2016 ILEETA
Transcription
2016 ILEETA
Conference Edition The ILEETA Journal Volume 6 Edition 1 2016 ILEETA International Law Enforcement Educators and Trainers Association INTERACTIVE TABLE of CONTENTS (Just Click on the Title or Page Number) EDITORIAL ....................................................................................................................................................................................................... 3 Dynamics of Police Citizen Encounters ............................................................................................................................................. 5 Reality CQC Pistol Tactics................................................................................................................................................................. 7 The Illusion of Seeing ...................................................................................................................................................................... 9 ASP Flashlight Training .................................................................................................................................................................... 12 ASP Introduces New Integrated Training Program ............................................................................................................................ 13 Off-Duty and Concealed Carry Tactics .............................................................................................................................................. 14 Ground Fighting: Solving the Problem .............................................................................................................................................. 16 Both Sides of the Door: Are You Prepared for the Hardest Conversation? ....................................................................................... 18 Rifle, Weapon of Democracy ........................................................................................................................................................... 19 Winning the Deadly Tug-of-War for Your Gun .................................................................................................................................. 21 Building a Patrol CQB Program ........................................................................................................................................................ 24 W.I.N—Are you Asking Enough Questions?...................................................................................................................................... 28 The Adaptive FTO ............................................................................................................................................................................ 30 Nurturing Adaptive Learning ........................................................................................................................................................... 32 Simplify: Getting Back to Basics ....................................................................................................................................................... 34 Build Better Courses: Instructional Design 101 ................................................................................................................................ 36 Problem-Based Learning in Law Enforcement In-Service Training .................................................................................................... 37 Replicating Adverse Dynamics: An Update of the Seven Levels of Simulation Training ...................................................................... 38 How We Measure Student Learning and Why It’s Important ............................................................................................................ 42 Re-Energizing our Honorable Profession .......................................................................................................................................... 46 Inspirational Leadership .................................................................................................................................................................. 48 Why Tactical Yoga .......................................................................................................................................................................... 56 Your Priority, Help or Hunt? ............................................................................................................................................................ 58 Surviving and Thriving Behind the Badge ™...................................................................................................................................... 60 The Frustration-Aggression Theory and its Importance to Law Enforcement: Saving Lives and Careers ............................................. 62 Supplemental Training for School Resource Officers ........................................................................................................................ 65 Law Enforcements Role in Fourth Generation Warfare..................................................................................................................... 67 The Need for Tactical Cultural Asset Teams in Law Enforcement ...................................................................................................... 69 Meet and Greet the Authors............................................................................................................................................................ 72 Editorial Staff ILEETA Membership Application ...................................................................................................................................................... 74 NOTICE: All photographs provided by individual authors, ILEETA or used under license agreement from sxc.hu Managing Editor: Kerry Avery [email protected] Instructor Development: Thom Dworak [email protected] Officer Safety / Use of Force: Brian Hill [email protected] Reviews—Books and Applications: Natalie Fleming [email protected] The ILEETA Journal ©2016 is published (without advertisement) on a quarterly basis, exclusively for the members of ILEETA. The information and material contained within this publication is the intellectual property of each contributor and does not necessarily reflect the position of other contributors or staff. All materials are brought to the reader in good faith, and there is no intent to violate any copyright, trademark, or law pertaining to intellectual property. For questions or comments, contact the Editor of The ILEETA Journal, Roy Bethge, at [email protected]. Contact ILEETA at www.ileeta.org, or by mail, at: ILEETA, P.O. Box 208, Lake Geneva, WI 53147 Voice 262-767-1406 Fax 262-767 -1813 back to contents ILEETA Journal—Page 2 ILEETA Journal Editorial Conference Time! Editorial Managing Editor: Kerry Avery Welcome to the ILEETA Journal 2016 Conference Edition. This is the second conference edition, created to give you additional information about some of the presentations. If you have attended the conference before, you know choosing which courses to attend is a real challenge. Our goal is to provide a variety of topics applicable to the many facets of law enforcement training. In addition to the informative sessions, there will be the always inspirational Emerson Hour, a special screening of the film Officer Involved, and an opportunity to meet the authors. The information available is invaluable, but as most past attendees can attest, the conference is so much more than that. It’s an opportunity to connect and re-connect with like-minded people, to be inspired, and to recharge your batteries. This will be my third ILEETA conference. The first year I only knew two people I had met at another conference —Roy Bethge and Tim Janowick. By the third day I couldn’t get 10 feet down the hall without saying hi to someone I had met. If it’s your first ILEETA conference, take advantage of the experience—hang out in the common areas, drop by the hospitality suite, and don’t be afraid to approach someone and start a conversation. If you have not yet registered for the 2016 ILEETA Conference, please click here to register now. Section editors, Brian Hill, Thom Dworak, Natalie Fleming, and I will be around all week. We would love the chance to meet you and say hello. Kerry back to contents ILEETA Journal—Page 3 Use of Force back to contents Editor: Brian Hill Officer Safety ILEETA Journal—Page 4 Dynamics of Police Citizen Encounters by Phil Carlson P olice search for the latest and greatest technologies and "flavor interactions with of the month" training.. The most challenging aspects of citizens are in police interactions are examined and officers and trainers the national spotlight are provided with practical tools to improve performance. now more than ever. What previously wouldn't have made the local paper, now makes national news, and the presence of video during these interactions has become the norm, not the exception. With all this scrutiny of the law enforcement profession, there is a move to re-establish trust between the police and the communities they serve, and to change or "fix" the way officers do their jobs. However, it is our belief that officers are already doing a good job in an incredibly challenging profession, and don't need to be "fixed", but can learn to operate at a higher level. Situational awareness and threat assessment are core Officers need the tools to effectively engage citizens in a principles in every citizen encounter. We sometimes take professional manner, without compromising their own these things for granted and begin to lose our edge and safety in the process. As agencies make changes based focus. In this course, we explore the concept of on the current culture regarding law enforcement, it must observation of human behavior from an evidence based be done without officers feeling like we are stripping perspective, which provides officers with the knowledge to something away from them, but are in fact empowering recognize pre-incident contextual cues which indicate that them even more to do their jobs effectively, keeping them a citizen may not comply with a lawful command or worse, safer and protecting their careers at the same time. We may attack the officer. Although most officers believe they can't let the pendulum swing too far one way or the other. understand "pre-assault" indicators, the fact that there are over 50,000 reported assaults on police officers each year shows that perhaps we are not as good as we think we are "Dynamics of Police / Citizen Encounters" is based upon at recognizing and mitigating these circumstances. In this the concept of transforming good officers into great ones course, we focus on helping officers to identify norms and by providing evidence based curriculum and incorporating deviations from those norms that can predict future the power of unconditional respect. Officers are provided behaviors. with a new cache of principles designed to enhance their safety while simultaneously improving the quality of contacts with citizens, as well as a return to basic core In addition, the current climate of our society in terms of principles of solid police work which often get lost in the police interactions with citizens has created a new set of back to contents ILEETA Journal—Page 5 Police Citizen Encounters, con’t. issues which many officers are not prepared to deal with, being - a law enforcement officer who has to go deal with such as dealing with enforcement of free speech issues the domestic, the armed robbery, the bar fight; it's an and getting baited into confrontations through refusal to officer who has to go hands on, arrest, handcuff, search, obey an officer's lawful order and ensuring it is videotaped. transport and sometimes fight with the suspect. And until This has caused confusion and hesitation on the part of a technology is invented that can do all those things, we've many officers who are just trying to do their jobs but are got to get better at the basics. Because isn't that what also worried about being the next YouTube sensation. advanced training really is - mastering the basics? As a result of all this, many agencies are focused on In order to do this, officers need to have a clear concepts of community policing, establishing community understanding of the legal aspects which govern how they trust, de-escalation and eliminating the "warrior" mindset. interact with citizens, as well as an understanding of how However, the fact is there are still violent criminals who to accomplish their mission on each and every call while have no intention of cooperating with lawful authority and operating with excellence and treating everyone with have no problem violently attacking the police. Officers unconditional respect. This must be combined with the must be able to walk that line between being "Guardians constant realization that they can never let their guard of the Community" and still be able to instantly recognize down and they must become experts at articulating facts when their lives are in danger and employ techniques to and circumstances of every encounter which led them to protect themselves and the public when appropriate, take the actions they did. without hesitation. Officers and trainers must understand that the nobility of our profession certainly demands that we are "Guardians of the Public", but sometimes we are Instead of trying to "fix" officers, Dynamics of Police / forced to be a warrior while we perform the task of Citizen Encounters is designed to help officers and guardian. trainers operate at higher levels of performance while increasing their safety and effectiveness and protecting their careers. ILEETA As agencies focus on policy changes, alternate trainings and increased technology in an attempt to deal with all the issues law enforcement is facing, we can't do that at the expense of forgetting the basics - time honored principles of great and effective policing. Because no matter how fancy the technology gets, at some point it is a human About the Author Phil Carlson is the co-owner and lead instructor for Command Presence Training Associates. He has over 30 years experience in law enforcement at the state & local level and at the federal level with the Department of Homeland Security, as a Lead Senior Instructor at the Federal Law Enforcement Training Center (FLETC). back to contents ILEETA Journal—Page 6 Reality CQC Pistol Tactics By Christopher Periatt Reality - The world or the state of things as they actually I developed the exist, as opposed to an idealistic or notional idea of them. Reality Pistol Course for this very reason. We start with empty Close Quarter Combatives - Combat occurring in close hand tactics against quarters, such as indoors, streets and ally-ways where threats from edge surroundings severely limit maneuverability and visibility to and impact weapons. the point where standard methods, equipment and tactics Draws from the are no longer suitable. pocket and waistline, where most suspects carry their weapons. Accessing and So if we can agree that these definitions are true, why do I continually see theory constantly being interjected into our combatives training? I still see instructors out there teaching students to head shield a strike and draw their pistol to shoot the suspect. The problem is drawing a pistol against a person punching you and shooting them is a one way trip to prison. Okay, so let’s add the knife in the drawing of the pistol comes later after you have dealt properly with the immediate threat at hand. Everyone likes to kill primers, but the sad fact is reality is a bloody, cold, nasty, and painful event that we have to deal with first. We can never interject theory into any of our combatives training, unfortunately I see daily with many of the so called “experts” training in the field today. suspect’s hand. So you are head shielding against an edged weapon in order to do what? Allow enough time to Training to always go for the “gun” in close quarter combat access your pistol? Here again spells trouble, you will be can prove deadly when confronted by a determined getting stabbed multiple times before you can access and suspect who is trying to seriously injury or kill you. Attacks withdrawal your handgun. in the close quarter range, less than 10 feet, as highly probably given the nature of law enforcement work. Training officers to step back, or speed rock and go for their gun, when they are already behind the reaction curve is ludicrous. Officers need to be taught to aggressively drive forward with their weight and attack the suspect. Wrapping up the weapon bearing limb and continually attacking the ultra-sensitive areas of the bodily continually until the suspect has complied, or the officer has created enough space to access a tool from their bat belt. back to contents ILEETA Journal—Page 7 Police Citizen Encounters, con’t. Remembering the 3 rules of combatives is the key to a covering the