ruled by as many as twenty six kings. The entire state was divided into four
Muthas, viz. Motu, Podia, Korukonda, and Padmagiri. The head of each
Mutha was called Muthadar. Each Mutha was further divided into a numbers
of villages, of which Peda was the head. There was always a fear of foreign
invasion of the kingdom for which there was no permanent place for the
kings. Temporary castles were built for the kings in several places of the
state. A ruin of such castle still exists over ―Raja Rani Hill‘ just in front of
‗Bhairvi Temple‘ near Malkangiri. Annual meeting was held on the ‗Vijaya
Dashami‘ festival at Sardar Basani Ambatota of Deva Dangar. The meeting
was attended by all the ‗Muthadars‘ and Pedas of the state. The king used to
preside over the meeting and all important decisions were taken in those
meetings and the Muthadars were empowered by the kings to execute the
decisions of the meetings.
Land Revenue Administration during British Period
The
British
first
established a factory in the year
1682 at Vizagapatnam which
became their entry point to the
Koraput region. The interest of
the British was to collect
revenue from zamidars and
kings and exploit the forest
resources. As far as rights over
land were concerned, the
British rule did not attempt to
become the arbiter of any such
rights, nor did they intend to set
up any principles for their
determination. However, their
impact was not neutral. In order
to increase land revenue the
British introduced many acts but
there was no attempt to simplify the land revenue system. Under the terms
of the ―Permanent Settlement‖, the relationship of the British and the feudal
estates tended to increase the power of the Feudal system to the detriment
of the tribals. As the British increased the rents, the feudal estates in turn
passed these costs on to the tribal tenants. The British also increased the
relative power of the privileged by granting statutory concessions regarding
the use of timber and forest materials under the Jeypore forest rules.
16
The Madras Estate Land Act Which governed the relationship between
the land holder and the tenant came into force in the district from 1st July
1908 but the tenants did not derive any benefit from it. However, there was
one important enactment to safeguard the interests of Adivasis, i.e. ―The
Agency Tracts Interest and Land Transfer Act, 14th August, 1917.‖ This was
passed with a view to preventing transfer of lands from Adivasis to nonAdivasis, which was taking place rapidly in the area. However, the bulk of
the transfers in the district had already taken place before this act was
passed. According to ―the Final Report on the Major Settlement Operations
in Koraput District 1938 to 1964‖, in order to give focus the area for special
development projects, Koraput was first treated as backward tract under the
Government of India, Act 1919 and in the 1935 Act, it was classed as a
partially excluded area. In spite of all these well meaning efforts, commercial
ambitions and an imperialistic arrogance prevailed, causing a decrease in
the quality of life of the tribals rather than to the intended benefit.
Uprisings and Freedom Movement
Historians have mentioned that Malkangiri was ruled by the Surya
Vansis. During 18th century when Raja Vikram Dev was defeated by one
British General Captain Richard Mathews, the whole of Jeypore and its
subjugated territories including Malkangiri was occupied by the Britishers
and brought the whole Empire of Jeypore under the Madras Presidency. The
impact of British rule on the Indian economy in general and that of the
Jeypore estate in partial was disastrous. The excess of torture and tax levy
by the British rulers incriminated some young leaders namely Tama Dora,
Aluri Sitaram Raju, Rani Bangara Devi and Sahid Laxman Nayak. They took
the leadership against the British rule which has been mentioned in the
Indian freedom movement in golden letters.
In the year 1880 A.D., Tama Dora, a brave Koya young man led the
Koya troops, defeated British Police of Malkangiri and declared himself as
the Ruler of Podia and Motu. In this incident, one Inspector and six police
men of Podia Police station were killed. This incident was famous as ‗Koya
Revolution‘ and had its great impact throughout the country. Colonel
Macqoid of Hyderabad contingent marched with 100 forces to protect but
failed to confront the severe attack of the Koya army under the leadership of
Tama Dora. However, the efforts of this brave young man came to an end
when he was brutally killed by the military police of Hyderabad in the Rampa
Forests near Motu on 28.7.1880 and then the organized Koya army was
fragmented lacking a dynamic leadership.
17
Even though Aluri Sitaram Raju was not originally a man of Malkangiri,
his work or field of activities was very much visible here. He mostly staged
Gorilla war and attacked the British police stations in the region under
Madras Presidency to take arms and ammunitions during 1920-24. After a
long gap of 35 years the Koyas again rose in rebellion under the leadership
of Alluri Sitarama Raju who established a big Guerrilla Troop and fought
against the British Army. Chitrakonda and Kondakamberu were the
headquarters of Sitarama Raju. He along with his large Koya troop raided
the Raja Bamangi jail and released a freedom fighter Biraya Dora. In the
month of September, 1922, two British Army Officers namely Wrighter and
Cobbard were killed and another officer Themoy Heir was seriously injured
by him. In another incident in September, 1923; Malkangiri police station and
Treasury were looted by Raju and his group. The group was culled in 1924
when Assam Rifles and Malabar Troops were sent to the forest of
Malkangiri. The troops cornered Chitrakonda and attacked the Koya Army
from all sides. A large number of Koya young fighters were killed and many
tribal families were tortured brutally by English Army. Finally A.Sitarama Raju
was persuaded for a discussion with the Collector. Once into the meeting, he
was caught by the troops and executed.
The last queen of Malkangiri, Bangaru Devi, ruled from 1838 A.D. to
1872 A.D. She defeated King Ramachandra Deva-III of Jeypore by her
powerful and extraordinary large Koya army. She got the legacy in 1838 but
fought against the British with the help of her minister Erma Raju. She was
against the polices and tax levy of the British rulers. She along with her Koya
army fought bravely against the mighty British army and was finally deposed
in 1872 A.D., resulting in a complete accession of Malkangiri state into
Madras Presidency. Queen Bangaru Devi was actively co-operated by Tama
Dora in 1880 to regain her kingdom which was taken away by the British 8
years back, but failed. Finally, she lost her life at the age of 70 in the year
1885 after a prolonged illness.
Again Malkangiri came to national news when Laxman Naik, the local
freedom fighter, had led the tribals for a non–cooperation movement against
the British. Sahid Laxman Naik was born in a Bhumia family in 1899 at
Tentuligumma near Malkangiri. His father was Padlam Naik and mother
Manguli. He was a follower of non–violence principle of Mahatma Gandhi. In
the year 1921 upon Mahatma Gandhi‘s call the tribal hero Laxman Naik was
attracted towards the National Movement. He stood up like a rock against
the oppressive foreign rulers and organized people and played a key role in
inculcating a sense of unity among them for the cause of national freedom.
18
The subaltern perception of people‘s participation found its subtle
manifestation in this part of India who fought for freedom.
Laxman Naik took the charge of President of the Congress primary
committee at Mathili in 1942. He mobilized people against paying tax to the
foreign rulers. He spearheaded the fight against oppression and exploitation.
During the Quit India Movement he was nominated to represent Mathili. He
used non-violence as the main weapon against the colonial power. The tribal
people called him ―Gandhi of Malkangiri‖.
The tribal movement created an unprecedented public awakening in
Koraput. The message of Quit India movement was circulated in whole of
Koraput. The Bonda tribes of this region were violent and belligerent and
seized Mathili police station under the leadership of Laxman Naik. On
August 21, 1942, tribals from different villages moved towards Mathili,
holding a Congress flag and marched towards police station and Laxman
Naik tried to hoist the congress flag at the top of the police station. The
magistrate Mujibur Rahman ordered ‗Lathi Charge‘ on the demonstrators.
The angry crowd gave slogans and moved forward as the police opened fire
killing 40 on the spot and injuring 200 including police officials Ram Murty,
Mohanty and a forest guard. The injured Laxman Naik was thrown into a
ditch near the compound by the police. The police implicated Laxman Naik in
a murder case of one forest guard G.Ramayya. Along with his son,
Raghunath Naik, several demonstrators were arrested for attack on police
station. The trial of Laxman Naik was made at the Additional Session Court
of Koraput. V Ramnathan the judge sentenced him to death under section
302 IPC and was sent to Berhampur jail. His fellow prisoners wept
throughout the night of March 28, 1943 and at the break of dawn on March
29, 1943 till 5.30 A.M. Laxman Naik gallantly marched towards the Gallows.
His last wish was ―If the sun is true and so is the moon, it is equally true that
mother India shall be independent.‖ Rammurty, the Zamadar of jail, pulled
the lever bringing down the iron plate under his feet hanging Biplabi Sahid
Laxman Naik. Nothing could be more inspiring and edifying than the saga of
heroic struggle and sacrifice of one single tribal leader of Malkangiri.
In the Indian freedom struggle Malkangiri provided some freedom
fighters whose names are written in golden letters. From Koraput district 800
people were jailed,25 were killed in police firing,2 died in the lathy charge,50
of the imprisoned died in jail and 32 were sentenced to life imprisonment and
only one was hanged till death and he was Sahid Laxman Naik. The list of
martyrs and freedom fighters of Malkangiri District are given as under:
19
Martyrs of August 21, 1942 Mathili firing
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
Linga Bhumiya of Timasguda
Nakul Madkamiof Sargiguda
Bishi Naik of Manjarguda
Gudu Kutiaof Timasput
Arjun Kotiaof Karniguda
Gopi Pujariof Sanogumma
Narasinh Domof Nuaguda
Balaram Bhumiaof Temurpalli
Suku Pateof Sauliguda
Muna Jhariaof Kianga
Budei Chuturaof Rajpur
Uday Nathof Baisaghat
List of Persons convicted in connection with Mathili Police Station
Attack on 21st August, 1942
Sl.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
Name
Laxman Naik
Balarm Pujari
Arjun Naik
Arjun Naik
Sambaru Naik
Kendu Naik
Bhima Naik
Jagarnath Naik
Udayanath Odi
Nitya Hantal
Chaitan Pujari
Dinabandhu Pujari
Chandra Pujari
Bulu Bhumia
Gagan Pujari
Raghunath Bhumia
Arjun Pujari
Sonu Dombo
Padlam Naik
Balaram Bhumia
Bhika Bairagi
Dhanurjay Pujari
Sambaru Naik
Gopinath Pujari
Bansing Bhumia
Guru Kotia
Narsing Chalan
Kusun Pujari
Bhalu Dombo
Guru Gouda
Father‟s Name
Padlam Naik
Hari Pujari
Saniya Naik
Chandra Naik
Erma Naik
Bagha Naik
Dinabandhu Naik
Bangla Naik
Mangal Odi
BallabhaHantal
Chandra Pujari
Baya Pujari
Mukund Pujari
Mrudu Bhumia
Dambru Pujari
Bima Bhumia
Domu Pujari
Jayaram Dombo
Mangal Naik
Syam Bhumia
Ram Bairagi
Adu Pujari
Bhaga Naik
Chandra Pujari
Mukund Bhumia
Sania Kotia
Samru Chalan
Gobind Pujari
Mangal Dombo
Nella Gouda
Age
42
35
32
48
33
34
47
30
28
24
27
45
50
29
28
38
32
36
35
38
33
37
38
32
40
28
36
35
36
40
20
Profession
Farmer
Farmer
Farmer
Farmer
Farmer
Farmer
Farmer
Farmer
Farmer
Farmer
Farmer
Farmer
Farmer
Farmer
Farmer
Farmer
Farmer
Farmer
Farmer
Farmer
Farmer
Farmer
Farmer
Farmer
Farmer
Farmer
Farmer
Farmer
Labourer
Farmer
Caste
Bhumia
Bhumia
Bhumia
Bhumia
Bhumia
Bhumia
Bhumia
Bhumia
Bhumia
Hantal
Bhumia
Bhumia
Bhumia
Bhumia
Bhumia
Bhumia
Bhumia
Domba
Bhumia
Bhumia
Bhumia
Bhumia
Bhumia
Bhumia
Bhumia
Kutia
Bhumia
Bhumia
Dombo
Gouda
Village
Tentuligumma
Mathili
Tentuligumma
Udaygiri
Nuaguda
Sargiguda
Kaliaguda
Kaliaguda
Bansiaghat
Kadiguda
Sanagumma
Sanagumma
Sanagumma
Sanagumma
Sanagumma
Sanagumma
Sanagumma
Sanagumma
Kaliaguda
Temrapalli
Pujariguda
Bakiliguda
Pitha tumba
Sanagumma
Tentuliguma
Tamsipur
Bejuniguda
Bansiaghat
Tentuliguma
Kupuliguda
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
46.
47.
48.
49.
50.
Kosa Madkami
Hatiram Kotia
Samaru Bhumia
Hatiram Chandal
Kondi Sunajharia
Sanyami Bhumia
Mangal Madkami
Budu Kamar
Somnath Bhumia
Krushna Bisoi
Somnath Bhumia
Sonsamar Naik
Hari Pujari
Mangaraj Naik
Bhara Naik
Balaram Bhumia
Guru Naik
Kalakura Arjun
Narsing Durba
Motiram Sing
Arjun Madkami
Arjun Kotia
Budru Bhumia
Ramgiria Bhikari
Mohan S.Jharia
Gaya Bhumia
Ram Madkami
Narsing Kamar
Dhana Bhumia
Dayanidhi Bisoi
Jaganath Bhumia
Arjun Naik
Sukra Pujari
Laxman Goud
Mangal Naik
Chakra Bhumia
Aita Durba
Bhima
Laxman Durba
Ganga Madkami
40
40
37
35
26
57
40
30
30
25
30
30
40
28
42
24
33
40
35
40
Coolie
Farmer
Farmer
Coolie
Coolie
Farmer
Farmer
Kamar
Coolie
Teacher
Farmer
Farmer
Farmer
Farmer
Farmer
Farmer
Farmer
Farmer
Farmer
Farmer
Bhumia
Kotia
Bhumia
Chandal
Sunajharia
Bhumia
Bhumia
Kamar
Bhumia
Paik
Bhumia
Kotia
Bhumia
Goud
Bhumia
Bhumia
Durba
Bhumia
Rana
Bhumia
Kotaipalli
Atalguda
Majarguda
Ambaguda
Parenga
Udaygiri
Sargiguda
Udaygiri
Udaygiri
Udaygiri
Kortampa
Atalguda
Atalguda
Champare
Kotapalli
Bansiaghat
Rengawada
Bandarpanka
Kotameta
Tanguda
Source: Office of the Superintendent of police, Koraput (Undivided)- Crime Section
Released for having no Proof – U and L Cases
1.
2.
3.
4.
Laichan Bhumia
Arjun Bhumia
Sambaru Bhumia
Sania Bhumia
Guru Bhumia
Benu Bhumia
Ghasi Bhumia
Arjun Bhumia
36
25
40
40
Farmer
Farmer
Farmer
Farmer
Bhumia
Bhumia
Bhumia
Bhumia
Sanagumma
Sanagumma
Sanagumma
Sanagumma
List of the Freedom Fighters of Malkangiri District
Sl.
Name
Gram Panchayat
Block
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
Jajram Jhola
Gangadhar Jhola
Gobind Kope
Dinabandhu Patka
Arjun Bhumia
Gurubari Bhumia
Nila Pujari
Narsingh Samarath
Sukra Pujari
Ram Jhelini
Hari Bhumia
Radhamani Dombu
Dhana Naik
Rama Hontaluni
Sunadei Baka
Birlaxmanpur
Birlaxmanpur
Gangola
Gangola
Luller
Udaygiri/Kartanpally
Balsaghat/Kiango
Sarang pally
Bakiliguda
Hataguda
Katapally
Bapanpally/Gangola
Kaliaguda
Katrimajhiguda
Nayakguda
21
Malkangiri
Malkangiri
Malkangiri
Malkangiri
Mathili
Mathili
Mathili
Mathili
Mathili
Mathili
Mathili
Mathili
Mathili
Mathili
Mathili
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
46.
47.
48.
49.
50.
51.
52.
53.
54.
55.
56.
Bagi Madkami
Ram Ch. Bhumia
Sonu Bhumia
Domai Sisa
Doimati Bhumia
Rukuma Bakari
Malati Dombo
Sukri Bhumia
Samari Barik
Laxman Bhumia
Rkmunidei Pujari
Kana Madi
Adul Golary
Jamuna kala Khura
Kana Madhi
Salapalli Laxmaya
Bejangi Era
Podiawi Era
Mircha Ganga
Beli Era
Beti Rami
Ram Ch.Behera
Santan Hantal
Madkami Era
Antum Kirsani
Bijaya Marse
Madi Podia
Gopi Kirsani
Madi Ram
Liman Bate
Arjun Bhumia
Samia Chakra
Gora Dalei
Sona Doudu
Dinabandhu Pathak
Bagani madkami
Samarh Nayak
Ghenu Bhumia
Sanyami Bhumia
Halu Bhumia
Banasing Bhumia
Kaliaguda/Chedenga
Sargiguda/Tumurupally
Udaygiri/Kiyango
Amlapadar
Damapada/Chedenga
Makhaguda/Nayakguda
Luller/Kiyango
Luller/Kiyango
Tentuliguma/Dondabadi
Nuaguda/Salimi
Podiarasi/Salimi
Dussand/Katapally
Kandiguda
Dhurmaguda/Vjguda
Dussand/Katapally
Kamaguda Malavaram
Kamraguda Malavarm
Kamraguda Malavarm
Thrajpalli Malavarm
Kamraguda Malavarm
Kamraguda Malavarm
Haradguda Bejangiwada
Karkatpalli Bejangiwada
Badaliguda Bejangiwada
Jodambo Papulur
Papulur Papulur
Posaguga Papulur
Manyamkonda Papulur
Gompakonda Papulur
B.L.Pur
B.L.Pur
B.L.Pur
B.L.Pur
Sanagumma
Sanagumma
Sanagumma
Nuaguda
Nuaguda
Nuaguda
Nuaguda
Nuaguda
22
Mathili
Mathili
Mathili Mathili
Mathili
Mathili
Mathili
Mathili
Mathili
Mathili
Mathili
Mathili
Khairiput
Mathili
Mathili
Kalimela
Kalimela
Kalimela
Kalimela
Kalimela
Kalimela
Kalimela
Kalimela
Kalimela
Kalimela
Kalimela
Kalimela
Kalimela
Kalimela
Mathili
Mathili
Mathili
Mathili
Mathili
Mathili
Mathili
Mathili
Mathili
Mathili
Mathili
Mathili
57.
58.
59.
60.
61.
62.
63.
64.
65.
66.
67.
68.
69.
70.
71.
72.
73.
74.
75.
76.
77.
78.
79.
80.
81.
82.
83.
84.
85.
86.
87.
88.
89.
90.
91.
Bulu Bhumia
Kora Domburu
Budura Dombo
Challan Durubha
Suna Madkami
Oma Bot
Ramayan Haria
Nichan Kop
Chaitan Pujari
Chandra Pujari
Kosana Pujari
Hatiram Kutia
Ram Ch. Goti
Majhi Mangla
Chandra Bhumia
Pala Sothi
Sanyasi Bhumia
Laxman Derua
Kend Naik
Rendari Dali
Ram Ch.Bhumia
Balaram Odhi
Harihar Behera
Govind Kope
Mangal Bhumia
Gangadhar Kope
Budu Khamar
Hatiram Nayak
Samiya Katia
Sukra Chalan
Keshab Teko
Hari Pujari
Samba Goud
Bulu Bhumia
Arjun NAyak
Sanagumma
Sanagumma
Sanagumma
Sanagumma
Sanagumma
Sanagumma
Sanagumma
Sanagumma
Sanagumma
Sanagumma
Sanagumma
Ataguda
Ataguda
Ataguda
Ataguda
Ataguda
Ataguda
Ataguda
Sanaguda
Sanaguda
Sanaguda
Sanaguda
Sanaguda
Sanaguda
Sanaguda
Sanaguda
Sanaguda
Sanaguda
Sanaguda
Sanaguda
Sanaguda
Sanaguda
Sanaguda
Sanaguda
Tentuligumma
Mathili
Mathili
Mathili
Mathili
Mathili
Mathili
Mathili
Mathili
Mathili
Mathili
Mathili
Mathili
Mathili
Mathili
Mathili
Mathili
Mathili
Mathili
Mathili
Mathili
Mathili
Mathili
Mathili
Mathili
Mathili
Mathili
Mathili
Mathili
Mathili
Mathili
Mathili
Mathili
Mathili
Mathili
Mathili
Merger of Princely State
Prior to 1936, Malkangiri was a part of Madras Presidency. In 1936,
Koraput District was separated from Madras Presidency and was merged
with Odisha. Malkangiri was a Tahasil in Koraput District. Malkangiri Tahasil
was then a part of Nawarangpur Sub-Division of Koraput District.
23
A Brief Account of Events in Post-Independent Period in Malkangiri
District
In 1958, Dandakaranya Development Project was implemented to
settle the refugees coming from East Pakistan. Malkangiri became a part of
this rehabilitation Project. The sphere of activity of the project has been
confined to the districts of Bastar in Madhya Pradesh and undivided Koraput
district. The Dandakaranya Development Autority (DNK Project) had
rehabilitated 8000 Bangaladesh displaced families in Malkangiri region. They
came in batches. During 1963, 132 villages were settled and these villages
are called as MV villages (MV-01 to MV-132). Again in 1975, displaced
persons due to Potteru Project in Malkangiri were settled in 81 Villages.
These villages are called as MPV Villages (MPV-01 to MPV-81).
Similarly in March 1980, 881 families of Tamil refugees from Srilanka
were settled in Malkangiri town. But subsequently they left Malkangiri to
settle in the state of Tamilinadu. Only 6 families are found staying at
Malkangiri District headquarters.
Balimela Hydro- Electric Power Poject
The Balimela Power Project is the second stage of development of
Machakund-Sileru River, the first stage being Machkund Project. Balimela
Dam is a joint project of Odisha and Andhra Pradesh government and the
inflow into the Balimela reservoir is shared between the two states on 50-50
basis. The entire power project has been subsequently transferred to the
control of Odisha State Electricity Board from 1-04-1979 and after reforms
and re-organisation this has come under Odisha Hydro Power Corporation,
Ltd. Bhubaneswar.
The District Industries Centre
st
The District industries centre Malkangiri was formed on 1 January,
2000. It was bifurcated from District Industries Centre (Koraput), Jeypore. It
is now working under the administrative control of the Directorate of
Industries, Odisha Cuttack. Up to 2014-15, a total number of 491 Micro
Small and Medium Enterprises (MSME) have been established in the district.
Banking–cum-Credit Structure
The Assistant Registrar of Cooperative Societies, Malkangiri Circle
Office started functioning on 13.04.1981 as a sub-divisional level office.
Though later on, Malkangiri District was formed in the year 1992, the
structure of cooperative Department remained the same. There are 18
Primary Cooperative Societies functioning in Malkangiri District. These
started to function from the year 1977. Koraput Central Cooperative Bank
24
(KCCB) Ltd. Jeypore opened a branch at Malkangiri in 1980 and another two
branches i.e. Balimela Branch and Kalimela Branch, in 2001.
State Bank of India (SBI) is the first, commercial Bank in the District to
open a branch in Malkangiri town in 1970. Thereafter, other commercial
banks followed the path. There are 18 commercial Bank branches, 14 nos of
RRB branches and 3 private banks functioning in the district (by 2014-15). In
addition to these there are 44 CSPs and 13 ATMs which are functioning in
different areas of the district.
Self Help Groups (SHGs) are now helping in providing micro-credit
facilities in rural areas. There are 3827 active SHGs functioning in the district
and they are enlisted with the Odisha Livelihoods Mission (OLM).
Regulated Marketing in the District
The Regulated Market Committee (RMC) Malkangiri was established
by a Notification No. 4829 (AC) dated 23.02.1981 of Government of Odisha
th
Co-operation Department and started functioning with effect from 13 April
1983. The prime objectives of the RMC are to eradicate unfair
middlemanship, to prevent unfair practices in weighment and pricing and to
save the farmers from the claws of the monopolistic traders. The RMC,
Malkangiri has established one main market yard at Malkangiri and 10 submarket-yards in different important places.
Road Communication
When the Madras Government took over the direct administration of
Jeypore estate in 1863, all road works in existence started. It was only about
1874 that carts could with difficulty cross the Ghats for the first time on the
newly laid road on the Ghats from Salur to Pottangi and on the Ghats
between Koraput to Borigumma. The first road to be constructed by the
British was from Jeypore- Anantagiri road. The Kotta-Malkangiri-Motu road
of 112 miles was earlier maintained by Public Works Division. It was
transferred to Dandakaranya Development Agency in 1965 for impovement
and maintenance. Apart from major district roads (MDR), other important
roads were earlier maintained by the Revenue Department and later on
transferred to Public Works Division for improvement and maintenance.
The Regional Transport Authority Controls the matters relating to
registration and issue of permit for motor vehicles. The OSRTC is also
th
operating in the district from 25 February 2014.The Asst. Transport
Manager with headquarters at Malkangiri is the Officer in Charge of OSRTC.
25
In Malkangiri District under PMGSY, 64 roads out 249 roads sanctioned
have been completed providing connectivity to 431 unconnected habitations
by 2015.
Motor Launch Service
The Earth Dam Division, Chitrakonda lakes special responsibility in
rendering motor Launch Service to the people of cut off areas in the
Balimela Dam Reservoir. Eight numbers of motor launches and one speed
boat are plying in the Reservoir in different routes namely.
1.
2.
3.
Ferry Ghat (Helipad) Chitrakonda to Jantri (61 Kms)
Ferry Ghat (Helipad) Chitrakonda to Janbai (21 Kms).
Ferry Ghat (Helipad) Chitrakonda to Sindhiput (45 Kms)
Each Motor Launch is provided with five number of staffs i.e. one driver,
one Saranga, one seacunny and two Khalasis.
The Gurupriya Setu, the bridge under construction, would connect the
villages of the cut off area with rest of the main land of Malkangiri once it is
completed. The work is progressing slowly and cautiously due to threat from
left wing extremists.
Law and Order Situation
Currently the prominent issue of Malkangiri District is Maoist insurgency
which is favorable due to the dense forests and hilly terrains covering the
district. The Naxal violence started in the Malkangiri in 1990s. Since the
formation of the district, the Naxals have killed 90 civilians and 95 Police
personnel. 38 Naxals have been killed in the encounter and 116 Naxals
have surrendered (by 2014-15). The surrendered Naxals are rehabilitated as
per the package of the government.
Social Unrest and Left Wing Extremism (LWE)
Malkangiri district is one of the worst LWE affected districts in the
country. Maintaining the day to day law and order and ensuring a secured
atmosphere is in itself a major challenge to the police force as well as to the
district administration.
Malkangiri District is geographically located in the South-Western Part
of Odisha. It shares border with Chatisgarh and Andhra Pradesh. Movement
of large numbers of armed naxal cadres in the bordering areas is reported
frequently. As most of the areas are surrounded by hills and dense forests
these areas are inaccessible and are safe havens for the naxalites. The
State Government have taken several measures to upgrade the capacity to
deal with the menace. State Government has substantially augmented the
26
strength of Special Operations Group (SOG) and Special Intelligence Wing
(SIW), which are in the forefront of anti-Maoist operations. Special Security
Battalions have been created to enhance the capacity of Maoist affected
Police Stations. Odisha Special Striking Force (OSSF) has been created by
inducting ex-servicemen for guarding vulnerable Police Stations, Jails, etc.
An auxiliary force has been created by recruiting tribal youths from the
affected districts to supplement the capacity of the District Police. They are
being inducted into the regular force i.e. Odisha Auxiliary Police Force
(OAPF) in a phased manner. The District Volunteer Force (DVF) has also
been engaged. State Government has operationalised the India Reserve
Battalions. Steps are underway to raise Central Armed Police Forces
(CAPFs) Battalions including a COBRA Battalion which have been
strategically deployed in the affected areas. The State Government is also
re-shaping its Surrender and Rehabilitation Scheme by incorporating therein
the modifications suggested by the Ministry of Home Affairs. The State
Government has also declared cash reward on identified CPI (Maoist)
leaders/ cadres operating in the state.
Police Organisation
Malkangiri Police District started functioning with effect from 02.10.1992
with one superintendent of Police, one SDPS, one Dy. SP. Now the
sanctioned strength is one S.P., one SDPS, 05 Dy. S.P.. The Office of
SDPO, Chitrakonda is functioning since the year 2009. Out of a sanctioned
strength of OAPF of 237 (in different ranks) 195 are in position. There are 2
police sub-divisions in the district i.e. Malkangiri and Chitrokonda. Under
Malkangiri Police Sub-division 7 Police stations and under Chitrokonda
Police sub-division 5 Police stations are functioning.
Integrated Anti-Human Trafficking Unit (IAHTU) is a special unit
established at the District Police Office, Malkangiri in 2015 with the objective
of combating human trafficking and to rescue the victims. It also plays a vital
role in rescuing missing children under the programme named ―Muskan‖ and
it also rescues child labours under the operations ―Smile‖.
rd
73 Amendments to the Constitution and Local Self Government
rd
After the 73 Amendment to the constitution, 1993, the three tier
th
Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs) got constitutional status. Similarly, the 74
Amendment conferred constitutional status upon urban local bodies. All
these ensured strong constitutional bodies at the grassroot level giving voice
to the people, especially those who live in remote pockets of Malkangiri
district. With 50% reservation for women in the elected institutions, many of
these bodies are headed by women members.
27
By 1992, there was 77 Gram Panchayats in 7 Panchayat Samities.
rd
Besides, there are two urban local bodies. By virtue of the 73 Amendment
to the constitution, the Panchayat Raj System was reformed in Malkangiri
District with the creation of Zilla Parishad at District level.
In 2001, the Gram Panchayats were reorganised and the number of
G.Ps increased by 31 in Malkangiri District and total number of G.Ps have
gone up to 108.
Implementation of Panchayat Extension to Scheduled Areas (PESA)
Act
th
The PESA Act came into force from 24 December 1996. The last
General Election to the PRIs was conducted during February 2012. As
Malkangiri District comes under Scheduled Area, elections to the offices like
Ward Members, Sarapanchas, P.S. Members and Zilla Parishad members
were conducted following the reservation criteria mandated in PESA Act,
rd
1996 and 73 Constitutional Amendment, 1993.
PESA Act is an extension of the provisions to the Scheduled Areas with
additional powers that help facilitate empowerment of the ST people across
the country. The Act is to empower Gram Sabha as a basic unit of
participatory democracy at the grassroot. The mandatory provision of the Act
ensuring tribal communities like control over natural resources, granting
licenses for minor minerals and their exploitation and acquisition of land by
government for development projects, which were proposed to be enforced
through Gram Sabha are being tried to be complied with. Still there is the
need to address the issue of awareness generation among the tribal masses
and to utilise the capacities of their traditional leaders for village
development.
Tribal Development
Malkangiri is a tribal-dominated district where 57.8% of the population
are tribals (2011). In the rural areas of the district percentage of tribal
population is 98.22%. These tribals are economically and socially backward.
This situation calls for immediate actions for building rural infrastructure and
conserving natural resources, developing programmes for income
generation on sustainable basis and restructuring and energising social
security system.
Various approaches for tribal developments were earlier made like,
Special Multipurpose Tribal Development Blocks (SMPT), Tribal
Development Blocks and Tribal Development Agencies, etc. The tribals
could not get their due share through such earlier approaches. As a new
strategy of socio economic development of the tribals, the Tribal Sub-Plan
28
approach was evolved during the Fifth Five-year plan with the twin objectives
of accelerated socio-economic development of tribals and their protection
from various forms of exploitation.
The ITDA is working as a nodal agency in terms of Plan formulation,
implementation of programmes and to give effect to the Tribal sub-plan. The
strategies for tribal development mainly include educational development,
implementation of employment generating programmes, self-employment
schemes, skill upgradation, checking land alienation, controlling money
lending activities in rural areas, protecting tribals from exploitation,
empowerment of women, implementation of Forest-Right Act, ensuring rural
connectivity and special attention for development of primitive tribal groups
living in the District.
Development of Primitive Tribal Groups (The Micro Projects)
The Bonda and Didayi are two primitive tribal groups, presently called
as Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PVTGs) found living in Malkangiri
District. Two micro projects funded by Government of India, Ministry of
Welfare have been functioning, namely, the Bonda Development Agency
(BDA) Mudulipada, and the Didayi Development Agency (DDA),
Kudumulugumma since 1976-77 and 1986-87 respectively. These are
functioning under the administrative control of Welfare Department,
Government of Odisha. 29 Bonda villages of Khairiput Block and 37 Didayi
Villages of Kudumulugumma Block came under the jurisdiction of respective
micro projects. The main objectives of these projects are to implement
schemes and programmes for all-round socio-economic development of
these primitive tribal groups.
Forest Right Act- 2006 and Its Implementation
Under Forest Right Act, 2006, Forest right titles have been distributed
in Malkangiri district from 2006 onwards. In Malkangiri Forest Division,
28,273 titles have been distributed to ST people involving revenue and forest
area of about 28806.248 hectares.
Educational Scenario
Malkangiri is a district with the lowest literacy rate (i.e. 49.49% as per
2011 census) as against the state average of 73.45%. Efforts are being
made in post independence period to increase the rate of literacy and level
of education in the district.
For school management, there are one District Education Officer, one
Addl. District Education Officer, One District Science Supervisor, Seven
Block Education Officers, 21 Assistant Block Education Officers. Elementary
Education and Secondary Education are coming under the Department of
29
School and Mass Education. The Odisha Primary Education Programme
Authority (OPEPA) is responsible for implementing the Sarva Shiksha
Abhijan (SSA), Mid-Day meal Programme (MDM), National Programme for
Education of Girls at Elementary Level (NPEGEL), Kasturava Gandhi Balika
Vidyalaya (KGBV) and Rastriya Madhyamik Shiksha Abhijan (RMSA)
programmes.
There are 866 Primary Schools (for co-education), 345 UP-Primary
Schools (for co-education), and 77 High Schools (76 for co-education and 1
for Girls), in all 1288 Schools run by School and Mass Education
Department. On the otherhand, SC and ST Department runs 70 Schools in
the district. There are 29 Private Aided Schools and 32 Private un-Aided
Schools in the district. There are 4 Education institutions managed by the
Central Government. These are Kendriya Vidyalaya (KV), Malkangiri,
Ekalabya Model English Medium School, Challanguda, JNV, Malkangiri-1
and JNV, Malkangiri–II. There are seven Degree Colleges in Malkangiri
District affiliated to Berhampur University. Again there are 10 Junior Colleges
(+2 Level Colleges) which are functioning under the control of the Council of
Higher Secondary Education, Odisha.
There is one ITI and one DIET educational institution, which are meant
for Technical Education and are functioning in the District.
Medical and Health Services
For providing health services and managing the health system, the
district headquarters Hospital is situated at the heart of Malkangiri Town. The
Chief District Medical Officer is the Chief Administrative Officer at district
level. There are Asst. District Medical Officers like- ADMO- Family Welfare,
ADMO, Public Health, ADMO, Medical District Tuberarlosis Officer (D.T.O.),
District Leprosy Officer (DLO), District Malaria Officer (DMO) and District
Surveillance Officer (DSO), etc. to assist the CDMO in various fields of
activities. In Malkangiri District in addition to the District headquarters
Hospital, there are 8 Community Health Centres, 24 Primary Health Centres
(New), 158 Sub-centres, 4 Area Hospitals and 10 Mobile Health Teams.
There are 16 Ambulances, six 108 Ambulances and eight 102 Ambulances
available to serve the patients in emergency. Total numbers of hospital beds
available are 326.
Ayush: It is an acronym for Ayurveda, Yoga, Unani, Siddha and
Homeopathy-is a system of medicine that has been integrated into the
Indian National Health Care delivery system to strengthen the public health
in rural areas. In Malkangiri District 2 categories of treatment are provided
under AYUSH system i.e. Homeopathic and Ayurvedic. There are 16
AYUSH doctors who are working against 32 sanction posts. The Mobile
30
Health Team (MHT) under Rastriya Bal Swastya Karyakram (RBSK) is
exclusively managed by the AYUSH doctors.
The National Rural Health Mission (NRHM) provides every village with
a trained female community health activist called as ASHA (Accredited
Social Health Activist), who is an interface between the community and the
public health system. A total of 1089 ASHA workers are working in the
district.
Political Life and Voluntary Organisation
Political Parties
There is presence of National Level political parties in the district like
Indian National Congress, Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), CPI, CPM and
regional parties like Biju Janata Dal (BJD), Bahujan Samaj Party (BSP),
Trinamul Congress Party (TMC), etc. Congress, BJP and BJD are the major
political parties in the district.
The whole distrtict is divided into two Assembly constituencies i.e. (a)
146- Malkangiri, ST, Reserved and (b) 147- Chitrokonda, ST, Reserved. The
whole of the district is represented by Nawarangpur Lok Sabha constituency.
NGO‟s Participation
A number of NGOs are working in the district. They are working in
collaboration with District Administration on different schemes and
programmes. Some of the NGOs have been engaged as facilitating
agencies in programmes like OTELP-Plus (ITDA), NREGA-CFT
Convergence (DRDA), NRLM (DRDA) and NRHM (CDMO). These
organisations are working for the overall development of the underprivileged
sections in the districts.
Social Welfare and Social Security Programmes
The schemes relating to Women and Child Development are being
implemented in the district by the Blocks and ICDS. There are seven ICDS
Projects working in 7 Blocks of the District. These were set up between 1982
and 1992. The main objective behind establishment of ICDS is to develop
nutritional status of the pregnant women, nursing mothers and children. The
six-package programme which are undertaken by the ICDS Project are like
Nutrition Health Check-up, Referral Service, Immunisation, Health Education
and Pre-school.
There are 1020 Anganwadi Centres (AWCs) and 230 Mini AWCs now
functioning in the district.
A number of social security schemes are in operation in the district.
Pension provision for old, infirm, destitute widows, disabled persons,
31
unmarried women above 30 years are being made and they are being paid
th
in the shape of cash on the 15 day of every month.
Poor and targeted group receives 10 kg of rice free of cost under
Annapurna Scheme. Help is provided to disabled persons under Bhima Bhoi
Samarthya Abhijan and Disabled students get scholarships under Banishree
Scheme.
These are some of the noteworthy events in the post-independence
period in Malkangiri District.
32
CHAPTER-III
PEOPLE AND DEMOGRAPHY
Population Size
Malkangiri district is full of natural beauty. Long range hills, dense
forests, rivers, streams, reservoir and waterfalls are the major attractions of
the district. The landscape of the district presents a scenic beauty. The
average elevation of the district is 350 m above the sea level having the
highest elevation of 926 meters above sea level. The district is having 5,791
sq kms of geographical area.
As per the 2011 census, Malkangiri had a population of 6, 13,192, out
of which male and female were 3,03,624 and 3,09,568 respectively. In 2001
census, Malkangiri had a population of 5, 04,198, out of which males were
2,52,507 and remaining 2,51,691 were females.
Population Growth Rate
There was a growth of 21.62% in the population in 2011 compared to
population of 2001 census. In the censusof 2001, Malkangiri district
recorded an increase of 19.39% to its population over 1991 census.
Population Density
Density of Population is one of the most important aspects of
Demographic Study, which indicates the concentration of population in a
particular area. The density is defined as the average number of persons
residing in an area of one square kilometre. As per census of 2011, the
population density of Malkangiri district was 106 per Sq. Km., which was at
87 people per Sq. Km. as per census of 2001, thus making it one of the most
sparsely populated areas of the state of Odisha.
Demographic Status
The demographic position of the Malkangiri District in the state as per
2011 census is 24. The total population of the district is 613192. Out of this,
563664 (91.9%) lived in rural areas and 49528 (8.1%) lived in urban areas.
AGE AND SEX COMPOSITION
Sex Composition
Sex Composition is one of the most important demographic indicators
for studying the population trend and demographic analysis etc. Sex ratio is
33
defined as number of females per thousand males, which is an important
social indicator to study the sex differentials in a society.
Sex Ratio
With regards to Sex Ratio in Malkangiri, it is 1016 females per 1000
males as per the census of 2011. In 2001 census this figure was 997. The
national sex ratio is 940 as per latest reports of census 2011. In 2011
census, child sex ratio is 992 girls per 1000 boys. There were 982 girls per
1000 boys as per the 2001 census data.
Table No. 3.1
Sex Ratio in the District in 2001 and 2011 Census
Census
Female per 1000 male
Child sex ratio (No of girls per 1000
boys)
2001
997
982
2011
1016
992
Source: Census of India 2001 and 2011
Table No. 3.2
Child Sex Composition
Child Population
Child (0-6) Male Population of
Malkangiri
Child (0-6) Female Population of
Malkangiri
Child (0-6) Population of Malkangiri
(Total)
Child (0-6) Population % of Malkangiri
2001 Census
2011 Census
41844
53369
41413
52267
83257
105636
17.81
17.24%
Source: Census of India 2001 and 2011
Child Population
There were in total 1, 05,636 children under the age of 0–6 as per
census-2011 against 83,257 of 2001 census. Out of 1,05,635 child
population, male and female population are 53,369 and 52,267 respectively.
Child sex ratio as per census 2001 was 992 compared to 982 of census
2001. In 2011, children between 0-6 ages formed 17.79 percent of the total
population in Malkangiri District compared to 17.81 percent in 2001 Census.
There was a net change of -0.02% in this Census compared to previous
census of India.
34
Table No. 3.3
Demographic Information of Malkangiri District in 2001 and 2011
Description
2011
Population
Male
Female
Population Growth
Area / Sq. Km
Density / Km
% to Odisha Population
Sex Ratio (Per 1000)
Child Sex Ratio (0–6 age)
Average Literacy
Male Literacy
Female Literacy
Total Child Population (0– 6 age)
Male Population (0–6 age)
Female Population (0–6 age)
Literates
Male Literates
Female Literates
Child %
Boys‘ Population
Girls‘ Population
Inhabited villages
Un-inhabited village
6,13,192
3,03,624
3,09,568
21.62%
5,791
106
1.46%
1020
992
49.49
60.29
38.95
1,09,092
54,770
54,332
244706
147001
97705
17.79%
18.04%
17.55%
979
66
2001
5,04,198
252507
251691
19.39%
5791
87
1.37%
997
982
30.53
40.14
20.91
89,813
45,315
44,498
1,26,498
83,170
43,328
17.81%
17.95%
17.68%
Rural and Urban Population
As per 2011 census a total of 49,528 (8.08%) people live in urban
areas, out of which males were 25,723 and female were 23,805. Sex ratio in
urban region of Malkangiri district was 925 females per 1000 males.
Similarly, the child sex ratio in Malkangiri district was 947 girls per 1000 boys
in 2011 census. Child population (0-6) in urban region was 6,827, out of
which males and females were 3,507 and 3,320 respectively. The urban
child population of Malkangiri district is 13.63% of the total urban population.
Average literacy rate in Malkangiri district as per the census 2011 was
49.49% of which male and female literacy rates were 60.29% and 38.95%
respectively.
35
As per 2011 census, 91.92% population of Malkangiri district lived in
rural areas. The rural population of the district was 5,63,664 of which males
and females were 2,77,901 and 258,763 respectively. The rural sex ratio is
1028 i.e., 1028 females per 1000 males. Child population 0-6 age group is
102,265 in rural areas. The child population is 18.45% to that of total rural
population of Malkangiri district. Literacy rate in rural areas of the district is
46.14%. Gender-wise male and female literacy stood at 56.69% and 35.96
% respectively.
Scheduled Tribe Population
Malkangiri is a District with much diversity. Malkangiri is a tribal
dominated district. The geography of Malkangiri is marked by different hill
terrains, far-flung cut-off area and dense forest in which the tribals live in
majority.
Total number of tribals in Malkangiri district is 3,54,614 i.e. 57.8% of
total population (2011 census). Out of this male ST Population is 1,71,717
and female ST population is 1,82,897. Out of the total ST population
3,46,465 (97.8%) are staying in the rural area and 8,149 (2.2%) are staying
in urban area.
Malkangiri district is inhabited by 13 major tribal groups with sizeable
population out of which Bonda and Didayi are designated as ―particularly
vulnerable‖. These tribals are mostly hunters, gatherer of forest produce and
cultivators; both shifting cultivators and settled cultivators. The Koyas are
spread over five blocks of the district and are having the largest population
share among the STs. Malkangiri has the lowest Gender Development Index
(0.362) and Human development Index (0.370). The tribals of the district are
socio-economically backward. A majority of them live below the povertyline.
Scheduled Caste Population
As per the 2011 Census, there are 1,38,295 SC people in Malkangiri
District. It is 22.6% of the total Population. Out of total SC population, 70,052
are males and 68,243 are females. From among these people 1,22,797 are
living in rural and 15,498 are living in the urban areas. The district also has a
large population of settlers who have migrated from East Pakistan since
1958. They have been given Scheduled Caste status.
36
Distribution of Population
Table No. 3.4
Block-wise Population of Malkangiri District (2011)
Sl
N
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Name of the House
Block
Hold No
Malkangiri
15241
Korkunda
27481
Mathili
21641
Khairput
9752
K.Gumma
13900
Kalimela
26615
Podia
13093
Municipality,
7150
Malkangiri
9 NAC,
2758
Balimela
Total
137631
Male
Female
ST
SC
Others
34218
61417
47658
20208
29764
59360
28629
16358
35896
63298
48714
21430
31299
59550
28948
14649
48327
69442
70279
30208
46799
48877
33779
6013
14349
34682
10145
3054
5417
42447
15515
8747
7438
20591
15948
8376
8847
27586
8283
16247
Total
Population
70114
124715
96372
41638
61063
118910
57577
31007
6023
5773
1052
3939
6805
11796
303635 309557 354614 138295 120121
613192
Literacy
Level of education or Literacy is one of the significant indicators of
development of a society. It provides an important data source for
formulation and implementation of policies and programmes of Government
and a Non-Government Organizations. A literate is ‗a person aged 07 years
and above who can both read and write with understanding in any
language‘. As per the indicators of demographic profile, Malkangiri was
having the lowest literacy rate of 30.53% in the state (2001). It has increased
to 49.49 % during the census 2011.
Table No. 3.5
Total and Sex-wise Literates in Malkangiri District (2001 and 2011)
Parameters
Total Literates
Total Male Literates
Total Female Literates
All community Total Literacy Rate
All community Male Literacy Rate
All community Female Literacy Rate
2001 census
1,24,082
81,890
42,192
30.53
40.14
20.91
Source: Census of India 2001 AND 2011
37
2011 census
2,50,964
1,51,050
99,914
49.49
60.29
38.95
Table No. 3.6
Demographic Comparision between the State and the District
Aspects
Male population
Female
population
Total population
Population
density
Female per 1000
male
0-6 Population
Literacy
rate,
Male
Literacy
rate,
Female
Literacy rate Total
Odisha
2001
2011
1,86,12,340 2,12,01,678
Malkangiri
2001
2011
252507
3,03,624
1,80,94,580
2,07,45,680
2,51,691
3,09,565
3,67,07,000
236 per
sq.km.
41947358
269 per sq
km
5,04,198
87 per
sq.km.
6,13,192
106 per sq.
km
972
934.4
997
1016
53,44,539
50,35,650
89,813
1,05,636
71.28
82.40
40.14
60.29
50.51
64.36
20.91
38.95
63.08
73.45
30.53
49.49
Source: Census of India 2001 AND 2011
Table No. 3.7
Block-wise Demographic Profile of Malkangiri District
Sl
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Panchayat
Samitis/
ULBs
Malkangiri
(Block)
Korukonda
Mathili
Khairput
K.Gumma
Kalimela
Podia
Municipality
Malkangiri
NACBalimela
TOTAL
Area
Sq. Km.
Total
Population
752.48
70,114
869.56
892.76
639.00
987.59
724.56
902.14
18.06
Households
Villages
Gram
Panchayats
15,241
83
13
1,24,715
96,372
41,638
61,063
1,18,910
57,577
31,007
27,481
21,641
9,752
13,900
26,615
13,093
7,150
187
149
130
271
144
81
-
24
20
9
11
21
10
4.85
11,796
2,758
-
5,791
6,13,192
1,37,631
1,045
108
Population Composition
The district is unique for its pattern, diversity and colourful population.
Further with resettlement and rehabilitation of Bengali refugees from East
38
Pakistan during the year 1958-59, this district has become a cultural
cauldron of races.
Ethnic Profile of Scheduled Tribes
A number of tribes of varying population inhabit Malkangiri District.
There are a total number of 56 tribes (big and small) who live in different
parts of the district. As mentioned above, total tribal population of the district
is 3,54,614 consisting of 1,71,717 males and 1,82,897 females (2011
census). This shows that the females outnumber the males among the
tribals of the district.
From demographic point of view, Koyas are the major tribal community
in the district with a population of 1,45,652 followed by Bhumia (7,115),
Paraja (38,726) and Kandha (21,824). It is interesting to note that there are
29 number of tribes in the district having a population less than 100 each.
Other tribes with less number population are Bhuyan, Gandia, Gond, Munda,
Omanatya, Pentia and Saora whose population is less than 500 each. On
the other hand, there are 03 number of tribes with population between 500
and 1000. They are Banjara, Bhumij, and Sabar. The Tribes like Bhottada,
Gandia, Kandha, Gauda, Kotia, Matya, Parenga and Santal have a
population between 1000 and 5000. Lastly, tribal group with population
range of 5,000 to 10,000 are Bonda (11,574), Dharua (8,128), Didayi
(8,735), Holva (5,030) and Konda Dora (7,937). Among them tribals like the
Bonda and the Didayi have been declared as Particularly Vulnerable Tribal
Groups (PVTGs) who were earlier known as Primitive Tribals Groups
(PTGs). Special Mirco Projects are being implemented by the Government
for their all round socio economic development.
A vast majarity of the tribals of Malkangiri district live in rural areas and
only very small number (2.2%) of them reside in Uran areas.
Ethnic Profile of Scheduled Caste Communities
There were 64 categories of Scheduled Castes with a population of
1,34,676 (2011 Census) in Malkangiri Distrist of which 68,190 were males
and 66,486 females. Unlike that of the STs, the males out number females
among the SC people in the district.
The Nama Sudras are having the highest population (96,304) among
the scheduled caste groups. They are the East Pakistan refugees
rehabilitated under Dandakaranya Project of the Government. It is also quite
interesting to note that out of 64 types of SCs in the district as many as 48
types have a population less than 100 each.
39
From population point of view next to Namasudras are Dombo with a
population of 26,566, Katia 5,606, Dhibara 1,196, Dhoba 1,079, Kandara
514 and Ghasi 505. Other SC people like Adi Andhra, Pantanti, Valmiki,
Pano, Patua, Mala, Madari and Hadi have a population between 100 and
500 each.
Out of the total Scheduled Caste people of the district (1,34,676),
1,20,317 (89.33%) are residing in rural areas and 14,359 (10.67%) are
residing in urban areas.
The Bengalis In Malkangiri District
The Vast barren tract of Malkangiri District offered the ideal solution to
the problems of rehabilitating displaced Bengali refugees in the year 195859 under the DNK Project. Most of them are treated as SCs. They are in a
better position in every respect in comparison to the Tribals, although Tribal
population is in majority in the District. Tribal societies have been mostly
closed society as far as their contact and communication with far away
groups are concerned. Their concentration in different blocks in high
percentage is clearly indicating so. Bengalis have been settled in Kalimela,
Korukonda, Podia and Malkangiri blocks and thus they constitute major
proportion of SCs. They now have moved towards Municipality and NAC
areas in large numbers. About 34% population in Balimela NAC and 28.2%
in Malkangiri Municipality belong to Scheduled Castes (2011 Census), the
majority of whom are the Namasudras.
Population Distribution on the Basis of Religion
Table No. 3.8
The breakups of population on the basis of Religion in Malkangiri
District (2001 and 2011 Census)
SI.
Religion
Population 2001
Population 2011
Census
(Census)
1
Hindu
4,95,556
6,00,219
2
Muslim
1,807
1,871
3
Christian
6,300
10,039
4
Sikh
24
213
5
Buddhist
12
43
6
Jain
135
195
7
Others
208
35
8
Religion not stated
156
577
Total
5,04,198
6,13,192
The above table shows that out of total population of the district 97.8%
are Hindus. Hence, the Hindus are in majority. Next to Hindus are the
40
Christians with a population of 10,039 (10.63%), and the Muslims numbering
1,871 (0.3%). The Sikhs, Budhists and Jainas are found in very less number.
Immigration and Emigration
Malkangiri was selected as a part of Dandakaranya Rehabilitation
Project. After launching of the Dandakaranya Development Project, East
Pakistan Refugees started coming to the District in 1963. During 1963, 132
villages were settled which are now called as M.V. villages. The villages are
numbered from 1 to 132. MV stands for Malkangiri Village. The majority of
people among these Refugees are Namasudras. The Namasudras are
treated as SCs. Similarly, in 1975, displaced people of Potteru project were
settled in 81 villages and these villages are called as M.P.V (Malkangiri
Potteru villages and are numbered from 1 to 81.
Similarly, in March 1990, 881 of families of Tamil Refugees from Sri
Lanka were settled at Malkangiri town. Subsequently, most of them left
leaving Malkangiri to settle in the State of Tamilnadu.
The tribal people living in the border areas of the district are in the habit
of immigrating periodically. These features are more prominent among the
tribes boarding Andhra Pradesh.
General Structure of Tribes
The tribes of Malkangiri can broadly be divided into the following three
broad divisions:
1.
Real primitive tribes
These tribes are isolated and distinguished from the non-tribal people
and in some cases also from other tribes. They maintain a language of
their own and have manners, customs, practices, dresses and
appearance which are specially distinctive of them. They have an
unstable economy and mostly depend on shifting cultivation and minor
forest produce. They do not stay in one village for generations together
but when the adjoining areas are no longer suitable to derive a living,
they desert the place and settle in another place. Most of them speak a
Dravidian tongue.
2.
Tribes in transition
These tribes have come nearer the civilization and have adapted
themselves to the civilized society in different degrees. They readily
adopt the economic system of the civilized society, but their social
organization is less responsive to change. They speak their own tribal
41
language while talking among themselves but they talk either in Odia or
Desia with outsiders.
3.
Assimilated Tribes
These tribes have been completely assimilated with the Hindu society
and their status has become equivalent to one or other of the
established castes. They speak either Odia or Desiya even when they
talk among themselves. They have adopted the dress and ornaments
of the Hindus and also practice the Hindu religion though in most cases
they have their local gods. (Senapati and Sahu, Koraput District
Gazetter; 1966-PP-97, 98)
Against this background the general structure of the tribes is discussed
below with reference to important tribes of the district.
The Bonda
Among the sixty two tribes in Odisha, the Bonda tribe is one of the
Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups which is found in Malkangiri District.
The Bonda Tribe is mainly settled in the hill terrains of Eastern Ghats in the
north-west of Machakunda River. This area is known as Bonda hills and it
administratively comes under Khairput Block. The Bonda people belong to
proto-Australid racial stock and speak a dialect of their own called ―Remo‖
which belongs to South Munda group of Austric family.
The Bondas are numerically a small group compared to other tribal
communities found in the State. During the year 1941 their population was
only 2565 which have increased to 4677 during 1961 and subsequently to
5538 in 1971 Census. It further increased for 5859 in 1981 census to 7315
in 1991 census. In 2011 census, there were 11,574 Bonda Population of
which 5240 males and 6150 females were staying in rural villages and 87
male and 97 females were staying in urban areas in Malkangiri District. In all,
there are 5327 males and 6,247 females among the Bondas as per the 2011
Census Report.
42
The Bondas, who have lived in near isolation in the higher hills, are a
fiercely independent, stubborn and aggressive tribe. The Bondas, known as
Remo (men), are a small Austro-Asiatic tribe. The country on the north-west
of Machakunda River is wild and mountainous situated. They have remained
comparatively unaffected the march of the so called civilisation. By the
plainsmen and officials, the Bondas are regarded as entirely savage, almost
as the classic savage type.
With strange dressing pattern and appearance of their unfamiliar
tongue they speak a different Astro-Asiatic language. The inaccessibility of
their abode separates them from other tribes of the district. The origin and
affiliations of the Bondas are obscure, but one may accept the possibility that
they are members of a group of Austro-Asiatic tribes which at some remote
date took shelter in the wild Jeypore hills. There is every reason to believe
that the Bondas have changed very little during their long period of history
and in them one can study a type of character and its material expression
that may be of millennia old. Bondas are regarded as the oldest tribal people
43
living in Malkangiri District. They live in the mountains at the height of 3000
feet. In 2011 draft census their number was 11,574 in which male number
was 5,327 and female number was 6,247.
These people live in Bonda Hill under Khairput Block. They are mainly
of two types like; Ontal and Kilo. Bondas practise of Podu Cultivation and
Bonda women help them in this job. In Bonda community the bride is
generally older than the groom. The Bonda women traditionally use Ringa or
Nadi of about 2 feet in length and one foot in width to cover the lower portion
of their body. They cover their body with large number of necklaces,
aluminium bonds, nose rings and anklets etc. Bonda male uses a Loin cloth
of 3 feet in length and 1.5 feet in width. In the month of Magha "Patkhanda
Yatra" at Mudulipada is the main festivals of Bondas. By nature Bondas are
short tempered and they get angry at the simplest provocation, forget the
relationship and commit murder.
They still practice the barter systems, exchanging the produce of their
fields for articles of daily use. However, their economy is gradually being
monetised. An interesting feature of the Bonda marriage is that Bonda girls
prefer to marry younger boys, so they may have someone to earn for them in
their old age.
A Micro Project namely ―Bonda Development Agency‖ has been
launched in the year 1976-77 to implement various programmes for their
overall development.
The Didayi
Didayi are the other important primitive tribal group. They have rich
heritage. They are said to be the progeny of Bondas. Thurston holds the
view that the Didayis are part of the Paraja tribe. Dr. Elwin quoting a Bonda
myth says ―The eldest brother was a Bhoi Gadava, the next an Asur Gadava
and the remaining are the Kondo, Bondo, Didayi etc.‖
44
The relationship of the Didayis and the Bonda, Paraja and the Gadava
is very intimate and matrimonial relationships between the Didayi and others,
though clandestine in nature, are not found wanting. In spite of all these they
maintain their distinctive identity and cannot be regarded as a part of any
tribe. They have been enlisted as a scheduled tribe. Didayis are settled in
Malkangiri District on both sides of the river Machhakunda in the centre of
Kandakamberu Hills. Didayies live in five panchayats of Kudumulugumma
Panchayat Samiti. Didayies have their own language. They live in houses
made of wood and bamboo. They color the walls of the houses. Their
houses are very neat and clean. Hunting, fishing and cultivation are the main
occupation of Didayis. Their cultural life, hospitality and method of treatment
of diseases are praise worthy. For the development of Didayies, there is a
special project called ―Didayi Development Agency‖ which is working with
head quarters at Kudumulugumma.
The Koya
The Koya is a tribe inhabiting the hills in the north of the Godavari
district and are also found in Malkangiri district. They are said to belong to
the great Gond family. The Koyas have a tradition that about two hundred
years ago they were driven from the plateau in the Baster country by famine
and disputes.
Koyas are found in Kalimela, Podia, Malkangiri and Korukonda Blocks
of Malkangiri District. Koyas are the largest in population among the tribes of
Malkangiri. The total Koya Population was 1,44,786 in 2011 Census. Out of
these 69,724 are males and 75062 are females. 866 Koya people are
residing in urban sector of the district. Out of them 500 are male and 366 are
female. They don't settle at any place permanently. They shift from one
village to another eithr in seach of new land, or for fear of spiritual elements
which may cause natural calamities.
45
They rear Pigs, Goats, Cows and Hens. The main festival of Koyas is
"Bijapandu" festival celebrated in the month of Chaitra. They live in low
thatched houses. They cultivate Tobacco leaf, Mandia, Maize, Bhatta Paddy.
Mahuli and Salapa are their ideal drinks. The head of the Koya village is
called "Peda" and the post is hereditary. Few villages constitute a "Mutha" or
"Panchayat" and the head of the Mutha is called "Muthadar". A "Katual" help
the Muthadar in the village. In 1880 there was revolt against British rule by
the great Koya leader Tama Dora, which is famous in the Indian history as
"Koya Revolution".
The Socio-economic and political life of Koyas have been greatly
affected after the settlement of Bangladesh refugees in their area under
Dandakaranya Project since 1958.
The Bhumia
Bhumias are also a tribe living in Malkangiri District. They are also
found in Nawarangpur, Kandhamal, Koraput, Ganjam, Gajapati, Sambalpur
and Sundergarh districts of Odisha. Next to the Koyas, this tribe occupies
the second position in population. As per 2011 census there were 71,152
Bhumia people in the district. The head of the village is called "Mukhia". One
"Bhattanaik" is in charge of 20 villages.
46
Bhumias are settled agriculturists. They mostly grow paddy. Rice beer
is their favourite drink. During feasts and festivals they drink Mahua liquar.
Most of the Bhumias took part in the Indian freedom struggle and their
contribution to the freedom struggle is an unforgettable event. Saheed
Laxman Nayak belonged to this community. Gradually they are adopting
Hindu manners and customs. The clan system regulates their marriages.
The most common practice of their marriage is through negotiation.
Marriages by caputure, by service and by intrustion are also prevalent.
The Gadaba
The Gadaba are a tribe belonging to Mundari or Kolarian linguistic
groups. The word ‗Gadaba‘ signifies a person who carries loads on his
shoulders. The tribe calls themselves as Guthan. They speak a Mundari
dialect and the language is called Gutab. Their population is 11,816 in
Malkangiri District as per the Census Report of 2011. They are also found in
Koraput, Kalahandi, Sundargarh, Ganjam, Sambalpur, Boudh-Kandhamal
Districts.
47
The Gadabas are a tribe of agriculturists, coolies and hunters. They
were earlier employed as palinquin bearers in the hills. They domesticate
local varieties of cows, buffaloes, goats, pigs and poultry.
It is believed that the ancestors of the Gadabas emigrated from the
bank of Godavari river and settled in Nandapur, the former capital of rajas of
Jeypore. Gadabas use scanty clothes. Men folk wear a piece of lion cloth
called ―Lenguthi‖. The women wear a long strip of cloth. Earlier it was
prepared from ‗Kerang‘ fibre. Gadaba women are fond of wearing a number
of ornaments like earrings, nose rings, finger rings, hair pins and bangles
etc.
They believe in many gods and goddesses. The important festivals they
observe are Pusha Parab, Chaiti Parab, Bandapana Paraba and Dashahara
Parab. They are fond of dance and music. They compose their own songs
befitting different occasions and sing these while dancing.
The Kandha
According to Macpherson the name ‗Kondha‘ or Kandha is derived from
the Telugu word ―Konda‖ meaning hill. Historically they lived in mountainous
ranges and hence, they are the highlanders.
Numerically, Kandhas constitute the largest group among all the tribes
in Odisha. There are three main sub-groups of Kandha i.e. Dongaria
Kandha, Kutia Kandha and Desia Kandha. The other subsidiary sub-groups
are Nanguli Kandha, Malwa Kandha, Sitha Kandha and Panga Kandha. The
Dongaria Kandhas of Rayagada District are expert horticulturists. Kutia
Kandhas of Belghar area of Kandhamal district represent the primitive
sections. The Desia Kandhas are settled agriculturists. The Primitive
sections of the Kandha communities are found largely in the districts of
Kondhamal and Rayagada. The Kandha highlanders mostly practise shifting
cultivation, while Desia Kandhas practise settled cultivation. Cultivation and
forest collections are their main source of livelihood.
The Kandhas are devided into two linguistic groups, ―Kui‖ and ―Kuvi‖.
The Kutia Kandha speaks Kui dialect, while Kuvi is spoken mainly in the
eastern part of Koraput region.
The Kandhas are extremely timid in nature. They possess a great love
for liberty. They have terrible fear of the spirit of men i.e. Dumba. They
believe in several Gods and Goddesses, but their main deity is ―Dharani‖
(The Earth Goddess). Two festivals, such as Chaitra Parab observed before
sowing paddy and other millets and meriah or Kedu festival observed in the
48
month of February-March are the most important and are observed with
much pomp and ceremony.
Traditionally the Kandha women wear two pieces of clothes, one
around the waist up to the knees and another for upper portion of the body.
But Desia Kandha women wear saris. The Kutia Kandha men wear loin
cloth. Nowadays some Kandhas have started wearing Lungi, Shirts and half
pants. The Kandha women are very fond of ornaments.
The Kandhas have their traditional Village Panchayat. They believed in
customary laws and go by their own codes and laws of the Panchayat. They
generally avoid referring any case to the law courts. At present statutory
Panchayat System has entered into their localities and they are either
electing or nominating their statutory leaders.
Among other tribal communities, Kandhas are found inhabiting in
district of Malkangiri. Their number is 21,824 in the district as per the census
report of 2011.
The Paraja
The Parojas are one of the well known major tribes of Odisha. Their
main concentration is in Koraput region i.e. undivided Koraput District and
Kalahandi. They are also found in small numbers in the districts of
Sundargarh, Keonjhar, Puri and Cuttack.
They are divided into main sections like(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
Bada Paraja or Sodia Paraja
Bada Jodia Paraja or Penga Paroja
Bareng Jodia Paroja, and
Konda Paroja or Selia (Chhelia) Paroja.
49
The Bada Paraja seems to be more progressive and economically
advanced than the Sana Paraja. The former groups claim a higher position
in social ranking than the letter. In Malkangiri district, they are mainly found
in Malkangiri and Kudumulugumma Blocks. Their population is 38,726 in
Malkangiri district as per the 2011 census.
The Parajas in general are strong, stout and hard working.They are
simple, friendly and hospitable by nature.
Agriculture is the main stay of their economy. They adopt both wet
cultivation and shifting cultivation and grow paddy and minor millets. They
rear cows, bullocks, buffaloes, goats, pigs and fowls.
Dance, song and music are aspects of their aesthetic life. Dhesma
Nacha, Dungdunga Nacha, Laga Gita etc. are their famous dances and
songs.
They worship a number of Gods and Goddesses. The Nissan Munda is
the seat of the village deity, called Hundi Debata. They worship the dead
ancestors called the Duma Devata. Jani is the sacred head and Muduli is the
secular head of the village. The other functionaries are the Disari, Guramain,
Gunia and Bhatta Nayak. The Chaiti Parab and the Push Parab are
important festivals observed by them. Asadhi Parab, Nuakhai, Diali Parab
and Nachuni Parab are other festivals that they celebrate.
The Matia
In addition to Malkangiri, Matias are found in Dhenkanal, Bolangir and
Kalahandi districts of Odisha. Matias wear cloth and live a simple life. They
cultivate Maize, tabbaco leaf and vegetables. In Malkangiri Matias are
treated as low among the tribes. As per the 2011 Census Report their
population in the district was 4,413.
50
The Dharua
Dharua or Dhuruba or Durua are found in Korukonda Block of this
district. They are also seen in the bordering districts of Madhaya Pradesh
and Chattisgarh. Dharua are also called as Durua. This tribe has got their
own language, culture and traditions. As per the census report of 2011 there
were 8128 Dhurua people in the district of Malkangiri. Agriculture and wage
earnings are their main occupations. They worship Gods associated with
their clans. They have started worshiping many Hindu Gods and Goddesses.
The Konda-Dora
The Konda-Doras are hill
cultivators. They are also known
as Kondo-Doras, Konda-Kapus
and Ojas. From what has been
ascertained of their languages, it
seems certain that in spite of the
differences found in
them
because of the influence of
Oriyas and Telugus, they are
linguistically of the same origin
as that of the Paroja language
and the Khond language. But the
people themselves seem to have entirely lost all those rights to the soil,
which are now characteristics of the more northern tribes. They have been
enlisted as a Scheduled tribe. Their population was 7937 in Malkangiri
district as per the Census Report of 2011.
51
General Structure of Caste
About the existing castes, classes and tribes of the district the following
general observations are made:
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
The numbers of caste-groups are increasing due to assimilation of
groups which were formerly not within the Hindu caste structure.
Certain castes demand a higher status and deem themselves to be
equivalent to certain castes and superior to some others. They also try
to mould their behaviour accordingly.
The place of the Brahmin at the ritual apex of the society is recognized
throughout. However, within the Brahmin caste itself sections contend
with one another to have a higher status.
The place of those who are regarded as untouchables is fixed at the
lower strata of the society. Due to extensive welfare measures adopted
for them and wide propaganda against untouchability, some humiliating
prohibitions against them have disappeared but they have not so far
gone up in the caste hierarchy. Within the group itself, there are several
sub-castes with unequal status.
The status of the intermediate castes is very flexible. Various castes
within this group demand higher status than others. Social recognition
regarding the status of any group is not rigidly fixed.
The district shows many of the features of a settler's frontier. They are
the Bangladeshi refugees. The Government have given them the status
of scheduled caste; but they enjoy a better position in the local social
hierarchy. The best land belongs to them and they maintain a language
and a pattern of customs and practices different from the original
inhabitants. They also live, almost always, in separate villages.
52
The above discussion gives a brief picture of the general structure of
the castes. It may now be discussed how particular castes fit into this
structure.
i)
Adi Andhra
During the Adi-Andhra movement of the 1930s, several Mala caste
people, including few Madigas, especially immigrated from coastal Andhra
and called themselves as 'Adi-Andhra' and were recorded in the census as
such. 'Adi-Andhra' caste name is akin to Adi Dravida of Tamil Nadu. Malas
were mostly village watchmen, domestic labourers etc. Presently, they don't
have a specific caste profession and can be seen in many professions. It is
directly the skill set which was identified by the upper caste people and
segregation thereof. As such, Malas do not have any caste profession,
whereas the entire Indian castes were mostly based on profession they have
chosen to be associated with.
ii)
Badhei
Badhei is the caste of carpenters. The carpenters and blacksmiths
(Kamara) are not separate castes and both the sections interdine and
intermarry. Socially they occupy the same position as the agricultural
classes. The hereditary headman is called ―Maharana‖.
iii)
Bhandari
The Bhandari (Barber) is a caste of Shavers by profession. The name
Bhandari is derived from Bhandar or treasure. The zamindar delivered over
the guarding of the treasure to the professional barber who became a more
important person in this capacity than his original office of shaver to His
Highness. The Bhandaris of Koraput region occupy a higher position than
the Telugu barbers. Though shaving is an act after which one is to be
purified with bath, the touch of the Bhandari at other times is not considered
as polluting.
iv)
Brahmin
Utkala Brahmins, also known as Odia Brahmins, are a caste from
Odisha and neighboring states of Chhattisgarh, Andhra Pradesh, West
Bengal and Jharkhand. Brahmin is a varna in Vedic Hinduism and also a
caste of people who are members of it. Members are subdivided into
numerous communities known as gotras. Brahmin priests and teachers
(Acharya) were engaged in attaining the highest 'spiritual' knowledge
(brahmavidya) of Brahman and adhered to different branches (shakhas) of
the Vedas. The Brahmin priest is responsible for religious rituals in temples
and homes of Hindus and is a person authorized after rigorous training in
53
vedas and 'sacred' rituals. In general, as family vocations and businesses
are inherited, priesthood used to be inherited among Brahmin priestly
families, as it requires years of practice of vedas from childhood after proper
introduction to student life through a religious initiation called upanayana at
the age of about five. The Brahmins occupy a dominant place in the
economic and social affairs. Their number is small in the district compared to
other castes. They are more concentrated in and around Jeypore,
Nowarangpur and Gunupur.
v)
Chandala
Since the Vedic corpus constitutes the earliest literary source, it came
to be seen as the origin of caste society. In this Brahmanical view of caste,
the varnas were created on a particular occasion and have remained
virtually unchanged. In the varna ordering of society notions of purity and
pollution were central and activities were worked out in this context. Varna
divides the society into four groups ordered in a hierarchy, the fifth being
Chandala (untouchable) and therefore, beyond the pale. In modern Indian
usage, Chandal is a general derogatory slur used to refer to a filthy, mean or
low person. In the draft Census of 2011, 346 individuals were recorded as
Chandala in Malkangiri District.
vi)
Dhakkodo
A small mixed class of Odia cultivators, concerning whom there is a
proverb that Dhakkodo does not know his father. They are described as a
caste of cultivators found in Mathili block of this district. They are said to be
the offspring‘s of a Brahmin and Sudra girl. Though they live on the hills,
they are not an uncivilized hill tribe. Some of them prepare and sell the
sacred thread while others are confectioners.
vii) Dhobi (Dhoba)
Dhobi (washer man) is a caste group who are specialised in washing
clothes. The word Dhobi is derived from the Hindi word dhona, which means
to wash. The state is having fair percentile of Dhobis in coastal belt i.e. in
eastern Odisha (Cuttack, Puri, Balasore, and Ganjam) and marginal
percentile of population in central Odisha and western Odisha. As per draft
Census of 2011 the population of Dhobi caste people in the district is 364.
They practice Hindu religion and as a community they follow all typical Oriya
festivals like Rathayatra, Raja Sankranti along with national festivals like Holi
and Deewali. They worship mainly Lord Jagannath and their village deities.
They have been classified as schedule caste. Nowadays, maximum
numbers of highly educated Oriya Dhobis are found serving in Government,
Non-Government and private sectors. Fair percentiles of Medicos/
54
bureaucrats are easily traceable in Medical or other government services.
They are more in number in comparison to other Schedule-caste Odias.
viii) Dom
Doms are agricultural workers, basket makers, weavers and small
scale agriculturalists. They are not known for their nomadic existence. They
are also recognized by their neighbours as the original inhabitants of the
forests lands. People identified as Doms have long been workers at
cremation places, weavers of ropes and baskets. They also weave clothes
worn by hill people. They are also traditionally well known for their musical
ability. A medieval history describes the Dom community as a caste that
makes its living from music. Some Doms earn their living by entertaining as
street performers and jugglers. In tribal villages Doms work as assistant to
village headman. Some of them are extensively engaged in trade. In Koraput
region they work as middle men between the tribal person and the Sahukars.
The Dom community in Odisha speak Indo-Aryan Odia language. They live
as neighbours to the Dravidian speaking Khonds tribals. Doms speak
Dravidian Kondhi as well as Indo-Aryan Odia language. As per Census of
2011, more than 1900 Dom caste people are residing in Malkangiri district.
They are treated as scheduled caste.
ix)
Gauda
Like those of all cowherd classes, its members say that they have
descended from the Yadava tribe in which Krishna was born. The majority
of the Goudas are now cultivators, but there is evidence that the keeping
and breeding of cattle is their traditional occupation. It is noted that there are
many Goudas of high social standards, who have acquired much wealth,
through tending of cattle. These men own, in many instances, large herds of
buffaloes which are being reared in the boundless pastures of the hills and
are much prized by cart men of the low country for drought purpose.
x)
Hadi
The Hadis are low class Odias, corresponding to the Telugu Malas and
Madigas. It has been suggested that the name is derived from Haddi, a
latrine or Hada, bones as members of the caste collect all sorts of bones and
trade in them. They play drums for all Odia castes, except Kandaras, Tiyros,
Tulabhinas and Sanris. The Hadis may be divided into Hadis proper, Rellis
and Chachadis.
xi)
Ghasi
The traditional and primary occupation of the Ghasi has been
scavenging and working as agricultural labour, but presently they are also
55
engaged in other work. Some are engaged in service, business, or as
musicians. They are Scheduled Caste. A largely Hinduised community, they
worship their ancestors and clan and village deities. They prefer consulting a
sorcerer rather than availing modern medical facilities. On account of their
poor economic condition, the Ghasi do not encourage their children to study
beyond primary school. As per Census of 2011 the population of Ghasi/
Ghasia people is 190 in Malkangiri district.
xii) Keuta
Keutas are fishermen by profession. Its members sometimes call
themselves as ‗Kaivarta‘. Besides fishing in rivers, they play boats and
catamarans, and work as traders. Though they are low in the social scale
they are not regarded as untouchable. Preparation of puffed rice (mudi) is
their second occupation. As per draft Census of 2011 the population of
Keuta people is 662 in Malkangiri district.
xiii) Kandara
This is a fishing caste who fish in ponds, lakes, rivers and backwaters
and are also engaged in sea-fishing. The Kandaras rank very low in the
social scale and even the Haddis refuse to beat drums for them. In some
places, the members call themselves Dasa-Dhibara. As per Census of 2011
the population of Kandara people is 230 in Malkangiri district.
xiv) Katia
The Katia people are mainly fishermen, though some work as farm
labourers. Others sell fish in the market place. Educated Katia women work
as teachers or in office jobs. Katia people live in both extended and nuclear
families. The Katia people are Hindu. But as Dalits, they have such low
status in the Hindu pecking order that they are running into trouble. Their
population in the district is 5606 as per the 2011 Census. They are treated
as scheduled caste people.
xv) Karan
The origin of the Karans is not clearly known. According to some
scholars they are Kayasthas of Northern India, who are of Kshatriya origin.
According to Manu, the Karans belong to the Vratya Kshatriyas who do not
perform the Vedic rites. Yajnavalkya describes the Karan as the offspring of
a Vaishya man and a Sudra woman, and he is supported by the
lexicographer Amara Simha. But the relation between the present Karans
and those of the time of Yajnavalkya or Amara Simha cannot be established.
This caste is very flexible. Many non- Brahmin castes claim to be Karans
when they attain education and wealth.
56
xvi) Kshatriya
The family chronicles ascribe a very ancient origin to the line of Jeypore
zamindars. Beginning with Kanaksena of Solar race, a general and
feudatory of the king of Kashmir, they trace the pedigree through thirty-two
generations down to Vinayaka Deo, a younger son, who left Kashmir not
agreeing to hold a subordinate position, went to Benaras, did penance to
Kasi Visvesvarasvami there, and was told by the god in a dream to go to the
kingdom of Nandapur. The Kshatriyas of Malkangiri are said to be his
descendants.
xvii) Kumbhara
The potters are called Kumara in Telugu, Kumbhara in Odia and
Kumbaro in Canarese, all these names being corrupted forms of the Sanskrit
word Kumbhakara, pot-maker. In social position they are considered to be a
superior class of Sudras. The Telugu Kumbharas were cooks under the
ancient kings, and many of them still work in that capacity in Sudra houses.