suspect. successful outcome in a close quarter fight: 1) Distract the cognitive thought process 2) Inflict continual pain The issue comes down to very simple principles of fighting that many in the “gun” world simply do not understand. In 3) Disrupt balance a close quarter engagement time is not on your side. The average officer will take up to ½ a second to draw, ¼ All tactics taught and used by officers must also follow the 4 E’s. They must be: second to recognize the threat, and a ¼ second to react to it. So if we are already behind the reactionary curve, why are we still trying to cover up and draw against a deadly 1) Easy to learn force threat? Remember attack, attack, attack. Apply the 2) Easy to retain 3 principles and continue to inflict pain, by whatever 3) Easy to recall, under stress means you can. Size, shape, ability, and experience will 4) Effective come into play as much as mindset. Officers must have the mindset that they will win this fight, period. No quitting, Officers in a fight must successfully distract the suspects cognitive thought process, or their OODA loop. We do this by continually inflicting continuous pain. We inflict pain on the suspect until some point in time when we can no whining, in this arena. Yes you may get injured, maybe severely, but you will prevail and accepting this fact will go a long way in creating the necessary mindset to do just that. successfully disrupt their balance by any way possible: Stay safe, train hard, and train to win. ILEETA 1) Throw 2) Takedown About the Author 3) Lethally Chris is a 22 year veteran law enforcement officer that is currently working K9 and has worked SWAT, fugitive recovery, tactical patrol, traffic and training. Chris also, for the last12 years, has worked as an academy and advanced law enforcement instructor at the Macomb Police Academy. He is the owner of Critical Training Group LLC and is also a USMC veteran, 1987-1994. Chris also serves as the President of the Michigan Tactical Officers Association, where he has served for over a decade. Chris can be contacted @ [email protected]. If possible and space can be created the officer can possibly move to cover and begin the tactical breathing process and think about what they need to do next while back to contents ILEETA Journal—Page 8 The Illusion of Seeing by Derrick Bartlett Y ou and your illuminates the cordless phone. The world around you partner have stops. been dispatched to another domestic. A husband Did you shoot this man because he pointed a phone at you? and wife have been Why did you shoot him? I’m sure your initial answer would going at it all evening, be, “because I thought he had a gun.” But you didn’t shoot and one of the him because you thought he might have a gun. You shot neighbors finally called it in. While in route, Dispatch him because you thought you saw a gun, and you reacted updates the call, advising the wife has now called, to that information accordingly. But the reality is you were claiming her husband has threatened to kill her. He can betrayed by your training, experience and hardwiring. And be heard in the background yelling obscenities. You you are not the first officer to fall prey to this visual anticipate the worst now, and pick up the pace. dynamic. Nor, unfortunately, will you be the last. You arrive on the scene, and as you start toward the front The culprit in this and situations like it is called Perceptual door, a female comes out. You can’t quite make out what Blindness, and it affects everyone to varying degrees. In she’s yelling, but she is very animated and is pointing back your line of work, the affects literally can mean the at the door. The sound of the screen door draws your difference between life and death. attention in the direction of an agitated male descending the stairs and heading your way. He, too, is yelling and waving his arms. But in his right hand, you see a dark object. Almost simultaneously, you have his full attention, and he has yours. You watch as his hand swings up, and points at your face. You instinctively move left to the cover of a tree and draw your sidearm. You yell to him, “Drop your weapon, now!” He pauses briefly, but doesn’t drop the object. You press the trigger, once, twice, three times, and you see the male stagger and then fall sideways. Suddenly, the world goes quiet. For the first time, you can clearly hear what the woman is saying. “He’s calling the police on me. He say’s I pulled a knife on him. I don’t have no knife.” You’re aware your backup has arrived when he brushes past you and closes in on the man on the ground. You leave cover and follow him. The man is still clutching the object, and your partner’s flashlight Police officers, like many in the general public, share several misconceptions about seeing. They believe they see everything going on around them. If something out of the ordinary occurs, they are sure they will notice. They trust that everything they see is an accurate representation. And they believe everything they see is recorded somewhere in their brain, and can be recalled at will. All are wrong. There is a difference between vision and seeing. Vision is a passive sense. Light is reflected off objects around us and picked up by the rods and cones inside the eyes. There, the light is transformed into electrical impulses which are transmitted along the optic nerve to the visual cortex of the brain. This is an ongoing, unconscious process. back to contents ILEETA Journal—Page 9 Illusion of Seeing, con’t. In the brain, those impulses are processed by the brain, especially during expedited runs like pursuits, you depend and through a comparison and recall process, refined into on your sight. Every day, hundreds of traffic crashes occur the images that construct the world around us. This is in which the parties say, “I didn’t see the light,” or “I didn’t seeing. And because seeing takes place in the brain, this see the other car.” Ever wonder how someone could miss is where the phenomenon of Perceptual Blindness begins. a 2-ton car coming right at them? Perceptual Blindness has been studied extensively in the In lethal confrontations, your ability to see, and accurately scientific community for decades. Only now is it finding process visual input in high-speed will define that thin line practical application in fields like police work. For a between life and death, between a justified shooting and a profession in which observation skill plays such a critical tragic event. role, understanding this is extremely important. Perceptual Blindness affects everyone to varying degrees and because of conditioning and neurological hardwiring; Tactics for building searches and room clearing need to be you are contributing to the problem. It is a breakdown in reevaluated. Are we teaching officers to execute gross the complex visual recognition cycle, which includes both eye movements when they do things like quick peeks and sensory and cognitive processing. rapid visual sweeps of a room? If so, we are programming them for failure. By teaching them to focus on certain things, we are inadvertently reinforcing the tendency to This is what caused the officer in our opening scenario to overlook other equally important things. shoot a man armed with a telephone. Between the radio traffic, his experience, and the actions of the wife and husband when he arrived, the officer intellectually came to Courts, investigators, the general public and the media the expectation that the husband would be armed. He need to be taught the dynamics of vision, and how stress saw an object in the husband’s hand, but allowed his mind can affect perception, reactions and recall. Officers have to fill in the missing details and made the assumption the often been doubted when giving accounts of shootings. object was a gun. The officer’s reaction from that point on Clarity and accuracy of perception are impaired in most would be understandable. Officers over the years have people under the best of circumstances. Being in a deadly shot suspects holding phones, lighters and wallets, firmly force encounter can seriously compromise the visual believing they saw a gun. abilities of even trained officers. In deadly force situations, officers are required to So what does this mean to you on the job? Basically, Perceptual Blindness affects every aspect of your professional and personal life. You gain about 80% of your sensory input through your eyes. Therefore, you rely very heavily on fast and accurate visual information. So, accurately process visual information at high speed. Failure to do so can lead to a bad decision, or a delay which may cost an officer his life. Unfortunately, there are very few mechanisms in place which train officers to see in high speed. driving your car safely, during routine operations and back to contents ILEETA Journal—Page 10 Illusion of Seeing, con’t. Police officers have often referred to themselves as “trained observers,” but in reality, what kind of training have most of them had? Traditional training in law enforcement has focused on the fundamental skills, like driving, report writing and use of force, but it has neglected to address perhaps the most important foundation skills. Vision and observation are tied to every aspect of police work. While we take it for granted that we are naturally good observers, this is not true. To make police officers safer and more effective in all areas of their professional expertise, they must receive specialized training in how to see. There are a few trainers who are developing innovative programs to address this issue. Unfortunately, most officers and agencies are unaware of how widespread the problem is, and even fewer are aware of the training programs. Considering the potential impact Perceptual Blindness has on law enforcement officers every day, this has to change quickly. Careers, reputations and lives are all hanging in the balance. ILEETA About the Author Derrick Bartlett spent over 28 years in law enforcement, with assignments to patrol, narcotics, street crimes, community policing and special operations. He served with SWAT for 24 years, primarily as a sniper. He is the director of Snipercraft, a leading training organization for police and military snipers. He is the President of the American Sniper Association, and the author of several books on tactical issues. He is the developer of the Tactical Vision Program, an observation course for police officers. back to contents ILEETA Journal—Page 11 ASP Flashlight Training By Dr. Matthew Stiehm I ntroduction I recently attended the updated course ASP which was Critical Review held at the Scott County Regional Training Center in If there is an honest Jordan, Mn. The program was robust, physically draining, review, the flashlight and extremely thorough. It was an updated version of the burns through handcuffing and baton program from ASP. The ASP batteries. Thus I programs used to be two standalone programs, which would suggest were combined into this one program. I expect nothing getting the USB – less from Dr. Parson, his company and training division. I rechargeable was pleasantly surprised with the new flashlight flashlight. I have also notice that there is not much of an component. The flashlight linked to this training is the alarm, or indication that the flashlight is about to be out of Triad. power. However these problems pale in comparison to the overriding benefits of the flashlight. The flashlight is a Triad Flashlight great addition to their catalog. As a matter of course I The Triad flashlight is a very small, and compact powerful utilize the flashlight on a daily basis for my full time job. I flashlight. Which has a push button switch to the rear of am glad that I attend the training, and would suggest that light. The most interesting part of this flashlight is the you attend the program if you can. holster that is paired with the flashlight. The holster is constructed of molded plastic, and has the ability to rotate Conclusion 360 degrees. Which allows it to be a third hand, or hands Do not miss out on the ILEETA ASP Flashlight Program free flashlight. ASP even has discussed the optimum on Thursday in Grand D, for eight full hours. This place for the flashlight holster to be placed on a police program is highly worth it. But with the amount of great utility belt. The location is on the non- weapon hand side. ILEETA classes, how do you pick, hopefully this review will allow for an insight into this program. ILEETA Practical Lessons About the Author The practical lessons of the new ASP flashlight training provide for a concrete working blocks of things that law enforcement professionals were not doing. There has been an attempt by trainers to find a more optimum to utilization of the flashlight. The specific program discussed using the flashlight as a distraction device, the bright very powerful light allows for officers to hide behind Dr. Matt Stiehm was born and raised in Minnesota. He received an Educational Doctorate from Argosy University, where the focus of his research was campus safety and security. He has a Masters Degree of Criminal Justice from Central Missouri State University, with his final paper which focused on the investigation of child abuse and finally a Bachelors of Science from Wayne State College, Nebraska. He has served as a police officer in three states (CA, MN and NE). He currently is a member of ILEETA, and an Associate Member of the IACP. a wall of light. Thus providing a tactical advantage to the officer. back to contents ILEETA Journal—Page 12 ASP Introduces New Integrated Training Program With critical input from certified trainers at There are no complex holds or fine motor skills – just major law enforcement agencies around simple, strong, basic techniques and tactics. The the world, Armament Systems and Procedures (ASP), one Integrated Training Program is competency based of the leading manufacturers of law enforcement products, instruction; every trainee must prove he or she can has developed a first of its kind training course that perform under pressure in order to earn the coveted ASP integrates batons, restraints and flashlights. Instructor Certification. ASP’s new Integrated Training Program is a three day ASP Instructor Certification course that builds on the company’s well known, world renowned baton and handcuff training by adding lights to the curriculum. The new program now provides a unified, holistic system of instruction for police officers on how to transition between these three critical pieces of equipment. “ASP training is for the real police,” said Parsons. “It works on the street; it's court defensible. It's our primary goal - Protecting Those Who Protect.” For more information on ASP’s new Integrated Training Program and a 2016 schedule of dates and locations, please visit asp-usa.com and click the training tab. ILEETA ASP provides this course free to law enforcement About ASP / “Protecting Those Who Protect” professionals. Each year ASP donates almost $2 million ASP is one of the industry's foremost suppliers of Batons, Restraints, LED Lighting, OC and Training products. The company has stood for innovative designs, flawless function and an unmatched standard of service since Kevin Parsons, PhD, founded the company in 1976. ASP holds more than 150 product patents and provides almost $2 million in free training each year to law enforcement professionals. ASP is ISO 9001:2008 and 14001:2004 Certified, ANSI FL1 compliant and a founding member of the Portable Lights American Trade Organization (PLATO). All products are designed in the United States. in free training to the profession. It’s ASP’s longstanding corporate commitment to the men and women of law enforcement. “A number of programs teach the use of flashlights with firearms,” ASP Founder and President Kevin Parsons, PhD, said. “ASP presents something very different. The techniques are for the other 98% of the time police officers use flashlights.” Based on the confrontational continuum, ASP’s highly intense Integrated Training Program includes multi-use drills, general tactics and expert support in case of litigation. back to contents ILEETA Journal—Page 13 Off-Duty & Concealed Carry Tactics by Todd Fletcher F or most police design, function, and durability for law enforcement use. officers, firearm Some of these may be better than others depending on training consists the context and the environment where they are used. Off- of going to the range Duty & Concealed Carry Tactics will examine many wearing traditional duty different holster designs and present them for evaluation. gear, qualifying with Inside the waistband (IWB), outside the waistband (OWB), their traditional duty ankle holsters, pocket holsters, appendix carry, cross weapon, and maybe draw, bags, purses, and many other holster types will be running some other types of drills. Regardless of work discussed. We will also discuss the relative advantages assignment, it’s nearly universal that everyone shows up and limitations of each design. Options for men and at the range using their full-size duty gun and traditional women will also be presented. duty belt and holster. This is fine for most officers assigned to uniformed patrol duties, but officers in plainclothes assignments, such as administrative or investigative positions, are missing significant training opportunities. In addition, many departments authorize and encourage officers to carry off-duty. However, few departments provide training on the use of smaller, more compact handguns and the equipment commonly used by off-duty and plain clothes officers. Designed specifically for the needs of law enforcement firearm trainers, Off-Duty & Concealed Carry Tactics covers equipment selection, the fundamentals of marksmanship, one hand shooting, and live-fire scenario- In addition to holsters, we will present different handgun based exercises. Each block of instruction is specifically choices. It’s incumbent on all law enforcement firearm designed to simulate the operational environment officers instructors to be well versed in the wide assortment of could expect to encounter while off-duty or working in plain handguns suitable for off-duty and concealed carry. The clothes assignments. After a review of the fundamentals, limitations and advantages of revolvers, semiautomatic shooters will engage in solo and team drills solving pistols, full-size, compact, and subcompact models will be commonly encountered problems by delivering shots with discussed. combative speed and accuracy from concealment. This class will challenge shooters of all skill levels. Off-Duty & Concealed Carry Tactics will also address the Equipment plethora of concealed carry garments available. The There are numerous holsters available for off-duty and fashion choices available include a wide variety of vests concealed carry use. Many of these are suitable in and shirts specifically designed to allow quick and covert access to handguns, pants with built-in holsters, and back to contents ILEETA Journal—Page 14 Concealed Carry, con’t. undergarments designed for concealed carry. Clothing, holsters, and handguns from a variety of manufacturers will be examined including many options that will be available during the ILEETA Expo. Marksmanship & Tactics The vast majority of class time will be spent on the live-fire range using clothing, holsters, and handguns designed for concealed carry. On the range, this live-fire instructor About the Author Todd Fletcher has 21 years of law enforcement experience and presents firearms training at the basic, advanced, and instructor development levels. He has presented instructor development training at multiple regional, national, and international conferences including the ILEETA Conference. As the owner and lead instructor of Combative Firearms Training, LLC., Todd provides firearms training, instructor development classes, and force response training and consultation to law enforcement instructors and agencies. He has testified as an expert witness in cases involving police training, use of force, and force response policies. He can be contacted at [email protected]. class will review the fundamentals of marksmanship and provide coaching techniques to teach the application of marksmanship using off-duty and concealed carry handguns and holsters. We will start with methods to instruct the Principles of the Concealed Draw, how to obtain a stable shooting platform, the importance of trigger control, and General Principles of Coaching. Drills and scenarios officers could reasonably encounter while carrying concealed will be utilized to increase familiarity and improve the combative application of marksmanship. Drawing, applying marksmanship under reduced time constraints, reloading, target transitions, communicating, and positional shooting will all be addressed during this class. We will also discuss specific tactics that off-duty and plain clothes officers need to know in order to successfully defend themselves and others. This will include several live-fire drills designed to prevent the tragedy of “blue-on-blue” shootings. At the conclusion of this course, instructors will have more knowledge and skills to share with officers assigned to plainclothes positions. They will have the ability to apply this information to training all their shooters for safe and effective off-duty concealed carry. ILEETA back to contents ILEETA Journal—Page 15 Ground Fighting: Solving the Problem By Sensei Tom Gillis Ever since I was a kid on the elementary superior body playground I learned that most fights mechanics and end on the ground. I also learned very early on that no range of motion matter how much you try you can't out muscle a bigger because the ground stronger opponent who is sitting on top of you smashing doesn't restrict their you in the face. When Royce Gracie dominated the first movement. Lastly several UFC events he demonstrated that superior the person on top technique can overcome size and strength in a ground can access their fight. weapons and/or the weapons of the person on the bottom. Ground Fight as a Military Exercise A stand up fight can go the way of an attrition match. Whoever's bigger and stronger and can generate more force per strike has the best chance of winning that fight. For all these reasons I would encourage you to think of a ground fight as more of a battle of strategy and positions rather than one of attrition. This is mainly due to the fact that there aren't many positions in a stand up fight. Really there are the Inside Position (where nearly every fight will occur), the Outside Position, and Behind. In a ground fight however there are literally dozens of positions. Understanding these positions as they relate to each other is what allows one opponent to triumph over the other. Understanding how to move So now that we understand that being able to move from a losing position to a dominant position is the focus for ground fight training next we have to explore HOW to do that. While there are specific techniques designed to address this I have boiled these techniques down to 3 body mechanics that beginners must learn and In this manner a ground fight between two skilled understand. It's your ability to move your body that saves opponents is much like two seasoned Generals positioning you in a fight, not a memorization of a collection of their troops to ensure they are in a position of maximum techniques. tactical advantage. This is how I view ground fighting and how I teach ground fighting. Body Mechanic #1. Bridging Some instructors are of the opinion that ferocity and pugilism is what's important to win in one of these altercations. The problem with this view is multi faceted. First off the person on the bottom position has to fight against gravity and friction every time they move. They also have to move their body weight and that of their opponent. Thirdly the person on the top position has Anyone who's trained in any time of grappling will be familiar with "the bridge" as a technique in-and-of itself. A typical bridge is when you're laying on your back and using the balls of your feet you push your hips up into the air until the only thing touching the ground is your shoulder blades or sometimes the back of your head. If we dissect the technique and its name what we see is back to contents ILEETA Journal—Page 16 Ground Fighting, Con’t... that the bridge is really strategy for arching your body from All movement should be done from our base-up. two points of contact, 1 in the lower part of your body and Scissoring helps reinforce this principle while on the the other in the upper part of your body. A pyramid ground. (familiar to yogis and downward facing dog) is another example of the bridging mechanic, this time done from facing down however. The movement starts by crossing the feet and allowing this cross to move up the skeleton until it reaches the hips and rotates them. The other thing that scissoring Bridging, as a body mechanic, teaches how to LIFT the accomplishes is it allows for rotational body movement hips to move from the core. without while remaining in one place. This can be very important for addressing an attacker. Body Mechanic #2. Shrimping Shrimping is actually a set of techniques that including the Conclusion standard Shrimp, the Reverse Shrimp, and the Side A ground fight is a very dangerous altercation for any LEO Shrimp. Shrimping as a body mechanic refers to a and is a situation that officers MUST be trained for. By particular manner to move the hips. Usually starting out understanding how positions in a ground fight relate to with a slight bridge (especially for LEO's to clear the duty each other and how to transition between the positions belt from the ground) and then pushing the hips out to one officers can effectively fight back if they find themselves in side as they rotate slightly while the hands extend towards such an altercation. In the beginning of training 3 core the toes until the body finishes in a "V" shape. Or the body mechanics should be trained and practiced. They shape of a shrimp. are Bridging, Shrimping, and Scissoring. Stay safe, be well. ILEETA These techniques are usually used in certain situations but if you observe highly skilled grapplers they are always About the Author moving their hips in this manner, whether on the ground Tom Gillis has been involved in martial arts and law enforcement for the last 17 years. He now owns and operates FTS Inc. and left the Alberta Sheriff’s Department as a Sergeant in 2010. He uses his passion for martial arts as a vehicle to educate and train law enforcement and civilians alike to enhance their lives and continue his mission to "Train Winners for Life." OR standing up. Body Mechanic #3. Scissoring back to contents ILEETA Journal—Page 17 Both Sides of the Door: Are you Prepared for the Hardest Conversation? by Kim Schlau and Susan Moody Now, imagine that same crash scene, but this time you are the cloth-draped victim. Who is going to knock on your door and give your family the news? How will your loved ones be notified? Do you have a plan in place to help your family plan your burial, handle insurance and finances, and complete the volumes of paperwork that will result from your death? I magine you receive a This class will cover both sides of the door – both delivery call advising of a major automobile crash, and you of a death notification and preparing your family to receive respond to the scene. As you weave your way a death notification. We will discuss how to deliver through numerous ambulances, fire trucks and additional notifications with compassion, professionalism, and patrol units, you realize this crash involves fatalities. When support. We will also explore ways to prepare your family you get out of your car you see the cloth-draped victims on to receive notification of your death, and assist you in the pavement. setting out your final wishes. No one wants to think about his or her death, or be reminded of his or her own mortality. Unfortunately, over 100 officers are killed in the line of duty every year, and thousands more civilians are killed in traffic crashes, shootings, suicides, and other critical incidents. Being prepared to give notification in the best manner possible can help alleviate additional pain to the victim’s family, and being prepared for your own death can prevent additional stress and confusion for your surviving family. ILEETA About the Authors You know as part of your job you will have to notify the victim’s families of their deaths. You will have to knock on their door and wait for them to answer, knowing you are about to give them the worst news they will ever receive. Are you ready to deliver that news? Do you know what you are going to say? Do you have a plan to handle the reaction of family, whether it is shock, acceptance, anger, Kim Schlau answered that knock on the door almost ten years ago when a speeding Illinois State Trooper killed her oldest two daughters, Jessica and Kelli. In her daughter’s memories, Kim has worked with law enforcement, schools, and businesses all over the country to prevent additional crashes due to speed and distracted driving. You can contact Kim through her website at kimberlyschlau.com, or by email at [email protected]. Susan Moody received the news that her husband, Officer Brad Moody, was involved in a serious car crash that led to his death. Susan works with law enforcement to promote officer safety, and also supports families of fallen law enforcement officers through C.O.P.S. You can contact Susan through her email at [email protected]. or denial? back to contents ILEETA Journal—Page 18 Rifle, Weapon of Democracy By John Farnam “Opportunity knocks, but seldom nags!” in the correctness of his rifle’s sight settings represents a virulent sickness that will fatally sabotage any shooters’s Anon self-confidence, even preventing him from taking advantage of critical opportunities. Patrol Rifles: Our beleaguered, and under the current administration, largely irrelevant, US Border Patrol reports that they don’t have enough patrol rifles to issue one to each officer. In addition, I encourage students to reconfirm their rifle’s zero at every opportunity. When The Test comes, there will be no room for nagging doubts! In some stations, a single rifle is “shared” by three separate officers. Thus, “sharing” rifles among different officers represents a lethal mistake! I’ve editorialized about this before. “Shared” rifles are a predictable recipe for disaster! A rifle with an unknown zero, or no zero, provides its owner with little more capability than a pistol. Rifles are a highly personal item of emergency, safety equipment. To be truly useful, a patrol rifle, indeed any At this point, I should say something unkind about an rifle intended for serious purposes, needs to be carefully administration that cares so little about its officers that it “zeroed” by, and for, the individual using it. allows such a situation to continue. Heaven knows, I say that often enough! “Zeroing” a serious rifle so that the path of the bullet (trajectory) and the line of sight precisely intersect at But, here is the real point: certain distances (according to whatever formula you adhere to- there are several that are acceptable) is an exacting and tedious process, usually consuming hours of As an individual, LEO or otherwise, don’t wait around for range time. Owing to variables like body size, parallax, your agency, your employer, or the Tooth Fairy for that optics, and vision issues, a rifle that is “zeroed” to the matter, to “get around” to providing you with critical, life- satisfaction of its owner may not be acceptable to another saving, emergency, safety equipment. Equipment like shooter. personal body armor, flashlights, rifles, adequate ammunition for serious training, etc. During Rifle Courses, I tell students, until and unless their rifle’s sight settings are exactly to their satisfaction, there is Take the initiative, without delay. Get and carry your own no point in going further! Lack of absolute, personal belief gear. Expose yourself to professional training outside your back to contents ILEETA Journal—Page 19 Rifle, Con’t... agency. Take your own health seriously, even when no personal military rifle, close at hand, precisely zeroed, and one else does! ready to go! As we confront hideous news of the Paris attacks by ISIS The enemy is at the gate! criminals, all of us had better come to grips with real threats faced by our generation! “The Art of War teaches us to rely, not on the calculated likelihood of the enemy’s coming or not, but on our own readiness to receive him, no matter Suggesting, with a straight face, that confronting armed terrorists with broomsticks and fire extinguishers has some what he does.” Sun Tzu ILEETA chance of success, is a telltale indication that we’re still not About the Author serious. Confronting them with unzeroed rifles represents scant improvement! John Farnam, police officer and decorated veteran of the Vietnam War, is one of the top defensive firearms instructors in the nation and internationally. John is a Senior Board Member of the Armed Citizens Legal Defense Network. In June of 1996, he was selected by his peers to receive the renowned "Tactical Advocate of the Year" award from the National Tactical Association. In April of 2009, he was inducted into Black Belt Magazine‟s “Living Legends.” If Western Civilization has any intention of continuing to exist through the next couple of decades, its subscribers had better get serious! Every American, especially every LEO, needs his own, back to contents ILEETA Journal—Page 20 Winning the Deadly Tug-of-War for Your Gun! By Richard Nance C ops know that Assuming your gun is capable of firing the chambered every fight is a round when the suspect grabs it, who’s to say where it will gunfight be aimed when you pull the trigger? If the suspect isn’t on because even the other end of your muzzle when your pistol fires, you when dealing with an are not only failing to debilitate the suspect, you are unarmed suspect, the potentially endangering the lives of innocent bystanders. officer’s gun could be Suffice it to say, the “I’ll just shoot ‘em