Most of them follow the traditional occupation.
xviii)
Lohara
The Loharas, Luhuras or Luharas are an Odia caste of iron workers,
whose name is derived from loha (iron). It may be mentioned here that the
Loharas have no connection with Kamaras (blacksmith) and Badhei
(carpenters). They have been tabulated among the Other Backward Classes
whereas the other two are not.
xix) Mali
The Malis are mostly cultivators, but their traditional occupation (from
which the caste name is derived) is making of garlands, and providing
flowers for the service of the Hindu temples. They are especially expert in
growing vegetables. Their mother-tongue is Odia. Their status is equivalent
to those of the agricultural castes. They have been listed among the Other
Backward Classes. The Malis maintain that their ancestors lived originally in
Benaras, wherefrom they imigrated to serve the Raja of Jeypore.
xx) Namasudra
Namasudra (also Namassej or Namassut) is the name of an Indian
avarna community originally from certain regions of Bengal, India. The
community was earlier known as Chandala or Chandal, a term usually
considered as a slur. They were traditionally engaged in cultivation and as
boatmen. Most of the Bangladeshi settlers living in Malkangiri district belong
57
to this category. As per Census of 2011, more than 92,000 Namasudra
people reside in Malkangiri district.
xxi) Rona
The Ronas are a class of Oriya-speaking hill cultivators, who are said to
hold a position superior in social scale to the Parojas, from whom, by
compulsion and cajolery, they have acquired lands for themselves. The
Ronas are supposed to be the descendants of Ronjit, a great warrior of
Orissa. In social status they are said to be a little inferior to the so-called
Kshatriyas. Some of them served as armed retainers and soldiers of the
native chiefs, and some are engaged in trade and cultivation. These people
have been included in the list of the Other Backward Classes.
xxii) Sundi
The Sundis are summed up in the Madras Census Report, 1901, as an
Oriya toddy-selling caste. They do not draw toddy themselves but buy and
sell it. In addition to this business they have now adopted money-lending.
They have been included in the list of Other Backward Classes.
xxiii)
Sankhari (Kachhara)
The Sankharis are a small class of Oriya lac-bangle (Sankha) makers,
who should not be confused with the Telugu Sunkaris. The men are
engaged in agriculture and the women manufacture the bangles. They have
been enumerated among the Other Backward Classes.
xxiv)
Valmiki
Thurston observes that Valmiki is a name assumed by the Boyas and
Paridis who claim to be descended from Valmiki, the author of the
Ramayana. This caste has been placed in the list of the Scheduled Castes.
Languages
The languages spoken in Malkangiri district can broadly be categorized
as Non-Tribal and Tribal Languages. The spoken non-tribal languages in the
district are Odia, Bengali, Telugu, Hindi, Tamil, Urdu, Gujrati and Marwadi.
Tribal Languages and Dialects
There are 62 tribes in the state of Odisha. The tribes of Odisha are
ethno-linguistically classified into three groups, Viz, Munda (Austro-Asiatic),
Dravidian and Indo-Aryan. A group wise inventory of tribal languages and
dialects is as follows:
58
1.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
i.
j.
k.
l.
m.
n.
o.
3.
Munda Language Group
Gata (Didayee)
Gutob (Gadaba)
Juang
Koda
Birahor (Mankidia)
Mundari (Munda)
Santali (Santal)
Sora (Saora, Lanjia, Juary, Arsi)
Gorum (Parenga)
Remo (Bonda)
Kharia (Kharia/ Mirdha)
Korua
Bhumija
Ho (Kolho)
Mahili (Mahali)
Indo-Aryan Group
Dialects
Desia
Bhuyan
Bhatri
Jharia
Matia
Mon dhan
Laria
Bhulia
Aghria
Kurmi
Sount
Bathudi
Sadri
Binjhia
Banjara
Baiga
Bhunjia
Halbi
2.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
i.
j.
k.
Dravidian Language Group
Parjee (Dharua)
Kui (Kondha, Kutia, Dongaria)
Kubi /Konda (Kondha)
Kuvi (Kondha/Jatapu)
Olari (Gadaba)
Kurukh (Oraon)
Gondi (Gond)
Madia
Pengu (Pengu Kondh)
Kisan
Koya
Language Affinity
Southern Odia
Southern Odia
Southern Odia
Southern Odia
Southern Odia
Western Odia (Sambalpuri)
Western Odia (Sambalpuri)
Western Odia (Sambalpuri)
Western Odia (Sambalpuri)
Northern Odia (S.W. Bengali)
Northern Odia (S.W. Bengali)
Northern Odia (S.W. Bengali)
Hindi - Odia
Chhatisgarhi- Hindi
Hindi Dialect
Chhatisgarhi
Marathi
Odia- Marathi- Chhatisgarhi
There are similarities among the languages of above two language
communities which can be noticed in the following chart.
59
Munda
South Munda
Soura
Parenga
Gadaba
Bonda
Didayi
Central Munda
Juang
Kharia
North Munda
Santali
Ho
Bhumija
Mundari
Birahor
Mahali
Korua
Dravidian
Southern
Central
Northern
Tamil
Telugu
Kui
Gondi Oram
Brahui
Malayalam
Parji Kuvi
Koya Malto
Kannad
Olari
Konda Madia Kisan
Etc
Pengu
Muria
Daria
Presently some of the tribals are speaking Sub-Odia language instead
of using their own tribal language. They are using sub-Odia language as
their mother tongue and some of them are using this sub-language as social
language. These sub-languages can be defined as tribal Odia sub-language.
From these sub-languages the following sub-languages can be identified.



Southern Sub-language – Desia, Jharia, Matia, Bhatri, Halbi, Bhunjia
etc.
Northern Sub-language – Bathudi, Bhuyan, Kurmali, Saunti etc.
Western Sub-language – Sadri, Laria, Bhulia Aghria, Kondhan, Baiga
etc.
In Malkangiri district the tribal languages being commonly used by the
respective tribal communities are Koya, Gata (Didayee), Remo (Bonda),
Gutob (Gadaba), Desia, Santali, Kui/Kuvi (Kandha), Dharua, Halvi, Matia,
Jhadia.
Whether the term ‗Language‘ can be applied to the speaking medium of
expression of the tribes is a controversial point. One view is that the tribal
people originally belonged to one or other major linguistic groups and have
deployed peculiar dialects through a long process of isolated evolution. The
60
other view is that the tribes being the original inhabitants of the land the
tongue which they speak must have originated and developed in their own
society. If people speaking a major language can be understood without any
special effort, another minor language, which structurally belongs to its group
and such understanding is reciprocated by the speakers of the minor
language, then the minor language may be regarded as a dialect of the
major.
Differences of Dialects with the Same Linguistic Groups
Odia
The Odia spoken in the district is not much different from the language
spoken in the neighbouring Koraput district. It is somewhat different in
intonation and structure of the sentences from the standard Odia spoken in
the coastal districts. Some verbs and adjectives are used with a different
meaning. There are certain words which are not at all used in the coastal
districts and some of them are quite unintelligible to Odia-speaking people of
other parts of Odisha. The emphasis on the last consonant of the word is a
characteristics of Odia pronunciation, but this feature is absent in the Odia of
the district and the last consonant is pronounced rapidly. There is also
difference between the language of the higher castes and the lower castes
and that of the educated differs slightly in intonation from standard Odia but
maintain the form.
Telugu
Telugu is spoken by the settlers from the neighbouring Andhra
Pradesh. Naturally, more and more of Telugu is heard as we approach the
border of Andhra Pradesh and Telengana state. Tribes like the KondaDoras, Telugu businessmen and money lenders have settled among the
Odias. They are found more or less in Chitrakonda, Podia, Motu, MV-79 and
also in Malkangiri town. At places here and there in the district the SistiKarans or Bambali-Karans are found. Originally they are Odias from the
Karan caste who has settled here since generations. These people have
adopted Telugu language (when the southern areas were lost to Odisha)
and they speak a peculiar dialect which is an admixture of Odia and Telugu.
Tribal Dialects and Scripts
Odia language is spoken by majority of people in the district. The tribal
groups speak Odia as a second language for their wider contacts as a result
of linguistic acculturation and consequently, a number of dialects of Odia
language, as spoken by the tribal groups, could be discerned and described.
61
Koya
The Koyas of Malkangiri district were said to have come from Bastar
areas of Chhattisgarh and speak a language called Koya. The Koya
language of Malkangiri district is said to be a dialect of Gondi family, which is
Dravidian in origin. Gonds and Koyas belong to the great Gond family and it
is natural that their tongues preserve many resemblances. The language has
no separate script.
Bonda
Remo is the mother tongue of Bonda Parajas who reside in the Bonda
hills located under Khairput Block. They use their mother tongue in home
domain. But they are well exposed to Desia, a variety of Odia language, in
such a way that even in their home and kin domain communication network
Desiya automatically comes up in their verbal repertoire. In extra-home and
kin domain Bondas irrespective of their age group converse with the tribal
and non-tribal in Desia. As few of them are found to be literate they know
standard Odia. Hindi, the national language, is also known to some.
Didayi
The Didayi are numerically a minor hill tribe inhabiting principally in
Kudumulugumma and Khairput Block of Malkangiri district. They use their
dialect (Gata) only among themselves and they use Desia while
communicating with others. A good number of them can speak Odia
language also. There is no literature in their language nor is there any
separate script system. The usage is restricted to Didai tribe only.
Kandha
The Kandhas are known by different names, Kond, Khond, Kondh,
Kandh, etc. The people call themselves as Kuvi or Kui, who are also called
Kondh or Kandha by the Odia and Kond by Telugu speakers. There is no
unanimity among the scholars regarding the origin or derivation of the names
of these people. Kandhas are primarily agriculturalists. They practice jhum
and terrace cultivation. The language spoken by these people is kuvi which
belongs to Central Dravidian family. Both the communities, namely, kui and
Kuvi are identified by the same tribal name Kondh or Kandha. Kuvi is one of
the well described languages so far as the minor languages of India are
concerned. The boundary between Kui, Kuvi and Konda is not always
maintained.
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Gadaba
The Gadabas use their mother tongue (Gotob) exclusively in their home
and kin domains. It is more prevalent among the aged males and middle
aged females, whereas the middle aged males and youngsters resort to
Desia which they use even in the locality, in the communication network of
the tribals and the non-tribals. A few of them who have received education
are exposed to standard Odia, the official language of the state.
Bhumiya
Bhumiya language is almost similar to Mundari, but it has undergone
modification according to the area of their migration. This language is
spoken without orthographic system of its own and consequently it has no
written literary output at all.
Santali
The Santal speak a language known as Santali which belongs to
Munda group of the Austro-Asiatic family. Santali language can be said that
it is relatively in better position when compared with other languages
belonging to the Munda family such as Mundari, Ho, Kharia and so on where
literary activity could be termed as marginal. This language has a separate
script.
Inter Caste Relationship
The inter caste relationship in a mixed society is very important so far
as social harmony is concerned. Relationship among the STs and SCs in
Malkangiri district is very cordial. There are certain castes that have some
prescribed optional duties like beating drums, removing dead cattle from the
village, supplying clothes, shaving the people etc. In return the payment is
usually made in kind and sometimes in cash. Every family has to pay some
fixed quota of paddy or other agricultural products to the above said people
like barber and the washerman. On special occasions like marriage or death
of a person, payments are being done both in cash and kind.
Generally, inter-caste marriages are strictly forbidden among tribes and
scheduled castes. In cases of irregular marriages between completely
different castes, both the families and persons become liable to social
boycott.
Marriages between members of the two separate tribes sometimes are
being tolerated if they live in close proximity or close to each other‘s family.
For example a relationship has been developed between the Bondas and
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the Gadabas. The matrimonial relationships between these two tribes are
now-a-days accepted and regulated.
Most of the tribes in the region are living in hilly area or in the dense
forest. They are away from the main stream of civilization. So, they are
economically dependent upon some other groups or outside their habitation.
Now-a-days no tribe lives in complete isolation. But due to the socioeconomic compulsion, the inter-tribe and inter-caste relationship has
developed among themselves.
All the elders of the tribal villages are members of the village
Panchayat. When there is a meeting to take place, the village messenger or
Barika informs all the members about it and inivites them to attend the
Panchayat. The Barika is a Scheduled Caste person who lives either in the
village or in other neighboring village.
Similarly, at the time of somebody‘s death, the Panas are being
directed to help in the funeral ceremony by providing all related things. Some
times the tribal people also dependent upon others to negotiate the marriage
between the two families of bride and groom.
In some festivals of the tribals like Badajatra, Kandula Jatra, Pousa
Puni, and Chaiti Parba etc, which are occasions for public rejoicing, the
tribals along with other caste people including the Christians participate
together.
The community relationship between the tribals and others is now
undergoing radical changes due to the impact of the modern civilization and
spread of education. A Zajamani type of relationship is gradually developing
among the tribes and castes. Some of the tribes / castes are now aspiring for
higher status in the society.
Religion and Relegious Beliefs
Not only the tribals, but people of different religions live in Malkangiri
district. But the tribals are in majority. The tribals worship different Gods and
Goddesses. The supreme being or president of the immortals is usually
called ‗Mohaprabhu‘ by the Bondas. High in a great banyan tree at the grove
at Mudulipada, an ancient sword is kept hidden. Today the sword has
become the symbol of an important local deity, known as ‗Patkhanda
Mohaprabhu‘. The other demigod is the Bursung Hundi representing the
mother earth.
The Bondas are the nature worshipers: They believe in the existence of
a large number of benevolent and malevolent gods and sprits who are
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believed to control and shape the course of human life. They worship these
deities and spirits on a number of occasions by offering sacrifice.
The Patokhonda Mohaprabhu is the most powerful and important deity
of Bonda tribe who is regarded as the creator of the universe and human
beings. He is known as Singi-Arke (Sun-moon) and is benevolent. It is
represented by a sword of three feet long and kept in the hollow of a banyan
tree in the village Mudulipada. Hundideota or Bursung is another important
deity in every Bonda village; the Sindibor is worshipped with full of devotion
and care on different occasions to ensure safety and security for the village.
The other village deities are Malideota, Kotdeota, Nisanideota,
Sindibordeota etc. Singraj is the deity of forest and Uga is His female
counterpart. The religious functionaries who cater to the spiritual need of the
Bondas include Sisa or Pujari, the village priest and Disari, the astrologer
cum medicine man. He is responsible for the worship of the village deities
and making sacrifices before them. The Disari is specialized in fixing and
communicating the dates and times of observance of different festivals,
ceremonies, marriages and social activities.
Numarically the Koyas are the major tribal community in Malkangiri
district. The Koya, like other primitive people, mostly believe in their religious
rituals to get relief from natural calamities and to get a bumper crop.
Although they have their traditional deities, the Koya have incorporated a
number of hindu gods and goddesses in to their pantheon. The traditional
belief in the cult of the village mother deity (Gudi Mata) and the cult of the
earth (Bhum) are the most common. In the ―Bija pandu‖ festival the priest
prays the Goddess to render a good harvest. For eating of various new
crops, various deities are worshipped by them. The festivals and ceremonies
are followed by ceremonical dancig and singing.
Other important communities, like the Bhumia, Kondh, Paroja, Gadaba,
Didayi, Halva, etc. living in the district, worship their traditional gods or
goddess on various occasions and observe various festivals. The religion of
the tribes of this region is an admixture of animism, nature worship,
fetishism, shamanism, anthropomorphism and ancestor worship. Their
religious performances include life-crisis rites, cyclic community rites,
ancestor and totemic rites, and observation of taboos. Besides these, they
also resort to various types of occult practices in order to tide over various
personal or group crisis.
A brief account of the religious beliefs of some other castes, tribes and
communities of the district is given as under:
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The Bhottodas are one of the ancient agricultural communites of
Odisha. They have a great belief in the existence of a number of spirits, gods
and goddesses. Budhi Thakurani, Bhairabi, Budhi Pardeshi, Basumata,
Bana Durga and the Sun are a few of their deities.They offer sacrifices of
fowl, goat and sheep and their Pujari acts as the priest.
The Bumia pantheon consists of a number of gods and goddesses.
Budhi Thakurani is their main village deity and they worship other village
deities like Nisani, Mauli and Ran Devata. Disari is the priest cum medicine
man of the Bhumias.
The religious life of the Didayi centres round the worship of mother
earth, called Bribu. Mahapru is the creator who is uttered at each worship.
Other deities are Buro Bhairo and Nahnangari, Bangur and Raskurka, Goa
and Sendia, Ran and Aksia, Goud and Suni, Thakran and Burimata, Bok
and Pa. Deities are regularly propitiated through a number of religious
ceremonies and festivals.
The Godabas believe in many Gods and Goddesses the chief of them
being Thakurani. They also believe in ghosts and spirits. Hundi is the place
of worship. Bandapana Parab, Dasahara Parab, Pusha Parab and Chaiti
Parab are the festivals celebrated by them and they pay respect to their
deities.
The Holva have incorporated a number of Hindu gods and goddesses
into their pantheon, like Shiva, Bishnu, Laxmi, Kali and Durga. In religious
ceremonies offerings are made to different gods and goddesses for a good
harvest and eradication of diseases and natural calamities.
The Kandha panthem consists of eighty-four gods of whom Dharani
Deota, the earth goddess, is the chief. In the past, human sacrifices. Now-adays, in lieu of the human sacrifice a buffalo is offered to the earth goddess.
In addition to the Dharani, the village deity Jatrakudi is installed at the
outskirt of the village. They worship the ancestors who are called Dumbas.
They also worship the deities of stream, hill and forest. The Lamba, Jani,
Pujari and Beunis or Kalisis are various religious functionaries of the
Kondhas.
The Konda-Dora call themselves Hindus. They worship the Pandavas
and a goddess called Tahupulamma. Another section of them profess to be
both Saivite and Vaishnavite. They occasionally employ Brahmin priests at
their funerals.
The Parojas worship a number of gods and deities for their well being.
The important deities are Danteswari, Laxmi, Landi, Jhakar Debta, Dongar
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Debta, Mahapuru and Nisan Debta. The dead ancestors are called Duma
Debta. The magico-religious functionaries in the village are Disari, Gur-main,
Gunia and Bhatta Nayak. The ceremonies and festivals they observe are
Asadi Parab. Nuakhia. Diali Parab, Baulani Jatra, Pus Parab, Chait Parab,
etc.
From among the other non-tribal caste groups living in the district
majority of them profess Hinduism. The Hindu characteristics are more or
less common throughout India. The Hindus of this district mostly worship
‗Siva‘, ‗Vishnu‘ and ‗Sakti‘. They also pay respect to tribal gods and
goddesses peculiar to the district.
The religious belief of Christians has a duality in the district. Almost all
of them are converted Christians. They follow many of the formalities of
Christianity such as going to the Church and observance of important
festivals. The tribals who have been converted to Christianity observe certain
customs and beliefs, which in their religious implication are not only different
but also contradictory to Christianity.
The Mohammedans living in the district elaborately observe their
religious practices. One group of the Mohammedans has come to the district
mainly for trade and commercial practices.
Manners, Customs and Traditions
Manners, customs, traditions and practices are parts of the culture of a
society or community. A Society is comprised of organised groups of people
who have learnt to live and work together. Each society has its rules of
business and tricks of trade. Culture is the short hand version of the rules
which guides the way of life of the people. It includes their activities,
behaviours, ethos, views and value system.
Malkangiri district is one of the most tribal concentrated districts of
South Odisha. 57.8 percent of the total population of the district constitutes
the tribals (2011 Census). The important tribes living in the district are the
Koya, Bonda, Didayi, Paraja, Kandha, Gadaba, Bhumia, Kondadora, and
Halva. The people from non-tribal communities include Brahmins, Karan,
Kshatriya, Mali, Rana, Sundi, Badhei, Domb, Haddi, Ghasi and Gouda, etc.
A brief report on the customs, traditions and practices of some of the
important communities of the district is given below:
(i)
Practices connected with child-birth
Among the parajas, after child-birth, a mother is treated unclean for
some days. The time is reckoned by the dropping of the umbilical cord.
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During this period a woman is not allowed to cook or even touch her meals.
The kondha woman is attended in her confinement by an elderly kandha mid
wife. The umbilical cord is severed by the midwife. The cord is placed on the
charcoal and divided with sharp edge of an arrow. The placenta is buried
close to the house. The baby is given a through wash in lukewarm water
mixed with turmeric powder. On the sixth day a chicken is sacrificed to the
dead ancestors and the blood is smeared on the walls. This frees the child
from birth pollution, but the mother remains confined to the room for a
month.
The Bonda mother continues with her ordinary work almost immediately
after delivery. Still she observed certain restrictions in respect of her
movement, diet and contact with outsiders. After the birth of a child the
family and kin observe birth pollution rites for nine days. On the ninth day the
purificatory rite is performed. Chicken, tobacco, cooked rice and liquor are
th
offered to the ancestors by the headman of the family. On the 15 day
following birth, the Dubokaige ceremony is performed in which the maternal
grand father offers a feast to the clan members of the child.
Didayi parents are very fond of children. Any indication of pregnancy is
a matter of joy for the parents. At the time of child birth, experienced women
of the lineage assist the pregnant women. On the tenth day the child is given
a name ceremonially. The Koya are not able to understand the physiological
phenomenon of birth and the relationship between sexual intercourse and
conception. They believe that the God has put the child inside mothers
womb. At the time of delivery the woman is taken to a hut erected behind the
main house. Six or Seven days after delivery of the child, she returns home.
The delivery is assisted by some experienced women of the village. The
naming ceremony is done a few days after the birth of the child.
The Doms believe that children are born without souls. They are
afterwards chosen as an abode by the soul of an ancestor. The coming of
the ancestor is signalised by the child dropping a chicken bone which has
been thrust into his hand and much rejoicing follows among the assembled
relations.
(ii)
Mortuary Customs
The burial system and funeral rites differ from community to community.
Most of the tribes believe that the death is due to the work of the evil spirits
or due to black magic and witch craft. The dead are either burnt or buried.
Among the Bhumias the dead are burnt and the rites last for nine days.
On the tenth day a ceremonial bath is taken and a feast is given to clan
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members with liquor. Similar is the case with the Bhottadas. They burn their
dead and observe for ten days.
The Bondas bury women dying in pregnancy or child birth and also
being victims of cholera or small pox. But they burn all others. For adults a
pyre is built, but babies are placed inside a small cover of stones. After
cremation the ashes are regarded as important evidence for the cause of
death. The bud ceremony is observed on the third day to assert whether the
death was normal or due to sorcery. The kingdark or final purificatory
ceremony is held on the tenth day.
When a Koya dies, a cow or bullock is slaughtered and the tail is cut off
and put in the dead man‘s hand. The liver is put in his mouth. His widow‘s
tali (marriage badge) is placed there. When a married women dies her tali is
put in her mouth. The dead bodies of the children are buried far away from
the home of their parents. It is also customary to put a few rupees in the
mouth of a corpse before the funeral pyre is lighted.
Among the Gadabas, the corpse is taken to the burial ground and
family members and relatives follow the corpse. If a man dies his wife must
follow the corpse to the cremation ground and vice versa. After the dead
body is disposed of, all members go to a stream, wash themselves and
catch some fish. These fish and some rice are cooked in separate pots and
are left on the way leading to the cremation ground. On the tenth day a feast
is arranged and for this a buffalo or an old cow is slaughtered and plenty of
liquor is served. This is the end of pollution period. But every Gadaba must
perform a great ceremony called Got Tar, within three or four years after the
death in honour of the dead so that he or she is admitted to the unseen
world.
The Kandha practice cremation but burial is also undertaken when the
death is due to infectious disease. After death the corpse is given a thorough
wash outside the house. The hair of the corpse is shaved and the body is
covered with new piece of cloth after smearing it with castor oil. Both men
and women follow the bier. After cremation they bathe in the stream and
become free from pollution. The final offering to the departed soul is
performed on the eleventh day.
On the whole, degree of elaboration of the funeral rite depends on the
social position of the deceased. The socio cultural dimension of the mortuary
rite is directly related to the age and social position of the deceased. This is
true in case of the tribal and non-tribal communities living in the area.
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HOME, COMMUNITY AND SOCIAL LIFE
House: Types of Dwellings
The house of the Bonda is gabled type with slopes on four sides. It has
two rooms. The bigger of the two is used for sleeping and cooking foods
while the other is used as granary. The house has an enclosed verandah on
all the side. The front verandah is the place where guests and relatives are
entertained and family members spend time gossiping with visitors. The
backside verandah is used for goats and pigs and by the side of the house
the cattle shed is constructed.
Bhumia houses lie scattered and sometimes they are arranged in two
rows facing the principal village road. Their houses are rectangular in shape
with gabled roofs. The houses are divided into two halves having a wall in
the middle. The inner part is used as a store room and the outer part is used
as a kitchen and bed room. The houses are not provided with windows.
The traditional Koya houses are rectangular in size and partitioned into
rooms by means of walls of bamboos plastered with mud. The roofs are
thatched with jungle grass. As the houses have no window, they remain dark
inside. The oven is situated in one corner of the house where the Koya
women cook. Apart from sleeping rooms there are small sheds for pigs,
goats and fowls. Attached to every house there is a verandah on all sides
which serves the purpose of sitting and doing domestic works.
The Didayi house is also rectangular in shape having a front Verandah
with a door. These houses have mud walls and two sloped roofs thatched
with grass called Piri. The house is divided into three parts; the hearth and
kitchen in one corner, the middle part is used for sleeping and the other part
for storing grains and household belongings.
The traditional Kandha house generally consists of a front and rear
verndah, a bed room in the centre, and a small kitchen. The walls are made
of mud and the roof is grass thatched. The houses have two-sloped roofs
constructed in two rows facing the village street.
The typical feature of the Paroja housing is that they have a Verandah
raised higher than floor level and a spacious courtyard on either side of the
house. The Verandah is used for sitting, gossiping and sleeping. The doors
are smaller in dimension but coloured and decorated with carvings. Inside
the house partitions are made for the hearth and kitchen, store and sleeping
spaces.
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The Gadaba build their houses in two rows facing each other. The
headman‘s house is the biggest and generally stands in the middle of one of
the rows.
The houses of Hindu castes show southern influence. Well to do people
have cement concrete houses. With the introduction of housing schemes by
the government under Indira Awas Yojana or Mo Kudia Yojana, the poor
people, both tribals and others, are provided with pucca houses with tin or
asbestos roofs.
Dress and Ornaments
Dressing pattern of indigenous people vary from community to
community. Tribal women are very fond of ornaments.
Bondas use scanty clothes to cover their private parts only. Men wear a
‗gosi‘, a loin cloth of 3 feet length and 1.5 feet width. The women use a
‗ringa‘ or ‗nadi‘ about 2 feet length and 1 foot in width. Bonda women have a
clear shaven head covered with head bands made of either grass or beads
and they put on aluminium bangles, nose rings, ankles, etc. The women
cover their upper part of body with bunch of bead necklaces.
The Koya women dress like the Bonda women, but their loin cloth is
larger which covers them from the waist to the knees completely. They are
topless, though cover the upper partion of the body with necklaces and when
they go out, they cover themselves with a piece of loin cloth. They wear a
great number of bangles, ear rings and nose rings. Tattooing is very
common among them. Koya men wear a bison-horn turban while dancing.
The Gadaba women look majestic with ‗Keranga‘ sarees which are
marked by the broad strips of red, green and yellow. Menfolk use a piece of
cloth called a ―lenguthi‖ with a flap which hangs round in front. Now-a-days
they have started wearing ―dhoti‖ and shirt, particularly when they go out.
Women are fond of wearing a number of ornaments to decorate their bodies.
They wear a peculiar type of ear ring, which is made out of silver, brass or
aluminium. They wear ornaments in their noses and fingers and also use
bangles.
The Kandha Women wear sarees usually woven by Dombs. These are
of deep red or yellow colour with beautiful borders. They wear bangles and
nose ornaments. Kandha men wear only a loin cloth. Sophisticated Kandha
has started wearing Lungi, Shirts, Pants etc. Kandha Women are very fond
of ornaments. They beautify themselves with hair pins, ear rings, nose rings
and head necklaces.
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A male Bhumia usually wears a small napkin and women wear
coloured sarees. While going out of the village men wear a small dhoti and a
shirt and females wear sarees and petticoats. The Bhumia women wear
‗Mudi‘ for the nose, ‗Khanja‘ for the ears and necklaces. They also use glass
bangles.
The Paroja men usually wear loin cloths and napkins and women wear
coarse and cheap saris. Now-a-days, due to external contact, modern
dresses like shirts, banyans, blouses, coloured sarees, ribbons, etc. are
becoming popular. The common ornaments of Paroja women are bangles,
armlets, bracelets, necklaces, rings, hair pins, etc. These are usually made
of silver, aluminium, brass and sometimes gold. A number of brass earings
dangle from each ear and the nose. Wearing ―Khagla‖ and ―Khadu‖ is
compulsory for married women. Tattooing is prevalent among Paroja
women.
Hindu women with their sarees, blouses etc with gold and silver
ornaments are differentiated from rural tribal women of the district. In recent
years men of all castes and tribes are covering their boy more or less, with
―Dhoti‖, Pant and Shirts etc. During winter they cover their body with coarse
clothes and blankets etc.
Food Habits and Drinks
The basic food of tribals in the district is rice, millet and pulses. They
generally prepare gruel out of ―Mandia‖ (ragi) powder which they take in the
morning and evening. Even they take gruel with them to their work place.
Rice is the staple food of Bhumia. They also take millet and pulses
along with vegetables, roots and tubers. They are habituated in taking liquor.
‗Salap‘ juice is a favourite intoxicant.
For food the Bondas mainly depend on agriculture. They also
supplement their food with mango, tamarind, jack-fruits and other seasonal
fruits. Roots and tubers are also useful addition to diet. Wild vegetables,
bamboo shoots and mushrooms are collected and eaten. They keep cattle,
goats, pigs and poultry. They also eat beef. They drink copiously the toddy
of the sago-palm (Salap).
Ragi (Mandia) is the staple food of Didayi. They eat pulses such as
peas and beans. Niger oil and sunflower oil are their cooking medium. The
man regularly drinks homemade alcohol while women do so occasionally.
The sago palm trees in the forest provide them their favourite drink.
Koya take rice. When the paddy yield is not suffice for a family to
servive for the whole year, they resort to other type of food quest. i.e.
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collection of roots and fruits from the jungle and growing of minor crops like
suan, maize and pulses.They also collect several types of roots and eat.The
Koyas and Gadabas do not differ much in their food habits from the Bondas.
For Koyas the favourite drink is the arrack distilled from Mahua flower. Toddy
is obtained from the Sago-palm trees or salap tree. Beer is dispelled from
Rice, Suan (the millet, panicum miliare) and mandia or ragi.
The Hindu caste‘s food is not much different from those in other district.
Oriya Brahmins living in the district are markedly different in this respect from
Telugu Brahmins. The former take fish and meat which are prohibited for
Telugu Brahmins.
Marriage and Morals
Marriage is an important event in the life of every individual. Marriage
rites among the tribals is an elaborate one which begin with the attempts for
bride acquisition and ends up in her affiliation with her kin group and sexual
consummation. Although the rules of residence after marriage are uniform
among the tribes, others factors, such as the mode of acquisition of a bride,
payment of bride-price and age at marriage vary among them.
Polygamy is common among the tribes like Souras, Koyas, Gadabas
and Bondas. Among the Parojas and Kandhas, Polygamy is not seriously
objected to by the first wife. When the wife is older or is unable to work she
sometimes asks her husband to have a second wife. Among the Bondas
marriage with a second wife almost invariably ends in a divorce with the first.
The most interesting factor in their marriage is that in most of the cases the
wife is older than the husband.
Polyandry is not prevalent anywhere in the district. Maternal uncle‘s
daughter is generally preferred in marriage. However, among the Bondas,
this custom is absent.
As regards the acquisition of brides for marriage, the widely prevalent
practice is through ―Capture‖. Other practices like elopement, purchase,
service and negotiation are also there among the tribes. Payment of bride
price in tribal communities is quite common. Among the Bondas the price in
the shape of two head of cattle is paid by the parents of the bride groom to
the parents of the bridge. The conventional bride price includes some
amount of cash, two cows, one buffalo, some rice and sarees. Distilled liquor
is also a prestigious gift in bride price.
Polygamy was prevalent, though in few cases, among the Hindu
castes, which has been banned by law.
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Polygamy is practised by the Mohammedans particularly by the rural
Mohammedans. Among the Christians Polygamy is strictly prohibited.
Each tribe is divided into exogamous clans. Marriage within the clan is
strictly prohibited. Similarly, there are certain brother clans and marriage
between them is not allowed.
The Hindu castes are mostly governed by Gotra principles. Due to
South Indian influence marriage with maternal uncle‘s daughter is prevalent
among some of the Hindu castes in Koraput region.
Marriage, Customs and Rituals
The commonly practised form of marriage among the Koyas is known
as ―Pendul‖. When a boy carries off a girl with the help of his friends while
she is in the forest or field, it is called ―Kar supendual‖. The other form where
a girl having a previous connection with a boy comes forcefully to the boy‘s
house to stay is called ―Lon-Udi-Wata‖ marriage. In this case the bride price
is less than the previous type of marriage. In many cases the husbands are
younger than their wives. The Koya marriages begin soon after the first
harvest is over. It continues till the month of April. On the day of the wedding,
the bride is brought to the grooms house accompanied by her friends and
relatives. Even villagers from distance places come to take part in the
function and dance, even if they are not invited. They are served with food
and drink (rice beer called Landa). The Koyas perform the ceremonial dance
wearing bison horns on their heads.
In Bonda society the boys and girls go to their respective dormitories to
sleep at night. Young boys are allowed to visit the girl‘s dormitories of
different villages at night. They join in the fun, music and dance with the girls
of such villages. They get an opportunity to establish intimacy with
marriageable girls and select their life partners. Once the selection is made,
the parents give their consent and then the marriage rite is performed.
Payment of bride price is a must. On the fixed date the bride comes to the
groom‘s house in a procession. After necessary rituals the bride and groom
are forcibly locked in a room for a few minutes. This gives them social
recognition as husband and wife. Widows are allowed to remarry widowers
in Bonda community.
A mock ceremony of capturing the bride is generally observed among
the Kandhas. Prior to this bride groom‘s party comes to the bride‘s parents
and settles the terms of bride price. This is accompanied by drinking. After
this on an appointed day the bride is taken away by bride groom‘s party and
the brides party follows them and affects mock anger, which is pacified by
drinking and feasting. Such ceremonies are also observed by other tribes
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like Parojas and Gadabas. Each tribal Marriage is accompanied by a long
feasting, drinking and dancing, which are done in the bride groom‘s house at
his cost.
Among the Hindu caste people, the system of dowry is prevalent and in
a few cases, instances of payment of bride price is seen, When the bride
groom is young and well- to – do he demands a dowry.
Marriage Age
The Koyas marry at a fair age. Practice of infant marriage is absent
among them. A Kandha boy marries between the age of eighteen to twenty
five. A Kandha girl marries between sixteen and eighteen years. The
Gadabas marry approximately at the same age. Adult marriage is in vogue
among the Gadaba. Girls generally marry at the age of 14 or 15 years after
attaining puberty and the boy at 19 or 20 years. The Bondas marry early.
The wife is often older than the husband among the Bondas. Among the
Didayi the choice of marriage is generally made by the young couple
concerned. They marry after attaining the marriageable age.
Among the Hindu castes, the adult marriages are followed. In the past,
child marriage was widely prevalent. It is no more practised at present. The
Christians and Mohammedans are very strict regarding adult marriage.
Marriage of Widows and Divorce
Remarriage of widows is mostly allowed in tribal community so also the
system of divorce. Among the Bondas, separation is affected when a wife
definitely leaves the husband‘s house or if the husband forcibly turns her out.
Divorce is affected if the woman attaches herself to another man. Widow
marriage is prevalent among the Bondas.
Both men and women take initiative in effecting a divorce among the
Kondhas. The wife returns the ornaments and her family returns the
presents taken from the husband. A widow generally marries to husband‘s
brother.
Among the Koyas, the elopement is more frequent than the divorce.
Widow marriage is done exactly like ordinary marriage. The widow ordinarily
chooses one of the husband‘s brothers.
Similar is the case with the Gadabas a widow is permitted for
remarriage. A younger brother may marry the widow of the elder brother.
When a man divorces his wife her relations are summoned. The husband
pays some money before sending her away.
75
In case of Hindus, divorce is prohibited among the Brahmin. A wife is
separated only if she commits adultery or suffers from diseases like leprosy
or veneral disease. But remarriage of a widow is not allowed.
Among Dombs and other lower castes, divorce and widow marriage are
prevalent
Communal Life
Man lives in a community or society. Therefore, a man is called as a
social animal. Hence, a man has both an individual life and a social life. The
bond of social or community life is quite strong among the tribals. Most of
their festivals and ceremonies are community based.
The Bondas spend a great deal of time on religion and feasts and
holidays are an important part of their life. Certain features are common to
every ceremony or festival. Feasting, singing and dancing together
accompany each festival. From birth to death, in each crisis of life cycle of an
individual the clan members or community participate.
The Kondhas observe Kedu festival. It was associated with human
sacrifice in the long past. At present a buffalo is sacrificed in its place. It is a
community festival.
In Chaiti Parab, all the men and boys go for hunting expedition. They
start the journey armed with bows and arrows, axes or spears and slay any
live prey irrespective of age and sex, which they meet in the forest. Such
expeditions usually culminate in a feast and carouse in the village. With fast
degradation of forests in recent years, the tribals face much difficulty to get a
prey during Chaitra Festival.
Songs and dances are chief items of amusement during festivals.
Tribes like Bondas, Gadabas, Kondhs and Koyas have their distinctive music
and musical instruments. Each tribe has different types of musics and songs,
which are prescribed for different seasons, occasions and ceremonies.
The communal solidarity among the Saora is very strong. No one can
live a life of isolation. The tribal cooperation and cohesion are maintained
through love and affection.
The communal life of Kondha, Gadaba or Koya is remarkable. The
communal life is very disciplined under the leadership of the headman of the
village.
The Hindu communal life is varied. It is generally confined to their
respective castes in the village though different castes come together to
participate in common festivals.
76
The Church plays an important role in the communal life of Christians.
Although the tribal-Christians meet together in the Church, they continue to
form a part of their respective tribal communities.
Communal Dances
Nearly all the tribal people are fond of music and dances. During dance
performances, they use a variety of crude musical instruments. Women are
found to sing in chorus when working in the fields. Men and boys do so while
tending cattle. They use bamboo flutes or twanging a two-stringed mandolin
provided with a dried gourd for a sounding board.
Both men and women dance together. During the festival time the
dancing parties begin at night fall, dance whole night and continue even
through the following day. The tribes have particular dances for various
occasions. The Koyas have very interesting dance in which the men tie
buffalo or bison horn on their heads. Koya women also dance in a ring with
their hands on each other‘s shoulders. The most skilled types of dances are
performed by the Parojas and the Gadabas. All the girls and young married
women of the Paroja community of a village form themselves in a chain,
each one passing her right hand behind the next girls back and grasping the
left elbow of the third. Three or four young men take their stand in the middle
of the dancing floor and strike up song accompanied by their mandolins.
They continue to sing the songs which are subtle and poetic. The dance of
Gadabas is simpler but no less spirited. The chain of girls, all dressed
exactly alike in their red, white and blue striped sarees and with their feet
loaded with heavy brass anklets, swings round in a circle to the
accompaniment of muffled drums.
The Bhumia girls dance in a trance and act as medium of spirit called
Debta. The Demsa is popular among them in which the boys and girls dance
together. They play a number of stringed instruments during the dance.
Among the Kandhas, Koyas and Gadabas communal dances are
observed on the occasion of marriage and religious festivals. Unmarried
Paroja boys and girls meet at the communal dancing ground at the centre of
the village (Serna Munda) and amuse themselves by dancing together and
also hold song competitions. During festive days, groups of boys and girls
visit the neighbouring villages with groups of opposite sex there. Youth
dormitories in the past were playing an important role in the communal
dance performances. However, now-a-days, the youth dormitories have lost
their significance and are gradually dwindling away.
77
Fairs and Festivals and Ceremonial Practices
The Tribes observe various festivals in different seasons of the year.
These are associated with their economic activities, ceremonial eating of first
food grain and fruits, hunting expedition and worship of deities. All such
occasions are marked with fast, feast, dance, songs and various types of
merry making and enjoyment. The important festival celebrated by them is
Chait Paraba (Gia-Giga) in the month of March-April for first eating of mango
and annual hunting. They observe Pusa Parab in the month of July-august
for first eating of bamboo shoots, Dashara Paraba (Kumbada-giga) in the
month of October-November for the bumper crops, Magha Parab (Susugige) in the month of January-February for the better harvest and protection
of crops from the depredation of wild animals and with the first ceremonial
eating of new rice and for selection of village functionaries.
During the celebration of Pausa Paraba of the Bondas various
vegetables like beans, pumpkins, cucumbers are ceremonially eaten for the
first time. The boys and male adults of the villages enjoy a mock fight and
beat each other with Salap leaves. During the celebration concerned
individuals are allowed to get back their transferred assets including jack
trees, agricultural lands and Gotis (Bonded labors) on payment of their
outstanding debts to their respective villages. The Pause Paraba is also
celebrated by other tribes with much pump and ceremony.
During the Magh Paraba of the Bondas, the ancient sword hidden on
the top of banyan tree at Mudulipada is brought down and worshipped.
Paddy seeds collected and worshipped on this occasion are ceremonialy
distributed among the farmers of Brajanagar villages. This is an important
festival since it is associated with agriculture and it strengthens the unity of
all the Brajanagar group of villagers.
Chait paraba is celebrated to eat mango and jack fruit for the first time
and the villagers enjoy the occasion for about 2 week during which they go
for annual ceremonial hunting. During this festival, entrance of outsiders to
the villages is strictly prohibited. All the tribes men go gay. Motor vehicles
are stopped several times on the road by dancing boys and girls and they
collect some money for using the same in communal feast.
During Dashara paraba the bows and arrows and other weapons are
worshipped and a number of animals are slaughtered in each village for
feasting and merry making. The Bonda celebrate their festivals with utmost
sincerity, devotion and fear. All these festivals are not very much expensive.
They need some amount of turmeric powder, un-boiled husked rice, leaf
cups, one or two eggs, a goat or a fowl or both. Dance and music are part of
78
their life. During festive occasions, they amuse for nights and days dancing
together with beating of drums and playing other musical instruments.
Bali Jatra is the festival which is identified with Nua Khia, a feast in
which new rice is first eaten. On this occasion ceremonial planting of various
grains in wet sand brought from nearby stream placed in a structure called
―Bali Ghara‖ or sand house. It is the occasion of great rejoicing and people
put on fancy dresses and dance and sing.
All the tribal communities observe a number of rituals and festivals
throughout the year. Some of the annual rituals and festivals by the
important tribes living in the district are given below.
Table No. 3.9
Name of
Ritual/
the
Festival
Tribe
Bhumia Dashahara
Bali Jatra
Bonda
Timing
Aswin (Sept-Oct)
Disari Sacrifices goat during fertility rites young girls‘
dance and act as a medium for the spirit called Debata.
Chaitra
(March- April)
Chaitra
(March-April)
Ceremonial planting of grains in wet sand and kept in
Sand house, New rice is first eaten.
Village deity Budhi Thakurani is worshipped on all
important occasion.
Budhi
Thakurani
Puja
Pusha Paraba July- August
Magha
Paraba
January-February
March-April
Chait Parab
Dharua
Lendipanda
Magh
(Jan-Feb)
Ghia Panda
Gadaba Bandapana
Parab
Dasahara
Parab
Push Parab
Chait Parab
Konda
Makar
Dora
Dhan Nua
Khia
Dashahara
Koya
Bija Pandu
Kurumpandu
Dashahara
Sikudpandu
Bimupandu
April-May
July
Kondha
March-April
Baisakha (April-May)
Shraban (July-August)
Bhadrab (Aug-Sept.)
Meriah
Ghanta Parab
Mandiaran
Dhannua Khia
The Event in Brief
Sept- Oct
December
March-April
Magh (Jan-Feb)
Aswin (Oct-Nov)
Aswin (Sept-Oct)
April-May
Bhadrab (Aug-Sept)
Aswin (Sept-Oct)
Aswin (Oct-Nov)
Magh (Jan-Feb)
Vegetables like beans, Pumpkins, cucumbers etc. are
ceremonially eaten for the first time after offering to the
deities young boys and girls enjoy a mock fight and beat
each other by salap branches.
Patakhanda Mahaprabhu, the ceremonial sword hidden
on the banyan tree is brought down at Mudulipada and
worshipped. Paddy seed collected and worshipped and
distributed among villages.
An important festival observed about 2 weeks. Mango
and jack fruits are eaten for the first time. People go for
ceremonial hunting.
The Village priest scarifices fowls, goats, pigs etc,
before Birbu (Mother-Earth) goddess at the beginning of
agricultural cycle. First eating of new fruits, mango,
Mahua flowers etc.
Annual hunting ceremony
Disari sacrificas fowls before Thakurani (represented by
slab stone) at Hundi (place of worship).
Disari officiates in all the worship. Arms, ammunitions
and equipments are worshipped.
These festivals are observed as being done by other
tribes.
Ancestor worship
Eating of new rice
Sacrifice of animals and birds before village shrines.
Mango eating festivals. Worshiping of earth goddess.
Offering of sacrifices.
Ritual for first eating of small millets
New rice eating with rituals.
Ritual new been eating
Worshiping of rain-god and seeds consecration.
Ritual with buffalo sacrifice, for the well being of the
people; better fertility of the soil and health and
happiness of the villagers.
For harvesting of ragi
79
Paroja
Pidika
Punapadi
Bihan Puja
Asadhi Parab
Nua Khia
Chaita Parab
Bihan Thapa
Langaldhua
Bhad Parab
Aswin (Sept-Oct)
Kartika (Oct-Nov)
Chaitra (March-April)
Asadha (June-July)
Bhadraba (Aug-Sept)
Chaitra (March-April)
Baisakha (April-may)
Sraban (July-Aug)
Bhadrab (Aug-Sept)
First rice offering to village deity
First eating of red gram, small millets and jawar.
Ritual for sowing seeds.
Ritual to protect cattle from diseases.
Eating of new rice.
Annual ceremonial hunting.
Seed sowing ceremony
Ritual for consecration of Agricultural implements.
Eating of new rice.
The Hindu people living in the district observe festivals like Siva Ratri,
Holi, Dasahara and Ratha Jatra, etc.
Migration, Displacement and Rehabilitation
After launching of the Dandakaranya Project in 1958 Refugees from
East- Pakistan came in to the District in 1963. They came in different
batches. During 1963, 132 Nos. of villages were settled and these villages
are called as M.V villages (M.V-01 to M.V. - 132). Similarly in 1975, again
displaced persons due to Potteru Project were settled in 81 villages and
these villages are called as M.P.V villages (M.P.V– 01 to MPV - 81). The
Bengali regugees were mostly treated as SCs and called Namasudras.
Similarly, in March 1990, 881 families of Tamil Refugees from Srilanka
were settled at Malkangiri town. Subsequently, most of them started leaving
Malkangiri to settle themselves in the state of Tamilnadu. Only 6 families are
presently staying at Malkangiri District Headquarter.
The tribal people living in the boarders of the District are migrating
periodically. These features are more prominent among the tribes bordering
the Andhra Pradesh.
Micro Projects and Emerging Issues
With a view to improve the socio-economic condition of the Bandas,
Didayi and other primitive tribes Micro Projects through develop agencies
have been established. The agencies are shouldering the responsibilities of
various development activities for the tribes. Under individual benefits
programmes, the Bonda have gradually shown their interest in settled type of
agriculture with modern technology in place of primitive method of Podu
cultivation. In comparatively plain and settled land where irrigation is
available the crops intensity is increasing by raising two or three high
yielding corps including paddy, wheat, pulses and vegetables successively.
The Podu ravaged areas are being covered with different fruit bearing trees
and economic species. Inhabitants are assisted to take subsidiary
occupation like goat rearing, dairy and fishery etc. Water source including
flow and ground water are being harnessed through mini diversion weirs and
Dug wells. Pump set has been supplied to lift water from various sources for
irrigation purpose.
80
Different infrastructural developments like interior road communication,
organization of large size multi-purpose co-operative society (LAMPS),
drinking water wells, social forestry are being implemented and employment
opportunity are created.
Under social service sector, mini formal education and citizenship
education, health care and preservation and promotion of human values
existing in them are being taken due care of while executing development
programmes. The entity and cohesiveness of their culture are respected and
kept undisturbed.
Considerable impact has been created among the so called ―Savage,
almost of classic savage type‖ after functioning of the Bondas development
agency. There has been better development and participation of the local
inhabitants due to presence and constant persuasion of the agency staff
staying among them and reaching their doors with full sympathy and
subsidy. Gradually better understanding is growing up among the local
inhabitants to their advantages and their inner strength to resist against the
exploitation in various forms is increasing which is ultimately helping them in
better participation in the development programmes implemented in the
area.
(Details notes on Bonda Development Agency and Didayi Development
Agency are given in Chapter-XVI – ―Tribal Development‖)
81
CHAPTER-IV
AGRICULTURE, IRRIGATION AND ALLIED
SECTORS
SECTION-1
AGRICULTURE AND IRRIGATION
Background
Agriculture is the dominant sector of the economy as well as of
employment for the people of Malkangiri district. A major portion of the
cropped area is exposed to the mercy of nature every year which requires
positive attention of the Government.The district faces problem of soil
degradation and ecological imbalance. Rainfall uncertainty in recent years is
affecting crop production. It also causes actual cropping pattern to vary from
intended cropping pattern. The dry land areas of Chitrakonda, cut-off areas
of Kudumulugumma block, Bonda Hills of Khairput block are comparatively
less productive regions having poor moisture retention capacity. Access to
irrigation is very limited in these areas. Apart from on-farm agriculture,
animal husbandry, collection of NTFP from forest, fishing, wage labour
(mostly in unorganized sector), Beedi and snuff making are the other
important occupations of the inhabitants of the district.
Physiographic and Agro-Climatic Conditions
The Planning Commission after examining the earlier studies on the
regionalization of the agricultural economy has recommended that
agricultural planning be done on the basis of agro-climatic condition of the
regions. For resource utilization, the country has been broadly divided into
fifteen agricultural regions based on agro-climatic features, soil types,
climate including temperature, rainfall and its variation, and water resources
availability. Malkangiri district of Odisha comes under the Agro-Climatic
Zone-X i.e. Southern Plateau and Hills. This Agro-Climatic Zone (i.e.
Southern Plateau and Hills region) falls under interior Deccan which includes
parts of southern Maharashtra, the greater parts of Karnataka, Andhra
Pradesh, Tamil Nadu uplands and partly the Southern region of Odisha. It is
an area of dry-zone agriculture where millets, oilseeds, and pulses are
grown. Some of the area now under coarse cereals can be diverted to
pulses and oilseeds. Horticulture, dairy development and poultry farming can
also be encouraged.
82
The Agro Ecological situation as per the information brochure provided
by the IMAGE, Bhubaneswar, deals with soil type, topography, altitude,
rainfall, irrigation and existing farming practices of the district. Malkangiri
district is divided into three Agro Ecological Situations basing on rainfall
intensity as indicated below.
Blockwise Average Annual Rainfall in Malkangiri District
Table No. 4.1
Agro-climatic Zone
South Eastern Ghat Zone
South Eastern Ghat Zone
South Eastern Ghat Zone
Agro-ecological
Situations
(Average Annual
Rainfall)
I (1230mm)
II (1670mm)
III (1550mm)
Blocks covered
Kalimela,Podia
Malkangiri,Korukonda
K.Gumma, Mathili & Khairput
The climate of the District is warm and sub-humid. The Average annual
rainfall is about 1667.7 mm with 79 Rainy days. Relative Humidity is
generally high especially in the monsoon and post-monsoon months i.e.
25% to 70%. The district is possessing dense forest of dry deciduous type.
51.96% areas of entire district are covered with forest. The major forest
species are Sal, Teak, Piasal and Shishu. Forest of this district Yields timber,
fire wood and minor forest products like Tamarind, Hill-brooms, Kendu
leaves, Mahua flower, Mahua seeds, different types of fibers, oil seeds and
medicinal plants. The District with its hilly areas and the agro-climatic
conditions is suitable for various agricultural activities like Cultivation of
Paddy, Ground nut, Maize etc. and also for various horticultural crops like
Mango, Cashew, etc.
The Eastern part of the district is covered with steep ghats, plateaus,
valleys and are sparsely inhabited by primitive tribes notable among whom
are Bondas, Didayis, Bhumia, Dharua, Koyas, Kondha and Parajas. The rest
of the district is comparatively flat plain broken by a number of rocky wooden
hills.
Soil - Types, Nature and Fertility Status
The soil Texture of Malkangiri district is sandy-loam and clay loam. It
has also been observed that, there is almost no variation in soil in different
parts of the district. The soil throughout the district is red, lateritic and black
type. These soils are observed to be of shallow to medium depth with low
water retention capacity.
The soil is mostly neutral to acidic in nature throughout the district.
There are very small patches of land in Mathili and Khairput Blocks which
83
are alkaline in nature. Soil pH determines nutrient sufficiency, deficiency,
toxicity, and need for liming or addition of sulfur. The pH range of most of the
Malkangiri's soils is approximately between 1.0 and 7.0 (See Table below). A
pH range from 5.5 to 7.0 is suitable for most vegetable crops. This pH range
can assure high bioavailability of most nutrients essential for vegetable
growth and development. Major plant nutrients like Nitrogen (N), Potassium
(K), and Sulphur (S) etc. appear to be less affective directly by soil pH than
any others. Phosphorus (P), however, is directly affected. At acidic pH
values, phosphate ions react with aluminum (Al) and iron (Fe) to again form
less soluble compounds. The availability of plant nutrients is considerably
affected by soil pH. Calcium, potassium, magnesium and sodium are
alkaline elements, which are lost with increasing acidity whereas
phosphorous is more available in acidic soil conditions. Acidity can also
induce deficiencies of micronutrients such as molybdenum, copper and
boron, although a deficiency in the latter is more commonly seen in alkaline
soils where over-liming has occurred. Soil acidity is one of the major threats
to sustainable agriculture and affects plant growth attributed to acidic soils.
Soil acidity may also reduce nodulation and nitrogen fixation by some
legumes, decrease rates of mineralization of organic matter and decrease
microbial activity in general (Robson & Abbott, 1989).
The block wise soil reaction and types of vegetables & Fruits grown is
indicated in the following table.
Blockwise Soil Type, Degree of Acitity and Crops Grown in Malkangiri District
Table No. 4.2
Blocks
Malkangiri
Korukonda
Mathili
Kalimela
Podia
K.Gumma
Khairput
Soil Type
Degree of Acidity
Vegetables
Red & Lateritic Very Strongly Acidic Pointed gourd,
( 4.6 to 5.0)
Tomato, Brinjal, Okra,
Chili, French bean,
Cow pea
Red & Lateritic Very Strongly Acidic Pointed gourd,
( 4.6 to 5.0)
Tomato, Brinjal, Okra,
Chili, French bean,
Cow pea
Black Soil
Very Strongly Acidic Pointed gourd, Okra,
( 4.6 to 5.0)
Cole crops
Black Soil
Very Strongly Acidic Pointed gourd,
( 4.6 to 5.0)
Tomato, Brinjal, Cole
crops, Chili, French
bean, Cow pea
Red Soil
Strongly Acidic (5.1 Pointed gourd,
to 5.5)
Tomato, Brinjal, Cole
crops
Black Soil
Strongly Acidic (5.1 Tomato, Brinjal
to 5.5)
Red & Black
Very Strongly Acidic Tomato, Brinjal, Cole
Soil
( 4.6 to 5.0)
crops
84
Fruits
Mango, Banana,
Custard apple, water
melon
Mango, Banana,
Pineapple, Custard
apple, water melon
Mango ,Banana,
Guava
Mango, Banana,
Pineapple, water
melon
Mango, Banana,
Jack fruit
Mango ,Banana,
Jack fruit, Guava
Mango, Banana,
Pineapple, Jack fruit
The Nutrient Index (NI) i.e. availability of Nitrogen, Phosphorus and
Potash in soil is found to be in medium range (1.5-2.5) throughout the
district. The Indices for Kalimela and Podia Blocks are found to be
comparatively better than remaining blocks in the district. Both Kalimela
(93% of TCA) and Podia (63% of TCA) blocks are covered under irrigation
potential of Major and Medium Irrigation Projects and application of fertilizers
and soil nutrients have increased over a period of time. Cropping systems,
which have been adopted thereby, has enhanced the nutrient indices in both
the blocks. The Nutrient Index of K.Gumma, Khairput and Mathili Blocks is
found to be comparatively less because there is almost no scope of irrigation
and farm mechanization and there is very less application of fertilizers. So,
irrigation potential should be increased and farm mechanization to be
promoted in order to increase the Nutrient Index of all the blocks thereby
increasing the crops production of the district. The block wise soil reaction
and fertility status is indicated in the following table.
Blockwise Soil Reaction and Nutrient Index in Malkangiri District
Table No. 4.3
Sl.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Blocks
Malkangiri
Korukonda
Mathili
Khairput
K.Gumma
Kalimela
Podia
Total
NI-less than 1.5 =Low
Soil Reaction (Ph %)
Acid
Neutral
Alkaline
85
15
91
9
81
17
83
14
79
21
87
13
73
26
83
16
NI-1.5 to 2.5
0
0
2
3
0
0
1
1
Nutrient Index (N I)
OC (N)
Av. P
AV.K
1.36
1.69
1.67
1.71
1.45
1.69
1.62
1.73
1.97
1.73
1.65
1.97
1.69
1.69
1.60
1.89
1.88
1.97
1.88
1.61
1.96
1.70
1.67
1.87
=Medium
NI-more than 2.5=High
(Source-Macro and Micro Nutrient Status of Soil of Orissa)
Malkangiri Agriculture District
The Malkangiri Agriculture District is divided into three sub-Agriculture
Districts i.e. Malkangiri, Kalimela and Govindapali. The Blocks uder each
Sub-Agricultural district are as under:
1.
2.
3.
Malkangiri Agriculture District (Malkangiri, Korukonda and Mathili
Blocks),
Kalimela Agriculture District (Kalimela and Podia Blocks) and
Govindapali Agriculture District (Khairput and Kudumulu Gumma
Block).
85
Soil Testing and its Benefits
In Malkangiri district there is one Soil Testing Laboratory functioning
near the office of Deputy Director of Agriculture at MV-2. Every year more
than 5000 nos. of soil samples are tested and the farmers are distributed
with the Soil Health Cards. The availability of Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Potash,
soil pH and Micro-Nutrient etc. is tested and farmers are advised about the
quantities for fertilisers to use in their fields of specific crops through field
functionaries.
Land use Pattern
The district has total geographical area (TGA) of 5,79,100 Ha, out of
which 57.85% i.e. 3,35,000 Ha areas are under forest cover. Total cultivable
area (TCA) in Malkangiri district is 1,50,183 Ha i.e. 25.93% of TGA out of
which about 42.73% is irrigated i.e. 64,170 Ha and 57.23% is unirrigated i.e.
86,013 Ha. The total areas sown in the district are 1,42,550 Ha i.e. 24.62%.
Trees, groves and permanent pastures etc have covered 22,000 Ha i.e.
3.8% of TGA. A total of 19,500 Ha i.e. 3.37% of TGA is found to be left as
fallow land.
Land Utilisation Pattern of Malkangiri District
Table No. 4.4
Sl.
Category of land
Areas in Ha
In %age of TGA
1
Total Geographical Area (TGA)
579100
100.00%
2
Forest Area
335000
57.85%
3
Tree and Groves
1000
0.17%
4
Permanent Pasture
21000
3.63%
5
Culturable Waste
4000
0.69%
6
Land put to non agricultural use
21000
3.63%
7
Baren & un-culturable land
35000
6.04%
8
Current Fallow
7000
1.21%
9
Other Fallow
12500
2.16%
10
Net Area Sown
142550
24.62%
(Source: Dy. Director of Agriculture, Malkangiri -2014-15)
86
Blockwise Land Utilization Pattern of Malkangiri District
Table No. 4.5
NET Area Sown
Other Fallow
Current Fallow
Barren &
Unculturable Land
Land Put Non Agril
Use
Culturable waste
Permanent pasture
Misc. Tree&
Groves
Forest Area
Block
Geographical Area
(000‘ Hectre)
Malkangiri 770.54
Korukonda 874.41
26
45
0.04
0.19
2.1
3.2
0.3
0.8
3.1
6.0
0.8
4.2
0.8
2.1
0.4
3.1
14.8
34.2
Mathili
892.76
51
0.10
3.2
0.9
4.0
1.9
0.8
0.8
21.4
Kalimela
724.56
55
0.12
3.1
0.6
4.2
16.7
0.9
7.3
24.4
Podia
902.14
48
0.05
3.6
0.8
2.6
2.1
1.2
1.6
21.0
K.Gumma
987.59
56
0.10
3.4
0.5
1.5
7.5
0.5
1.2
9.8
Khairput
639.00
54
0.40
2.4
0.1
1.6
4.8
0.7
0.6
9.4
Total
5791
335
1
21
4
23
38
7
15
135
Source: Odisha, Agril. Statistics (2012-13)
Land Holding
The majority of the farmers having land come under Small (46.17%)
and Marginal (35.95%) farmers‘ category and both together constitute
74,324 families i.e. 82.12% of total farmer families having land in the district.
These groups hold land less than 1.2 Ha i.e. small patches of land which is a
constraints in the farm mechanization. There are 11.72%, 6.06% and 0.09%
of semi-medium, medium and large farmers out of 90,504 farmers‘ families
in the district respectively.
Blockwise Land Holding Pattern in the Malkangiri District
Table No. 4.6
Sl
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Name of the
Block
Malkangiri
Korukonda
Mathili
Khairput
K.Gumma
Kalimela
Podia
Total
Marginal
Small
Semi-Medium Medium
Large
(<1.0 ha.) (1.2 ha.)
(2-4 ha.)
(4-10ha.) (>10ha.)
4,620
2,910
1,721
840
28
5,958
12,682
1,806
1,598
23
10,696
5,350
762
998
22
745
2,970
757
470
8
2,122
2,825
940
559
0
6,054
8,392
3,437
649
0
2,345
6,655
1,188
374
0
32,540
41,784
10,611
5,488
81
Source: Dy. Director of Agriculture, Malkangiri
87
Total Farm
Family
10,119
22,067
17,828
4,950
6,446
18,532
10,562
90,504
Irrigation
The district has a total cultivable area of 1, 50, 183 Ha (25.93% of TGA)
out of which about 42.73% is irrigated (i.e. 64170 Ha) and 57.23% is
unirrigated i.e. 86013 Ha. The district has four major rivers such as Saberi,
Sileru, Potteru and Kolab. There is one major irrigation project, one medium
irrigation project, 33 minor irrigation projects along with 293 nos. of Lift
irrigation points in operation covering an area of 68,714 Ha under irrigation
in the district. These are as under:
The Poteru Major Irrigation Project is the major source of irrigation for
the district which irrigates an area of 49,540 Ha under Kalimela, Podia and
Korkonda Blocks.
The Satiguda Medium Irrigation Project irrigates an area of 8,361 Ha
under Korkonda and Malkangiri blocks.
33 nos. of Minor Irrigation Projects irrigate 3% of the total cultivable
land in the district. Also, 3nos. of Minor Irrigation Projects have been
completed recently and another 11nos. MIPs are in progress.
293 nos. of Lift Irrigation points (OAIC and OLIC) irrigates 12% of the
total cultivable land in the district.
The potential utilized against the designed ayacut and potential created
of Major and Medium irrigation projests in Malkangiri District are as follows:
Irrigation Projects, Ayacut Area, Potentials Created and Utilised
Table No. 4.7
Sl.
1
2
Major And Medium
Design
Potential
Potential
Projects
Ayavut (Ha) created (Ha) Utilized (Ha)
Poteru Major Irrigation
61,034
60,129
4,954
Project
Satiguda Medium Irrigation
9,065
9,065
8,361
Project
Total
70,099
69,194
57,901
Malkangiri District with its hilly areas and huge water resources is ideal
for development of Irrigation. The MIPs, Lift irrigation points and other
irrigation interventions i.e. check dams, small dams, dug wells etc are found
to be more feasible in the district and contributes about 25% irrigation to the
total cultivable land. The present status of irrigation on cultivable land for the
district is 42.73%, whereas the irrigation coverage in Khairput, K.Gumma
and Mathili Blocks are extremely low i.e. 4.41%, 4.67% and 7.39% of their
total cultivable areas respectively. There is very less scope for Rabi crops in
Mathili, Khairput and K.Gumma Block. The present cultivable areas under
88
irrigation in Korkonda and Malkangiri blocks are 39.27% and 31.96%
respectively. The major portion of cultivable areas in the district depends on
rainfed agriculture. The block wise irrigation potential is given in the table
below.
Blockwise Irrigation Potential of Malkangiri District
Table No. 4.8
SL.
Name of Block
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Khairput
Kudumulguma
Mathili
Korukonda
Malkangiri
Kalimela
Podia
Total
Cultivable Area (Ha)
10,261
10,543
22,876
35,185
20,890
28,433
21,995
1,50,183
Irrigated Area
Area (Ha)
In %
452
4.41%
492
4.67%
1,690
7.39%
13,817
39.27%
6,676
31.96%
26,322
92.58%
14,721
66.93%
64,170
42.73%
Source: Irrigation Department, Malkangiri
Rainfall Distribution
The Monsoon in the district is quite erratic with uncertain behavior.
Generally South West Monsoon sets in by 2nd week of June and continues
up to end of October contributing about 92% of the total annual rainfall. The
rainfall distribution pattern is quite erratic which is generally received from
last part of June to second week of September totalling to hardly 80 days.
The distribution of rainfall in the district is reflected in the Table below.
Distribution of Rainfall from 2010 to 2014 in Malkangiri District
Table No. 4.9
Sl No.
Year
Rainfall
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
1830.42 mm
1103.90 mm
1713.36 mm
1757.87 mm
1509.65 mm
No of Raning
Days
82
63
81
81
80
Soil Erosion and Soil Conservation
The District Watershed Mission is implementing Watershed
Development Programme under various schemes namely; NWDPRA, IWDP,
SCA (RLTAP) which have been already completed and presently, IWMP is
operational in the district. Now Integrated Watershed Management program
89
(IWMP) is running in the district in two batches i.e. Batch-I & Batch-IV.
Batch-I consists 22 nos. of micro-watersheds (MWS) with 12,800 Ha of area
for treatment in three Blocks i.e. Korukonda, Mathili and Malkangiri during
the year 2009-10 to 2015-16. Batch-IV micro-watersheds (MWS) are being
implemented for the period 2012-13 to 2018-19 having 18364 Ha areas for
treatment.
Information about Operation of IW MP in Malkangiri District
Table No. 4.10
Sl.
Parameters
Coverage areas
1
IWMP
Korukonda, Mathili, Malkangiri, Podia Block
2
Total No. of Watersheds.
49 nos. (7 Clusters)
3
Total Geographical Area (in Ha)
40775.215
4
Total Treatable Area(in Ha)
31164
5
Total No. of Villages
150
6
Total No. of Households
10429
7
Total Population
39512
8
Total Out lay (Rs. In Lakhs)
4290.6
10
Total Expenditure (Rs in Lakhs)
1299.47 (As on 31/03/2015)
Soil erosion is a continuous process and it is occurring every year
reducing fertility and affecting food production. For soil formation, nature
takes 600 –1000 years to build 2.5 cm of top soil but get displaced in a year
due to degradation of natural resource bases. About 6000 million tones of
productive soil is lost every year from about 80 million hectares of cultivated
land alone in India. The amount of soil erosion is estimated to be 6 Metric
Tonne per Ha/ year. Treatment planning is made accordingly for soil and
water conservation through mechanical and Bio-logical measures.
Mechanical measures include Field bunding, countour bund, counter
trenches (staggered and continuous), Percolation tank, Farm pond, Loose
Boulder Check Dam (LBCD), gabian structures, stop dams, underground
dykes etc. and bio-logical measures include Mango and Cashew plantation
and vegetative measures. Different agronomical measures are being adopte
to check soil erosion and increase productivity. In Malkangiri district, soil and
water conservation activities have been taken up and an area of 4835 Ha &
3894 Ha have so far been treated under Batch-I and Batch-IV respectively.
90
Measures under Soil and Water Conservation intervention in Malkangiri
District
Table No. 4.11
Sl.
Soil and water conservation interventions
Area under interventions
(i)
Contour Bund/ Field bunding ( Ha)
882
(ii)
Graded Bunds ( Ha)
(iii)
Loose Boulder Check Dam (nos)
577
(iv)
Farm Ponds (nos)
380
(v)
Percolation tanks (nos)
30
(vi)
Dug wells ( nos)
10
(vii)
W.H.S. ( nos)
(viii)
Cashew Plantation ( Ha)
132
(ix)
Aveneu Plantation ( K.M)
10
(x)
Diversion Bunds
(xi)
Land Devlopment (Ha)
85
4
40
115
Cultivable Area and its Distribution
The total cultivated area of the district is 1,42,734 Ha., out of which an
area of 73,639 Ha (52%) are under rain-fed agriculture. Out of total cultivable
areas of 1,42,734 Ha, 16.83%, 21.32% and 61.85% of lands are of low land,
medium land and upland category respectively in the district. The
percentage of productive low land is less than the district average in blocks
like Podia (9.2%), Khairput (14.5%) and Kalimela (15.2%) Similarly, the
percentage of comparatively less productive high land is more than the
district average in the above mentioned blocks i.e. Podia (78.6%), Khairput
(70.7%) and Kalimela (65.9%).
Agri-input Use Status
During Kharif and Rabi seasons Foundation, Certified and Truthful
Label seeds of Paddy, Ground-nut, Mung, Biri, Arhar, Dhanicha, Ragi and
Maize seeds of different varieties meant for the farmers are supplied from
Orissa State Seed corporation, National Seed Corporation, Orissa and AgroIndustries Corporation through the LAMPS and Private Seed Dealers. Every
Year the farmers buy about 12,000 Qtl. of Paddy seed along with other
seeds at government subsidized rate. During Kharif. 16,000 Matric Tons of
Fertilizers (UREA-6000 MT. and others 10,000 MT.) are being used in the
district which are available in subsidized rate from OSCMF, whole sale
dealer and OAIC. In Malkangiri district, there are 10 nos. of whole sale
91
dealers and 117 nos. of fertilizers dealers. They are distributing the allocated
fertilizer in time as per the requirement of farmers.
Seeds Distribution Status in Malkangiri District
during 2012, 2013 and 2014
Table No. 4.12
(In Quintals)
Name of Seeds
Paddy
Maize
Pulses
2012
7,820
350
80
Distribution of Seeds
2013
11,050
405
130
2014
11,200
300
60
Source: Deputy Director, Agriculture, Malkangiri
The quantity of distribution of Paddy seed has shown an increasing
trend, i.e. from 7820 quintals in 2012 to 11200 quintals in 2014. The
distribution of maize seed which was 350 quintals in 2012, has come down
to 300 quintals in 2014 but showing an increase (405 quintals) in 2013.
Similarly, distribution of pulses seeds which was 80 quintals in 2012 has
come down to 60 quintals in 2014 with an increasing trend (130 quintals) in
2013.
Fertilizer (Nutrientwise) Consumption
Fertilizers consumption is showing an increasing trend in the district.
There is an increase of about 27% (5301 MT to 6731 MT) and 36% (6731
MT to 9148 MT) in fertilizers consumption in the district during the years
2013, 2014 and 2015 respectively. Information about fertilizer consumption
in the district is given in the table below.
Fertiliser Consumption in the District
For the year 2013, 2014 and 2015
Table No. 4.13
(In MTs)
Consumption of Fertilisers
2013
2014
3134
4461
1225
1543
942
727
5301
6731
Name of Fertiliser
Nitrogen
Phosphorus
Potassium
Total
Source: Deputy Director of Agriculture, Malkangiri
92
2015
5562
2480
1106
9148
Farm Mechanisation
The subsidy for farm Mechanization is being availed from different
centrally sponsored schemes like, RKVY etc and also from a state plan
scheme namely ―Popularization of Agricultural Implements, Equipments and
Diesel pump sets‖. Every individual farmer irrespective of his or her land
holdings / registered farmer group like Pani panchayat, Vana Surakshya
Samiti etc engaged in agricultural farming are eligible for the scheme. Farm
mechanization is gradually picking up in the district. Small land holdings,
poor economic condition of farmers, and lack of awareness among majority
of the farmers are the main constraints in the process of farm mechanization
in the district. The farm mechanization status in the district is given in the
table below.
Farm Mechanisation Status (2012-13 to 2014-15)
In Malkangiri District
Table No. 4.14
(in Nos.)
Farm Implements
2012-13
2013-14
Tractor
132
190
99
Power tiller
214
307
263
10
32
82
851
488
360
17
30
27
Rotavator
Diesel pump set
Power driven equipments
2014-15
Source: Deputy Director of Agriculture, Malkangiri
Paddy Area
The paddy crop was taken up in 51.23% of total cultivable land during
Kharif-2015. 100% of low land, 99.51% of medium land and 21.3% of high
land were taken up for paddy crops during Kharif-2015. Only 1350 ha.
(0.95%) of land area was taken for paddy cultivation during Rabi-2014. The
block wise paddy cultivation on different categories of cultivable land during
Rabi crop-2014 and Kharif-2015 are given in the table below.
93
Table No. 4.15
Name of
the Block
Malkangiri
Korukonda
Mathili
Kalimela
Podia
Khairput
K.Gumma
Total
Cultivable Area (Ha)
(With Land Type)
High Med Low Total
8916
19935
10945
17723
17178
7206
6376
88279
4355
9304
5235
5045
2658
1508
2325
30430
2954
5946
5696
4102
2009
1476
1842
24025
16225
35185
21876
26870
21845
10190
10543
142734
Paddy Area Kharif-2015 (Ha)
(With Land Type)
High Med
Low
Total
1378
4187
1828
5226
4946
1139
112
18816
4314
9285
5215
5022
2645
1485
2316
30282
2954
5946
5696
4102
2009
1476
1842
24025
Rabi -2014
(Ha)
Total
8646
19418
12739
14350
9600
4100
4270
73123
215
800
35
205
50
25
20
1350
Source: Dy. Director of Agriculture, Malkangiri
Major Crops Grown in the District
The main source of occupation of people of this district is cultivation.
They depend on agriculture sector for income and employment. Paddy being
the predominate crop of the district accounts for 67% of the gross cropped
area. Other major crops of the district are maize, ragi, sesamum, ground-nut,
vegetables etc. The yearwise area, yield and production of the major crops
of the district are given in the table below.
Area, Yield and Production of the Major Crops in Malkangiri District
Table No. 4.16
(A: Area in ‗000Ha,
Major Crops
2012-13
A
Paddy
Maize
Ragi
Mung
Biri
Til
Groundnut
(Rabi)
Vegetable
(Kharif)
Vegetable (Rabi)
Y: Yield in Qtl. Per Ha,
Y
73.65
8.72
7.71
2.85
4.27
27.48
20.62
8.10
P: Production in ‗000MT.)
2013-14
P
A
Y
2014-15
P
A
Y
P
29.38 216.38 73.85
35.11
30.62
8.80
14.98
11.55
7.65
3.82
1.10
3.00
5.20
2.24
4.50
4.11
11.29 27.45
17.85
36.80 18.42
29.42 217.23 73.06
31.84
36.18
8.84
15.00
11.47
8.50
3.84
1.15
2.83
5.30
2.37
4.15
4.13
11.33 27.10
18.25
33.62 18.50
29.65
35.98
15.24
3.88
5.42
4.72
19.10
216.62
31.81
12.95
1.10
2.25
12.79
35.34
70.20
69.71
71.35
60.58
155.15 194.72 13.27 156.32
207.44
56.86
8.54
12.95 154.33 199.85 12.55
59.53
8.49
Source: Dy. Director of Agriculture, Malkangiri
Horticultural Crops
The agro-climatic condition of Malkangiri district is favorable for fruit
cultivation. The areas taken up under mango, banana, guava plantation and
94
the yield rate and production are showing an increasing trend. The area,
yield rate and production during the year 2012-13, 2013-14 and 2014-15 are
indicated in the following table.
Area, Yield Rate and Production of Horticultural Crops
(2012-13 to 2014-15) in Malkangiri Districts
Table No. 4.17
(A: Area in „000Ha,
Y: Yield in Qtl. Per Ha,
2012-13
Crops
A
Y
2013-14
P
A
475
5296
5640
Mango
1115
Guava
365
654
2387
Banana
470
1752
8234
Citrus
375
675
Litchi
9
Y
2014-15
P
A
Y
P
485
27354
1200
475
5700
515
784
4038
370
2419
2419
452
1836
8299
500
1740
8700
2531
614
987
6060
420
675
2835
380
34
16
470
75
18
425
77
65
2215
1440
62
2410
1494
70
2400
1680
7
1175
82
6
1283
77
20
1175
235
1180
890
9612
1018
998
10160
1025
940
9635
Papaya
Pine-apple
Other Fruits
P: Production in „000MT.)