off” approach is far the catalyst of a deadly from foolproof. tug-of-war. Law Enforcement Officers Killed and Assaulted (LEOKA) stats remind us that even with the prevalence of high level Although we are taught from the earliest stages of the retention holsters, we are still being disarmed and killed police academy to keep our gun side away from a with our own guns. Yet, with many officers, there remains potential suspect, in the real world, that's not always a naivety about gun retention. Complacent cops utter possible. Despite our best efforts to safeguard our tough guy quotes like, “I’ll just shoot ‘em off my gun” when holstered handgun, we must acknowledge that a suspect discussing how they would respond to a suspect might get his hands on it. Therefore, officers need to have attempting to disarm them. Unfortunately, it’s not that a simple, go-to tactic to keep from being disarmed. This simple. tactic needs to work against the pressure of a full-force, unscripted disarm attempt. Since gun retention is a matter of life and death, the officer’s response must be immediate For starters, you can’t shoot a suspect off of your gun and aggressive. when it’s holstered so you will clearly need a a response for a holstered gun grab. Secondly, if your gun was grabbed while you were holding it, shooting the assailant Unfortunately, many handgun retention techniques are may not be the best option. In fact, it may not be an option built upon the premise of an unrealistic attack. Lots of at all. things work when your training partner grabs your holstered gun in a lackadaisical manner, while standing flat-footed and his arm fully extended. But against a fully When the slide of a semi-automatic pistol is held, it will not animated attack, when your training partner is pulling you reciprocate and therefore, the cycle of operation will be off-balance or driving you back against a wall, while disrupted. The pistol may fire once, but no more. (If there tugging desperately at your gun, it becomes apparent that is rearward pressure exerted on the slide, there’s a chance many of the commonly taught handgun retention a semi-automatic pistol won’t fire even a single round). techniques don't hold up. Since shooting a suspect once, even in close quarters, is unlikely to cause immediate incapacitation; you can still expect to fight for your gun. Rather than teaching officers several technique sequences, each designed to thwart a specific type of gun back to contents ILEETA Journal—Page 21 Tug-of-War for Your Gun, con’t. grab, why not promote a simple, gross motor-based preferred to grab the suspect’s wrist with the web of your response that will work against any attempt at disarming hand facing away from you rather than forward, as you your holstered handgun? Even under duress, officers can would if the suspect attacked from the front. After remember this simple formula, “Secure and Strike.” This establishing this grip and applying downward pressure on tactic works whether the suspect is pulling you toward him your gun, step forward with your non gun side leg and or driving you backward. It is as applicable from the start to pivot rearward. Step back with your gun side leg to ground as it is standing. pull the suspect’s face into your palm strike. At this point, you have the same grip on your gun and the same options as if the suspect attached from the front. The first component is a constant. As soon as your gun is grabbed, you secure it in your holster. This is best accomplished by grabbing the suspect wrist and applying Over the course of my law enforcement career, I’ve downward pressure, forcing the gun into the holster. After learned several in-hand handgun retention techniques. pinning the wrist, step back with your gun side leg to lower Some were effective only when the suspect gripped a your center gravity and achieve a more stable stance. This certain way, with his thumbs below the gun, for instance. wider stance will help you maintain balance and provide When the suspect grabbed with his thumbs on top of the an excellent launching pad for delivering powerful strikes, gun, the officer had to resort to an entirely different which brings us to the last part of the equation. technique. Obviously, this can delay an officer’s response . After securing your gun in its holster, it's time to turn One technique I’ve found to be very effective is sometimes predator into prey! You need to strike the suspect so hard referred to as the Push, Pull, and Twist. This concept is and often that he would not want to hang onto your gun, effective because it’s very difficult for the suspect to resist even if he could. Although striking is always the answer, both the pushing and pulling action, which occur almost the particular strike or combination of strikes that you simultaneously. employ will vary based on which targets are available to you. In other words, when an assailant's arms are extended and his face is exposed, a palm strike to the When the suspect grabs your gun, take a lunging step face makes sense. But when the suspect’s arms are bent forward with your gun side leg then with your other leg, and his head is against your chest, you may not be able to allowing the gun to collapse against your chest. After the effectively strike it with your palm. In such case, you might second step, punch out your arms to drive the gun into the punch the suspect the ribs, knee his groin, elbow his suspect. If the muzzle strikes the suspect, consider it a head, or dig a thumb or finger into his eye. bonus. As soon as you have “pushed” the gun toward the suspect, pull it toward you while taking a shuffle step back. Since the suspect’s momentum is going backward, there’s Against a holstered disarm attempt from the rear, the a good chance your gun will slip right out of his grasp. As officer still must secure the gun in the holster but then, he you pull, twist the gun inward (counterclockwise for a right or she must turn to face the suspect. I’ve found that it’s handed shooter). This causes the gun to rotate in the back to contents ILEETA Journal—Page 22 Tug-of-War for Your Gun, con’t. suspect’s hand(s), which helps break his grip and may lacerate his hand with the front sight. As a Plan B should the Push, Pull, and Twist fail or as a stand-alone tactic when there’s not enough room to execute the Push, Pull, and Twist, you could literally pry your gun from the suspect’s grasp. This is a concept I borrowed from renowned firearms instructor, John Farnam. To execute the pry, simply wedge the exterior portion of your non shooting side forearm between your gun and the suspect’s hand. Then, simultaneously drive About the Author Richard is a patrol officer in Northern, California with over 18 years of law enforcement experience. His collateral assignments include firearms instructor and defensive tactics instructor. Richard is the cofounder of WARTAC CQC, a company that provides firearms and defensive tactics instruction to law enforcement and civilians. For years, Richard was the Defensive Tactics Contributor for Officer.com and LawOfficer.com. Currently, Richard writes for Guns & Ammo and Handguns magazines and co-hosts Handguns and Defensive Weapons TV. Richard’s new book, gunFIGHT! – An integrated Approach to Shooting and Fighting in Close Quarters was recently published by Looseleaf Law Publications. Richard will be presenting a course titled “Firearm Retention and Disarming” at the 2016 ILEETA Conference. He can be contacted at [email protected] your arm forward and pull the gun to your chest, while rotating your hips and upper body to the right (assuming you are a right handed shooter). When both hands are busy, your knee is a good substitute for your forearm as the wedge. Keep in mind that after struggling for your pistol, there’s a good chance it will be rendered out of battery. Before firing, you will need to tap the magazine to ensure it is properly seated, rack the slide to chamber a round, as assess the situation to determine if firing is warranted. Make no mistake, when your gun is grabbed, you are in a life and death tug-of-war. Don’t bet your life on your holster’s retention mechanisms or false bravado. If the suspect gets your gun, he’ll likely try to use it to kill you. Against a gun disarm attempt, immediate and overwhelming aggression is the answer. If your gun is holstered, just remember, “Secure and Strike”. If your gun is in-hand, the Push, Pull, and Twist technique and the Pry concept are effective countermeasures. back to contents ILEETA Journal—Page 23 Building a Patrol CQB Program By Alex Embry F or years the tactical skills gap between specialized While this type of work tactical units (SWAT) and traditional police patrol has traditionally be units has been getting smaller. The increase in thought of as the active shooter incidents, the threat of both home grown domain of SWAT and international terrorism, and the greater liability statistics show that associated with SWAT actions on warrant services has patrol engages in far placed a greater burden than ever on patrol officers to be more CQB ready and able to perform high risk duties without calling engagements than for SWAT. While there will always be a need for SWAT SWAT during routine and tactical policing units we must understand this trend operations. It is unfathomable that we would prepare one and do our best as trainers to prepare routine patrol unit for this type of combat while general patrol remains officers for situations that will call upon tactical skills sets largely untrained in the proficient use of tactics that traditionally only used by SWAT. Consider an active increase the chances of winning conflicts at this range. shooter situation. This is a patrol function that demands immediate tactical response. With shooters in proximity to innocent citizens this is essentially a hostage rescue While SWAT is critical as is their enhanced training, these mission taken on by patrol. Why would we continue to skills are just as important to patrol personnel. When provide one unit of officers with the training to deal with properly designed, a patrol CQB program will contain the this yet withhold it from another group who will bear the fundamentals used by your SWAT team as the foundation responsibility of responding to the initial call? for their work. This overlap prepares future SWAT personnel and allows for better interoperability during ongoing high risk operations. In the new reality of policing, preparing officers for 2-3 man Close-Quarter Battle skills and strategies (CQB) is critical. CQB can be roughly defined as engaging in deadly force combat at short ranges where threat and non-threat targets are in tight proximity if not intermingled. It is the Patrol is routinely engaged in activity that could lead to CQB shootings. Alarms, Burglaries, Home Invasion calls, any armed subject incident. They must have the tools to deal with these situations. ultimate thinking man’s game and cannot be thought of solely as a physical pursuit. Despite the fact that speed, Despite the similarities in CQB for SWAT and patrol there accuracy, violence are highly desirable commodities for are differences. The number of officers involved, this type of work, it must be tempered and driven by the specialized tools available to SWAT, and specialized ability to stay on task under duress while discerning missions are all things that differentiate the two. While structure layout and threat vs. non-threat individuals while SWAT has access to gas, NFDDs, shields, etc. these tools moving at speed. There is no room for mental errors. DO NOT change the fundamentals of CQB. Lastly, despite the high-risk, specialized nature of SWAT operations, the same fundamental 2-3 person CQB is back to contents ILEETA Journal—Page 24 Patrol CQB Program, con’t. used to resolve them. Despite the differences, which are real, the similarities are much more striking. At the end of the day, if certain tactics are good enough to save lives in SWAT then they are good enough to save lives in patrol. To establish safety, which is paramount, we must start with proper weapons manipulation on the flat range. Beyond mere qualification this is where fundamental firearms handling skills are built and accuracy achieved. By providing our patrol personnel with CQB skills not only do we make them more effective and efficient at their duties when dealing with high risk settings, we also prepare them for potential appointment to SWAT. Building an effective SWAT team member is much easier when an individual has already been exposed to the fundamentals of tactics. This can only occur if the CQB program is designed to overlap between specialized units and patrol. This requires a ground-up look at how we build our tactics, techniques, and procedures (TTPs) from a base 2-person core to team based tactics later in advanced application. It also mandates we lay out a safe pattern to go from new shooter on the line to moving and This stage of building a CQB program for general patrol is all about breaking out specific aspects of shooting that will allow them to move forward to more realistic training. Flat range training has gotten a bad rap in recent literature. If firearms training is allowed to stagnate here then I agree it is a bad thing. However, when used properly to develop specific skill sets and diagnose and resolve problem shooting or manipulation it is a valuable tool to building a shooter capable of doing CQB work. Here is where trainers need to build into officers efficient and effective motor programs that will be available on command under stress. To shortcut this step is to shortcut the cornerstone of shooting in a tactical setting later. shooting in close proximity in dynamic, realistic training. Once an officer is capable of making hits and working in a As we move our people forward, it’s important to realize that all CQB systems, no matter what your particular department utilizes, start at a core of 2- person system. If a department can teach its patrol personnel to move safely in a two person team, cover exposed flanks, and read threats accurately life will only get easier with the addition of more officers to a problem. Nothing fundamentally should change with the addition of more officers. This fact also allows the same TTPs to work all the way up to SWAT level. safe, efficient manner on a flat range, it is necessary to begin adding complexity and realism. This can be achieved by many methods and should be stair-stepped in nature introducing the officer to new concepts and problem resolutions progressively. This allows one skill set to be ingrained before moving the officer on to the next steps of their evolution. This can be done by adding the stress of a shot timer to certain drills, adding divided attention targets that allow selective attention to be applied, or increasing the complexity of the shooting drills. Each have their place in helping the officer to manage the stress of eventual CQB shooting. Does this sound like active shooter training? Of course it does and it’s only the beginning of what can be achieved by teaching patrol to embrace 2-3 person CQB. Next, we want to move on to a more dynamic range with the officer. This is where movement and tactics are back to contents ILEETA Journal—Page 25 Patrol CQB Program, con’t. employed by the officer in conjunction with the skills they trainers are satisfied that the techniques are being safety have learned on the flat range. This can mean shooting applied as intended, we can more forward to live fire live fire while navigating hallways and open doors, training. Trainers should never overlook the additional manipulating closed doors, or moving to position of step of Simunitions and force-on-force training prior to dominance within a scenario. This is where time spent going live fire. Shooting live-fire CQB is something that is teaching flat range fundamentals gets translated to the earned by the student, never automatically granted. Until reality of fighting with a live fire weapon. These building a student proves they are ready for live-fire they don’t block steps will build confidence and allow an officer to move past any other phase of training including marking move into full 2 person CQB shooting. cartridges or Simuntions. When we make this step we go from a dynamic to a CQB By being able to apply these skills in a simulated range. This is when, with proper prop and target environment patrol officers gain a high degree of placement, a trainer can replicate realistic structures for 2 confidence to deploy these skill sets under the stress of or 3 person CQB. While commercial Shoot Houses are real world incidents. However, a guided, stair-step highly desirable for this application they are beyond the approach must be applied at all stages. At this year’s resources of many departments. With proper instruction ILEETA conference we will be looking at building these and safety testing it is very possible to approach this level programs for patrol application in detail including a look at of training on many range facilities that departments have multiple CQB systems while discussing their pros and access to daily. cons and how to apply a building block approach to each. As we move into this setting we continue with our building block approach. First we talk the problem through, allow the shooters to see it in classroom and discuss the concepts to ensure shooters understand the principles behind the “why” of what we are doing. This ensures understanding of both the safety protocols and the actual tactical application. When shooters are allowed to grasp the “why” of a subject they are inevitably better to perform the action and retain it better. Once we have seen the drill About the Author Sergeant Alex Embry is an 11 year veteran of the McHenry County Illinois Sheriff’s Office where he is currently assigned to the Tactical Training Division. He is the lead Range Master for the Firearms Training Unit as well as the lead instructor of the Control Tactics Cadre. He is an Assault Team Leader on the SWAT team where he has served for nine years. During that time he has deployed as an entry team member, sniper/observer, and Team Leader. He is an instructor and subject matter expert in several tactical disciplines to include advanced pistol and rifle skills, live-fire shoot house instructor, less lethal/NFDD instructor, rapid deployment and MACTAC instructor as well as an instructor in multiple empty-hand combatives programs. in classroom and talked it out we run it dry. This step is important because it allows for kinesthetic understanding of the material. The officer’s body begins to understand what a tactic should feel like when performed correctly. Additionally, this allows trainers to trouble shoot safety problems and ensure a safe live-fire transition. Once back to contents ILEETA Journal—Page 26 Development back to contents Editor: Thom Dworak Instructor ILEETA Journal—Page 27 W.I.N. - Are you Asking Enough Questions? by Brian Willis W.I.N is a simple, but powerful acronym I picked up from the famous college What do I teach / train / coach the way football coach Lou Holtz. It stands for ‘What’s Important that I do? What or Now?’ and Coach Holtz used it to help the young men he who have influenced coached prioritize the choices they were faced with every my teaching style? day and make better decisions. As law enforcement professionals we need to take a lesson from Coach Holtz taught by me? What and ask ourselves What’s Important Now? numerous is it like to be a student in my class? times every day. This question, which I refer to as Life’s Most Powerful Question, will help you prioritize the choices What is it like to be How do I define success? Do I define success based you are faced with every day and assist in your decision on rewards, titles, accolades and high ratings on making. The purpose of this column is to stimulate evaluations? Or, do I define success based on the thought, debate, and reflection on critical issues in law growth and learning of the participants in my classes? enforcement training and to challenge all of you to ask, and answer, What’s Important Now? Can guided discovery through questions really create What’s Important Now? - Are you asking enough questions? a deeper level of learning? Can questions help me be a better trainer? Can questions help me enhance the effectiveness of What questions should you be asking? What if you started with these? Are questions really the key to effective debriefings? the programs I teach? What is the purpose of the drills and exercises I What’s Important Now? conduct in training? (It is in the lesson plan and we What’s the right thing to do? have always done it this way is not acceptable Why did I decide to become a trainer? answers.) What is the intended outcome or learning objectives of the drills and exercises? Are those learning objectives actually being met? back to contents ILEETA Journal—Page 28 W.I.N. Questions, con’t. Why do we teach the material in the order or sequence that we do? Is it the most convenient for scheduling, or is it the most conducive to effective Who am I mentoring? Who are the five people in my life I choose to spend the most time with? Am I hanging out with positive, learning? motivated and supportive friends and mentors? Or, Is block training of skills actually the most effective for am I hanging out with energy vampires and dream long term retention and application? stealers? Am I teaching recruits to make decisions or teaching them to take orders and do what they are told? trainers? Great coaches? Great communicators? Great mentors? What did I invest in myself in the last 12 months in the areas of personal and professional growth and development? What books did I read, what podcasts did I listen to, what courses, conferences or seminars did I attend and what courses did I take that made me What is my personal growth plan for the coming year? Who do I need to connect with at the ILEETA conference? If I had the chance to sit down for a meal with them what three questions would I ask them? How have I improved the training I deliver in the past How do I define leadership? Do I think of myself as a leader? Is leadership a course or a culture at my agency? What am I doing to influence that? What am I willing to invest in myself this year? How can I emulate those traits and characteristics to become the best version of me? better at what I do? What are the traits and characteristics of great Am I committed to excellence or have I embraced mediocrity? What about you? What questions do you have? What is your favorite question? ILEETA year? What changes have I made in the content or About the Author delivery of the material to enhance the learning Brian Willis is an internationally recognized thought leader, speaker, trainer, and author. He is the President of the innovative training company Winning Mind Training and serves as the Deputy Executive Director for ILEETA. Brian is the recipient of a Lifetime Achievement Award in recognition of his contribution and commitment to Officer Safety in Canada and was named Law Officer Trainer of the Year for 2011. experience for the participants in my classes? What training gaps exist in our training programs? What is my definition of a hero? Who are my heroes? back to contents ILEETA Journal—Page 29 The Adaptive FTO by Sgt. Thomas Dworak (Ret) The Virtus Group Sunday March 13 @ 1500 Heathrow A&B Thursday March 17 @1500 Heathrow A&B T Understand the concept of Failing Forward - a mindset of using errors and mistakes as a process to grow. Learn how to address the probationary officer's critical thinking and decision making skills - with a format of he Adaptive FTO questions designed to challenge the How and Why of is an advanced trainee's decisions. Field Training Officer (FTO) course designed to equip your agency’s FTOs in navigating the many challenges of training in today’s law enforcement environment. The law enforcement environment is a non-linear, open-loop system requiring adaptive and creative problem-solvers. By training the FTO to be an adaptive thinker and trainer, s/he will be prepared to train and grow the probationary officer into an adaptive problem-solver. The Adaptive FTO is cross-functional and adapts to any current FTO model. This reduces expense to the agency. The Adaptive FTO enhances the current FTO process by The Field Training Officer is the most influential role addressing critical issues necessary to developing the model in any police organization. They set the standard current crop of probationary officers. for success or failure. Too often, agencies are concerned with the “how” of training: procedures, checklists, reports, The goal of The Adaptive FTO is to provide current FTOs with a strategy of how to become a more adaptable, flexible trainer. At the completion of this program attendees will: general orders - all with the aim of showing compliance with training mandates. Our newest officers need to know the Why - and many times the why is missing. Law enforcement needs adaptive police officers who creatively problem-solve within established parameters, not uncaring Learn how to teach the probationary officer to identify robots who regurgitate in black-and-white. and control emotional trigger points and responses to stressful situations, Learn why positive feedback is necessary for the development of the trainee, The Adaptive FTO teaches FTOs (and through FTOs’ efforts, the trainee) how to become emotionally aware of trigger points leading to over-reaction. It is a method of Learn how to give positive feedback through the recognizing de-escalation before it is time to de-escalate. Adaptive Feedback Model, It also makes for a more empathic officer who understands that not every situation is resolved through enforcement, back to contents ILEETA Journal—Page 30 Adaptive FTO, con’t. whether a traffic citation, a summons, or an arrest. behind the organization’s operations. Many newly hired police officers are from the Millennial Now more than ever, police agencies must develop generation. Millennials have several needs to keep them adaptive, critical decision-makers, who are aware of engaged during training. One need is feedback; but it emotional trigger points, and display an empathic must be positive. The Adaptive Feedback Model understanding for those with whom they come into addresses that need. Positive feedback through the contact. ILEETA Adaptive Feedback Model keeps the trainee from shutting down and turning off the FTO. Millennials also make decisions very quickly. In their life experiences, when errors were made, they only had to “hit the reset button” and try again. The Failing Forward philosophy, teamed with critical thinking/decision making model, reflects this experience and assists in developing sound decisions from the trainee. The new probationary officer needs to know the Why. In order to develop a sense of purpose and belonging within About the Author Thomas Dworak is a retired Sergeant (31 years) from a suburban Chicago police department where he was the Field Training and Evaluation Program Coordinator and the Lead Defensive Tactics/Use of Force Instructor. As consultant for the Virtus Group he developed and facilitates The Adaptive FTO. Thom’s knowledge of experiential learning, emotional intelligence, critical thinking, creative problem solving and decision making shaped The Adaptive FTO into a program for the changing training environment Field Training Officer’s and their trainee’s find themselves in daily. Thom facilitates training throughout the mid-west in Field Training, Instructor Development, Leadership, Supervisory Skills, Use of Force, Defensive Tactics and is the Northern Illinois Training Coordinator for Below 100. He holds the position of adjunct faculty at the Suburban Law Enforcement Academy at the College of Du Page providing instruction to recruits in defensive tactics and scenario-based training. Thom can be contacted at [email protected] and follow him on Twitter @dworakt their new organization, they need to internalize the Why back to contents ILEETA Journal—Page 31 Nurturing Adaptive Learning by Louis Hayes To adapt is to respond appropriately to change. That’s a – without much thought. simple term with complex ideas: Respond. Appropriately. Other responses rely on To Change. more cerebral critical thinking or analysis to CHANGE dissect the situation or Chronologically speaking, the first aspect of adaptability is forecast possibilities. to recognize change. Change comes in many forms: problems; complaints; new challenges; opportunities; risks; anomalies from baseline; accelerating trends. The If we do not respond to change, we lose opportunities. We manner in which we discover change depends on our lose opportunities to stabilize problems and keep them environment and situations. In policing, a radical change in from getting worse. We lose opportunities to jump out in an incident can happen in a sliver of a second! front of a pending issue. We lose opportunities to accept challenges and grow ourselves. Observing change requires a certain awareness of our current operational climate. What is normal? What is Without a response, we allow change to shape us… different? We need to keep our “finger on the pulse” and instead of us taking control. maintain a high level of situational awareness. Experience, education, and storytelling can be a helpful coach to using We must do something! historical events in determining a baseline of normal…and APPROPRIATELY a change or anomaly. We cannot simply…respond. We need a certain level of appropriateness to our decisions and actions. So how do Two aspects of recognizing change are timeliness and accuracy. How quickly do we discover or anticipate the we measure appropriateness? Is it in law? Agency policy? Training? Personal morals? Cultural norms? change? Or with how much advance warning? How confident are we of what the change actually is (and it’s In some cases, our response is dictated by standardized potential impact)? rules. In environments with strict “if-then” protocols, the First and foremost, see the change! response is pre-determined. This tends to work well in situations with highly predictable variables. (Think: RESPOND administrative duties, like scheduling, how to wear a If we ignore change, it’s the same as not seeing the uniform, etc.) change. Change requires a response! Some changes are so subtle that the response is subtle. But we need to In other cases, and at the other end of the spectrum, our respond. response options are limitless. Innovative teams encourage their members to have open vision and Some responses are instinctual, emotional, or naturalistic exercise boundless creativity. back to contents ILEETA Journal—Page 32 Adaptive Learning, con’t. data, and reasoning. In the middle of these two bookend environments are those circumstances where our decisions must fit within loose parameters or bounds. The expansiveness of THE CHALLENGE allowances, tolerances, and discretion with these Being an “adaptive thinker” is about understanding the guidelines is completely situational. This is where the complexity of change, response, and appropriateness. adaptive mindset fits. Blending rules with creativity; And I question whether we are doing this in law standards with customization; rigid protocol with enforcement training. imagination. We must commit to developing ourselves, our teams and An often-neglected aspect of evaluating response to our organizations to become more flexible and agile. This change is timeliness. Urgent matters do not allow much may require we re-engineer our training, education, time to think. Instead, the responder may be forced to rely systems, policies, supervision, testing, evaluation, and upon patterns, intuition, heuristics, emotion, or even… command structures. bias. In these types of situations, being armed with a tall “deck” or “stack” of related experiences matters. In some sense, we need to satisfice these spontaneous changes with a reasonable or acceptable response rather than the perfect answer (if one even exists!) With proper development programs and systems, we can transfer the decision-making function to those who are best suited to respond. We must trust our police officers and empower them to adapt! NOTE: Lou Hayes will be discussing Nurturing Adaptive One facet that tends to slow the speed of a decision is a Learning at #ILEETA16 conference, under the rigid vertical hierarchy or chain-of-command. If front line Growing Courage breakout session series. ILEETA personnel who witness change (sometimes significant change!) must confer with supervisors, we may be About the Author inadvertently causing an unnecessary delay that impacts Louis Hayes, Jr. is a provocateur for The Virtus Group, Inc. He is an 18- the response. In policing, we’ve all seen the disastrous year police officer in the Chicago suburbs, holding collateral duties as endings when bureaucracy causes decision paralysis! Crisis Intervention officer, SWAT supervisor, and trainer. Lou studies complex adaptive systems, human behavior and performance under stress, crisis decision-making, resiliency, and the works of deceased Air However, for change that does not require an immediate Force Colonel John Boyd. He also likes playing with LEGOS. Lou can be response, we should exploit available time to develop a reached on Twitter at @LouHayesJr. more accurate, thorough response. We can fall back on experts, specialists, and resources to assist us. The mental hypothesizing of options allows us to create more appropriate, more robust responses…built on intelligence, back to contents ILEETA Journal—Page 33 Simplify: Getting Back to Basics by Laura King P olice work issue. If they know what you are looking for, it is more seems to be likely they will select a way to manage the situation in a getting more way that makes you satisfied. and more complicated. Industry wide, we see Commitment to Right Action: how the complexity of operations is having an impact on We know there is no wrong time to do the right thing. This our police professionals. Officers are less confident due to commitment to right action can help clarify those gray this complexity. We also find some