Source: Dy. Director of Horticulture, Malkangiri
Organic Farming
Bio-fertilizer is an important component of Integrated Nutrient
Management. It is not only a low cost input but also eco-friendly in nature. It
is mostly supplied at subsidized rate to the farmers under different schemes
like RKVY, NFSM and State Plan. Rhizobium Culture, Azoto-bactor,
Azosporillum, Phospo-Solublelising Bacteria (PSB), Phospo-Solublelising
Mychoriza (PSM) are also available in the market in dust and liquid form
which are not harmful to soil health.
As Organic Farming is the need of the day. Farmers are to be
motivated to construct more number of Vermi-Compost pits for production of
adequate Vermi Compost. Similarly, Blue-Green Algae production unit also
helps in increasing the fertility of soil. For reducing the pollution of water, soil,
air and increasing soil fertility, the farmers are using green manuring
(Dhanicha, Mung, Biri, Cow-pea, Azolla) ,Organic Manure (Compost, Oilcake, Cow-Dung, Farm-Yard Manure), Bio-Fertilizers and Bio-Pesticides
(Neem based Pesticides) etc.
95
Adoption of New Technology by the Farmers
Now-a-days some of the progressive farmers in the district are
adopting new technology like SRI (System of Rice Intensification), Line
Transplanting, Line sowing of paddy and non-paddy crop like Mung, Biri,
Ragi, Arhar, Ground-nut, Maize and Til crop. Application of weedicides as
pre-emergence and post-emergence of weed, cent percent seed treatment
by organic or in-organic materials, Integrated Nutrient Management (50%
chemical fertiliser + 50% organic manure) in split application of nitrogen
fertilizers, Integrated Pest Management (Use of Neem based pesticides,
Vermi Wash, Light Trap, Yellow Sticky, Tricogamma Viridi Card, Pheroman
Trap, Lure, keeping more biological parasites in the field).
Use of hybrid, high yielding, improved, pest resistant variety seed is
increasing production and productivity of cereal crops, pulse crop, oilseed,
vegetable, fiber and spices crop. Progressive farmers are also adopting mixfarming, inter-cropping, diversification of crop, off-season vegetable growing,
tissue banana cultivation, high density planting system, fruits and cashew
cultivation.
High level economic farm implements (pump sets, power tiller, dal
mill, rubber rice sheller, rotavator, disc plough, paddy thresher, transplanter,
power weeder, combined harvester, seed drill, ground nut decoticator,
spinkler, wcarrying pipe) are available in subsidized rate. For increasing
irrigation potential, Jalanidhi scheme (50% Subsidy or Rs.50000/- for borewell, river-lift and dug-well), construction of water harvesting structure and
field channel in the tail end of main channels are being implemented. Under
BKKY scheme, 90% cluster bore-wells are functioning in the district.
Crop Insurance
Rashtriya Krushi Bima Yojana (RKBY) was introduced in the state from
1999-2000. Both Loanee and Non-Loanee farmers are covered under this
scheme. It is compulsory for loanee farmers and optional for Non-loanee
farmers. Now it will continue for implementation of National Agricultural
Insurance Scheme during 2015 under Crop Insurance Scheme as it can
insulate the farming community against the agricultural risks. The crops
covered under this scheme are paddy, maize, ground-nut, jute, niger, arhar,
cotton during kharif season and paddy, ground-nut, mustard, potato during
rabi season. In Malkangiri district during kharif only paddy, maize, arhar and
in rabi ground-nut are taken up.
96
Agriculture Credit, Marketing and Storage
There are 9 No. of LAMPS under KCCB and 13 no. of commercial
banks in Malkangiri district from where the farmers avail crop loan and other
Agricultural Loan. The numbers of KCC account holders of the district are
52,455, out of a total of 86,306 farmers. As regards agriculture credit, the
crop loan / term loan program covers Rs. 17,000 Lakhs and other allied
sectors cover Rs. 13000 lakhs.
In Malkangiri district, there are 24 nos. of marketing places. The
farmers produce paddy, groundnut, til and vegetables and collect forest
products and keep them in the marketing storage go-down (Pvt. and Govt.).
From time to time the farmers sell their products in the market. There are 10
nos. of fertilizer wholesale dealers and 171 nos. of retail dealers in the
district. About 18000 MT of chemical fertilizers like urea, DAP, and potash
are kept in their own go-downs and sold to the farmers at government
subsidised prices.
Implementation of Activities under Different Schemes
A.
State Plan Schemes
1. RIDF-JALANIDHI-1(bore well, dug-well, river lift )
2. Strengthening of training centre, laboratory and implement factory.
3. Management of acid soil.
4. Input subsidy
5. Popularization of agriculture implements.
6. Refresher training for extension functionaries.
7. New agriculture policy.
8. Promotion of System of Rice Intensification (SRI)
B. Centrally Sponsored Plan Schemes.
1. Work Plan (Micro Management Mode) Rice Development., Ragi
Development, Farm Mechanization
2. Jute Technology Mission, Mini-Mission ll.
3. National Mission on Oil seeds, Oil Palm.
4. Support to State Extension for Extension Reforms (Agriculture
Technology Management Agency- ATMA).
5. National Project on Management of Soil Health and Fertility
(NPMSHF).
6. National Food Security Mission. (NFSM) Rice, Pulse.
7. Rastriya Krishi Vikas Yojana (RKVY).
C. Central Plan Schemes.
1. Promotion &strengthening of Agriculture mechanization through
training, testing and demonstration.
97
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Support to state extension programme for extension reform,
AGRISNET.
National project on promotion of organic farming.
Development and strengthening of infrastructure for production and
distribution of quality seed.
Agril-clinic/Agril. Business centers.
Strengthening and modernization of pest management.
Monsoon Forecast and Contingent Plan
The ESSO-IMD (Earth System Science Organization-India
Meteorological Department) forecasts the monsoon seasonal rain fall of
Long Period Average (LPA). We need to be vigilant for any aberrant
situations that might affect our production plan. Some of the practices to be
adopted to deal with any aberrant situation in the district are suggested as
follows:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Sowing /Transplanting of paddy is to be completed as early as possible
by mid-August.
Adopting more non paddy crops in the up land to avoid terminal
drought.
Inter cropping of cereal +pulse/oil seed is recommended.
Basal application of optimum phosphate and potash fertilizers. Potash
is important for tolerance of moisture deficit.
Rationalization of irrigation water discharge and use.
Strengthening Advisory Services to the farmers and timely feedback on
crop and weather status.
Organisation set-up of Agriculture Department in Malkangiri District
The Deputy Director of Agriculture is the administrative head of the
Department at the district level. Under his control are three district
Agriculture Officers (DAOs) posted one each at Malkangiri, Kalimela and
Govindapalli. There are three Assistant Agriculture Officers (AAOs) under
the District Agriculture Oficer, Malkangiri, Viz, (a) AAO Malkangiri and
Pandripani, (b) AAO, Korukonda and Sikhapalli, and (c) AAOP, Mathili and
Kaliaguda.There are two Assistant Agriculture Officers (AAOs) under the
jurisdiction of District Agriculture Office, Kalimela; Viz; (i) AAO, Kalimela and
Kangrukonda and (ii) AAO, Podia and MV-79. Similarly, there are two
Assistant Agriculture Officers under the jurisdiction of DAO, Govindapalli.
They are (i) AAO, Khairiput and Govindapalli, and (ii) AAO,
Kudumulugumma and Chitrakonda. Village Agricultural Worker (VAWs) are
the field level workers at village level. There are 45 numbers of VAWs under
the control of Malkangiri District Agricultural Officer, Kalimela and 12 VAWs
98
and the jurisdiction of District Agriculture Officer Govindapalli. All these
VAWs work under the direction and guidance of respective AAOs. All these
officials are responsible for implementation of various schemes and
programmes for promotion of agriculture in the district.
Organisation set-up of Horticulture Department in Malkangiri District
Like that of the Department of Agriculture, the Deputy Director of
horticulture, Malkangiri is the departmental head of horticulture at district
level. There is one post of Assistant Director of horticulture, at district level
who works under the administrative control of Deputy Director of horticulture.
There are seven Assistant Horticulture Officers in the district. They are
posted one each in seven blocks of Malkangiri, Korukonda, Mathili, Kalimela,
Podia, Khairiput and Kudumuluguma. There are five Horticulture oversears
who are working at Malkangiri, Kalimela, Podia, Khairiput and Chitrakonda.
In addition to all these officials of Horticulture Department of Malkangiri
district, there 14 nos of Horticulture extension workers, 14 Gardeners and 4
nos of Attendants. All these officials and extension workers are engaged for
promotion of Horticulture in the District.
Animal Resources Development
Livestock is an important component of agriculture sector in countries
all over the world. Apart from an important contributor to national income, the
sector has been considered as one with high potential for alleviating poverty
and unemployment in rural areas. About three-fourth of India‘s population
and almost three out of four poor in India live in rural areas, and over 70% of
rural households own livestock. A large majority of livestock owners
comprise of small and marginal farmers and landless households. Most of
the people in the district are poor and 80% of households own livestock.
Livestock in rural Malkangiri contributes to food and nutritional security,
provides power, transport, and manure. They are required in traditional
socio-religious ceremonies. People in the district, mostly the tribals, keep
couple of cattle, buffalo, sheep, goat, pigs and poultry under mixed animal
husbandry system. Pigs are tribe and caste specific. Traditionally the tribal
people in general and Koyas in particular seldom milk their cows. Diary is a
recent phenomenon limited to urban and semi urban localities.
Till January 2008, the SDVO was managing the district level works of
CDVO. After creation of the post of CDVO at Malkangiri, the CDVO
establishment started functioning since 29.2.2008. The ARD Department
with its well qualified & trained staff renders service to the poor farmers of
Malkangiri District in shape of health care management & upgradation of the
animals. It also implements programmes like feeding, breeding, insurance,
99
control and containment of animal diseases under various schemes of state
and central Government.
Existing Infrastructure
Total No. of Vety. Hospitals (VH)
:
01
Total No. of Vety. Dispensaries (VD)
:
12
Total No. of Livestock Aid Centres (LAC)
:
50
Total No. of Artificial Insemination Centres
:
33
Total No. of A.I. Centres providing Door-step facility :
33
Total no. of Gomitra Centres
:
08
Hatchery
:
01 (One hatchery
building at Mathili
with hatchers and
setters installed)
Livestock Population (As per 2012 Census)
The live stock holding indicates that people keep maximum number of
cattle followed by goats, sheep, buffalos and pigs. Indigenous chicks are
most vital element in the life of rural community. The district has a traditional
and mixed animal farming system where a family keeps couple of cattle,
goat, sheep, pigs, buffaloes, chicken and ducks.
Blockwise Live Stock Population in Malkangiri District
(2012 Census)
Table No. 4.18
Name of the
Block
Malkangiri
Korukonda
Kalimela
Podia
K.gumma
Mathili
Khairput
Total
Male
25639
40534
32354
22198
20906
29404
12078
183113
Cattle
Female
25753
35238
29654
22713
19547
26986
11953
171844
Total
51392
75772
62008
44911
40453
56390
24031
354957
Buffalo
Sheep
Male Female Total
1238 1387 2625 3421
2652 2259 4911 9470
2004 1612 3616 2494
2044 1909 3953
392
946 1034 1980 5820
1357 1164 2521 5404
886
766 1652 2372
11127 10131 21258 29373
Goat
Pig
Poultry
17831
22431
19873
18555
19924
26194
13439
138247
2226
6422
7977
12914
2688
3388
5395
41010
35637
60845
73229
58314
36533
102901
30189
397648
Conservation of Native Breed of Cattle – “Motu”
The district is very rich in bio-diversity in terms of domestic animals and
birds. There is a very good population of indigenous cattle popularly known
as ‗Motu‘ registered nationally. They are found in large numbers in blocks
like Podia and Kalimela. The breed is well known for its unique traits which
100
are not found in other cattle breeds of our country. The breedurs‘ society for
development of ―Motu‖ cattle has been formed in the district. It is proposed
that this society will be taken up by the Orissa Livestock Resources
Development Society (OLRDS) in near future.
Animal Resource Department
The present Animal Resource Department of the district with its
available infrastructure is providing veterinary services to farmers both in
rural and urban areas. It is trying to implement different animal husbandry
programmes undertaken by the Government of Odisha from time to time.
The important objectives of the Department are;
a)
To improve the living standard of the people through sustainable
livestock development.
b)
To increase employment opportunity; and
c)
To increase the production of milk, egg, meat, fodder etc in the
district.
The broad activities of the Department are as follows:
1.
Dissemination of new low cost farmer friendly technologies;
2.
Development of small animals;
3.
Introduction of improved poultry through back yard poultry
programme;
4.
Extension of advisory services;
5.
Better management of animal nutrition and fodder development;
6.
Productivity through genetic upgradation;
7.
Routine vaccination against various diseases; and
8.
Treatment of sick animals of the district and strengthening of
disease control mechanism.
Routine Activities
The following are the routine activites of the Animal Resouce
(Veterinary) Department in the district:
Genetic upgradation of local Cows and Buffaloes
33 Numbers of A.I. Centres (Artificial Insemination Centres) are
functional in the district. Every year on an average 12,000 numbers of
artificial ineminations are being performed in the district. If 30% of
101
inseminated cows and buffaloes get conceived, 3600 numbers of improved
progenies are expected to born. Out of them 50% i.e. 1800 numbers are
assumed to be female calves, which in turn, if taken care properly by the
farmers, shall be in milk in three years time and contribute in milk production
@ 5 litres per day per cow in the district.
Protection of the existing Livestock and Poultry
There is a provision of inoculating all the vulnerable group of livestock
and poultry population of the district to protect against different contagious
diseases by mass vaccination.
Provision of First Aid and Treatment
There are 1 Veterinary Hospital, 12 number of Veterinary Dispensaries
and 50 LACs operating in the district. They provide treatment and first aid
services to all sorts of ailments of livestock both at the veterinary institutions
and at the door steps of the farmers on request.
Organisation of Health Camps and Awareness Campaign
Every year on an average 20 number of health camps are being
organized in the district to treat the ailing livestock followed by creation of
awareness on different need based issues. Apart from these a number of
health camps are organized by other organisations like OTELP, KVK etc. in
which the veterinarians & paravets get involved & make them success.
Preparedness for Natural Calamities
During summer and rainy seasons, it is a routine practice to alert all the
field functionaries to deal with the ―Heat Stress‖ related cases and special
emphasis is given for flood affected areas. In order to monitor all such
situations a Control room is being established at the Office of the Chief
District Veterinary Officer, Malkangiri.
District Diagnostic Laboratory (DDL)
One DDL is functioning at the district headquarters to assist the
diagnosis for treatment of different ailments, sero-surveillance against
various communicable, infectious & zoonotic diseases etc.
National Project on Cattle and Buffalo breeding (NPCBB)
Out of institutions like, 1 VH, 12 VDs and 50 LACs, 1 VH, 10 VDs and
22 LACs are equipped with FSAI facility. Moreover all of the institutions are
being supplied with portable containers to extend AI facility at the door steps
of the farmers. In addition to the above services provided by the
departmental staff, 08 nos. of self-employed youths (Gomitra) have been
102
trained to provide AI services at different GPs where LACs are not available.
A total numbers of 75 Gopals are engaged by JK Trust Gramin Yojana. They
are also taking care of providing AI services at farmers doorstep. All the
institutions are being supplied with liquid nitrogen, semen straws and
sheaths at regular intervals.
On an average 3200 numbers of improved progenies are being added
every year in the district. Supply chain for all the inputs required for provision
of AI services in the district has been streamlined and ensured uninterrupted
supply.
Assistance to States for Control of Animal Disease (ASCAD)
A number of skill upgradation training and health camp-cum-awareness
camps have been conducted in the district. Different vaccines have been
procured and utilized by the field institutions for inoculation to different
species of livestock and Poultry.
Target and Achievement of Vaccination Programmes in Malkangiri
District
Table No. 4.19
Sl.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
Name of
Vaccine
HSV
BQV
ASV
FMDV
PPRV
ENTV
GPV
F1V
R2B
FPOX
Theleria
Brucella
Total
2013-14
Tar
Ach
3,34,000
2,10,600
2,10,600
87,350
42,500
56,800
1,62,000
98,600
1,69,000
98,900
13,000
27,000
39,000
29,600
0
65,000
59,000
0
0
35
10,35,100
6,67,885
2014-15
Tar
Ach
3,50,700
1,65,750
2,21,130
1,37,700
44,625
42,000
1,70,100
1,20,800
1,77,450
1,36,700
15,000
30,000
40,950
25,100
0
0
68,250
71,000
0
0
0
105
10,88,205
7,29,155
2015-16
Tar
Ach
3,50,700
72,900
2,21,130
63,150
44,625
1,70,100
5,600
1,77,450
14,600
15,000
0
40,950
800
0
0
68,250
0
0
0
0
0
0
20
10,88,205
1,57,070
The achieving rate of vaccination programmes in the district was
64.52% in 2013-14 which has gone up to 67% in 2014-15. By the time of
reporting in 2015-16 it was only 14.43%. Almost all the vulnerable groups of
livestock in the endemic and flood prone areas have been protected against
contagious diseases.
Poultry Activities and Establishment of Hatchery
The poultry and hatchery initiatives have been taken up to encourage &
establish backyard poultry units through P.P.P. mode and also to identify
interested entrepreneurs for setting up of large scale layer units in the
103
district. Private entrepreneurs are being motivated to establish medium &
large farms under Commercial Agriculture Enterprise. BPL families are being
encouraged to establish backyard poultry farming for improvement of their
livelihood. BPL families have been identified to establish backyard poultry
units during 2015-16. Each unit will be provided 45 no. of 28 day old chicks
in three phases, it is proposed.
Calf Rearing Scheme under RKVY
The calf Rearing Scheme under RKVY is taken up for genetic
upgradation of local breed and to increase CB Population, as well as, to
accelerate dairy development programme thereby increasing milk production
and consumption in the district. The following box shows the target,
beneficiaries selected, female calves booked and tagged in 2014-15.
Table No. 4.20
Year
Target
2014-15
50
Beneficiary
Selected
50
Female Calves
booked
49
Female Calves Tagged
49
The calves are insured as well as provided with free health check up
and vaccination till attaining motherhood. Calves are attaining good health
and early motherhood.
Mobile Veterinary Unit under RKVY
Mobile Veterinary Units under RKVY are in operation in the district to
provide door-step AH services in the remote & inaccessible areas, to provide
free medicines & free diagnosis, to attend outbreaks of livestock diseases &
their control and containment, to educate people to adopt appropriate
modern technology for improving the productivity, and to create awareness
on livestock preventive health care and department services available.
7 Mobile Veterinary Units are functioning in 7 blocks of Malkangiri
District. The details of MVU activities for the year 2015-16 are as follows.
Performance of MVUS in Malkangiri District- During 2013-14,
2014-15 and 2015-16
Table No. 4.21
Year
2013-14
2014-15
Total No. Of
Camps
conducted
1681
1686
2015-16
852
Treatment
Castration
Vaccination
Awareness
meetings
56576
60740
625
269
18300
31350
353
578
40576
128
11050
409
104
Farmers of remote areas are getting animal health services like
treatment, vaccination, AI etc. at their door-steps with free medicines and
free diagnosis. Farmers are becoming aware and taking the benefits of
Veterinary Services available and becoming educated about adopting
modern technology for improving productivity.
National Mission for Protein Supplementation (NMPS)
National Mission for Protein Supplementation (NMPS) is designed to
cover all the activities required to set up goat units with scientific
management for better price realization, to promote better health care &
management practices for higher productivity & higher returns, to build the
capacity of the local community member for undertaking goat production as
a profitable enterprise, to develop the project area as training demonstration
field with an intention for expansion & replication with peoples participation
and to meet the demand of goat meat by improving the total production in
the district.
Broadly the activities included promoting intensive goat production and
improving productivity of goats under conventional small holder/ pastoral
system etc. So far 10 units with 50 goats per unit have been established (by
the time of reporting in 2015-16).
National Livestock Mission (NLM)
National Livestock Mission is designed to cover all the activities
required to ensure quantitative & qualitative improvement in livestock
production systems & capacity building of all the stake holders. The mission
aims at livestock development, feed & fodder development, skill
development, technology & extension, risk management through livestock
insurance etc.
The activities specifically include livestock insurance, backyard poultry,
NLM mela for farmers sensitization and exposure visit of farmers & technical
persons for skill development & awareness etc. So far 369 nos. of large
animals and 322 nos. of small animals of 295 farmers got the benefit (by the
time of reporting in 2015-16).
105
Benefits and Beneficiaries under Animal Husbandry Sector
Table No. 4.22
Sl.
No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Name of the Large
Block
Animal
Malkangiri
Korukonda
Mathili
Khairput
K.gumma
Kalimela
Podia
Total
106
77
66
20
20
42
38
369
Small
Animal
147
65
0
30
30
0
50
322
Grand
Total
State
Farmer‘s
Total Beneficiary
Share
Share
benefits
253
74 24,125.00 8,441.00
142
70 10,666.00 3,300.00
66
33 9,913.00 3,082.00
50
22 2,766.00 1,087.00
50
23 2,870.00
718.00
42
37 7,038.00 1,886.00
88
36 9,097.00 2,519.00
691
295 66,475.00 21,033.00
Total
32,566.00
13,966.00
12,995.00
3,853.00
3,588.00
8,924.00
11,616.00
87,508.00
General Animal Husbandry Activities
The activities of District Animal Resource Development Department
(Animal Husbandry Activities) during the years 2013-14, 2014-15 and 201516 in the District is as follows:
Table No. 4.23
Sl.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Particulars
Treatment of animals
Castration
Artificial
insemination
done
Progeny born
Diagnostic tests made
at DDL
Diagnostic tests made
at VD/LACs
Milk Production (in ‗000
MT)
Egg
Production
(in
millions)
Meat Production (in
‗000 MT)
2013-14
Tar
Ach
28,400
1,25,113
4,000
5,165
11,087
16,164
2014-15
Tar
Ach
3,12,000 2,02,042
5,000
5,691
19,603
12,962
2015-16
Tar
Ach
31,200 93,829
5,000
2,020
19,603
9,246
2,786
216
5316
147
2,840
62
493
433
206
54.930
47.416
54.930
48.015
35.42
17.203
54.040
48.299
54.040
44.098
43.65
17.463
0.940
0.716157
0.940
0.61650
4.94
0.683
A Note on Diary Development and Marketing in Malkangiri District
As per the information of the Chief District Veterinary Officer,
Malkangiri, the total milk production during 2015-16 (upto 1/2016) is 26,872
thousand matric tons. The same amount was marketed and consumed
during the period under reference. Regarding the marketing of poultry meat
in 2015-16, (upto 1/2016), it was 0.0094125 thousand matric tons. On the
other hand, during 2015-16 (upto 1/2016), 0.9857 millions egges were
marketed in the district. It is reported that OMFED has collected 700 liters of
milk per day from the district, whereas sale of milk by OMFED is 2600 ltrs
106
per day. The excess amount of Milk over collection from within the district is
met from outside by the OMFED.
Organisational Setup of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Department
in Malkangiri District
The Chief District Veterinary Officer (CDVO), Malkangiri is the
administrative head of the Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Department at
district level. There are 2 nos of ADVOs, one Deputy Director of Veterinary,
one Sub-divisional Veterinary Officer (SDVO) and one Nodal Officer in the
rank Veterinary Assistant Surgen (VAS) at the district level.
There are 6 block Veterinary Officers posted at Korukonda, Mathili,
Kalimela, Podia, Khairiput and Kudumulugumma.There are 4 numbers of
Veterinary Assistant Surgeons (VAS) posted at Padmagiri, Balimela, Salimi,
and Motu.At the sametime, there are seven Addl. Veterinary Surgens (Addl.
VAS) posted in each block of the district. In addition to them there is one
Veterinary Fodder Development Officer, 2 nos of Veterinary Technicians,
one Diary Extn. Overseer and 78 numbers of LIs (Live Inspectors). All these
officials are working for the promotion of animal husbandry and veterinary
activities in the district.
FORESTRY
Introduction
Forest plays an important role in the socio-economic life of the people,
partifularly the tribals of Koraput region in general and that of Malkangiri
district in particular. Next to agriculture, forest is the important source of
livelihood of tribals living in Koraput region.Forest provides them food,
fodder, fuel wood, housing materials, agricultural implements, and medicine
etc. Collection and sale of minor forest products supplement the income to a
considerable extent. The socio-cultural and religious importance of forest in
the life of tribals and other forest dwellers is quite significant. The tribals,
therefore, are called as ―Vana basis‖ or forest dwellers.
By the sixties of the last century, Koraput district (undivided) was
having sizeable forest areas. As mentioned in the Gazetteers of Koraput
District prepared by Senapati and Sahu (1966), about 70 percent of the total
extent of the district could be taken as forests. (P.23) The forest area has
come down to a considerable extent due to several reasons like shifting
cultivation (Podu), uncontrolled forest destruction by forest contractors,
establishment of various projects by both central and state governments.
The present status of forest is about 30% of the total geographical area of
the region.
107
Back Ground (General History)
The erstwhile Jeypore Division, the mother Forest Division of Malkangiri
District was under the control of British administration for a long time. The
Britishers defeated the king Vikram Deo in the year 1775. The Raja of
Vizianagaram helped Captain Richard Mathews of East India Company to
fight against the Raja Vikram Deo. However, in the year 1793 the Raja of
Jeypore was granted permanent settlement of Jeypore Estate for an annual
peskash of Rs.25,000 which was subsequently reduced to Rs.16,000 during
the year 1802-03. This time the entire Vizianagaram district was settled and
according to the terms of settlement, the forest of the tract also belonged to
the Maharaja. However, the British Government took over the management
of the Estate temporarily under the Agency Rule. Sri Vikram Deo-III was then
a minor. Subsequently, the Estate was handed back to him and he ruled up
to 1920. After his death Ram Chandra Deo-IV and there after Vikram Deo-IV
succeeded to the throne and continued till 1952. After the abolition of the
Zamindari system under the provisions of the Estate Abolition Act, 1951, the
Jeypore Estate was vested to the Government of Odisha. As a result, the
Government of Odisha then became the owner of the entire forests.
The authentic information about the forest conservation effort and its
use by the local inhabitants before the Jeypore Estate came under direct
administration of British rulers was not available. It is believed that the tribal
communities those who were living in the tract used the forest liberally. They
were clearing the forest freely for Kumari or Podu cultivation. In 1891, during
the rule of Maharaja Vikram Deo-III, Madras Forest Act was extended to
Jeypore tract.
Forest Acts
For the first time, Mr. H.G. Tuner, who was appointed as the Special
Assistant Agent took over the direct administration of the Jeypore Estate. He
realized that there was an immediate need of conservation of forest against
the reckless habit and forest use practice of the hills tribes. In the year 1872,
he drew the attention of authorities of Madras Presidency. Under the
direction of erstwhile Government of Madras. Lt. Col. R.H. Beddome,
Conservator of Forests and Captain Blaxland critically explored forests of the
Jeypore zamindari. He submitted the report on his assessment about the
nature and quantum of destruction due to Podu. Col. Beddome gave detail
description of forest flora of the Jeypore Estate. He also stressed on the
immediate need of conservation of the existing valuable forest wealth. He
also suggested that the Madras Forest Act be extended to the Zamindari of
Jeypore. Accordingly the Madras Forest Act, 1882 got extended to Jeypore
108
vide Notification No.268 dated 23.6.1891 on the application of the Guardian
to the minor Raja of Jeypore. Hence, the Madras Forest Act (Act V of 1882)
was extended to this area in the year 1891.
The Jeypore Forest and Wasteland Rules, 1897 was framed under
Section 26 of the said Madras Forest Act to enable them to protect against
Podu cultivation and other types of destructions. Also, the seigniorage rates
of different forest products were published in first St George Gazettee, dated
5.9.1922.
The amendment made to Jeypore Forest Rules, in the year 1916
helped in constitution of protected lands. The ultimate aim of the policy was
to give complete protection to the reserve lands and protected lands against
Podu/Shifting cultivation, encroachment through the penal provisions. The
compounding rules were also acted upon very liberally. Thus the Jeypore
Forest Rule remained operational till 1952 when the Jeypore Estate was
vested with the Estate of Orissa in accordance with the provisions of
Zamindari Abolition (Orissa) Act, 1951.
The administration of the forests of the Jeypore tracts was vested in the
Anchala Sasan under the overall control of the Collector, Koraput from
December 1952 to 15.11.1957, after which it was transferred to the control of
the Forest Department on 15.11.1957. The Jeypore Forest Estate was
reconstituted as the Jeypore Forest Division on 15.12.1958 under the
jurisdiction of the Conservator of Forests, Berhampur Circle, Berhampur.
After the reorganization of the department in 1959, a new circle with head
quarter at Jeypore, now the Koraput Circle was created in 1959.
Creation of Malkangiri Forest Division
Malkangiri Forest Division was created on 01.10.2003 vide Govt. of
Odisha, Forest & Environment Department Notification No.1F (A)
100/2003/13228/F&E dated 08.8.2003. During re-organization of the Forest
Department, Malkangiri Forest Division came into existences with
administrative jurisdiction of a little part of Koraput district and entire of
Malkangiri district. This division extends from longitude E 18° 15‘ to E 82°25‘, latitude N 17°-50‘ to N 18°-45‘. As such the Malkangiri division is
functioning with 6 Ranges namely Malkangiri, Mathili, Balimela, Kalimela,
Chitrakonda and Motu with 23 Forest Sections and 116 Forest Beats.
The low plain of Malkangiri area starts right from Govindapalli in the
North (243 M) and extends up to the extreme South, to the confluence of the
river Sabari and Sileru. There are also numbers of small rocky hills breaking
the monotony of the plains. The hills like Goiparbat, Akur and Bhejangiwada
etc. contains good forest cover. The total geographical area of this Division
109
is 5791 Sq. Km. It includes 164 Nos of Forest Blocks (RFs and PRFs)
covering an area of 88840.9673 Ha (RFs=35256.2401Ha and PRFs =
53284.7272 Ha). There are 75 Nos. DPF containing 18865.0586 Ha, 30
Nos. of UDPF containing 11626.11Ha. and 51 Nos. of other Forests (Village
Forest) 268.20 Ha.
110
The Forest Profile
Malkangiri displays a vast bounty of Forest wealth. It has 157 sq.km of
very dense forests, 709 sq.km of Moderately dense Forests and 1455 sq.km
of open forests. These taken together constitute about 40.08% of the total
geographical area of the District as per 2013 assessment of the Forest
survey of India (Source: SER:2013). The district has 3355.88 sq. km of DLC
Forests. However on introduction of Forest Rights Act-2006, 28320 titles
have been distributed to the Forest dwellers involving about 72125.17 acres
111
of Forest land (report as on 30.09.2015-source: SC and ST Dept., Govt. of
Odisha).
Character of Vegetation
The major forest types noticed are:
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
Southern moist mixed Deciduous Forests
Southern Tropical Semi Ever Green Forests
Southern Tropical Dry Deciduous Forests, Type: Dry teak bearing
forests
Southern dry mixed deciduous Forests.
Dry Bamboo brakes.
The Forests of this division have faced immense biotic pressure,
particularly from human beings and domestic cattle over the years. The
density of the forests varies from 0.2 to 0.5 i.e. open to moderately dense
forests. Salia Bamboo occurs in the drier parts of the slopes and higher
elevations whereas Panibans (Oxytenantheramonostigma) are found on
damp ground along the nallah. Diverse Forest Types support various types
of Flora and Fauna.
Wild Life
Wild Life is an integral part of the forests and plays a major role in the
forest ecosystem. The biodiversity study of different forest blocks indicates
that Reserve Forests and Proposed Reserved Forests sustain substantial
number of flora and fauna species. Kondakamberu and Balimela forest
areas harbor a host of wild flora and fauna. Mass hunting associated with
local festivals and rituals like Chaitra-Bento Parba, poaching for sport and
meat etc. compounds the problem of wildlife management in the District.
The bulk of the wildlife habitat of the division is terrestrial. However, the
Balimala dam and river and Satiguda reservoir near Malkangiri provide
congenial habitat for aquatic wildlife. Besides the above dams, river Sileru,
Saberi, Potteru and other crisscross nallas of the division also form ideal
habitat of the aquatic wildlife including the transitory home for the migratory
birds. The sub-terrestrial habitat consists of burrows and natural crevices
interspersed extensively all over the forests of the division. Sometimes the
local people in the process of hunting and removal of roots and tubers dig
these burrows. Similarly the cracks developed on the rocks on the steep
slopes and accumulated rocks at the foothills act as shelter to reptiles like
lizards, snakes and other microorganisms. The vast stretch of forest cover of
the division provides most ideal habitat for variety of rich avifauna. The
formation types in the terrestrial habitat are mostly covered with fairly dense
112
woodlands of miscellaneous species in Chitrakonda and Balimela ranges.
Mathili, Malkangiri, Kalimela, Motu and part of Balimela range support both
open forests of dry mixed deciduous species. The special habitats for
wildlife, which are biological in origin and provide habitat functions not
served by successional stages, are also available in the forests. They
include wolf trees and snags. Wolf trees provide nesting and rooting sites for
many birds and minor mammals i.e. eagles, kites, vultures and bats that
contribute to pest control. Trees of Ficus species provide food and shelter to
a variety of birds and mammals. The Insectivorous birds which make
cavities, i.e. wood peckers and birds of prayie owls, Kestrels that use
cavities prepared by other in dead and dying trees. The natural caves and
abandoned mine shafts provide ideal shelters for many species i.e. fox,
jungle cat, jackal, bats and owls. Talus at the base of cliffs or steep slopes
serves as shelters for animals like pythons, rat snake, monitor lizard etc.
List of Plant Species found the Forests
The top canopy consists of Sal (Shorearobusta), Muchukunda
(Pterocarpus marsupium), Asan (Terminalia tomentosa), Kadamba
(Anthocephaluscadamba), Jamukoli (Syzygiumcumini), Mankada Kendu
(Diospyrosembryopleris),
Halanda
(Andina
cordifolia),
Bahada
(Terninaliaberllirica), Kangada (Xyliaxylocarpa), Dhau (Anogeissuslatifolia),
Mahula
(Madhucaindica),
Kodala
(Sterculiavillosa),
Kusum
(Schleicheraoleosa), Keli Kadamba (Mitragynaparviflora), Bandhan
(Ougeniaoogeinensis), Sisu (Dalbergialatifolia) etc.
The middle storey consists of Kumbhi (Careyaarborea), Sundargundi
(Mallotusphilippenensis),
Manja
(Caseariatomentosa),
Phatua
(Randiadumetorum),
Mahi
(Lanneacormandelica),
Katha
Kusum
(Garugapinnata), Phampunia (Stereospermumsuavelansis), Phanphana
(Orexyluumindicum), Kendu (Diospyrosmelanoxylon), Anla (Emblica
officinalis), Kanchana (Bauhinia variegate), Chara (Buchananialanzan), Bela
(Aegle marmelosetc).
Among undergrowth the species are Dhataki (Woodfordiafruticosa),
Keruan (Holarrhenaantidysenterica), Jhelli (Indigoferapulchella), Modimodika
(Helicteresisora),
Kharkhari
(Clerodendruminfortunatum),
Flemengia
species, Stroblanthes species, Bhumi Khajuri (Phoenix acaulia), Bhuin
Limba (Andrographispaniculata), Eupatorium odoratume, etc. are noticed. In
many forest blocks Salia Baunsa (Dendrocalamusstrictuson) drier slopes
and Balangi Baunsa (Oxytenantheraalbociliataon) river banks also form as
under growth. The common grasses like- Chhana Ghasa (Imperata),
113
Guguchia (Andropagon) and Phula Chhanchuni (Thysanolaena) are found in
their specific sites.
Animal Species Found in the Forests
Heterotrophs: The common heterotrophs found in the Division areSambar, Chital, Barking Deer, Mouse deer etc. which are the primary
heterotrophs whereas Tiger, Leopard, Jungle cat, Civet cat, Leopard cat etc.
are the secondary heterotrophs. Among scavengers and other animals
Hyaena, Jackal, Wild dog, Sloth bear, Mongoose, Large Indian Squirrel,
Pangolins, Wild Boar, Otters etc. are found in the district. The primates of the
division are Common Langur and Common Pati. Among the reptiles,
Dhamana, Cobra, Krait and other snakes are met with all over the district.
The Pythons are found occasionally in Ramgiri and Gupteswar area. The
avifauna includes the Imperial Pigeon, Doves, Hill Mynas, Red Yenteo
Bulbuls, the Goldren back and the Pied Wood Peckers, Koels, Peafowl, Red
Jungle Fowl, Common quails, Green Pigeons, Crow, Pheasants, Indian
Parakeets, the Common King Fisher, Common Horn Bills, the Indian Night
Jar, the Great Homed Owl, the Swift, Bush Quail, Gray Patridge, Cattle
Egrate, Pond Herons, Pipits and Wagtails etc.
Forest Administration
The responsibility for the proper management of the Forest business
and finance of the division rests on the Divisional Forest Officer, Malkangiri.
He is the primary Executive Officer and is expected to take an active part in
all technical works. Subject to the Working Plan and any direction he may
receive from his superior officers, he controls silviculture of his division and
is held responsible for the correctness of all technical operations.
The Range Officers are responsible for the efficient management and
execution of work within their respective Ranges. The Foresters and Forest
Guards are to assist the Range Officer in carrying out the work of the
Department.
Soil Profile
Geologically this Division forms the part of the Indian Peninsula, one of
the oldest rock masses on the earth. The early geological history of about
1600 million years back, the sedimentary and igneous rock were formed
which were repeatedly subject to change in temperature and pressure,
resulting to the formation of altered or metamorphic rock such as
Charnockite, Khondalite and Granite Gneiss. Later around 1400 million
years back, an arm of the sea extended into the western part during the
Cuddapah period, resulting formation of Sand Stone, Shale and Lime Stone.
114
The Sand Stones generally forms the hills, where as the Lime Stone and the
Shales forms the valleys. Similarly Khondalite constitutes flat-topped hills
and plateau, while the Charnockites form sharp ridges and hills. Thus many
hills and valleys resulting in undulating uplands are covered with an
extensive capping of laterite. The Koraput plateau and its high hills represent
this early laterite surface. Thus the prolonged erosion to this old plateau
resulted in the 300mt. of Malkangiri Plain.
Habitation
The tract included in this Forest Division was once the part of the great
forest region of Jeypore Forest tract. It was also included in the ‗Atavika
Kingdoms‘ at the time of Ashoka in third century B.C. Aboriginal tribes like
Gondas, Kondhas, Bondas, Porajas and Koyas etc. inhabited in this region.
They were supplanting their food with roots, shoots, tubers and fruits. They
were also hunting wild animals during festivals, feast and sports.
Subsequently, in the later days, they were cultivating Paddy, Tobacco,
Chillies, Kajanas, Lin seeds and vegetables on stream banks. Though the
lands were steep, no binding or terracing was followed as a result of which
the top soils got washed during rain and the forests land became vulnerable
to soil erosion.
Non-Timber Forest Products (NTFP)
This division has verities of NTFPs like fruits, leaves, roots, flowers etc.
of many species. In this division NTFP items are one of the major sources of
income generation and large population of tribals are dependent on these
natural resources for their consumption and for sale to enhance their
livelihood. Siali, Bara, Aswastha, Palasa, Jai sandha are the fiber yielding
species; Karanja, Kusuma, Kochila, Mahua, Neem, Sal are the important oil
yielding species; Dhouda; Genduli, Babul, Khair, Salai, Sal are the important
Gum & Resin yielding species; Amla, Mango, Aswastha Bahada, Bara,
Babul, Bela, Bhalia, Dimiri, Borkoli, Kendu, Mohua, Neem, Panas etc. are
the important Fruit Bearing trees and Amla, Arjun, Babul, Bahada, Harida,
Dhauda, Sunari and Sal are the important Tannin Yielding species in this
Division.
JOINT FOREST MANAGEMENT
Vana Suraksha Samities (VSS)
279 nos. of VSSs have been formed and registered in this division by
assigning 16,623.59 Ha. of forest area to protect plantation area and
conserve the forest and to uplift the economic status of local people in order
to reduce anthropological pressure on forests.
115
Eco-Club
There are 145 Nos. of Eco Clubs which are functioning in this district
with the active participations of the Educational Institutions. The main aim of
the Eco-club is to create mass awareness among the students to maintain
cleanliness of environment such as school premises, hospital campus, parks
etc. and enhance greenery to the surroundings.
Environment Society
To promote mass awareness on the first deteriorating environment and
the need of conservation and protection of natural resources of the District; a
district environment Society under Chairmanship of the Collector and District
Magistrate, Malkangiri has been formed in this Division. The Divisional
Forest Officer is the Member Secretary of the Society.
Eco-Tourism
The tribals here are aboriginal inhabitations and it is also found that a
number of tribes who are cradle of tribal culture offer a harmonious blend of
tribal diversity. The fascinating life style of Bondas, Koyas, Duruas and
Sauras who have their own culture, customs, traditions, practices and life
style have become another major source to develop Eco-Tourism in the
district. Presently, 3 nos. of Eco-Tourism sites have been created; namely 1.
Eco-Tourism, Satiguda in Talaguda VSS of Malkangiri Range 2. EcoTourism, Jaduguda in Jaduguda VSS of Malkangiri Range and 3. EcoTourism, Chitrakonda in Maa Bhandaragharani VSS of Chitrakonda Range.
Tribal methods of cultivation, the sacred Grooves in which they worship, the
tree houses in the fields, their arts, crafts, ornaments, dresses, dance and
songs and overall their hospitality and simplicity are important aspects to
develop eco-tourism.
Wildlife is an integral part of Forest and plays a major role in forest EcoSystem. There has been a general decline in the forest cover and hence
wildlife due to various biotic interference. To safeguard the existing wildlife of
the district drastic protection to the protected and non-protected area has
been advocated, but so far this could be possible in protected areas only. To
achieve the said objective establishment of wildlife sin wildlife prone area the
proposed Kondakaberu and Balimela Wildlife Sanctuaries are still to be
notified.
116
PRESENT DAY SYSTEM OF FOREST MANAGEMENT
Joint Forest Management VSS (Forest Working Plans)
There are 279 No‘s of Vana Samrakshyan Samitis (VSS) which are
created in this Division. These are created under JFM Resolution 2008 &
2011. These are formed adjoining to different forest blocks of this division to
protect plantation and other degraded forest area and to conserve the forest
with objective of uplifting the economic status of local people in order to
reduce anthropological pressure on Forest.
Under the Working Plan of Malkangiri Forest Division, a separate
Working Circle has been prescribed in the name of ―Joint Forest
Management Working Circle‖ to manage the Forest division in a sustainable
way. This Working Circle is an overlapping circle and therefore, silvicultural
system to be followed depending on the prescriptions outlined for the main
Working Circle to which the block is primarily allotted. Moreover, the system
of working in these particular areas shall be guided by the micro-plans
prepared in conformity with the prescriptions of the main Working Circle,
jointly prepared by the DFO/VSS for the individual VSS. The intermediate
and final felling to be proposed in the micro-plans should be clearly
mentioned in the micro-plans and the yield needs to be fixed by taking into
account all the safeguards.
Exploitation and Marketing of NTFP Species
The Non-Timber Forest Products (NTFP) consists of goods of biological
origin other than wood, derived from forests, other wooded land and plants
outside forests. Collection of NTFP forms an integral part of the economy
and important source of livelihood for large sections of tribals and other
forest dwellers of Malkangiri.
Previously, the Working Plan of Malkangiri states that no systematic
and substantial work has been carried out in the past, due to want of fund
and un-availability of skilled person to assess the potentiality vis-a-vis
availability of various NTFP items and to ascertain impact of collection etc of
such NTFPs on the sustainability of the Forests.
However, during the year 2011-12 in Mathili range, 2012-13 in
Malkangiri and Motu Range, and 2013-14 in Chitrakonda, Balimela and
th
Kalimela Ranges that the detail NTFP study has benn conducted under 13
FC scheme by taking 100 sample plots method in each range.
According to the availability of NTFP items in the division a prospective
plan shall be prepared for effective collection, value addition and marketing
of NTFP items by the VSS.
117
There are systematic guide lines regarding harvesting of major NTF
products and methods of their treatment. These items include Amla (lemblica
Officinalis), Bahada (Terminalia ballerica), Harida (Terminalia chebula),
Mahua Flower (Madhucaindica), Mahua Seed (Madhucaindia) and Tamarind
(Tamarindu Indica), etc.
Marketing of NTFP Species
Presently there is no organized market access of NTFP sector in
Orissa. The primary collectors/farmers are being exploited by the traders.
Most of the Ayurvedic pharmacies of the state have also been procuring their
raw materials from outside the State. There is need of interface between
these manufacturers with the primary gatherers/SHGs/farmers. There is
need for formation of primary co-operatives and Apex co-operatives at the
linkage and to build sustainable business plan. The rich experience of
maintaining NTFP mandies by Uttaranchal Forest Development Corporation,
and marketing policy of Girijan Co-operative Corporation (GCC) of Andhra
Pradesh & Gujarat Forest Development Corporation can be shared to
develop marketing strategy in the State with greater success.
Many NTFPs have been neglected or overlooked because they are
often outside the established marketing channels. In fact, marketing has
been found to be the major weak point of the primary collectors. And,
whereever such channels are existing, and they are too long that the primary
collector finds it difficult to fetch good returns for the NTFPs collected by him.
Even, at times, the middleman exploits the illiterate NTFP gatherer in the
name of inferior quality. Hence, all these marketing aspects of various
NTFPs need to be attended to on priority. The Divisional Forest Officer
should contact the State cooperatives like TDCC, TRIFED and other
organizations for marketing of NTFPs available in the division. The VSS and
Gram Panchayats should be given information about the marketing
prospects of various NTFPs.
(a)
Rights and Concessions (Past and Present)
1.
Right and concession
Right and concession in different legal types of forest have gradually
evolved over time. All the rights, concessions and privileges are subject to
the condition that if a forest resource is exhausted, which would be
detrimental to the general health of forests, all rights, concession or
privileges shall cease to exist.
118
i.
Right under Estate Rules: As per Rule 5 of the Jeypore Forest
and Waste land Rules, 1895 the bonafide hill ryots (also called
―privilege holders‖) had been allowed to cut trees up to 3 ft. girth on free
of charge and without permit in Reserve lands for their consumption.
Other persons, not being bonafide hill ryots but in habiting the estate
were allowed to use specified forest produce under ―permit system‖
after payment of such fees as were prescribed in the Schedule of Rates
for all timber and other produces.
As per amendment of the said rules in 1916 and notified in the year
1922, the ―privilege holders‖ were made free of charges, the removal of
reserve class trees inclusive of Sal, Bija and Teak upto 3‘ from unreserved land and protected land for their own bonafide consumption.
Besides this they were allowed to graze their cattle and to remove the
other forest produce. Further ―non-privilege holders‖ another system
was introduced during the year 1923. This was called ―Annual Royalty
system‖ or locally called as the ―Plough Tax‖ by virtue of which an
annual royalty of one half to one Rupee per plough was collected from
the tenant for allowing them to remove reserved class trees upto 3‘
girth for making ploughs. This practice was discontinued in 1949.
ii.
Rights under Anchal Administration: With the vesting of Ex-Jeypore
estate with the State of Odisha vide Government Notification
No.8231/R dtd.29.12.1951, the protected lands and unreserved lands
continued to be right burdened as they were earlier. At the same time, a
few rights such as right to use specified footpaths and cart-tracks, the
right to worship at the specified shrines inside the reserve lands. These
concessions were otherwise also allowed in accordance with rule 6 of
the Koraput Forest Rules, 1956. Grazing was also allowed inside
Reserve Lands on payment of a very nominal grazing fee of two Anna
per buffalo, bullock, cow or pony; one Anna per calf and sheep and one
and half Anna per goat, in case of permanent residents of the adjoining
villages, and at twice these rates for outsiders.
The resident hill tribes were allowed to practice mass hunting in the
reserve lands adjoining their villages for the annual festival popularly
known as ―Chaitra-Bento Parab‘‘ during the summer season. This
annual mass hunting of animals has significantly contributed to
extermination of a large number of games.
th
Besides that, as per Notification No-6108-IX-114/55-E.A, dated the 30
August 1956 of Govt. of Orissa, Revenue Department some specific
119
rights and concessions were given to the privilege holders of Koraput
District.
iii.
iv.
Right under Orissa Forest Act, 1972: On implementation on Orissa
ForestAct,1972, numbers of Reserve Forests have been constituted
wherein rights and concessions of the local people have been duly
inquired into by the Forest Settlement officers; and in most of the cases
he has allowed some rights and concession as well as privileges in the
relevant Govt. Notification issue u/s 21 of the said Act. However, some
common rights, concessions or privileges admitted in different reserve
forests are as follows:
a.
The villagers are allowed to collect firewood and bamboos for
their domestic needs and allowed to graze their cattle subject to
payment of royalty and restrictions as may be impose by the
forest department from time to time but the browsers and grazers
are not allowed in the regeneration and plantation areas.
b.
Right to collect and remove edible roots, fruits, minor forest
produce such as Mohua, Kendu, Char, Sal seeds, Siali leaves
and other except Sandal Wood and Cashew nuts.
c.
In Chitapari Forest Block, the muslims of Balimela Nagar were
allowed a piece of land for their graveyard purpose. Beside that
in Kalimela Block the villagers of Ambaguda and Kalimela are
allowed to worship Goddess ―Bhairambi‖.
d.
Right to enjoy fruits of horticulture plantation is granted within the
boundaries of reserve forest to the village community as may be
decided by the Collector of the district in consultation with the
concerned Divisional Forest Officer.
e.
Rights to use specified roads, footpaths, boundary lines and cart
tracks running across the specified reserve forest to adjoining
villages for their movements and collection of water from rivers
and streams etc. subjected to such restriction as may be imposed
by the competent authorities.
The National Forest Policy, 1988: The National Forest Policy, 1988
prescribes that enjoyment of rights and concession should be subjected
to carrying capacities of forest and availability of adequate quantities of
relevant forest products without jeopardizing regeneration of forests.
In view of the ban on ―green felling‖ in Malkangiri district since 1988
some of these rights such as removal of poles and other timbers for
house building have been affected as per the clarification, issued by the
120
Principal Chief Conservator of Forests, Orissa vide his Memo
No.8873(7) dated 06.4.1991. Timber for house building, for fire affected
persons and for agriculture implements are to be supplied through M/s
O.F.D.C. Ltd from their depots as envisaged in the Government of
Orissa, Forest and Environment Department Circular No.10488 dated
11.5.1990. In addition, Government in F & E Deptt.have been pursuing
since 1988 through Forest Protection Committee, a Policy encouraging
peoples‘ participation in local forest management and evolving greater
usufructuary rights on people. This is being done under J.F.M.
programme through a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU), jointly
agreed by the Forest Department and the interested local people.
Further as per the Government policy of March, 2000, 69 items are
transferred to Panchayats for their collection and disposal. The Forest
Department does not charge any Royalty on those 69 items.
(b) Implementation of Forest Rights Act in Malkangiri District
The ST and other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest
Rights) Act, 2006 and Rules, 2007 came into force with effect from
01.01.2008 after receipt of the assent of the President of India. The aim of
this Act is to recognize forest rights of all eligible STs and other Traditional
Forest Dwellers who were in occupation of forest land prior to 13.12.2005
(though with different cut offs dates for ST and other Traditional Forest
Dwellers). The rights under the act includes right to hold and live in the forest
land under the individual or common occupation for habitation, selfcultivation, right of ownership, access to use or dispose off MFPs,
community rights for use or entitlements such as fishingin water bodies,
grazing of cattle etc.
Under the Act steps were taken for formation of District Level
Committee, Sub-Divisional Level Committee and Forest Rights Committee at
village Level through conduct of PalliSabha in 2008 in Malkangiri district. But
due to prevailing law and order situation and general election, 2009 proper
emphasis could not be given for implementation of the same. The actual
process at village level started only in June, 2009 after preparation of a
detailed plan of action. This involved well laid out steps for collection of
applications, survey of Forest Land, conduct of PalliSabha, preparation of
records and distribution of titles to the eligible claimants in a time bound
manner.
Target group is members of Scheduled Tribe community and also those
belonging to Other Traditional Forest Dwellers, as per the provisions of the
121
Act. Special focus was given to recognize Forest Rights in favour of primitive
groups i.e. Bonda & Didayi in the district.
Malkangiri district consists of 07 Blocks and Tehsils comprising of 108
GPs and 933 Revenue villages. Most of the villages are located in hilly and
inaccessible areas. Therefore, it was essential that a detailed planning is
undertaken to ensure that neither a village nor any households in a village is
left out of the purview of implementation of the Forest Rights Act. The
planning in the Malkangiri district has following features:
(1)
Tehsil was taken as unit of planning, monitoring and implementation
and Tehsildar and BDOs were made the nodal persons for
implementation of the Act in the district. It was their responsibility to
ensure survey, prepare documents and coordinate with various
departments at Block level during implementation.
(2)
The implementation was taken up GP-wise/village-wise i.e. to say the
applications were not randomly collected but an effort was made to
cover one GP at a time. In the G.P. being covered, it was ensured that
each and every village is covered and at least members of Scheduled
Tribe Communities are aware of the provisions of the act. To ensure
same, village-wise list of ST households was also given to survey
teams for reference.
(3)
Though the Act envisages that people themselves will apply for
recognition of their rights and Forest Rights Committee will conduct
field enquiries and will take up record keeping but it was seen that
because of low level of literacy, low awareness and technicalities of
legal process, this was not possible without full support of field
functionaries of Revenue, Panchayat and Forest Departments.
Therefore, field level teams under the supervision of Tahsildars, BDOs,
Revenue Supervisors and Forest Range Officers were formed and they
supervised and facilitated process of implementation of the Act.
(4)
Implementation involves close coordination between ST & SC
Development Department, Revenue Department, Panchayati Raj
Department and Forest & Environment Department. Therefore, it was
essential to clearly define their roles, duties and responsibilities. For
instance, BDOs were responsible for various activities related to
PalliSabhas, Gram Sabha, transmission of claims to Sub-Divisional
Committee, distribution of title certificates etc. and for helping
Tehsildars in resolution of disputes, if any.
122
(5)
As the process involves conferring legal rights, it was essential that
process and case documentation is of highest possible order. To
streamline the same, manual detailing model guidelines, model
individual case records, model common records for the village etc. was
prepared and circulated to all concerned.
(6)
The volunteers of different NGOs like parivartan, harmony, right forum
and other civil societies were also actively participated in the special
drive which mostly covered remote and inaccessible areas.
(7)
Forest Rights Cells were opened at Sub-Collector Office, Malkangiri
and Collectorate, Malkangiri. The cells functioned under the direct
supervision of Sub-Collector, Malkangiri and the Dy. Collector
(Revenue). The Collector, ADM and Project Administrator, ITDA also
supervising the works of the cells on daily basis. For better supervision
of works both the cells were clubbed and one district level Forest Right
Cell constituted w.e.f. 08.01.2011.
(8)
Special care has been taken for preparation of records.
(9)
Special camps were organized at Chitrakonda, Mathili and Malkangiri
for distribution of certificate of land rights. A total no of 5193
beneficiaries have received title certificates for an area of Ha 5412.683
and 27 villages received community rights covering an area of Ha
284.91478.
(10) For giving special emphasis on disposal of community rights claims and
community resource right claims, NGOs are engaged as Facilitators in
each block and also to ensure cent percent coverage of pending
individual right claims.
(11) The FRA title holders were also benefited with different convergence
programmes. IAY, Land development under MGNREGA, Mo Kudia, Mo
Pokhori, Plantation, Farm Pond are some and such programmes in
operation .
(12) Action Plan have been prepared to convert all forest villages in to
revenue villages under the provisions of the FRA, 2006 in time bound
manner.
123
The blockwise status of implementation of Forest Rights Act, 2006 in
Malkangiri district as on 29.3.2016 is as follows;
Name of the
Block
Application Received
Indv
1
2
K GUMMA
6470
KALIMELA
2799
KHAIRPUT
3044
KORUKONDA
6801
MALKANGIRI
5586
MATHILI
7678
PODIA
3254
GRAND TOTAL 35632
Individual Claims
Community
Approved by DLC Claims Approved
Titles
Distributed
Claims Rejected
Com Com
No of Area (in No of Area (in
(Form (Form Total
Indv Com Indv Com Total
Claims
Hc.)
Claims
Hc.)
B)
C)
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
15
16
30
31
32
47
0 6517 5673 5305.766
47 509.467 5403
45 537
0 537
29
16 2844 2665 3851.026
10 577.602 2256
9
2
0
2
57
47 3148 2390 2018.030
1
0.865 2012
1 533
0 533
28
21 6850 6040 7068.093
12
63.587 5675
11 253
0 253
13
1 5600 5066 5648.866
3
1.844 4850
2 392
0 392
19
6 7703 6707 4961.769
11 105.587 5524
3 206
0 206
17
17 3288 2740 3467.838
0
0.000 2592
0 145
0 145
210
108 35950 31281 32321.388
84 1258.952 28312
71 2068
0 2068
Forest Revenue from Different Sources
Forest Revenue Collected during last two years i.e. for 2013-14 and
2014-15 in respect of Malkangiri Forest Division is furnished below:
Table No. 4.25
Items
Revenue
Collected
during
2013-14
(in Rs.)
Revenue Collected during 201415
(in Rs.)
2
3
1
Collection
of
Revenue(0406)
Non-Tax
Forest
1156269.0
0
1. 9909710-B1 Timber
2. 9903040- Grass & Fodder grass
5.Compounding Fees
600.00
605025.00
830695.00
100.00
200.00
20.00
1763682.0
0
110.00
8. Renewal fees
10. Registration fees
Total Revenue
2403292.00
2268.00
3234897.00
Afforestation/ Plantation Programmes
Creation of New Forests
The following Afforestation programmes have been taken up in this
division during last 5 years. The details of year wise/ scheme wise
afforestation and plantation with survival percentage are furnished below:
124
Year Wise and Scheme wise Forestation / Plantation Programme for the Years 2010-11 to 2014-15
Table No. 4.26
Division
1
Year
(2010
-11 to
201415)
2
Scheme
AR
(in Ha.)
3
4
ANR
Total Avenu Seedling Survival Seedlings Amount
with (in Ha.) e Pltn. s planted
%
distribute utilized Remarks
gap (in
(in
(in lakh)
d (in lakh) (in lakh)
Ha.)
RKM)
5
6
7
2010- RLTAP
150
225
375
11
OBDP
20
0
20
Comp. aff.
15.661 22.664 38.325
CAMPA 09415
0
415
10
Total 2010-11 600.66 247.66 848.32
1
4
5
2011- OBDP
20
0
20
12
3th FC
40
0
40
8
9
10
11
70% 500000.0
12
0
2
49.03
0
0
0
0.08
0.43
6.74
50%
70%
70%
0
0
0
2.243
7.87
153.63
0
9.25
2.6
500000
212.773
0
0.08
80%
0
1.5477
0
0.64
80%
0
10.139
0
11.74
0
24.3986
CAMPA 1112
FDA
0
0
0
0
0
150
0
150
0
2.4
Slv.
Work
70%
Comp. aff.
Total 2011-12
0
210
12
12
12
222
0
0
0.036
3.156
80%
3.1
0
0
1.31
49.1353
2012- OBDP
13
13TH FCA
20
0
20
0
0.08000
60%
0
1.2409
40
0
40
0
0.64000
75%
0
7.16429
FDA
20
350
370
0
2.40000
73%
0
17.3358
URBAN Pltn.
0
0
0
0
0.20000
80%
0
46.11
Avenue
0
0
0
0
0.03750
60%
0
6.25
OBDA
25
0
25
0
0.08325
65%
0
2.00782
T.O.F.
0
0
0
0
0
0
5.00000
26.25
105
350
455
0
3.44075
4.13
20
0
20
0
0.08000
70%
5 106.3588
1
0
1.4
340.0
0
340
0
5.40000
85%
0
80.1519
50
0
50
0
0.80000
85%
0
8.2825
Avenue
0
0
0
20
0.05000
70%
0
8.8799
OBDA
50
0
50
0
0.16500
70%
0
27.746
SFDA
0
75
75
0
0.15000
72%
0
10.533
URBAN Pltn.
0
0
0
0
0.10000
85%
0
9.69158
430
615
1045
0
8.11000
60%
0 151.3038
Total 2012-13
2013- OBDP
14
13th FC
Economic
MGNREGS
T.O.F.
7.40000
Agro Forestry
Total 2013-14
890.0
690.0 1580.0
20.0
125
14.9
6.0
59.2
5.00000
40
12.4
397.2
2014- OBDP
15
13TH FCA
20
0
25
0
0.10000
80%
0
5.093
370
0
370
0
5.92000
92%
0
129.87
50
0
50
0
0.80000
95%
0
17.55
AVENUE
0
0
0
20
0.05000
80%
0
14.68
Urban
0
0
0
0
0.15000
85%
0
57.578
SFDA
155
150
305
0
2.00500
80%
0
52.928
OBDA
65
0
65
0
0.21645
75%
0
7.859
MGNREGS
ECONOMIC
80
140
220
0
1.84000
70%
0
25.73
Agro Forestry
0
0
0
0
0
0
5.0000
40.00
T.O.F.
Total 2014-15
0
740.0
0
0
290.0 1035.0
0
20.0
0
11.1
0
5.8
7.40000
12.4
57.60
408.9
Natural Calamity
Though Odisha faced two Natural calamity in the recent past in the
shape of cyclones, but the Hudhud cyclone had a great impact in Malkangiri
district. The Hudhud originated from a low pressure system that formed
under the influence of an upper-air cyclonic circulation in the Andaman Sea.
It underwent rapid deepening during these days and recognised as a very
severe cyclonic storm by the IMD. Shortly before landfall
near Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, on October 12, 2014 Hudhud
reached its peak strength. Hudhud resulted in falling of trees particularly in
Chitrokonda and Mathili areas of the district.
The 2014 Hudhud cyclone affected a vast forest area of Malkangiri
District which uprooted 254 nos of trees out of which 221 nos of trees have
been salvaged and handed over to OFDC. Other natural calamity i.e., Flood
is uncommon as the division does not have much low lying areas. Drought in
the area is experienced sporadically.
Fishery Development
The district has potential water bodies for fishery development.
Balimela reservoir in Malkangiri district is having mean water spread area of
16,908Ha and covers the areas of Kudumulugumma and Korukonda blocks.
The two Minor Reservoirs viz; Satiguda Reservoir having MWSA 710 Ha is
only 03 Kms. from Malkangiri Head quarter and Shiva Sagar MIP having an
area of 40Ha is in front of Mathili Block Headquarters.
Water Resources
The District has got good number of Gram Panchayat, revenue and
private ponds and tanks. Most of them are seasonal, need renovation for
taking up semiintensive and intensive fish culture. Besides there are a
126
number of MIPs and Reservoirs in the district which can be suitably utilised
for large scale development of fresh water fisheries.
Water Area Available in Malkangiri District
Table No.4.27
Sl No.
1.
2.
3.
4.
Total Water Area
No
Area (ha)
6342
2178.20
26
275.15
3
17658.00
25
19240.00
6,396
39,351.35
Category
Ponds and Tanks
MIPS
Reservoirs
River and Canals
Total
Utilization of Water Resources
Table No- 4.27(a)
Sl.
1
Resources
G.P. Tanks.
Revenue Tanks
Private Tanks
Total Tanks & Ponds
Reservoir/ M.I.P.40 Ha. & above 40Ha.
Reservoir/ M.I.P.Below 40Ha.
Other water bodies rivers & canals
2
3
Nos.
Area in Ha.
569.80
80.00
3056.00
3705.80
17658.00
275.15
19240.00
627
63
5652
6342
03
26
25
BLOCKWISE PRODUCTION OF FISH IN MALKANGIRI DISTRICT
Table No. 4.27 (b)
Sl No.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Year/ Block
2009-10
2010-11
Kalimela
Khairput
Korkunda
Kudumuluguma
Malkangiri
Mathili
Podia
Total
Fresh
Water
5210.62
6823.90
1496.50
99.20
1868.80
484.80
1619.80
604.60
605.20
6823.90
Brakish
Water
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
Marine
Total
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
5210.62
6823.90
1496.50
99.20
1868.80
484.80
1619.80
604.60
605.20
6823.90
Source- Directorate of Fisheries, Odisha, Cuttack
(Quoted from Dist. Statistical Hand Book, 2011, Malkangiri)
Fish Production in Malkangiri District, 2014-15
Fish production from 6342 Ponds and Tanks with an area of 2178.20
ha. during 2014-15 was 4723.40 M.T. Again from 29 nos of MIPs and
127
reservoirs which covered an area of 17933.15 ha., fish production was 640
MT and from 25 nos of rivers and canals covering an area of 19240 ha. the
amount of production was 215.60 MT. Hence, the total fish production in
2014-15 came to 5579 MT.
Target and Achievement of Fish Production in Malkangiri District are as
under:
Fish Production/ Yielding Position in the District (Figures in MT)
Table No.4.28
Year
Target
Achievement
2013-14
5200.00
5340.00
2014-15
5300.00
5579.00
2015-16
5930.00
3895.00 (Upto 1/16)
Fish Seed Hatcheries and Farms
There are two Govt. fish farms in Malkangiri District i.e. one at
Malkangiri and the other at Kalimela. These are working with the prime
objective of catering to be seed demand of the District. The total water area
at Malkangiri farm is 9.46 Acs and at Kalimela, 21 Acs. As regards Kalimela
farm only 1.00 ac is used properly. The rest of the tanks need proper
renovation so as to bring them under utilisation.
Besides, there is another Govt. farm named Koilipari farm having 10 no.
NT with area of 3.07 ac. It has been leased out to private party. The three
other Govt. farms namely Venchapalli (7 nos NT/ 0.78 ac), MV 79 (11 nos
NT/0.72 ac) and Kadamguda (5nos NT/0.80 ac) are in derelict condition and
need renovation.
Summary
a)
b)
c)
d)
Marketing of fish is not a problem in the district. There is a good market
for it.
Per capita consumption was about 5.50 kg., which was less than the
recommended level of 11 kg (Integrated District Plan, Malkangiri 201112)
With present potential and rich water resources, fishery is one of the
best-sources of income in Malkangiri district.
A comprehensive plan for fishery development has been prepared and
submitted to the Govt. of Odisha by the Director of Fishery, Odisha for
approval.
128
Constraints
The constraints in the field of fishery development in Malkangiri district
are (a) Inadequate information on the fisheries resources, (b) Low Level of
literacy and poor economic status of the people, (c) inadequate
infrastructure, (d) inadequate management of fishery resources, (e) poor
linkage between the stake holders (f) inadequate and irreqular reainfall and
(g) unwillingness of bankers for financing in fishery sector due to joint
holding of RORs.
Organisational Setup of Fishery Department in Malkangiri District:
The organisational setup of Fishery Department in the district
constitutes one District Fishery Officer, one Additional Fishery Officer and
One Assistant Fishery Officer posted in each block of Malkangiri, Korukonda,
Mathili, Kalimela, Podia, Khairiput and Kudumulugumma. In addition to these
there are seven Asst. Fishery Officers, one Senior Fishery Technical Officer,
nine Junior Fishery Technical Assistants and one Senior Fishery Technical
Assistant. These Government officials are engaged in implementation of
various Fishery Development Programmes in the district.
129
CHAPTER - V
INDUSTRIES
The geographical isolation of Malkangiri district, combined with the
present problem of left wing extremism, inadequate or lack of
communications and transport facilities makes it industrially and
economically underdeveloped in spite of the presence of rich mineral
resources (Tin, limestone etc.) , forest wealth and surplus of agriculture
products.
Old-Time Industries
In Malkangiri district, old-time industries were few and their growth was
limited to local needs of the people as they do now. These were confined to
necessities of life i.e. cloths, oil, iron utensil, agriculture implement, house
fittings and furniture. There were occupational specialists like weavers,
potters, bell - metal workers, black smiths and carpenters. Not much
machinery was being used by these artisans. Manual labour was being
employed to produce the requirements on a small scale which was within the
capacity of a small number of workers. Products were few in number. The
process of production was indigenous. These industries were functioning
mostly in the rural areas that could not compete with the then imported
factory products. Now most of the small and cottage crafts are in the process
of extinction.
Among the old time industries mention may be made of pottery, basket
making, weaving, oil extraction, smelting and smithy, carpentry and wood
carving. These old time industries reveal the primitive art and tradition of the
land. Pottery and basket making marked civilization at the Neolithic stage
and these industries continued in more or less complex form and varieties in
the historic period and are still remaining in the cottage stage. The tribal
communities of Malkangiri have exhibited considerable skill in basket
making, product of which are often decorated with various painting. Pottery
of the tribals is still in the stage of Neolithic culture but water pots and
earthen utensils are seldom decorated.
Spinning and weaving are the most important old-time industries of
Malkangiri and till today learning the art of weaving is compulsory among the
girls of certain hill tribes. It is said that a Godaba girl is not given in marriage
unless she knows weaving. The Bonda and Godaba women used to extract
fiber from the bark of the Kerang plant to turn it into yarn, after which they
130
make the clothes on small tension-looms. The Didai and Kondha girls
prepare excellent cotton yarn on a hand spindle.
Another important old-time industry, which is still continuing in the
cottage stage, is smelting of iron. It occurs in neighbourhood of Umerkote
where millions of tons of high grade iron ore are located. The people
belonging to Khati and Lohar communities make iron by their crude process
with charcoal as the fuel. What comes out of the Furnace is Steel, which is
used in the manufacturing of Agricultural implements and few others article
of common use. They display their skill in the forging of ―tangia‖ with
fancifully carved blades. The best example of the art is to be found in the
neighbourhood of Tentulikhunti. The Lohars in the past manufactured
manageress steel from a mixture of iron and manageress-ores. The Lohar
near Mathili uses low grade iron in underground furnace and produces steel.
The steel produced by these two processes does not rust easily.
Oil-pressing is done indigenously in three different ways in the district.
The seed is crushed with the help of a stone to break the crust and then
boiled in water. The oil floats and is poured out. Almost every Adivasi
household knows this process. Community oil-pressing is done by a wooden
wedge weighed down by a heavy stone. The seed is warmed and crushed. It
is then put in a bag made out of Siali fibre. The bag is pressed between two
planks tied at one end and weighed down by a heavy stone at the other end.
The third method is the ordinary Ghani where instead of a bullock, men
contrive to push the pressing column round by manipulating two cross-bars.
Carpentry and wood-carving are still in a primitive stage. The doors and
pillars of the houses are usually of crude type and the household articles
consist of a rickety cot, husking lever (Dhenki) and a few implements.
Different types of combs are found among the tribals. Pipes of decorated
Bamboos for smoking tobacco are also popular, mostly among the Kutia
Khondhs and Didayi.
Looms and spindles have withered away, but the primitive form of
Drums and musical instruments are often seen. Most of the old time
industries that still exist in the district are of remote origin and they reveal the
tribal characteristics of the district which is offering quite interesting study.
POWER
Balimela Hydro-Electic Power Project
The Balimela Reservoir is constructed over the river Sileru. The
Balimela Power Project forms the second stage of development of
Machkund - Sileru river, the first stage being the Machkund Project. The
water released from Machkund Power House and the inflows from
131
intermediate catchment between Machkund-Balimela dam are impounded by
an earth-cum-rock fill dam at Chitrakonda known as Balimela dam. Balimela
dam is a joint project of Odisha and Andhra Pradesh Governments and the
inflow into Balimela reservoir is shared between the two States on 50:50
basis. The capacity of the reservoir is 94,500 Mcft. From this reservoir, 50%
of water is diverted through a tunnel to Balimela power house and remaining
50% is let off in the river for utilization by Andhra Pradesh. Subsequently, the
tail water is being utilized for irrigating about 2.4 Lakhs acres of land in
Malkangiri-Motu plains.
The original estimates made in the year 1962 for the purpose of
agreement between the two States of Odisha and Andhra Pradesh was to a
tune of 24 Crore rupees. Subsequently, this estimate was revised in the year
1972 and it increased to 46.30 crore rupees. Again the estimate was revised
in the year 1975 for 52.14 crore rupees. The Govt. of Orissa was in charge
of execution of the project which was done under the control and supervision
of the control board of which the Chief Minister of Orissa and Andhra
Pradesh act as Chairman in every alternate year.
The requisite civil and electrical works for the Balimela reservoir for
power Generation in Balimela power house constitutes the Balimela Power
Project. Thus, while the Balimela Dam Project has been a joint project of
Odisha and Andhra Pradesh, the Balimela Power Project is entirely of
Odisha State. The rated head of Balimela Power House is 274.5 Mtrs. and
the firm power is 135 MW. The State Government in consultation with
Central Water Power Commission have installed and commissioned 6
number of 60 M.W. sets in 1st. stage and completed the infrastructure and
major civil works for installing two more sets in 2nd stage. The six units of
1st stage have been brought into operation between 1973 and 1977. Out of
them unit no.1 and unit no.2 have already completed more than 30 years of
operating life and are due for renovation.
132
Project Cost
The estimated cost of the electrical portion of the power project as
revised in 1975 was Rs.17,0956 crores and that of the civil portion of the
power project was Rs.20,7064 Crores. The bulk of the estimated cost for
electrical works represented the value of power plant equipments for the six
generating units including the Power House cranes, Step-up Transformers,
and Switchgears etc. which were supplied by M/s. Energomachexport of
U.S.S.R. under a contract drawn-up in November, 1964. The entire power
project has been subsequently transferred to the control of Odisha State
Electricity Board from 1.4.1979 and after reforms and re-organisation this
has come under Odisha Hydro Power Corporation Limited, Bhubaneswar.
The Central Water Power Commission and Ministry of Irrigation and
Power, Government of India had approved to include installation of 7th and
8th unit of Balimela Project during 5th plan period. This proposal could not
be implemented even up to 8th plan period as erstwhile Odisha State
Electricity Board had financial constraint and also there was no requirement
of additional peaking power for the Odisha Grid System at that time. With the
installation of new Thermal Generating Stations in Odisha, it was felt that,
Balimela Power Station can be better utilised as a peaking station.
Accordingly a proposal was sent to CEA for installation of two more 60 M.W.
machines. Keeping this in view erstwhile O.S.E.B. enquired BHEL and LMZ,
Russia to examine the possibility of higher capacity of the machine to be
accommodated in the existing civil foundations and water conducting
system. Both agreed that machine capacity up to 75 MW can be
accommodated safely. Since the machines at Balimela are specially required
to meet peak power requirements, units with maximum capacity output can
be accommodated in the existing foundation structure as they were
considered to be most economical and can yield higher returns. So the
sanctioned project estimates for 2 X 60 MW machines had been revised to
the present day cost with provision for installation of 2 units of 75 MW each.
Accordingly Unit 7 & 8 were installed, commissioned and commercially
operated on 23.12.2008 and 23.1.2009 respectively. With these facilities
Balimela project now generates 510 MW peak power.
Reservoir
Length of Dam.
Height of Dam.
: 1823 Meters.
: 70 Meters.
Full Reservoir Level (F.R.L) : 462.10 Meters (1516 ft.)
Capacity
: 3610 X 106 Cubic Meter (1,27,500 Mcft)
Maximum Water Level (M.W.L) : 462.7 Meters (1518 ft.)
Capacity
: 3695 X 106 Cubic Meter (1,30,500 Mcft)
Min Draw Down Level (MDDL)
: 438.9 Mtrs. (1440 ft.)
Capacity
: 935 X 106 Cubic Mtr.(33,000 Mcft.)
133
Record Capacity of Balimela Power House
Maximum Generation (Hourly) : 522 MW/20 Hrs. on 24.03.2011.
Maximum Generation (Daily) : 445.083 MW/10.682 MUon 25.07.2011.
Maximum Avg. Generation (Monthly): 280.64 MW. during 5/91.
Maximum Reservoir Level
: 1517.00 ft. on 29.10.2013.
Minimum Reservoir Level : 1429.10 ft. on 06.08.1974.
District Industries Centre
District Industries Centre, Malkangiri was formed on 1st January 2000.
It was bifurcated from District Industries Centre (Koraput), Jeypore and is
now working under the administrative control of the Directorate of Industries,
Odisha, Cuttack. This office has the jurisdiction for working over an area
comprising one Sub-Division (Malkangiri) having seven blocks, one NAC and
one Municipality. Most of the areas of the district are full of hills. Although,
this district is geographically isolated, availability of electrical power and
semi-skilled as well as unskilled manpower have some attraction to establish
industrial enterprises in Micro Small and Medium Enterprises (MSME) &
Handicraft Sector. Up to 2014-15, a total number of 491 MSMEs have been
established in this district. The details of category wise list of MSMEs are
given as follows.
Status of Msmes In Malkangiri District (2014-15)
Table No. 5.1
Category- wise
Sl.
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
Nos. of Units
Food & Allied
Electrical & electronics
Engg & Metal Based
Forest & Wood Based
Glass & ceramics
Paper & Paper Products
Textiles
Miscellaneous Manufacturing
Repairing & servicing
TOTAL
133
02
38
01
06
02
52
28
229
491
Investment
( Rs in Lakhs)
1047.50
2.32
163.6
2.3
56.65
2.85
110.2
57.71
503.4
1946.43
Employment
(In nos.)
641
04
178
03
33
08
311
96
720
1894
Source: Directorate of Industries, Odisha, Cuttack
Mining
It is popularly believed that tin is available in Mathili, Khairput and some
part of Podia block. Also, Podia, Kalimela and Malkangiri blocks are having
rich deposits of lime stone and black granite. Black granite in the District is of
very good quality and fetches high market price. None of the items have
drawn the attention of the authorities for commercial exploitation till date.
134
LARGE, MEDIUM AND SMALL SCALE INDUSTRIES
Large Scale Industry
No large scale industry has been set up in the district except ESSAR
steel having its underground floor pipeline through Sukuma-Chitrokonda
region.
Medium Scale Industry
Rice mills and saw mills are considered to be the medium scale
industries in the district. Although the district has large areas with dense
forest coverage, the district has one saw mill in Mathili. The district has 23
rice mills. Block wise presence of rice mills are i.e. Malkangiri- 10, Mathili- 2,
Korkonda- 5, Kalimela- 3 and Khairput- 3 (See Table No. 5.2). Rice-hulling
was a subsidiary occupation carried out by women folk in the villages, but
with the availability of electricity in recent years, power driven rice-hulling
mills have been set up.
Saw Mills
There is one saw mill in the District i.e., at Mathili. The main products
were planks and house-hold raw materials like door frame, window frame
and materials for bullock cart.
Small Scale Industries
As indicated above, out of 491 established units, 180 nos. of MSMES
units (2 nos. of small enterprises and 178 nos. of micro enterprises) have
been registered with district industries centre.
Miscellaneous
There are six printing presses in the district out of which 5 are at
Malkangiri and one in Balimela. The district has two small bakery in
Malkangiri (Malkangiri-I and Gumphakunda-I), 11 motor repair garages
(Malkangiri-6, Kalimela-2, Balimela-3). In addition to these, agricultural
implements are made in villages by ―Kamar‖ caste people.
Cottage Industry
One Agarbati manufactory unit is running at Balimela. KVIC and KVIB
have so far, no dent in the District yet.
135
Weaving
The most important cottage industry is weaving. Women of certain
tribes such as Gadabas and Banda Parajas, Didayi were weaving clothes for
themselves out of Kerang fibres. Now-a-days they have started weaving out
of threads available in the market. The tribal women weave cloth for sell and
earn their livelihoods. They make coarse white cloths which are more
durable and expensive than mill-made cloth. They use looms of all type with
push shuttle and weave mill yarn. Tribal weaving communities are more
seen in Mathili and Padmagiri area. The Charkha movement of Mahatma
Gandhi during Freedom Movement had largely encouraged the tribals of the
District in taking up weaving as a vocation.
Oil-Pressing
Oil is extracted from Mahua, castor, linseed (gingerly) , Niger Seeds
and Alsi by grinding in the usual wooden mills called Ghana. Local
consumption is limited. Oil seeds in bulk quantities are sold in neighboring
States.
Paddy-Hulling
Paddy-hulling with the help of Dhenkis was a Traditional and
indigenous industry most common to all households. Both the
Dandakaranya Development Authority and the Intensive Area Development
Authorities have tried to promote this industry among the settlers.
Administration have arranged for the purchase of several thousand mounds
of paddy to be issued to the settler families participating in the scheme.
Paddy-hulling through hand pounding is traditionally prevalent in tribal
households; where as Dhenki was in common use by non-Tribals. There are
23 rice mills operating in the district.
Carpentry
The carpenter as a class or caste did not exist in tribal villages. In
Malkangiri basket and mat weavers started wood sawing and in making
household wood items. The wood working centers were producing door
frames, windows etc. Later developed type of carpentry started in the District
with the advent of Bengali settlers. Now, tribals have gradually started
learning wood craft- carpentry.
Toys and Jewellery
The Chitra Ghasis were manufacturing heavy brass jewellery for the
women of the hill tribes, but the industry lost its significance due to imported
jewellery of German silver. Jewellery Work in gold and silver is done by a
136
few Odia ―Sunaris‖ and ―Telugu Kamsalis‖ living in towns and larger villages.
The people of Bonda and Didayi tribes were making their own jewellery and
toys. They make their own clay toys of birds, animals and images of their
deities, etc.
Pottery
In Malkangiri district, villages inhabited by potters is a common feature.
The hill tribes show great interest in earthenware. Most of their household
wares are made of clay. Even spoons, lamps and toys are made of clay. The
potteries are attractive in shape and colour but thick and heavy because
suitable clay is scarce. The inferior social status attached to potters is
standing in the way of their progress.
Jaggery
The tribes of the district are not cultivating sugar cane. They import
jaggery from nearby markets/ neighboring states. After the resettlement of
Bengali settlers in the district the cultivation of sugarcane started and jaggery
is now being prepared by pressing sugarcane in bullock driven presses.
Tobacco-Curing
Tobacco Curing is an occupation of some importance. The local
tobacco is of good Quality. The Majority of cultivators cure the leaves before
selling them in the market. This is done by hanging them for twenty to
twenty-five days and then heaping them in layers in a dark room or a pit in
the ground for about a fortnight after which they are ready for sale.
Bee Keeping
Orissa Khadi and Gramadyog Board ,Bhubaneswar had designed
programmes to train mostly the adivasis in bee-keeping. It was found that
the adivasis are not interested in this trade. After failure of this programme
this scheme was abolished.
Initiatives Taken for Promotion of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises
Different kinds of programmes are being conducted in Malkangiri
district for sensitization of entrepreneurs viz. Road Show-cum-Motivational
Campaign under MSME, Entrepreneurs Week Programme under MSME,
sensitization programme under National Mission of Food Processing
(NMFP), awareness campaign under Prime Minister‘s Employment
Generation Programme (PMEGP) etc. Now, Govt. of Odisha has declared
MSME Development Policy-2009 for encouraging entrepreneurs to set up
different kinds of Micro, Small & Medium Enterprises (MSME).
137
Entrepreneurs Memorandum Part-I and Part-II
Now, the Directorate of Industries, Odisha, Cuttack has facilitated to
issue acknowledgement of Entrepreneurs Memorandum Part-I &
Entrepreneurs Memorandum Part-II. Till now, the status of issue of EM-Part-I
is 110 nos. and EM Part-II is 44 nos.
Handicraft and Cottage Industries Sector
Malkangiri district is having some traditional / ancestral artisans, who
are still continuing their previous activities like Bamboo Craft, Dhokra
Casting, and Terracotta Craft of their families. The Craft Village Programme
is very encouraging. Skill Development Programmes are taken up for
traditional artisans in the areas like Bailapari and Thappaguda villages of
Malkangiri Block, Saradaput and Motebeda villages of Mathili block as well
as Pannaguda of Korukonda Block and Panasput of Kudumulugumma block.
A total 390 artisans have been trained under this programme. Kumbharguda
village is a craft pocket for terracotta products in the district. District level
exhibition & State level exhibitions are being conducted by Directorate of
Handicraft & Cottage Industries, Odisha, Bhubaneswar for enhancing their
marketing opportunity. Steps are being taken to cover all the artisans of the
district under Aam Admi Bima Yojana (AABY). Solar lanterns are also being
distributed to some of the artisans.
The handicraft & cottage industries wing of District industries Centre,
Malkangiri is working under the direction of the Directorate of Handicraft &
Cottage Industries, Odisha, Bhubaneswar. These are some of the schemes
and programmes implemented by this wing;
1.
2.
3.
4.
Rehabilitation of Handicraft Artisans ( RHA )
Promotion Handicraft Enterprises
Craft Village Programme
Modernization & Technological Up-gradation of Handicraft Industries (
MTUHI)
5. Training under Master Crafts Man (MCM)
6. Training Under Guru Sishya Parampara.
7. Aam Admi Bima Yojana
8. Handicraft Artisan Workshop-cum-Housing Scheme
9. Distribution of Solar Lantern
10. Distribution of Artisan ID Cad
Craft Village Programme
The artisans trained under the craft village programe in different blocks
are as follows.
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Details of Artisans Training Programme in Malkangiri District
Table No. 5.3
Year
2004-05
2005-06
2007-08
2008-09
2010-11
block
Kudmugumma
Malkangiri
Mathili
Malkangiri
Name of the craft
Bamboo craft
Dhokra casting
Bamboo craft
Teracotta
Bamboo craft
Sisal fibre
Terracotta
Terracotta
Mathili
Kalimela
Korkonda
Place
Panasput
Bailapari
Sardaput
Thapaguda
Bhaluguda
Moteibeda
Pusuguda
Pannaguda
No of Artisan Trained
60
50
75
45
15
45
30
30
Source- Directorate of Industries, Odisha, Cuttack
Rehabilitation of Handicraft Artisans (RHA)
The artisans are rehabilitated under different schemes and programes
of the Government. 15 handicraft artisans have been covered under RHA
during 2008-09 to 20014-15. The year wise rehabilitation of handicraft
artisans (RHA) status is given in the table below.
Details Rehabitation of Handicraft Artisans in Malkangiri District
Table No. 5.4
YEAR
2008-09
Nos. of Artisans
4
Assisted
2009-10
4
2010-11
Nil
2011-12
3
2012-13
2
2013-14
Nil
2014-15
2
Source: Directorate of Industries, Odisha, Cuttack
Also, 200 artisans are provided with solar lantern and 206 artisan have
been covered under Aam Admi Bima Yojana (AABY).
Labour Laws
The District Labour Office at Malkangiri started functioning w.e.f.
15.11.1993. This office is having the jurisdiction over the whole Malkangiri
district. Prior to this, it was the Asst Labour Office which was commenced in
November, 1979 for promoting social justice, social security, uniformity &
economic conditions of vulnerable section of the labourers. The main
objective of this office is to implement effectively the various labour laws in
the district. A detail description is given in a nutshell.
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1.
Minimum Wage Act
In order to implement the minimum wage fixed by the Govt. in
Agriculture, Construction sector & different service sector the Labour Office
remains always vigilant.
2.
Payment of Wages Act
It ensures all payment of wages and unpaid wages due to the labourers
from employers.
3.
Inter State Migrant Workmen(Regulation
Conditions of Service) Act
Employment
&
It regulates and ensures health, safety & social welfare of the Inter
State Migrant Workmen. So far 33 license holders & 935 migrant workmen
have been registered in this office.
4.
Contract Labour(Regulation & Abolition) Act
It regulates the employment of contract labourers in certain
establishments & provides for its abolition in certain circumstances & for
matters connected therewith. So far more than 867 contractors & 22,921
contract labours have been covered under this Act.
5.
Odisha Shops & Commercial Establishment Act,1956
It ensures the regulations, conditions of work & employment in shops &
commercial establishment in the district. So far 106 shops & commercial
establishments have been registered under this Act.
6.
Motor Transport Workers Act, 1961
It ensures the working of certain sections of motor transport workers &
certain aspects of their conditions of employment. 59 motor vehicles have
been registered under this Act.
7.
Child Labour (Prohibition & Regulation) Act,
The concerned Labour Office is constantly vigilant regarding regulation,
prohibition & exploitation of child labours who have not completed 14 years
of age.
8.
Building & Other Construction Workers (Regulation
Employment and Condition Of Service) Act, 1996
Of
It regulates the employment & service conditions of building & other
construction workers. It provides various health, safety & social Security
provisions such as tools assistance, safety materials, cycle assistance,
death Insurance, accidental insurance, educational assistance, maternity
140
assistance, skill upgradation, marriage assistance, etc. By 2014-15,a total of
572 establishments & 8506 building & other construction workers have been
registered in the district.
9.
Bidi & Cigar Workers Act (Regulation of
Condition Of Service) Act, 1969
Employment
and
There are 15 small scale registered bidi manufacturing establishments
functioning in the district. Almost all the workers are working at their own
home and rolling bidi in their leisure time & they are called as ―Home
Workers‖. There is a scheme namely ―Revised Integrated Housing Scheme‖
2007 sponsored by Government of India to provide dwelling houses to the
bidi workers under Welfare of Bidi Worker‘s scheme in the district. The
Medical Officer, Public Health Centre, Government of India, Kalimela is
empowered to issue identity card to the professional bidi workers. From the
beginning of the scheme 700 applications have been forwarded to the
Welfare and Cess Commissioner, Government of India for sanction. Out of
them 325 applications were sanctioned. Remaining applications are under
consideration by the Welfare & Cess Commissioner, Government of India,
Bhubaneswar. 9,520 identity cards to the bidi workers have been issued so
far by the concerned deppartment. (Medical Officer, PHC, Kalimela, Govt. of
India).
10. RSBY (Rastriya Swasthya Bima Yojana)
RSBY has been launched by Ministry of Labour and Employment,
Government of India to provide health insurance coverage for Below Poverty
Line (BPL) families. The objective of RSBY is to provide protection to BPL
households from financial liabilities arising out of health shocks that involve
hospitalization. Beneficiaries under RSBY are entitled to hospitalization
coverage up to Rs. 30,000/- for most of the diseases that require
hospitalization. Government has even fixed the package rates for the
hospitals for a large number of interventions. Pre-existing conditions are
covered from day one and there is no age limit. Coverage extends to five
members of the family includes the head of household, spouse and up to
three dependants. Beneficiaries need to pay only Rs. 30/- as registration fee
while Central and State Government pays the premium to the insurer
selected by the State Government on the basis of a competitive bidding.
However, 1,14,555 beneficiaries are issued necessary cards in the
Malkangiri district including BPL families & NREGS workers for the year
2014-15. & the Iffco Tokio General Insurance Company is covering all the
insurance under the scheme for this district.
141
11. National Child Labour Project (NCLP)
The Society for Rehabilitation of Child Labour, Malkangiri has been
formed under the Registration of Society Act, 1980 vide Regd. No.838/95-96
dated 11.09.1995. Since then the Society has been entrusted to implement
and monitor the activities of NCLP. in the district. The NCLP, Malkangiri
opened 40 schools with a total sanctioned strength of 2000 students
(50students in each school). Now 20 NCLP school are running in the district
with the help of different NGO‘s. to mainstream all the rehabilited students.
The MDM. programme is running in all the 20 NCLP. schools by the NGOs
concerned. The food stuff under MDM programme (rice, dal, oil, and
condiment charges) has been supplied by the Education Deptt. to the
concerned NGO./School as per norms 20 schools @50 students each
totaling to 1000 students were getting M.D.M. programme. But now it was
closed from 30.04.2014 as all the students were mainstreamed.
Development of IT-Sector
There is no such Government, Non-Government or private company
sponsored IT industry i.e. based on Information technology in the district.
The geographically isolated location, poor road and communication
networks, low literacy rate are the some of the constraints for promotion of
such industries. The majority of people belong to tribal communities and their
economic condition is not that much well up to afford for information
technology based training and services. Also, there are very few technical
educational institutions i.e. ITI, Nursing etc. functioning in the district. There
is no degree level technical educational intuitions on pharmacy, engineering
or medical sciences in the district.
District e-Governance (Government Initiative)
The e-Governance is the application of Information and Communication
Technology (ICT) for delivering Government Services, exchange of
information, communication transactions, integration of various stand-alone
systems and services between Government and Citizens (G2C),
Government and Business (G2B) as well as back office processes and
interactions within the entire Government frame work. In a country like India,
where corruption has become now a normal phenomenon, the government
is trying to bring transparency and flow of information with the
implementation of e-Governance projects across the country. Information
and Communication Technology (ICT) is one of the most important tools in
implementing e-Governance. Through the e-Governance, the Government
services will be made available to the citizens in a convenient, efficient and
transparent manner. The Government being the service provider, it is
142
important to motivate the employees for delivering the services through ICT.
To achieve this, the Government employees are being trained on technology
and started realizing the advantage of ICT. The aim is to make them
thorough with e-Governance applications and responsive to the technology
driven administration.
For the promotion of the Information Technology in the State and to
provide for a coordinating agency at the District level ―District Information
Services Council (DISC)‖, 2006 has been established in Malkangiri district
vide Letter No-1480/IT dated-30.06.2006 of Government of Odisha.
Aims and objectives of the Council
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
vi.
Promote IT usage and bridge the digital divide between regions,
peoples and classes within the District.
Plan, implement and promote the activities of the State Portal in the
District.
Formulate the district agenda for e-Governance.
Promote electronic delivery of citizen's services.
Facilitate and promote interaction and synergy amongst various stake
holders including line departments and NGOs in the use of ICT for eGovernance and Good Governance.
Support preparation and implementation of information management
plans by different line departments and other organizations in the
District.
In the year 2010 as per the Order No-855/CS-IT dated-20.3.10 of
Government the District Information Service Council has been
renomenclatured as District e-Governance Society. The Aim & Objective of
the District e-Governance Society is the same as ―District Information
Service Council‖. Accordingly, the ―DISC‖ has been remoneclatured in
Malkangiri District on 21.7.2010 to ―District e-Governance Society‖ (DeGS).
The Collector is the Chairman of the Society.
E-Governance projects like Odisha State Wide Area Network
(OSWAN), Horizontal State Wide Area Network (HSWAN), Common Service
Centre (CSC), e-District Project, e-Registration, Land Record
Computerization (Bhulekh) and e-Municipality are running under District eGovernance Society of Malkangiri district.
Odisha (OSWAN)
The objective of OSWAN is to create a state wide area network that will
improve government efficiency through connectivity. The Odisha State Wide
Area Network (OSWAN) would serve as the backbone network for data,
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video and voice communications throughout the State which includes 1
State Head Quarter (SHQ), 30 District Head Quarters (DHQ), 284 Block
Head Quarters (BHQ) and 61 Horizontal Offices. Presently, OSWAN is
Providing Bandwidth of 2mbps SHQ to DHQ and DHQ to BHQ with Internet
Facility.The e-Service web link is: www.oswan.gov.in
E-Municipality
e-Municipality Services have been implemented in 103 ULBs in the
state of Odisha. The 103 urban local bodies (ULBs) in Odisha include
municipal corporations (3), municipalities (34) and Notified Area Councils
(66). They are constituted by State Government. e-Municipality provides
various citizen centric e-Services, that is, Birth and Death Certificate, Trade
license, Property and Holding Tax, Water Connection Charges, Building
Plan, Grievances, Certificate Verification.The id of e-Service web link is:
www.ulbodisha.gov.in/or/emun/about-project
E-District
The e-District portal involves integrated and seamless delivery of citizen
services by district administration through automation of workflow, back end
digitization, integration and process redesigning across participating
sections/departments for providing services in a most efficient manner to the
citizens. Through e-District, following citizen centric e-Services are available;
i.e. Issuance of Residence Certificate, Issuance of Caste Certificate, Legal
Heir Certificate, Issuance of SEBC Certificate, Issuance of Solvency
Certificate, Issuance of Income Certificate, and Issuance of OBC Certificate.
e-Service web link is: www.edistrictorissa.gov.in
Bhulekh
The word Bhulekh means Land Record. In the Bhulekh, the owner of
the property or the buyer of the property or the citizens who have property
for domestic or business purposes can get easily all the status reports or the
information about their property. The state of Orissa has 51,210 villages in
total. All the records of these villages are available on the Bhulekh website of
the State. The National Informatics Centre of Odisha Unit and the Revenue
Department of Odisha have developed Bhulekh website to provide all land
record online to the users. The id of e-Service web link
is: http://bhulekh.ori.nic.in
E-Registration
Electronic Governance (e-Governance) is as an enabler to good
governance in the State of Odisha. The department of Revenue and
Disaster Management appreciates the importance of e-Governance and has
144
undertaken e-dhaRani, a comprehensive project of computerization of all
registration offices across the state. A significant capacity in terms of
physical and technology infrastructure has, therefore, been built to
implement e-dhaRani in a competent manner, with a holistic perspective and
with speed.The id of e-Service web link is: www.igrodisha.gov.in
Common Services Centre
Implemented under the National e-Governance Plan (NeGP) and
formulated by the Department of Electronics and Information Technology
(DeitY), Government of India, the Common Services Centres (CSCs) are
ICT enabled front end service delivery points at the village level for delivery
of Government, financial, social and private sector services in the areas of
agriculture, health, education, entertainment, FMCGproducts, banking,
insurance, pension, utility payment etc.
The scheme is being implemented in a public private partnership
framework with a focus on rural entrepreneurship & market mechanisms.
The CSCs have been set up by implementation partners called as Service
Centre Agencies (SCA), who are appointed by State Designated Agencies
(SDAs) through a transparent bid process. The CSCs are operated and
managed by Village Level Entrepreneurs (VLEs) who are appointed by
SCAs.
The location of each of the one lakh CSCs is decided in consultation
with the State Designated Agency (SDA) to serve a cluster of 6-7 villages.
One Private Agency, namely, M/s SREI Sahaj e-Villages Ltd is appointed by
Govt. as Service Centre Agencies (SCA) for Malkangiri District to set up,
operate and manage Common Service Centres (called Jan Seva Kendra) in
different location of Malkangiri district. As per the List of SCA there are 113
numbers of CSCs operating in Malkangiri district.
145
CHAPTER-VI
BANKING, TRADE AND COMMERCE
History of Indigenous Banking
The general credit facilities available in the past were only from the
moneyed men of the localities and no particular history of banking practice in
the district is available.
Rural Indebtedness
Earlier the Gothi system, as it is called in Koraput or Khambari as it is in
Rayagada, was widely prevalent. The debtor, who is called Gothi undertook
in writing or verbally or in both to work under the creditor for a number of
years and pay off the debt with interest. No rate of interest was stipulated,
but the period for which he would work was stated . Mr.R.C.S. Bell in his
Koraput District Gazetteer calls this system ‗Debt Slavery‘ and states:
―When the lender, like the borrower, was a member of one of the hill
tribes the yoke of the Gothi would be an easy one. The loan would generally
have been incurred in order to pay the expenses of a marriage, and the
lender would as often as not be the borrower‘s own father-in-law or another
close relative. The Gothi would be treated as an equal in his master‘s house,
would have leisure frequent holidays. But when, as often happens now-adays, a Hillman pledges his services to an immigrant from the plains, the
result is a much less harmonious relationship. The plainsman, who has
invested money in a servant, tries to extract as much as he can from him
and he regards it as unfair that his creditor should make deduction from his
subsistence grant on account of these absences, or even, as he sometimes
does, make an addition to the capital of the loan that has to be worked off. In
many cases unhappily the attitude of the immigrant who employs a Gothi is
purely one of exploitation and incorrect accounts of the debt are kept and the
Gothi is compelled to work on long after he has repaid the amount
borrowed.‖
On account of agitation through political and social organizations, the
Government of Orissa enacted Regulation I of 1948 called the Orissa Debt
Bondage Abolition and Regulation, 1948 by which the Gothi agreement and
any other agreement of similar nature were held void. Either on application
or at the initiative of certain circumstances the creditor could be penalized. In
consequence, several thousands of Gothi contracts Scheduled Areas and
146
Scheduled Tribes Commission set-up by the President under Article 339 of
the Constitution of India reported in 1961 as follows:
―The existence of Gothi, a form of bonded labour, on a wide scale, was
brought to our notice during our visit to Orissa. A survey was conducted by
the Assistant Commissioner in four villages of Semiliguda in Koraput district
to ascertain the incidence of Gothi. Out of 61 tribal families interviewed, 21
persons belonging to the tribal communities were serving as Gothis. The
practice existed also amongst persons belonging to Scheduled Castes and
other communities. The period of service ranged from three to five years.
The Gothis had to do both agricultural and domestic service, including
fetching of fuel and drawing of water. The Gothi at Sunabeda were engaged
in the construction of the approach road under a Tribal Welfare Programme
for which the contract was taken by a local Panchayat member. The wages
specified in the contract were not paid to the Gothis but were received by
their master. Out of 24 Gothis, about whom records were available, 21 had
houses of their own. Among the families interviewed, there were 20 who in
addition had members who were earning. The amount of loan taken by them
ranged between Rs. 50 and Rs. 200.
The above account gives a broad idea of the situation. It is extremely
difficult to give a more detailed picture. We would however, say that the evil
practices attributed to money-lenders are waning and on their last legs. The
social awakening, political consciousness and development activities are
having their impact. The tribal, like any other citizen, is getting out of the old
rut. If the survey had been conducted 10 years ago condition would have
been deplorable. We have to bear in mind those conditions also.
The villages, where most people are either peasants or ordinary
artisans and without having access to a Bank, a Post Office or even a Cooperative Credit Society, the village money lender is still the most important
unorganized finance source. They usually live in the town, visit the villages
during dry seasons, advance small amounts and recover the debt with
interest in the following year. Besides, a few Kerala Muslems and Afghan
Pathans called Kabuliwalas have also entered the field. Small loans required
by the village cultivators, middle class or low-salaried groups in the towns
and villages are generally taken from the money-lenders.
The Orissa Money-lenders Act (1939), which aimed at regulating
money-lending transactions by giving relief to the debtors, was extended to
the partially-excluded areas of Orissa including the present Koraput district
(excluding Kashipur P-S) from 6th April 1940. But certain clauses of the Act
(clauses 4, 5, 6, 7, 18 and 19) were made inoperative in those areas. These
147
clauses prescribed registration of the money- lenders and some regulations
like maintenance of loan registers showing name of debtor, date of loan,
amount of principal and rate of interest, etc. and made it obligatory to issue
stamped receipt for every payment. These provisions were however,
restored in the partially-excluded areas under the Orissa Money-lenders
Regulations, 1951. But in order to safeguard the interest of the people of
those areas certain new provisions were made. These are as follows:
i.
ii.
Under section 9 of the Act the maximum rate of interest was 9 per cent
simple per annum in case of secured loan and 12 percent per annum in
case of unsecured loan. Under the Regulations a court was authorized
to pass a decree for interest at a higher rate, subject to a maximum of
25 per cent per annum in case of grain loans.
Under section 11 of the Act, the court was authorized to reopen the
transactions, take an account between the parties and relieve the
debtor of all liabilities in respect of any interest in excess of 9 per cent
simple per annum in case of secured loan other than a loan of grain, 12
per cent simple per annum in case of unsecured loan other than a loan
of grain and 25 per cent simple per annum in case of loan of grain.
In spite of the legal and constitutional steps taken by the Government
there is yet much to be done to protect the interests of the tribals. They are
being exploited by the people of the plains. In spite of their struggle with
nature in cultivating multiple crops and in producing bumper harvest, the
tribals lead a life of poverty and insecurity. They are exploited mainly by
outside agencies, such as traders, liquor vendors and money-lenders. The
Dombs play the role of middlemen between the tribal people and the outside
exploiters. During hard months, the tribal people, particularly the Saoras and
the Khonds, get loans from the Sahukars who are mostly the Kumuti
businessmen or the Sundhis (wine sellers) through the Dombs. The moneylenders who are but casual visitors to tribal villages come in direct contact
with the Dombs and transact through them. The unscrupulous Dombs very
often play tricks with the simple and innocent Khonds and Saoras and
deprive them of their valuable holdings on false pretexts.
The tribal people are, however, being relieved of exploitation by the
Sahukars and the Dombs through grant of Takavi loans by Government and
advance of loans by the co-operative credit societies. (Senapati and Sahu,
Koraput District Gazetteer- PP. 201-204)
Co-Operative Credit Societies and Co-Operative Stores
Till 31st March 1948, co-operative societies of the undivided Koraput
district were under the administrative control of the Assistant Registrar of Co148
operative societies, Ganjam Circle, Berhampur. A separate circle with an
Assistant Registrar has beencreated at Rayagada, Gunupur and Koraput
subdivisions leaving the Assistant Registrar at Jeypore to be in charge of
Nawarangpur and Malkangiri sub-divisions. The co-operative movement in
the undivided Koraput district was originated with the organization of Agency
Taluk Purchase and Sale co-operative Societies at the headquarters of
Koraput, Jeypore, Nawarangpur, Pottangi, Rayagada, Gunupur and Bissam
Cuttack taluks with the Taluk Officers as ex-officio Presidents. They existed
when the district came to Orissa in 1936. Later the Pottangi Taluk Purchase
and Sale co-operative society was converted into a multipurpose cooperative society. The Jeypore Taluk Purchase and Sale Cooperative
Society was converted into the Nawarangpur Regional Marketing cooperative society.
Other Taluk Purchase and sale co-operative societies are functioning
more or less as Consumers co-operative stores with the exception of
Bissamcuttack and Gunupur societies, which have ceased functioning.
Thereafter, Agricultural credit societies with unlimited liability were started for
financing needy agriculturists.
Large-Sized Agricultural Credit Co-Operative Societies
After publication of the Rural Credit Survey Report, much emphasis
was given on the organization of Large-sized Co-operative Societies on a
limited liability basis with a large area of population, i.e., one society for one
Gram Panchayat in place of one society for one village and the organization
of Agricultural Credit Societies with unlimited liability practically stopped. In
the undivided Koraput district during the period from 1956-57 to 1958-59,a
total of 36 Large sized Agricultural Credit Co-operative Societies have been
organized and registered.
Graingola Co-Operative Societies
As agricultural credit in the shape of cash loans gained sufficient
popularity among the agriculturists, there was a desire for supplying their
credit needs in kind. Paddy is the most essential commodity required for
agricultural operations. Agricultural labourers prefer wages in paddy. This led
to the idea of organizing Graingola Co-operative societies. In the undivided
Koraput district nine Graingola Co-operative Societies were organized on an
unlimited liability basis at Kotpad, Kukudabai, Sirish, Kharnabeda, Belputi,
Godaigan, Narahandi, Majhidhara and Pharsaduda.
The Graingolas worked successfully and gained popularity within a few
years. The needs to organize more Graningola Co-operative Societies were
keenly felt. On account of the success of Gram Panchayat Graingola co149
operative societies in Bolangir district, organization of Bolangir type
Graingola co-operative societies at Panchayat level became the policy of the
state Government. Accordingly Graingola buildings were constructed as far
as possible at every panchayat headquarters and paddy as working capital
was supplied to the Graingola co-operative societies through the concerned
Gram Panchayats. Organization of such Gram Panchayat Graingola
Societies received much emphasis from the year 1955-56.
Later graingola societies and agricultural co-operative society were
merged to cater to the need of grain and credits. Taking clue in this way
various others type of societies such as marketing Co-operative societies,
Handloom Weavers Co-operative societies Forest Marketing Co-operative
Societies Consumer Co-operative Stores and Multipurpose Co-operative
Societies etc were formed. Forest marketing Co-operative societies were
formed at Govindapalli and Chitrakonda in Malkangiri District.
Banking-Cum-Credit Structure under Co-Operative Sector
The Co-operative Sector working in the Malkangiri District comprises of
two parts. One is Administrative wing and other is Banking-cum-Credit wing.
The A.R.C.S, Malkangiri Circle office was started on 13.04.1981 as a
Sub-Divisional level office. Though later on the Malkangiri district was
formed in the year 1997 taking into the entire area of operation of Malkangiri
Sub-Division, the structure of Co-operative Department remained the same.
The jurisdiction of the D.R.C.S office was the erstwhile Koraput District,
i.e. undivided Koraput district started its functioning from 01.12.1969 after
segregated from erst-while Berhampur Co-operative Division. After creation
of D.R.C.S, Rayagada division, the jurisdiction of D.R.C.S, Jeypore is limited
to Malkangiri, Nawarangpur and Koraput districts.
The area of operation of the Malkangiri Circle extends to whole of
Malkangiri district comprising 7 blocks.
Banking-Cum-Credit Wing
This wing works in 3 tier system, i.e. Primary, Central and Apex. The
ladder from top to bottom is as follows:
Table No. 6.2
OSCB Ltd., Bhubaneswar
KCCB Ltd., Jeypore/RCMS and WCCS
LAMPCS/PACS/Non-Agril.CS/ HBCS/CARD Bank etc.
Apex Co-operative Society
Central Co-operative Society
Primary Co-operative Society.
Individual persons are the members of Primary Co-operative Societies.
They in-turn elect 15 members committee of management to monitor the
150
activities of the Primary Co-operative Societies. Primary Co-operative
Societies are the members of Central Cooperative Societies and the Central
Cooperative Societies are the members of Apex Co-operative Society.
As on 31.03.2015 the following Primary Cooperative Societies are
functioning under the A.R.C.S, Malkangiri Circle.
Primary Cooperative Societies Functioning In Malkangiri District
Table No. 6.3
Sl
Name of the Co-op. Societies
Address/ Location
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
Malkangiri LAMPCS
Sikhapali LAMPCS
Mathili LAMPCS
Kalimela LAMPCS
Podia LAMPCS
Korukonda LAMPCS
Kudumulugumma LAMPCS
Bonda LAMPCS
Malkangiri Credit & Thrift CS
Women Credit & Thrift CS
Sub-Divisional H.B.C.S., Malkangiri
Dandakaranya Cooperative Society
Jeevan
Jyoti
Pariba
Utpadanakari
Samabaya Samiti
Jai
Jagannath
Prathamika
Pariba
Utpadanakari Samabaya Samiti
Malkangiri
Potteru
Mathili
Kalimela
Podia
Korukonda
K.Gumma
Govindapalli
Malkangiri
Malkangiri
Malkangiri
Malkangiri
Salimi
Date of
inception
18.03.1977
18.03.1977
18.03.1977
1003.1977
18.03.1977
18.03.1977
18.03.1977
26.03.1977
21.03.2007
23.03.1998
24.11.1979
06.09.2013
06092013|
Udulibeda
06.09.2013
Malyabananta
Pariba
Utpadankari
Samabaya Samiti
Brundabati
Prathamika
Pariba
Utpadanakari Samabaya Samiti
Jeevansree
Pariba
Utpadanakari
Samabaya Samiti
Maa
Mauli
Prathamika
Pariba
Utpadanakari Samabaya Samiti
K.Gumma
06.09.2013
Udulibeda
06.09.2013
Kiango
06.09.2013
Chaulomendi
06.09.2013
14
15
16
17
18
Large Sized Adivasi Multipurpose Co-Operative Society (LAMPCS)
Prior to 1977, in Malkangiri District Service Cooperative Societies and
Graingolla Cooperative Societies were functioning at Gram Panchayat level.
In 1973, a Committee under the Chairmanship of K.S.Bawa was formed for
restructuring the organization of Cooperative Societies in the Scheduled
Tribe Sub-plan areas to avail all facilities rendered by the cooperative at one
door step. According to the Bawa Committee report in 1977, the LAMPCS
came into existence. One or two LAMPCS according to the size of the Block
area were formed in each block.
Out of seven nos. of Blocks in Malkangiri District, one LAMPCS in each
block i.e. at Khairput, Kudumulugumma, Mathili, Malkangiri, Kalimela and
Podia Block were organized. In Korukonda Block, two LAMPCS namely
151
Korukonda and Sikhapalli LAMPCS are organized. The LAMPCS were
organized by amalgamation of erst-white existing viable SCS and GGCS in
its area of operation and the non-viable societies were liquidated.
The working of LAMPCS with financial parameters for the last five
years is presented in a tabular form below.
Status Of Lamps In Malkangiri District
Table No. 6.4
Particulars
No. of CS
No.
of
members
Paid-up share
capital
Reserve fund
Other funds
Deposits
Borrowings
Working capital
ST
loan
advance
MT
loan
advanced
SHG
loan
advanced
Loans
collected
Loans
outstanding
Distribution of
fertilizer
Distribution of
seeds
Paddy
procurement
FY 2010-11
FY 2011-12
FY 2012-13
FY 2013-14
FY 2014-15
8
66744
8
73202
8
77191
8
84882
8
93157
331.75
410.71
422.15
539.39
681.17
653.03
75.84
4667.44
1992.46
9116.70
1898.30
719.06
234.93
5849.91
3844.17
11881.48
2312.59
657.65
2.04
8165.70
3116.82
16015.31
2547.44
789.21
8.54
6853.03
6249.89
17292.01
4813.86
835.18
82.49
5402.07
7902.03
18689.18
8167.12
124.52
244.21
101.79
14.50
68.94
80.76
61.13
126.30
38.59
61.90
1489.64
1929.22
2288.92
3686.86
6068.84
2258.41
2951.66
3355.11
4310.46
6140.11
Q.17896.85
Rs.116.80
-
Q.20771.00
Rs.151.09
-
Q.18936.75
Rs.242.48
-
Q.23015.85
Rs.302.71
Q.3222.80
Q.31659.05
Rs.413.32
Q.2663.40
Q.312663.76
Rs.3126.64
Q.122756.73
Rs.1325.77
Q.879425.84
Rs.10992.82
Q.764216.62
Rs.10011.23
Q.472772.96
Rs.6429.71
Housing Cooperative Societies
There is one Primary Sub-Divisional House Building Co-operative
Society Ltd. at Malkangiri. But it is in moribund stage due to heavy NPA
position and stoppage of new finance since last 10 years.
Non-Agricultural Credit Cooperative Societies
There are 3 nos. of non-Agril Cooperative Societies which are
functioning in the district, namely, Malkangiri Credit & Thrift CS, Women
Credit & Thrift CS, Malkangiri and Dandakaranya Cooperative Society,
Malkangiri.
The Malkangiri Credit & Thrift CS and Women Credit & Thrift CS are in
moribund stage due to their heavy NPA position since last 7 years. The
152
Dandakaranya Cooperative Society Ltd., Malkangiri was primarily registered
under Orissa Self Help Coop. Act‘2003 by the D.R.C.S, Jeypore vide its
Registration No.53/JD Dtd.18.10.2008. Later it was converted under OCS
Act‘1962 vide its Registration No.02/JD Dtd.06.09.2013. The position of
Dandakaranya Co-operative Society Ltd., Malkangiri as on 31.03.2014 is as
follows.
Membership
: 1850
Share Capital
: 1.61
Deposits
: 78.85 Borrowings
: 12.86
Loans advanced
: 12.99 Loans collected
: 87.02
Loan outstanding : 79.72
Pariba Utpadanakari Samabaya Samiti
There are 6 nos. of Pariba Utpadanakari Samabaya Samities
functioning in the district. They were initially registered under OCHS
Act‘2003. Later on after abolition of the OCHC Act, they are converted to
OCS Act‘1962 on 06.09.2013 and their Bye-laws had been amended
accordingly.
Central Cooperative Societies
There was one RCMS namely RCMS Ltd., Malkangiri which was
functioning in the district. Due to non-viability and erosion of assets, it was
liquidated on 05.11.1994 vide order No.7122 dt.05.11.94 of the DRCS,
Jeypore.
Central Co-Operative Bank
The KCCB Ltd., Jeypore through its 3 Branches is functioning in
Malkangiri District. The District Central Cooperative Bank, i.e. KCCB Ltd.,
Jeypore through its 3 Branches is extending all Banking and Credit facilities
such as Agriculture Credit and Non- Agriculture Credit directly and also
through its affiliated societies i.e. LAMPCS.
KCCB Branches with Date of Operation and their Supporting
LAMPCS in Malkangiri District
Table No. 6.5
Sl.
1
2
3
Name of the Branch
KCCB Ltd.,
Malkangiri Branch
KCCB Ltd.,
Balimela Branch
Date of functioning
19.06.1980
KCCB
Ltd.,MV-79
Branch , Kalimela
26.06.2001
25.06.2001
153
LAMPCS
Malkangiri LAMPCS,
Mathili
LAMPCS and Sikhpalli LAMPCS
Bonda
LAMPCS,
K.Gumma
LAMPCS
and
Korukonda
LAMPCS
Kalimela LAMPCS and Podia
LAMPCS
Commercial Banks
State Bank of India is the first commercial bank in the district to open its
branch in Malkangiri district headquarters in the year 1970. There after other
Commercial Banks followed the path as Government mandated to provide
timely credit to the needy farmers and to implement Govternment
programmes. Since rural banking has become the taskforce of the Govt.,
private Banks also started opening their branches in Malkangiri district.
Presently, there are 18 nos. of commercial bank branches, 14 nos. of RRB
branches (UGB) and 3 nos. of private banks functioning in different parts of
the District.
Banks and their Branches with date of Operation in Malkangiri District
Table No. 6.6
Bank
State Bank of India (SBI)
Union Bank of India
Punjab National Bank (PNB)
Central Bank of India
Canara Bank
Bank of Borada
Andhara Bank
UCO Bank
Axis Bank
ICICI Bank
United Bank of India
Bank of India
HDFC Bank
Utkal Gramya Bank (UGB)
Branches with Date of opening
Malkangiri-01.08.70, Kalimela-01.08.81,
Chitrakonda- 01.08.70, Orkel-01.08.76,
Malkangiri Roa-23.03.13, Pangam-01.08.93,
Mathili-24.01.14, MV. 79-24.01.14,
Khairput-30.08.14
Malkangiri
Malkangiri-27.03.2013
Malkangiri- March 2012
Malkangiri
Malkangiri-27.03.2013
Malkangiri
Malkangiri
Malkangiri-20.03.2013
Malkangiri
Korkunda-08.03.2013
Govindapalli- November 2012
Kuduguluguma-30.03.2013
Malkangiri-09.04.1980, Mathili-19.12.1976
Gobindapalli-27.10.1983, Khairput-14.11.1976
Kuduguluguma-05.12.1977, Sikhapalli-17.10.1981
Korkunda-22.06.1978, Kalimela-01.01.1977
MV-88-28.12.1989, MV-79-28.03.1980
Motu-15.06.1982, Podia-08.11.1977
Padmagiri-19.09.1988, MV-64-28.12.1984
Banking Services
As mentioned above in addition to commercial banks and their
branches, there are 44 CSPs and 13 ATMs are functioning in different parts
of the district. As per the decision of Govt. of India and directives of SLBC,
steps are being taken to open bank branches in the non-banked GPs in a
phased manner by 2019-20.
154
Out of 108 Gram Panchayats (GPs) in the district, only 16 GPs are
having Bank Branches. There are 38nos. of Bank Branches including 3nos.
of KCCK which are not CBS enabled, out of which 12 bank branches are
located in the district head quarter. The banking services scenario is
gruesome in case of areas in Mathili block bordering Chhatishgarh, Bonda
Hills and hilly areas of Khairput and Kalimela Blocks, and also cut-off areas
in K.Gumma Block where people travel for 5-8 hours to reach their nearest
bank branches.
Blockwise Information about Banking Services in Malkangiri District
Table No. 6.7
Sl.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
BLOCK
Malkangiri
Korukonda
Mathili
Khairput
Kudumulugumma
Kalimela
Podia
Total
Total Nos. of
Gram Panchayats
Nos. of banked
Gram Panchayats
Nos. of Unbanked
Gram Panchayats
13
24
20
09
11
21
10
108
01
03
02
02
01
04
03
16
12
21
18
07
10
17
07
92
The district map showing location of different bank branches along with
legend is given below.
155
Self Help Groups and Microfinance
The Self Help Groups (SHGs) have now become important institutional
sources of rural credit. There are 3827 active Self Help Groups functioning
and enlisted with the Odisha Livelihoods Mission (OLM). The block wise
break up of SHGs actively functioning in the district is given in the table
below:
Blockwise Number of SHGs Functioning in Malkangiri District
Table No. 6.8
Sl.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Name of the Blocks
Total No. of SHGs
Malkangiri
497
Mathili
736
Khairput
471
K.Gumma
316
Korukonda
784
Kalimela
792
Podia
231
Total
3827
(Source: DMMU, OLM, Malkangiri)
Microfinance (Revolving Fund and SHG Bank Credit Linkage)
Revolving Fund and Pro Poor Inclusion Fund to SHGs in Malkangiri District
Table No. 6.9
Sl.
Blocks
1
Malkangiri
2
Mathili
3
Khairput
4
5
6
7
K.Gumma
Korukonda
Kalimela
Podia
Total
No. of SHGs
Loan Amount
Lakh
No. of SHGs
Loan Amount
Lakh
No. of SHGs
Loan Amount
Lakh
No. of SHGs
Loan Amount
Lakh
No. of SHGs
Loan Amount
Lakh
No. of SHGs
Loan Amount
Lakh
No. of SHGs
Loan Amount
Lakh
No. of SHGs
Loan Amount
Lakh
in
in
FY 2012-13
98
FY 2013-14
22
FY 2014-15
85
Total
205
13.05
2.65
12.4
28.1
112
102
91
305
15.45
13.5
13.6
42.55
48
73
72
193
5.85
9.25
10.8
25.9
71
60
37
168
in
in
9.7
7.6
5.3
22.6
100
59
10
169
12.5
8.2
1.5
22.2
82
60
10
152
10.65
8.25
1.5
20.4
42
25
10
77
6.15
3.70
1.5
11.35
553
401
315
1269
73.35
53.15
46.6
173.1
in
in
in
in
(Source: DMMU, OLM, Malkangiri)
156
Bank Credit Linkage to SHGs in Malkangiri District (Blockwise
Informtion)
Table No. 6.10
Sl.
Blocks
2012-13
101
14
57
Total
172
95.92
11.32
76.47
183.71
45
94
82
221
46.7
77.58
61.34
185.62
54
58
53
165
63.6
61.55
58.78
183.93
43
71
29
143
Loan Amount in Lakh
27.1
46.55
17.02
90.67
No. of SHGs
102
82
36
220
Loan Amount in Lakh
74.6
97.84
36.19
208.63
No. of SHGs
158
78
178
414
139.52
63.19
133.52
336.23
64
5
48
117
53.51
4.00
47.08
104.59
567
402
483
1452
500.95
362.03
430.4
1293.38
No. of SHGs
1
Malkangiri
2
Mathili
Loan Amount in Lakh
No. of SHGs
Loan Amount in Lakh
No. of SHGs
3
No. of SHGs
5
6
K.Gumma
Korukonda
Kalimela
Loan Amount in Lakh
No. of SHGs
7
2014-15
Khairput
Loan Amount in Lakh
4
2013-14
Podia
Loan Amount in Lakh
No. of SHGs
Total
Loan
Lakh
Amount
in
(Source: DMMU, OLM, Malkangiri)
NABARD
National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (NABARD)
NABARD created by an Act of the Parliament is a National Level
developmental Bank. It provides refinance support to eligible financial
institutions, supplementing the resources of the cooperative credit system
and RRBs for meeting the credit needs of the farming community. The
corporate mission of NABARD is to promote sustainable and equitable
agriculture and rural development through effective credit support, related
services, institution building and other innovative initiatives. The short term
157
refinance is provided to the Cooperative Banks and RRBs at concessional
rate of interest to facilitate credit to farmers for crop cultivation. With the
support and initiatives of NABARD, Kisan Credit Cards are being issued by
the banks in the State.
NABARD has been supportive to promotes investment in the State in
various priority areas through a host of Government Sponsored Programmes
and Central Govt.Subsidy Schemes for Rural Godown, Agri Marketing
Infrastructure Grading and Standardization Scheme (AMIGS),Venture
Capital Fund for Dairy & Poultry, Dairy Entrepreneurship Development
Scheme [DEDS],Capital Subsidy Scheme for Solar Lighting and Small
Capacity PV Systems under Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission
(JNNSM).Rural Infrastructure Development Fund (RIDF)continues to cater to
the investment requirements of State Governments for critical rural
infrastructures. Irrigation and rural connectivity projects of Roads and
th
Bridges constitute the major component under RIDF. etc. As on 30
September 2014 NABARD has sanctioned 182194 projects worth loan of
Rs.9343 crores. Besides, NABARD had sanctioned Rs. 77.33 Crore to Cooperation department, Government of Odisha for construction of 246 rural
godowns in 192 PACS sites across the state. These godowns are expected
to create storage capacity of 1.125 Lakh tones for scientific storage of
agricultural commodities..The State stands as the front-runner in SHG
formation and linkage programme in the country. NABARD has been
instrumental in facilitating various activities under micro-finance sector,
involving all possible partners at the ground level in the field. NABARD has
been encouraging voluntary agencies, bankers, socially motivated
individuals, other formal and informal entities and also government
functionaries to promote and nurture SHGs. The focus in this direction has
been on training and capacity building of partners, promotional grant
assistance to Self Help Promoting Institutions (SHPIs). As on 31 March 2014
cumulatively6.20 Lakh SHGs have been saving-linked with deposit of Rs.
483.77 Crore. The total loan outstanding is Rs. 1532.40 Crore against
various investments by 2.56 Lakh SHGs.
NABARD has introduced a special scheme in LWE affected districts
including Malkangiri for promotion and financing of Women Self Help Groups
(WSHGs) by involving anchor NGOs as Self Help Promoting Institutions
(SHPI) to work not merely as an agency for promoting and enabling credit
linkage of these SHGs with banks, but also serving as a banking/business
facilitator, tracking and monitoring these groups and also being responsible
for loan repayments. The special scheme is being implemented with financial
support from GoI in all the 19 LWE affected districts of Odisha namely,
158
Bolangir, Deogarh, Dhenkanal, Gajapati, Ganjam, Jajpur, Kalahandi,
Kandhamal, Keonjhar, Koraput, Malkangiri, Mayurbhanj, Nabrangpur,
Nayagarh, Nuapada, Rayagada, Sonepur, Sambalpur and Sundargarh.
NABARD has created a dedicated fund named Tribal Development
Fund (TDF) to bringabout orchard based ―Wadi‖ model of tribal development
in various tribal pockets of the country. The Fund is utilized to create
replicable successful initiatives under the ―Wadi‖programme in the
government, semi-government and non-government sectors. One acre
model of ―Wadi‖' as promoted in Odisha accommodates around 60 fruit
plants (depending on spacing) and 200 forestry plants and provides
adequateincome and livelihood security for a typical tribal family. In five
years phase of stabilizing the orchards, of a village of 100 families gets
converted into an orchard of a 100-150 acre producing hundreds of tonnes
of fruits. NABARD in Odisha has successfully developed 40 wadi projects
(as on 31 March 2014) in 15 districts (Dhenkanal, Gajapati, Ganjam,
Kalahandi, Kandhamal, Keonjhar,
Koraput, Malkangiri, Mayurbhanj, Nabrangpur, Nayagarh, Nuapada,
Rayagada, Sambalpur and Sundargarh). These projects are undertaken by
36,747 tribal families extend over 32079 acres of 'wadi' area. In addition,
3282 landless families would be supported with appropriateincome
generating activities (IGAs). The total grant assistance from NABARD
involved in respect of these projects amounts to Rs. 146.67crore.
NABARD has also taken up various integrated activities for watershed
development under Watershed Development Fund (WDF) of NABARD. The
participatory programme involves the people in various stages of the project.
Out of 63 watershed projects being implemented in 15 districts of the State,
46 projects are in the Full Implementation Phase, 17 projects are in Capacity
Building Phase. The projects cover an area of 47000 ha for treatment and
other activities whichbenefitaround 15000 households. In collaboration with
GesellschaftfürTechnischeZusammenarbeitGmbH (GTZ), NABARD has
launched the model programme ―Umbrella Programme for Natural Resource
Management‖ for promoting the concept of loan based integrated Natural
Resource Management. In the State of Odisha, thrust is being given to
Community Based Organisations [CBOs] and NGOs involved in Forestry
including NTFP and Agro Forestry, Fishery and scientific production,
procurement and processing of local varieties of Seeds. With its Seed
Village Programme NABARD strives to increase the availability of Truthfully
Labeled quality ―seed‖ of the most preferred variety of the crop in the region
to the local farming community, at an affordable price, so that ―quality seeds‖
are available to more number of farmers and supplement the existing
159
arrangements / supply by the Government Department, for increasing the
crop productivity and making agriculture more sustainable.
NABARD brings out PLPs annually for each district of the country. The
PLPs depict an analytical assessment of the bankable potential for
various sectors in the rural economy and the infrastructure and support
services required for harnessing the potential . During the year 2015-16
NABARD Projected an overall credit potential for the State of Odisha at Rs.
47756.44crore for priority sectors. The plan document has been based on
the theme ' accelerating the pace of capital formation in agriculture and allied
sector‘
In this backdrop NABARD District office has been functioning in many
districts with DDM.District Office works in tandem with district administration,
depts., civil society organisations, financial institutions, other development
stake holders for all round development of the district. Timely dispensation of
credit to the farmers, capital formation in the rural area, optimimum
harnessing of available potential in the rural areas including rural
infrastructure development are the thrust areas of work.
Malkangiri District Office started in the year 2000.The PLPs chiefly
focus on harnessing the available potential in furtherance of the rural
economy. The potentials assessed in the PLPs of the District during last 3-4
years are as under
Yearwise PLP Projection in Rs. Crores from 2012-13 to 2016-17
Table No. 6.11
Year
2012-13
2013-14
2014-15
2015-16
2016-17
PLP Projection in Crore
224.53
262.18
290.85
401.39
484.94
During these years the NABARD has have been implementing 3
Wadi projects covering 2200 Acres barren land with help of two NGOs in
Malkangiri and Korukonda Blocks ,3 Watershed projects in Kudumuluguma
and Malkangiri Blocks. 6 Anchor NGOs were involved in WSHG –Bank
Linkage Programme with a target of 700 WSHGs. 265 Farmers clubs were
nurted and a good no of GRLTP (Grass Root Level Training Programme)
and MEDP for WSHG members were conducted in the district to bring the
160
rural poor women under Self Help fold and to provide a better livelihood.
NABARD has also started organizing Financial Inclusion programmes in the
district through various ways and means to bring the rural populace under
banking fold. NABARD plays the lead role in converging Govt Plans (both
Central & State Govt,) through depts., Civil Society Organizations and other
stake holders in decrementing the developmental information‘s reaching the
common man and piloting developmental concepts to augment ground level
credit in enriching the rural economy.
Financial Literacy Credit Counselor (FLCC)
A financial literacy credit counsellor from SBI has started functioning in
the district from 24.9.2012 to educate the people on various products
services provided by the banks & to bring people of an banked areas to
banking fold.
SBIRSETI
SBIRSETI has been opened in the district on 29th August 2012 to
impart training (both onsite and offsite residential) to rural unemployed
youths for self employment.
Life Insurance
A sub branch of LIC and Oriental Insurance Company are functioning at
Malkangiri.
Community Occupation, Trade And Commerce
Malkangiri is a District mostly inhabited by the tribals and primitive tribal
groups. In the 1960 Bangladeshi Refugee were settled in the District under
the rehabilitation Scheme of the Dandakaranya Development Authority and
around 219 villages were established for these Bengali settlers. The main
occupation of the people was Agriculture. Before the settlement of Bengalis,
the tribals were engaged in the traditional agricultural practices and were
cultivating paddy, ragi, maise, arahar, kulthi, peanuts, kango, suan, niger,
black gram, green gram, red gram, hill gram, horse gram, mustard, turmeric,
ginge etc.
Hunting was also a vocation of tribals. The tribals also depend for their
livelihood on various forest produces. It ranges from food stock to cash
crops. bamboo, tamarind, herbal products like trifala, mahua flower, mahua
fruit (tola), kendu leaf etc. were the important forest products which
supplement to their income.
Prior to the thirties of the last century the mode of transport was only
animals and bullock carts. They used to go by road to Parvatipuram in the
161
north, to Salur in the centre and to Visakhapatnam in the south. All these
places are in Andhra Pradesh. A very small part of the trade of the north was
via Gunupur by rail. The only water-borne trade was and still is transport of
the bamboo of Malkangiri by the Sileru and Saberi rivers to the Godavari
river on to Rajahmundry.
With introduction of motor vehicles in 1930, transport was
revolutionized and business developed. The opening of Railway link from
Vizianagaram to Raipur also gave an impetus to local trade. The
commodities which are chiefly exported are tamarind, grains, pulses, oilseeds, Mahua flower etc. which are railed to Ramkrisnapur, Shalimar and
other stations on the main line. Also, Mahua flower was transported to
Berhampur, Cuttack and Parlakhemundi in Orissa. During summer, tamarind
is alsotransported to Andhra Pradesh by rail.
Till the introduction of control during the Second World War, the
important markets were Salur, Vizianagaram, Srikakulam, Parvatipuram and
Bobbili in Andhra Pradesh. But with the introduction of controls and
restriction on the movement of food grains, oil-seeds and pulses during the
second World War, the trade relation with markets of Visakhapatnam district
got a set-back and the local businessmen who originally hailed mostly from
Andhra Pradesh availed the opportunity and began capturing the local trade.
After wards in recent years the Marwaris and Bengali settlers have mostly
taken over the local trade. The local tribals are not much interested in trading
business.
Important trade centres are Malkangiri, Kalimela and Balimela in
Malkangiri District.
Fairs, Melas and Festivals
In this district Melas and fairs for the purpose of trade are not very
common. A few stalls for supplying the immediate needs of the people are
occasionally opened on certain occasions including the district level festivals.
Mandi: Paddy Procurement
The procurement of paddy with government support started in this
district from 2005-06. The main aim of official procurement is to pay
Minimum Support Price to farmers for their FAQ Paddy. The minimum
support price is fixed by the Government of India every year. For the last
three financial years paddy is being procured through 8 PACS i.e. Malkangiri
LAMPS for Malkangiri Block, Korukunda and Sikhapali LAMPS for
Korukunda Block, Mathili LAPMS for Mathili Block, Bonda LAMPS,
162
Govindpally
for
Khairput
Block,
Kudumulgumma
Kudumulugumma Block and Podia LAMPS for Podia Block.
LAMPS
for
Interested farmer willing to sell his surplus paddy has to register with
the concerned LAMPS in order to participate in the paddy procurement
process at the respective LAMPS or PACS.
The Government has
introduced P-PAS system in procurement of paddy for immediate payment of
MSP to farmers in Malkangiri Block last year. Another two blocks namely;
Kalimela and Korukunda have been taken up under P-PAS recently.
There are 8 nos. of PACS and 28 nos. of Paddy Procurement Centres
(PPC) in the district under Civil Supply Department, Malkangiri. Korkonda
Block has 2 nos. of PACS at Korkonda and Sikhpalli and remaining blocks
are having one PACS for each block at their respective block head quarter.
There are 28 nos. of paddy procurement centres operating under the 8nos.
of PACS covering all the seven blocks and 108 Gram Panchayats of the
district.
All the Paddy Procurement Centres (PPCs) in the district had
purchased 874482.07 Qtls of Paddy from 14967 farmers during 2012-13;
755337.01 Qtls of Paddy
from 13961 farmers during 2013-14 and
472772.96 Qtls of Paddy from 9329 farmers during 2014-15. The
procurement rates were Rs. 1250 Qtl, Rs 1310 Qtl and Rs 1360 Qtl for the
years 2012-13, 2013-14 and 2014-15 respectively.
Regulated Markets
Regulated Market Committee, Malkangiri was established as per Govt.
of Orissa Co-operation Department notification No. 4829 (AC) C dated
23.02.1981 and started functioning with effect from 13th April 1983 in the
district of Malkangiri. Presently, the headquarters of the RMC is situated at 3
K.M. away from Malkangiri on Malkangiri-Motu Road. The office of the RMC
is functioning in its own building situated at the main market yard, Malkangiri.
As per notification the area of operation of the market committee is extended
to the whole of the district which covered all the seven blocks and one
Municipality.
The prime objectives of the RMC are to eradicate unfair middlemanship
to prevent unfair practices in weighing and pricing and to save the farmers
produces from the claws of the monopolistic traders. The RMC, Malkangiri
has established following Market Yards to sale and purchase notified
agricultural goods.
163
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
Main Market Yard, Malkangiri
Sub-market Yard, Korukonda
Sub-market Yard, Sikhapalli
Sub-market Yard, Potteru
Sub-market Yard, Kalimela
Sub-market Yard, Podia
Sub-market Yard, M.V. 72
Sub-market Yard, Padmagiri
Sub-market Yard, Bhejaguda
Sub-market Yard, Mathili
Sub-market Yard, Khairput
Market Yards, Products Arrival, Value and Market Fees in Malkangiri
District
During the Financial Year 2014-15
Table No. 6.12
Sl.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
Name of the Market Yard
Main Market Yard, Malkangiri
Sub-Market Yard, Korukonda
Sub-Market Yard, Sikhapalli
Sub-Market Yard, Potteru
Sub-Market Yard, Kalimela
Sub-Market Yard, Podia
Sub-Market Yard, M.V. 72
Sub-Market Yard, Padmagiri
Sub-Market Yard, Bhejaguda
Sub-Market Yard, Mathili
Sub-Market Yard, Khairput
Arrival in
Qntls
25870.82
39303.89
29370.00
17889.00
26569.60
28376.00
25378.73
6454.41
7257.14
29965.91
28252.13
Value
3,51,84,315
5,34,53,290
3,99,43,200
2,43,290,40
3,61,34,656
3,85,91,360
3,45,15,073
87,77,998
98,69,710
4,07,53,638
3,84,20,177
Market fees
7,03,686
10,69,066
7,98,864
4,86,581
7,22,693
7,71,827
6,90,301
1,75,560
1,97,394
8,15,073
7,68,404
Weekly Markets
Besides the above market yards the RMC, Malkangiri has also taken
over the management of 18 Nos. of G.P. level weekly Markets from
concerned G.P.s and municipality. The details of markets of the RMC are
given below.
164
Weekly Markets in Malkangiri District under the Control of RMC with 3
Years Turnover
Table No. 6.13
Sl.
No.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
Name of the Market
Working days
Sikhapalli
Padmagiri
Jamaguda
Naikgudas
Kalimela
Gotijodi
K.Gumma
M.V. 72
Batapalli
Mathili
Bhejaguda
M.V. 88
M.V. 79
Mundiguda
Korukonda
Pangam
Gobindapalli
Malkangiri
Wednesday
Wednesday
Wednesday
Wednesday
Thursday
Thursday
Thursday
Friday
Friday
Friday
Saturday
Saturday
Sunday
Sunday
Monday
Monday
Tuesday
Tuesday
Nature
Weekly
Weekly
Weekly
Weekly
Weekly
Weekly
Weekly
Weekly
Weekly
Weekly
Weekly
Weekly
Weekly
Weekly
Weekly
Weekly
Weekly
Weekly
3 years
turnover
2,38,881
1,16,930
66,925
27,400
7,45,980
33,928
4,07,260
1,02,369
10,26,950
1,47,102
7,73,272
65,448
2,68,505
54,384
1,91,669
37,304
1,04,174
3,60,504
The Cattle markets are also held at Bhejaguda, Kalimela, Batapalli,
K.Gumma, Gabaguda, and Mundiguda weekly markets.
In order to prevent the evasion of market fees and to check the leakage
of agricultural products, the market committee has installed check gates at
the following places. The details are given below.
Check Gates with Annual Turnover in Malkangiri District
Table No. 6.14
Sl.
No.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Name of the Check gate & place
Gate No. 1, Malkangiri
Gate No. II, Malkangiri
Gate No. III, Malkangiri
Gobindapalli Check Gate
Chitrakonda Check Gate
Akarpalli Check Gate
Padmagiri Mobile Gate
Challanguda Mobile Gate
165
Annual turnover
from 3 years
13,21,371
17,08,745
1,77,81,152
1,05,05,045
22,48,087
10,67,669
5,22,281
27,55,119
Distance from
Head quarter
3 K.M.s
1 K.M.s
At M.M.Y., Mkg
55 K.M.s
75 K.M.s
40 K.M.s
20 K.M.s
10 K.M.s
The following are the notified commodities of the RMC, Malkangiri
1. Notification No. 4288 (AC) C dated 23.02.1981
a. Cereals – paddy, rice, maize, ragi and jawar
b. Oil Seeds – niger, till teeds, mustard
c. Fibers – jute, sunhemp.
2. Notification No. 9769 (AC) C dated 12.06.1990
a. Oil seeds – ground nut
b. Pulses – redgrams, green grams, black grams & horse grams
c. Narcotics – tobacco
d. Condiments – spices
e. Fish – fish and dry fish
f. Animal husbandry product – cattle, sheep, goat and poultry
Income of RMC
The RMC raises its income from Market fees on agricultural product ,
Cattle fees, Vegetables, transcted in W.M., market yards, check gates,
license fees, godown rent, and other misc. income. As per the provision of
the Act the RMC is collecting market fees @ 1% on agricultural goods
excluding paddy (i.e. 2%) and @ 3% on cattle transacted in market area.
Bye-Laws
As per the provision under section 28 (1) of the O.A.P.M. Act 1956, the
RMC, Malkangiri has its own bye-laws which has been duly approved by the
authority vide order No. 17662 dated 22.06.1983 of the Director of Market,
Orissa.
Constitution of the Market Committee
In order to manage the day to day affairs of the RMC, an elected body
of members duly elected from (1) Traders constituency – 4 members, (2)
Agriculturist constituency – 8 members, (3) Local authority constituency – 2
members and (4) 2 members nominated by the state Govt. as per provision
U/S 6 of OAPM Act 1956. The validity of the committee is 3 years.
Annual Income of RMC of Malkangiri District (2011-12 To 2013-14)
Table No. 6.15
Head of Income
Market fees on Agriculture goods, Cattle
License Fees
Godown rent
Misc. Income
2011-12
2,81,89,385
166
2012-13
2013-14
4,04,38,424
3,83,52,628
Retail Marketing and Rural Marketing Centres
The important Retail Marketing Centres in the districts are at
Govindapalli, Mathili, K.Gumma, Korukonda, MV-79, MV-72, Podia and
Pangam. There are a number of weekly markets called Hats in the district.
These serve as rural marketing centres where the local population buys their
weekly ration of common salt, oil and other commodities of daily
consumption.
Blockwise Rural Hats of Malkangiri District under the GP Maintenance
Table No. 6.16
Sl.
No.
1.
2.
3.
4.
Name of the Block
Malkangiri
Podia
Kalimela
Korukunda
5.
6.
7.
8.
Kudumulugumma
Khairiput
Mathili
Balimela NAC
Name of the Weekly Hats
Aruku, Karkapalli
Uskallag, Bhuban palli, Motu, Podia
Bejangiwada, Undrukunda, MV-65
Pittagatta, Tentuliguda, Chitrakonda, Kambeda,
Nilakamberu, Tandiki, Bududi
Janbai, Jantabai
Khairiput, Amliput
Mahupadar, Kiang, Temurupalli, Damapada
Balimela
Weight and Measures (Old Units and Adoption of All India Standard)
Transactions at village level usually take place either in the unit of the
commodities or in volume measures. Presently, Metric Weight System is
followed while buying rations/ groceries in most of the villages. Also, for
transactions among the people or tribal communities in rural areas the local
volume measures are used. Units like Addas, Mano, Putty etc are used to
measure weight. These are all traditional units of measurement still prevalent
in the locality, although metric weight system is gradually gaining its hold.
The traditional / indigenous units of measurement followed in the
locality since long are as follows;
4 Addas = 1 Mano
20 Manas = 1 Putty
30 Putties = 1 Grace or Gadisa
½ Adda
= 1 Boda
½ Boda
= 1 Sola
½ Sola
= 1 Adha
½ Adha
= 1 Pa
167
In the past, the India standard seer (80 tolas) was in use in towns. It
was being replaces by the metric weight Kilogram (86 tolas). 100 kilogram is
equal to one quintal. While oil is sold in litres, for most other articles local
volume measures are in use. In rural areas, the Adda (64 tolas of fine rice)
was commonly accepted.
Malkangiri Circle of Commercial Tax
The commercial Tax Department collects taxes under various Acts like
OVAT/ OST, CST, OET, ET, and P.T. The executive head of the circle is the
Asst. Commissioner of Commercial Taxes with headquarters at Malkangiri.
The Malkangiri circle was created in the year 2006. Before its creation, it was
names as ―Ward-D‖ and was under Koraput circle, Jeypore. The tax
collection position for last 5 years of Malkangiri circle is as under:
Tax Collection of Malkangiri Circle from 2011-12 to 2015-16
(Upto Feb-2016)
(Rs in Lakhs)
Table No. 6.17
Year
2011-12
2012-13
2013-14
2014-15
2015-16
VAT
3010.21
1951.27
2664.03
2852.25
2510.46
CST
5.38
16.43
28.11
22.96
23.58
OET
0
0
0
0
0
Entry Tax
513.63
313.32
194.49
210.15
168.80
PT
107.98
102.29
118.62
132.93
123.39
Source- Asst. Commissioner of Commercial Taxes, Malkangiri
168
Total
3637.20
23823.31
3005.25
3218.29
2826.23
CHAPTER-VII
TRANSPORTATION AND COMMUNICATION
Old Time Modes of Conveyance and Trade Routes
Malkangiri sub-division (now the district) was under Jeypore country
which was for several centuries isolated from the plains due to non-existence
of lines of communication. Outsiders never intruded into it due to its steep
hills, ghat areas and malaria infested jungles. Roads were non-existent when
the Madras Government first took over the direct administration of Jeypore
estate in 1863. All the road works in existence at present were started only
after 1863. Before that general public, as well as, merchandise used to carry
goods by bullock carts as their mode of conveyance in plains i.e. below the
Ghats. The carts were entirely unknown in the hilly country above the Ghats.
It was only by about 1874 that carts could with difficulty cross the Ghats for
the first time on the newly laid road from Salur to Pottangi and on the Ghats
between Koraput and Borigumma. The first road to be constructed by the
British is the Jeypore-Anantagiri road.
With the creation of Orissa province in 1936 and the constitution of
Koraput as a separate District the want of communications was more
intensely felt. During 1940, the public works division under Koraput subdivision managed the road leading from Jeypore southward to Malkangiri.
The road to Malkangiri was 64 miles long with only first 8-miles metalled. A
fine girder bridge with a single span of 207 feet crosses the Kolab River near
Kotta junction was completed in 1931 at a cost of Rs.3,69,000. (1 mile = 1.6
Kilometres)
The main road was running past Boipariguda and at Kollar descends at
a long ghat near Govindapalli, which is 750 feet above mean sea level
(MSL). On this portion it was running for 12 miles through thick forests
without a single clearing. From Govindapalli the road continued through
Mathili to Malkangiri on a comparatively level course but it was almost
entirely through jungle.
Temporary wooden culverts and bridges were there over the numerous
crossings and small streams on this road, but the floods of the monsoon,
especially in the Kusigedda, Saptadhara and Pangam rivers, were so furious
that they could only be permanently spanned at a heavy cost. Of late this
road attracts an increasing amount of lorry traffic, in the dry months, to the
great advantage of the inhabitants of this backward tract, who could able to
169
get better prices for their grains and try to buy such necessities as salt, cloth
and Kerosene oil at a cheaper rate than before.
The Kotta-Malkangiri-Motu road of 112 miles was earlier maintained by
public works division and was transferred to Dandakaranya Development
Agency (DDA) in 1965 for improvement and maintenance. This was a Major
District Road (i.e. MDR.53 of Koraput District then) and motorable
throughout the year. The submersible bridge at river near Pangam was
constructed with a cost of Rs.2,14,000.
Apart from this MDR, other important roads were earlier mainted by the
revenue department and later on transferred to public works division for
improvement and maintenance. These were :
1. Kalimela-Venkatpalam (4-Miles)
2. Kalimela-Bojajiveda (12-Miles)
3. Govindpalli- Salimi- Mohupadar (20-Miles)
Road Transport
The Regional Transport Authority (RTA) controls the matters relating to
registration and issue of permit for motor vehicles. The Regional Transport
Officer is the secretary of RTA and Collector is the Chairman. The following
routes have been allowed by R.T.A. to be operated by private-owned buses:
Road Transport Routes, Distances, Road Conditions and Number of
Private Owned Buses Plying Within Malkangiri District
Table No. 7.1
Sl.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Approx.
distance
KMs
Name of the route
Tangpal to Motu via Malkangiri ,
Kalimela, MV-79
Podia-Motu via Kalimela, MV-79
Niladrinagar to Motu via Balimela,
Malkangiri, Kalimela, MV-79
Poplur to Malkangiri via Balimela,
Malkangiri ,Kalimela,
Govindapali to Motu via Khairput,
K.Gumma, Balimela, Kalimela, MV-79
Chitrakonda to Malkangiri via Balimela
Motu to Malkangiri via MV-79,Kalimela
Motu to Balimela via MV-79, Kalimela,
Bhejangibada
Condition
Number of
buses
plying
134
Fair-weather
01
97
All-weather
01
139
All-weather
01
91
Fair-Weather
01
147
All-weather
01
71
102
All-weather
All-weather
01
01
135
Fair-weather
02
Source- RTO, Malkangiri
170
It takes about 3.5 to 4 hours to reach Jeypore (Koraput District) from
Malkangiri (HQ) by OSRTC/ private bus services which connects train
th
services. The OSRTC is also operating in the district from 25 February‘
2014.The transport map of Malkangiri district and a list of the transport
routes operated by the OSRTC in the district is given below.
171
Transport Routes Operated by the OSRTC in Malkangiri District
Table No. 7.2
Sl.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Name of the route
Kalimela to Jeypore via Malkangiri,
Mathili ,Boipariguda
Tangpal to Motu via Padmagiri,
Malkangiri, Kalimela, MV-79
Podia to Jeypore via Kalimela,
Malkangiri, Mathili, Baipariguda
Chitrakonda to Malkangiri via Janbai,
Balimela, Korukonda
Balimela to Jeypore via K.Gumma,
Khairput, Govindapali,
Boipariguda and Malkangiri
Motu
to
Malkangiri
via
MV79,Kalimela,Potteru
Balimela to podia via Korukonda,
Malkangiri, Kalimela
Mudlipada to Kalimela via Khairput,
K.Gumma, Balimela
Distance in
KMs.
145
Number
of
buses plying
01
Number
of Trips
01
135
01
01
180
01
01
85
01
01
138
01
01
102
01
01
108
01
01
128
01
01
Source- RTO, Malkangiri
The Assistant Transport Manager with headquarter at Malkangiri is the
officer in charge of the OSRTC in the district. There are unit offices at
Malkangiri from where State transport buses operate to different parts of
Malkangiri and Koraput district.
As the Chairman, the Collector and District Magistrate advises on
matters relating to public and local interest and thereby promote better coordination among the travelling public and authority besides the regular
passenger service in the District .The authority has provided passengers
waiting halls at Kalimela ,Balimela, Chitrakonda, Govindapalli. During the
year 2014-15 more than 1,35,939 passengers travelled in different OSRTC
buses operating in the district. Providing 100% transport facility is still a high
hill task for the administration due the difficult terrain and highly scattered
locations. In addition to buses, four wheelers also ply carrying passengers
especially from remote areas of the district and also in those areas which are
unserved by the buses.
172
Number of Registered Vehicles in the District: (upto 25.02.2016)
Two Wheelers
- 17285
Three Wheelers
- 434
Four Wheelers
- 1130
Four Wheelers-above
- 171
Tractors
- 445
Trailers
- 323
Crane (Pvt.)
- 01
Total
19789
(Source: RTO, Malkangiri)
Present Communication Scenario
Major Roads
Malkangiri is connected to the rest of Odisha through a single lane
black-topped road from Jeypore via Kota. The same road extends upto Motu
on the other side. The entire stretch from Jeypore to Motu via Kota and
Malkangiri was State Highway No.25 till recently and now it has been
upgraded to National Highway No.326. The first 42 km of the above road
from Jeypore towards Malkangiri falls under the jurisdiction of R&B Division
of Koraput District. The Jeypore–Kota-Malkangiri-Motu road from KM 42/0 to
KM 200/0 is in Malkangiri District was under Malkangiri (R&B) Division
earlier. Of late, this portion of road was made part of the Vijayawada Ranchi
Corridor (VRC) which runs mostly through LWE affected areas and now the
road from km 42/0 to 102/0 has been handed over to the newly created
National Highway Division, Jeypore on 15.04.2015. The above portion of
road will be widened from single lane to double lane (7.00 meter road width).
The portion of road from km 102/0 (Malkangiri Town) to 200/0 ( Motu) has
been widened to double lane carriageway and work is nearing completion
under LWE Scheme of Govt of India, Ministry of Road Transport and
Highways, New Delhi. The same will soon be handed over to National
Highway Division, Jeypore.
The proposed high level bridge over river Sileru at Motu will be taken
up by the Andhra Pradesh Govt under LWE Scheme and after completion of
the said bridge the road will lead to Vijayawada from Ranchi since this road
173
is part of Vijayawada Ranchi Corridor. The road near Motu will connect
Andhra Pradesh and Chhattisgarh state.
The other major road of the District is Govindapalli-BalimelaChitrakonda-Sileru Road (State Highway no 47) from km 0/0 to 84/2 which
starts from Govindapali, passes through Balimela, Chitrakonda and leading
to Sileru border in Andhra Pradesh has been widened and strengthened to
Double lane carriageway under LWE Scheme except the ghat portion of 18
kms road between Balimela to Chitrakonda, which has been completed with
intermediate lane i.e. 5.50 meter road width. A couple of years earlier the
condition of road was very bad and it was a single lane road.
Another Major District Road of 29.2 km. length connecting Malkangiri
with Balimela has been widened and strengthened to double lane
carriageway under LWE Scheme during the year December 2013. The Other
District Road from Kalimela to Podia is of 29.5 km length which has been
widened and strengthened to double lane carriageway under LWE Scheme
during the year 2015.
There is an alternative connecting road from Balimela Junction to
Tunnel camp via Dyke Road of 19.0 km length (MDR-104) and this road has
been widened and strengthened to intermediate lane carriageway under
LWE Scheme during the year 2015.
One of the crucial roads (MDR-105) from Chitrakonda to Janbai is 17.0
km long and links the cutoff area which is on the other side of the Balimela
reservoir. Often people of the cut off area cross the reservoir through boats,
launches and then take a road route along this road to reach the block and
district headquarters and also to avail the health and other services at
Chitrakonda. To overcome the problem of inaccessibility, aHigh level bridge
was over river Gurupriya near Janbai at 17th km of Chitrakonda-Janbaipapermetla road. After many years, one contract could be finalized to take
up this critical work and the work has started. With the completion of this
bridge, the villagers of about 156 villages from six number of Gram
Panchayats of K.Gumma Block i.e. Badapada, Papermetla, Jodambo,
Panasput, Andrapalli and Ralegedda will get road conection with
Chitrakonda, Balimela, K.Gumma & Malkangiri.
The road through Govindapalli-Salimi-Mohupadar (45 km length) has
also been taken up for widening and strengthening to double lane
carriageway from LWE Scheme.