officers and areas we inevitable deal with in police work. If the officer supervisors over thinking matters and causing a delay in is behaving righteously, it very rarely is going to be the right action. In a fast moving police encounter, this could wrong course of action. Too often in modern times officers potentially have extremely negative consequences. It is are trying to remember agency policy and case law rather time we find a way to bring simplicity back to our basic than focusing on making the right decision. While we use operational functions and allow our officers to focus on policy and legislation to guide our decision making during their professional tasks with confidence and a deep level difficult times; the intent of both of these documents is to of understanding. There are many ways this can be steer us toward right action as police professionals. Many accomplished. Here we will focus on three primary areas of us instinctually know the difference between right and where police agencies can use simplification to increase wrong, even in the most complex of areas. If we understanding of job expectations within their agency: encourage our officers if they encounter a situation where they are unsure of what to do to focus on right action, Clarity of Expectations: chances are they will make a good decision as a result. While most police professionals have an abundance of skill; psychic ability is usually not amongst that skill set. Utilizing Feedback Effectively: When asking our officers to complete a task, it is important When is the last time you expressed appreciation to a we explain to them with unmistakable clarity what it is we colleague for a job well done. Police work is often filled want accomplished. We all know there is more than one with negativity. People assume if they are being called in way to skin a cat. This means police professionals have by their supervisor it is because there is a problem. We several options open to them when working to come up can change this dynamic and improve performance by with a resolution to a problem. One of the most difficult changing the way we use feedback. Feedback is one of things for this law enforcement supervisor to learn was the most powerful tools any police professional has at his that my team members could not read my mind. Just or her disposal. By using feedback effectively, you can because I expected something to be done in a certain way encourage your team to keep up the good work when did not mean the people I was working with understood things go well. You can also modify behavior when the what result I was looking for when I delegated the task. I outcome of a situation is not ideal. Feedback can be used am not talking about micro-management here; you do not with co-workers, people you supervise, your bosses and need to tell them how to do their job, but clarify the result even members of the public. All we need to do is take the you are looking for when asking your staff to address the extra effort to ensure our appreciation is communicated. It is very easy to take positive results for granted or even not back to contents ILEETA Journal—Page 34 Simplify, con’t. notice when something is done correctly. If this habit continues, your team members may modify their actions, not realizing that you were happy with the initial results. By giving appropriate feedback, you can ensure the quality work performance is continued and make your life easier at the same time. These are just some of the simple steps that can be taken to help improve functionality with your team. By utilizing these strategies in our daily experiences; we will find we are communicating more clearly and lessening our risk for complications. We also will find our officers understand better what is expected of them, either in the classroom or on the street. This will allow them to proceed in completing their assignments with confidence and contentment- knowing they are doing the right thing the right way. In this day and age of complexity and confusion, getting back to basics can help us ensure we continue to thrive in an environment that is uncertain and everchanging. These basic habits can help us navigate the complex work environment presented to modern law enforcement professionals. ILEETA About the Author Laura King is a 19 year law enforcement professional, currently serving as the Commander of the McHenry, Illinois Police Dept.. She has earned her PhD in Psychology and actively works to bring the fields of law enforcement and psychology together in her teaching efforts. She is an adjunct professor for several area colleges and is a member of The Virtus Group where she offers specialty trainings for law enforcement professionals. back to contents ILEETA Journal—Page 35 Build Better Courses: Instructional Design 101 by Kerry Avery When you’re asked to design or overhaul a course, where do you start? When I first started designing training programs I searched for a course to Where do you start? What purpose do learning outcomes teach me how to do this because it’s overwhelming to turn a serve? blank page in to effective training. I eagerly anticipated the first course I took – Designing Effective Training Manuals, but was disappointed after two days of presentations on all of the different options. I continued to take courses to understand adult learning theories and the options, but really learned how to design a course through experience. What is the difference between assessment and evaluation? How do I plan the delivery? How do I document a course? How do I prevent scope creep? The goal of this presentation is to provide the one thing I was looking for as a new instructional designer – a process. Designing training is complex and still challenges me after 12 years, but having a process to follow allows you to focus on the elements needed to make the course as engaging and effective as possible. Bring your instructional design questions, and we’ll work through the process of designing a course. ILEETA About the Author Build Better Courses provides an overview of the process and answers the questions: Kerry Avery is the owner of Odin Training Solutions Inc. Kerry has over 10 years’ experience designing corporate training programs, including 6 years working with law enforcement to develop classroom, online and blended learning courses, and recently released an e-learning program on the instructional design process. Kerry is also pursuing a Master’s degree in Distance Education at Athabasca University. She can be reached at [email protected]. back to contents ILEETA Journal—Page 36 Problem-Based Learning in Law Enforcement In-service Training by Jonathan McCombs, Ph.D. P roblem-based learning is the optimal For example, I found in a study of the City of Columbus, method for preparing law enforcement Ohio Police Division that PBL in law enforcement in- officers to respond effectively to the service can reduce use of force incidents overall multitude of situations they will face during their careers. (McCombs, 2015). The essential components of PBL will Effective problem-based pre and in-service training will be discussed in the presentation in more detail, but they result in an opportunity for officers to make inevitable include: mistakes and learn in a controlled environment rather than exclusively in the field. If we assume that everyone will make mistakes and that most scenario training is exclusively tactical in nature then we can consider that PBL has a place in law enforcement in-service training. All the more, you may be practicing some components of PBL already. Several states have implemented this innovative approach to learning such as Kentucky, Washington, and Florida and obtained the benefits for problem-based learning. For example, this article summarizes a presentation at the upcoming International Law Enforcement Educators and Trainers Association Conference in March entitled, ‘Problem-Based Learning in Law Enforcement In-Service Training.’ 1) Beginning with the problem (Batdi, 2014: Scott, 2014) 2) Student directed learning (Barrows, 1996) 3) Reflection on learning (Batdi, 2014) 4) Small groups (Scott, 2014) 5) Instructor Facilitation (Scott, 2014: Barrows, 1996) Attendees will see the modeling of PBL not merely hear how good it is or how you should be utilizing it, you will take some of your own courses and interact with others to develop PBL activities in the presentation. If you can work to develop a PBL activity for a face-to-face course, then the more advanced skill would be to develop a PBL activity for an online in-service course. The session will be an interactive one, rather than a boring lecture. Attendees to the session will see the You should come to our session on Wednesday at 8am in the Barajas room. ILEETA modeling of PBL not merely hear how good it is or how you should be utilizing it, you will take some of your own About the Author courses and interact with others to develop PBL activities Jonathan McCombs is an educator, former police officer and investigator, holds a Master‘s of Science in Criminal Justice and a Ph.D. in Criminal Justice. His dissertation topic is a study of problem based learning in law enforcement in-service training. An extensive career of over 20 years in public safety and higher education provided experience in narcotics investigations, intelligence analysis, anti-terror investigations, gun trafficking investigations, street patrol, campus law enforcement administration, higher education administration, and advanced training. As an industry expert in the field of law enforcement, problem based learning, and online learning, Jonathan McCombs is currently the Criminal Justice Administration Program Chair at Franklin University for the graduate and undergraduate programs. in the presentation. If you can work to develop a PBL activity for a face-to-face course, then the more advanced skill would be to develop a PBL activity for an online inservice course. Problem-based learning was developed in Medical Schools in the 1970’s when a professor found that his young doctors had excellent book knowledge, but could not critically analyze and manage real problems in the field. The use of PBL has also been expanded to nursing and some law enforcement police academies. Most of the research suggests that students and instructors like PBL and that it results in better results in real world situations. back to contents ILEETA Journal—Page 37 Replicating Adverse Dynamics: An Update of the Seven Levels of Simulation Training by Lawrence N. Nadeau T he original Seven ingrained over time and through student effort in skill Levels of Simulation development. Officers must have this base knowledge in Training order to participate in simulation training. If instructors do first appeared in 1995 as part of a not video indoctrination, simulation training will confuse your officers tape entitled The Building Blocks of Simulation Training released by spend adequate time with basic technique and prove counterproductive. RedMan Training Gear. It is a concept developed by Gary T. Klugiewicz and written Richard Rosenkrantz, (narrated) for the video by RedMan's Special Projects THE SEVEN LEVELS OF SIMULATION TRAINING: 1) Shadow Training Drills to Convey Concepts Manager at the time. It should be noted that I worked very 2) Prop Training Drills to Convey Concepts closely with both of these men at RedMan in the early 3) Partner Training Drills to Convey Concepts days and I have long considered them mentors, 4) Dynamic Movement Drills Adding Variables professional allies and personal friends. Richard has since 5) Relative Positioning Drills Adding Variables passed, but his many contributions continue to serve law 6) Environmental Factor Training Drills Adding enforcement training. The Seven Levels of Simulation Variables Training were ahead of their time in an era of "No Win" 7) High Level Simulations Scenario Based Training and "Sandlot" simulations. Still misunderstood by many instructors, The Seven Levels gave trainers specific There is a difference between conducting Drills (Levels 1 methods of review and the continued development of an through 6), and executing Scenarios (Level 7), though all officer's previously learned, step by step techniques. It is seven are considered simulation training exercises. The essentially the mortar that binds each technique they learn real difference is in the decision making. Drills are set up together, forming a solid system. A system of trained and methods that can be reinforced, retained and recalled for choreographed allowing participants to interact and make actual duty use. their own decisions based upon what they see and scripted step by step, while scenarios are experience within the scenario design. However, both are First of all The Seven Levels is more of a 'review and closely supervised. Drills are, in my opinion, the most development' teaching method than it is an 'initial underappreciated and under used element of The Seven instruction' teaching method. In other words, participants Levels of Simulation Training, and the real genius of this should already know the techniques they are performing in original training methodology. simulation training. They should already have had the As you can probably tell, I am a huge fan of the first six benefit of an Instructor demonstrating and explaining each levels of simulation training. For the sake of this article, I technique. would like to focus on the "seventh level" of simulation. They already have been provided the opportunity to perform those techniques slow for form, by the numbers with repetition. They have already worked up From The Building Blocks of Simulation Training video: to a realistic speed of technique employment and are fluid with the learned strategies. The Seven Levels can only be 7. The final level, is High Level Simulation Training. incorporated after the basics have been thoroughly With the other six levels, the officer focused on one back to contents ILEETA Journal—Page 38 Simulation Training, con’t. technique at a time, or on a few prearranged scripted encounter. They don’t make all of the training techniques. High level simulations force the officers decisions, but the decisions they make are critical to their to choose among several options and to help develop development in this training environment and in real life. their decision-making skills. At any given time, an While Drills are "static" because of the lack of student officer has to make a choice that determines what officer decision making, Scenarios are "dynamic" because happens next during the training exercise. of the fluidity their decisions create. These Replicating the choices add to the complexity of the exercise, and adversity of dynamic real life circumstances can only be because of this, the instructor has to closely achieved productively in training if the participant officer supervise the training to prevent injury to everyone makes the critical decisions associated with the staged involved. During these exercises, the demonstrator encounter. would be in a full suit while the students would be wearing partial suits. These high level simulation Now for the Update; I believe the term High Level exercises designed, Simulation Training (the seventh level) is too broad choreographed, and implemented in order to reduce and should be clearly divided into four distinct simulation the possibility of injury. This is the top level of the scenario based levels have to be carefully simulation training and should be conducted only after the officers involved in the training have 7.) Interactive Simulations- Most of our interactions with successfully the public we serve, do not end up in life and death Remember completed if have lower adequately prepare the officers in your class for high interactions with the public are, should I say it, uneventful. level simulations, utilize the modular approach to We speak to people, issue traffic citations, serve training, breaking it down into sections and doing it misdemeanor warrants, issue summons, take reports, on different days. We all know that high level facilitate custody transfers and respond to complaints daily simulations are the "fun part" of defensive tactics without confrontation. Why don't we simulate these training, but if you don't prepare your students interactions in training? We should, because any one of properly have these situations can "go bad" if handled improperly. We confusion and possible injuries that will place your have all seen situations that were mishandled and entire "hands on" training program in jeopardy. Take "snowballed" out of control, requiring more force than was the time to do it right - even though it will take longer initially necessary to achieve control of the situation. Am I to do it. It's worth it. - Richard Rosenkrantz wrong? This level is about simulating situations that law exercises, enough levels. struggles for control. In fact, the vast majority of these don't the to for you all you time could enforcement and correctional officers are required to During High Level Simulation Training, participant