174
Motor Launch Service in Balimela Dam Reservoir
The Earth Dam Division, Chitrakonda takes special responsibility in
rendering motor launch service to the people of cut-off areas in the Balimela
Dam Reservoir. Presently, eight nos. of motor launches and one speed boat
are playing in the reservoir namely, Bansadhara, Balimela, Neelakantha,
Malyabanta, Dalkhai, Moharaja, Sree Jagannath, Sree Lingaraj (New) and
Speed boat Jala Dyut. The above motor launches are plying in Balimela dam
reservoir in different routes namely;
1.
2.
3.
Ferry Ghat (Helipad) Chitrakonda to Jantri covering a distance of 61
KM,
Ferry Ghat (Helipad), Chitrakonda to Janbai covering a distance of 21
KM and
Ferry Ghat (Helipad), Chitrakonda to Sindhiput covering a distance of
45 KMs with required number of halting stations.
The motor launches are provided to extend ferry services to the people
staying in cut-off areas of K.Gumma block.
Staffs for each Motor Launch
Each Motor Launch is provided with five numbers of staffs i.e. one
Driver, one Saranga, one Seacunny and two Khalasis.
The fare charges for passenger and goods services are Rs.0.10 Paise
per KM per Passenger and Rs. 0.35 Paise per KM per Quintal respectively.
Distance and Gram Panchayats Covered
Helipad to Jantri= 61 KMs.
a) Nakamamudi,
c) Andrapalli,
b) Jodambo
d) Panasput and
e) Banghaput (A.P.) Gram Panchayats
Helipad to Sindhiput= 45 KMs. a) Nakamamudi,
b) Jodambo,
c) Andrapalli and d)
Panchayats
Helipad to Janbai= 21 KMs.
Panchayats
a) Jodambo and
b)
Panasput
Gram
Badapada
Gram
Rural Road Connectivity in Malkangiri District
Rural roads play on important role in providing transport and
communication facilities in the district. Different organisations such as R.D.
175
Deptt. (Rural works), Panchayat Raj Deptt., Water Resource Deptt. and
Forest Deptt. maintain rural roads in the district. The total length of the rural
roads maintained by the rural works organisation of R.D. Department in
Malkangiri district as on 01.04.15 is 742.124 kms. The detailed surface
status of the roads is as follows.
BT
: 307.865 km
MT
: 196.657 km
MSB
: 40.135 km
Earthen
: 193.860 km
CC
: 3.607 km
The unconnected habitations in the district are being provided with all
weather roads through different programmes.
Connectivity status of Malkangiri district as on 01.04.15 is : (a) total
habitations 1486 (b) All weather connectivity already provided 701.
Major Roads and Bridges Constructed in Recent Years
Rural road connectivity is not only a key component of rural
development by promoting access to economic and social services and
thereby, generating increased agricultural incomes and productive
employment opportunities, but also, as a result, a key ingredient in ensuring
sustainable poverty reduction. Notwithstanding the efforts made, over the
years, at the State and Central levels, through different programmes, about
40% of the Habitations in the country are still not connected by all-weather
roads. It is well known that even where connectivity has been provided, the
roads constructed are of such quality (due to poor construction or
maintenance) that they cannot always be categorised as All-weather roads.
With a view to redressing the situation, Government have launched the
Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana on 25th December, 2000 to provide allweather access to unconnected habitations. PMGSY is a 100% centrally
sponsored scheme. 50% of the cess on High Speed Diesel (HSD) is
earmarked for this programme.
The primary objective of the PMGSY was to provide connectivity, by
way of an all-weather road (with necessary culverts and cross-drainage
structures, which would be operable throughout the year) to the eligible
unconnected habitations in the rural areas in such a way that all
unconnected habitations with a population of 1,000 and above were covered
176
in three years (2000-2003) and all unconnected habitations with a population
of 500 persons and above by the end of the Tenth Plan period (2007).
The District Rural Roads Plan indicates the entire existing road network
system in the district and also clearly identifies the proposed roads for
providing connectivity to unconnected habitations in an economic and
efficient manner in terms of cost and utility. The Core Network will identify
the roads required to assure each eligible habitation with a basic access
(single all-weather road connectivity) to essential social and economic
services. Accordingly, the Core Network would consist of some of the
existing roads as well as all the roads proposed for new construction under
the PMGSY.
In the district of Malkangiri under PMGSY 64 roads out of 249 (total
sanctioned) has been completed providing connectivity to 431 Nos
unconnected habitations. Two major bridges have been completed during
last financial year and 5 Nos of Bridges programmed to complete during the
year 2015-16.
A total number of 50 rural road connections have been made available
by rural works Division-I, and 44 rural road connections by Rural Works
Division-II, of Malkangiri District.
Major Bridges in Malkangiri District
Table No- 7.3
Sl.
Total
Length
(Mt)
No of
Span &
Lenth
Expenditure
(Rs.in
lakhs)
Bridge Name
Location
1
Bridge Lamtaguda to Nallah at 3rd
Km on kumarput Mathili Road
lamtaguda
24
3
nos.
8mtr
235.16
2
Bridge over Tamasha nallah on
MV-05 to MV-44 Via MV-01 &
MV-04
MV-04
32.31
3nos.
10.77
150.00
Bridge over Tamasa at 1st Km on
Korukonda to Kotapalli Road
Kotapalli
75.39
7nos.
10.77
206.27
3
Postal and Tele Communication
In Malkangiri District by 2010-11, there are one Head Post office, 8 Sub
Post offices and 76 Branch Post offices. Out of these, 3 Post Offices have
177
Speed Post Service facility and one Post Office has Instant Money Order
Service (IMO). So far as Sub-Post Offices are concerned, Kalimela,
Malkangiri, Mathili and Podia blocks have one Sub-Post Office each and
Korkunda Block has two Sub-Post Offices. Malkangiri Municipality and
Balimela NAC have one Sub-Post Office each. The Head Post Office is
situated at Malkangiri Town. Out of the Branch Post Offices Kalimela block
has 12, Khairiput 7, Korukunda 16, Kudumulugumma 9, Malkangiri 8, Mathili
17, and Podia block has 7 Branch Post offices. Speed Post Service is
available in Balimela NAC Post Office and in 2 Post Offices at Malkangiri
Municipality. Instant Money Order Service is available in Malkangiri Head
Post Office situated in Malkangiri town.
Regarding tele-communication service in Malkangiri district, by 201011, there were one PCO, and 2632 land line connections and 153
Broadband connections. There are a large number of mobile users (the
exact number is not available) in the district.
178
CHAPTER-VIII
ECONOMIC TRENDS
District Domestic Product
Prior knowledge of the level of economic development of a region is
necessary for planned development of that region. In this context, the District
income estimates (District Domestic Product) assume much importance as
an indicator of development. The District income estimates also bring to light
the inter district variations in the economic development and help the
planners to set priority in formulating development plans for each district,
depending upon its level of backwardness.
The Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Odisha compiles Gross
District Domestic Products with base year 2004-05 which represents the
sum of economic value of all goods and services produced within the
geographical boundary of the district after deducting the necessary inputs
consumed in the process of production and Financial Intermediation
Services Indirectly Measured. From this Gross District Domestic Product,
Consumption of Fixed Capital (CFC) is deducted to arrive at the Net District
Domestic Product (NDDP) which is normally termed as District Income. The
District income is divided by the mid year estimated population of the district
to get the per capita income of that District. For the purposes of estimation of
district income, the economy is divided into the three sectors:
(a) Agriculture and allied sectors
(b) Industries sector
(c) Services Sector
Gross Domestic Product At Base Year Price
Gross domestic product (GDP) at current price is defined as the total
value of all goods and services produced within that territory during a given
year. GDP is designed to measure the market value of production that flows
through the economy.
The Gross District Domestic Products from 2004-05 to 2011-12 at
2004-05 base along with sector wise percentage share and per capita
income of Malkangiri district have been prepared and presented in the
tables below.
179
Table No. 8.1
GROSS DISTRICT DOMESTIC PRODUCT OF MALKANGIRI DISTRICT
Sectors
2004-05
44644
(55.21)
28410
Agriculture & A.H. (35.13)
14871
Forestry
(18.39)
1363
Fishery
(1.69)
Mining
&
206
Quarrying
(0.25)
44850
Primary Sector
(55.47)
1800
Manufracturing
(2.23)
Manufracturing
739
Regd.
(0.91)
1061
ManufracturingUn(1.31)
Regd.
Agriculture
Allied
&
Electricity, Gas &
Water supply
Construction
Secondary
Sector
Trade, Hotel &
Restaurant
Transport
and
Communication
Railway
Transport
Other means
by
Storage
Communication
Tertiary Sector
Banking
&
Insurance
and
Real estate etc.
Banking
&
Insurance
Real
Estate,
Ownership
of
Dwellings,
Business
and
Legal services
Gross District Domestic Product (Rs in lakh)
At Current Price
2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12
43976 53511 72121 69712
76893
85540
84834
(53.29) (53.66) (57.33) (53.15) (51.85) (51.04) 46.22)
28483 35904 51608 48995
54158
73633
62463
(34.51) (36.00) (41.03) (37.35) (36.52) (43.93) (34.03)
13976 15874 18704 18879
20573
7428
17591
(16.94) (15.92) (14.87) (14.39) (13.87)
(4.43)
(9.58)
1517
1733
1809
1838
2161
4480
4781
(1.84)
(1.74)
(1.44)
(1.40)
(1.46)
(2.67)
(2.60)
205
204
201
212
205
201
232
(0.25)
(0.20)
(0.16)
(0.16)
(0.14)
(0.12)
(0.13)
44181 53715 72321 69924
77098
85741
85066
(53.54) (53.86) (57.49) (53.31) (51.99) (51.16) (46.35)
1229
2108
2674
3023
3038
3449
3796
(1.49)
(2.11)
(2.13)
(2.30)
(2.05)
(2.06)
(2.07)
93
768
1112
1369
1284
1494
1647
(0.11)
(0.77)
(0.88)
(1.04)
(0.87)
(0.89)
(0.90)
1135
1340
1562
1654
1754
1956
2149
(1.38)
(1.34)
(1.24)
(1.26)
(1.18)
(1.17)
(1.17)
3363
(4.16)
3115
(3.77)
3925
(3.94)
4532
(3.60)
3351
(2.55)
2563
(1.73)
3819
(2.28)
3743
(2.04)
9478
(11.72)
14640
(18.11)
3853
(4.77)
2060
(2.55)
0
(0.00)
1542
(1.91)
10
(0.01)
508
(0.63)
5913
(7.31)
10122
(12.26)
14465
(17.53)
4534
(5.49)
2476
(3.00)
0
(0.00)
1900
(2.30)
12
(0.01)
564
(0.68)
7010
(8.49)
12660
(12.69)
18693
(18.74)
5772
(5.79)
2927
(2.94)
0
(0.00)
2312
(2.32)
14
(0.01)
602
(0.60)
8700
(8.72)
14969
(11.90)
22175
(17.63)
6525
(5.19)
3437
(2.73)
0
(0.00)
2769
(2.20)
16
(0.01)
651
(0.52)
9962
(7.92)
16757
(12.78)
23131
(17.64)
7679
(5.85)
4317
(3.29)
0
(0.00)
3540
(2.70)
20
(0.02)
757
(0.58)
11996
(9.15)
18045
(12.17)
23646
(15.94)
8652
(5.83)
5340
(3.60)
0
(0.00)
4410
(2.97)
25
(0.02)
906
(0.61)
13993
(9.44)
22189
(13.24)
29457
(17.58)
10604
(6.33)
6714
(4.01)
0
(0.00)
5654
(3.37)
31
(0.02)
1029
(0.61)
17318
(10.33)
31489
(17.16)
39028
(21.26)
13346
(7.27)
7696
(4.19)
0
(0.00)
6695
(3.65)
40
(0.02)
961
(0.52)
21042
(11.46)
7038
(8.70)
7842
(9.50)
8836
(8.86)
9974
(7.93)
11490
(8.76)
15518
(10.46)
14362
(8.57)
15844
(8.63)
735
(0.91)
773
(0.94)
886
(0.89)
1016
(0.81)
1225
(0.93)
1393
(0.94)
1859
(1.11)
2139
(1.17)
6303
(7.80)
7069
(8.57)
7950
(7.97)
8957
(7.12)
10265
(7.83)
14125
(9.52)
12503
(7.46)
13705
(7.47)
180
Community,
Social
and
Personal services
Public
Administration
8418
(10.41)
9027
(10.94)
9785
(9.81)
11361
(9.03)
14619
(11.15)
18044
(12.17)
20726
(12.37)
22558
(12.29)
3010
2947
3250
3697
5071
5782
6475
7101
(3.72)
(3.57)
(3.26)
(2.94)
(3.87)
(3.90)
(3.86)
(3.87)
5408
6080
6536
7664
9548
12262
14251
15457
Other Services
(6.69)
(7.37)
(6.55)
(6.09)
(7.28)
(8.27)
(8.50)
(8.42)
Finance
&
15456 16869 18621 21335 26109
33563
35088
38402
Services
(19.11) (20.44) (18.67) (16.96) (19.91) (22.63) (20.94) (20.92)
80860 82525 99730 125793 131160 148299 167605 183537
TOTAL GDDP (100.00) (100.00) (100.00) (100.00) (100.00) (100.00) (100.00) (100.00)
(Figures in the parentheses indicate percentages to the total)
(Source- State Income Division, Director of Economics and Statistics, Odisha)
Gross Domestic Product At Base Year Price
Gross domestic product (GDP) at base price is defined as the total
value of all goods and services produced within that territory during a base
year. GDP is designed to measure the market value of production that flows
through the economy.
Table No. 8.2
GROSS DISTRICT DOMESTIC PRODUCT OF MALKANGIRI DISTRICT
Gross District Domestic Product (Rs in lakh)
At Base Year Price (2004-05)
Sectors
2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12
44644
AgricultureandAllied (55.21)
28410
Agriculture & A.H.
(35.13)
14871
Forestry
(18.39)
1363
Fishery
(1.69)
206
Mining&Quarrying
(0.25)
44850
PrimarySector
(55.27)
1800
Manufracturing
(2.23)
Manu
fracturing
739
Regd.
(0.91)
Manu facturing Un1061
Regd.
(1.31)
3363
Electricity, Gas and
(4.16)
Water supply
9478
Construction
(11.72)
14640
Secondary Sector
(18.11)
45457
(54.97)
28692
(34.69)
15266
(18.46)
1500
(1.81)
178
(0.21)
45635
(55.18)
1187
(1.43)
91
(0.11)
1096
(1.32)
3029
(3.66)
9707
(11.74)
13923
(16.84)
46520
(52.28)
29313
(32.94)
15757
(17.71)
1450
(1.63)
173
(0.19)
46693
(52.48)
1924
(2.16)
708
(0.80)
1217
(1.37)
3710
(4.17)
11142
(12.52)
16776
(18.86)
181
48975
(51.36)
31524
(33.06)
15791
(16.56)
1660
(1.74)
149
(0.16)
49124
(51.51)
2331
(2.44)
975
(0.02)
1356
(1.42)
4221
(4.43)
12068
(12.66)
18621
(19.53)
49772
(50.30)
32164
(32.51)
15988
(16.16)
1620
(1.64)
128
(0.13)
49900
(50.43)
2469
(2.50)
1131
(1.14)
1338
(1.35)
3087
(3.12)
12271
(12.40)
17828
(18.02)
52668
(50.47)
34842
(33.39)
16090
(15.42)
1736
(1.66)
125
(0.12)
52793
(50.59)
2408
(2.31)
1036
(0.99)
1372
(1.31)
2290
(2.19)
12691
(12.16)
17389
(16.66)
51475
(48.80)
44642
(42.32)
4501
(4.27)
2332
(2.21)
110
(0.10)
51585
(48.19)
2528
(2.40)
1091
(1.03)
1437
(1.36)
3233
(3.06)
14405
(13.66)
20167
(19.12)
51101
(45.80)
36920
(33.09)
12189
(10.93)
1991
(1.78)
138
(0.12)
51239
(45.93)
2566
(2.30)
1095
(0.98)
1471
(1.32)
3084
(2.76)
18748
(16.80)
24398
(21.87)
Trade, Hotel
Restaurant
Transport
Communication
Railway
Transport
means
and
and
by Other
Storage
Communication
3853
(4.77)
2060
(2.55)
0
(0.00)
1542
(1.91)
10
(0.01)
508
(0.63)
5913
(7.31)
4328
(5.23)
2440
(2.95)
0
(0.00)
1816
(2.20)
12
(0.01)
613
(0.74)
6769
(8.18)
5166
(5.81)
2849
(3.20)
0
(0.00)
2079
(2.34)
13
(0.01)
756
(0.85)
8015
(9.01)
5554
(5.82)
3147
(3.30)
0
(0.00)
2247
(2.36)
14
(0.01)
887
(0.93)
8701
(9.12)
Tertiary Sector
Banking
and
7038
7770
8623
9517
Insurance and Real
(8.70) (9.40) (9.69) (9.98)
estate etc.
Banking
and
735
833
979
1135
Insurance
(0.91) (1.01) (1.10) (1.19)
Real
Estate,
6303
6937
7643
8382
Ownership
of
Dwellings, Business (7.80) (8.39) (8.59) (8.79)
and Legal services
Community,
Social
8418
8603
8869
9398
and
Personal
(10.41) (10.40) (9.97) (9.86)
services
3010
2810
2970
3089
Public Administration
(3.72) (3.40) (3.34) (3.24)
5408
5794
5899
6309
Other Services
(6.69) (7.01) (6.63) (6.62)
Finance
and 15456 16374 17491 18916
Services
(19.11) (19.80) (19.66) (19.84)
80860 82701 88976 95362
TOTAL GDDP
(100.00) (100.00) (100.00) (100.00)
6050
6552
7323
8452
(6.11) (6.28) (6.94) (7.58)
3660
4150
4838
5185
(3.70) (3.98) (4.59) (4.65)
0
0
0
0
(0.00) (0.00) (0.00) (0.00)
2634
2955
3417
3796
(2.66) (2.83) (3.24) (3.40)
15
16
19
22
(0.01) (0.02) (0.02) (0.02)
1012
1180
1402
1367
(1.02) (1.13) (1.33) (1.23)
9710 10702 12162 13637
(9.81) (10.26) (11.53) (12.22)
10514 11444
(10.63) (10.97)
9202
(8.72)
9858
(8.84)
1306
(1.32)
1487
(1.42)
1842
(1.75)
2040
(1.83)
9208
(9.31)
9957
(9.54)
7360
(6.98)
7818
(7.01)
10999 12024 12370 12436
(11.12) (11.52) (11.73) (11.15)
3851
3885
3893
3913
(3.89) (3.72) (3.69) (3.51)
7148
8140
8477
8523
(7.22) (7.80) (8.04) (7.64)
21513 23468 21572 22294
(21.74) (22.49) (20.45) (19.98)
98951 104352 105485 111568
(100.00) (100.00) (100.00) (100.00)
(Figures in the parentheses indicate percentages to the total)
(Source- State Income Division, Director of Economics and Statistics, Odisha)
A comparative picture of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) at current
prices over the years from 2004 to 2011-12 in Malkangiri District shows that
the contribution of agriculture and allied sector is gradually declining. It was
55.21% in 2004-05, which had come down to 46.22% in 2011-12. Similar
was the trend when we take the case of Primary sector as a whole. It was
55.47% in 2004-05 andt came down to 46.35% in 2011-12. Still these
sectors contribute the highest to the District Domestic products from among
all the sectors. Similar is the trend of GDP at Base Year Price. Contribution
of Agriculture and Allied activities to the GDP at base year price (2004-05)
was 55.21% in 2004-05 which came down to 45.80% during 2011-12. The
same trend was found in case of primary sector as a whole. On the other
hand, contribution of secondary sector to the gross District Domestic Product
has shown a very marginal increase i.e. from 18.11% to 21.26% in case of
district GDP at current price and from 18.11% to 21.87% at base year price.
182
Contribution of Tertiary Sector to the Gross District Domestic product
has shown an improvement during the period under reference. It was 7.31%
during 2004-05 which went up to 11.46% in case of GDP at current price
and from 7.31% in 2004-05 to 12.22% in 2011-12 in case of base year price.
The contribution of Finance and Services to District Gross Domestic Product
remained, more or less, the same i.e. between 19% to 20%.
Net Domestic Product
Net domestic product (NDP) represents the net book value of all goods
and services produced within a nation‘s geographic borders over a specified
period of time.In other words, Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is the broadest
quantitative measure of a nation‘s total economic activity. Net domestic
product (NDP) adjusts this figure by subtracting depreciation on the country‘s
capital assets (housing, machinery and vehicles, for example). The
depreciation is officially referred to as the ―capital consumption allowance.‖
Table No. 8.3
Sectors
Agriculture and Allied
Agriculture and Animal
Husbandry
Forestry
Fishery
Mining and Quarrying
Primary Sector
Manufracturing
Manufracturing Regd.
Manufacturing
UnRegd.
Electricity, Gas and
Water supply
Construction
Secondary Sector
Trade,
Hotel
and
Restaurant
Transport
and
Communication
Railway
Transport
means
by
Storage
Communication
Other
NET DISTRICT DOMESTIC PRODUCT OF MALKANGIRI DISTRICT
Net District Domestic Product (Rs in lakh)
At Current Price
2004-05
2005-06
2006-07
2007-08
2008-09
2009-10
42486
41808
50847
69149
66464
73011
(57.06)
(54.86)
(55.41)
(59.34)
(54.90)
(53.35)
26609
26673
33644
49130
46251
50864
(35.74)
(35.00)
(36.66)
(42.16)
(38.20)
(37.17)
14677
13795
15680
18459
18634
20310
(19.71)
(18.10)
(17.09)
(15.84)
(15.39)
(14.84)
1200
1340
1524
1561
1579
1837
(1.61)
(1.76)
(1.66)
(1.34)
(1.30)
(1.34)
170
166
165
162
171
157
(0.23)
(0.22)
(0.18)
(0.14)
(0.14)
(0.11)
42656
41975
51013
69311
66635
73168
(57.29)
(55.08)
(55.59)
(59.48)
(55.04)
(53.47)
1369
1013
1564
1947
2185
1824
(1.84)
(1.33)
(1.70)
(1.67)
(1.80)
(1.33)
458
45
412
585
757
325
(0.62)
(0.06)
(0.45)
(0.50)
(0.63)
(0.24)
910
968
1151
1362
1428
1499
(1.22)
(1.27)
(1.25)
(1.17)
(1.18)
(1.10)
1876
1748
2196
2496
1769
1407
(2.52)
(2.29)
(2.39)
(2.14)
(1.46)
(1.03)
9135
9766
12183
14426
15926
17096
(12.27)
(12.82)
(13.28)
(12.38)
(13.15)
(12.49)
12379
12526
15943
18869
19880
20327
(16.63)
(16.44)
(17.37)
(16.19)
(16.42)
(14.85)
3756
4422
5634
6351
7469
8423
(5.04)
(5.80)
(6.14)
(5.45)
(6.17)
(6.15)
1825
2198
2614
3093
3886
4815
(2.45)
(2.88)
(2.85)
(2.65)
(3.21)
(3.52)
0
0
0
0
0
0
(0.00)
(0.00)
(0.00)
(0.00)
(0.00)
(0.00)
1391
1717
2094
2537
3255
4069
(1.87)
(2.25)
(2.28)
(2.18)
(2.69)
(2.97)
10
11
13
15
19
23
(0.01)
(0.01)
(0.01)
(0.01)
(0.02)
(0.02)
424
470
507
540
613
723
183
2010-11
79775
(52.03)
68617
(44.75)
7339
(4.79)
3819
(2.49)
161
(0.10)
79936
(52.13)
2020
(1.32)
340
(0.22)
1679
(1.10)
2158
(1.41)
21027
(13.71)
25205
(16.44)
10312
(6.73)
6099
(3.98)
0
(0.00)
5232
(3.41)
29
(0.02)
838
2011-12
79168
(47.18)
57758
(34.42)
17376
(10.35)
4034
(2.40)
186
(0.11)
79354
(47.29)
2225
(1.33)
375
(0.22)
1850
(1.10)
1829
(1.09)
29817
(17.77)
33870
(20.18)
12909
(7.69)
6920
(4.12)
0
(0.00)
6170
(3.68)
37
(0.02)
713
Tertiary Sector
Banking , Insurance
and Real estate etc.
Banking and Insurance
Real Estate, Ownership
of Dwellings, Business
and Legal services
Community, Social and
Personal services
Public Administration
Other Services
Finance and Services
TOTAL NDDP
(0.57)
5581
(7.50)
6268
(8.42)
722
(0.97)
(0.62)
6620
(8.69)
6948
(9.12)
760
(1.00)
(0.55)
8248
(8.99)
7773
(8.47)
870
(0.95)
(0.46)
9444
(8.10)
8695
(7.46)
999
(0.86)
(0.51)
11356
(9.38)
9916
(8.19)
1207
(1.00)
(0.53)
13237
(9.67)
13559
(9.91)
1372
(1.00)
(0.55)
16411
(10.70)
12752
(8.32)
1832
(1.20)
(0.42)
19829
(11.82)
14047
(8.37)
2110
(1.26)
5546
(7.45)
6188
(8.12)
6902
(7.52)
7695
(6.60)
8709
(7.19)
12187
(8.91)
10919
(7.12)
11937
(7.11)
7570
(10.17)
2422
(3.25)
5148
(6.91)
13838
(18.59)
74454
(100.00)
8138
(10.68)
2370
(3.11)
5768
(7.57)
15086
(19.80)
76207
(100.00)
8792
(9.58)
2614
(2.85)
6179
(6.73)
16565
(18.05)
91768
(100.00)
10211
(8.76)
2959
(2.54)
7252
(6.22)
18906
(16.22)
116530
(100.00)
13282
(10.97)
4234
(3.50)
9048
(7.47)
23198
(19.66)
121069
(100.00)
16552
(12.10)
4871
(3.56)
11680
(8.54)
30111
(22.00)
136843
(100.00)
19033
(12.41)
5430
(3.54)
13604
(8.87)
31785
(20.73)
153337
(100.00)
20714
(12.34)
5965
(3.55)
14749
(8.79)
34761
(20.71)
167814
(100.00)
(Figures in the parentheses indicate percentages to the total)
(Source- State Income Division, Director of Economics and Statistics, Odisha)
NET DOMESTIC PRODUCT AT BASE YEAR PRICE
Table No. 8.4
NET DISTRICT DOMESTIC PRODUCT OF MALKANGIRI DISTRICT
Net District Domestic Product (Rs in lakh)
At Base Year Price (2004-05)
Sectors
2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11
42486 43284 44234 46427 47046 49765 47603
Agriculture and Allied
(57.06) (56.56) (54.06) (53.20) (51.96) (52.12) (50.01)
26609 26872 27383 29417 29879 32427 41270
Agriculture and Animal Husbandry (35.74) (35.12) (33.47) (33.71) (33.00) (33.96) (43.35)
14677 15092 15582 15584 15798 15907
4445
Forestry
(19.71) (19.72) (19.04) (17.86) (17.45) (16.66)
(4.67)
1200
1320
1269
1427
1369
1431
1888
Fishery
(1.61)
(1.72)
(1.55)
(1.63)
(1.51)
(1.50)
(1.58)
170
142
139
110
90
86
69
Mining and Quarrying
(0.23)
(0.19)
(0.17)
(0.13)
(0.10)
(0.09)
(0.07)
42656 43426 44372 46537 47136 49851 47672
Primary Sector
(57.29) (56.75) (54.23) (53.33) (52.06) (52.21) (50.08)
1369
979
1418
1675
1748
1396
1378
Manu fracturing
(1.84)
(1.28)
(1.73)
(1.92)
(1.93)
(1.46)
(1.45)
458
44
374
496
601
233
158
Manufracturing Regd.
(0.62)
(0.06)
(0.46)
(0.57)
(0.66)
(0.24)
(0.17)
910
935
1044
1179
1147
1163
1220
Manufacturing Un-Regd.
(1.22)
(1.22)
(1.28)
(1.35)
(1.27)
(1.22)
(1.28)
1876
1719
2129
2427
1765
1383
1992
Electricity, Gas and Water supply
(2.52)
(2.25)
(2.60)
(2.78)
(1.95)
(1.45)
(2.09)
9135
9363 10695 11574 11553 11903 13477
Construction
(12.27) (12.24) (13.07) (13.26) (12.76) (12.47) (14.16)
12379 12061 14243 15676 15065 14682 16847
Secondary Sector
(16.63) (15.76) (17.41) (17.96) (16.64) (15.38) (17.70)
Trade, Hotel and Restaurant
3756
4220
5040
5404
5883
6374
7109
184
2011-12
47672
(47.23)
34049
(33.73)
12043
(11.93)
1580
(1.57)
79
(0.08)
47751
(47.31)
1405
(1.39)
159
(0.16)
1246
(1.23)
1725
(1.71)
17466
(17.30)
20595
(20.40)
8153
Transport and Communication
Railway
Transport by Other means
Storage
Communication
Tertiary Sector
Banking & Insurance and Real
estate etc.
Banking & Insurance
Real
Estate,
Ownership
of
Dwellings, Business & Legal
services
Community, Social and Personal
services
Public Administration
Other Services
Finance & Services
TOTAL NDDP
(5.04)
1825
(2.45)
0
(0.00)
1391
(1.87)
10
(0.01)
424
(0.57)
5581
(7.50)
(5.51)
2172
(2.84)
0
(0.00)
1638
(2.14)
11
(0.01)
523
(0.68)
6391
(8.35)
(6.16)
2555
(3.12)
0
(0.00)
1874
(2.29)
13
(0.02)
669
(0.82)
7595
(9.28)
(6.19)
(6.50)
(6.68)
(7.47)
(8.08)
2834
3289
3717
4351
4589
(3.25)
(3.63)
(3.89)
(4.57)
(4.55)
0
0
0
0
0
(0.00)
(0.00)
(0.00)
(0.00)
(0.00)
2033
2385
2667
3073
3383
(2.33)
(2.63)
(2.79)
(3.23)
(3.35)
13
14
15
18
20
(0.01)
(0.02)
(0.02)
(0.02)
(0.02)
789
890
1034
1261
1186
(0.90)
(0.98)
(1.08)
(1.32)
(1.18)
8239
9171 10091 11461 12742
(9.44) (10.13) (10.57) (12.04) (12.62)
6268
(8.42)
6900
(9.02)
7656
(9.36)
8430
9270
9990
(9.66) (10.24) (10.46)
8070
(8.48)
8676
(8.60)
722
(0.97)
820
(1.07)
965
(1.18)
1120
(1.28)
1291
(1.43)
1469
(1.54)
1821
(1.91)
2018
(2.00)
5546
(7.45)
6081
(7.95)
6692
(8.18)
7310
(8.38)
7979
(8.81)
8521
(8.92)
6249
(6.56)
6658
(6.60)
7570
7747
(10.17) (10.12)
7957
(9.72)
8388
9898 10870 11142 11172
(9.61) (10.93) (11.38) (11.70) (11.07)
2422
2254
2388
2444
3166
3197
3159
3163
(3.25)
(2.95)
(2.92)
(2.80)
(3.50)
(3.35)
(3.32)
(3.13)
5148
5493
5570
5944
6732
7674
7982
8010
(6.91)
(7.18)
(6.81)
(6.81)
(7.44)
(8.04)
(8.39)
(7.94)
13838 14647 15614 16817 19168 20860 19212 19848
(18.59) (19.14) (19.08) (19.27) (21.17) (21.85) (20.18) (19.66)
74454 76525 81824 87269 90541 95484 95192 100936
(100.00) (100.00) (100.00) (100.00) (100.00) (100.00) (100.00) (100.00)
(Figures in the parentheses indicate percentages to the total)
(Source- State Income Division, Director of Economics and Statistics, Odisha)
The tables above indicate that contribution of primary sector in general
and that of agriculture and allied sub-sector as well as that of forestry to the
district income have been coming down between 2004-05 and 2011-12,
although, the primary sectors. Contributions remain the highest. The
contribution of secondary sector has shown a marginal increase during the
period under reference. The contribution of Tertiary Sector to the NDP which
was 7.5% in 2004-05 has gone upto 12.62%. Contribution of Finance and
services is in the third position so far as NDP of the District is concerned.
Human Development Indicator
Apart from the per capita income of the people, education, Health and
Income are important indicators that decide the human development of a
nation or state or district. According to State Human Development Report,
Odisha, 2004, the value of Human Development Index [HDI] for Malkangiri
185
district is 0.370 and it was 0.579 for state as a whole. Of the three
components of the Human Development Indicators (HDI), income index
bears the highest weight [0.497] whereas the health index bears the lowest
weight [0.122] and the education index [0.491] lies in between. The Human
Development Index (HDI) of Malkangiri is 30th in rank among the 30 districts
in the State (Human Development Report, Odisha, 2004). The health,
income, education and human development index of Malkangiri district is
given in the table below.
Human Development Index Along With Health, Income And Education
Index Of Malkangiri District And Odisha State
Table No. 8.5
District/
State
Malkangiri
Odisha
Health Index
Income
Education
HDI Value
Index
Index
0.122
0.497
0.491
0.370
0.468
0.545
0.723
0.579
Source: State Human Development Report, Odisha, 2004 (p: 194)
HDI Rank
30
General Level of Prices
Prices are an important economic variable in a market economy. From
the economic analysis point of view, prices are of immense use for building
up different economic models and indicators through which oscillation of an
economy could easily be perceived. . Prices of agricultural products and byproducts have a significant influence on formulation of production plans and
policy decisions relating to taxes levied on agricultural income and subsidies
provided to farmers on agricultural inputs. In many countries type and
volume of agricultural production activity very much depend on the current
market prices of various products. The relative changes in prices received by
the farmers for the produce and paid by them for meeting input requirements
and consumer demands influence his economic activities.
Prices of food grains generally run higher in Malkangiri district as the
markets in the plains are less remote compared to other parts of the district
and are also accessible by road. At Malkangiri price of rice in the pre- 90‘s,
that is, before 1990, ranged between 11 to 12.5 rupees per kg. and at
Kalimela between 9.5 to 10 rupees per kg.
After the globalization, the general level of prices shot up very high
which was a phenomenon resulting from too much money increase without
being accompanied by an increase in the flow of goods. Inflationary spiral
was set in motion and the price level recorded a steep rise. This was further
aggravated by the speculative hoarding activities on account of the
186
globalization, the transport bottle-necks and ineffective enforcement of
control measures.
The harvest prices of certain important crops as shown below*
indicates how there was a great rise in prices after 90‘s:
General Level Of Prices Of Important Crops From 1995-96 To 2013-14 In
Malkangiri District
Table No. 8.6
(Rs. Per Qntl)
Year
Paddy
Ragi
Maize
Mung
Biri
Kulthi
Mustard
Ground nut
Til
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
250
261
299
311
320
395
410
430
450
500
480
463
468
470
490
510
633
591
554
707
727
350
379
529
574
584
588
590
605
681
920
913
700
840
855
1000
1200
1250
1600
1,600
900
1995-96
1996-97
1997-98
1998-99
1999-00
2000-01
2001-02
2001-02
2002-03
2003-04
2004-05
2005-06
2006-07
2007-08
2008-09
2009-10
2010-11
2011-12
2012-13
2013-14
407
489
544
941
1050
1228
1,315
833
1,175
2904
1225
1259
1588
1463
1470
1480
1600
1635
2584
2152
1787
2700
2964
3866
4293
3500
4069
1010
1648
2050
3746
4,900
4,489
2,596
1480
1680
1750
2565
2238
2000
605
615
593
695
788
792
715
725
1167
968
1109
1118
1114
1209
1212
1215
1350
1440
2928
2740
1000
1400
2550
2463
1150
1275
1750
1109
1500
1301
1926
4,800
2067
2500
2500
2600
2700
3,500
1316
1269
1379
1385
1390
1380
1400
1677
1786
2050
1925
3500
3181
3200
4,067
(Source- Price Statistics Division, Director of Economics and Statistics, Odisha)
These figures reveal a number of interesting features. The general level
of prices recorded an upward trend from the year 1995-96. Prices moved
crazily from 2005-06 onwards and did not come down.
General Level Of Wages
In the rural economy of the district, about 25 percent of the families
derive their livelihood by earning wages in farm and non-farm occupations.
Principles followed in the fixation of Minimum Rates of Wages
1. The minimum rate of wages are all inclusive including the basic
rates, the cost of living allowances and the cash value of the
concessional supply, if any, of essential commodities.
187
2. The daily minimum rates of wages are inclusive of wages payable
for the weekly day of rest.
3. The minimum rates of wages are applicable to employees employed
by contractor also.
4. The minimum rates of wages for disable persons shall be same as
payable to the workers of the appropriate category.
5. There shall not be any discrimination between male and female
worker in the matter of payment of minimum wages in any category
of employment.
Types of Workers (Based On Skill)
There are different types of works according to the Skill required.
A.
B.
C.
D.
Unskilled:
Unskilled work means work which involves simple
operation requiring little or no skill or experience on the job.
Semi-skilled: Work which involves some degree of skill of
competence acquired through experience on the job and which is
capable of being performed under the supervision or guidance of a
skilled employee and includes un-skilled supervisory work.
Skilled: - Which involves skill or competence acquired through
experience on the job or through training as apprentice or in a technical
or vocational institute and the performance of which calls for initiative
and judgment.
Highly Skilled:
Highly skilled workers are called for high degree of
performance and full competence in the performance of certain tasks,
acquired through intensive technical or professional training or
practices, work experience for long year and also required for worker to
assure full responsibility for the judgment or decisions involved in the
execution of these tasks.
An adult employee shall work for eight hours per day excluding half an
hour of rest.
The prescribed wage rates for different categories of workers are as
follows;
Table No. 8.7
Sl.
1
2.
3
4
Name of Category
Unskilled
Semi-skilled
Skilled
Highly skilled
Rate of Wage
Rs. 200/Rs. 220/Rs.240/Rs. 260/-
188
In the existing agrarian pattern and the nature of agriculture, there are
uncertainties and inadequacy of employment. The extent of unemployment
or disguised unemployment can be visualized from the number of days for
which the labourers find employment either in farm or in non-farm work.
The following table shows the number of days the labourers are
employed during the year 2014-15 (Block wise).
Blockwise Information About- Total Labourers Registered, Work
Demanded And Work Provided In Malkangiri District In 2014-15
Table No. 8.8
SlNo.
Block
Total
Labourers
Registered.
No. of Labourer
demanded for
Employment
No. of
Labourer
Provided
Employment
Total No. of
Man-days
1
Kalimela
26613
6539
5042
150752
2
Khairput
10572
4442
3659
126354
3
Kourkonda
29295
9096
6999
216717
4
K.Gumma
12773
4410
3474
110263
5
Malkangiri
14731
3575
2379
61849
6
Mathili
22753
8107
7065
219853
7
Podia
15126
4086
3027
97307
Classification of Workers in Malkangiri District as Per 2011 Census
Table No. 8.9
Sl.
Name of
the
District
Workers
Total
Workers
Cultivators
Agricultural
Laboures
Other
Workers
Workers in
Household
Industry
1
Malkangiri
310666
151260
106353
7725
45328
2
In %
100.00
46.68
34.23
2.48
14.61
In considering the conditions of employment in rural areas, it is of
interest to analyse the problem with reference to the places of work. The
proportion of workers going outside the village for the purpose of
employment would indicate the extent of adjustment that is taking place in
189
the labour market. The following figures indicate the annual employment in
days the households worked.
Number of Days the Households Worked in Malkangiri District
Table No. 8.10
Number of Days worked
Below 30 days
30-59 dys
60-100 days
100-150 days
Number of
households
16487
1957
378
14
Percentage
87.53
10.38
2.00
0.09
Source-D.R.D.A., Malkangiri
The total number of households worked in various ranges of days are
18,836 in Malkangiri district. Out of these, 16487 (87.53%) households could
be able to get work for less than 30 days, 1957 (10.38%) worked between
30-59 days, 378 households (2%) worked between 60 to 100 days and only
14 households (0.09%) could be able to work between 100 to 150 days.
Standard of Living
Standard of living refers to the level of wealth, comfort, material goods
and necessities available to a certain socioeconomic class in a certain
geographic area. The standard of living includes factors such as income,
quality and availability of employment, class disparity, poverty rate, quality
and affordability of housing, people, hours of work required to purchase
necessities, gross domestic product, inflation rate, number of holidays per
year, affordable (or free) access to quality healthcare, quality and availability
of education, life expectancy, incidence of disease, cost of goods and
services, infrastructure, national economic growth, economic and political
stability, political and religious freedom, environmental quality, climate and
safety. The standard of living is closely related to quality of life.
Standard of living is generally measured by standards, such as, real
(i.e. inflation adjusted) income per person and poverty rate. Other measures
such as access and quality of health, income growth, inequality, and
educational standards are also used. It is the ease by which people living in
a time or place are able to satisfy their needs and/or wants. The idea of a
'standard' may be contrasted with the quality of life, which takes into account
not only the material standard of living, but also other more intangible
aspects that make up human life, such as leisure, safety, cultural resources,
social life, physical health, environmental quality issues, etc. Per capita
190
income and HDI are considered as good indicators for measuring the
Standard of living of the people.
Majority of the population in Malkangiri district belongs to Scheduled
Tribes. They mainly depend upon cultivation to meet their annual
requirements. They easily get into the hands of speculative persons to meet
their drinks and needs of feasts and festivals. They are not accustomed to
make any saving to guard againt any famine or abnormal years. Their
annual income does not vary remarkably and any rise in prices entails
hardship on them which badly affects their standard of living. Their tendency
to borrow is very great. It is said, they are born in debt, live in debt and die in
debt passing on their burden to the progeny. He earns an income, spends in
excess of it, and thus incurs a debt which lies hanging on his head. In recent
years cooperatives, Regional Rural Banks and Commercial banks have
opened their branches in rural areas to help the needy and poor persons.
The tribals are yet to get the full benefit from these institutional sources of
credit.
The food stuffs generally consumed by rural and tribal people are rice,
ragi, suan. chalan, pith of the sago-palm, dried Mahua flower, jowar, bajra,
redgram, green gram, sometimes mango-kernel, salt, chilli, niger, etc. Other
articles of consumption are cloth, kerosene, match stick, castor oil, etc.
Of course, pattern of consumption has undergone certain changes in
recent years which are evident in their dressing patterns, ornaments, use of
cosmetics, etc.
The per capita income of the district was Rs. 13,795/- in 2004-05 and it
rose to Rs. 16,313/- in the year 2011-12 witnessing a growth of 18
percentage. It also shows an increase in the standard of living of the people
in the district to certain extent.
Employment Exchange
The District Employment Exchange for Koraput district (undivided)
started functioning at Rayagada in the year 1957 to meet the needs of the
unemployed people as well as to cope with the man-power demands of
various Government offices and that of the private industrial establishments
of the district. With the inception of Dandakaranya Project with its
headquarters at Koraput the office was shifted from Rayagada to Koraput in
November, 1959. A sub-office has been started since 1st February 1961 at
Rayagada to cater to the needs of J.K. Paper Mills, sugar factory, Ferromanganese plant and other employers of Rayagada and Gunupur
subdivisions. One Employment Information and Assistance Bureau has
started functioning in the Borigumma Block since November 1961.
191
The registration work of the employment exchange has a great bearing
on the availability of job opportunities in the area. Both the employers and
the job-seekers are quite conscious about the functions of employment
organization and are utilizing the same to their best advantage. The
statistical table given below shows a steadfast increase in the registration as
well as placement and submissions made by employment exchange:
Information of Employment Exchange Office at Malkangiri District
Table No. 8.11
(From 2010 to 2015)
Years
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
Number of registration
2599
2527
1752
2490
1732
969 Upto
June2015
Number of vacancies notified
05
75
48
06
09
13
03
--
99
--
03
--
9587
10175
8449
8267
7660
7951
02
03
02
03
04
04
02
75
48
06
09
13
Items
Number
of applicants placed
in
employment
Number of applicants on the live register
at the end of the period
Number of employees using Employment
Exchange
Number of vacancies outstanding at the
end of the period
(Source –Dist. Employment Exchange, Malkangiri)
Qulification-wise Registration, Placement and live Register Position in
Malkangiri District for the year 2014-15 [as on 31st oct. 15]
Table No. 8.12
Sl.No Category
1
Under Matric InterGraduate
Diploma Holders
Matric
Matric General Technical Other Eng. Other Total
410
610
860
244
35
87
15
20
35
120
230
280
91
5
37
3
2
5
85
120
195
49
02
14
2
0
2
142
153
240
58
05
21
5
0
5
-
Total Registration
a Women
b Schedule Caste
c Schedule Tribe
2 Total Placement
a Women
b Schedule Caste
c Schedule Tribe
Total Live Register
3 at the end of the 998 1453 3178 1395
134
489
Year.
a Women
119
343 1161
508
31
232
b Schedule Caste
227
451 1110
523
50
194
c Schedule Tribe
529
628 1117
253
15
99
(Source –Dist. Employment Exchange, Malkangiri)
192
122
12
134
29
47
15
2
3
-
31
50
15
CHAPTER-IX
GENERAL AND REVENUE ADMINISTRATION
Pre-Independence Administrative Setup
The present day Malkangiri District was a part of the Dandakaranya
forests of the Ramayana days where the simple tribals people along with the
sages used to live peacefully, but occasionally being tormented by the
asuras/rakshasas. The folklore is strong on this belief as there is the river
―Tamasha‖ near Malkangiri and the ―Sitakunda‖ in the Bonda hills where Sita
Devi is believed to have takeen bath during the ―Banabasha‖ period of
Ramachandra. The thick virgin forest of Malkangiri region continues to teach
its people bravery with simple living. The sages had taught the people to
accept the life as it comes their way having unfailing faith in the God, be it
the Trinity of ―Konam Raj‖ or Lord ―Nilakantheswara‖ worshipped in
Kondakambera (presently submerged in Balimela Dam) and so many
villages inside the deep jungles.
It is believed that Kondakambera, which is submerged in the Balimela
Dam, was the ―Kumbudiri‖, the capital of Malkangiri region during the Ganga
period. Two inscriptions dated to the fourteenth century A.D. record the gift
to Lord ―Nilakantheswara‖ by one Queen Pandu Singh. It is also believed
that as many as twenty six kings ruled this region till Banguru Devi, who
ruled the region from 1855 to 1872 A.D. and lastly, was defeated and
deposed by the British. Her famous Koya Army was again organised by one
Toma Dora in the year 1880. He defeated the Police Force at Malkangiri and
declared himself as the ruler of Motu and Podia Muthas. But a British
contingent came from Hyderabad and killed Toma Dora in the Rampa
forests near Motu on 27.07.1880. Even in recent past the fearless tribal
leader Laxman Naik was committed to gollows by the British for having
raised his voice against the British rule.
This region was being governed in a traditional way- each village under
one village headman, known as ―Peda‖ or ―Naiko‖. The entire region was
divided into four ―Muthas‖ each being under one Muthadar stationed at Motu,
Podia, Korukonda and Padmagiri.
Land Revnue Administration during the King‟s Rule
The undivided Koraput was formerly the hill country of Jeypore. The
history of the land is the history of the primitive tribes who have made it their
home. From the fifteen century until the British period, a line of kings and
193
zamindars ruled the area. The land revenue administration was the ancient
feudal system. As there was no survey or settlement of land during this
period, land was measured in terms of yoke or seed capacity and it was not
possible to know exactly the amount of land each tenant occupied. The
lands were administered partly by the roytwari system and partly on a village
system called mustajari. In the roytwari system there was documented
agreement between the landlords and tenants; there was a register for each
village and Amin or villagers were appointed by the estate as the revenue
Naiks. There were very few villages under this system. The Mustajair was an
agent responsible for the collection of rent who was paid either by a grant of
land or percentage of the rents collected. The office was hereditary and
normally held by an influential person in the village. The mustajaris were not
required to keep any account of records of the holdings in village. Most of
the amins and mustajaris working in the area were not tribal people for lack
of education among them.
Land Revenue Administration during the British Period
The British first established a factory in the year 1682 at Vizagapatnam,
which became their entry point to the Koraput region. The interest of the
British was to collect revenue from zamidars and kings and exploit the forest
resources. As far as rights over land was concerned, the British rule did not
attempt to become the arbiter of any such rights, nor did it intend to set up
any principles for their determination. However, their impact was not neutral.
In order to increase land revenue the British introduced many acts but there
was no attempt to simplify the land revenue system. Under the terms of the
―Permanent Settlement‖, the relationship of the British and the feudal estates
tended to increase the power of the Feudal system to the detriment of the
tribals. As the British increased the rents, the feudal estates in turn passed
these costs on to the tribal tenants. The British also increased the relative
power of the privileged by granting statutory concessions regarding the use
of timber and forest materials under the Jeypore Forest Rules. The Madras
Estate Land Act, which governed the relationship between the land holder
and the tenant, came into force in the district from 1st July 1908, but the
tenants did not derive any benefit from it. However, there was one important
enactment to safeguard the interests of Adivasis. It was the Agency Tracts
Interest and Land Transfer Act, 14th August, 1917 which was passed with a
view to preventing transfer of lands from Adivasis to non-Adivasis, which
was taking place rapidly in the area. However, the bulk of the transfers in the
district had already taken place before this Act was passed. As mentioned in
―the Final Report on the Major Settlement Operations in Koraput District
1938 to 1964‖ in order to give focus on the area for special development
194
projects, Koraput was first treated as backward tract under the Government
of India Act, 1919, and in the 1935 Act it was classed as a partially excluded
area. In spite of all these well meaning efforts, commercial ambitions and an
imperialistic arrogance prevailed, causing a decrease in the quality of life of
the tribals rather than the intended benefit.
Administration in Independent India
A new chapter in the history of Jeypore country was begun when the
then undivided district of Koraput was formed and incorporated in the new
Orissa province on 1st April, 1936. For the first time a survey and record of
rights operations were carried out in the district on a small scale. The
operation was suspended during war time from 1939 to 1945, and again
resumed in 1947. However, more priority was given for developing the area
than to establishing land rights for the tribal residents. The survey settlement
process started in 1951 and continued up to 1964. The Government of
Orissa adopted the plane table method of survey rather than the chain
survey method, the former being less costly, but the plane table survey
method came at great cost for the tribals. Plane table surveys do not record
slopes beyond 10 degrees, which are the traditional agricultural lands of
Orissa hill tribes. Thus the traditional rights of the community over land have
been abrogated, in favour of the state. Because of the faulty survey methods
most of the land was documented as government land, recording only a
small percentage as privately held, specifically, 20% in Koraput, 19% in
Malkangiri, 30% in Nawarangpur and 20% in Rayagada. Currently 30% of
undivided Koraput‘s populations (the majority non-tribals) hold 70% of the
private land. The historical cause for this was that the amins, mustajars,
inamdars, landlords and feudal heads recorded maximum amount of land in
their own names rather than that of tenants. They were able to do this
because of their closer relationships to the surveyors and greater knowledge
of laws and land processes. Besides, most of the tribals preferred to pay
their land revenue to the Government through their village headman as per
their traditional practice. Moreover, the tribals were cultivating vast patches
of forest land by adopting traditional shifting or Podu cultivation. They were
preparing the field by cutting the trees and bushes, burning them and
spreading the ash in the field. They were coming to the same patch of land
again, may be after a gap of twenty years which is known as ―Podu Cycle‖.
This right over te entire land under their cultivating possession was ignored
by the revenue officials. Such incidents subsequently led to strife in some
cases between the Bengali settlers of D.N.K. Project and the local tribals
which was finally solved by the District Administration by including those
Podu patches in the 25% quota released by the D.N.K. Authorities for
195
rehabilitation of the tribals. The tribals became marginalized because of their
ignorance and shy nature.
Status of Homestead and Village Sites in Undivided Koraput
The rights of tenants in these areas were governed under Madras
Estate Land Act (M.E.L Act) 1908, which were concerned with rights and
responsibilities of the owners relating to agriculture land. A survey was
performed under this Act to establish those rights, but village sites, otherwise
known as Gramkantha Paramboke land, was excluded from the survey as
per section 3(16) of the M.E.L. Act. Thus, the village sites were not surveyed
and were identified as single plots for identification. When the M.E.L. Act
was succeeded by the Orissa Estate Abolition Act, 1952 another survey was
performed (although not until 1962) but village sites in rural areas with few
exceptions were not surveyed and no records of rights (RORs) were issued
to villagers for their homesteads and kitchen gardens. The Government of
Orissa issued an order in 1978 directing that these Gramkantha Paramboke
lands should be surveyed and rights should be given accordingly as
homestead land but such survey and the issue of RORs have, to date, not
been completed. Due to uprisings and people‘s movements born of
discontent, many land reform Acts were enacted in the 1950s and 1960s.
Among them are the Orissa Estate Abolition Act, 1952, Orissa Government
land settlement(O.G.L.S) Act,1962, Odisha Prevention of Land
Encroachment (OPLE)Act,1972, O.P.L.E. Rules, 1985, Regulation 2 of 1956
as amended in 2002, Regulation 1 of 2000, Section 23 and 23-A of Orissa
Land reforms Act(OLR).
Settlement Operation and Distribution of Land to Landless Persons
The settlement operation in Malkangiri district has been completed in
respect of 933 Revenue villages covering seven Tahasils. Cadastral maps in
respect of all these villages along with Record of Rights (ROR) have been
received fropm the Settlement Authorities.
Modernization of Land Records
In the way of modernizing and bringing efficiency to the land revenue
administration as well as to make it citizen-centric, technological intervention
has been envisaged under the centrally sponsored Digital India Land
Records Modernization Programme. Major focus of the Programme is on
citizen services. Various components of the programme are underway in the
district which in brief have been outlined below.
Under this programme, all textual data of records of rights are being
updated and computerized. Data conversion of all textual records has been
196
completed in respect of all Tahasils of the District and has been hoisted in
the Bhulekh website. Computerized RoRs are being issued to the citizens.
Re-entry of RoR data is being done on continuous basis for further updation.
Cadastral map-sheets of all the villages of the district have been digitized
and mosaicised. All those maps have been integrated with the textual RoR
data of bhulekh website for public view and official use. Steps have been
taken to make the mutation process transaction based in which notices of all
transactions registered in the registration offices are sent by the registering
officers to the concerned tahasil offices for initiation of mutation proceedings.
There have been sharp decline in the application based mutation cases
during the last 2-3 years. Further all Tahasildars have been instructed
suitably to dispose all un-contested mutation cases within a maximum period
of three months. People have been greatly benefitted due to quicker updation of land records.
In line of computerizing the Tahasil offices of the district, Tahasil level
computer cells have been made functional in all Tahasils of the district.
Information technology is being use for maintaining village wise property
records and for providing services to citizens in a better way.
All the Tahasil offices have been provided with broadband internet
connectivity. In addition, virtual private network over Broad Band (VPNoBB)
has been provided in the Tahasil offices for secure data transmission. The
VPNoBB connectivity is being used to transmit the updated RoR data from
the concerned tahasils to the NIC Head-quarters through File Transfer
Protocol (FTP) for reflection of the same in the bhulekh website. Steps have
been also taken to provide connectivity through Odisha State Wide Area
Network (OSWAN) to all Sub-Collectorates, Tahasils and Registration offices
of the district. The District Head Quarters are already connected with
OSWAN.
In order to replace the existing system of physical storing and
maintenance of land records which has a lot of shortcomings and
inconvenience, Modern Record Rooms in Tahasil offices are being created
under DILRMP. In these Modern Record Rooms, valuable revenue case
records shall be stored electronically through document management
system software after their scanning. Maintenance of land records in the
dematerialized format shall go a long way in long-term storage of the
valuable revenue case records as well as in providing better citizen centric
services. As of now, Modern record rooms have been made functional in all
Tahasils of the district.
197
Under DILRMP, all the Registration Offices of the district have been
computerized with adequate hardware, software. All the Registration offices
are connected to the Central Server at the State level through a dedicated
software on Virtual Private Network (VPN) mode.Bio-metric authentication
system has already been put in place in all the Registration offices. Data
Entry of Valuation details, legacy encumbrance Data and scanning of old
documents in respect of all records from 1995 to date has been
accomplished. Citizens are being provided immediate services such as
Encumbrance Certificates (E.C.) and Certified Copies (C.C.) at the
Registration offices.
Land Distribution
A total number of 27,841 homesteadless families have been
provided with house sites covering an extent of 1312.11 acres of land in
Malkangiri district. During the year 2015-16 only 1298 nos of homesteadless
families have been provided with 51.92 acres. Again a total number of 9732
landless persons have been provided with 7171.86 acres of land in the
district by 2015-16.
Land Revenue Collection
The collection position of land revenue (both rent and cess) for the last
five years i.e. from 2010-11 to 2014-15 in Malkangiri district is as under.
Table No. 9.1
Year
2010-11
2011-12
2012-13
2013-14
2014-15
Rent
2,90,703.20
2,54,591.30
4,64,860.75
7,07,378.94
4,40,204.00
Cess
13,50,960.29
6,30,971.25
14,79,863.10
17,60,405.94
15,35,580.10
(In Rs)
Total
16,41,663.40
8,85,562.55
19,44,723.80
24,67,784.88
19,75,784.10
With the commissioning of Pollaveram Project of Andhra Pradesh some
villages of Malkangiri District adjoining the village Motu and situated on the
river bank of Saberi are likely to be submerged in the backwater Pollaveram
Project which may reduce the land revenue to some extent.
Administrative Set-Up Malkangiri District
The district of Malkangiri was formed on 2nd October, 1992 by carving
out the same from erstwhile Koraput district. The headquarters of the district
is at Malkangiri. The Collector and The District Magistrate is the
administrative head of the district. He is assisted by the Additional District
Magistrate, Deputy Collectors, Sub-Collector, Block Development Officers
and Tahsildars for smooth running of the administration. There are also
198
district levels officers of other departments, who are under the control of their
respective departmental heads but collector, being the administrative head
of the district, exercises general supervision over them. The district consists
of only one sub-division, namely, Malkangiri and it is under the administrative
control of a Sub-Collector. For smooth running of revenue administration, the
district is divided into 7 Tahasils, namely, Malkangiri, Chitrakonda, Motu,
Mathili, Khairput, Kudumulugumma and Kalimela and each Tahasil is in
charge of a Tahsildar. In order to look after the developmental activities in
rural areas of the district effectively, it is divided into 7 CD Blocks and each
CD Block is under the administrative control of a Block Development Officer.
The entire district is declared as a Scheduled Area.
There were 3 Tahasils, 8 Police Stations, 1045 villages within the
district during the decade 2001-2011. The Govt. of Odisha with an intention
to extend the facility of revenue administration to the people close to their
locality increased 04 number of Tahasil as par with the number of CD Blocks
in the district. In addition to existing 3 Tahasils (2001 Census), 4 new
Tahasils, namely, Mathili, Khairput, Kudumulugumma and Kalimela were
formed. Mathili and Kalimela Tahsils were formed consisting local limits of
their respective Panchayat Samiti areas vide Govt. notification no. DRC11/08-14913/R&DM
Dt.
29.03.2008.
Similarly
Khairput
and
Kudumulugumma Tahasils were formed consisting of local limits of their
respective Panchayat Samiti areas vide Govt. Notification No. DRC-11/0833533/R&DM Dt. 06.08.2008. In addition to existing 8 police stations, 3 new
police stations, namely, Paparmetla, Jodamba and Podia were created as
per Govt. Notification during the decade 2001-2011.Eleven new villages (4
each in Malkangiri and Motu P.S., one each in Orkel, Podia and Kalimela
P.S.) were created during the decade. Thus, total number of villages during
2001 became 1045; out of which 66 villages are un-inhabited.
The district comprises of one Sub-Division i.e. Malkangiri and 7 CD
Blocks viz. Malkangiri, Korukonda, Podia, Kalimela, Mathili, Khairput and
Kudumulugumma. The revenue administration is managed through a
network of 7 Tahasils Offices i.e. Malkangiri, Chitrakonda, Motu, Kalimela,
Mathili, K.Gumma and Khairput spread out in the district. Also, there are one
municipality, one NAC, 108 Gram Panchayat and 1045 villages in the
district. The district is represented by two Assembly Constituencies i.e.
Malkangiri and Chitrakonda. There are 4 towns namely; Malkangiri,
Balimela, Chitrakonda and Kalimela.
The District has 12 police stations namely; Malkangiri, Podia,
Kalimela, MV 79, Mathili, Motu, Energy PS ( Malkangiri), Chitrakonda, Orkel,
Mudulipada (Khairput), Judambo and Papermetla. Though the tribals and
199
the settlers have learned to live peacefully, some extremist elements from
beyond the district have disrupted the otherwise peaceful atmosphere. The
road from Podia to Motu via Pusuguda needs improvement to provide
connectivity to the tribal villages and a parallel road to river Saberi for the
administration.
Administrative Setup in Malkangiri District
Table No. 9.2
Sl. No.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
Item.
Location
(a) Longitude
(b) Latitude
Geographical Area
Sub-divisions
Tahasils
CD Block
Towns (including census
towns)
Municipalities
NACs
Police Stations
Gram Panchayats
Villages
(a) Inhabited
(b) Uninhabited
Parliamentary
Constituency
Assembly Constituency
Unit.
Degree
Degree
Sq. Kms
No
No
No
No
Magnitude
81° 22‘ to 82° 25‘ East
17° 40‘ to 18° 43‘ North
5791
1
7
7
2
No
No
No
No
No
No
1 (Malkangiri)
1 (Balimela)
12
108
1045
979
66
-
No
2
Source - District Statistical Handbook, Malkangiri (2011); Directorate of Economics
and Statistics, Odisha, Bhubaneswar
Disaster Resilient infrastructures in Malkangiri District
Vulnerability of District
Malkangiri, with high current rivers like Kolaband its tributaries
Potteru&Sileru is most vulnerable to floods and cyclones. In addition,
disasters like landslides & forest fires are also common in this district.All the
villages on the bank of the rivers having almost all walled & thatched houses
are more vulnerable to such flash floods & cyclones, sometimes flooding &
erasing whole a village in turn causing substantial loss to life & property.
Therefore, the state government decided to build elevated structures to
withstand very high wind speeds, proof against flooding and resistance to
moderate earthquakes. Two types of drawing and design have been
developed by IIT, Kharagpur; one for 3000 capacity & another for 2000
capacity.
200
Accordingly, flood shelters are being constructed above High Flood
Level (HFL) with raised platform & stilted floors in different vulnerable areas
of Kalimela, Podia, Korukonda and Mathili blocks of the district basing on the
recommendations received from the district administration.
Use of the Shelter Buildings
Almost all the shelter buildings are mainly constructed inside the school
premises or adjacent to the school so that it can be used as class rooms
during normal time and potential shelters at the time of disasters. The
ground floors of these buildingshave been designed to be used as shelters
for livestocks during emergencies. Relief materials and medicines can be
stacked for emergentsituations.Additionally, these shelter buildings can be
used as community halls and can be put to various other community uses
like Anganwadi centers, training centers,marriagemandaps and for other
social gatherings etc. with payment of agreed user charges. Therefore, the
shelter buildings are known as Multipurpose Flood Shelters (MFS).
Features and Facilities available in the MFS Buildings
All the MFS have separate hall & toilets for men and women, special
room for the sick, labour room, one store room, drinking water supply
through submersible pump, internal electrical wiring with all fittings, ramp of
1:12 slope & separate toilets for disabled persons, 5 KVA noiseless diesel
generator, shelter level emergency equipments etc.
Community based management and maintenance of the shelter
buildings and Capacity Building of community
To ensure the sustainable maintenance of these shelter buildings,
community-based Flood Shelter Management & Maintenance Committees
(FSMMC) are formed and imparted suitable orientation trainings. In addition,
shelter level taskforce volunteers have been identified and they are being
oriented, trained and involved regularly. Further, the shelter level Mock Drill
th
on disaster preparedness is also conducted at each shelter on 19 June
every year. The minor repair works of the shelter buildings are taken up by
the FSMMC whereas theresponsibility of the major repairs lies with the
authority. All the FSMMCs have been provided with corpus fund to the tune
of Rs. 5.00 lakhs each for regular capacity building of the local community
out of the interest generated per year.
Different Schemes for Construction of MCS and MFS
Sl.
No.
Name of the Scheme
Chief Minister‘s
i.
Relief Fund
(CMRF)
Total
MCS /
MFS
MFS
No. of Shelters
Period of construction
04
Post Phailin (201314)
04
201
Availability of Block-wise shelters in Malkangiri district:
Sl. No.
Name of the Block
Total number of MCS & MFS
1.
Kalimela
2.
Podia
01
01
3.
Korukonda
01
4.
Mathili
01
Total
04
Construction of MFS under Chief Minister‟s Relief Fund (CMRF)
After Phailin, visualizing the requirement for more cyclone/flood shelters
in Odisha, the State Government has decided to construct 04MFS out of the
Chief Minister‘s Relief Fund in Malkangiri district.
202
CHAPTER-X
LAW AND ORDER, AND JUSTICE
Introduction
Historical Background
Malkangiri as a separate district came into existence in 1992. Prior to
that it was a part of Koraput district and the whole of Koraput district
th
comprised the ex-zamindaris of Jeypore. In the early part of the 19 century
law and order in the region followed tribal sanction. The Zamindar and the
local chiefs had control over the hill tribes who remained in inaccessible hills
and forests. One of the grave crimes committed in the then Koraput district
(undivided), the one that most attracted the attention of the British Officers
was the practice of Mariah or the sacrifice of human to propitiate the Earth
goddess and other deities. This was practised in the Kond tracts. In 1845,
special Mariah Agency was formed and an Agent was kept in sole charge of
the administration of the area with many assistants. Then steps were taken
to suppress this inhuman practice. This practice has become a thing of the
past. The tribals instead sacrifice a buffalo, to appease the Earth Goddess
during the appropriate ritual or festival.
Severe punishment was meted out to the persons accused of witchcraft
and sorcery. There were also organised gangs of Khongars (thieves) who
were terrorising the country side. Captain A.C. Mc. Neill, the Officiating
th
Agent in the Hill Tracts of Orissa, reported on 12 May, 1857, that these
bands of dacoits used to pay a yearly tax of one rupee per head to the Raja
or rathar to the person who was temporarily in charge of affairs in Jeypore.
th
The law-lessness in Jeypore country continued in the 19 century, resulting
in murder, dacoity and assassination till the establishment of police force in
1863. (Senapati and Sahu, Koraput district Gazetteers, 1966, P. 314)
The nature and incidence of crimes in the past included house breaking
and thefts of different types in which mostly the Doms were involved. Cattle
thefts were also very common. Homicide among some Adivasis mostly in
drunken brawls in petty matters had been a common affair. House dociety
had been rare, though road dacoity occurred at times. In all cases Dom
criminals were mostly involved. To check such activities, Anti-road-dacoityarmed-squads were put into action by the Law and Order authorities and this
produced a salutary effect. Bullock-carts were attacked during night by the
203
Dom criminals on the market days. To combat this, police parties were
provided to escort the bullock carts in the affected areas to their destinations.
The other forms of crimes occurring in the old Koraput district were
smuggling of food grains from the district to the neighbouring states,
swindling, breach of trust, rioting of petty nature, and cases arising out of
land disputes under I.P.C. and also crimes committed under other Acts,
namely, Excise, Gambling and Arms Acts. Sex crimes had been rare.
The Police Force was established in 1863 and Captain Galbraith was
posted at Jeypore as Assistant Superintendent of Police. In May 1864,
Jeypore became a separate Police district. Though the head quarters of the
Superintendent was moved to Koraput in 1870, his charge continued to be
called as Jeypore district till the Koraput district (undivided) was formed in
April, 1936.
The force consisted in 1941 of a Superintendent, two Assistant
Superintendents, a Sergent Major, two Sergents, nine Inspectors, forty one
Sub-Inspecters, fifty six Head Constables, and five hundred and fifteen
st
Constables. There were nine circles, 31 Stations and 11 Out Posts. By 31
December, 1964, the Koraput district (undivided), under the Control of
Superintendent of Police, had 12 Inspectors, 95 Sub-Inspectors, 103
Assistant Sub- Inspectors, 7 Havildars, and 759 Constables of ordinary
Reserve. There were 1 Reserve Inspector, 2 Sergents, 4 Drill SubInspectors, 2 Havildar Major, 69 Havildars, 20 Naiks, 24 Lance Naiks and
517 Constables Armed Police Reserve. The Malkangiri cirle had six Police
Stations
namely,
Malkangiri,
Chitrokonda,
Mathili,
Mudulipada,
Venkatapalam and Motu.
The Current Situation
Currently the prominent issue of Malkangiri district is Maoist insurgency
which is favoured due to the dense forest and hilly terrain covering the
district. After construction of Chitrakonda dam, 7nos. of GPs remained as
cut-off areas from the district. Malkangiri district is inhabitated by people of
Koya, Gadaba, Paraja, Durua, Konda Reddy, Harijans and primitive tribes
like Bonda and Didayi in addition to general caste people. Bonda community
is living in the Bonda Hills of Mudulipada PS jurisdiction
Incidence of Crime
Incidence of Crime in the district at present is of various natures.
Property offence cases like house breaking and theft of different varieties
though not rampant but common in this district. Motor cycle lifting is most
often reported in different Police Stations. Criminals of this district as well as
204
of bordering Koraput and Chhattisgarh district are involved in property
offence cases. There are few instances of ATM fraud by the criminals of the
districts. Cases of murder are very common among the Bonda community.
The Bonda people easily get provoked on silly issues. They commit murder
mostly using their traditional weapon‖ of bow & arrow‖.
Cultivation of cannabis plants is noticed in cut-off area of Balimela
reservoir and other inaccessible areas. The naxals are having hand in
cultivation of Ganja because they are getting lion share. Both the police and
excise department personnel are registering number of cases under NDPS
Act and in joint venture ganja plantations are being destroyed during the
season of cultivation.
Naxal Violence
The Naxals (People‘s War Group) started their violent activities in
Malkangiri in 1990s. After the merger of People‘s War Group (PWG) with
MCC (Mao Communist Centre) they were renamed as CPI Maoists. Since
the formation of this district, the Naxals have killed 102 civilians by
17.08.2015. They were killed on different pleas and the most common plea
are that they are police informers or exploiters of public etc. Incident of
actual naxal violence started in the year 1991 when they assassinated one
civilian on 21.07.1991 night at village Radanpalli under Podia PS, previously
under Kalimela PS. Total 98 Police personnel including HGs & GRs, CRPF,
BSF and Greyhound of Andhra Pradesh have so far lost their lives in naxal
violence in this district.
The list of Police personnel assassinated by Maoists is as following:(Up to December 2015)
1. District Police of Malkangiri
2. SPO, Malkangiri
3. GR Malkangiri
4. Home Guard Malkangiri
5. SOG , Bhubaneswar
6. OSAP 3rd Bn, Koraput
7. OSAP 2nd Bn, Jharsuguda
8. OSAP 6th Bn, Cuttack
9. AP Police including Greyhounds
10. AP Home Guard
11. CRPF
12. BSF
13. SS BN
Total
205
-
20
02
05
01
07
05
02
01
34
03
10
07
01
=
98
On 16.03.92, they ambushed the OSAP Sepoys who were returning
from Cheru (A.P) to Raleguda (Chitrakonda) camp after doing marketing.
One sepoy was killed by naxalites‘ firing.
Subsequently on 20.12.1998 early morning they attacked Janbai &
Malliguda anti naxalite picketing posts & looted the arms & ammunition of
police posts simultaneously killing one OSAP personnel at Maliguda.
The major attack/incident of naxal violence was on 09.08.2001 night,
when Naxalites of People‘s War Group with supporters came in mass and
attacked Kalimela and Motu Police stations simultaneously. They fired,
exploded bombs and captured the police personnel after ammunitions at
Kalimela PS were exhausted. They killed one S.I, one Havildar , one Sepoy,
injured 7 OSAP personnel and looted 303 rifles and automatic weapons like
AK-47, SLR, Stain machine carbine etc. At Motu P.S in that instance one
Jamadar and one sepoy were killed. Two naxals were also killed by the
Police. The naxals failed to loot arms and ammunition at Motu.
On 30.07.2003 at about 2.45 pm SI Sada Hantal, OIC Kalimela PS with
staffs, CRPF personnel while returning after demolishing martyrs pillars
constructed by Naxals and their supporters at Vejengwada area were
trapped on land mine planted by left wing ultras . All the Police personnels &
CRPFs (total-08) lost their lives in the incident.
The most alarming incidents of naxal violence was at Alampaka under
Chitrakonda PS and Telrai (M.V-126) under M.V-79 PS on 29.06.2008.
Andhra Pradesh police party
consisting of 61 persons including Grey
Hound trained police personnel with two constables of Chitrakonda PS and
three boat men, 66 personnel in total were returning to Chitrakonda after
anti-Naxlite search in cut-off areas by a motor boat. While travelling,at about
9.30 am they were crossing Gurupriya river near Gunpur (Alampaka),when
the CPI maoist opened fire indiscriminately on the police party. Due to bullet
injury the boat driver fell down. The Jawans opened counter fire but in vain.
The motor boat lost its balance and sunk in the water. Some of the jawans
sustained bullet injury and succumbed while some of them drowned in the
water. 28 persons escaped whereas 38 persons lost their lives including 34
Greyhound jawans , two HGs of AP, one constable of Chitrakonda PS &
one boatman of Odisha.
On 15.07.2008 night, Kalimela-M.V-79 road was blocked by Maoists
keeping big tree logs on the road. On getting this information on 16.08.2008
morning at about 10 am, Special operation Group & District voluntary force
numbering 27 including 17 personnel in anti-land mine vehicle and 10 by
motor cycle led by Sarat Chandra Mishra, R.I of Police Malkangiri proceeded
206
to M.V-79 PS area to clean up the road. After clearing the road while
returning on the way near Telrai Chowk (i.e. M.V-126 village) on S.H 25, the
Maoist set ablaze the anti-land mine vehicles and 17 Police personnel died
on the spot.
On 10.02.2012 at about 12.45 PM, four BSF personnel including one
Commandant Sri J.K Khaswan while returning from tunnel camp to Balimela
in a vehicle (Bolero) which came under a land mine explosion of the Maoists
near valve point house under Chitrakonda PS followed with exchange of
firing. All the four BSF personnel were killed.
The Naxals exploded Podia Panchayat (Block) office in the year 2010
as well as in 2013. They had damaged Govindapalli outpost on 22.02.2009
night. On the same day they killed a contractor named Sri S.K Swain of
Govindapalli, looted property worth 10, 00,000/-. They damaged BSNL, Airtel
& Reliance towers and damaged Govt. properties in the forest Bungalow.
On 26.08.2015 at about 5.30 am the BSF personnel with one OAPF
sepoy were proceeding towards Palankarai ghat in two motor launches of
BSF in the cut off area of Chitrakonda reservoir (Dam) for search operation.
When the first motor launch reached at Palankarai ghat of Roma river at
about 6.30 am there was an I.E.D blast caused by CPI (Maoists) followed by
heavy firing by automatic weapons from Sarkubandha dense forest. The
BSF jawans resorted to counter firing. Due to attack by the naxal six
commandos were severely injured and three commandos and one civilian
were killed. The civilian was a daily wage worker of ESSAR Company. The
injured jawans were shifted from Malkangiri to Raipur by helicopter for better
treatment as they were in critical condition.
From the above incidents it is clear that they have waged war against
the state. A number of criminal cases were registered & some of the naxals
have been arrested. The situation, to some extent, came under control after
number of arrests, encounters between the police force & naxalites and
deployment of State Police as well as Central Armed force like CRPF and
BSF.
Since 1992, a large number of exchange of fires /encounters between
maoists and police have occurred. So far, 41 naxals have been killed in the
encounter and till date, 131 naxals have surrendered. (by December 2015)
In addition to these naxals who have surrendered , a total number 952
persons consisting of militias, villager committee members including
Jananatya Mandali (Cultural Wing) formed by CPI (Maoists) and
sympathisers of naxals from different villages of the district surrendered
before police at district police headquarters till December, 2015. The cases
207
of surrendered Naxals are being taken up in district level screening
committee as per the direction provided vide Home Deptt. Letter No. HomeSPL-1-Ext-0027-2014/559/C dated 04.03.2014 for their rehabilitation. The
naxal activities are noticed in cut-off area due to Chitrakonda Dam and other
inaccessible bordering area to Chhattisgarh and Andhra Pradesh.
Organization of Police Force
Malkangiri Police District started functioning w.e.f. 02.10.1992 with one
Superintendent of Police, one SDPO, One Dy. SP. Now, the sanctioned
strength of the G.Os are one Superintendent of Police, one SDPO, 05 Dy.
SP. The office of SDPO, Chitrakonda is functioning since the year 2009.
The Sanction Strength and Present Position of the Armed Police
Reserve At Malkangiri (2015)
Table No. 10.1
Sl .
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
Rank
Reserve Inspector
Sergeant
Drill Sub-Inspector
Havildar Major
APR Havildar
Traffic Havildar
Band Havildar
Armoury Havildar
Driver Havildar
LNK
APR Constable
Traffic Constable
Band Constable
Bugler Constable
Armoury Constable
Asst. Driver
OAPF
Sanction
2
1
2
3
32
1
2
1
5
9
153
4
2
2
18
18
237
Present
1
1
2
3
32
1
2
1
2
9
152
2
4
2
1
14
195
(Source- District Police Office, (Establishment Section) / Reserve Police Office, Malkangiri)
Malkangiri Police Sub-Division
Under Malkangiri Sub-division the following Police Stations are
functioning under SDPO, Malkangiri.
1. Malkangiri PS: It Comprises of one Town Out Post (TOP) at
Malkangiri. The present strength of the PS is one Inspector, six SI, seven
ASIs, two Head Constables, twenty four Constables. At Malkangiri TOP one
ASI, nine Constables are there for night patrolling duty.
2. Kalimela PS: Kalimela PS started functioning at Kalimela from
20.04.1979. Previously, there was no Police Station at Kalimela. The Police
208
Station was functioning at Venkatpalam till 18.03.1972, subsequently it
started functioning in the abandoned house of pulp paper mills till April 1979. The present Kalimela PS, comprise of 01 Inspector, 04 SI, 03 ASI, 01
Head Constable and 12 Constables. The Potteru Out Post (POP) is coming
under this PS with 01 SI, 02 ASI and 07 Constables for patrolling and crime
control.
3. Podia PS: Podia PS is functioning from 01.01.2012 vide Home Dept.
Notification No.18530/D & A, dtd.07.04.2007. Previously, it was functioning
as an Out Post under Kalimela PS. The present strength of PS is 01 SI, 03
ASI, 01 Head Constable and 03 Constables.
4. M.V-79 PS: It has 01 Inspector, 02 SIs, 05 ASIs, 01 Head Constable
and 09 Constables.
5. Motu PS: The strength of Motu PS is 01 Inspector, 02 SIs, 01 ASI, 01
Head Constable and 09 Constables. Polleru Outpost comes under this PS
with 05 Constables. It is functioning at Motu PS due to security reason.
6. Mathili PS: The present Mathili PS is comprising of 01 Inspector, 03
SIs, 06 ASIs, 01 Head Constable and 10 Constables. Salimi Outpost,
Govindapalli Outpost and Mundaguda Outpost comes under this PS. The
strength of Salimi OP is 02 Constables and is functioning at Mathili
PS.Mundaguda OP is also functioning at Mathili PS due to security reason.
The strength of Govindapalli OP is 01 SI, 02 ASIs and 05 Constables for
patrolling and crime control.
7. Energy PS: One Energy PS is functioning at Malkangiri from
01.01.2013. The present strength is 01 Inspector, 02 ASIs and 10
Constables. This PS is dealing with electrical theft cases. Mostly cases u/s135 I.E Act -2003 are being registered against the offenders in this PS. It
functions with the assistance of staff of the Electrical Department.
Chitrakonda Police Sub-Division
Chitrokonda is declared as a Police sub-division. One SDPO is posted
under this police Sub-Division to supervise the works of the police stations. It
is functioning at Balimela since the year, 2009.
1.
Orkel PS: The present strength of Orkel PS is 01 Inspector, 03 SI, 05
ASI, 02 Head Constables and 15 Constables. Kudumulugumma Out Post is
coming under this PS with 01 SI, 01 ASI and 04 Constables. It is functioning
at Kudumulugumma for patrolling and crime control.
2.
Chitrakonda PS: The present strength of Chitrakonda PS is 01
Inspector, 05 SI, 04 ASI, 01 Head Constable and 15 Constables.
3.
Jodambo PS: Village Jodambo is in Cut-off area due to Balimela
reservoir. This PS is not separately functioning at present. At Chitrakonda
PS, cases are being registered.
209
4.
Mudulipada PS: Mudulipada PS is functioning at Khairput from 15th
August 2007. Previously, it was at Mudulipada on Bonda Hills. The strength
of the PS is 01 Inspector, 02 SIs, 02 ASIs, 01 Head Constable and 09
Constables. Mundiguda OP is coming under this PS and the present
strength of the OP is 01 ASI and 03 Constables.
5.
Papermetla PS: Papermetla PS is functioning since 01. 05.2008 vide
Govt. Odisha notification No.64234/D & A dtd. 05.02.2001 at village
Badapada in cut-off area due to Balimela reservoir. Previously, this PS area
was coming under Chitrakonda PS. The present strength of the PS is 01 SI,
01 ASI and 04 Constables.
Women and Child Cell
In the district Police Headquarter, one women and child cell is
functioning. It is under the control of one lady Inspector. She supervises the
District Mahila-Sisu Desks of Malkangiri Police station.
IAHTU (Integrated Anti-Human Trafficking Unit)
IAHTU is a special unit established at District Police office, Malkangiri
as per the Home Department Letter No.933/CHR, dtd.07.01.2015. Its sole
purpose is to combat human trafficking and to rescue victims. The unit has
also field of activities like rescuing women and children and to resolve
related issues affectionately and compassionately. It plays a vital role in
rescuing missing children under the programme named ―Muskan‖ and it also
rescues child labours under operation ―Smile‖.This Unit of Malkangiri District
has one Inspector of Police, one SI of police, one ASI and constables as per
requirement mentioned in Home Department letter and directives.
Sadar Court, Malkangiri
One Court CSI office is functioning at Sadar Court, Malkangiri. The
present strength of the CSI office is 04 ASIs and 15 Constables.
Motu Court at M.V-79
The CASI office, Motu Court camp at M.V-79 is manned by 02 ASIs
and 13 Constables. Their duties are to produce the accused persons before
judicial court when forwarded by the officers of the Police stations and
receive the final forms. They make liaison with Police and Judiciary.
210
CRIME FIGURES ON TEN MAJOR HEADS
Crime Details during 2012 in Malkangiri District
Table No. 10.2
Head of Crime
Murder
Dacoit
Robbery
Burglary
Theft
Swindling
Rioting
M.V Accident
Rape
Misc
Total
2012
30
04
04
21
49
27
47
39
17
414
661
Reported No. of Cases
2013
2014
33
31
07
21
05
10
22
14
40
32
59
35
26
17
48
54
17
21
514
449
798
684
2015
36
03
06
27
45
35
28
94
28
489
791
Deployment of Force
To face the present security scenario and the growing of CPI-Maoist
activities in Malkangiri district, the deployment of CAPF like BSF,SS BN,
IRBN and SOG have been made. They are patrolling and taking antinaxalite operations at different places of the district.
Neighboring Police Stations of Malkangiri District
Malkangiri district is bordering to Koraput district (Odisha), Sukuma and
Bastar Districts of Chhattisgarh, Vishakhapatnam, East Godavari and
Khamam districts of Andhra Pradesh. The neighboring Police Stations of
Chhattisgarh are Sukuma PS, Tangpal PS, Dornapal PS, Errabore PS and
Konta PS and of Andhra Pradesh are Sileru, Chintoor and Dankarai Police
Stations, whereas Boipariguda PS and Machhakund PSs of Koraput district
(Odisha) are bordering to this district.
Vigilance Organization
A Vigilance Unit with one Deputy Superintendent of Vigilance and Subordinate staff is functioning at Malkangiri since the year 2008. The Unit is
functioning under Koraput Vigilance Division at Jeypore. Corruption cases
are registered at the Division office.
Excise Department
Excise Department is separately functioning with 01(One)
Superintendent, One Inspector at Malkangiri and one SI & one ASI each at
Malkangiri, Balimela and Mathili with sub-ordinate staff. They are instituting
excise related illegal cases, and cases of Ganja Cultivation in remote and in211
accessible areas. In joint venture with police the Ganja (Cannabis) plants are
being destroyed. NDPS cases are registered during transportations /
possession by the Police as well as the Excise Department.
Collection of Excise Revenue in Malkangiri District
The target and collection of Excise Revenue in Malkangiri District for
the last five years i.e. from 2011-12 to 2015-16 are as under(Upto February, 2016)
Table No. 10.3
Year
Target Fixed in Rs.
2011-12
2012-13
2013-14
2014-15
2015-16
Total Collection in
Rs.
1,22,79,216.00
1,38,75,571.00
1,30,11,149.00
1,02,05,741.00
83,62,281.00
1,60,00,000.00
1,60,00,000.00
1,70,00,000.00
1,50,00,000.00
1,50,00,000.00
% Against Target
76.74
86.72
76.53
68.03
55.74
Source- Supt. Of Excise, Malkangiri
The excise crimes committed in the district include (a) illegal distillation
of liquor, (b) illegal posession of liquor, (c) illegal possession of IMFL/ Beer,
(d) illegal possession of Tari and (e) illegal cultivation of Ganja. When cases
are detected, articles are seized and cases are registred. The total value of
seized articles during 2014-15 (upto 31.3.2015) was Rs. 16,82,39,405 and
during 2015-16 (upto Feb, 2016) was Rs. 41,46,17,518.
Jails and Lock-Ups
Malkangiri Sub-Jail is situated in the heart of the Malkangiri town. It
stands on Ac.4.528 Dec. of land. Prior to 1951 it was under Revenue
Department as a taluk Jail. Since 1951 the Jail Department took over the
charge of the jail from Revenue Department. Now this unit is running as a
Sub-Jail under the Circle Jail, Koraput.
Schedule Accommodation of the Jail
The schedule accommodation of this Jail is
U.T.P:
Male
Female
302
02
Convict: 02
Total
304
02
04
But now-a-days the jail is over crowed.
212
The Infrastructure Facilities Available
The Jail contains six old rooms, four new halls, one dispensary, five
nos. of newly constructed cells (the old cells is unusable), newly constructed
kitchen with dining space and godown, a newly constructed prisoners video
conference room for Judicial communication, one female block (the old
female ward has been demolished & the new female ward is under
construction now), two old office rooms along with three modified office
rooms with computer room. Besides these, there are four nos. of watch
towers each in every corner of the Jail for the security purpose. There is one
two storey building as security barracks having four long halls & lavatories.
One middle size security barrack is also there for security purpose.
Staff Quarters
There are One D-type & 15 nos. of F-type quarters which are available
inside the Jail premises for the accommodation of jail staff.
Maintenance
For the maintenance of the institution, One Jailor, One Asst-Jailor, One
Sub-Asst-Jailor, One Pharmacist, Three Head Warders, Ten nos. of Warders
including Two female Warders, Two Sweepers are appointed by the
Government of Odisha, besides One part time Medical officer deputed from
the D.H.H. Malkangiri.
Security Management
Throughout the year, two sections of armed police are deployed for the
security purpose. They are performing their duties in the watch towers and
barracks.
Sanitary Facilities
Each ward, cell contains the latrine for night use. There are 23 nos. of
night latrines along with 30 nos. of day latrines. There are 10 nos. of toilets
also. All latrines & toilet are connected to the safety chambers constructed
outside of the perimeter wall. The Jail contains One deep well, two tube
wells, four bathing-tanks & one bore-well fitted with submersible electrical
motor. Water is supplied to each ward through tap water system from
overhead tank on the top of the ward. Morever the P.H.D. water supplied
pipe line is also connected to this Jail. To each ward two nos. of big size aircooler are being provided for inmates‘ use. Six aqua guards are also
provided for the use of purified drinking water. Every ward contains ceiling
fans according to the size of the hall. Mirrors are fitted on the wall of the
ward for inmates‘ use.
213
Clothing and Bedding
Each prisoner is provided with the following articles:
I.
II.
III.
IV.
V.
Blanket
Steel Plate
Steel Cup
Steel Glass
Steel Thali
-2 Nos.(One extra Blanket during winter)
-1 No.
-1 No.
-1 No.
-1 No.
Clothing for Male Convicts
I.
II.
III.
IV.
V.
VI.
VII.
Prison durry
Chadar
Janghia
Kurta
Paijama
Full Shirt
Gamucha
-1 No.
-1 No.(Annually)
-2 Nos.(Annually)
-2 Nos.(Annually)
-2 Nos.(Annually)
-2 Nos.(Annually)
-2 Nos.(Annually)
Clothing For Female Convicts
I. Sari
II. Saya
III. Blouse
-2 Nos.(Annually)
-2 Nos.(Annually)
-2 Nos.(Annually)
Diet
The general kitchen is managed by the elected panchayat members.
Food is being prepared by the inmates themselves. Four convict prisoners
are engaged for preparation and supply of food items. The panchayat
members lift their dietary articles from the ration Godown daily & the articles
are weighed in their presence. The food stuffs are procured through contract
system selected by open annual tender system. They are provided diet as
per the prescribed scale for U.T.P. & Convict.
Medical Facilities
At the time of admission to this jail the prisoners are medically screened
by the part time Jail Medical Officer. The prisoners are examined by the Jail
Medical Officer. The medicines are provided by the jail pharmacist regularly.
For the better treatment the sick Prisoners are sent to D.H.H. Malkangiri
through warder guard or Police escort party. For the specialised treatment in
case of severe cases the sick inmates are shifted to D.H.H. Koraput,
M.K.C.G. Medical College & Hospital, Berhampur & S.C.B. Medical College
& Hospital, Cuttack on referral ground through ambulance & by any other
vehicle. All possible measures are being taken for the cure from the
214
diseases. Medical awareness programs are arranged to alert the inmates for
the contagious diseases.
Interviews Facilities
For the interviews purpose one interview room is made adjacent to the
administrative building. The family members, other relatives and advocates
are allowed to discuss with the inmates regarding domestic affairs and
judicial matters with proper paraphernalia.
Indoor and Out Door Games
For physical wellbeing and refreshment of mind of the inmates indoor
games articles like ludu, chess, carom board, & outdoor game articles like
volley ball with nets, and badminton with net are provided to them.
Sometimes competition matches are being arranged among themselves &
also with local teams.
Observation Facilities
From the beginning of the calendar year the New Year‘s Day is
observed with a great pump. The National days like Republic Day,
Independence Day, Gandhi Jayanti, Gurunanaka Jayanti, are observed
collectively irrespective of race & cast. Utkala Dibasa, Rama Nabami,
Dasahara, Rathayatra, X-Mass, Ramzan, Id-ul-joha, Rakhi Purnima etc. are
observed among the inmates with a friendly atmosphere.
Educational Facilities
The members of Reaching Hand society (An N.G.O.) come twice a
week to literate the illiterate inmates. The John Augusts Prisons & Social
Welfare services Athagarh is providing the study materials to the poor
Prisoners‘ children regularly, with High School form fill up fees after they are
sent up. The office also provides newspapers to the inmates.Spiritual
awareness programs are also conducted in the jail.
The jail authority aims to rectify the habits, behaviours and characters
of the inmates towards the main stream of the society. The Nobel aim of this
Jail is to change the mind of inmates from dark to light. They are being
taught by the learned personnels from time to time. The awareness of good
manner campaigns is being arranged by interested persons for the
correction of the Human characters. The entire atmosphere of this Jail is
meant for correctional services. All the staffs are co-operative for the above
purpose. The aim of this holy institution is not to punish but to correct or
reform.
215
CHAPTER-XI
LOCAL SELF-GOVERNMENT
Evolution of Local Self –Government
Malkangiri district has a total population of 6.12 Lakhs (2011 census).
More than 90% of the people live in the rural areas. With more that 57% of
the total population belonging to the Scheduled Tribes, the entire district is a
scheduled area coming under Schedule-V of the Constitution of India.
Improved governance, infrastructure creation and provision of services like
health, education, sanitation, water supply in the rural areas are crucial
elements for the development of this district. After enactment of the 73rd
amendment to the Constitution, constitutional status has been given to the
three tiers Panchayati Raj system in the country. Similarly, the 74th
amendment conferred constitutional status upon the urban local bodies. A
representative and strong constitutional body at the grassroots level is
essential for delivering services and giving voice to the people, especially
those who live in remote inaccessible pockets of districts like Malkangiri.
With 50% reservation for women in all these elected institutions, many of
these bodies are headed by women members.
By 1992, there were 77 Gram Panchayats in 07 Panchayat Samities in
the district. Besides, there are 2 ULBs. By virtue of 73rd constitutional
amendment, Panchayati Raj system was refromed in Malkangiri district with
the creation of one Zilla Parishad,7 Panchayat Samitis and 77 Gram
Panchayats. During General Elections to the PRIs-1997, direct elections
were held to the offices of 15 Nos of Zilla Parisad constituencies along with
to the office of the Sarpanches and PS Members.
In 2001, the GPs were reorganized and number of Gram Panchyats
increased by 31 in Malkangiri District and the total numbers of GPs have
gone up to 108 vide Notification No.19141/PR dated 20/10/2001 of Govt of
Odisha. During General Elections to the PRIs-2002, 1319 Ward Members,
108 Sarpanches, 108 Panchayat Samiti Members were elected directly by
3,51,475 voters of Malkangiri District.
Evolution of Panchayatiraj System
1947: India got Independence on 15th August 1947. During the preindependence movement ―Gram swaraj‖ was the dream of Mahatma Gandhi,
the Father of the Nation.
216
1950 :
On 26th January the constitution of India came into force.
1957 :
Basing on the report of Balwantray Mehta Committee the
Panchayati Raj system was adopted ethically as a strong limb of
Democracy.
1959 :
Panchyati Raj was inaugurated at Nagaur of Rajasthan by the
1st Prime Minister of India Jawaharlal Nehru on 2nd October. All the states
enacted Act for adoption of Panchayati Raj.
1961 :
Odisha Panchyat Samiti and Zilla Parishad Ordinance-1959
was passed.
1968 :
Zilla Parishad was revoked.
1986 :
L.M Singhvi committee submitted a report on the constitutional
status of the panchyats.
1991 :
72nd and 73rd constitutional amendment bills were presented
in the Parliament.
1992 :
Both the bill were passed in the Lokasabha on 22nd December
and in Rajyasabha on 23rd December.
1993 :
The 73rd constitutional amendment Act and 74h constitutional
amendment Act came in to force on 24th April and 1st June respectively.
1993-1994: All the State Governments took necessary steps to implement
the above Act with in the period from 30th May 1993 to 23rd April 1994.
1996 :
PESA Act came into force from 24th December.
st
1997 :
1 General Elections to the PRIs were conducted in Odisha
following the 73rd constitutional amendment Act.
2001 :
Odisha
Govternment
published notification after reorganisation of Gram Panchyats in the state and No of GPs increased from
77 to 108 in Malkangiri District.
2002 :
After successful completion of five years of Pancahyati Raj
system General elections to three tier PRIs were conducted for the 2nd time.
2003 :
Following the provision of 73rd amendment and in accordance
with article 243(G) of constitution of India, the Odisha Government
announced devolution of power to the PRIs on 30th July and powers with
regard to 21 subjects relating to 11 departments were vested among the
Gram Panchyat, Panchyat Samiti and Zilla Parishads.
217
2004 :
MoPR at the Central Cabinet was established.In Odisha,
powers for suspension of sarpanch by the District Collector was revoked and
in all the GP executive officers were appointed.
2007 :
As per provision of 73rd amendment of constitution 3rd General
Elections to the PRIs were conducted in Odisha.
2012 :
th
4 General Elections to the PRIs were conducted
Panchayat Samitis Profile in Malkangiri District
There are seven Panchayat Samitis in Malkangiri district. A brief profile
of each Panchayat Samiti is given below;
Khairput Panchayat Samiti
Khairput Panchayat Samiti is situated at a distance of 65 kms from dist
headquarters Malkangiri. This Panchayat Samiti started functioning w.e.f.
01.04.1961 and continued into its C.D. Post stage –II from 01.10.1964. The
geographical area of this Panchayat Samiti is 642 sq. Km covering 09 Gram
Panchayats, 109 wards with 105 revenue villages. It is predominately
inhabited by tribals including one particularly vulnerable tribal group i.e. the
Bondas. The total population of this Block is 41638 as per 2011 census, out
of which 30408 are Scheduled Tribes, 3235 are Scheduled Caste and 7995
are other caste people, out of which males are 20233 and Females are
21455. Total BPL families of this block is 8391 and percentage of literacy is
35.85%. There are 3 primary health centres and 8 LI centres. This Block is
coming under Mathili and Orkel Police station jurisdictions under Malkangiri
Sub-division and Boipariguda Police Station under Jeypore Sub-Division.
There is one Police Station at Mudlipada functioning at Khairput and two out
posts are at Mundiguda and Govindapalli. One Micro Project named Bonda
Development Agency (BDA) with its head quarter at Mudlipada is functioning
since long for upliftment of the Bonda Tribes. There are 32 Bonda villages
covering 6676 Bonda population. The block education circle of the Block
consists of 116 schools, out of which primary schools 78, PUPS-17, Ashram
School-08, UGHS-06, UPS-03 and High Schools 04. There is one Arts
College and one Science College at Govindapalli. Also under ST & SC
Development Department 11 schools are functioning in the block, out of
which there are 8 Ashram schools and 3 High schools.There is one ICDS
project functioning at Khairput G.P. headquarters under which there are 89
Anganwadi centers.
Korukonda Panchayat Samiti
This Panchayat Samiti started functioning w.e.f. 1/10/1962 and entered
into C.D Post stage II Block on 1.4.1975. The geographical area of this block
218
is 819.20 sq., kms. The boundary of this block touches K.Gumma Block in
the East, Podia block in the west, Malkangiri Block in the North and Kalimela
Block in the South. The Population of this Block as per 2011 census is
1,26,009 Out of which 34703 are S.C, 70646 are S.T and 20660 are other
castes. Previously there were 15 GPs in this Block. Further 9 GPs were
created for this Block as per Notification No. 19142 dt. 20/10/2001 of
Panchayati Raj Department. Hence, there are now 24 GPs in this Block. The
newly created GPs are 1. Kopatuti, 2.Nuaguda, 3. Tunnel Camp 4. ChitapariIII, 5.Old-Chimtapalli, 6.Dudameta, 7.Mandapalli, 8.Gorakhunta and
9.Tandapalli. There are 146 Revenue villages in this Block, which come
under Malkangiri, Chitrakonda and K. Gumma Tahasils.
Mathili Panchayat Samiti
Mathili Panchayat Samiti is situated at a distance of 45 Kms from
district head quarters ,rMalkangiri. This Panchayat Samiti started functioning
w.e.f 26.01.1962 and entered into its C.D. Post stage –II on 01.10.1964. The
geographical area of this PS is 800.25 sq. Km covering 20 GPs with 143
revenue villages. The total population of this Block is 96073 as per 2011
census, out of which 70059 are Schedule Tribes, 10124 are Schedule Caste
and 15890 are other caste people. Total BPL families of this block are 12728
and APL Families-3452. There are 5 primary health centres, 1 CGHC and 25
ANM Sub-Centres. This Block is coming under Mathili Police station of
Malkangiri Sub-division. This block has 93 Primary schools, 68 NPS, 17
PUPS, 9 Ashram Schools, 20 High Schools & 1 college. There is one ICDS
project functioning at Mathili headquarters.
Kalimela Panchayat Samiti
Kalimela Panchayat Samiti is situated at a distance of 40 Kms from Dist
head quarters (Malkangiri). This Panchayat Samiti started functioning w.e.f
01.10.1962. The geographical area of this PS is 657.60 sq. km having 21
GPs and 129 revenue villages. The total population of this Block is 100045
as per 2011 census, out of which 41086 are Schedule Tribes, 35545 are
Schedule Caste and 22694 are other caste people. Total BPL families of this
block are 15415 and there are 8358 APL Families. There are 5 primary
health centre, 1 CHC and 32 ANM Sub-Centres. This Block comes under
both Kalimela Police station & Motu Police Station. This block has 173
Primary schools, 76 NPS, 10 PUPS, 9 Ashram Schools, 20 High Schools &
one college. There is one ICDS project functioning at Kalimela G.P.
headquarters.
219
Malkangiri Panchayat Samiti
The headquarters of Malkangiri Panchayat Samiti is Malkangiri itself.
This Panchayat Samiti started functioning w.e.f 01.10.1961 as C.D Block
and was extended to C.D. Post stage –II from 01.04.1974. The geographical
area of this PS is 135 sq.km covering 13 GPs, and 78 revenue villages. The
total population of this Block is 53605 as per 2011 census, out of which
38276 are Schedule Tribes, 10725 are Schedule Castes and 4604 are other
caste people. Total BPL families of this block are 10574 and there are 2938
APL families. There is one CHC. This Block comes under Malkangiri Police
station area and has one outpost. This block has 51 primary schools, 7 Govt.
high schools out of which there are 5 aided high schools, 2 SSD high
schools, 2 private colleges and 01 junior science college. There is one ICDS
project which is functioning at Malkangiri.
Kudumulugumma Panchayat Samiti
Kudumulugumma Panchayat Samiti is situated at a distance of 65 Kms
from the Dist headquarters,Malkangiri. This Panchayat Samiti started
functioning w.e.f 1962. The geographical area of this PS is 1010 sq.km
covering 11 GPs, 254 revenue villages and 110 hamlets. The block is
predominately inhabited by the tribals including one particularly vulnerable
tribal group (PVTG) i.e. the Didayis. The total population of this Block is
61063 as per 2011 census, out of which 44799 are Schedule Tribes, 5417
are Schedule Castes and 8847 are of other castes. This Block is coming
under both Orkel & Chitrokonda Police stations. This block is having one
primary health centre, and 2 dispenseries. One Micro Project namely Didayi
Development Agency with its head quarter at Kudumulugumma is
functioning since long for upliftment of the Didayi Tribes. There are 37
villages with a population of 6700 under Didayi Development Agency.
Podia Panchayat Samiti
Podia Block started functioning in its C.D post, Stage-II Phase with
effect from 01.04.1965 and T.D stage –II from 01.10.1972. The geographical
area of this Block is 1,543 Sq Kms. It has of 10 (Ten) nos of Gram
Panchayats. There are 66 Nos of Revenue Villages with a population of
57577 as per the 2011 census. Out of Total Population 33779 are S.Ts,
15515 are S.Cs and 8283 are Other Castes. Out of the total number of
families, 8472 nos are BPL families and 5937 nos are APL families. This
Block has 7 Ashram Schools, 67 Primary Schools, 27 NPS, 32 PUPS, 12
High Schools and 2 Colleges. This Block is coming under Podia, M.V-79,
Motu and part of Kalimela Police Stations. One CHC and 04 PHCs are
functioning in the Blocks.
220
Zilla Parishad, Malkangiri
Zilla Parishad (District Panchayat) is the third and apex tier of the
three tiers Panchyati Raj system. This elected body mainly co-ordinates the
activities of different departments and function as a supervising organization.
It is to prepare a master plan for the district as a whole undertaking all the
aspects for integrated development of the districts in the sphere of
agriculture, rural credit, water supply, distribution of essential commodities,
rural electrification, miner irrigation, public health and sanitation including
establishment of dispensaries and hospitals, communication, primary,
secondary and adult education including welfare activities and other subjects
of general public utility.
In Odisha,30 Zilla Parishads have been instituated for all the 30 districts
as per the provisions of Section 3(1) of OZP Ordinance 1991 which was
formulated much earlier than enactment of 73rd amendment of constitution
of India. There are 854 numbers of Z.P. constituencies in Odisha, out of
which Malkangiri Z.P. has 15 constituencies. One Z.P. member for each
constituency is elected directly by the voters of Gram Panchayat area.
Besides this all the Chair Persons of the Panchayat Samitis in the District
are members of Zilla Parishad. MLA(s) and MPs representing the District are
also members of Zilla Parishads. President and the Vice-president of Zilla
Parishad are elected by the members from among themselves. There are 15
posts of Z.P. members for Malkangiri Zilla Parishad out of which 5 posts are
reserved for SCs, one post is reserved for OBC and the rest nine posts are
reserved for STs. Tenure of Zilla Parishad is for five years.
Meetings of Zilla Parishads are conducted 4 times a year with a gap of
three months in accordance with the provisions laid down under Section
11(1) of GP act 1991 and all the subjects transferred to Zilla Parishad come
within the scope of discussion in the meeting.
The Collector and PD, DRDA of the district are discharging their duties
as Chief Executive Officer and Executive Officer of Zilla Parishad
respectively. They implement the decisions of the Zilla Parishad in coordination with district level officers/line department officers. As mandated in
11th Schedule of the constitution of Indi,a devolution of power of 21
subjects out of 29 pertaining to 11 departments of Government of Odisha
have been entrusted to the Zilla Parishads.
Zilla Parishad of Malkangiri District started functioning from 2.10.1993
.The Collector, Malkangiri is the acting President of Zilla Parishad. There are
7 sub-committees formed among the 15 Zilla Parishad members which are
called the standing committees. The committee consists of one Z.P member
221
nominated as President and two Z.P Members are chosen as members and
they shall be assisted by three non-members with knowledge in the
particular field. The sub-committees consist of the following departments.
1. Planning, Finance, Anti-Poverty Programmes and Co-ordination
standing committee.
2. Agriculture, Animal Husbandry, Soil-conservation, Horticulture,
Watershed Development and Fisheries Standing committee.
3. Works, Irrigation, Electricity, Drinking Water Supply, and Rural
sanitation standing committee.
4. Health Social Welfare including Woman and Child Development
standing committee.
5. Public Distribution system, Welfare of weaker section. Forest, Fuel
and Fodder standing committee.
6. Handicraft, Cottage Industry, Khadi and Village industry and Rural
Housing standing committee.
7. Education, Sports, Culture standing committee
THREE TIER PANCHAYATI RAJ INSTITUTIONS (MALKANGIRI DISTRICT)
GRAM PANCHAYAT
Table No. 11.1
Gram Panchayat Level
No. of Seats
Ward Members:
1319
Seats reserved for ST
819
Seats reserved for SC
216
Gram Panchayats
108
Seats reserved for ST
108
PANCHAYAT SAMITI
Table No. 11.2
Panchayat Samiti Level
No. of Seats
Panchayat Samiti in the district
7
Chair Person
7
Seats reserved for ST
7
Panchayat Samiti Members
108
Seat‘s reserved for ST
65
Seat‘s reserved for SC
0
ZILLA PARISHAD
Table No. 11.3
Zilla Parishad (ZP) Level
No. of Seats
ZP member
15
Seats reserved for ST
10
Seats reserved for SC
3
ZP president reserved for ST
1
Election to Local Bodies
rd
th
After 73 constitutional amendment 4 General Election to PRIs were
conducted in Odisha during February 2012.As Malkangiri District comes
under Scheduled area elections to the offices, like: ward members,
Sarpanchs, PS members and ZP members were conducted following the
222
rd
reservation criteria mandated in PESA Act 1996 and 73 constitutional
amendment under direction of State Election Commission, Odisha.The
following chart indicates status of reservation of different offices of PRIs of
the district.
Reservation of Seats
Table No. 11.4
Particulars
SC
SCW
ST
STW
BCC
359
68
BCCW
Ward
Members
94
130
Sarapanch
-
-
52
56
-
P.S
Member
09
13
26
30
07
02
3.
Z.P
Member
01
02
04
04
01
-
4.
Chairman
-
-
03
04
-
-
145
418
453
UR
RW
TOTAL
168
1319
-
-
108
09
12
108
02
15
-
07
182
1557
Sl
1.
49
333
118
-
2.
01
-
5.
TOTAL
104
76
51
128
Break up of Elected ZP Members (As in 2012 Election)
Table No. 11.5
Sl No
1
District
Malkangiri
No of Z P
Const.
15
BJD
INC
BJP
08
06
01
Pallisabha and their Modus Operandi
Section 6 of OGP Act, 1964 mandates constitution of Palli Sabha. Palli
Sabha means a sabha consisting of all the voters of a revenue village. In
case where more than one village are there in a ward, only one Pallisabha is
constituted. Sarpanch calls the meeting of Pallisabha in the month of
February every year and the date,time and venue for holding such meeting
is fixed before 15days and the notice for the Palli Sabha is widely published
in one or more public places and also announced through beat of drums or
through announcement by speech equipment.If the Sarpanch requires the
Palli Sabha to hold an extraordinary meeting either on it‘s own or on a
requisition in writting of not less than one-tenth of the members of
Pallisabha. The date, time, place and subject for discussion in such a
meeting shall be fixed by him.The ward member of the Palli Sabha presides
over the meeting of Pall iSabha.The quorum for the meeting of Palli Sabha is
one-tenth members of the Pallisabha.In the event of there being no quorum
223
at any Pallisabha it shall stand adjourned to a future day for which notice is
given in the prescribed manner and no quorum is nessary for such
adjourned meeting. However the president should ensure that one-tenth of
the members present are women.The Block Development Officer may
require the Sarpanch to call for a special meeting of the Pallisabha
whenever circumstances may so require. The executive officer after
receiving approval of the sarpanch shall issue notice of the meetings.All
questions which may come before the meeting of pallisabha are decided by
a majority of votes.In case of equality of votes the president of the meetings
shall have second or casting votes.Voting by proxy is prohibited.The
proceeding of the Pali Sabha is recorded by the executive officer in a book
kept for the purpose in Odia and it is signed by the president of the
meeting.A person of the block, being authorized by BDO, puts signature in
the proceeding of the meeting.In the annual meeting of the Palli Sabha
action plan for all the development works to be undertaken in the next year
is prepaired.Annual budget of the GP is recommended to the Gram Sabha
for approval.Beneficiaries under poverty alleviation are identified.Selection of
village leader is done in the Palli Sabha.Also social audit for different
schemes is done in the Palli Sabha.In malkangiri district 923 Palli Sabhas
have been constituted under 108 Gram Panchyats and whenever required
special meeting of Palli Sabhas are held following the above modules.
Functioning of Gram Sabha in Malkangiri District
As per OGP Act-5 of 1964 and Rule – 4, Gram Sabha are conducted in
all the Gram Panchayats of Malkangiri district. In every Gram Panchayat, 2
nos. of normal Gram Sabha in the month of February and June and 4 nos of
th
st
th
nd
observation Gram Sabhas on 26 January, 1 May, 15 August and 2
October are conducted in every calendar year. For conducting of the Gram
Sabha a 15 full-day notice is issued to all the voters of the Gram Panchayat
jurisdiction by bit of drums.
th
In the Gram Sabha, 1/10 of the total voters must be present to acquire
the quorum. Otherwise the meeting will be postponed to next day as fixed in
that meeting, for which no quorum is required. In this Gram Sabha subjecst
discussed are1; Drinking Water, 2.Health, 3. Education, 4. Agriculture,
5.Women and Child Development 6. MGNREGA, 7. Social Security, 8. AntiPoverty 9. Development activities, 10. Selection of Priority list of IAY / BPGY
beneficiaries etc. In this Gram Sabha the Annual Action Plan and budget of
the Gram Panchayat are also discussed and passed for execution. In this
district Gram Sabha are conducted and social audit of the executed works
and schemes are taken up by Gram Panchayats and other line departments.
224
Responsibilities and Powers of Panchayati Raj Institutions
As per 73rd amendment of the Constitution, the Panchayati Raj
Institutions (PRIs) are required to be endowed with adequate responsibilities
and powers to enable them to function as the ―Institutions of Selfgovernment‖. Article 243-G of the Constitution of India deals with the crucial
issue of powers, authority and responsibilities of the three tier PRIs with
respect to: The preparation of plans for economic development and social
justice; and The implementation of such schemes for economic development
and social justice as may be entrusted to them including those in relation to
the matters listed in the Eleventh Schedule.‖
Steps are being taken to incorporate provisions by amending the Orissa
Panchayat Samiti Act, 1959 and the Orissa Gram Panchayat Act, 1964 to
enable the PRIs to function as institutions of self-government. Definite
functions of PRIs for implementation/execution programmes and policies of
Government are outlined in relations to departments like i.e. Agriculture,
Cooperation, School and Mass Education, ST and SC Development, Food
Supplies and Consumer Welfare, Health and Family Welfare, Women and
Child Development, Fisheries and Animal Resource Development, Rural
Development, Water Resource, Panchayati Raj etc.
Accountability Of Panchayati Raj Institutions
The district level, Block level and Gram Panchayat level functionaries of
different departments of Government (in respect of the subjects which have
been transferred to PRIs) attend the meetings of Zilla Parishad, Panchayat
Samiti and Gram Panchayat respectively. They remain accountable to
respective level of PRI though they continue as employees of their
respective department. They shall place plans and schemes for discussion
and take approval in the meeting of respective level of PRI.
The President (Zilla Parishad), Chairman (Panchayat Samiti) and
Sarapanch (Gram Panchayat) are vested with authority to supervise the
works and functions of Government functionaries at respective level. They
can also submit suggestions/ recommendations on improvement of activities
of these functionaries through appropriate level of PRIs as well as District
Level officers.
The Panchayats (Extension to the Scheduled Areas) Act, 1996
During the 1990s, the eminent domain of the Government was
challenged by activists‘ and human rights movements. Rights of the tribals
over local resources were considered sacrosanct and nonnegotiable and a
move was initiated to secure Constitutional recognition for these rights. The
225
sustained campaign led first to the 73rd Amendment of the Constitution to
give recognition to decentralized governance in rural areas and then the
Bhuria Committee was constituted to look at tribal rights over resources
through extension of the provisionsof this Amendment to the Schedule V
areas. Based on the recommendations of the committee, Parliament passed
a separate legislation in 1996 as an annexure to the 73rd Amendment
specifying special provisions for Panchayats in Schedule V areas, known as
the Panchayats Extension to Schedule Areas (PESA), 1996. It decentralized
existing approaches to governance by bringing the Gram Sabha at the
center stage and recognized the traditional rights of tribals over ―community
resources‖—meaning land, water, and forests. PESA was important not just
because it provided for a wide range of rights and privileges, but also
because it provided a principle as well as a basis for future law making
concerning the tribals. According to the Central Government law, the states
promulgated their own laws supposedly giving rights to tribals over local
resources.
The salient feature of the Panchayats (Extension to the Scheduled
Areas) Act, 1996 (PESA) and the modalities worked out to grant rights to
tribals in the country areLegislation on Panchayats shall be in conformity
with the customary law, social and religious practices and traditional
management practices of community resources; Habitation or a group of
habitations or a hamlet or a group of hamlets comprising a community and
managing its affairs in accordance with traditions and customs; and shall
have a separate Gram Sabha, Every Gram Sabha has to safeguard and
preserve the traditions and customs of people, their cultural identity,
community resources and the customary mode of dispute resolution, The
Gram Sabhas have roles and responsibilities in approving all development
works in the village, identify beneficiaries, issue certificates of utilization of
funds; powers to control institutions and functionaries in all social sectors
and local plans, Gram Sabhas or Panchayats at appropriate level shall also
have powers to manage minor water bodies; power of mandatory
consultation in matters of land acquisition; resettlement and rehabilitation
and prospecting licenses/mining leases for minor minerals; power to prevent
alienation of land and restore alienated land; regulate and restrict
sale/consumption of liquor; manage village markets, control money lending
to STs; and ownership of minor forest produce.
Implementation
Administration
of
PESA
and
Changes
in
Panchayati
Raj
The passing of the conformity Acts by the respective States is not only
a pre-requisite but rather the States have to formulate the rules and
226
regulations to give effect to that. It is a matter of truism that the
implementation of PESA in Country and especially in Orissa has not resulted
in any specialty or in specific result in terms of ideals and objectives
engaged in the Act. It is a fact that State laws have been amended more as
routine than the real application of the spirit of the Act. The detailed analysis
of PESA in Orissa is limited to meager cosmetic change in the Panchayat
Act without much devolution of powers to the Panchayats in Scheduled
Areas or to the tribals to live through life in their way with their traditional
dignity. Implementation of the law has been severely hampered by the
reluctance of most State Governments to make laws and rules that conform
to the spirit of the law. What is perceived as weak-kneed political will has led
to bureaucratic creativity in minimalistic interpretations of the law.
Bureaucratic subversion of the letter and spirit of the law has been most
visible in interpretation of that provision of PESA by which Panchayats at
appropriate levels and the Grama Sabhas have been vested with the
ownership of minor forest produce (MFP).
The State Governments have argued that the power of Gram Sabhas
can extend only to forest located within the revenue boundaries of a village.
This one provision, if accepted, would nullify the law, because reserved
forest in most States is not located within a revenue boundary of a village.
The spirit of the law is clearly to extend ownership to the Gram Sabha of
MFP from forests located in vicinity of the village of traditional access.
Another flaw is in the interpretation of the concept of ownership´ of MFP by
Gram Sabha. The common view is that ownership does not provide Gram
Sabha the right to take any decisions related to stewardship, management
or sustainable harvesting of MFPs. Contrary to a whole body of empirical
evidence from the national and international experience of JFM and
community control of forests, it is claimed that the exercise of ownership´ of
MFPs by Gram Sabhas in this sense would inevitably lead to a destruction of
forest. Therefore, ownership´ as provided for in PESA, is reinterpreted to
mean the right to net revenues from MFP, after retaining administrative
expenses of the Forest Department.
These interpretations have almost killed the concept of ownership and
control of local resources by the Gram Sabha. The real danger thus is that
the far-reaching changes introduced in the law will remain a pipe dream
unless they are translated into action and sustained by a process of
awareness and capacity building among the tribal communities. As regards
to other challenges, we come across the issue of ownership over the natural
resources. It is a fact that the size of the operational holding in the tribal land
is eroding due to the State led acquisition and marketisation process. The
227
sale of tribal lands to the non-tribals in the Scheduled areas is prohibited.
But the transfer continues to take place and have become more perceptible
in the posed liberalization period. The PESA provisions are intended to
intrinsically protect the resources of the tribal communities and empower
them to act against the forcible acquisition. But today, the acquisition of
individuals and communities resources for industry in violation of these
provisions is leading to conflicts in several PESA areas. This is creating
conflicts leading to loss of livelihood and resource and more so over the way
of life. As regards to the acquiring the mineral resources for industries, the
stakes are similarly loaded against the functioning of PESA Act.
The Scheduled Tribes and other Traditional Forest dwellers
(Recognition of Forest Rights) Act, 2006 (FRA) was a result of the polity
responding to protected struggles by tribal communities and movements to
assert rights over the forest land they were traditionally dependent on. The
Act turned the Government colonial policy on its head which it established
the rights of the State over the Forest over traditional rights of the
community. Further by recognizing the validity of Gram Sabha to give effect
to these rights, this Act has great synergy with PESA provisions.
However, continuing bureaucratic control, resistant attitude of Forest
Department officials to give ownership to the communities and inadequate
efforts on awareness have led to slow implementation of the Act. It is evident
from this that there is still poor recognition of various rights favoring the
tribals clearly violating the letter and spirit of PESA as well as FRA. Further,
effort to undermine the legitimacy of tribals for the land reclamation and
forest rights or against the takeover of resources or displacement still
persists. In other words, tribal communities‘ effort for self determination and
self governance are to be respected. Though PESA guaranteed in letter and
spirit, but at the ground level, there is inadequate attempt for democratic
dialogue to resolve the conflict. There is adequate acknowledgement that
across the PESA areas, people increasingly wanted more democratic
spaces that allow them the life with dignity. Of late, it has been admitted
among all of us that if PESA has been honestly implemented, then it would
have brought difference to left wing extremism and militarization in PESA
areas. The effective control over the natural resources and management of
minor forest produces in true spirit of PESA would have the answer to
economic development of PESA areas. The agrarian crisis and distress
migrations could have been better arrested through effective market
economy as envisaged under PESA.
The migration as resulted from forced economic development renders
impossible participation in Village Decision Making and is to the severe
228
detriment of the inclusive and participatory governance envisaged by PESA.
Further the grievance redressal mechanism prevailing in the development
administration in the tribal areas should be relooked in the perspective of
implementation of PESA. Democratic politics is, in a reality, the inter play of
vested interests and PRIs great achievement has to mandate a vested, and
mutual interest, between tribals and institutions of governance at scheduled
areas. The notion of collective rights or commons is to be re-asserted and
voice and choice be given to the masses in scheduled areas by restoring
and actualizing PESA.
Urban Local Bodies (ULBs)
There are two ULBs in the district namely the Malkangiri Municipality
and the Balimela Notified Area Council (NAC).
Municipality, Malkangiri
NAC Malkangiri was constituted vide Notification No. 27368 / SPt.
Con31/74/ U.D Dated 04.11.1974 and started functioning w.e.f 01.12.1974.
Subsequently the NAC, Malkangiri was upgraded as a Municipality w.e.f
24.02.2014 vide Govt. in H & UD Department Notification No. 4851 Dtd.
24.02.2014 comprising the whole of the Malkangiri Notified area with the
existing boundaries. It is bounded by: North - Gohi Parbat, South - boundary
of Malkangiri R.I, Goudaguda and Goreguda villages, East - boundary of
Champakhari i.e. road jurisidiction leading to Satiguda of Gondipalli and
Siadimala villages & West- boundary of Gandhipalli and Siadimala villages.
The total geographical area is 18.60 Sq Kms covering 6 Revenue villages
namely, Malkangiri, Charkiguda, Gandiaguda, Madhapur (MV-2),
Basantapur (MV-43 and Jayanagar (MV-42). There are total 19 Wards with a
total Population of 30,200 as per 2011 Census. Out of total population,
15569 and 14631 are males and females respectively.
Public Institutions in the Municipality
a) Government: Primary Schools - 15., M.E Schools- 05., High Schools02.
b) Non-Government Primary Schools- 04., M.E Schools- 04., High Schools02.
c) Municipality One
d) Colleges 03
e) Municipality Library: Nil (One library is functioning under I & PR Deptt.
In the campus of Circuit House, Malkangiri)
f) Hospital
: One (Dist. Headquarter Hospital)
g) Market Stalls
: 220.
229
The last election to Municipality, Malkangiri was held in 2013, where
the regional party BJD came to majority with 10 seats and the Indian
National Congress won 09 seats out of 19 Ward Member seats. The election
result was as follows:
Table No. 11.6
Total No. of Wards
19
Result
BJD- 10 seats
INC- 09 seats
NAC, Balimela
NAC Balimela was constituted vide Notification No. 5328 / SPt. Con 31/74/
U.D Dated 3.02.1984 and started functioning w.e.f 19.09.1990. In the North
of it, there is the NAC village Gouda guda, South: Boundary of M.V. 109,
East: Boundary of Chitapari & West: Boundary of Potteru River is flowing.
Total geographical area of NAC is 4.86 Sq Kms covering 02 Revenue
villages namely, Balimela and Old Orkel & total No. of Wards is 12 (Twelve)
having total Population of 11652 as per 2011 Census. Out of total
population, the Male and female population are 5992 and 5660 respectively.
The council meetings of NAC, Balimela are held periodically to address local
urban issues where all vital development decisions are taken.
Total Nos. of Public institutions are Government: Primary Schools - 09 M.E Schools- 01, High Schools - 02.
Non-Government Primary Schools - 02.
Colleges
- 01
Municipality Library
- Nil
Hospital
- One
Market Stalls
- 30
The last election to NAC, Balimela was held in 2015, where the
regional party BJD came in majority with 07 seats and the national parties
BJP and INC could win 03 and 02 seats respectively out of 12 Ward Member
seats in the NAC. The election result was as follows:
Table No. 11.7
Total No. of Wards
12
BJD-07 seats
Result
INC- 02 seats
Focus Area of Development
Owing to geographical condition of the district, many pockets have
remained underdeveloped compared to some other parts of the district in
respect of connectivity, health care system, education, social welfare etc. To
improve the socio-economic condition of the people and to bring them to the
230
mainstream of development, it is necessary to provide adequate and
appropriate infrastructure so that administration can reach those pockets and
become closer to the people. The most important threat to peace, security
and development is the disturbance created by the Naxals in recent time.
The development strategy for this left wing extremism affected district can be
analysed in the following three-pronged approach, based on the needs of
the people and the capability of the service delivery system.
Development Strategy
Immediate Deliverables Short Term-Visible
Long Term
Initiaties
Individual Schemes
Development
Strengthening/ building
IAY
Electrification
Education
pension, NFBS
Drinking Water Supply
Health
BPL/ AAY/ APL Cards
Concrete Village Roads
Roads / Bridges
Forest Right Pattas
Transportation
Irrigation
MGNREGA-
MHUs/ Mega Health Camp Agriculture
Individual Projects
Sports & Youth Activities
231
Livelihood
CHAPTER-XII
EDUCATION AND CULTURE
Education and Educational Administration – Background
The District Education Office in Malkangiri started functioning from 5th
July 2012. Prior to the opening of District Education Office, the district was
under the C.I. of Schools, Jeypore Circle, Jeypore. Two District Inspector
(D.I.) of Schools namely; D.I. of Schools, Malkangiri- I & Malkangiri II were
functioning and controlling the functioning of Primary Education. The C.I. of
schools was the controlling authority of the Secondary Schools till reorganization of School and Mass Education Department. Prior to this, the
District Inspector of Schools, Malkangiri with its specific geographical
boundaries came into existence with effect from September 1977 and was
functioning in the Govt. Primary School, Butiguda.
The D.I. of Schools, Malkangiri- I was separated with 4 nos. of Blocks
i.e. Korukonda, Kudumulugumma, Khairput and Mathili Blocks and NAC,
Balimela under its control. It was functioning since 17th July 1989 in a
private rented house in Malkangiri District Headquarter. Similarly, the D.I. of
Schools, Malkangiri- II was functioning since 17th July 1989 with control over
3 blocks namely; Malkangiri, Kalimela and Podia Blocks and one NAC,
Malkangiri in the DNK provided Building. The two D.I.s of Schools,
Malkangiri-I & II were the controlling Authority of Primary and Upper Primary
Schools under their respective Jurisdiction in this district and the C.I. of
Schools was the controlling Authority of the Secondary Schools till reorganization of School and Mass Education Department.
For better management of the system, at present there are one District
Education officer, one Addl. District Education Officer, One District Science
Supervisor, Seven Block Education Officers, 21 nos. of Asst. Block
Education Officers. These are functioning in the District as per provisions/
Guidelines of the re-organization of School and Mass Education Department
Govt. of Odisha.
Current Eductional Status
Malkangiri is a district with the lowest literacy rate. The literacy rate was
30.53% as per census-2001 and it has increased to 49.49 % as per census2011. There were 124082 literates in the district as per census-2001 and the
same has been increased to 250964 in census-2011. Total female literates
were 42192 and 99914 as per census 2001 and 2011 respectively. In
232
census-2001 the male and female literacy rate of the District was 40.14 and
30.53 respectively, which has been increased to 60.29 and 38.95
respectively as per census, 2011. It may be mentioned here that the total
literacy rate in Odisha was 60.08% in 2001, which was increased to 73.45%
during 2011 (See Table- 12.1)
A Person aged 07 years & above who can read & write with
understanding in any language is to be taken as a literate. Literacy is one of
the significant indicators of development of a society that provides an
important data source for formulation and implementation of policies and
programmes. So far as literacy is concerned, the comparison between
Odisha state and Malkangiri district is given in the table below.
The Literacy Position in Malkangiri District and Odisha State
Both In 2001 and 2011
Table No. 12.1
Aspects
Male population
Female population
Total population
Female per 1000 male
0-6 Population
Literacy rate, Male
Literacy rate, Female
Literacy rate, Total
ODISHA
2001
2011
18612340 21201678
18094580 20745680
36707000 41947358
972
934.4
5344539
5035650
71.28 %
82.40 %
50.51 %
64.36 %
63.08 %
73.45 %
MALKANGIRI
2001
2011
252507
303913
251691
308814
504198
612727
997
1016
89813
105636
40.14 %
81890
60.29 % 151050
20.91 %
42192
38.95 %
99914
30.53 % 124082 49.49 % 250964
Source: Census of India 2001 & 2011
The Educational System
The secondary education is a crucial stage in the educational hierarchy
as it prepares the students for higher education and also for employment
market. It is well recognized that eight years of systematic education are
insufficient to equip a child to acquire workable knowledge as a citizen.
Since universalisation of elementary education has become a Constitutional
mandate, it is absolutely essential to push this vision forward to move
towards universalisation of secondary education which can only be done
through investing in institutional mechanisms and structures to gear up to
meet the challenges.
In Odisha, elementary education and secondary education are coming
under the Department of School & Mass Education. The Odisha Primary
Education Programme Authority (OPEPA) is responsible for implementing
the Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan (SSA), Mid-Day-Meal Programme (MDM),
National Programme for Education of Girls‘ at Elementary Level (NPEGEL),
233
Kasturava Gandhi Balika Vidyalaya (KGBV) and Rastriya Madhyamik
Shiksha Abhiyan (RMSA) programmes. OPEPA also deals with the projects
related with elementary education & secondary education.
District Primary Education Programme (DPEP)
DPEP/SSA was launched in 2000 with a view to universalize the
elementary education and to see that all the children in the age group of 614 would be enrolled. This office runs with its Headquarters at Malkangiri.
The administrative and management structure include BRCCs (7 in number
in seven blocks), and 110 CRCCs at clusters levels. The DEOs/.CEOs,
BRCCs and CRCCs are the officials for smooth running of the system. The
DPEP is working with the target of Universalizing Primary Education (UPE).
Sarba Sikhya Abhiyan (SSA)
It is an effort to universalize the elementary education through provision of
community owned quality education with a clear time frame in mission mode
approach. It is being in force w.e.f. 2002-03. Monitoring structure has also
been formed at block level and cluster level for successful implementation
DPEP/SSA wing. There are 7 BRCCs for 7 Blocks, and 108 CRCCs for 108
GPs and 2 CRCCs for 2 urban bodies in the district.
Mid-Day-Meal Programme (MDM)
The programme is in operation since July 1995. The MDM programme
is for all Govt. Primary and Up-Primary Schools. Now this scheme has been
extended to the Govt. Secondary Schools (both S & ME and TRW Dept.)
having Class I- VIII. It is an effort to give nutritional support to Students and
to check drop outs. Both in rural and urban areas cooked food is being
served. The details relating to the MDM programme is given in Annexure-I
and II.
Growth of Other Educational Institutions
Prior to creation of the Malkangiri district, an educational institution
named IMST English Medium Nursery and High School, Malkangiri (CBSE
pattern) has been functioning since 13.06.1976. In course of time, many
Government, as well as private English Medium Schools (CBSE/ ICSE
Pattern) have been opened in Malkangiri district.
GENERAL EDUCATION
Central Government Initiatives
There are 4 education institutions managed by the Central Govt. and all
these educational institutions are meant for co-education in CBSE pattern.
The institutions are:Kendriya Vidyalaya (KV), Malkangiri Class I - X
= 01
234
1. Ekalabya Model English Medium School, Challanguda
Class VI - X
= 01
2. J.N.V. Malkangiri- I
Class VI - XII = 01
3. J.N.V. Malkangiri- ll
Class VI- X
= 01
State Government Initiatives
Some of the secondary schools are run by State Govt. through
Department of Schools & Mass Education, ST/SC Development Department
and private or non government agencies. There are 1288 and 70
educational institutions which managed by the Department of School & Mass
Education and SC and ST Development Department respectively.
i.
School and Mass Education Department (1288 nos.)
Primary Schools
= 866 for Co-education.
Up-Primary Schools = 345 for Co-education
High Schools
= 77 (76 for Co-education & 1 for Girls‘ Education)
ii. SC and ST Development Department (70 nos. schools meant for
SC & ST Children)
Uppper Primary Schools = 52 (with primary for co-education)
High Schools
iii.
= 18 (9 Co-education & and 9 for girls education)
Private Aided (29.)
Upper primary schools
Aided schools
= 04( Co-education)
= 02 (Co-education)
Block Grant high schools= 23 (22 for Co-Education & 01 for Girls Education).
iv.
Private Un-Aided (32.)
Primary schools
=09 (8 for Co-education & 01 for Girls education)
Upper primary schools
High Schools
=17 (16 for Co-education, 01 for Girl Education)
=06
Total Schools (All Types)
All types of Primary Schools
= 875
All types of Up-Primary Schools
= 418
235
All types of High Schools = 130 (No. of All types of Higher Secondary
Schools i.e. Primary, Up-Primary & Highs School included in 130 High
Schools)
Higher Education Scenario
The year wise High Schools established in Malkangiri
management.
and their
Table No. 12.2
Year
On
or
before
1992
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2004
2008
2008
2014
2015-16
Category of High Schools
Govt. High Schools
Aided
Private managed
Private managed
Govt. taken over Schools
Govt.UG High Schools
Private managed Schools
Private managed Schools
Private managed Schools
Private managed Schools
Private managed Schools
Private managed Schools
Private managed schools became Block Grant Schools
UG High Schools
Private managed schools became Block Grant Schools
Private managed schools became Block Grant Schools
Govt. UG High Schools
No. of High Schools
established
10
6
7
1
4
3
4
3
2
3
1
2
16
53
2
5
7
Education of SCs, STs, OBCs and Minorities
There are 52 nos. of Upper Primary Schools (both Seba Asram & Asram)
and 18 nos. of High Schools including 3 nos. of Higher Secondary Schools
meant for SCs & STs children under the SCs & STs Development
Department functioning in this district. The District Welfare Officer at district
level and Welfare Extension Officers at Block Level monitor, supervise and
manage the functioning of these schools.
Education for Minorities
There is a bi- language educational institution functioning at
Chitrakonda i.e. Chitrakonda Upper Primary school having Telugu language
section from Class-I to V. One Telugu language knowing teacher has also
been engaged for teaching in Telugu medium to the children. This institution
is meant for co-education.
Education for Girls
Girl‘s education is one of the prime areas of concern for achieving the
desired objectives. There is immense need to have gender sensitive
236
approach for strategic planning, policy interpretation and implementation to
support the propagation and inception of RMSA. The need is to propel girl‘s
education not just at the elementary level but also at the secondary level to
bridge the education disparity which would help in achieving the
constitutional objectives of equity and equality. To accelerate Girls‘
Educational Status in the district, Residential Girls Hostels and Girls‘ High
Schools have been set up. The following initiatives have been taken up in
the district.
Women‟s Education
There is only one Women Educational
institution providing Higher
Secondary Education for women‘s i.e. Junior Women Collage (+2 level),
Malkangiri functioning in Malkangiri district headquarters.
Girl‟s Education
There is one Girls‘ High School under School and Mass Education
Department. 9 Girl‘s High Schools under SC and ST Development
Department, one privately managed Block grant school for girls and one
private managed unaided upper primary school for girls in Malkangiri
districts.
KBK Project
To boost Girls‘ Education in the District, 53 numbers of Girls Hostels
have been built under KBK project. One hostel is run by School and Mass
Education Department and remaining 52 hostels belong to the SC & ST
Development Department. Each such hostel is providing lodging and
Boarding facilitates to 40 ST girls‘ students of primary level.
KGBV
There are seven Kasturba Gandhi Balika Vidyalayas (KGBV)
functioning at different locations in the seven Blocks of this district. Free
lodging and boarding facilities are provided. Also, monthly routine health
check up is encured by the respective Head Master/ Mistress. The locations
of KGBVs in the distrists are:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
KGBV Somanathpur Upper Primary School. Kudumulugumma Block
KGBV Challanguda Upper Primary School, Korukonda Block
KGBV Kumarput Uper Primary School, Khairput Block
KGBV Nayakguda Govt. UGHS, Mathili Block
KGBV Sindhrimal Upper Primary School, Malkangiri Block.
KGBV Kangurukonda, Govt. UGHS, Kalimela Block.
KGBV Bapanpalli, Uper Primary School, Podia Block.
237
Model School and Girls‟ Hostels
The Model School building and Girls Hostel buildings have been taken up
in all the seven blocks of the district. The locations of these schools are;
Gandhipally (Malkangiri), Julunibahal (Mathili), Khairput (Khairput),
Chitrakonda (Korkonda), Kangrukonda (Kalimela), Bapanpalli (Podia) and
Gunduriguda (K.Gumma).
Free Bicycle to Girls
Under free bicycle scheme of the government, 3986 girls (students) got
benefitted with a cost of Rs.1,03,63,600 during 2013-14. Similarly, the
scheme reaches at 4732 nos. of girls (students) with an amount of
Rs.1,23,03,200 during 2014-15. During 2015-16 a total of 4007 girls
(students) have been covered by end of September, 2015, as against a
target of 6355.
Guidance and Counseling
Guidance and Counseling, both as an approach and as a service, is an
important strategy for promoting universalisation of secondary education in
terms of its pro-active as well as remedial role. Guidance and counseling
services can help in promoting students‘ retention and better scholastic
performance in curricular areas, facilitating adjustment and career
development of students, developing right attitudes towards studies, self,
work and others.
This stage of education coincides with adolescence, a period in an
individual‘s life that is marked by personal, social and emotional crises
created due to the demands of adjustment required in family, peer group and
school situations. Counselors, especially trained in theory and practice of
counseling, can guide the students and help them develop the right attitudes
and competencies to cope with educational, personal, social and career
related problems and issues. The provision of these services in schools
particularly at this stage would help students cope with increasing academic
and social pressures. A multi-pronged strategy is needed to make available
guidance services at school stage across the country.
Besides, every school should have at least one teacher and preferably
two (one male and one female) teachers trained in guidance and counseling.
Teacher - counselors already trained should be utilized for extending training
further at state level. In order to meet the growing demand, the curriculum of
in-service training programmes of teachers and principals are required to be
suitably modified. The guidance and counseling should be an essential part
238
of in-service training programme for teachers and principals/ vice principals.
The scheme provides for In-service training of all teachers and heads of
schools for 5 days every year. Similarly, component of guidance and
counseling in pre-service teacher education needs to strengthen by the
State Governments.
Sensitization programmes for 4 Principals/Heads of schools at state
level and enrichment programmes for trained guidance personnel will be a
regular feature from this year. (2015-16)
Science Exhibition aBlock Level and District Level
Block level Science exhibitions are organized by taking students from
each school with documentation of successful activities. A district level
Science exhibition is also organized every year by taking 6 students from
each Block to strengthen their learning skills in Science.
Special Teachings for Learning Enhancement
Special teaching enhancement programmes for low achiever students
through residential mode namely Parimarjan were organized in the Year
2011-12, 2012-13 & 2013-14. The aim was to involve and to attract the low
achiever SCs & STs students of the maoist affected inaccessible and remote
areas of the district and also to bring them in to the main stream and so that
they would come out successfully in ASHC examination conducted by the
Board of Secondary Education (BSE), Odisha, Cuttack.
Vocational Education
Decision has been taken at Govoernment level to open vocational
school at Govt. (N) B.L high school, specially on trades like Information
Technology Enabled Service (ITES), automobile and Information Technology
(IT) to enhance the employment opportunity/ possibility of youth.
Information and Communication Technology (ICT)
The ICT policy in school education aims at preparing youth to
participate creatively in the establishment, sustenance and growth of a
knowledge society leading to all round socio-economic development of the
nation and global competitiveness. Information and Communication
Technology are defined as all devices, tools, content, resources, forums, and
services, digital and those that can be converted into or delivered through
digital forms, which can be deployed for realizing the goals of teaching
learning, enhancing access to and reach of resources, building of capacities
as well as management of the educational system. 28 ICT labs in high
schools are functioning successfully in the district. School Co-coordinators in
239
all 28 schools have been appointed by OKCL and imparting computer
education to the students. Electricity is available in all ICT Lab Schools,
Broadband facility is available in only 04 Schools and in rest of the schools
internet is connected through dongle provided by IL&FS.
Secondary and University Education
There are seven of degree colleges functioning in Malkangiri district
affiliated to the Berhampur University. Also, 10 junior colleges (+2 Colleges)
are functioning under the control of the Council of Higher Secondary
Education, Odisha.
Technical Education
There is one ITI and one DIET educational institution which are meant
for technical education and are functioning in this district.
Festivals in the District
Some of the important festivals of the district are:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Bada Jatra, Manayamkonda, Kalimela block
Makara Mela, Bhejangiwada, Kalimela block
Patakhanda Jatra, Khairput, Khairput block
Damaldei Jatra, Khairput, Khairput block, etc.
In addition to these, there is a district level annual culture festival
named as Malyabanta Mahosthava. It is organised by the District Council of
Culture with active support from the district administration.
Literary Periodicals and Magazines
Magazines namely; Saptadhara Published by District Administration,
Malyabanta Sahitya Patrika, Malaybanda Shree, Jagarana, Smaranika,
Nirjharani, Sishsu Prabha etc were published in different times which are
now stopped due to financial or other problems.
Literary Organisations
There are Literary organisations or Societies in the District which
organise poets and writers meet, Seminars and discourses on various
occasions in order to promote Odia literature. Some of these organisations
are Malyabanta Sahitya Sansad, Vana Jagarana Prachar Samiti, Odia
Bhasa, Kala Sanskruti Jagaran Samiti, Dharma Jagaran Abhijan Manch,
Sambad Sahitya Ghara and Odisha Kala Parishad. The District Press
Representative Association, Malkangiri also occasionally organises literary
meets.
240
Literary Persons
Some of the prominent writers of the past years who are no more now
are Late Arjun Nalla, Late Krushna Mohan Das and Late Swaraj Khemundu.
There are a good number of literary persons of Odia literature, who are
presently writing in Malkangiri district. It is not easy to name all of them.
However, some of the literary persons are Sri Ratnakar Das (Presently
Member of Odisha Sahitya Academy), Sri Rabi Narayan Patra, Sri Bijaya
Upadhyay, Sri Prabhakar Panda, Sri Manaj Sahu, Sri Arnada Prasad Parida,
Sri Bijayananda Das, Sri Laxman Madra, Sri Anadi Kada, Sri Padmanav
Madkari, Sri Prakash Chandra Pattnaik, Sri Bana Bihari Das, Sri Sudhakar
Das and Sri Dhanurjay Hantal.
241
Annexure-I
SCHOOLS, ENROLLMENTS AND MDM STATUS FOR THE YEAR
2014-15
Table No. 12.3
Sl.
BLOCK
Schools
Primary /
Upper
Primary
Primary
Total Enrollment
TOTAL
Average MDM
Beneficiaries
TOTAL
1
Podia
145
8070
Upper
Primary
2687
2
Kalimela
274
16934
5906
22840
15758
5454
21212
175
226
115
284
161
1380
12975
15972
8028
18449
9676
90104
5208
4717
2074
5926
1928
28446
18183
20689
10102
24375
11604
118550
11948
14417
7206
17037
8168
81902
5411
4250
1884
5454
1700
26613
17359
18667
9090
22491
9868
108515
3
4
5
6
7
Malkangiri
Mathili
Khairput
Korukonda
K.Gumma
TOTAL
7368
Upper
Primary
2460
9828
Primary
10757
Annexure-II
Schools, Enrollments and MDM Status for the Year 2015-16
Table No. 12.4
S
l.
BLOCK
1
Podia
2
3
4
5
6
7
Kalimel
a
Malkan
giri
Mathili
Khairpu
t
Koruko
nda
K.Gum
ma
TOTAL
Prima
ry
Uppe
r
Prima
ry
HS /
UG
HS
&
UPS
TOT
AL
84
51
10
167
86
111
Prima
ry
Uppe
r
Prima
ry
145
7571
2834
22
275
16821
5844
57
10
178
13102
4786
158
61
8
227
15340
3845
78
30
8
116
7496
2250
170
80
40
290
17719
5886
126
26
12
164
9675
1970
110
1395
87724
27415
894
391
AVERAGE
MDM
BENIFICIARY
TOTAL
ENROLLMENT
TOTAL SCHOOL
242
TOT
AL
1040
5
2266
5
1788
8
1918
5
9746
2360
5
1164
5
1151
39
Prima
ry
Uppe
r
prima
ry
7201
2728
15191
5314
12110
4469
13819
3461
6514
1957
17009
5595
8460
1732
80304
25256
TOT
AL
9929
2050
5
1657
9
1728
0
8471
2260
4
1019
2
1055
60
CHAPTER-XIII
MEDICAL AND PUBLIC HEALTH
Health is defined as ―a state of complete physical, mental, spiritual and
social well being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity‖.
Introduction
It is said, ―Health is Wealth‖. A sound, healthy and disease free human
body is an asset to the nation. It contributes positively to build human capital.
Human beings are the means and ends of productive process of the country.
Therefore any welfare state has to take maximum care to provide adequate
health and medical facilities to its citizens.
For centuries Koraput region in which Malakangiri was a part was
almost inaccessible because of the Ghats and forests which separated it
from the coastal plains and also for the inhospitable climate of the forest
covered hilly tract. Malaria was endemic almost every where in the past. Of
course, things have changed to a great extent in recent times due to opening
of communication facilities and provision of medical and health care
measures.
Before the introduction of the western system of medicine or allopathy,
as it is popularly called, ayurvedic system of medicion had for centuries
existed in our country. Ayurved received royal patronage from the court of
Nandapur Kingdom of Koraput region.
AYUSH—an acronym for Ayurveda, Yoga, Unani, Siddha, and
Homeopathy—is a system of medicine that has been integrated into the
Indian national healthcare delivery system to strengthen public health in rural
India. This was done with the objective of offering treatment choice to people
as well as a strategy to overcome the human resource shortage in the
government health facilities.
Ayurveda has always generated some income for the tribal and even
for rural people by collection of forest roots, tubers and herbs. In Malkangiri
district, which was earlier a part of Koraput distric, the general topography of
this area is of broken mountains intercepted by large river beds and water
courses. Major part of the population of Malkangiri lives in the rural areas
and a considerable proportion of them are tribals residing in the interior
forests. A lot of botanical information remains unnoticed and undocumented
due to lack of communication.
243
The Rigveda, the oldest document of human knowledge mentions the
use of medicinal plants in the treatment of man and animals. As per 2001
census the cultural history of tribals of this undivided Koraput have special
importance all over Orissa. The district has the unique identity of having
produced two great scholars (such as Yogi Praharaj Mohapatra and Maguni
Das) of ―Ayurveda‖ whose works are remarkable. At that time Unani had
never been followed by anybody in the district and Homeopathy, is a recent
introduction.
The tribal people generally believe diseases are due to evil influence of
different spirits, deities and to be free from diseases they choose to take the
services of disari, bejjus, siras etc. who pretend to counteract the effects of
black art. Faith in medicine among the tribals though feeble, many herbs
having medicinal properties were known to them.
In Malkangiri there are 2 categories of treatment provided under
AYUSH system that is Homeopathy and Ayurvedic. In Malkangiri, AYUSH
drugs are provided in the district with the prescriptions of concerned doctors
and are also well accepted by public. In Malkangiri there are 16 AYUSH
doctors who are working against 32 sanction post at different CHCs / PHC
(N) at OPD clinic during the OPD hours. Apart from this, they also visit each
sub-centre in their area at least once in a week as per advance tour
programme approved by medical officer. They organize and participate in
the village "health day" camps at Anganwadi Centre. AYUSH system has the
heritage of community acceptance because these are socially accepted,
comparably safe, effective and easily available which can be prepared at
home with the available resources.
The MHT (Mobile Health Team) under RBSK (Rashtriya Bal Swasthya
Karyakram) is exclusively managed by AYUSH doctors. Each MHT team
consists of two AUYSH Doctors (1.Ayurvedic and 2. Homeopathic), 1
pharmacist & 1 SN/ANM. There are 17 such teams allotted to the district.
The aims of the RBSK programme to cover all children from birth to 18 years
of age. The aims of the RBSK program are early detection and management
of the 4Ds prevalent among the children. These 4Ds are Defects at birth,
Diseases in children, Deficiency conditions and Developmental Delays
including Disabilities.
The MHUs (Mobile Health Units) are functioning in Malkangiri district
which are exclusively managed by AYUSH Doctors with schedule of visiting
44 treatment points in a month at remote locations in all the blocks.
244
Mainstreaming Ayush
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
The Mission seeks to revitalize local health traditions and mainstream
AYUSH infrastructure, including manpower, and drugs, to strengthen
the public health system at all levels.
AYUSH medications shall be included in the Drug Kit provided at village
level to the ASHA.
The additional supply of generic drugs for common ailments at Subcentre/PHC/CHC levels under the Mission shall also include AYUSH
formulations.
Single doctor PHCs shall be upgraded to two doctor PHCs by
mainstreaming AYUSH practitioner at that level.
The personnel of AYUSH may work under the same roof of health
infrastructure.
AYUSH doctors are involved in IEC health promotion and also
supervisory activities.
As SAB trained, they are conducting safe delivery.
As trained in RKSK, VHND / ANM mentoring, they are providing hand
holding supports to ASHA and other paramedical staffs.
The Health and Family Welfare Department
The Health & FW Dept. deals with medical and public health matters
including drug control and prevention of food adulteration as well as family
welfare programmes aimed at population stabilization consistent with the
requirements of Economic growth, social development and environmental
protection. The main objectives of this Dept. are to provide adequate,
qualitative, preventive care in the district not only through allopathic system
of medicine but also through Indian system of medicine. It also ensures to
provide affordable quality health care services to all, particularly to the under
privileged groups and greater access to primary health care by bringing
medical institutions as close to the people as possible particularly in
backward and tribal region.
The main motto of the Health & FW Dept. is ―Health for All‖.
A Brief Historical Background
District Head Quarter Hospital, Malkangiri was established in 1992,
when the district was newly formed after being separated from erstwhile
Koraput district. By 1956, Malkangiri was a primary health centre. But earlier
there were only dispensary at Malkangiri by 1909, and also dispensaries at
Mathili, Motu and Balimela by 1923. There was an ayurvedic dispensary at
Podia by that time. Besides Govt. dispensaries and public hospitals there
were other hospitals maintained by Dandakaranya Development Authority,
245
Balimela Hydro Electric Project. These were meant for the benefit of
employees only. Over and above all these some Missionaries and Mission
hospitals were also providing services to local people.
Between 1958 and 1988 Dandakaranya Development Project was
functioning in the jurisdiction of Malkangiri areas. On first January 1962
Malkangiri subdivision was formed and Malkangiri as a district came into
existence in 1992. The district has substantial areas where there are poor
road connectivities and areas cut off by rivers and water reservoirs. Health
care is the primary responsibility of the state Government with additional
major supports from NHM both in term of manpower and infrastructure
development.
Objectives
The main objectives of Health and Family Welfare Department are to
provide adequate, qualitative and preventive care to the people of the
district, not only through allopathic system of medicine but also through
Indian system of medicine. It also ensures to provide affordable quality
health care services to all, particularly to the underprivileged groups and
greater access to primary health care by bringing medical institutions as
close to the people as possible, particularly in backward and tribal region.
Health care is the primary responsibility of the state Government with
additional major support from NHM both in term of manpower and
infrastructure development.
Health Status In General
The native populations of the district are the adivasis like Koya, Bonda,
Didayi, Gadaba and Kandha, etc. They are the primitive people and having
their traditional believes regarding treatment and prevention of diseases.
They ordinarily ascribe diseases to evil influence of different deities and
spirits. To free themselves from diseases till now also quite a majority of
them make worships or take services of imposter doctors like Disaris, Sisas
etc. The Goddess, Thakurani is often worshiped for recovery from diseases
like diarrhoea and some viral illness. On account of implementation of
different government health programmes their belief in present system of
healthcare is gradually strengthening. Now they have started to seek modern
treatment for various diseases and their prevention. Steps are also being
taken by the Health Department to train some of the traditional healers
regarding prevention and treatment of some common ailments. The other
major populations of the district are Bengalis rehabilitated under DNK
Projects, who mainly depend on modern system of medicine.
246
Common Causes Of Death
There are several communicable diseases prevalent mostly among the
tribals of in Malkangiri district namely; tuberculosis, hepatitis, Sexually
Transmitted Diseases (STDs), malaria, diarrhoea and dysentry, Parasitic
infestation, Viral and Fungal infections, and Leprosy which spread mainly
due to lack of awareness, knowledge, consciousness, fooding and living
habits, etc. Till now, Malaria is the major cause of death and also, emerging
as the major public health problem among the tribes. The outbreak of
malaria is of frequent occurrence, and the morbidity and mortality associated
with this is alarming. Mathili CHC has a TB hospital wing attached to it.
Anemia is prevalent due to eating, drinking habits of people, particularly of
the tribal as they consume alcohol on many occasions. Earlier, YAWS was
common among tribal but such cases are not detected now a days. Maternal
and neonatal tetanus which was earlier one of the causes of death has been
completely eliminated in the year 2014 as per validation done by UNICEF.
Earlier Diarrhoea disease was also occurring frequently but now a days
it has come down after spread of consciousness and early interventions.
ADMINISTRATIVE SET UP
Chief District Medical Officer (CDMO)
The CDMO is the Chief Administrative Officer of health department at
district level. He is the appointing and transfer authority for district cadre
posts. He is the district supervision officer, The Government transaction of
health department of the district and all other works of health department are
performed by him. He is also the superintendent of District headquarters
hospital.
Assistant District Medical Officer (ADMO- FW)
The ADMO-FW controls & supervises the works of all the sub-ordinate
staffs working under Family Welfare Section. He is responsible for drawing &
disbursing salary of staff. Also, he is responsible for planning,
implementation & supervision of FW & immunization activities of the District
under the overall supervision of the CDMO. He also arranges meeting,
training & briefing session of the concerned officers and staff at the district/
PHC / other Govt. / non-ovt. & voluntary agencies as and when required.
Assistant District Medical Officer (ADMO-PH)
The ADMO-PH is responsible for smooth implementation of National
Vector Borne Diseases Control Programme (NVBDCP) i.e. malaria, filarial,
247
leprosy programme, control of epidemic, AIDs control programme, IDSP,
registration of births & deaths in the district.
Assistant District Medical Officer (ADMO-MED)
The ADMO-medical is the Deputy Superintendent of the district
headquarters hospital. He is primarily responsible for smooth management
of hospital, waste management and RKS management. He also shares
responsibilities with the CDMO as one of the wing officers.
District Tuberculosis Officer (DTO)
District Tuberculosis Officer is responsible for supervision of Revised
National Tuberculosis Control Programme in the district.
District Leprosy Officer (DLO)
District Leprosy Officer is responsible for Monitoring & Supervision of
Leprosy Control Activities.
District Malaria Officer (DMO)
District Medical Officer is responsible for Planning and Monitoring for
Malaria Control Activities. He also monitors other vector bone diseases like
dengue, chikenguinea etc.
District Surveillance Officer (DSO)
District Surveillance Officer is responsible for monitoring & supervision
of disease surveillance activities. Communicable diseases are monitored
and reported by him throughout the year.
Medical Officer l/c
Medical officer l/c is responsible for all block level health activities. All
the health activities of the block are monitored and managed by him.