officers handle every day. From verbal interaction to standing will determine the key elements or confrontational handcuff placement. There is an art to professional parameters experience: interaction with the public and those interactions are, more Approach, verbal interaction, proximity, force response often than not, critical to our missions success. We should levels if required, and the techniques, tactics and definitely be teaching new recruits and veteran officers strategies necessary for successful resolution of the alike this art form. The beauty of this level, for of the simulation training back to contents ILEETA Journal—Page 39 Simulation Training, con’t. administrators, is it requires the least amount of gear, has and interesting for the instructors! And we wonder why our the lowest risk of training injury, and covers 90% of what student officers "Fear the Gear" in training. officers do on the job daily; Interact. Which makes it the single most important and easiest level of scenario based 10.) Firearms Use Simulations- This tenth level is really training you can provide your officers. where Simulation Training got its start. Back in the late 70's and early 80's training departments were conducting 8.) Subject Control Simulations- This is one of the most cotton wad firearms simulations in "Shoot Don't Shoot" common law courses designed to test an officers reactions to extreme enforcement today, and has been for many years. circumstances. With participant officers wearing goggles Scenarios range from foot pursuit, hard pressure point and ballistic vests they were armed with a revolver activation and prone cuffing, to intermediate weaponry use containing primer only bullet cases topped off with a in order to facilitate subject control. This level deals with cotton wad and wax. The officer was then lead through a the many levels of subject resistance and an officers use series of rooms, each containing a different "scenario" to of force for control. It requires more and sometimes encounter, all the while being screamed at by instructors special equipment to execute this level of training safely, to do anything but the right thing. Very stressful! While the and with more dynamic activity the possibility of training training methods may now be outdated, the instructional injury escalates slightly. emphasis was always on the decisions the officer made, scenario based training levels in not on shot placement. This was the very beginning of 9.) Personal Safety Simulations- The Ninth Level of scenario based simulation exercises in law enforcement Simulation Training requires more specialized equipment training, some thirty-five or forty years ago. and methods to execute safely and properly. This level deals with officers who encounter aggressive subjects that This levels focus is on an officers decision to employ their attempt to assault, incapacitate and/or murder them. firearm. Scenarios designed to illicit an officer verbalizing These scenarios cover physical assaults, ground defense, if appropriate, drawing, pointing, verbalizing and even bludgeon and edged weapon encounters, firearm defense firing his or her weapon. The scenarios can even continue and retention/disarming situations. An officers personal with a transition to subject control, or pursuit, restraint safety is in question and they must respond to survive the application, search, removal and securing of weapon(s) if simulated encounter. Though these situations are rare applicable, subject aftercare, notifications and securing during an officer's career, they must still be addressed in the scene. The decisions and actions of the officer in the training. scenario, or lack thereof, is what is of critical importance to The caution here is not to spend a disproportionate amount of time at this level. I have seen evaluate. training programs spend all of their valuable training time at this level exclusively, ignoring the rarity of occurrence, the amount of training equipment required to properly, safely execute it and the higher risk of training injury to officers and instructors. Why? Because someone on the training staff thought these scenarios were the most fun back to contents ILEETA Journal—Page 40 Simulation Training, con’t. THE TEN LEVELS OF REPLICATING ADVERSE DYNAMICS: About the Author 6) Environmental Factor Training Drills Adding Variables Lawrence N. Nadeau is the author of R eplicating A dverse Dynamics: Simulation Training Concepts, Scenarios and Equipment for Law Enforcement Trainers and Administrators. He is also the author of Basic Defensive Tactics: Foundational Concepts for Law Enforcement Subject Control and Personal Safety Issues Programming. Larry is a United States Marine (1980-84), retired police officer, a senior advisor to RedMan Training Gear, an ILEETA charter member and veteran law enforcement trainer with over 30 years of experience. He may be reached at (225) 791-4430 or at [email protected]. 7) Interactive Simulations Copyright 2012 1) Shadow Training Drills to Convey Concepts 2) Prop Training Drills to Convey Concepts 3) Partner Training Drills to Convey Concepts 4) Dynamic Movement Drills Adding Variables 5) Relative Positioning Drills Adding Variables Scenario Based Training 8) Subject Control Simulations Scenario Based Training 9) Personal Safety Simulations Scenario Based Training 10) Firearms Use Simulations Scenario Based Training In closing, I would like to express my deep appreciation and sincere gratitude to Richard Rosenkrantz and Gary Klugiewicz, men I have been privileged to serve with and learn from. Without their foundational wisdom and clear The concepts within The Seven Levels of Simulation Training and the Building Blocks of Simulation Training are the intellectual property of Gary T. Klugiewicz; RedMan Training Gear is the property of Macho Products, Inc. The concepts and terms Replicating Adverse Dynamics, Interactive Simulations, Subject Control Simulations/Issues, Personal Safety Simulations/Issues and the "Fear the Gear" mentality are the intellectual property of Lawrence N. Nadeau. The Ten Levels of Replicating Adverse Dynamics are the combined intellectual properties of Gary T. Klugiewicz and Lawrence N. Nadeau. direction in the ways of simulation training, we may all still be lost. I really hope this helps you in the development of a sound simulation training program for your agency. Our officers deserve training that focuses on the tasks they perform, and the demands they may face, and we have an obligation to replicate those adverse dynamics in training so they may do a difficult job safely and professionally. Our training culture must evolve into one that empowers officers to proceed with confidence in the training they possess. Unfortunately, we in Defensive Tactics, have worked for years to undermine the trust our officers should have in us and the training we provide. They have grown to "Fear the Gear" in simulation training and it is our fault. We can change this fear culture, by focusing on their needs, knowledge, skills, abilities and confidence, instead of our own. Train for them, not for yourself. Because the reality is, if they don't trust you, you can't train them. ILEETA back to contents ILEETA Journal—Page 41 How We Measure Student Learning and Why It’s Important by Jason Der T he assessment process is much more than measuring student performance. It is also the stuff) center point around which learning itself can occur Some students test well and the higher and a tool instructors can use to adapt the learning scores may lead us environment to achieve maximum learning potential for the to erroneously believe they know the material when in student. Assessment is, in fact, the bridge between fact they cannot demonstrate real-world application teaching and learning. (just because they ace a test doesn’t mean they know their stuff) Traditionally we think of assessment as a way in which we measure student performance at a pre-determined point during the instructional process and then use that assessment to determine if learning has occurred. This is summative assessment which is characterized by grading If a student gets a poor mark it doesn’t tell them why and how to improve If a student gets a good mark they tend not to strive to do better because they feel they’ve mastered the material students through exams or through similar evaluation tools at the end of a unit or instructional block. It has become One of the most devastating side-effects of summative the cornerstone of measuring student learning in law assessment is when instructors “teach to the test” in an enforcement training because it is simple to evaluate many attempt to create successful students. When grades or students at once, it can be reliably conducted by all marks are the focal point for measuring student instructors, and it provides a way to quantifiably performance instructors center their teaching on students demonstrate if a student has met an agency’s minimum getting good marks instead of focusing on their learning. standard. A good example is an academy firearms training program. But there are several issues with summative assessment. If qualification scores are the metric for measuring student If the assessment is given only at the end there is no performance we spend far too much time helping students opportunity for students to improve the outcome get “good targets” by standing on the line and repeatedly because the lesson is over shooting holes in paper targets at pre-determined If the assessment is given only at the end there is no distances, with a pre-determined number of rounds, in a opportunity for the instructor to modify their lesson pre-determined amount of time. The targets are then plan or make changes to their instructional delivery marked and the score gives administration a quantifiable that could create an better opportunity for the student measure of whether or not the cadet is “qualified” to carry to learn a pistol. Some students don’t perform well on tests and those poorer test scores may lead us to erroneously believe that they haven’t learned the material (just because they bomb a test doesn’t mean they don’t know their But by looking at assessment in a different way we can achieve much more for students. Formative assessment is characterized by a continuous assessment-feedback back to contents ILEETA Journal—Page 42 Measuring Learning, con’t. loop throughout the learning process. It not only and learning tasks that elicit evidence of learning measures student performance but also allows for Provide feedback that moves learning forward adaptations to the instructional delivery process along the Utilize learners as instructional resources for one way that maximize the potential for learning to occur. Black defines formative assessment as, “Encompassing another all those activities undertaken by teachers, and/or by their Utilize learners as instructional resources for themselves students, which provide information to be used as feedback to modify the teaching and learning activities in If we go back to our firearms training example we can now which they are engaged.” see that the it lacks the first key strategy. Because the learning intentions are confused with the criteria for To put it another way, formative assessment is success very little actual learning occurs. In a firearms assessment of learning, for learning, and as learning. It is program what we are really trying to teach is how to assessment of learning because we can measure if respond to a deadly force encounter and the use of the learning has occurred. It is assessment for learning firearm is only the context of the learning. The focus because we can use it to make changes to the lesson on should be on threat recognition, movement, use of the fly. And it is assessment as learning because it concealment/cover, and high-stress decision making bridges the student and the classroom activity in a rather than scored targets. By focusing on the learning meaningful way. objective (use of deadly force) rather than the context of learning (firearms) we would see improvements in student performance. The other benefits of formative assessment include: Instructors can make changes to their instructional delivery and increase the potential for learning based on information obtained from the ongoing assessment. Students, peers, and the instructor, can call be activated as agents for learning. Students can demonstrate that learning has occurred using techniques such as performance tasks rather than just writing exams. There are five key strategies instructors need to follow using formative assessment: Clarify and share learning intentions and stipulate the But there are also some potential pitfalls with formative criteria for success assessment: Engineer effective classroom discussion, activities, Instructor selection and training is paramount. back to contents ILEETA Journal—Page 43 Measuring Learning, con’t. Instructors cannot be selected just because they are subject matter experts. For example, the best shooter may not make a good firearms instructor. It requires the development of strong lesson plans and instructors that can properly adapt them when About the Author Jason Der is a Senior Deputy Sheriff with the Ministry of Justice in Saskatoon, Saskatchewan (Canada). In addition to his front line duties in the Court Services branch he works as a field trainer, arrest and control tactics instructor, and academy instructor. Jason is married with one son and is an avid fan of the Denver Broncos. appropriate. It may not meet provincial/state or agency requirements that require standardized testing/ scoring. Keep in mind that you don't have to drastically change your programs in order to incorporate formative assessment. The summative assessment techniques currently being used can act formatively as long as they are properly applied. In order for that to occur evidence of student achievement is elicited or interpreted from the assessment(s) and then used by instructors, learners, or their peers to make decisions about the next steps in instruction and make changes that will produce better learning results. The key is to have assessment occupy a central position in your teaching rather than regarding it as something separate. Since learning is a contingent activity we never really know when a student will have an "Aha!" moment that marks when learning has occurred. But by constantly assessing their performance we can capture the moment when it does happen. Many of the excellent instructors you’ve encountered as a learner have used these techniques, whether by design or by chance, and as a result your learning experience was likely positive. If you want to be a more effective instructor yourself try incorporating these strategies and see how learning improves in your own classroom. ILEETA back to contents ILEETA Journal—Page 44 Leadership back to contents ILEETA Journal—Page 45 Re-Energizing our Honorable Profession by Sgt. Mark St. Hilaire I have been blessed with many mentors and Walter leaned across the confidants in my 30 year law enforcement career. I table and looked directly want to introduce you to the late Boston Police at me and stated in a Officer Walter J. Fahey, a man who had the greatest stern voice to me, influence in my life and his spirit still lives within me today. “Remember, we’re like the priests, we’re an honorable profession”. I met Walter following his retirement in 1996. We developed a friendship of long….daily telephone I believe Law Enforcement is an honorable profession that conversations, occasional meals together and most many people today still look up to us and really do depend important, we developed a bond of devotion to policing. on us to serve them and protect them. Walter had an active 40 year career and was regarded as one of the most respected police officers in Greater Boston area. Even in retirement, Walter keep busy within the profession especially his motivational speaking A recent poll (thank you Chuck Remsberg) by NBC News and the Wall Street Journal was released on December 16, 2015. appearances at many of the regional police academies in 51% of Americans have a great deal or quite a bit of Massachusetts. confidence in law enforcement which was up from 39% in 2014. Only 14% had little or no confidence in law Walter worked at a time when cops were paid nothing, enforcement. your work schedule was at the discretion of the department and society entered some turbulent times. He encountered not only the 1960’s protests and riots but he Law enforcement was only topped by our military in high witnessed first-hand the bitter 1970’s of court ordered public esteem and we are improving in all demographic forced busing which divided the city. groups: African Americans, Hispanics and young people making law enforcement one of the most trusted institutions in the country. People have more confidence The greatest lesson I learned from Walter was during in law enforcement than other institutions including the dinner one night at the Victory Diner in Boston. We had a news media. discussion of how police