Medical Officer (PHC-NEW)
Medical Officer (PHC-NEW) is responsible for all the health activities at
Primary Health Centre level. In some places of PHC (N), the Medical officer
may be MBBS doctor or AYUSH doctor. PHC (N) is the basic health unit to
provide health services as close to the people as possible. The district PHCs
(N) are functional for round the clock with 24 × 7 basis medical facility.
Sub Centres
A Health Sub Centre is the most peripheral health establishment as per
the population norms. One Sub-Centre is established for every 5000
population in plain areas and for every 3000 population in hilly/tribal/desert
248
areas. A Sub-Centre provides interface with the community at the grass-root
level, providing all the primary health care services. In Sub-centre, Auxiliary
Nurse Midwives (ANM) is the most responsible person to look out all health
activities of her areas and to serve the people. She also utilizes ASHA
to motivate the pregnant women for coming to Sub-Centre for initial checkups. She is also assisted by Health worker (male) in all sub centre
activities.ROGI KALYAN SAMITI (R.K.S.)
Rogi Kalyan Samiti is an effective management structure formed to
facilitate and streamline the developmental activities with an objective to
provide sustainable quality health care with accountability and people‘s
participation along with total transparency in utilization of funds placed at its
disposal. This committee consists of members from local Panchayati Raj
Institutions (PRIs), NGOs, local elected representatives and officials from
Government sectors who are responsible for proper functioning and
management of the hospital / Community Health Centre / FRUs. RKS is free
to prescribe, generate and use the funds with it as per its best judgment for
smooth functioning and maintaining the quality of services. RKS is formed in
all levels like Primary Health Centre, Community Health Centre, Area
Hospitals and District headquarters hospital.
Accredited Social Health Activist (ASHA)
The National Rural Health Mission is to provide every village in the
country with a trained female community health activist called as ASHA. She
is an interface between the community and the public health system. ASHA
must primarily be a woman resident of her own village. She is a grass root
level worker. In Malkangiri district ASHA are from the community who will
create awareness on health and its social determinants and mobilize the
community towards local health planning in the health services. A total of
1089 ASHA workers are working in the district.
249
Organization Set Up of Health & FW Department in Malkangiri District
Table No. 13.1
↓
↓
CHIEF DISTRICT MEDICAL OFFICER
↓
↓
↓
Assistant
District
Medical
Officer
(Public
Health)
↓
↓
Assistant
District Medical
Officer (Family
Welfare
&
Immunization)
Assistant
District
Medical
Officer
(Medical)
CHC
Medical
Officer l/c
↓
CHC Medical Officer
l/c
↓
CHC Medical Officer
l/c
↓
CHC Medical Officer
l/c
↓
Medical Officer
PHC (New)
↓
Medical Officer PHC
(New)
↓
Medical Officer
(New)
↓
Medical Officer
(New)
↓
Sub‐Centre
↓
Sub‐Centre
↓
Sub‐Centre
↓
Sub‐Centre
↓
Rogi
Samiti
↓
Rogi Kalyan
Samiti
↓
Rogi Kalyan
Samiti
↓
Rogi Kalyan
Samiti
↓
ASHA
ASHA
ASHA
ASHA
Kalyan
District
Tuberculosis
Officer
District
Malaria
Officer
PHC
District
Surveillance
Officer
District
Leprosy
Officer
DISTRICT HEALTH INSTITUTIONS AT A GLANCE
Availability of Health Institutions in Malkangiri District
Table No. 13.2
Sl.
No.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10
11
12
13
14
Health Institutions
District Head Quarter Hospital
District Post Partum Centre
Post Martem Centres
Intensive Care Unit (ICU)
Community Health centre
Primary Health Centre (New)
Sub centers
No. of Sectors
Area Hospital
First Referral Unit (DHH & CHC Mathili)
Blood Bank
Blood Storage Unit
Ice Line Refrigerator (ILR) / Cold Chain point
Sick Newborn Care Unit (SNCU)
250
Number
1
1
5
1
8
24
158
26
4
2
1
1
30
1
PHC
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
Newborn Stabilization Unit (NBSU)
Nutrition Rehabilitation Centre
Maternity Waiting Home
Mobile Health Unit
Mobile health team
Arogya Plus Team
Shradha Clinic
Ambulance
108 Ambulance
102 Ambulance
NGO (vulnerable area) operating
Hospital beds available
1
2
5
7
10
3
3
16
6
8
10
326
District Headquarter Hospital
One District Head Quarter Hospital is located at the heart of Malkangiri
town. Patients from throughout the district come to the DHQ for better
treatment. This hospital also gives 24 hour emergency services and receives
large number of patients every day. There is no private health care institution
in Malkangiri district. Sometimes patients from neighboring states like
Chhattisgarh and Andhra Pradesh also receive treatment from this hospital.
First Referral Unit (FRU)
In Malkangiri district there are two FRU. This has to provide 24-hours
specialist care in medicine, obstetric and gynecology, surgery and pediatrics
which gives people an opportunity to avail referral services in the District.
Blood Bank Service
Blood bank is a place or organization or unit or institution or other
arrangements made by such organization, unit or institution for carrying out
all or any of the operations for collection, storage, processing and distribution
of human blood drawn from donors and/or for preparation, storage and
distribution of blood components. In Malkangiri there is one functional Blood
Bank available at DHH and one blood storage unit is at Mathili block.
Cold Chain Point
In Malkangiri district there are 30 numbers of cold chain points. A cold
chain is a temperature-controlled supply chain. All the immunization
vaccines are stored in cold chain points. In cut off area, some cold chain
points are being used by solar system as there is non availability of electric
power supply.
Sick Newborn Care Unit (SNCU)
This is a special care unit situated in the District headquarters hospital,
Malkangiri for newborns where babies in critical conditions are admitted and
251
treated by experienced pediatric specialist. It provides round the clock
services.
Newborn Stabilisation Unit (NBSU)
This is a facility which is located within or close to of the maternity ward
where sick & low birth weight newborns can be taken care for a short period.
There is one NBSU in Mathili block.
Maternity Waiting Home
The concept of Maternity Waiting Home (MWH) works like a platform
for the expectant mothers to come before hand, which is to be established in
the mid way to the institution. Suitable place and cost factors involved in
staying outside before delivery cannot be afforded by these people, as they
are economically very poor. Issue of loss of wages also has an impact on
institutional delivery. Therefore, in spite of provision given under JSY,
institutional delivery is not sufficiently increasing areas i.e. especially in
difficult out-reach pockets. Facilitating such initiative would definitely help in
targeting to reduce the IMR/MMR in Malkangiri district.
A maternity waiting home is a facility that is within easy reach of a
hospital or health centre that provides antenatal care with skilled birth
attendants and emergency obstetric care. The facility may also provide
women with health education about pregnancy, giving birth and infant care.
The problems can be handled by establishing Maternity Waiting Homes
especially for people residing in most difficult tribal blocks. Some of the
issues that the district faces are like:Geographical inaccessibility is a
concern to access adequate health care services. , Poor health seeking,
utilization behavior and lack of awareness on health services are the
concerns in identified tribal blocks., Poor rate of institutional delivery in most
difficult tribal pockets need specific programme/area specific interventions,
Left wing extremism in tribal districts is a concern in implementation of health
schemes.
Now in Malkangiri district there are five Maternity Waiting Homes which
are now functioning. These are managed by NGOs where mothers from
remote areas are admitted sufficiently before their due date of delivery to
avoid emergency transfers.
Nutrition Rehabilitation Centre (NRC)
There are 2 Nutrition Rehabilitation Centers (NRC) functioning in the
district. The scheme is meant for treating severely malnourished children
free of cost and providing adequate nutrition to them.
252
Mobile Health Unit (MHU)
Mobile Health Units (MHUs) are used to provide health care in difficult
to approach areas, where regular services cannot be provided for various
reasons. The unit goes with doctor and paramedics who provide mobile
health services in a planned manner and also during emergency.
108 and 102 Service
The 108 and 102 Emergency Response Service is a free emergency
service which is meant to providing integrated medical services. The 108
and102 Ambulance Call Center facilitates calls to ambulances in emergency
situations. 24 hours call center at BBSR integrates the network of existing
ambulances and provides help to those who call the toll free number 108
and 102. This is the free service to transfer patients to designated hospitals
and operates under the umbrella of National Ambulance Services. There
are 6 numbers of 108 and 8 numbers of 102 ambulance services operating
in Malkangiri district.
OTHER HEALTH ACTIVITIES
Village Health and Nutrition Day (VHND)
The VHND is organized preferably on every Tuesday or Friday
throughout the year at the Anganwadi Centres (AWCs). The AWC is
identified as the hub for service of maternal and child health services and
also as a platform for inter-sectoral convergence through Anganwadi Worker
(AWW). VHND is also to be seen as a platform for interfacing between the
community and the health system.
Biju Gramin Swasthya Sibir (BGSS)
Unter the scheme health camps are organized in the inaccessible areas
of the district to provide health service to the people living in the remote
areas. It is working w.e.f. August 2011. Many people are benefitted from this
health camp. They have availed free drugs and investigation services. One
camp is generally conducted in each assembly constituency.
Janani Surakshya Yojana (JSY)
The scheme aims at providing out of pocket expenses to pregnant
women for delivery. Cash assistance of Rs. 1400/- in rural area and Rs.
1000/- in urban area is given to the mother per institutional delivery
respectively.
253
Janani Sishu Surakshya Karyakram (JSSK)
With an objective to check the maternal and infant mortality in the state
of Odisha, coupled with the intentions to provide best health care services to
both the target groups, the JSSK programme was launched in the middle of
the last quarter of 2011. This new scheme ‗Janani Sishu Surakshya
Karyakram‘ supplements the cash assistance given to pregnant women
under Janani Suraksha Yojana and is aimed at mitigating the burden of out
of pocket expenses incurred, free transport of pregnant women and children
up to 1 yr, free drugs, free investigation, free diet and free blood in
imergency is provided under this scheme.
Support to Pustikar Diwas
Pustikar Diwas programme is organised in each block CHC to
effectively combat the problems of malnutrition of children of 0-6 years. It is a
convergence programme where the staffs of both Health & W.C.D.
Department take part. The malnourished child is examined by the Pediatric
Specialist/ Medical Officers; some mandatory tests are conducted / advised
to know the degree and cause of malnutrition, appropriate treatment is given
as per the guideline, nutritional counseling is also given to the parents.
Severely malnourished children are identified and referred to higher
institutions for better treatment.
Rashtriya Bal Swasthya Karyakram (RBSK)
RBSK is an important initiative aiming at early identification and early
intervention for children from birth to 18 years to cover 4 'D's viz. Defects at
birth, Deficiencies, Diseases, Development delays including disability. In
Malkangiri 10 MHTs (Mobile Health Team) are functional till date. The
identified cases who require further care are referred free of cost to DEIC
(District Early Intervention Centre).
Biju Krushak Kalyan Yojana (BKKY)
The Biju Krushak Kalyan Yojana or BKKY is a health insurance scheme
for the farmers in the state of Odisha. The Biju Krushak Kalyan Yojana
(BKKY) was launched to provide financial support to the people through
health and accident insurance. There are many hospitals, Community Health
Centres (CHCs) in each district of Odisha under Biju Krushak Kalya Yojana
(BKKY) to provide health care to the people.
254
Rastriya Swasthya Bima Yojana (RSBY)
This is also a similar health insurance scheme operating in Malkangiri
district where the poor families below the poverty line (BPL) are issued with
health cards and provided free health care at Health Centres.
The main benefit is that after blocking the RSBY/BKKY card the patient
need not to spend any money regarding his/her medicine or pathology test.
As the patient has an RSBY card, he/she will get faster service that is
supplied by the hospital and the blocking process is too short. Though he is
an RSBY patient special care is given to him. After being discharged, the
patient gets travel allowance amount of Rs.100 (RSBY). Not only the free
medicines, those patient who are going through surgery procedure like
Hernia, normal delivery, LSCS etc also get free services.
Odisha State Treatment Fund
The Odisha State Treatment Fund provides financial assistance to the
poor patients who are suffering from life threatening disorders & diseases,
for treatment of their major ailments. The financial assistance is released to
the Medical Institutions in which treatment has been/is being given to the
patients. This is a state Government sponsored programme, where also
super specialized hospitals are included. The Below Poverty Line (BPL)
patients with life threatening diseases are provided with free treatment.
Immunization
Immunization is one of the most well-known & cost effective methods of
preventing diseases. By protecting infants from VPDs (vaccine preventable
diseases), childhood immunization significantly lowers the morbidity and
mortality rates in children, and is thereby a key strategy to child survival. The
security provided to families can lead to smaller family sizes. Immunization is
an indicator of a strong primary health care. Routine immunization is being
conducted throughout the district in every Wednesday in fixed day approach
to prevent seven vaccine preventable diseases (tuberculosis, diphtheria,
pertussis, tetanus, polio, measles, and hepatitis). Pentavalent vaccine has
been introduced in Routine Immunisation i.e.
Name of the Vaccine
1.
2.
3.
4.
Name of the Diseases
BCG
: Tuberculosis
DPT
: Diphtheria, Pertussis, Tetanus
HEP B
: Hepatitis
Pentavalent(DPT+HEP B+ HIB) : Diphtheria, Pertussis, Tetanus,
Hepatitis, pneumonia
255
5. OPV
6. Measles
7. TT
: Polio
: Measles
: Tetanus
Two rounds of IPPI (Intensified Pulse Polio Immunization) programmes
are conducted in every year to administer with a dose of oral polio vaccine to
all the children (0-5 Yrs). Supplementation of Vitamin-A with albendazole to
all children in the target age group (5 yrs) is being conducted in the month of
May and November every year.
The Immunization status of Malkangiri district is 90%. Several new
Strategies and special drives have been adopted in the district to strengthen
the immunization programme like IRI (Intensification of Routine
Immunization), Mission Indradhunush & catch-up programme conducted in
every year to immunized dropout & left out children. The joint Supervision
plan is prepared between health and ICDS to strengthen the supervision
mechanism.
AVD (Alternative Vaccine Delivery) plan is implemented for
transportation of Vaccine to session site in time. Incentives are being given
to ASHA‘s to mobilize the children to the session site. The Tribals have also
shown immense interest to immunize their babies and pregnant mothers as
it is available round the clock in all parts of the district.
Table No. 13.3
Malkangiri District(2014-15)
Name of the Antigen
Target
Current Month
Total
FULL IMMU.
15783
1378
14193
in %
90
Immunization Schedule for Infants, Children and Pregnant Women
Table No. 13.4
For Infants
For infants(0 to 1yr)
BCG
At birth
1 ½ months (6 weeks)
2 ½ months (10
weeks)
3 ½ months (14
weeks)
9 – 12 months
1
Hepatitis
B
Pentavalent
(DPT+Hepatitis B+
HIB)
OPV
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Measles
1
1
256
For Children
Table No. 13.5
For children
At 16 – 24 months
At 5 – 6 years
At 10 years
At 16 years
DPT(Booster)
1
1
OPV(Booster)
1
Measles 2
1
TT
1
1
For Pregnant Women
TT1 – In early pregnancy
TT2 – After 4 weeks of TT1
TT Booster – If the pregnant woman has received two doses of TT within last
3 years.
Infant Mortality Rate (IMR)
The infant mortality rate (IMR) is the number of deaths of infants
under one year old per 1,000 live births. Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) for
Malkangiri District is reported to be 48 as against a state average of 56.
Maternal Mortality Ratio (MMR)
The maternal mortality ratio (MMR) is the ratio of the number of
maternal deaths during a given time period per 100,000 live births during the
same time-period. The MMR for Malkangiri district stands at 245 as against
the state average of 230.
MATERNAL DEATH
Maternal death is defined as "The death of a woman while pregnant
or within 42 days of termination of pregnancy, irrespective of the duration
and the site of the pregnancy, from any cause related to or aggravated by
the pregnancy or its management, but not from accidental or incidental
causes." In Malkangiri district, on the findings of maternal death study, the
following recommendations are made:
1.
2.
3.
Comprehensive ANC with council, birth planning and completion
readiness and ensuring consumption of IFA tablet, minimum rest and
nutrition should be take care of.
Regular ANC and PNC visit should be ensured.
Institution upgradation for quality maternal health services is essential
and needed.
257
HEALTH INDICATORS
Important Health indicators for Malkangiri District
Vis-a-vis Odisha State
Table No. 13.6
Sl.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Indicators
Sex Ratio (all ages)
Crude Birth Rate
Crude Death Rate
Maternal Mortality Rate
Infant Mortality Rate
Neo-natal Mortality Rate
Under 5 mortality rate
Post Neonatal Mortality Rate
Odisha
996
19.9
8.1
230
56
37
75
22
Malkangiri
1010
24.4
7.1
245
48
31
73
22
Source: AHS Source (2012 – 13)
IMR and MMR Trend
The Trend of IMR and MMR in Malkangiri District from 2011-12 to 2014-15
Table No. 13.7
Year
2011-12
2012-13
2013-14
2014-15
Live Births
15538
14813
15036
15873
Infant
Death
898
822
725
786
Maternal Death
IMR
MMR
48
35
38
43
58
55
48
50
309
236
253
271
Source- Health Management Information System of Govt. of India
258
DISEASE CONTROL PROGRAMME
Malaria
Malaria is a major public health problem in several parts of the country.
About 80% of malaria cases reported in the country is confined to 20% of
population residing in tribal, hilly, difficult and inaccessible areas. Directorate
of National Vector Borne Disease Control Programme (NVBDCP) has
framed technical guidelines/ policies and provides most of the resources for
the programme. In Malkangiri district DDT spray activity is conducted in first
round during 15 May to 30th June and second round during 15th September
to 30th October as per plan every year for killing adult mosquitoes. Long
lasting insecticides treated mosquito net and insecticides treated mosquitoes
net are distributed among the communities, pregnant women (under Mo
Mashari Scheme), residential school students, other hostels etc. Malaria
prevention training is also given to tribal residential school teachers, ASHA,
MPHW (M&F) for strengthening of Early Diagnosis Complete Treatment
(EDCT) and referral system. Fever surveillance is conducted in the district
for detection and treatment of malaria positive cases in case of high malaria
positive case load or outbreak. The information on occurrences of malaria in
the district during 2007 to 2014 is given in the table.
259
Imformation about Occurrences of Malaria in Malkangiri District
From 2007 To 2014
Table No. 13.8
Year
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
Total Tested
186917
184185
145981
194140
135089
110398
133715
209573
+ve
14171
17601
17658
25602
20694
14257
11658
18687
PV
835
1517
1448
2098
1318
1094
602
1322
Death
10
7
7
10
9
5
2
10
Dengue and Chikungunya
Chikungunya and dengue fever are both viral infections spread by the
Aedes mosquito.
The viruses are transmitted from human to human by the bites of
infected female mosquitoes. In Malkangiri district massive cleanness drive
with sensitization meetings are being conducted from village level to district
level every year. Awareness generation (IEC, BCC, and IPC) activities are
conducted in the district through meeting, theater show & miking. The year
wise dengue positive cases and death in Malkangiri district during 20102014 are given below.
Detection Of Dengue Positive Cases In Malkangiri District
Table No. 13.9
Year
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
No of Block
Effected
3
2
3
0
0
Tested
No of Positive case
123
19
13
3
5
4
0
0
0
0
Source- District NVBDCP Section
No of Death
1
0
0
0
0
Filariasis
In Malkangiri district no filarial positive case has been identified in ICT
filarial survey, which was already completed in 23 selected schools & 10
additional schools as per the school list given by VCRC Puducherry in the
month of April 2015. District is going to eliminate filaria case, which will be
declared by WHO after the completion of different activities in coming two
years.
260
Outbreak in the District
One of the main activities of the District Surveillance Unit, IDSP is to
control the outbreak situation and measures to prevent outbreak. Malkangiri
district is a malaria, dengue, diarrhoea and AES prone district.
Diarrhoea
Diarrhoea outbreak occurred in the Year 2010 and 2011 in the district.
In last few years there is no diarrhea outbreak in the district. Different
communities are gradually adopting safe drinking water practices and also,
the field staffs are providing health education to create awareness regarding
use of tube-well water, use of boiled water, use of halogen tab, hand
washing practice and use of ORS.
Diarrhoea Treatment Centres are functioning in the strategic places of
blocks in the rainy season to provide quick treatment to diarrhoea patients.
Regular collection of disease surveillance report on water borne diseases is
done to prevent the water borne disease outbreak. Beside the above,
Malaria, Dengue & Diarrhoea (MDD) campaigns are going on in the district
for last few years in rainy season to create awareness among communities
(from village to district level) involving all line departments, PRI members
and GKS members.
Acute Encephalitis Syndrome (AES)
AES outbreak occurred in the year 2012 & 2014 in the district. To
prevent the outbreak the Health Department took every possible steps like
sensitization of MO I/c & field staff, health education to the community,
cleanness drive in the affected villages, blood collection & sending it to state
for virological examination etc. Central team from New Delhi and State team
visited the Outbreak villages of the district and investigated the deaths and
examined the measures taken and advised the control measures to prevent
AES outbreak in the district. Collection of daily disease surveillance report
from blocks, sending the same to higher authority and regular monitoring
and supervision of the situation are ensured by CDMO and ADMO (PH) to
control the outbreak in the district. The District Surveillance Unit, IDSP,
Malkangiri also received the award from State government for controlling of
outbreaks and measures taken there of.
Integrated Counseling and Testing Centres (ICTC)
The Integrated Counseling & Testing Center (ICTC) is a gate-way, a
one-stop shop for a host of related services in HIV/AIDS prevention and
Care. One Nodal Medical Officer identified from the hospital itself, one
261
counselor and one lab technician are working with the ICTC. The functions
of an ICTC are:
-
Early detection of HIV
-
Provision of basic information on modes of transmission & Prevention of
HIV/AIDS
-
Promotion of behavioural change and reduction of vulnerability
-
inking people with other HIV prevention, care and treatment services
Services Provided in ICTCs
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
HIV Counseling: Pre-Test, Post-Test
Provision of prevention-of-parent-to-child transmission services
Condom distribution
Referral services to sexually transmitted infections clinic / TB clinic
Referral to care, support, treatment services – Anti-Retroviral
Treatment center, Community Care Center, Drop-in-center, District
level Networks
f) Provision of Early Infant Diagnosis services (testing of babies < 18
months of age)
g) Cotrimoxazole prophylaxis for babies
Revised National Tuberculosis Control Programme (RNTCP)
RNTCP was implemented in 1997 based on the WHO recommended
strategy of Directly Observed Treatment Short Course (DOTS). The
diagnosis is made primarily by sputum microscopy, which is made available
free of cost to patients at designated microscopy centers. Treatment is
provided under direct observation by a DOT provider at the DOTS center
near patients‘ home. Enhanced supervision is ensured through a
‗Tuberculosis Unit‘, a sub-district level unit comprising of specialized
staff. Following are some of the highlights of the RNTCP which are being
realized by the people of this district.
1.
2.
3.
People of hilly & unreachable region are getting information & treatment
through RNTCP with the help of field workers i.e. MPHW (M/F).
Sensitizing about TB & co infection to people of villages by organizing
GKS meetings through NGOs of concerned district.
Under RNTCP observation the patient‘s diagnosis is being done and
after confirmation of TB, the patient will get the medication under the
RNTCP Guidelines free of cost.
262
4.
5.
6.
Timely follow-up of patients sputum samples for knowing whether the
condition is getting under control or not and treatment can be shifted to
the superior category accordingly.
The affected people of the unreached areas are getting diagnosed in
DMCs under RNTCP guideline which was never taken place earlier.
Infection rate of TB is under control by RNTCP.
National Leprosy Eradication Programme (NLEP)
The National Leprosy Eradication Programme is a centrally sponsored
health scheme of the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India.
Leprosy is a chronic infectious disease caused by mycobacterium lepra. It
usually affects the skin and peripheral nerves, but has a wide range of
clinical manifestations. To eliminate leprosy from the Malkangiri District.
a)
b)
c)
Efforts on IEC, Training and Integrated Service Delivery in the high
endemic areas are enhanced.
Surveillance for early diagnosis & prompt MDT, through routine and
special efforts. Intensified IEC using Local and Mass Media
approaches.
Prevention of Disability & Care
Epidemiological Status of NLEP in Malkangiri District
From 2010-11 To 2014-15
Table No. 13.10
Sl.
No
01
02
03
04
05
TOTAL
Year
2010-11
2011-12
2012-13
2013-14
2014-15
Total case
registered
37
31
18
36
37
159
Type
PB
11
5
5
12
14
47
HB
26
26
13
24
23
112
TOT.
37
31
18
36
37
159
Follow up
R.C.S
R.F.T
41
27
30
27
34
159
1
0
0
5
4
10
Source- District NLEP Section
Non Communicable Diseases (NCD)
Non communicable life style diseases pose a huge threat to the nation‘s
public health system both in terms of morbidity, mortality and economic
burden it imposes. In order to address one of the greatest public health
challenges, the state NRHM has designed a non- communicable diseases
263
prevention and control programme. Mainly, there are two programs covered
under NCD since 2011-12 in Malkangiri District.
1.
2.
NPCDCS: National Programme for Prevention and Control of Cancer,
Diabetes, CVD and Stroke.
NPHCE : National Programme for Health Care of Elderly.
15 hoardings on NCD has already been installed in different strategic
points of PHC, CHC & DHH level. Multi coloured tin plates showing 10
different messages regarding diabetes, hypertension and health care of
elderly were printed and displayed at all the Sub-Centre, PHC, CHC & DHH
level. All the observation days on NCD (International Days for Older
Persons, National Cancer Awareness Day, World Diabetes Day & World
Hypertension Day) have already been observed at District level. District NCD
cell is already established since Dec-2012 with all Logistics. District NCD
clinic is already functioning in DHH Malkangiri with maximum staffs. 10
Bedded geriatric ward, physiotherapy unit and 06 bedded ICU (Functioning
04 Bed) has already been established with all Equipments & Logistics in
DHH, Malkangiri by renovation instead of new construction due to paucity of
space.
Registration of Birth and Death
The registration of birth and death are done online in the district as well
as in all CHC and people have become conscious regarding such
registration as the online issued birth and death certificates are used to avail
different govt. benefits and for joining in the schools, attending different
trainings and for making passports etc.
Potable Water
The drinking or potable water facilities in most of the villages are
observed to be inadequate. Maximum villages have one tube well and some
are also not properly functioning. People are depending upon natural
resources like river, stream, nala etc. in some of the villages. The RWSS
department looks into the safe drinking water supply system and the Health
Department is also involved in chlorination and water sample testing.
Sanitation
The overall sanitation and sanitary facility of the villages are found to be
inadequate. Only a very few rural households, have access to sanitary
latrine facility. The majority of the inhabitants defecate in open fields.
Presently, Government hostels have taken steps for the construction of
sanitary latrines with water supply. Steps are being taken for construction of
264
sanitary latrine in each household which will enhance the quality of life in
villages.
Family Planning
Family welfare program was launched by Govt. of India in 1952 to
accelerate the socio-economic development of the people by accepting
small family norm. The program has met with moderate success due to
different levels of awareness and acceptance of methods of family planning
among various socioeconomic groups. Unmet Family Planning involves
planning the number, frequency and timing of pregnancy. It is a programme
to regulate the number and spacing of children in a family through birth
control measures.
The benefits of family planning include acceptance of small family norm
with a feeling that a small family is a happy family, preventing occurance of
maternal deaths, reducing the rate of infant mortality and ultimately leading
to slow population growth.
Family planning measures are gradually being accepted by the tribals
of the district. Use of Contraceptive methods among the Tribal population is
influenced by various Socio demographic factors. Health care providers are
addressed the unmet needs of the individual tribal women before motivating
them to adopt a family planning method that methods used are more
sustainable. It is now being approached on a fixed day strategy to provide
better and quality service to the population.
Under this strategy on a fixed day like Monday all the family planning
services are made available at all designated health centres including
delivery points, so that people can have access to family planning services
without any difficulty.
Family Planning Services
Permanent methods like Minilap, Laparoscopic sterilisation,
NSV/Conventional Vasectomy are conducted in fixed day approach in
designated health institutions by experienced and empanelled surgeons.
Temporary methods like IUCD are provided on approach in designated
health institutions. OCP, CC, ECP are distributed by the ASHA at village
level and also available at community health centers (CHC‘s). By these
methods family planning services are made available at the door step of the
beneficiary.
265
Target and Achievement of Family Planning Methods in Malkangiri
District between 2011-12 And 2014-15
Table No. 13.11
2011-12
2012-13
2013-14
2014-15
Achieve
Achieve
Achiev
Achiev
Methods Target
ment % Target ment % Target ement % Target ement
Sterilization
2105
2880 137 2509
3469 138 2552
3358 132 2676
1844
IUD
2666
2274 85 2822
1870 66 3254
1886 56 3419
2356
CC
5345
4594 86 5331
1708 54 5423
1406 26 5521
1401
OP
3148
5084 161 3136
1626 31 3190
2297 72 3791
2670
%
69
69
25
70
Source- Health Management Information System of Government of India
Training
There are only one ANM and one GNM training centre in Malkangiri
district. Training to all the doctors and paramedical staffs are provided every
year to upgrade their skills. Also district authorities takes steps to improve
the skills of service providers and to enable them to provide high quality
services at grass-root level. Trainings and capacity building programs are
conducted to improve the quality of services provided at L1, L2 and L3
healthcare facilities and to ensure their optimal utilization, to develop
management skills of specialized staff towards efficient and effective
management of public health programmes and also to strengthen the service
delivery mechanism through multiskilling of health personnel at FRU and
24x7 Institutions in the State.
National Health Mission (NHM)
It is operating in Malkangiri district with its inception since 2015 as
National Rural Health Mission. The Union Cabinet vide its decision dated 1st
May 2013 has approved to launch the National Urban Health Mission
(NUHM) as a Sub-mission of an over-arching National Health Mission
(NHM). The National Rural Health Mission (NRHM) is the other Sub-mission
of National Health Mission.
The common objectives of NHM are as follows,
a)
b)
c)
To ensure health care services to all, particularly to the disadvantaged
groups like scheduled tribes, scheduled castes & back ward classes.
To provide affordable quality healthcare to the people of the State, not
only through the allopathic systems of medicine but also through the
Homeopathic & Ayurvedic systems.
To ensure greater access to primary health care by bringing medical
institutions as close to the people as possible or through mobile
266
d)
e)
f)
g)
h)
i)
medical health units, particularly, in the underserved & backward
districts.
To improve health care in the KBK districts of the State
To eliminate diseases like polio & leprosy from the state & prevent as
well as control other communicable diseases
To reduce maternal, infant & neo-natal mortality rates
To guarantee to the people of Odisha free treatment( including free
medicines) for certain major communicable diseases
To improve hospital services at the primary, secondary & tertiary levels
in terms of infrastructure, drugs & personnel
To impart training to doctors, nurses & other paramedical staff to
upgrade their skills & knowledge to improve quality health care in the
state and improve medical education in the State.
NUHM (The National Urban Health Mission)
NUHM health care is the need of the urban population with the focus on
urban poor by making available to them essential primary health care
services and reducing their out of pocket expenses for treatment. This will be
achieved by strengthening the existing health care service delivery system,
targeting the people living in urban slums and converging with various
schemes relating to wider determinants of health like drinking water,
sanitation, school education, etc. implemented by the Ministries of Urban
Development, Housing & Urban Poverty Alleviation, Human Resource
Development and Women & Child Development.
Constraints
The constraints in the implementation of the programmes in the district
are;
1.
2.
3.
Shortage of manpower, particularly doctors, AYUSH doctors and
paramedical staffs like LT, radiographer.
Distance from State headquarters and inadequate communication
facility due to difficult road connectivity and no rail connectivity
Frequent absence of telephonic network particularly in hill and cut off
areas.
267
CHAPTER-XIV
TRIBAL DEVELOPMENT
Introduction
Malkangiri District occupies an important place in the state of Odisha
for its large concentration of Scheduled Tribes population. As per the 2011
census, the total tribal population of Malkangiri District is 354614, which
consist of 1,71,717 males and 1,82,897 females. The tribal population
constitutes 57.8% to the total population of the District (2011). Out of the
total ST population 97.8% live in rural area and 2.2% live in urban areas.
Although about 56 categories of tribes (big or small) live in the district, there
are 16 tribal groups with sizeable population. These are Koya (1,45,652),
Bhumia (71,152), Paraja (38,726), Kandha (21,824), Gadaba (11,816),
Bonda (11,574), Didayi (8,735), Dharua (8,128), Konda Dora 7,937), Halva
(5,030), Matya (4,413), Santal (3,175), Kandha Gouda (2,117), Parenga
(1,093), Bhottada (1,056) and Gandia (1,020). The other 40 categories of
tribes have population less than 1000 each. Even there are 14 tribal groups
whose population is less than 10 each. Two tribes i.e. Bonda and Didayi
belong to Primitive Tribal Communities and are also designated as
Particularly Vulnerable Tribes. The entire district at Malkangiri comes under
schedule area.
A majority of the tribes in the district live in hilly and inaccessible
pockets and in small habitations. This situation increases the cost of delivery
of services by the Government and non-government organisations. These
tribals are backward economically, socially and educationally. As per 1997
BPL survey 72.69% of families fall below the poverty line in the district most
of whom are among the scheduled Tribes. This situation calls for immediate
action for (i) building rural infrastructure, (ii) conserving natural resources,
(iii) implementing programmes for income generation on sustainable basis
and, (iv) restructuring and emerging the social security system.
A Note on Policies and Programmes tor Tribal Development
Initially the Community Development Blocks were created to create a
new thrust for development in the rural areas. These covered a wide
spectrum of activities in agriculture, animal husbandry, education, health,
communication, social services, rural industries, Panchayats and so on. The
Community Development (CD) programme was, thus, comprehensive, and
hence, it was equally applicable to the tribal areas. But soon it was realised
268
that the task to be accomplished in tribal areas was much more difficult. It is
because the tribal areas are mostly hilly with meagre communications and
very little institutional infrastructure. The people to be dealt with are more
backward, both socially and economically. Hence, this requires a much
greater investment and personal attention of the programme implementing
officials and extension workers. Keeping these in view, and following the
footprints of CD projects, 43 Special Multipurpose Tribal Development
Blocks were started in the country in 1954. Out of these four were
established in Odisha. This programme was soon reviewed. It was realised
that it would not be possible to start and sustain such an intensive
programme all through the tribal region. A less intensive model of an
ordinary Tribal Development Block was, therefore, evolved. It would be
considerably smaller, both in terms of population and area coverage.
Accordingly, 489 such blocks were established in the country of which 75
Tribal Development Blocks were opened in Odisha.
An important weakness of the programme was found in the process of
democratic decentralisation in which panchayats, Panchayat Samities and
Zilla Parishads were given considerable power. The non-tribals who gained
more power in these institutions took a major share of the benefits.
Secondly, the small geographical area of the block created difficulties for
coordinated planning.
A new mode of strategy was launched in the fourth plan period with the
establishment of Tribal Development Agencies in the state with the
objectives of fostering the economic development of the tribals through
agricultural development, encouraging agro and forest based industries and
strengthening of corporative societies and the like.
Still it was realised that the tribals could not get their due share in the
general development programme. Hence, it was considered necessary to
evolve a new strategy for their socio economic development. Accordingly,
the concept of Tribal Sub-Plan approach was evolved and adopted during
the Fifth Plan period, with the twin objectives of accelerated socio-economic
development of the tribals and to protect them from various forms of
exploitation. Areas having more than 50% tribal concentration were identified
and during Fifth Plan twenty one Integrated Tribal Development Agencies
were formed comprising 118 blocks out of 314 blocks in the state. Again for
the all-round development of the primitive tribal communities 17 micro
projects are functioning for 13 primitive tribal communities in the state. The
primitive tribes covered under these programmes are given 100 percent
subsidy for individual family benefit oriented schemes.
269
th
During the 6 plan period, the areas with population of 10,000 or more
of which more than 50% of the population are tribals have been covered
under ―modified Area Development- Approach (MADA)‖. At present 46
MADA spread over 47 blocks in 17 districts are operating in Odisha as a part
of Tribal Sub-plan strategy. This approach was further relaxed during the
seventh plan to cover smaller areas with a total population of 5000 and with
more than 50% tribal concentration under the ―Cluster Approach‖.
Dispersed Tribal Development Programme (DTDP) is being
implemented by the Odisha SC and STs Development Finance Corporation
for the benefit of tribal families living outside the above mentioned special
projects areas.
An area specific approach for development, entitled Orissa Tribal
Development Project (OTDP) was launched in 1988-89 in Kashipur block of
Rayagada district jointly by the International found for Agricultural
Development (IFAD), Govt. of India and the State Government for all round
development of the tribals of the area. The implementation phase of the
st
projects was over by 31 December, 1997. After the closer of the IFAD
assisted OTDP in Kashipur Block, the state govt. have taken up another
programme, namely the Odisha Tribal Empowerment and Livelihood
Programme (OTELP). It is jointly founded by IFAD and DFID-WEP in
partnership with Govt. of Odisha. The programme would support land and
water management, forestry, agriculture, horticulture, etc. on watershed
basis with active involvement and participation of the NGOs, Self-HelpGroups and other such organisation. The programme is being implemented
in 30 backward tribal development blocks in 7 districts, namely, Kandhamal,
Kalahandi, Gajapati, Rayagada, Koraput, Malkangiri and Nabarangpur.
Strategies
The tribal population is extremely poor and backward. In spite of
various plans and programmes, the rate of their economic development has
been quite low. The State Government has initiated programmes for drawing
up plans for each ITDA on the basis of analysis of the potentials of the area,
the strength and opportunities available for tribal population, and the existing
economic and social infrastructure for supporting development. The
strategies mainly include education development, implementation of
employment generating programmes and self employment schemes, skill
upgraduation, checking of land alienation; controlling money lending
activities in rural and tribal areas and protecting the tribals from exploitation
of various kinds, empowerment of women, encouraging viable women
SHGs, implementation of Forest Right Act and PESA, ensuring rural
270
connectivity, integrated awareness campaign (IEC) about different
development and welfare programmes and with special attention for the
development of primitive tribal groups.
Integrated Tribal Development Agency
In exercise of powers conferred by Sub-Paragraph-6 of the Fifth
Schedule of the Constitution of India and by the Revised Presidential Order
titled ―The Scheduled area of Orissa, 1977‖, the entire Malkangiri subdivision, which was a part of undivided Koraput district, was declared as
Scheduled Area. Accordingly, the newly created Malkangiri district has been
declared as Scheduled Area. This Scheduled area is co-terminus with the
tribal Sub-Plan area.
The 5th plan presented special policy frame for all-round development
in the tribal Sub-Plan area. To achieve this goal, an autonomous body was
conceived as Integrated Tribal Development Agency or ITDA. There are 21
ITDAs in Odisha and ITDA, Malkangiri is one of them. The I.T.D.A.,
Malkangiri is functioning since 1975. It has been registered under Society
Registration Act vide registration No.15052/79. The project area covers 7
Tahasils, 7 Blocks, 108 G.Ps, 01 N.A.C and 01 Municipality and 936
Revenue villages. According to 2011 census, the population of this Sub-Plan
area is 6,12,727. Out of them 1,38,295 are SCs, 3,54,614 are STs, and
1,19,818 belongs to other caste categories (2011 Census).
The Project Administrator is the head of the ITDA. He works under the
immediate control of the District Magistrate and Collector, Malkangiri. As per
the Resolution No. 27189/ SSD Dated 07.09.2000 the Project Level
Committee (PLC) had been reconstituted with the Collector, Malkangiri as
the Chairman, P.A., ITDA as the Member Secretary and local M.P., M.L.As,
Chairmen of Panchayat Samities, Z.P members, Lead Bank Manager,
Representative of NABARD, Representative of N.G.O and other District
Level Officers in charge of various developmental works are the members of
Committee.
Tribal Sub-Plan Approach
Tribal Sub-Plan is a smaller plan for the tribal area of the state within
the overall frame of the state plan. It caters to the special needs of the area
having majority of tribal population by employing an integrated area
approach of development strategy. The aim of the tribal Sub-Plan approach
is the development of the area with a focus on the Schedule Tribe population
within the Sub-Plan area. The strategies of development include the family
benefit oriented income generating schemes in the field of Agriculture,
271
Horticulture, Animal Husbandry and human resources development through
education training and Infrastructure Development Programme, etc.
The ITDAs have been established to function as nodal agency in terms
of Plan formulation, implementation of programmes and to give effect to the
objectives of Tribal Sub-Plan. There are 62 distinct tribal communities in
Odisha including 13 primitive tribal groups. The ST population of Orissa
constitute 22.50 % of the State's total population and 9.66% of the country's
tribal population. 68.09% of the total tribal population lives in the Scheduled
Area and the remaining live outside the Scheduled Area. The tribal sub-plan
area comprises 118 Panchayat Samities and 1902 Gram Panchayats of 12
Districts. Out of 12 districts, 5 districts are located in KBK Region. In Odisha
21 nos. of ITDAs are functioning in Tribal Sub-Plan Area. ITDA, Malkangiri is
one of them which is functioning since 1975.
Schemes/ Programs Implemented by ITDA
The following Plans and Schemes are implemented for tribal development by
the ITDA.
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
8)
Special Central Assistance to Tribal Sub-Plan
Article 275(1) of the Constitution
Special Plan for KBK
Centrally Sponsored Plan
State Plan
Central Plan
Non Plan
Title our Forest Land
SCA TO TSP (Special Central Assistance to Tribal Sub-Plan)
Under this special Central Assistance, the following activities are
undertaken
Income Generating Activities
The SCA to TSP is provided by the Ministry of Tribal Affairs to the state
Government. It is an additive to the state plan to bring about more rapid
economic development of tribals in the state. The objectives and scope of
SCA to TSP which were originally meant for filling of the critical gaps in the
family based income generation activities have been expanded to cover the
employment-cum- income generation activities and infrastructure
development incidental thereto. The ultimate objective of extending SCA TO
TSP is to boost the demand based income generation programmes and thus
to raise the economic and social status of tribals. This scheme covers both
272
Income Generating Schemes (I.G.S) and Infrastructure Development
Scheme (I.D.S).
Agriculture Programme
Supply of agricultural implements like Power Tiller, Paddy Thresher,
Pump set, etc. are being provided to the eligible ST beneficiaries under the
Agricultural programme of Farm Mechanisation. Further, supply of seeds,
fertilizers & pesticides for cultivation of Green Gram (Mung), Black Gram,
Ground Nut etc. are also being supplied to the poor ST beneficiaries.
Horticulture Programme
The following activities are under taken under horticulture programme;
a)
b)
c)
Promotion of vegetable cultivation and other cash crops in the
ayacut of irrigation projects and other feasible areas.
Development of fruit crops in tribal areas. (Cashew, Mango, Banana
plantations etc.)
Supply of minikits, fertilisers and pesticides etc.
Animal Husbandary Programme
The following activities are taken up under the Animal Husbandry
programme.
a) Supply of medicine, provision of vaccination and organisation of
Animal Health camp, training, etc. through the veterinary officials.
b) Dairy / poultry / goatery / fishery development Programmes etc.
Bankable Income Generating Scheme
IGS (Individual Scheme)
Under Individual Bankable I.G.S Scheme subsidy is provided for the
activities like small business, fishery tank, goatery, brick making, diesel
pumpset, saloon, vegetable cultivation, tea stall, haller, cycle repairing,
plough bullocks, carpentry, tailoring, khali stitching, bamboo craft, tent
house, etc. The subsidy amount for the individually Bankable IGS Scheme
@ Rs. 10000/- per beneficiary.
Group Scheme
Under Group Bankable I.G.S Scheme subsidy is provided to Women
SHGs for the activities like goatery, poultry, piggery, vegetable cultivation,
etc. (group finance) through bank-linkage. The subsidy amount for the Group
273
Bankable IGS Scheme is @ Rs. 10,000/- per member subject to the
maximum extent of subsidy to the group to a tune of Rs.1,25,000/-.
Irrigation
Under the irrigation programmes, construction of check dam, diversion
weir, water harvesting structure, dug well, L.I. points, M.I.P, etc. are being
taken up for irrigation purpose to help the tribal farmers. However, Under
SCA to TSP scheme funds are not being allotted for irrigation purpose by the
Govt. of India during 2014-15 & 2015-16.
Infrastructure Development Scheme
Under Infrastructure Development Scheme activities such as Cross
Drainage (C.D) / small bridges, R.C.C culverts , construction of market shed,
rural electrification, provision of drinking water supply, etc. are taken up
which are incidental to I.G.S scheme.
Training
Under the training programme, 3 types of training are being provided to
unemployed ST youths, such as, skill development training, placement
linked employability training and pre-recruitment training. Different types of
trainings provided to tribal youths are as follows:
Skill Upgradation Training / PLET / PRT
Table No. 14.1
Type of
Training
Courses
Duration
of
Course
Minimum
Qualification
Skill
Development
Training
Driver –cum-Mechanic
4 Months
8th pass
Welding and fabrication, house wiring, repair of
home appliances, mobile repairing, fitter,
plumber
3 to 6
months
8th Pass
Mushroom cultivation, Bamboo crafting
6 Months
Carpentry and furniture making
3 Months
illiterate/
neo illiterate
Electrician, Data Entry Operator, Grafting
6 Months
10th Pass
Hardware Networking, DCA, PGDCA
3 Months
10th pass
Multimedia
3 Months
10th pass /
+2
Medical attendant
5 Months
10th
Placement
linked
Employability
Training
274
Pre –Recruitment
Training
Helper to Hospital & nursing home,
3 Months
8th Pass
Mobile Repair
3 Months
8th Pass
Plastic Processing Operator (P.P.O)
6 Months
10th pass &
above
X-Ray Technician, Medical Lab. Technician,
Nursing Assistant
1 Year
10th Pass
I.T & I.T enabled skill dev. schemes,
4 Months
10th pass
Customer relation manager,
1½
months
+2/ +3
Diploma in Financial Accountancy , Tally
1½
months
B. Com
Central Para Military Police Forces, Banking
Coaching, OTET etc.
2 to 6
months
HSC/+2 / +3
& above
Protection of STs from Exploitation
The major objectives of the Tribal Development are two in number. One
is to bring about the socio-economic development of the tribals and second
is to protect them from various types of exploitations. The important
measures in the direction of protection of tribals from exploitation include;
(a) Protect alienation of land from tribals to non-tribals, from tribals to
tribals and SCs.
(b) Protection from money lenders.
(c) Protection from Bonded Labour System.
(d) Freedom in collection and sale of forest produce,
(e) Reservation of vacancies in posts and Services.
Article 275 (1) Of The Constitution
Article 275(1) of the constitution of India guarantees regular grants from
the Consolidated Funds of India for the welfare of schedule tribes. In
pursuance of this obligation the Ministry of Tribal Affairs, Govt. of India
provides funds to the State Govt. through the Central Sector Schemes under
Article 275(1) of the Constitution of India to meet the cost of such schemes
as may be undertaken by the state for the welfare of schedule tribes. Under
this scheme the ITDA is taking more than 30% of allocation for educational
infrastructure, construction of bridges, providing basic amenities to the ST
boarders in the schools and hostels run under SSD department and rural
connectivity etc.
275
Special Plan for KBK Districts
Under this head ITDA is constructing hostel buildings for boys and girls,
staff quarters, compound wall, water supply and electrification for ST girls
hostels, improvement of play ground, supply of sports articles, supply of
basic amenities such as utensils, cots, bedsheets, blankets to the hostel
boarders.
State Plan / CSP/ Central Plan
In Malkangiri district, required number of girls and boys Hostels, 3
residential girls high school cum hostels (Mathili, MV-79, Chitrakonda having
275 seat capacity) are constructed under State Plan / CSP/ Central Plan.
Besides repair and renovation of schools and hostels are also undertaken
under the State Plan Staff Quarters, Additional Classrooms, Construction of
Toilets, Electrification & Water Supply, etc. to Schools & Hostel Buildings are
being taken up for the benefit of tribal students. 44 new ST girls hostels and
55 ST boys hostels, 42 ST girls hostel under State Plan Scheme are taken
up during 2009-10 to 2011-12. Under Central Plan scheme 7 Nos. of Hostel
buildings are also constructed in the district.
Non Plan Schemes
Repair, renovation, addition and alteration of school and hostel
buildings are being taken up under Non Plan schemes.
Implementation of Forest Right Act- 2006
As on 31.01.2016 a total of 28547 individual claims and 74 community
rights have been settled among the eligible scheduled tribes and other
traditional forest dwellers in Malkangiri district. The implementation of Forest
Right Act to cover all eligible beneficiaries is still in process. Benefits from
convergence programmes such as IAY, Mo Kudia, Mo Pokhari, Land
Development under MGNREGA, Plantation etc. are given to the
beneficiaries who have received Forest Right Titles.
The Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional
(Recognition of Forest Rights) Act -2006
Forest
Dwellers
This is an Act to recognize and vest the forest rights in forest land to
forest dwelling Scheduled Tribes and other traditional forest dwellers who
have been residing in such forests for generations but whose rights could
not be recorded. This is to provide for a framework for recording the forest
rights so vested and the nature of evidence required for such recognition
and vesting in respect of forest land.
276
Rights
Individual Rights and Community Rights are the two types of rights
under this Act.
The Rights are included in Section 3 (1) and Section 3 (2) of the Act.
The important Rights which are included in Section 3(1) of the Act are
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
(vi)
(vii)
(viii)
(ix)
(x)
Right to hold and live in the forest land under individual or common
occupation for habitation or for self-cultivation for livelihood;
Community rights such as nistar, including those used in princely
states, and Zamindari, etc.
Right of ownership, access to collect, use and dispose of forest
produces;
Other community rights such as fish and other products for water
bodies; grazing, etc.
Rights for conversion of pattas or lease agreements issued by any local
authority or state Govt. on forest lands to titles;
Rights of settlement and conversion of all forest villages, old habitation,
un-surveyed villages and other villages in forest;
Rights to protect, regenerate or conserve or manage any community
forest resource;
Rights which are recognised under any state Law or Laws or which are
accepted as rights of tribals under traditional or customary Law of the
concerned tribes;
Rights of access to bio-diversity, intellectual property and traditional
knowledge related to bio-diversity and cultural diversity; and
Any other traditional right customarily enjoyed by the forest dwelling
scheduled tribes or other traditional forest dwellers.
Section 3 (2) of the Act is for diversion of forest land for following facilities by
the Govt. which involve, felling of trees not exceeding seventy five trees per
hectare. These are schools, Hospitals, Anganwadis, Fair price shops,
Electronic and Tele-Communication lines, Tanks and other minor water
bodies, drinking water supply, water harvesting structure, minor irrigation
canals, non-conventional source of energy, skill up-gradation or vocational
training centres, roads, and community centres.
Such diversions are subject to the condition that the forest land to be
diverted for any purpose mentioned above is less than one hectare in each
case and the same is recommended by the Gram Sabha.
277
Title rights (Ownership)
This is in respect of land that is being farmed by tribals or other forest
dwellers as on December 13, 2005, subject to a maximum of 4 hectares;
ownership is only for land that is actually being cultivated by the concerned
family as on that date, meaning that no new lands are granted.
Use rights
These rights are allowed to minor forest produce (also including
ownership), to grazing areas, and to pastoralist routes, etc.
Relief and development rights
These are applicable to rehabilitation in case of illegal eviction or forced
displacement and to basic amenities, subject to restrictions for forest
protection.
Forest management rights
These rights are meant to protect forests and wildlife
Eligibility criteria
Eligibility to get rights under the Act is confined to those who "primarily
reside in forests" and who depend on forests and forest land for a livelihood.
Further, either the claimant must be a member of the Scheduled Tribes or
must have been residing in the forest for 75 years.
Process of recognition of rights:
Section 6(1) of the Act provides that the Gram Sabha, or village
assembly, will initially pass a resolution recommending whose rights to which
resources should be recognized (i.e. which lands belong to whom, how
much land was under the cultivation of each person as on Dec 13, 2005,
etc.). This resolution is then screened and approved at the level of the subdivision (or taluka) and subsequently at the district level. The screening
committees consist of three government officials (Forest, Revenue and
Tribal Welfare departments) and three elected members of the local body at
that level. These committees also hear the appeals.
ST Education
A total number of 76 educational institutions are functioning under ST &
SC Development Department having residential facilities. The category of
Schools are as follows:
278
Educational Institutions Managed By ST/SC Development Department
in Malkangiri District
Table No. 14.2
Sl.
No
01
02
03
04
05
06
Category of Schools
Higher Secondary
Commerce)
School
No. of Educational institutions
functioning
(Science/
High School
Girls High School
Ashram School
Ekalavya Model Residential School
Education Complex
Total
03
09
07
52
01
03
75
Apart from the above educational Institutions different category of
hostels such as 40 seated KBK Girls Hostels, 40 seated Primary School
Hostel, 100 seated ST Boys & Girls Hostels are managed by the ST & SC
Development Department as well as School & Mass Education Department.
Also hostel buildings are constructed for the ST / SC students reading in
different colleges. Pre-Matric & Post –Matric Scholarship are given to the ST
/ SC students reading in schools & Colleges through the District Welfare
Officer, Malkangiri as prescribed by the Govt. from time to time. Further, a
Kalinga Model Residential School in the Model of EMRS has been
sanctioned by Govt. of Odisha. The construction of the said school is now
taken up by Odisha Police Housing Board, Malkangiri. It is located at
Balimela.
Hostels
A total no. of 332 different types of residential hostels are functioning in
the district for the benefit of ST & SC students. The main objective is the
universalization of education & taking such students into the main stream.
They have been provided with free Text books, cosmetics, School uniforms,
reading writing materials, quality fooding with free residential facilities.
279
Hostels under ST and SC Department with number of Inmates in
Malkangiri District
Table No. 14.3
Sl.
No.
Name of the Hostel
Management
Funding
ST & SC Dev.
Deptt.
ST & SC Dev.
Deptt.
ST & SC Dev.
Deptt.
ST & SC Dev.
Deptt.
ST & SC Dev.
Deptt.
ST & SC Dev.
Deptt.
ST & SC Dev.
Deptt.
ST & SC Dev.
Deptt.
ST & SC Dev.
Deptt.
Total
5
Ashram School Hostel
6
High School Hostel
7
Higher
Secondanry
School Hostel
ST & SC
Dev. Deptt.
ST & SC
Dev. Deptt.
ST & SC
Dev. Deptt.
ST & SC
Dev. Deptt.
ST & SC
Dev. Deptt.
ST & SC
Dev. Deptt.
ST & SC
Dev. Deptt.
8
Ekalavya Hostel
OMTES
9
Education Complex
ST & SC
Dev. Deptt.
1
KBK
2
PSH
3
4
100 seated ST Girls'
Hostel
100 seated ST Boys
Hostel
No. of
Hostels
No. of
inmates
53
2120
84
3360
93
8905
31
2697
46
5149
18
4744
3
607
1
300
3
750
332
28632
Apart from all these 76 Recognised Messes with 4889 inmates are
there under the management of School & Mass Education Department.
These are being funded by ST & SC Development Department. Further, 5
special hostels for the children of Kondareddy Community with 702 inmates
are also functioning in Malkangiri district.
Social Justice
The Following social welfare measures are being taken up by the ST &
SC Development Department. These are implemented through the District
Welfare Officer, Malkangiri.
The Inter Caste Marriage
There is provision for award of cash grant as incentives to encourage
inter caste marriage between caste Hindu & Scheduled Caste persons. Both
the spouses should be citizens of India and permanent residents of Orissa
and should be professing Hindu Religion. Or, one of the spouses should
belong to Scheduled Caste as defined under Article- 341 of the Constitution.
280
Prevention of Atrocity
If a member of SC/ST community is injured by the nuisance activities of
other caste people either physically or verbally, then there is provision under
the Prevention of Atrocity Act for the punishment U/S-3 of the Act. The
victimized person is awarded compensation as recommended by joint
enquiry committee constituted by both Police & Judiciary.
Ban on Illegal Transaction of SC/ST Lands and Restoration
If any land of SC/ST community is transferred or occupied by a member
belonging to other community without permission of competent authority,
then this transaction will be treated as illegal. Provision has been made
under section-23 & 23(A) of OLR Act.- 1965 for detection of such cases and
eviction of illegal transfer of occupation. Regulation 2 of 1956 has been
thoroughly amended in 2002 to completely prohibit the transfer of land by
STs to non-tribals to tribals and even from tribals to tribals having marginal
and small holdings.
Distribution of ceiling surplus lands/ home stead land to the SC/ST
Community
The SC/ST people of the district are distributed ceiling surplus lands
and home stead lands by the Tahasildars.
Abolition of Untouchability
As social reformation, the practice of untouchability has been abolished
by proper implementation of Orissa Civil Rights Act.
Legal Aid
There is provision for free legal help & aid to a member of SC/ST
community in case he is facing judicial trial. The accused person has to
apply to the authority before hand.
Micro Projects
Bonda Development Agency
There are 56 categories (big and small) of Tribals in Malkangiri district.
The Bonda tribe is one among them. But for the all round development of the
Bonda Tribe, which is considered as one of the Vulnerable Primitive Tribes
of India, a special project (Micro Project) in the name of Bonda Development
Agency had been established with head quarter at Mudulipada of Khoiraput
Block in May 1977. The project area consists of 32 villages covering 4 Gram
Panchayats with 1819 households and a population of 11,574 as per the
2011 census.
281
Presently, the Collector and District Magistrate, Malkangiri acts as the
Chairman of the Governing Body of the project. Prior to 1992, the Collector
and District Magistrate of Koraput (undivided) district was acting as the
Chairman of the Governing Body of the Bonda Development Agency.
The Bondas preferred to remain isolated from the main stream of
civilization till the Bonda Development Agency convinced them that the
Project Leader is not an outsider (―Gularg‖ in Bonda parlance) but their
brother in need and Government also designated him as the project leader
and not officer or such other designation.
From almost stagnant population, the demography is gradually showing
an upward trend with the spread of education that is changing their
traditional marriage pattern of young girls of above sixteen year of age
marrying young boys junior to her by more than ten years, thus reducing the
reproductive period.
Gainful engagement is scarce to find in a secluded plateau where
suitable land for cultivation is scanty and there is no industry. Fruit plantation
normally needs years of maintenance to yield sufficient income. Hence, the
project has laid emphasis on cottage industries, beginning with hill broom
processing, training in traditional trade crafts to woolen carpet weaving. With
the introduction of vocational training like driving etc. and general awareness
building, Bonda youth now prefers to join the service sector, both
Government and private. With the introduction of educational complexes for
spread of education, some of the Bonda girls have joined colleges and are
preferring boys of their age or even elders as their life partner which was a
taboo earlier. It may be mentioned here that for the first time a young
educated young man from the Bonda Community named Sri Dambaru Sisa
is presently representing the Chitrakonda Constituency as the member of
Odisha Legislative Assembly.
With the improvement in the road communication network and their
gradual exposer to the outside world, coupled with various confidence
building measures undertaken by the project, the distance with the outside
world has been considerably reduced. The scourge of murder and malaria
death has been considerably reduced now which explains the upward trend
in their demography.
The project began with distribution of various benefits as its entry point
activity. Land development was taken up to provide gainful engagement.
Various agricultural implements including bullocks, improved seeds,
fertilisers, pesticides etc. were provided to the farmers of various villages to
improve their earnings. But the benefits were thinly spread to make any
282
considerable impact. The Bondas are self conscious and were never
convinced that the Govt. who is like a father to them can discriminate in
distributing benefits and bore mistrust on the project leader who is the
representative of the Govt.
To dispel such mistrust awareness building was taken up and training
in traditional trade craft was initiated. With the help of District Industries
Centre (DIC) training programmes to create resource persons like masons,
carpenters etc. was introduced.
Horticultural plants like mango, guava, jackfruit, papaya, sapeta,
pineapple, banana, etc. were distributed and they were encouraged to
undertake backyard plantations.
Similarly, live stocks like cows, bollocks, goats, sheep, poultry birds,
etc. were distributed under various schemes. Even boats and fishing nets
were distributed in a few villages adjoining to the Chitrokonda reservoirs.
The Conservation-Cum- Development Plan (CCD Plan)
The latest prepared project reports of the Micro Project – Bonda
Development Agency, Mudulipada in the form of Conservation-cumDevelopment Plan or CCD Plan including review of the implementation of
CCD Plan from 2012-13 to 2014-15 is briefly given hereunder.
The CCD plan period (2012-17) is an ambitious programme for the total
development of the Bonda primitive tribe. It aims at improving infrastructure
and providing basic amenities within easy reach in the habitat of the Bonda
people and generating additional employment and income of the people with
a view to eliminate their poverty, elevate literacy level, ensure health and
food security and enhance their quality of life and conserve their culture.
The basic objectives and approaches of the CCD plan during the 12th
plan period (2012-13 to 2016-17) are:
a)
b)
c)
Total development of PVTGs through an integrated approach by pulling
resources from Central Govt. and State Govt., G.O., NGO and PRI
partnership to address the development needs of the PVTGs.
Peoples‘ participation in development process will be encouraged
through the involvement of traditional institutions like labour
cooperatives, SHGs, Farmers‘ club etc.
Basic infrastructure will be created and amenities like health, education,
drinking water, connectivity will be made available to the PVTG people
within their easy reach.
283
d)
e)
Assistance for conservation and promotion of PVTG culture and
traditions like–folk dance and songs, traditional musical instruments, art
and crafts, and other useful elements of culture.
Social security will be ensured by covering all families under Janashree
Bima Yojana and Rashtriya Swasthya BimaYojana, Health Insurance
(RSVY) etc.
For the achievement of these objects over a period of the first three
years of the PVTG development as proposed in the CCD plan, the BDA
(Micro Project) has utilized funds received from different programmes the
details of which is furnished as follows :
Financial Achievements during the period from 2012-13 to 2014-15
During the period 2012-13 to 2014-15 funds to the tune of Rs. 595.54
lakhs was received by the BONDA Development Agency, Mudulipada from
different sources, like SCA to TSP, Art 275 (1) and CCD Plan for total
development of the BONDA PVTGs out of which a sum of Rs. 582.84
(97.87%) was utilised. No fund was received either from ITDA or DRDA,
Malkangiri or under IAP for the development intervention of the PVTG - the
most marginalized segment of the STs during the last three years. The
Statement furnished below explains the matter in detail.
Yearwise and Source wise Fund Flow from 2012-13 to 2014-15
(Amount shown in lakhs)
Table No. 14.4
Source
of
Progra
Fundin mme
g
SCA to
TSP
Art. 275
(1)
CCD
I.G.S /
I.D.S.
I.G.S /
I.D.S
I.G.S /
I.D.S
0
0
ITDA
DRDA
Other
(Specify I.A.P.
)
Total
Total
( 2012-13 to
2014-15)
Assista
Assista
Assista
Assista
Expendi
Expendi
Expendi
Expendi
nce
nce
nce
nce
ture
ture
ture
ture
Receiv
Receiv
Receiv
Receiv
Made
Made
Made
Made
ed
ed
ed
ed
2012-13
2013-14
2014-15
19.41
19.41
16.04
16.04
19.82
19.82
55.27
55.27
31.54
31.54
15.00
15.00
32.97
32.97
79.51
79.51
136.00
136.00
148.00
148.00
176.76
164.06
460.76
448.06
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
186.95
186.95
179.04
179.04
229.54
216.89
595.54
582.84
(Source: BDA, Mudulipada)
284
Out of the total fund received from different sources, the contribution of
CCD Plan was Rs. 4,60.76 Lakh (77.36%). This amount was received
against the requirement of Rs. 1159.90 lakh, which is less by Rs. 699.14
lakh. Out of the total fund of Rs. 4,60.76 Lakh received, Rs. 448.06 lakh
(97.24 %) was utilized during the period under report. The details of the fund
posed during the first 3 years of CCD Plan for the 12th 5-Year Plan and
funds received and expenditure incurred for different schemes and
programmes for the development of Bonda PVTG is detailed in the
statement given below.
Year-wise Funds Flow as per CCD Plan to Micro Project and
Expenditure (2012-2015)
Table No. 14.5
Year
2012-13
2013-14
2014-15
Total
Total Financial
Requirement as per
the CCD Plan (Rs in
Lakhs)
621.37
295.63
242.90
1159.90
Total Funds Received
as per the CCD Plan
(Rs in Lakhs)
Total Amount Utilised
(Rs in Lakhs)
136.00
148.00
176.76
460.76
136.00
148.00
164.06
448.06
(Source: BDA, Mudulipada)
A 5 year action plan for the years from 2015-16 to 2019-20 under the
CCD Plan has also been prepared
Project Activities
The activities undertaken for the development of the Bondas by the
Agency Authorities include agriculture, horticulture, animal husbandry, MFP
activities, irrigation, land development, housing, road connectivity, SHG
activities, drinking water, electrification, animal husbandry, health camp, Preeducation, capacity building, awareness programme and social security, etc.
Activities which proved to be more beneficial for PVTG – “Bondas”
a)
Establishment of Educational Complexes for Girls generated a new
environment and hope of light. Boys educational complex is under
construction and it is likely to be opened in the academic session
2016-17.
b)
Multi cropping pattern of agriculture and backyard poultry, horticulture
in wadi pattern have enhanced the income level and ensured better
living style of the beneficiaries.
c)
Increase in irrigation facility to improve agricultural production.
285
d)
Provision of safe drinking water and other health related programmes
helped to improve their health and living style.
e)
Expansion of connectivity opened up their doors to a new horizon.
f)
Janashree BimaYojana Social Security / RSVY has ensured their
Social & Health Security
Bringing the Bonda children into the fold of Education through
Education Complexes
In the past schooling for the children was a distant dream for the Upper
Bonda (Hill Bonda). Prior to the functioning of the Micro Project neither they
had access to nor desire to pursue education. This caused abysmally low
literacy rate (less than 15%) among the Bondas. Thus the CCD plan during
the 12th plan period gave special emphasis to bring these PVTGs girl
children to the fold of educational institutions.
One girls‘ education complex was established at Badabel village of
Andrahal G.P under Khairput block in Malkangiri district by the Micro Project
with support from MOTA, GOI and ST & SC Development Department in the
year 2007-08. All the teaching and non-teaching staff of the educational
complex are selected from among the PVTG community. This complex in
addition to the formal education is also imparting the vocational and life skill
education to the girl students. Besides, it is taking care of their safety and
security. After successful operation for the last 8 years, now a total of 250
Upper Bonda girls have been enrolled in the Educational Complex and are
continuing their study. They are staying in the Hostel. The Multi-Purpose
Workers of the Micro Project and Teachers of the Educational Complex have
sensitized the PVTG pupils and their parents to bring all the out of school
PVTG girl children to the Educational Complex. Besides a Boys Education
Complex is under construction and likely to be completed in all respects by
th
the end of the session 2015-16 and boys from class 1st to 5 will be
admitted in the beginning of the academic session 2016-17.
Didayi Development Agency
The micro-project, Didayi Development Agency (DDA) was established
th
in August, 1986 vide Government Resolution No. 23449 dated 5 August,
1986. The Agency was registered under the Society Registration Act, 1860
on 17-10-1986. The main objective was allround development of Didayi
people. The jurisdiction of DDA covers two villages of Rasabeda Gram
Panchayat of Khairiput Block and 37 Villages of Kudumulugumma,
Nakamamudi and Andirapalli Gram Panchayats of Kudumulugumma Block.
Out of these villages, 14 villages are in cutoff area inside the Balimela
286
reservoir, 17 villages are situated in the hilly area and 6 villages are in plain
area.
Initially, it was desided to cover seven villages, i.e. Oringi, Muduliguda,
Chelipadar and Purunagumma (in the plain sub-area villages) and
Bayapada, Suripada and Tikarpada (the Hills sub-area villages). During the
two years i.e. 1986-87 and 1987-88 period 310 Didayi households were
covered under different agricultural and horticultural programmes as against
the target of 200 households. In the second phase, ten more Didayi villages
were included in 1989-90 and during 1993-94 all Didayi villages were
covered under the development programme.
The Didayi Development Agency (DDA) works under the control of the
Collector, Malkangiri, who is the Chairman of the Governing Body. PA, ITDA,
Malkangiri, is the vice-chairman and special officer, DDA is the member
secretary. Other members are local M.P., M.L.A., Chairman of Pancayat
Samiti, District Level Officers, Block Development Officer, Local Medical
Officers of PHC/CHC, Sarapanchas of concerned G.P.s, Branch Manager of
Utkal Grameen Bank, Kudumulugumma, M.D., LAMPs, Kudumulugumma,
Branch Manager, HDFC and two persons (one male and one female) of the
concerned community.
Important Programmes Implemented by DDA
(a)
Agriculture Development: Agriculture is the main stay of the Didayi
economy. They were depending either on settled cultivation, or on
shifting cultivation or on both types of cultivation. It was rightly decided
by the DDA Authority to give more emphasis on settled agricultural
practices and to make gradual efforts to wean the tribals away from
shifting cultivation. The following important programmes were
implemented for the development of agriculture of the Didayis.
(i)
Supply of agricultural implements like spade, pick-axe, crowbar and MB
Plough. These steps were taken to raise the productive efficiency of
tribals.
(ii)
Introduction and popularisation of improved and high yielding varieties
of crops i.e. paddy, maize, ragi, wheat, arhar, green gram, black gram,
niger, mustard and groundnut were undertaken. Cash crops like ginger,
turmeric, Chilly and vegetables were undertaken for better return.
(iii) Didayi households were encouraged to grow chilly, ginger, turmeric,
brinjal, lady‘s finger, bitter gourd, potato, tomato, onion, cauliflower and
cabbages etc. in their backyara kitchen garden.
287
(iv) Gradual and systematic introduction of and supply of chemical
fertilisers and pesticides have been made to ensure more and assured
returns. Simultaneously the farmers were encouraged to continue
compost manuring in a more scientific way.
(b)
Horticulture: Development of horticulture in the backyard of the
households as well as in the suitable sites were encouraged to provide
a continuous source of income and for sustainable development of the
beneficiaries. Grafted mango, pineapple, banana, lemon, papaya,
coconut, etc. were planted in the project area. Since the establishment
of DDA, efforts have been made for plantation of cashew and tamarind
on the hill slopes where earlier shifting cultivation was carried out.
(c)
Irrigation Facilities: In order to provide irrigation facilities and to check
soil erosion during rainy season from perennial streams, two check
dams were constructed at Oringi and Purunagumma; two diversion weir
were provided in Bayapada and three water Harvesting structures were
built in Muduliguda and Nilapari villages during the period from 1993-94
to 1995-96. In cut off areas also a water harvesting structure has been
provided in Jantry village.
(d)
Fishing: There is a vast stretch of water surface on Balimela reservoir
offering planty of scope for fishing with the help of boats and nets. The
fish collected is sold in Chitrokonda, Anakadelly and Kudumulugumma
markets.
(e)
Bullocks and Smaller animals and birds were also supplied to the
beneficiaries in the project area. The goat rearing and poultry units
have yielded good results in the Didayi Area.
(f)
Drinking Water Facilities: Tube wells have been constructed in
several villages by the DDA authorities to provide drinking water
facilities.
(g)
Communication Facilities: Initially the village paths and link roads
have been constructed in the Didayi villages. Oringi and Bayapada
road, Bayapada and Damodarbeda road, Bayapada and Narasingh
Jhola road, Dhakadapadar and Dabuguda road, Dabuguda and Taberu
road have been constructed during 1994-95 and 1995-96 by the DDA
project.
(h)
Health Programme: Under health programme, Health Check-up
camps have been organised by the DDA in the Didayi villages with the
cooperation of Medical officers posted at Khairiput and
Kudumulugumma. Medicines have been supplied to the patients in the
288
project area as per the medical advice. The Didayi people living in cut
off areas and hilly areas suffer more for not getting health services due
to absence of Medical aid centres.
(i)
Education: Adult Education centres were organised in the Didayi
Villages particularly in the hilly and cut-off sub-area villages. Under this
programme books, pencils, erasers, lamps, and dresses have been
provided to attract people to come to the centre. The formal education
programmes in the project area have not come up to the expectation
due to teacher absenteeism in the schools run both by the Education
and H and TW Departments.
The Anganwadi Centres and managed under the ICDS programmes.
But they have also failed to come up to expectation of the people due to
irregular supply of food by the Anganwadi workers.
(j)
In addition to these programmes, different skill promotion activities, i.e.
training in basket making, mat making, and other bamboo crafts were
provided during the initial years of establishment of DDA. Training in
Woollen carpet weaving for Didayi women was organised during the
year 1991-92.
The Present Approach to Didayi Development
An Annual Action plan under SCA to TSP, Article-275-(1) & CCD for
the year 2016-2017 has been prepared basing on the Agro Climatic
situation, Topography, Land utilization pattern and basic need of the Didayi
people. While preparing the action plan, the livelihood aspect of Didayi was
taken in to account.
The latest prepared project reports of the Micro Project i.e. Didayi
Development Agency, Kudumulugumma in the form of Conservation cum
Development Plan (CCD Plan) including review of the implementation of
CCD Plan 2012-13 to 2014-15 are given hereunder.
Conservation-cum-Development (CCD) Plan
The Conservation cum Development Plan or CCD plan, (2012-17) is an
ambitious programme for the total development of the Didayi people. It aims
at improving infrastructure and providing basic amenities within easy reach
in the habitats and generating additional employment and income for the
people with a view to eliminate their poverty, increase the literacy level,
ensure health and food security and enhance their quality of life and
conserve their culture.
289
The basic objectives and approaches of the CCD plan during the 12th
plan period (2012-13 to 2016-17) are;
a)
Total development of PVTGs through an integrated approach by pulling
resources from Central Govt. and State Govt.
b)
G.O., NGO and PRI partnership to address the development needs of
the PVTGs.
c)
Peoples‘ participation in development process will be encouraged
through the involvement of traditional institution like labour
cooperatives, SHGs, Farmers‘ club etc.
d)
Basic infrastructure will be created and amenities like health, education,
drinking water, connectivity will be made available to the PVTG people
within their easy reach.
e)
Assistance for conservation and promotion of PVTG culture and
traditions like folk dance and songs, traditional musical instruments, art
and crafts, and other useful elements of culture.
f)
Social security will be ensured by covering all families under Janashree
Bima Yojana and Rashtriya Swasthya Vima Yojana (RSVY) health
insurance, etc.
For achievement of these objects over a period of the first three years
of the PVTG, development as posed in the CCD plan, the DDA, Micro
Project has utilized funds received from different programmes, the details of
which is furnished in the following statement.
Financial Achievements during the period from 2012-13 to 2014-15
During the period 2012-13 to 2014-15 fund to the tune of Rs. 749.623
Lakhs was received by the Didayi Development Agency, Kudumulugumma,
Malkangiri, Micro Project from different sources, like SCA to TSP, Art 275
(1),IAP and CCD Plan for total development of the Didayi people out of
which a sum of Rs. 452.700 (60.39%) was utilised. No fund was received
from ITDA & DRDA, Malkangiri or under IAP for the development
intervention of the PVTG - the most marginalized segment of the STs during
the last three years. The Statement furnished below explains the matter in
detail.
290
Year wise and Source wise Fund Flow from 2012-13 to 2014-15
(Amount shown in lakhs)
Table No. 14.6
Source of
Programme
Funding
2012-13
2013-14
Total
( 2012-13 to 2014-15)
2014-15
Assistance Expenditure Assistance Expenditure Assistance Expenditure Assistance Expenditure
Received
Made Received
Made Received
Made Received
Made
SCA to TSPI.G.S / I.D.S.
9.84
8.00
19.99
17.77
21.618
16.306
51.448
Art. 275 (1) I.G.S / I.D.S
13.61
9.00
16.50
14.596
35.945
28.205
66.055
51.801
220.00
180.05
160.00
137.057
195.320
39.176
575.320
318.945
CCD
I.G.S / I.D.S
ITDA
42.076
0
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
DRDA (IAP)0
-
-
-
-
56.80
39.878
56.80
39.878
Other
(Specify)
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
243.45
197.05
196.49
169.423
309.683
123.565
749.623
452.700
Total
(Source: DDA, K.Gumma)
Out of the total fund received from different sources, a fund to the tune
of Rs. 575.32 lakh (76.74%) was received under CCD Plan as against the
posed requirement of Rs. 1413.78 lakh, which is less by Rs. 838.46. Out of
the total fund received, Rs. 356.283 lakh (61.93 %) was utilized during the
period under report for the PVTGs development interventions. The details of
the fund proposed during the first 3 years of CCD Plan for the 12th 5-Year
Plan and funds received and expenditure incurred for different schemes and
programmes for the development of Didayi people is detailed in the
statement given below.
Statement of Year-wise Funds Flow as per CCD Plan to Micro Project
and Expenditure (2012-2015)
Table No. 14.7
Total Financial Requirement as
per the CCD Plan (Rs in lakhs)
Total Funds Received as per
the CCD Plan
(Rs in lakhs)
Total Amount
Utilised
(Rs in lakhs)
2012-13
728.89
220.00
180.05
2013-14
357.65
160.00
137.057
2014-15
327.24
195.320
39.176
1413.780
575.320
356.283
Year
Total
291
CHAPTER-XV
SOCIAL WELFARE AND SOCIAL SECURITY
The Department of Women and Child Development was set up in the
year 1985 as a part of the Ministry of Human Resource Development for the
holistic development of women and children. The women and child
development department in Odisha was formed in the year 1994. Prior to it
Community Development and Rural Reconstruction department were looking
after different aspects of social works in villages.
The district social welfare set up was headed by Collector and Special
Officer Nutrition. At block level (SEO) Social Education Organizer assisted
by village level workers were implementing different schemes under the
leadership of Block Development Officers. At village level Mahila Samitis
were organised and one organiser was given responsibilities to organise
different meetings of awareness on health, sanitation, nutrition and
additional nutrition, cooked food to supply to mother and children. Malkangiri
was in the erstwhile Koraput district under Nawarangpur Sub- Division prior
to 1964.
Mandate
The broad mandate of the Ministry of Welfare of Women and Children
is to have holistic development of Women and Children. As a nodal Ministry
for the advancement of women and children, it formulates plans, policies and
programmes; enacts/ amends legislation, guides and coordinates the efforts
of both governmental and non-governmental organizations working in the
field of Women and Child Development. Besides, playing its nodal role, the
Ministry implements certain innovative programmes for women and children.
These programmes cover welfare and support services, training for
employment and income generation, awareness generation and gender
sensitization. These programmes play a supplementary and complementary
role to other general developmental programmes in the sectors of health,
education, rural development etc. All these efforts are directed to ensure that
women are empowered both economically and socially and thus become
equal partners in national development along with men.
The schemes relating to Women and Child Development are being
implemented by Blocks and ICDS Agencies. The ICDS Offices in all seven
292
Blocks in the district started functioning in different years. The following table
will indicate the date of starting of ICDS Projects in the District.
Blockwise ICDS Offices, Date of Opening and Anganwadi Centres in Malkangiri District
Table No. 17.1
Sl.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Name of the ICDS
Project
Malkangiri
Podia
Mathili
Kudumulugumma
Khairput
Kalimela
Korukonda
Total
Date of functioning
13.09.1982
26.08.1986
07.08.1986
08.10.1986
18.06.1986
14.05.1990
08.03.1992
No. of AWC‘s
153
105
166
109
65
196
226
1020
No.
of
AWC‘s
31
13
39
66
24
36
21
230
Mini
The main objective behind establishment of ICDS projects is to develop
the nutritional status of the pregnant women, nursing mothers and Children
and control IMR & MMR.
Icds Project
Initially the following six package programme was started in all ICDS
project to check the IMR & MMR namely; Supplementary Nutrition
Programme, Health Check up, Referral Service, Immunization (6 killing
diseases with IFA & TT), Nutrition and Health Education and Pre-school.
These are as follows:
Supplementary Nutrition Programme
Supplementary Nutrition Programme was being implemented through
the Anganwadi Centres (AWC‘s) by supplying food stuff like Rice, Dal, Oil
and Salt through central purchase i.e. at State level and then District level.
During the year 2011-12 the policy for decentralization has been adopted.
Under this decentralisation processes only Rice has been procured from the
Food Corporation and supplied to all AWC‘s through the Transporting
Agents and for other material local purchases have been encouraged. Under
this Scheme hot cooked meals are being provided to the children within the
age group of 3 to 6 years and Take home ration for 6 months to 3 years
children, Pregnant Women, Nursing mother and 3-6 years SAM Children.
Health check up
This includes antenatal care of pregnant women ,post natal care of
new born and care of children less than 6 years of age .Further VHNDs are
being conducted for
regular health check up, recording of weight,
management of malnutrition, treatment of Diarrhoea, de-worming and
distribution of medicine.
293
Referral Service
During health check up home visit and growth monitoring, seek or
malnourished children, risk pregnant women and neonates in need of
prompt medical attention are provided referral services through ICDS.
Immunization of infants and children against six vaccine preventable
deceases protect children from poliomyelitis, diphtheria, Pertusis, Tetanus,
Tuberculosis, and measles. These are major preventable causes of child
mortality, Disability, Morbidity and related malnutrition. Immunization of
pregnant women against Tetanus reduces maternal and neonatal mortality.
Nutrition and Health Education
Nutrition and health education is one of the key elements of ICDS
Programme. Women in the age group of 15 to 45 years should be given
information on their health, nutrition and developmental needs. These are
imparted through counseling sessions during home visits, fixed immunization
days, VHND, Mothers meeting, Gram Sabha and during Panchayat
meetings.
Pre- School Education
Pre-School education is a crucial component of the package of services
envisaged under the ICDS Scheme. It aims at universalization and
qualitative improvement of Primary Education, by providing the child with the
necessary preparation for primary school, especially in remote and socioEconomically backward areas. At the AWC different activities relating to
physical, cognitive, social, emotional, creative development of Children are
facilitated by the Anganwadi worker. All children aged 3-6 years come under
Pre-School Education.
Mamata Yojana
Government of Odisha has launched a state specific scheme for
pregnant women and lactating mothers to aviliate the issues of Maternal and
infant under nutrition. This scheme has been named as MAMATA, a
conditional cash transfer maternity benefit scheme.
WOMEN WELFARE PROGRAMMES
Kishori Shakti Yojana
This scheme aims at health and nutritional status of adolescent girls
within the age group of 11-18 years. The eligible adolescent girls have been
enrolled in their respective AWC and provided with four IFA tablets in a week
and one egg on every second Saturday.
294
Swadhar Shelter Home
One Swadhar Shelter Home, run by Yuva Jyoti NGO has been
established at the District Hqrs. It is functioning since 2006-07.The main
intention behind establishment of such an organisation is to provide
immediate shelter, Food, clothing and care to women in crisis, arrange
specific clinical, legal support in co-ordination with local/state administration
and rehabilitation.
Mohila O Sishu Desk
In each Police station Mohila O Sishu desk has been functioning to
provide round the clock service to women and children in distress. One
Officer is in charge of this Desk.
Trafficking of Women
The problem of trafficking of women and children in recent time is a
major issue. One District level committee and sub- Committees both at Block
and G.P level have been constituted to keep a close watch and to check the
trafficking.
Protection of women from Domestic violence
Violence occur in the domestic sphere is called Domestic violence or
violence of any kind occurring within the family is called Domestic
Violance.The Programme Officer of ICDS Cell , working in the Office of the
DSWO, has been designated as Protection Officer to look after the
Domestic Violence cases. So far 51 cases under this Act has been
registered and disposed of in court of law.
Prohibition of Child Marriage
The prohibition of Child Marriage Act, 2006 is an Act to provide for the
prohibition of solemnization of Child marriage and for matters connected
there with or incidental thereto .As per the Guidelines issued by W & CD
Department vide notification No: 16777 dated 30.09.2009, the Child
Development Project Officers of the ICDS Projects has been declared as
Child Marriage Protection Officers. So far no child marriage has yet been
detected and solemnized in the district.
Construction of AWC Buildings
At present 1020 AWCs and 230 Mini AWCs are functioning in the
District under all 7 ICDS Projects. Steps are being taken towards
construction of AWC buildings for all the AWCs and Mini AWC‘s out of funds
295
available in different schemes
Plan/NOP/MGNREGA etc.
like
IAP/BRGF/13th
FCA/
State
Social Security and Disability Welfare
Many schemes towards social security have been adopted through the
Blocks. One SEO in each Block has been posted to assist the Block
Development Officer for proper implementation of the schemes. Under
Social security Schemes pension to Old ,Infirm, destitute, Widows , Disabled
persons , unmarried women above 30 years are being paid in shape of cash
th
on the 15 Day of every month at all Gram Panchayat Hqrs. All
beneficiaries are being paid Rs 300/- per month but Persons above 80
years are being paid Rs 500/-PM The following table will indicate Block and
ULB wise coverage of beneficiaries under Pension Schemes.
Blockwise and ULBwise Beneficiaries Covered under Various Pension Schemes in
Malkangiri District
Table No. 17.2
Sl.
Name of the
No. of beneficiaries covered under pension schemes.
No
Block/ULB
IGNOAP
IGNWP
IGNDP
MBPY
IGNOAP
MBPY
above 80
above 80
years
years.
1
Kalimela
5285
1748
180
6058
608
90
2
Korukonda
5556
1601
184
5729
628
100
3
Khairput
1895
718
76
2942
211
40
4
K.Gumma
2736
1050
96
3551
303
50
5
Malkangiri
2910
1148
107
2941
327
57
6
Podia
2377
912
95
2987
277
45
7
Mathili
4282
1406
146
5050
481
85
8
Malkangiri(U)
585
559
56
1491
145
11
9
Balimela
689
443
36
1380
76
10
NAC
Total:
26315
9585
976
32129
3056
488
National Family Benefit Scheme
This is a Central Govt. Scheme which came in to force w.e.f. 1995.
Under this scheme, in the event of the death of the main bread earner of a
BPL Family an amount of Rs 20000/- is being paid to the dependent of the
deceased family. Initially the rate of ex-gratia was 10000/- which has been
now increased to 20000/- since 18.10.2013. Around 7000 such deceased
families have been given ex-gratia under this scheme since its inception.
Annapurna Scheme
This is a scheme which aims at providing food security to meet the
requirement of those senior citizens who though eligible have remained
uncovered in the National Old age Pension Scheme. The targeted group
receives 10 KG of Rice free of cost every month.
296
Disabilty Welfare Schemes
Prior to formation of this District from Koraput there were no other
schemes except Disability Pension Scheme. Very few Disabled persons
were getting Disability Pension. Now the following Disability welfare
schemes have been implemented in the district.
Bhima Bhoi Samarthya Abhijan
Under this scheme 2 camps in each Block are being conducted for
identification and certification to the Disable persons. All types of certificates
like Income, Residence and Caste along with Bus and train concessions are
issued to the disabled persons.
Distribution of Aids and Appliances
After the identification and certification requirement of Aids and
appliances are ascertained and subsequently distributed to all deserving
disabled persons.
Banishree Scholarship
Disabled students reading in different Primary, Upper Primary Schools
and higher education level get scholarships under this scheme.
DRI Loans
Under this scheme Loans for maintenance of livelihood are being given
to the Disabled persons through Banks.
Marriage incentive
In the event of marriage of a normal person with a Disable person
incentive to a tune of Rs 50000/- (Rupees Fifty Thousand) only is being
given.
Laptop for Under Graduate Students
Disabled students who are reading in under graduation class,
(particularly who are reading in +3 IInd year) are being provided with
LAPTOPs.
CMRF
The Disable persons who have been sanctioned with DRI Loan from
Bank are being provided funds out of CMRF.
3% Reservation in Appointments
3% reservations for disabled prsons in all Govt. appointments are being
strictly followed. Even in distribution of IAY and Mo Kudia disable persons
297
have been covered. Sofar 90 beneficiaries have been covered under this
Scheme in the district.
Special Schools
There are Two Special Schools for imparting education to the Disabled
students. These two schools are managed by NGOs.
A
Irma Baka Memorial Dist. Blind, deaf & Dumb School, Naikguda
Po: Mathili (Non-Aided school.)
B
School for Deaf and Dumb, Kumitiguda, run by Yuva Jyoti NGO
298
CHAPTER-XVI
PUBLIC LIFE AND VOLUNTARY ORGANIZATIONS
Political Parties and Organizations
There is presence of both national, as well as, regional political parties
in the district. The Biju Janata Dal (BJD), a regional political party has been
dominating the other political parties and has occupied Assembly seats of
the district most of the time. There is presence of national parties like Indian
National Congress (INC), Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), as well as regional
parties namely; Biju Janata Dal (BJD), Bahujan Samaj Party (BSP), Trinamul
Congress Party (TMC), CPI and CPM etc. in the district. However, other
regional political parties and Independent parties who contested the general
election and assembly election in 2014 could not succeed in the district.
Mostly, Congress, BJP and BJD are the major political parties found to be
active in the district.
Pressure Groups
There are certain pressure groups active and functioning in the district
with objectives of upliftment of marginalized people and weaker sections in
the society. Sometimes, they create peer pressure on the Government and
administration by demonstrating rally and dharna. The names of such
pressure group in Malkangiri are Adivasi Bikash Manch, All India Students
Federation (AISF), CPI (ML), Viswa Hindu Parishad (VHP) and Rashtriya
Swayam Sevak Sangh (RSS).
General and Assembly Election
After being declared as a new district since 1992, Malkangiri is now
having 7 Blocks namely Malkangiri, Kalimela, Podia, Korukonda, K.Gumma,
Khairput and Mathili. The whole district is divided into two Assembly seats
i.e. - 146 – Malkangiri, ST Reserved and 147 – Chitrakonda, ST Reserved
Since the beginning of the district, Chitrakonda seat was reserved for
ST and Malkangiri was reserved for SC. But during 2009 general election
both the seats are reserved for ST as per the Ratio of Assembly SC/ST
population. Now both the Assembly seats are occupied by BJD, a regional
political party of Odisha. However, the whole of the district is represented by
Nawarangpur Lok Sabha seat and presently, Mr. Balabhadra Majhi is the
standing Member of Parliament (MP).
299
Names of the MLAs with Party Since 1994 General Election in
Malkangiri District
Table No. 15.1
Year of General
Election
1994
1999
2005
2009
2014
Name of the State
Constituency
Name of the MLA/
Political Party
Reservation
Seat for
146 – Malkangiri
Aurobinda Dhalli, BJP
SC
147 - Chitrakonda
Ganga Madhi, Congress
ST
146 – Malkangiri
Aurobinda Dhalli, BJP
SC
147 - Chitrakonda
Prahallad Dora, BJD
ST
146 – Malkangiri
Nimai Sarkar, Congress
SC
147 - Chitrakonda
Prahallad Dora, BJD
ST
146 – Malkangiri
Mukunda Sodi, BJD
ST
147 - Chitrakonda
Mamata Madhi, Congress
ST
146 - Malkangiri
Manas Madkami, BJD
ST
147
Chitrakonda
-
Dambaru Sisa, BJD
ST
Newspapers and Magazines Published
Malkangiri is one of the backward districts in Odisha both in education
and economic development point of view. Specifically, in education sector
the number of general readers are few and far between. In different times
some of the magazines were published but could not sustain for long. Most
of these magazines faced financial problems to continue publication.
Magazines published with the names of Editors
and the present status
Table No. 15.2
Sl.
Name of the Magazine
Name of the Editor
Present
Status
1
Malyabanta Shree
Manoj Kumar Sahu
2
Amruta Bihar
Prakas Pattanaik
Stopped
Stopped
3
Gana Jagarana
Sudhakar Dash
Stopped
4
Sisu Prava
Arjun Nalla
Stopped
5
Ama Samachar
Gangadhar Bumda
Stopped
6
Jagrat Prahari
Gangadhar Bumda
Stopped
300
7
Malyabanta Samachar
Kishor Pradhan
Stopped
8
Gana Khabar
Durga Tripathy
Stopped
9
Sakti
Kesab Nayak
Stopped
10
Laxman Rekha
Bhaskar Behera
Stopped
11
Abhiyan
ZSSA
Stopped
12
Sarba Sakti
Bhaskar Behera
Continuing
NGOs and Voluntary Organizations
Non-governmental organizations originally appeared in the district in
mid nineteenth century. After the Second World War, and with the creation of
the United Nations, the governments of various nations felt the need of nongovernmental organisations to render consultative and welfare services. The
acceptance of these bodies led to the term ‗Non-Governmental
Organizations‘. The United Nations defines an NGO as;
―A not-for-profit, voluntary citizen‘s group, which is organized on a local,
national, or international level to address issues in support of the public
good. Task oriented and made up of people with common interests, NGOs
perform a variety of services and humanitarian functions, bring citizens
concerns to governments, monitor policy and programme implementation,
and encourage participation of Civil Society stakeholders at the community
level.‖
Malkangiri, a district with major stratum of Adivasis and primitive people
is an underdeveloped district. Groups of NGOs, voluntary and social
organizations are actively working to contribute in the overall development of
the district. NGOs are basically working for the holistic development of
Adivasis and weaker sections of the society in the remote pockets of the
district. These non-profit organizations are working on different core areas
namely; promotion of health among tribals, eradication of poverty, promotion
of improved agriculture practices, promotion of education, natural resources
management, women and child development etc.
Also, NGOs have been working in collaboration with the District
Administration on different schemes and programmes of State Government
and Government of India. Some selected NGOs have been engaged as
facilitating agencies in programmes like OTELP-Plus (ITDA), NREGA-CFT
Convergence (DRDA), NRLM (DRDA), NRHM (CDMO) etc. and have been
working for the overall development of the underprivileged sections in the
district.
Presently, following are the NGOs and voluntary organizations working
in the district.
301
NGOs And Voluntary Organisation with their Activities and Area of
Operation in Malkangiri District
Table No. 15.3
Sl.
1
2
3
4
5
Name
of
NGO/
Voluntary Organization
Freedom Fighter Late
Erma Baka Memorial
District Blind, Deaf, and
Dumb School
Gandhiji Seva Parishad
(GSP)
Global
Village
For
Rehabilitation
And
Development
Gopabandhu
Development
Society
(GDS)
HARMONY
Activity
At/Po-Naikguda
Dist-Malkangiri
Schooling for Blind, Deaf
& Dumb children
At/Po-K.Gumma, DistMalkangiri
Ph-06861-237090.
M-9437237146,
[email protected]
At/Po-Udulibeda,
Malkangiri
Agriculture, Sanitation,
Cultural
Program,
Children
Library,
Science Exhibition.
K.Gumma,
Khairput
Mobile Dispensary
Malkangiri
At/Po-Lathia
Dist-Malkangiri
TBA Training, Malaria
Control,
Female
Literacy, Livelihoods
Health Camp, Malaria
Control,
Sports
&
Games,
Awareness
Program, TBA Training,
Livelihoods
Health Camp, IRDP,
Street Theatre, AIDS,
RCH,
NSV
Street
Theatre
Blind Control, TBA Trg.,
Bonded Labour Survey
Malkangiri
Dev. Work, All Types of
Social, Education. &
Health
Program
&
Livilihood programme
Malaria Control, SS
Abhijan
Demonstration of rain
water Harvesting, Tribal
Improvement,
Education,
Health
Camp,
Eye
Camp,
Street Theatre
Food
Security,
Watersheds,
Storage
House, Grain bank
NEAC, Establishment. of
Pathagar,
Research
Centre
Malkangiri
Social,
Health,
Education Program.
All Blocks of the
dist.
Residential
Health Unit
Malkangiri
Guda,
At-Gandhinagar,
Po/Dist-Malkangiri, Pin764048
6
Jhadeswar
Urnayana
(J.G.U.S)
7
Jyoti
Institute
For
Education
And
Development(JIED)
Saheed Laxman Naik
Development Society
At/Po-Netaji
Nagar,
DNK Colony,
Dist-Malkangiri
Gandhi Nagar
Dist- Malkangiri
10
Malkangiri
Adivasi
Development Society
Malkangiri Organisation
For Development And
Education (MODE)
At-Durgagudi
Street,
Dist-Malkangiri
At/Po-Chitrakonda,
Dist-Malkangiri
11
NABABHARAT
At/Po-Balimela,
Dist-Malkangiri
12
National Institute For
Rural
Activities,Child
Awareness
&
Reconstruction
13
O.D.C.
14
O.S.R.T.I.
15
ORRISSA,
Coordination Office
Plot
No-40/570,
AtLaxmibihar,
Po-Sainik
At- Aunliput,
Po-Kadamguda,
Dist-Malkangiri,
Ph-068612634999,263423(O)
At-Kosabahal,
Po-Mathili,
Dist-Malkangiri
At-Rundaguda,
Po-Mathili,
Dist-Malkangiri
At-Talasahi,
Po/Dist-Malkangiri
8
9
Gramya
Samiti
Address
At/Po-K.Gumma,
Malkangiri
Pin-764043
Dist-
302
School,
RCH, AFLP, Eye Camp,
Female Literacy, NRM &
LH Program, Community
Dev., SHGs Formation,
Area
Operation
Malkangiri
of
Malkangiri,
Korukonda
K.Gumma
Malkangiri,
Kalimela
Malkangiri
K.Gumma
Korukonda
Khairput,
K.Gumma,
Mathili,
Malkangiri
Podia
16
School, BBSR
PARIVARTAN
17
PRAGATI PARISHAD
18
Relief And
Trust
S.W.O.R.D.
19
20
21
Joy
India
Samuha Bikas
(Head
Office:
Bahadjhola, Nayagarh)
SEEDS
At/Po-K.Gumma
Dist-Malkangiri
764043
At/Po-Govindapally,
Dist-Malkangiri
Ph-06861-261111
At/Po-Podia,
Dist-Malkangiri
At/Po-Mathili,
Dist-Malkangiri
At-Niladri Nagar,
Po-Balimela, Malkangiri
At/Po-Tanda Pally, DistMalkangiri
At/Po-Chitrakonda,
Malkangiri,
Ph-06861-236543
AT/Po-Udulibeda,
Malkangiri
Podia
Malkangiri
Korukonda
All types of Social /
Education,
Health
Program, RCH, SHGs
Promotion, ITDA, PBA
Awareness
Program,
Health Care, Education,
Agriculture,
SHGs
Promotion
Awareness Program
Malkangiri,
Mathili
Education
Malkangiri
Malkangiri
Tribal development
Malkangiri
Malkangiri
All types of Development
activities
Education & Livelihood
Mathili, Malkangiri
23
Social
Society
24
Utkal Minorities Weaker
Section
Development
Society
At/Po-Podia, Malkangiri
25
At/Po-Khairput,
Malkangiri
Malkangiri
28
The Bonda Samaj Lok
Sangathan
Social Education For
Environment
&
Development
People Organization For
Empowerment Of Tribals
Puspak
29
MODE
Chitrokonda
27
Malkangiri
Korukonda
Sisu 'O' Mahila Kalyan
Samiti
26
K.Gumma
Education
and
Sanitation
Livelihood, Health and
SHG movement
22
Development
ICP Project
Training Program, Eye
and
Health
Camp,
Livelihoods
All types of social,
Education,
Health
Training Program.
Developmental
Activities
All types of social,
Education,
Health
Program,
Cultural
Program
Livelihoods
(Source: http://www.odisha.gov.in/pc/ngo/ngolist.asp)
303
Korukonda
Podia
Khairput
Chitrokonda
&
Kudumuluguma
CHAPTER-XVII
PLACES OF INTEREST AND TOURISM
CULTURAL HISTORY
Ramayan and Mahabharata Era
The cultural history of Malkangiri can be traced to the prehistoric times.
It finds reference even in the old mythological works like Ramayana where it
has been referred to as ―Malyavantagiri‖. It is believed that the holy book of
‗Ramayana‘ was composed here on the bank of the Tamasa River. The river
Tamasa that flows out of a cave has derived its name from a tribal word
"Tamsa" that means cave. The belief of a visit by Lord Ramachandra is
further strengthened by the existence of "Sitakunda" said to be the bath
place of Sita near Mudulipada. It is believed that Lord Rama Chandra, his
wife Sita and brother Laxman spent some time in the country of
Dandakaranya during their exile period.
Also, during the period of Mahabharata, this place became the point of
attraction for the Pandavas. It is also believed that they had spent their
"Angyatvasa" (exile) for a period of one year in the dense forest of
Malkangiri. In the villages of Koyas, "Pandaboerus" (Ponds) are found which
they believe to be used by the Pandavas. Even during the month of January,
"Patakhanda Parva" is celebrated by the Koyas, a primitive tribal community
in which a sword is worshiped. People believe that this sword belonged to
the Pandavas. Also, they celebrate the "Bhimudu Parva" during January in
which "Bhima", the middle Pandava is worshiped and the Koyas believe that
Bhima would save their families. Kanamraju (Lord Krishna), Balaraju
(Arjuna) and Poturaju (Bhima) are three famous Lords, who are worshiped
by the people of this area. They are worshiping these deities along with the
Goddess Mutyalumaa. In every alternate year ―Badayatra Parva‖, the festival
of these Lords is celebrated throughout the district.
Pre- Historic Age
Few years back historians got some relics from the bank of Chitrakut
waterfall which is only 40 miles away from Sileru river of Malkangiri.
Historian L. A. Kamed in his book ‗Man in India‘ clearly mentioned about the
existence of prehistoric people in Malkangiri. The Bondas are building
304
Samadhi structure ‗Sindhibore‖ after the death of their relatives which is very
similar to Stone Age structure.
Ashoka‘s stone inscription also reveals that Malkangiri was part of
ancient Atavika civilization. During famous Kalinga war in 261B.C. the tribal
army had played a very significant role for the great emperor of Kalinga.
Kharavela‘s Hathigumpha stone inscription mentioned Malkangiri area as
‗Ajaya Bidyadhar Anchal‘. According to Pataleswar stone inscription inside
Jagannath Temple at Puri, it is mentioned that King Jayanta Raju of
Kadambagiri (presently Malkangiri) donated huge amount of precious
ornaments to Lord Jagannath.
In the earlier days, Malkangiri was known for having beautiful Shiva
temples. During the period of Indus valley civilization, a rich civilization was
flourished along the bank of river Tamasa. In the year 1995, some ancient
monuments were discovered from the same place signifying the above facts.
Also a big "Shiva Linga" was discovered from beneath the ground, enlighting
a linkage of this civilization with that of Indus valley. The ancient kings of this
place during the early Vedic and later Vedic period worshiped Lord
Mallikeshwar after whom they named their kingdom as "Mallika Nagari". This
Mallika Nagari in course of time, became Malkangiri. One ancient Shiva
temple now submerged in the Chitrakonda Reservoir was known as Second
Lingaraj of Orissa. This famous Shiva temple was visited by Sri Chaitanya
Deva during his visit to Nandapur. Existence of a number of Shiva Temples
in and around Malkangiri signifies the fact that the ancient kings were
Shaiviets.
The founder ruler of Jeypore State king Vinayaka Dev came from
Kashmir and got married to Lilabati, the Princess of Nandapur. In
establishing the kingdom, he faced a lot of hardship and revolts. Singaraju,
the brother of Lilabati sponsored his sincere efforts to King Vinayaka Dev in
suppressing the rebel groups. King Vinayaka Dev established two new
villages namely Nilakamberu and Singarajukhunta as a mark of respect and
gratitude towards Lilabati and Singaraju. Some ancient monuments and
idols of different Gods were discovered from Nilakamberu. Malkangiri was
flourished as a hilly kingdom during the reign of the "Ganga Dynasty". It was
known as "Kumbudiri" as mentioned by the first Collector of Koraput District
Mr. R.C.S. Bell in gazetteer, 1941. There is enough evidence that the wild
forest country of Malkangiri is known for a former civilization. In
Kondakamberu there are two inscriptions recording a gift to the God
Nilakantheswar by the queen of Pandu Singh in the year 1376 A.D.
Kondakamberu was formerly known as "Kambudiri".
305
During the period from 1400 A.D. to 1872 A.D. this princely state was
ruled by as many as twenty six kings. The entire state was divided into four
Muthas namely Motu, Podia, Korukonda and Padmagiri. The head of each
Mutha was called "Muthadar". Each Mutha was further divided into a number
of villages of which "Peda" was the head. The post of Muthadar and Peda
were hereditary and recognized by the King of Malkangiri. An annual
meeting was held on the "Vijaya Dashami" festival at "Sardar Basani
Ambatota" of Deva Dangar. The meeting was attended by all the Muthadars
and Pedas of the State. The King used to preside over this meeting and all
important decisions were discussed in the meetings. The King delegated
power to the Muthadars in this meeting to execute his decisions.
There was always a fear of foreign invasion for the kingdom for which
there was no permanent place for the Kings. Temporary castles were built
for the Kings in several places of the state. Ruins of such a castle still exist
over "Raja Rani Hill" just in front of Bhairavi Temple of Malkangiri.
306
Places of Tourist Interest
There are many heritage sites of mythological and historical
importance, as well as, few eco-tourism sites in Malkangiri district namely;
Vairabi Temple in Malkangiri, Mallikeswar Temple in Malkangiri,
Manyamkonda in Kalimela block, Mugi Point–Motu (Madhusudan Park) in
Podia block, Tribeni Sangam in Padia block, Jagannath Temple at Motu, Sita
Kunda at Mudlipada, Bondahills in Khairput block, Amakunda in Khairput,
Tulasi Pahada & Jau Pahada in Mathili block, Satiguda dam (Eco-tourism &
Picnic Spot) in Malkangiri, Powerhouse in Balimela and Chitrakonda
reservoir. Brief description these sites are as follows:
307
Satiguda Dam
The Satiguda Dam is situated at a distance of 8 km from Malkangiri
town. The reservoir provides irrigation facility to the cultivable land in
Malkangiri and Korukonda Blocks. Boating facility is available inside the
reservoir. There is a temple near the Dam where Lord Shiva is being
worshipped. Being surrounded by many small hills, forests and water bodies,
this place attracts tourists as a picnic spot full of natural beauties. The ecotourism site is being managed by a VSS. There is a guest house of Forest
dept, Govt. of Odisha.
Satiguda Dam Site
CHITRAKONDA
It is believed that Chitrakonda has derived its name from ―Chitrakut‖
where Lord Rama stayed during his exite. Another sotry tells that Tulsi Das,
the author of Tulsi Ramayan has seen Lord Rama in this place in the guise
of an Adivasi boy. Now the Chitrakonda dam reservoir has been constructed
on the river Machkund renamed as Sileru to facilitate power generation at
Balimela, 60 kms from Malkangiri. Now the site has been developed as an
eco-tourism spot with boating facility. The place is full of natural beauty.
308
Chitrakonda Reservoir
Balimela
Balimela Dam
Mythologically, it is believed that the famous war between Bali and
Sugrib as described in the epic Ramayan took place here and Bali was killed
in the war. As the death of Bali took place here the place is called as
Balimela. A Hydro-Electric Power Project has been constructed here with
2,40,000 KW power generation capacity. It has also become a famous spot
of tourist‘s attraction.
309
Bhairavi Temple
Bhairavi Temple is situated at a distance of 3 Km from the Malkangiri
Town. The hill deity of Malkangiri is worshiped by the people coming from
Jeypore and leaving Malkangiri for their safe journey. A number of religious
visitors are attracted to this temple to worship throughout the day. The deity
was believed to be worshiped by the King of Malkangiri whose castles
remnants are still found on the Raja Rani Hill just in front of Bhairavi temple.
Bhairavi Temple
Goi Parbat (Hill)
A famous Shiva Linga is found nearby the "Goi Hill" of Malkangiri town.
During the "Maha Shivaratri Festival" a large religious crowd is gathered at
this hill temple of Lord Shiva. Local people have put efforts in making a safe
310
passage to the hill for the pilgrims. The height of the Shiva Linga is more
than 6 feet. It has been observed that this Shiva Linga is gradually rising up
over the period of time.
Raja Rani Bandha
This place is situated at a distance of 3 kms away from Malkangiri. It is
a small pond situated amidst picuresque valley.
TARINI TEMPLE
The famous "Tarini Temple" is situated at a distance of 2 Km. from
Malkangiri town on the way to Jeypore. The scenic beauties as well as the
religious importance of this temple attract people of the entire district.
Mundiguda
Mundiguda is a small village with a Police Outpost. A weekly market is
held here on every Sunday which attracts large numbers of foreign as well
as local tourists. It is because the primitive Bonda people come to this
market to exchange their products. A weekly market of this type is a mirror of
tribal culture. This place is about 10 kms from Khairiput.
Manyamkonda
Manyamkonda is
one of the GPs of Kalimela
Block and it is situated at a
distance of 90 Km from the
District Headquarters. This is
an important religious place
in Malkangiri District as the
famous
God
―Lord
Mahaprabhu‖
is
being
worshiped at this place.
Every year during the month
of March/April a festival is
being celebrated here. Every
alternate year the famous
festival of "Bada Yatra" of
Malkangiri starts from this
place to Malkangiri "Mauli Maa Temple". Three Gods namely "Kanam Raju"
(Krishna),"Pota Raju" (Vima) and "Bal Raju" (Arjun) are being worshiped
during this festival. This place is surrounded by a number of small hills. The
311
scenic beauty of this place and the temple of Lord Mahaprabhu attract a
large number of visitors and divotees to this place.
Bonda Hill
Bonda Hill is located at a distance of 80 Kilometers from District
Headquarter and comes under Khairput Block. This is the living place of
Bondas, one of the primitive tribal communities. It is surrounded by dense
hilly forest. The Bondas of this place even now remain semi-naked, and it is
believed that they were cursed by Goddess Sita, as they laughed at her
while she was bathing in a kunda, which is named as ―Sita Kunda‖ at Bonda
Hill. There is one specific festival called "Patkhanda Yatra" at Mudulipada
celebrated in the month of January by the Bondas in which they worship a
sword. They believe that this sword belongs to the Pandavas.
Patkhanda Jatra
312
Confluence of rivers Sileru, Kolab and Godavari
Motu
Motu is about 100 kms away from Malkangiri. It is a scenic spot at the
confluence of rivers Sileru, Kolab and Godavari. The place is considered as
the ―Kanya Kumari‖ of Odisha.
Ammakunda
Ammakunda is one of the tourist places in Malkangiri district. It is
situated in Khairput Block near about 70 km from the district headquarter.
This cool place embraces a natural water fall and subsequent flow of water
forming a narrow gorge. The fishes found in that gorge are quite friendly to
the human beings and are believed to be the form of Lord Vishnu in ―Matsya
Avatar‖. Visitors can enjoy their stay at this place by feeding the fishes. This
area is surrounded by dense forest and small hillocks.
313
Ammakunda
Travel And Guide
All the blocks of Malkangiri are connected with both Govt. and Private
bus services. Also, private taxi, jeep and auto-rickshaw etc. are available
from Malkangiri town to all the tourist places and block head quarters of the
district. Jeypore (Koraput district) is the nearest railway station that is also
connected by bus services to Malkangiri and it is about 110 kilometers away
from Malkangiri district headquarters. Visakhapatnam airport is the nearest
airport to reach Malkangiri and is 270 Kilometers away from Malkangiri by
road.
314
TOURIST FACILITIES
Accommodation
Malkangiri district possesses some of the best tourist destinations.
Tourists from different states like; Andhra Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, West
Bengal visit Malkangiri each year to experience the beauty of vivid culture,
mind-blowing natural panorama and temples with religious importance.
Tourists from different districts of Odisha are also attracted to see the scenic
beauty of the district and the places of historical and religious importance.
Inspection Bunglows (IBs), rest houses, and circuit houses, etc.
maintained by the Revenue Department, Public works Department and
Forest Department are mostly used by tourist officials and guests of the
district. There is also a circuit house at Malkangiri to accommodate officers.
There are three numbers of private hotels/lodges namely; The Rock hill,
The Malyabanta and The Basanti along with one municipality sponsored
‗Yatri Nivas‘ at the district head quarter for accommodation of the tourists.
These 4 numbers of accommodations have 80 rooms with 146 beds
(Source- Department of Tourism, Government of Odisha-2014).
Tourist Office
The Tourist Office is located at the Malkangiri Collectorate. The Tourist
Officer is the contact person. The address is – Tourist Officer, Collectorate,
Malkangiri, Pin- 764048.
315
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Bell, R.C.S. (1945)
:
Koraput District Gazetteers, Orissa Gavornment Press,
Cuttack
Behuria N.C. (1965)
:
Final Report on the Major Settlement Operations in Koraput
District (1938-64), Orissa Govt. Press, Cuttack
Census of Odisha (2011)
:
Table-A-11, Tribewise Population of Odisha
Elwin, Verrier (1950)
:
Bonda High Landers, Oxford University Press, London
Francis, W. (1907)
:
Vizagapatam District Gazetteers, Government of Madras,
Madras
Govt. of India (1960)
:
Dandakaranya – From An Unsettled Past to A Scure FutureMinistry of Rehabilitation
Govt. of Odisha (2004)
:
Tribes of Orissa, ST and SC Development Department,
Bhubaneswar, Orissa, Govt. Press, Cuttack
Govt. of Odisha (2011)
:
District Statistical Handbook, Malkangiri, District Planning and
Monitoring Unit, Malkangiri
Mohanty, K.K., J. Samal
and P.C. Mohapatro (2006)
:
Tribes of Koraput, Council of Analytical Tribal Studies
(COATS), DNK Road, Koraput
Sahu, L.N. (1942)
:
The Hill Tribes of Jeypore, Orissa Mission Press, Cuttack
Senapati, N. and
Sahu, S.K. (1966)
:
:
Gazetteer of India, Orissa, Koraput, Governement of Odisha,
Govt. Press, Cuttack
316
INDEX
200, 205, 207, 209, 210, 211, 229, 230,
232, 245, 279, 286, 288, 296, 302, 303,
307, 308, 309
Bamboo Craft, 138
Bana Durga, 66
Banguru, 193
Barking Dear, 10
Bastar, 13, 14, 24, 62, 211
Batapalli, 165
Baulani, 67
Bela, 9, 113, 115, 326
Belputi, 149
Bengalis, viii, 40, 161, 246
Berhampur, 19, 30, 109, 149, 150, 162,
214, 240
Bhairabi, 66
Bhairavi Temple, xiv, 306, 310
Bhandari, viii, 53, 326
Bhatta Nayak, 50, 67
Bhejaguda, 164, 165
Bhejangiwada, 109, 240
BHEL, 133
Bhima, xiii, 11, 20, 21, 32, 297, 304, 326,
327
Bhimudu Parva, 11, 304, 326
Bhottada, 39, 268
Bhuin Limba, 9, 113
Bhulekh, x, 143, 144, 197, 327
Bhumia, viii, 18, 20, 21, 22, 23, 39, 46, 65,
67, 70, 72, 77, 79, 83, 268, 326, 332
Bhumija, 59, 60
Bija, 7, 65, 79, 119, 326
Bijapadar, 5
Biju Janata Dal (BJD), 31, 299
Birahor, 59, 60
Biraya Dora, 18
Bobbili, 162
Boda, 167, 326
Bonda, viii, xiii, xiv, xv, 13, 19, 29, 36, 39,
42, 44, 45, 59, 60, 62, 65, 67, 68, 70, 71,
74, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 122, 130, 137, 151,
153, 155, 162, 193, 204, 205, 210, 218,
246, 268, 281, 282, 283, 285, 286, 303,
311, 312, 316, 326, 329, 331, 334, 335
Brahmin, viii, 52, 53, 54, 57, 66, 76, 326
BRCC, xv
Bribu, 66
BSF, xv, 205, 207, 211
A
Abhijan, xiii, 30, 32, 240, 297, 302, 327,
335
Adda, 167, 168
Adha, 167
Adi Andhra, 40, 325
Agency, xiii, xv, xvi, xvii, xix, 17, 25, 29,
44, 45, 81, 97, 108, 145, 149, 170, 194,
203, 218, 220, 271, 281, 282, 283, 284,
285, 286, 287, 289, 290
AIDS, 261, 262, 302
Ajaya Bidyadhar Anchal, 305, 325
Akuru, 8
Aluri Sitaram Raju, 17, 18
Ama Samachar, 300
Amakunda, 307
Andhra Pradesh, 1, 4, 8, 14, 24, 26, 41,
53, 61, 80, 82, 118, 126, 132, 162, 173,
174, 198, 205, 206, 208, 211, 251, 315
Andrahal, 4, 286
Andrapalli, 174, 175
Anla, 9, 113, 325
Asan, 9, 113, 325
ASHA, xv, 31, 245, 249, 250, 256, 259,
265, 325
Assam, 12, 18
Aswastha, 115
Ayush, xii, 30, 245, 325
B
Bada Dural, 8
Badadural, 4
Badaguda, 5
Badayatra, 11, 304
Badhei, viii, 53, 57, 67, 326
Bahada, 9, 113, 115, 118, 326
Balaraju, 11, 304, 326
Balaram Das, 11, 327
Balarishi, 5
Bali Ghara, 79
Bali Jatra, 79
Balimela, viii, x, xi, xiv, 3, 4, 24, 25, 26, 37,
38, 40, 107, 109, 112, 113, 116, 117, 120,
126, 131, 132, 133, 134, 135, 153, 162,
167, 170, 172, 174, 175, 178, 193, 199,
317
Budhi Pardeshi, 66
Budhi Thakurani, 66, 79, 326
Bulbuls, 114
Burimata, 66
Bursung, 64, 65, 326
Bush Quail, 114
Didayi, viii, xiii, xvi, 29, 36, 39, 44, 45, 60,
62, 65, 66, 67, 68, 70, 72, 75, 80, 81, 122,
131, 136, 137, 204, 220, 246, 268, 286,
287, 288, 289, 290, 291, 328
Disari, 50, 65, 66, 67, 79
District Domestic Product, x, 179, 180,
181, 182, 183, 184
District Education Officer, xvi, 29, 232
District Industry Centre, xvi
Division, ix, xi, 1, 5, 23, 25, 26, 29, 108,
109, 114, 115, 116, 117, 124, 125, 134,
150, 173, 175, 177, 181, 182, 184, 185,
187, 199, 208, 209, 211, 218, 292
Domb, viii, 67, 328
Duduma, 8
Durga, 66, 301
C
Calamity, ix, 126
CCD Plan, xvi, 283, 284, 285, 289, 290,
291
CDMO, xv, 30, 31, 247, 248, 261, 301
CDVO, xv, 99, 107
Chaitra, 2, 46, 48, 76, 79, 80, 112, 119,
327
Chakrakota, 14
Chandala, viii, 54, 57, 327
Chhana Ghasa, 9, 113, 327
Chhattisgarh, 1, 4, 8, 13, 14, 53, 62, 174,
205, 208, 211, 251, 315, 333
Chikungunya, xii, 260
Chital, 10, 114
Chitapari, 120, 219, 230
Chitrakuta, 8
Cobbard, 18
Common Horn Bills, 114
Congress Party, 31, 299
CRPF, xv, 205, 206, 207
Cuddapah, 5, 114
E
Eastern Ghat, 83
Eco-Tourism, ix, 116
e-Registration, 143
F
Forest Administration, ix, 114
Forest Right Act, viii, 29, 270, 276
G
Gadaba, viii, 47, 48, 59, 60, 63, 65, 67, 69,
71, 75, 76, 79, 204, 246, 268, 327, 328,
329, 331, 335
Gana Khabar, 301
Gate, 165
Ghana, 136, 329
Ghasi, viii, 21, 40, 55, 56, 67, 329
Goa, 66
Goiparbat, 109
Goliaguda, 5, 6
Gomitra, 100, 102
Gorakhunta, 219
Gosi, 329
Gota Mela, 12
Gothi, 146, 147, 329
Gouda, 20, 67, 230, 268, 329
Govindapalli, 8, 98, 109, 150, 151, 154,
167, 169, 172, 174, 207, 209, 218, 334
Granite, 5, 114
Gross Domestic Product, x, xvi, 179, 181,
182, 183
Gudiali, 6
Guguchia, 9, 114, 328
D
Dandi Ramayan, 11, 327
Danga, 8
Daniguda, 8
Dankarai, 211
Danteswari, 66
Dasahara, 66, 79, 80, 215
Dengue, xii, 260, 261
Deva Dongar, 327
Dhakadarashi, 5
Dhakkodo, viii, 54, 328
Dharampalli, 5
Dharani Deota, 66
Dharua, viii, 39, 51, 59, 60, 79, 83, 268,
328
Dhataki, 9, 113, 327
Dhenki, 131, 136, 328
Dhobi, viii, 54
Dhurmaguda, 5, 22
Diali, 12, 50, 67
318
Gurumain, 328
Gurupriya Setu, 26, 328
Gutob, 59, 60
237, 238, 240, 242, 293, 296, 299, 302,
307, 311, 333
Kalinga, 14, 279, 305
Kamalpur, 6
Kanamraju, 304
Kandara, viii, 40, 56, 330
Karnataka, 82
Kashmir, 15, 57, 305
KCCB, xvii, 25, 97, 150, 153
Kendu, 7, 20, 83, 113, 115, 120
Keranga, 71, 331
Keuta, viii, 56, 330
KGBV, xvii, 30, 234, 237
Khadu, 72
Khagla, 72
Khairiput, 22, 29, 98, 99, 107, 129, 167,
178, 286, 288, 311, 325, 326
Kharia, 59, 60, 63
Kharkhari, 9, 113, 330
Kharnabeda, 149
Khongars, 203
Kisan, 59, 60, 158
Kochila, 115
Kodinga, 14
Kolab, 8, 88, 169, 313, 330
Konda Dora, 39, 79, 268, 331
Konda-Dora, viii, 51, 66, 336
Kopatuti, 219
Korapalli, 5
Koraput Central Cooperative Bank, xvii, 24
Korua, 59, 60
Korukonda, xi, 3, 4, 5, 8, 16, 38, 40, 45,
51, 83, 84, 85, 87, 89, 90, 94, 98, 99, 100,
106, 107, 126, 129, 138, 151, 153, 155,
156, 157, 160, 164, 165, 167, 172, 177,
193, 199, 201, 202, 218, 232, 237, 242,
293, 296, 299, 302, 303, 306, 308, 334
Kotta, 25, 169, 170
Kottametta, 5
Koya, viii, 11, 17, 18, 45, 46, 59, 60, 62,
65, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 74, 76, 77, 79,
193, 204, 246, 268, 326, 327, 329, 330,
331, 333, 334, 335
Kshatriya, viii, 56, 57, 67, 331
Kubi, 59
Kudumulugumma, xi, 3, 29, 45, 50, 62, 82,
98, 107, 126, 129, 138, 151, 155, 163,
167, 178, 199, 209, 220, 232, 237, 286,
287, 288, 289, 290, 293
Kui, 48, 59, 60, 62, 330
Kukudabai, 149
Kumbhara, viii, 57, 331
H
Hadi, viii, 40, 55, 329
Haladikunda, 5
HDFC Bank, 154
Hindu, xx, 2, 11, 40, 42, 47, 51, 52, 54, 56,
57, 66, 67, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 80, 280,
299, 326, 327, 330, 331
HIV, 261, 262
Ho, 59, 60, 63
Holva, 39, 66
Human Development Index (HDI), 186
Hyaena, 114
Hyderabad, 17, 193
I
ICICI Bank, 154
Indian Night Jar, 114
Infant Mortality Rate (IMR), 257
IRBN, xvi, 211
J
Jagaran, 240
Jamukoli, 9, 113, 330
Janani Surakshya Yojana (JSY), 253
Jani, 50, 66
Jantri, 26, 175
Jatrakudi, 66
Jayanta Raju, 305
Jeypore Forest and Wasteland Rules, 109
Jeypore Forest Rule, 109
Jhadia, 60
Jhelli, 9, 113, 330
Jodambo, 4, 22, 174, 175, 209
Juang, 59, 60
K
Kadamba, 9, 113, 330
Kali, 66
Kalimela, xi, 3, 4, 8, 22, 25, 37, 38, 40, 45,
83, 84, 85, 87, 88, 89, 91, 94, 98, 99, 100,
106, 107, 109, 113, 117, 120, 127, 128,
129, 134, 135, 139, 141, 151, 153, 154,
155, 156, 157, 162, 163, 164, 165, 167,
170, 172, 174, 178, 186, 189, 199, 201,
202, 205, 206, 208, 209, 219, 220, 232,
319
Kumbhi, 9, 113, 330
Kumbudiri, 15, 193, 305, 330
Kurmanur, 4
Kusum, 7, 9, 113
Kusuma, 115
Kuvi, 48, 59, 60, 62, 330
KVIB, xvii, 135
152, 153, 154, 155, 156, 157, 158, 159,
160, 161, 162, 163, 164, 165, 166, 167,
168, 169, 1 75, 176, 177, 178, 179, 182,
185, 186, , 191, 192, 193, 195, 196, 198,
199, 200, 202, 203, 204, 205, 206, 207,
208, 209, 210, 211, 212, 213, 214, 216,
217, 218, 24, 229, 230, 232, 233, 234,
235, 236, 237, 238, 240, 241, 242, 243,
244, 245, 246, 247, 249, 250, 251, 252,
256, 257, 258, 259, 260, 261, 263, 264,
266, 268, 270, 271, 272, 276, 279, 2 86,
287, 290, 292, 293, 296 01, 302, 303, 304,
305, 306, 307, 308, 310, 311, 313, 314,
315, 316, 325, 326, 327, 328, 329, 330,
331, 332, 333, 334, 335
Mallikeswar, 307
Malyabanta Sahitya Sansad, 240
Malyabanta Shree, 300
Malyaratnagiri, 11, 331
Manguli, 18
Manja, 9, 113, 332
Manjariguda, 5
Manyamkonda, xiv, 22, 307, 311, 333
Martyrs of August 21, 1942, 20
Mathili, viii, xi, 3, 4, 5, 8, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23,
37, 38, 54, 83, 84, 85, 87, 88, 89, 90, 94,
98, 99, 100, 106, 107, 109, 113, 117, 123,
126, 127, 129, 131, 134, 135, 136, 138,
139, 151, 153, 154, 155, 156, 157, 162,
164, 165, 167, 169, 172, 177, 178, 189,
199, 201, 202, 204, 209, 211, 218, 219,
232, 237, 238, 242, 245, 247, 250, 251,
252, 276, 293, 296, 298, 299, 302, 303,
307, 335
Matia, viii, 50, 59, 60, 332
Mauli, 66, 151, 311, 326
Media, 263
MGNREGA, 123, 224, 231, 276, 296
Modimodika, 9, 113, 332
Motor Launch Service, viii, x, 26, 175
MPV, xvii, 24, 80
MSME, xvii, 24, 134, 137
Muchukunda, 9, 113, 332
Mudulipada, 3, 4, 11, 29, 44, 64, 65, 78,
79, 199, 204, 210, 281, 283, 284, 285,
304, 312, 334
Mugi Point, 307, 333
Mujibur Rahman, 19
Munda, 39, 42, 50, 58, 59, 60, 63, 77, 333,
334
Mundaguda, 5, 209
Mundari, 47, 59, 60, 63, 328, 329
L
Lamba, 66
LAMPCS, xvii, 150, 151, 152, 153
LAMPS, 81, 91, 97, 162, 163
Landa, 74
Landi, 66
Large Indian Squirrel, 114
Laxman, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 47,
193, 241, 301, 302, 304, 326, 332
Laxmi, 66
Lilabati, 15, 305, 333, 335
Lohara, viii, 57, 331
Lon-Udi-Wata, 74, 331
M
Machhakunda, 45, 328
Madhusudan Park, 307
Madras Forest Act, 108, 109
Madras Presidency, 17, 18, 23, 108
Mahabharata, xiv, 11, 304, 333
Mahali, 59, 60
Mahatma Gandhi, xvii, 18, 136, 216
Mahua, 47, 73, 79, 83, 115, 118, 136, 162,
191
Majhidhara, 149
Malabar Troops, 18
Malayalam, 60
Mali, viii, 57, 67, 332
Maliguda, 206
Maligurtha, 5
Malika Nagari, 12, 332
Malkangiri, v, vi, vii, viii, ix, x, xi, xii, xvii, 1,
2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9, 11, 12, 15, 16, 17, 18,
19, 21, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31,
32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42,
44, 45, 46, 4, 55, 56, 57, 58, 60, 61, 62,
63, 64, 65 3, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91,
92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 102,
103, 104, 106, 107, 108, 109, 111, 112,
114, 115, 1 122, 123, 124, 126, 127, 128,
129, 130, 132, 134, 135, 136, 137, 138,
139, 141, 142, 143, 145, 149, 150, 151,
320
Mundi, x, 7
Mundiguda, xiv, 165, 210, 218, 311
Muria, 60
Muslims, 41, 331
Muthadar, 16, 46, 193, 306, 330, 332
Muthas, 16, 193, 306
MV, xvii, 3, 5, 24, 41, 61, 86, 98, 128, 153,
154, 167, 170, 172, 177, 199, 229, 276
Pallisabha, xi, 223
Panasput, 138, 139, 174, 175
Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs), 27,
225, 249
Pandaboeru, 11, 333
Pandava, 11, 304, 326
Pandu Singh, 15, 193, 305
Pandus, 14
Paraja, viii, 39, 44, 45, 49, 50, 67, 204,
268, 325, 333
Parenga, 21, 39, 59, 60, 268, 335
Pariba Utpadankari Samabaya Samiti, 151
Parimarjan, 239
Paroja, 49, 51, 65, 70, 72, 77, 80, 327,
331, 332, 333
Patakhanda, 79, 240, 304, 333
Peafowl, 114
Peda, 16, 46, 193, 306, 333
Pendul, 74, 334
Peninsula, 5, 114
Permanent Settlement, 16, 194
PESA Act, 28, 217, 223, 228
Phatua, 9, 113, 333
Piasal, 83
Plough Tax, 119, 334
PMGSY, 26, 176, 177
Podu, 44, 80, 107, 108, 109, 195, 331
Populur, 4
Potteru, 8, 24, 41, 80, 88, 112, 151, 164,
172, 200, 209, 230, 333
Poturaju, 11, 304, 326
Privilege Holders, 334
Project, ix, x, xii, xiii, xvii, xviii, xix, 8, 24,
31, 39, 40, 41, 44, 46, 80, 88, 97, 102,
123, 131, 1 98, 218, 220, 237, 246, 270,
271, 281, 282, 283, 284, 285, 286, 289,
290, 291, 293, 295, 302, 309, 327, 336
Pujariguda, 5, 20
N
Nabarangpur, 14, 270
Nadi, 44
Nahnangari, 66
Namasudra, viii, 57, 333
Nandapur, 15, 48, 57, 243, 305, 333, 335
Nandiveda, 5
Narahandi, 149
National Health Mission (NHM), 266
National Rural Health Mission (NRHM),
31, 266
National Urban Health Mission (NUHM),
266
Naxal Violence, xi, 205
NBSU, xviii, 251, 252
Nilakamberu, 15, 167, 305, 333
Nisan Debta, 67
Nisani, 66, 326
NLEP, xviii, 263
NLM, xvii, 105
NMPS, xvii, 105
Nuaguda, 20, 22, 219
Nuakhia, 67
Nutrition Rehabilitation Centre (NRC), 252
NVBDCP, xviii, 247, 259, 260
O
Odisha, iii, v, vi, vii, x, xii, xviii, 1, 4, 12, 13,
23, 24, 25, 26, 2 , 38, 42, 46, 48, 49, 50,
53, 54, 55, 58, 61, 66, 67, 82, 87, 101,
108, , 132, 133, 134, 1184, 185, 18 1,
213, 216, 21 22, 232, 233, 239, 24 55,
258, 26770, 27279, 282, 292, 294, 299,
300, 308, 313, 315, 316, 328, 331, 333
Orkel, 3, 154, 199, 209, 218, 220, 230
OTELP, xviii, 31, 102, 270, 301
Q
Quartz, 5
Quit India Movement, 19
R
Raghunath Naik, 19
Raja Bamangi, 18
Raja Rani Hill, 16, 306, 310
Rajahmundry, 162
Rakhi Purnima, 215
Ralegada, 5
P
Padia, 307
Padmagiri, 5, 6, 16, 107, 136, 154, 164,
165, 172, 193, 306
321
Ram Chandra, 108
Ramavaram, 6
Ramayana, 11, 58, 193, 304, 331
Ramzan, 215
Ran Devata, 66, 326
Rani Bangara Devi, 17
Raskurka, 66
Rayagada, vii, 1, 48, 146, 149, 150, 159,
191, 195, 270
Red Jungle Fowl, 114
Regional Transport Authority, 25, 170
Remo, 42, 43, 59, 60, 62, 334
Ringa, 44, 334
RKVY, 93, 95, 97, 104
RMC, 25, 163, 164, 165, 166
RNTCP, 262, 263
Rona, viii, 58, 334
Sisam, 7
Sitakunda, 193, 304
SNCU, 250, 251
SOG, 27, 205, 211
Sola, 167
State Bank of India, 25, 154
Sukuma, 4, 135, 211
Suni, 66
Susu-gige, 78
Swadhar Shelter Home, xiii, 295, 335
T
Tama Dora, 17, 18, 46
Tamarind, 7, 83, 118
Tamasa, 11, 177, 304, 305, 335
Tamilnadu, 41, 80, 325
Tandapalli, 219
Tandiki, 8, 167
Tangpal, 170, 172, 211
Teak, 7, 83, 119
Telugu, viii, 48, 53, 55, 57, 58, 60, 61, 62,
73, 137, 236
Thakurani, 66, 79, 246, 326, 327
Themoy Heir, 18
S
Saberi, 8, 13, 88, 112, 162, 198, 200, 333,
334
Sadar, xi, 12, 13, 210, 335
Sakti, 67, 301
Sal, 7, 9, 83, 113, 115, 119, 120, 334
Salap, 72, 78, 335
Sand Stone, 5, 114
Sankhari, viii, 58, 335
Santal, 39, 59, 63, 268
Saora, 39, 59, 76
Saptadhara, 8, 169, 240, 334
Saradaput, 5, 6, 138
Sarat Chandra Mishra, 206
Sargiguda, 5, 6, 20, 21, 22
Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan (SSA), 233
Satiguda, xiv, 8, 88, 112, 116, 126, 229,
307, 308, 335
SDVO, 99, 107
Self Help Group, xix
Serna, 77
Sexually Transmitted Diseases, 247
Shales, 5, 115
Shiva, 12, 66, 126, 305, 308, 310, 329
Shiva Linga, 12, 305, 310
Shulia, 8, 334
Siktapalli, 5
Sileru, 8, 24, 88, 109, 112, 131, 162, 173,
174, 200, 211, 304, 308, 313, 333, 334
Sindibor, 12, 13, 65
Singaraju, 15, 305, 335
U
UCO Bank, 154
Utkal Gramya Bank, 154
V
Vairabi Temple, 307
Valmiki, viii, 11, 40, 58, 336
Vederupalli, 5
Vejengwada, 206
Vhima, 8
Vijaya Dashami, 16, 306
Vishnu, 67, 313
Vizagapatam, 316
W
Wild Boar, 114
Z
Zilla Parishad, xi, 28, 216, 217, 221, 222,
225
322
GLOSSARY
Agyantavasa
-
The period of exile
Asan
-
A tree found in Malkangiri forests – Its botarnical
name is Termindalia fomentosa
Anla
-
A forest plant - Its botanical name is Embilica
officianalis.
Ayush
-
This is an acronyam for Ayurveda, Yoga, Unani,
Siddha and Homeopathy.
Adi- Andhra
-
A caste name which is akin to Adi Dravida of
Tamilnadu, Malas and
Madigas especially
immigrated from coastal Andhra call themselves as
Adi Andhra.
Asadhi Parab
- Paraja people observe this festival in the month of
Asadha (June-July) The ritual is observed to protect
cattle from diseases.
Atavika
-
It was the name of the Kindom at the time of Ashok
in the third Century B.C.
ASHA
-
The national Rural Health Mission is providing
trained female community health activist in every
village of the country called as ASHA (Accredited
Social Health Activist). She is a grass root level
health worker.
Ajaya
Bidyadhar
Ammakunda
Anchal- Kharabela‘s Hatigumpha stone inscription
mentioned Malkangiri area as ―Ajaya Bidyadhar
Anchal‖.
-
Ammakunda is a tourist place in Khairiput Block of
Malkangiri district. This is a cool place with a natural
waterfall. The fishes found in the gorge are quite
friendly to human being.
Annapurna Scheme -
It is a scheme to provide food security to senior
citizens. The targeted person receives 10 kg of rice
free of cost every month.
Boda Yatra
-
It is a festival devoted to the Lords like Kanamaraj‘s
(Lord Krishna), Balaraju (Arjuna) and Poturaju
(Bhima). It is observed by the tribals of Malkangiri on
every alternative year.
Bali Yatra
-
Bali Yatra is a tribal festival when ceremonial
planting of different grains in wet sand brought from
river or stream is made under a structure and
ceremony is observed with singing and dancing.
323
Bahada
-
A
forest
plantTerrinaliaberllirica.
Bela
-
A fruit tree- botarically named as Aegle marmelo
sets
Bhimudu Parva
-
During the month of January the middle Pandava
―Bhima‖ is being worshiped by the Koyas of
Malkangiri District.
Balaraju
-
He is ―Arjuna‖ the third Pandava who is being
worshiped by Koyas and other tribes.
Bunumpa
-
A branch eating deity worshiped by the Bondas.
Bhattanaik
-
Bhattanaik is the traditional head of a group of 20
number of villages of Bhumia tribe.
Badhei
-
It is a caste of carpenters. Their hereditary headman
is called Maharana.
Bhandari
-
A caste of Shavers by profession.
Brahmin
-
A Varna caste occupying the higest position in Hindu
community.
Bonda
-
Bondas are a small Austro-Asiatic tribe who live in
Bonda hills in Khairiput block of Malkangiri district. It
is a primitive tribe. They are fiercely independent,
stubborn, and aggressive in nature.
Bhumia
-
Bhumia is a tribe. They are settled agriculturists. The
freedom fighter Saheed Laxman Nayak belongs to
this community.
Bursung Hundi
-
The Bondas worship the deity Bursung Handi which
represents the mother earth.
Bija-Pandu
-
It is the festival of Koya tribe in which they prey the
Goddess to render a good harvest ‗New Mango‘ is
eaten after offering to the village deity.
Budhi Thakurani
-
Budhi Thakurani is the main village deity of Bhumia
tribe. They worship other village deities like Nisani,
Mauli and Ran Devata.
Bandapana Parab
-
It is a festival of Gadaba tribe observed in the month
of July. Sacrifices are made before the Thakurani at
Hundi (place of worship).
Bimupandu
-
It is a Koya festival observed in the month of Magh
(Jan- Feb) in which they worship the rain God.
Bihan Thapa
-
Paroja tribe observe this festival in the month of
Baisakh (April-May) as a seed sowing ceremony.
324
botarically
named
as
Bhulekh
-
It means land records. The records of the villages
are now available on the Bhulekh website opened
for the purpose.
Bhima Bhoi Samarthya Abhijan- Under this welfare scheme camps are held at
block level for identification of and certification to
disabled persons. All types of certificates like
income, residence and caste certificates and bus
and train concessions are also issued to them.
Banishree Scholarship- Disabled students reading in different educational
institutions get scholarship under this scheme.
Chaita Parab
-
A famous tribal festival celebrated in the month of
Chaitra (April).
Chhana Ghasa
-
A common grass – botanically named as Imperatea.
Chandala
-
It was an untouchable caste in the varna categories.
Now they are considered as Scheduled Caste.
Chaitra Bento
-
It is a communal hunting expedition of the tribals as
a part of observing the Chaita Paraba.
Chitra Ghasis
-
Chitra Ghasis were the artisans who were
manufacturing heavy brass jewellery for the women
of hill tribes.
Diwali
-
The Hindu festival of light.
Deva Dongar
-
A hill near Malkangiri. It is also called as Goi
Parbata.
Dhataki
-
An undergrowth species of Plant. Its botanical name
is woodtordia fruticosa.
Dandi Ramayan
-
Odia epic of Ramayan written by the poet Balaram
Das.
Dhangada Basa
-
Youth Dormitory of tribal boys.
Dhangadi Basa
-
Youth Dormitory of Tribal girls.
Dandakaranya Project- It was a project through which East- Pakisthan
refugees were rehabilitated in Malkangiri and
Umerkote areas of Odisha and Kondagaon of
Chattisgarh.
Dumba
-
It is the spirit of the dead porson. The tribal Kandhas
have terrible fear of the spirit of men, ―Dumba‖.
Dharani
-
Dharani is the Earth Goddess worshiped by the
Kandhas.
325
Dissari
-
An astrologer - cum- traditional medicine man in a
tribal village.
Dhakkodo
-
Dhakkodos
cultivators.
Dhoba
-
A caste group who are specialized in washing
clothes.
Domb
-
A group of scheduled caste people- They have long
been workers at creamation places, weavers of
cloth, rope and baskets. They are also well known
for their musical ability.
Didayi
-
Didayi is a primitive tribal group, settled in Malkangiri
district on both sides of Machhakunda river and in
the centre of Kondakamberu hills.
Dharua
-
Dharua or Dhuruba or Durua is a Scheduled Tribe.
Agriculture and wage earning are their main
occupations.
Dubokaige
-
It is a ceremony observed the Bondas on the 15th
day of the child birth in which the maternal
grandfather offers a feast to the clan members.
Demsa
-
It is a type of popular dance among most of the
tribes of South Odisha.
Dhenki
-
It is a manually operated traditional and indigenous
paddy-hulling tool very common to rural households.
Guguchia
-
A grass botanically named as Andropagon.
Gurupriya Setu
-
This is a bridge under construction to connect the
villages of cut off area in Chitrokonda reservoir with
rest of the main land of Malkangiri.
Gutab
-
Gutab is the spoken language of the Gadaba tribe. It
is a Mundari dialect.
Gurumain
-
Gurumains are tribal women shamans with spitural
power.
Gunia
-
A traditional tribal priest-cum-magician.
Gouda
-
They are a cow-herd class (Milkmen) of peoplekeeping and breeding of cattle is their traditional
occupation.
Ghashi
-
The traditional occupation of Ghasi is scavenging
and they also work as agricultural labouress. They
are a scheduled caste.
are
326
small
mixed
class
of
Odia
Gadaba
-
The Gadaba are a tribe belonging to Mundari or
Kolarion linguistic group. They are a tribe of
agriculturists, coolies and hunters.
Gudi-Mata
-
Gudi Mata is the Mother Deity worshiped by the
Koya tribe.
Got-Tar
-
It is a great ceremony which is performed by
Gadaba tribe in three or four years after the death of
a person in his/ her honour so that he/she is
admitted to the unseen world.
Gosi
-
It is a lion cloth of 3 feet length and 1.5 feet width
which the Bonda men wear.
Ghana
-
It is an indigenous wooden grinding mill to exact oil.
Gothi
-
Bonded labour or attached labour in Koraput region
is called ―Gothi‖.
Gram Sabha
-
The Gram Sabha is a meeting of all the adults who
live in the area covered by the Panchayat . It has
wide ranging powers to prepare and approve plans,
identify beneficiaries, give utilization certificates for
schemes and projects implemented in the
Panchayat, giving permission for use of minerals,
and management of NTFPs etc.
Goi Parbat
-
The Goi Parbat (hill) near Malkangiri town is famous
for having Shiva Lingam (more than 6 ft. high). A
large religious crowd is gathered here during Shiva
Ratri Festival.
Hadi
-
Hadis are low class Odias- they collect all types of
bones and trade in them. They play drums for Odia
castes.
Hudhud
-
Hudhud is the name of a cyclone. It was originated
from a low pressure system that formed under the
influence of an upper-air cyclonic circulation in the
Andaman Sea and reached its peak strength on
12th
October
2014
with
Landfall
near
Visakhapatnam.
Jamukoli
-
A fruit (nut) bearing tree. Its botanical name is
Syzygicumcumini.
Jhelli
-
A plant of undergrowth species. Its botanical name
is Indigoferapulchella.
Jalanidhi
-
It is a scheme for increasing irrigation potentioal in
which 50% subsidy or Rs. 50,000/- is given for
Borewell, River lift and Bug-well to the farmers.
327
Kedu
-
A festival of the Kondhas which
associated with human sacrifice.
Kolab
-
It is a river flowing through Koraput and Malkangiri
districts.
Kadamba
-
A tree in the forest. Its botanical name is
Anthocephalus Cadamba.
Kumbhi
-
A plant in Malkangiri forest. Its botanical term is
Careyaabarea.
Kathakusum
-
A forest plant. Its botanical name is Garugapinnata.
Kharkhari
-
An undergrowth species plant. Its botanical name is
Clerodendrumifortunatum.
Kanamaraju
-
He is Lord Krishna who is worshiped by the tribal
people like Koya and others.
Kumbudiri
-
Kumbudiri was the ancient name of Malkangiri
during the Ganga Dynasty. It is also believed that
the present Kondakamberu was formerly known as
Kumbudiri.
Katual
- Katual is there to help the Muthadar in his
administration in Koya villages.
Kui
-
Kui is the dialect spoken by Kutia Kandha.
Kuvi
-
Kuvi is the dialect spoken by Kandhas living in
eastern part of Koraput region.
Keuta
-
It is a fisherman caste. Besides fishing in rivers, they
play boats.
Kandara
-
This is a fishing caste. It ranks very low in social
scale.
Katia
-
Katia people are mainly fisherman. They sell fish in
market place. They are treated as scheduled caste
people.
Karan
-
Karanas are caste Hindu people. In the present
social scale they claim to rank next to Brahmins.
Kshatriya
-
Kshatriyas are a Caste Hindu people- They claim to
be of royal descendants.
Kumbhara
-
Kumbhara is a corrupted form of the Sanskrit word
―Kumbhakara‖ meaning pot- maker. In social
position they are considered a superior class of
Sudras.
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was
once
Koya
-
The Koya is a tribe who belong to the great Gond
family. They live in Malkangiri district.
Kandha
-
The Kandha or Khonds are a tribe who mostly live in
hills and high lands. They are the largest group
among all the tribes of Odisha. They have three
main sub-groups i.e. Dongaria Kandha, Kutia
Kandha and Desia Kandha.
Konda Dora
-
The Konda Doras are a tribe of hill cultivators. The
are also known as Kondo Doras, Konda- Kapus and
Ojas. They have been enlisted as Scheduled Tribe.
Keranga
-
Keranga is a plant. Its fibre is used to weave cloth by
tribes like Gadaba and Bonda.
Kar Supendual
-
When a Koya boy carries off a girl to marry with the
help of his friends while she is in the forest or field it
is called as Kar Supendual.
Kumari
-
Shifting Cultivation locally known as kumari in tribal
areas. It is also known as Podu Chasa.
Kabuliwallas
-
They are the Kerala Muslims and Afghan pathans
working as money lenders in tribal areas.
Kishori Shakti Yojana -
It is a Schme under Women welfare programmes for
promoting health and nutritional status of adolescent
girls within the age group of 11-18 years. It is
implemented through Anganwadi Centres.
Lenguthi
-
Men folk of the Gadaba tribe wear a piece of lion
cloth called Lenguthi.
Lohara
-
They are an Odia caste of iron workers.
Lon-Udi-Wata
-
It is a type of Marriage among the Koya people
where a girl having previous connection with a boy
comes forcefully to the boys house to stay.
Langaldhua
-
Paroja tribe observe this festival as a ritual for
consecration of agricultural implements.
Malyaratnagiri
-
Ancient name of Malkangiri- The name is found in
the Ramayana- Ramachandra with his wife Sita and
brother Laxman spent a part of his exile life in this
place.
Malika Nagari
-
Ancient
Kings
of
Malkangiri
worshipped
Mallikeshwar after whiom they named their Kingdom
Malika Nagari. Some believe this Malika Nagari
became Malkangiri in the long run.
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Malyabanta Mohastsava- A district Level Annual Cultural festival in Malkangiri
which has been celebrated since-2003.
Machkund
-
Literally means the pond of fish. It is the name of a
river.
Muchukunda
-
A
forest
tree.
Its
Pterocarpusmarsupium.
Mahula
-
A tree in Malkangiri forests, botanically named as
Madhu caindica.
Manja
- A plant in the forest. Its botanical term is
caseariatomentosa.
Modimodika
-
A plant of undergrowth species botanically named
as Helicteresisora.
Muthadar
-
Muthadar is the head of the Mutha- A group of
villages is called Mutha or Panchayat.
Mukhia
-
The head of the Bhumia village is called Mukhia.
Muduli
-
Secular head of the Paroja village.
Mali
-
Malis are a cultivators class of people. They are
specially expert in growing flowers and gegetables in
hill tracts of Koraput region.
Matia
-
The Matia is an agriculturist tribe, who mainly grow
maize, tabbaco leaf and vegetables.
Meriah
-
It is a festival of the Kondha tribe observed in the
months of March-April in which a buffalo is sacrificed
in honour of Earth Goddess for better fertility of the
soil and well being of the people. It is said that in the
long past there was human sacrifice by the
Kondhas, but now a buffalo is sacrificed in its place.
Mandiarani
-
Kondha tribe observe this festival in the month of
Shravan (July-August) for harvesting of ragi.
Muskan
-
It is a programme under Integrated Anti-Human
Trafficking unit of the Govt. to rescue missing
children.
Mugi Point
-
The point where two rivers (Saberi and Sileru) and
three states (Odisha, Andhras and Chhattisgarh)
meet at Motu is referred to Mugi point, and the
confluence is known as Chinna Godavari (small
Godavari)
Manyamkonda
-
It is one of the Gram Panchayats in Kalimela block
of Malkangiri district. The place is famous for Lord
330
botanical
name
is
―Mahaprabhu‖ – the famous festival ―Bada Yatra‖ of
Malkangiri starts from this place.
Mamata Yojana
-
It is a specific scheme for pregnant women and
lactating mothers. It is a conditional cash transfer
maternity benefit scheme.
Mohila O Sishu Desk -
In each Police station this desk is functioning to
provide round the clock service to women and
children in distress.
Nilakamberu
-
Nilakamberu is the name of a village, which was
established by the King of Nandapur Vinayaka Dev
as mark of resepect and gratitude towards Lilabati,
the quine.
Nissan Munda
-
The seat of village deity of the Parojas.
Namasudra
-
It is the name of an Indian varna community. Most of
the Bangaladeshi settlers living in Malkangiri district
belong to this category.
Potteru
-
A River. It originates within Malkangiri and flows into
the river Saberi.
Phatua
-
A plant of forestRandiadumetorum.
Phula Chhanchuni
-
A type of grass used as brooms botanically termed
as Thysanolaena.
Pandaboeru
-
Literally means ponds used by the Pandavas of
Mahabharata time.
Patakhanda parva
- A festival celebrated by the Koya tribe in which a
sword is worshiped. Similarly, the Bodas worship the
holy sword called Patakhanda Mahaprabhu.
Peda
-
The head of the Koya village.
Paraja
-
The Paroja is one of the well known major tribes of
Odisha. They are generally strong, stout and
hardworking people. By nature, they are simple,
friendly and hospitable.
Pendul
-
it is the commonly practiced form of marriage among
the Koya tribe.
Privilege Holders
-
These were bonafide hill ryots who had been
allowed to cut trees up to 3 feet girth free of charges
under Rule-5 of Jeypore Forest and Waste Land
Rules, 1895 for their consumption purpose.
Plough Tax
-
Non-privilege holders in the forest areas were
allowed to remove reserve class trees upto 3‘ girth
331
Its
botanical
name
is
for making ploughs by paying an annual royalty of
one half to one rupee per plongh. This practiced was
discontinued in 1949.
Palli Sabha
-
Palli Sabha is the assembly of all the voters of a
revenue village. The ward member presides over the
meeting of the Palli Sabha.
Pari marjan
-
It is a teaching enhancement programme for low
achiever SC and ST students in Maoist affected
inaccessible and remote areas.
Remo
-
It is the dialect of the Bonda tribe which belongs to
South Munda group of Austric family.
Ringa
-
It is a piece of cloth of about 2 feet in length and one
feet in width which Bonda women used to wear to
cover the lower portion of their body.
Rona
-
Ronas are a class of Odia speaking hill cultivators.
In social status they are said to be little inferior to the
Kshatriyas.
Rajarani Bandha
-
It is a small pond amidst picturesque valley near
Malkangiri town. It is a place of tourist‘s attraction.
Sitakund
-
The place is of mythological importance of Ramayan
age. It was the bathing place of Goddess Sita- near
Mudulipada in Bonda hills.
Saberi
-
A river flowing in Malkangiri district.
Sileru
-
Name of a river in Malkangiri district.
Saptadhara
-
Name of a River near Govindapalli.
Shulia
-
It is a hill at Korukonda
Sal
-
A tree. Its botanical name is Shorearousta.
Sisu
-
A
forest
tree,
Dalbergiasalifalia.
Sundargundi
-
A plant found in Malkangiri forest. Its botanical term
is mallotusphilippenensis.
Sadar
-
A megalithic monument of stone circles errecte in
memory of the dead- situated in the middle of the
village of the tribes like the Gadaba, the Parenga
and the Ronas.
Sindibore
-
Megalithic monument of stone circles made by the
Bonda tribe in honour of dead relatives.
332
botanically
named
as
Singarajukhunta
-
A village established by the King of Nandapur King
Vinayak Dev, as a mark of resepect and gratitude
towards Singaraju, the brother of Lilabati, the
princess of Nandapur Kingdom.
Sundi
-
Sundi is an odia toddy- selling caste. In addition to
this business they work as money lenders in tribal
areas.
Sankhari
-
Sankhari is a caste specilised in lac bangle (Sankha)
making.
Singi-Arke
-
Singi Arke is the deity of ―Sun-Moon‖, the creator of
the universe as believed by the Bonda tribe.
Salap
-
It is the Sago-Palm plant. Its juice is a favourite drink
of the tribals.
Siku Pandu
-
It is a festival which is observed by Koya tribe in the
month of Aswin (Oct. –Nov). It is a ritual for new
bean eating.
Sunaris
-
They are a jewellery making caste of people. They
prepare ornaments out of gold and silver.
Smile
-
―Smile‖ is an operation under Intergrated AntiHuman Trafficking scheme to rescue child labour.
Sarva Sikhya Abhijan -
It is an effort to universalize elementary education
through provision of community owned quality
education.
Satiguda
Satiguda is a dam situated at a distance of 8 kms
from Malkangiri town. Being surrounded by many
small hills, forests and water bodies, this place
attracts tourists. It is an Eco- Tourism site.
-
Swadhar Shelter Home- This is an organisaton which aims at providing
shelter, food and clothing as well as taking care of
women in crisis.
Tulasi Parabat
-
It refers to a hill near Mathili.
Tamasa
-
The river of epic Ramayan importance flowing out of
a cave in Malkangiri district.
Tahupulamma
-
Tahupulamma is the Goddess worshiped by the
tribe Konda-Dora.
Terracotta
-
Brownish-red fine pottery used as ornamental
building material and in statuary, pottery, etc.
Valmiki
-
Valmiki caste people claim to be the descendants of
Valmiki, the author of the Ramayan. However, they
have been enumerated as scheduled caste.
333
Vana Suraksha Samities- These are registered association of villagers to
protect and conserve forests and reduce the
anthropological pressure on forests.
WADI Project
-
It is a Horticultural plantation programme, which is
being implemented in the country and is sponsored
by NABARD.
334