officers are held to a higher standard in our society. He told me his story of how as a young officer, a man on the street started to verbally mix it So we are hearing stories of law enforcement officers up with him and his partner. His partner, Ray Winson who retreating from proactive policing. Many individuals became a mentor for Walter, pulled him aside and question if these really are the most dangerous time in law admonished him. “Never seek the level of the people we enforcement. Have our peers succumbed to the deal with….Walter, remember we don’t deal with the Ferguson, YouTube, and A.C.L.U. effect of being 2 nd Kennedys or the Rockefellers.” guessed? Does video recordings have a psychological impact on our job performance? Some law enforcement back to contents ILEETA Journal—Page 46 Re-Energizing, Con’t leaders, our communities, the media and elected officials this age of transparency and social media we need to claim we have retreated and this is creating the increase mentor each other to enhance great verbal communication of reported crime and violence. There are others including skills and our own behavior both on and off duty. We need the White House who claim this is a myth. to stay on mission to better serve the good hard working people in our communities. Law enforcement has taken an emotional beating recently but if you look back over our history, we have encountered As a profession, we need to keep an open mind as we many challenging periods in the past which we have improve from within while we listen to our communities improved and grown as a profession. and our critics. Open communication and compromise should be our goal. We need to be prepared to counter the outside suggestions with proven facts and non- We do face modern dangers but we’ll hear from veterans emotional dialogue to counter the implementation of who lived through the 1970’s when we suffered 200+ line unrealistic mandates upon us. of duty deaths annually. This is what our honorable profession is facing in 2016. What will the role of the Law Enforcement Trainer be to Just as Walter Fahey had to change within his 40 years of reverse this trend? service to Boston Police, we need to be willing and open “Coach” Bob Lindsey and I are hosting an open discussion to change. on this issue and we welcome your input and share with I have attached in the 2016 conference course handouts us what you are observing in your agency and your several beautiful articles written by Boston Globe community. What are your suggestions to reverse this Columnist Kevin Cullen about Walter Fahey so you may trend, to share with each other? get a better opportunity to understand why he was a great I believe the Trainers are the change agents in law mentor to me. Many of you have encountered your own enforcement agencies and the profession. We need to mentors similar to Walter in your life, cherish their wisdom. reinvigorate the Esprit De Corps back into our profession Join us: Sunday March 13 at 1000 hours in International D which have sustained us through the decades of modern or Wednesday March 16 at 1500 hours in Capital. law enforcement: Trust in our tactics/training and carry ILEETA forth the inner most being of knowing thyself. We need to guide our peers back to proactive policing. Most of us with have the opportunities of attending other training sessions at ILEETA 2016 to help teach our peers to do what is right in these changing times. Law enforcement will be video recorded as we perform our About the Author Sergeant Mark St.Hilaire is a 30 year police veteran serving in a busy Metrowest suburb of Boston, Massachusetts. He is a volunteer police peer with a regional CISM team. He is passionate about health and wellness education. He writes for several public safety publications including the ILEETA journal. He has presented at ILEETA, conferences & in-service trainings. He recently joined the VALOR program helping develop & presenting a LEO health and wellness section to their curriculum. duties. It is the new normal, we need to get used to it. In back to contents ILEETA Journal—Page 47 Inspirational Leadership by Del Walinga and Robert Vernon The following five defining statements help us understand leadership: 1) The ability to clearly understand and articulate the T goal he crisis of our times is leadership. The crisis in leadership is character. Explain the objective in a way that is clearly understood Show how the purpose of the enterprise brings significance We in the Pointman Leadership Institute believe that leadership is somewhat like health. It is not something you can demand, claim, or have conferred upon you. To a great extent, a person‘s health is earned. It is a result of eating the right foods, maintaining an exercise program, keeping appropriate sleeping patterns, and of course inheriting good genes. Similarly, leadership is the result of choices we make in our behavior. The attributes of a good leader, such as respect, authority, and credibility, are not things that can be conferred upon or given to an individual. 2) The confidence to be out in front and show the way to the goal Lead by example 3) The ability to convince people to follow as an act of their free choice As opposed to manipulating through rewards and sanctions 4) The desire and ability to help people develop and pursue excellence They also must be earned. Demonstrating a sincere interest in followers A majority of leadership training addresses classic management techniques such as planning, organizing, 5) The capability to inspire people to achieve their full potential directing, staffing, coordinating, reporting and budgeting. No question, these are important topics. Competent management activities are necessary for running any Behavior of Effective Leaders: organization. However those activities do not, in During the first three years of PLI presenting seminars themselves, constitute real leadership. around the world, we conducted a study. We asked participants from over 20 countries what behavior they desired in leaders. We tabulated the results and identified Leadership occurs when the followers have been inspired the top ten behaviors that followers desire most. These to follow as an act of their own free will. Leadership is the exercises were conducted in a variety of settings both in superior way to change behavior. Pointman Leadership the USA and abroad. They have involved a demographic Institute emphasizes this very essence of leadership. mixture of men and women. Yet there has been an amazing consistency of response. back to contents ILEETA Journal—Page 48 Inspirational Leadership, Con’t Here are the “top ten” desired behaviors: 1) Decisive: Accepts responsibility and makes decisions 2) Good Listener: Values followers opinions and input 3) Keeps Commitments: A person of their word 4) Consistent: Reliable or dependable 5) Good Judgment: Reasonable, wise or judicious 6) Fair: Objective, just or impartial 7) Gives Recognition: Encourages, appreciates or acknowledges 8) Removes Work Barriers: Simplifies, facilitates or expedites 9) Equips & Supports Followers: Enables or Foundational Character Traits: We believe true leadership, as we have defined it, is more empowers 10) Emphasizes Principles, Not Just Rules: Explains reasons for direction related to character than a person‘s technical skills. Our 20 years of experience in teaching leadership in over 70 countries has revealed that eight character traits are necessary to build the required foundation. We have listed these behaviors randomly since they appear in different priority depending on country, organization and culture. Ideally, all eight of these character traits should be nurtured and reinforced. Just as a concrete foundation is made up of a correct combination of several components, Sadly, although great agreement intellectually, there is so a foundation of character must include a proper mixture little practice of these actions. Our research continues to of the essential assets. A character that is missing several reveal that few followers have had experience being under of these eight elements will be incomplete and flawed. a superior that actually practices these behaviors. We Eight Essential Character Traits: believe this is so because most leadership training programs neglect to focus on the character traits that must support the behavior. 1) Integrity 2) Courage 3) Discipline 4) Loyalty back to contents ILEETA Journal—Page 49 Inspirational Leadership, Con’t 5) Diligence technical authority. It is a relationship involving trust. People are more likely to follow someone they trust. Often 6) Humility leaders cannot or are unable to explain all the reasons for 7) Optimism their decisions or the direction they give followers. Trust is 8) Conviction essential. Trust is earned through integrity. As one sharpens their integrity, they will build trust in their relationships. Trust in their relationships will strengthen We have found it necessary to present these character their leadership. traits within a matrix that emphasizes practicality and application. Character development is hard work. Each of these eight virtues must be clearly connected to powerful Every phase of leadership involves trust. There must be leadership. When one understands the great benefits that trust that the leader is leading in the right direction. There will accrue when they invest the necessary effort, they must be trust that he/she will support the actions of the become interested. Additionally, we believe there must be followers as long as they operate within the agreed upon a well-defined path that will make the building and parameters; trust that he/she will keep commitments. strengthening of these traits desirable and achievable. There must be trust in his/her judgment; trust that the This is a brief outline of the essential character elements; leader provides accurate information. And perhaps most and some of the logic connecting them to inspirational importantly, trust that his/her motives are not self-centered leadership. but rather altruistic – with the interests of the team in first place. In short, the leader must be trustable. Integrity: The root of the word integrity is a mathematic term – integer. It refers to a whole number or a complete entity Integrity breeds trust. People tend to believe in someone as opposed to a fraction. Integrity means whole, complete with integrity. People of duplicity should be doubted and or unimpaired. A person with integrity is not “two faced”. questioned. There is understandably little or no trust of a It defines a person who holds fast to their absolutes rather person who lies, breaks promises or demonstrates a than adopting “situational ethics”. Therefore integrity pattern of weak character. promotes predictability. Followers of a leader with integrity Courage: will often be able to predict his/her decisions when unavailable for direction. Integrity describes someone who tells the truth and keeps their word. It is often used to describe a person known for honesty or truthfulness. People with integrity display actions that are consistent with their words. Courage is not the absence of fear. Courage is the determination to not allow one’s fears to prevent them from doing what is right; the strength to make the correct decision even if it is attended by concern. Making decisions is at the very heart of leadership. A powerful leader is willing to make decisions and be accountable for Connection between Integrity and leadership – Trust them. Leadership involves more than just contact and communication. It involves more than position and back to contents ILEETA Journal—Page 50 Inspirational Leadership, Con’t The two fears most common to leaders is the possibility of control. Demonstrating self-control assures followers that (1) failure, and (2) rejection. When one is constantly trusting the leader with control of their lives will not be making decisions, there is always the possibility that the harmful or hazardous. decision may bring failure. Time may reveal more information that was not available at the time of the decision. For this reason, many people avoid or delay Keeping the focus on the goal and sustaining the behavior making decisions and become a bottle neck to those that that is necessary to reach the goal involves self-control or they lead. The right decision ethically, may be unpopular discipline. Therefore building discipline in followers is with the followers. The leader may be exposed to heavy absolutely required. The most powerful way to do this is peer pressure to bend established policy or moral by example. propriety. Connection between Courage and Leadership – Connection between discipline and leadership – Effective decision making Inspiration. Decision making has consequences. The leader charged Good leadership controls behavior through convincing and with making the decisions will often be under heavy inspiring rather than compelling and forcing. Discipline pressure from individuals and/or groups. He/she may find results in perseverance in the midst of resistance, it necessary to stand alone. It may be necessary to go difficulties and complications. This admirable behavior “against the tide.” tends to inspire, encourage and stimulate followers. Loyalty: Courage does not mean one rushes into thoughtless and Defined as the state of “faithfulness to a person (or rash judgments. It does mean that after reasonable country) to whom fidelity is held to be due.” In the context deliberation they are willing to take logical risks to move of leadership it can mean reliability, devotion or the enterprise forward and accept the responsibility for the commitment to legitimate authority (or “chain of outcome. Therefore the connection between courage and command”). In order to lead one must have followers. leadership is the willingness to seize the initiative and take The most powerful way to have a following is to model that action, including making thoughtful decisions. behavior. In other words, to be a good follower yourself. Discipline: The basics of leadership is pointing people toward a goal Submission to legitimate authority is the core issue in and then somehow helping them make progress toward loyalty. In order to have authority one must place that goal. Leadership involves control – the notion of themselves under it and allow it to flow through them. controlling behavior. When leaders ask others to follow When one steps out from under authority, it no longer them or pursue a goal, practically they are asking for a flows through them. Put in another way, if you want measure of control over their lives. This is a profoundly authority you must submit to it. This principle applies if the significant request. I would not want to give control of my authority is legitimate. Authority is not legitimate if it life, even in a limited basis, to someone who is out of demands followers to violate laws and/or policy. back to contents ILEETA Journal—Page 51 Inspirational Leadership, Con’t Legitimate authority operates within the constraints being best. To achieve excellence in a foot race would be to run legal, moral and ethical. against one’s own best time. The connection between diligence and leadership – The example of the leader is powerful. If followers Excellence and goal achievement. observe their leader disobey legitimate authority, they will Leaders are those who help others achieve their full probably tend to disobey that leader. An ancient proverb potential and the team to meet its objectives. In order to states: “I lead, therefore I follow.” do this, excellence must always be pursued. This requires diligence. Connection between loyalty and leadership – Modeling followership Humility: Being haughty or arrogant is dysfunctional to inspiring Demonstrating a commitment to submit to legitimate authority is a most powerful way to secure the loyal following of those you want to lead. As you submit to your boss, you validate the importance of loyalty and build it in your followers. leadership. People resist willingly following someone who has a closed mind to their ideas or suggestions. On the contrary, they enjoy being able to contribute their insights to help the team achieve their objectives. We are not talking about having a lack of self-confidence or being selfdepreciating. Humility means a person is approachable Diligence: and teachable. A humble person has a strong and healthy Diligence is expressed in a steady, earnest effort and self-image. But they also look upon life as experience of energetic application to the task at hand. It is the concept continual learning. They do not believe they “know it all.” of “doing one’s best.” There is a direct relationship between the success of a team and the ability of the leader to build this character trait in its members. Historically in America, a person demonstrated their piety or devotion to God by achieving excellence in their business or trade. Work was a tangible way to reveal ones inner character. It was considered a tangible way to measure the strength of character. Excellence is superior to success. One can achieve success by completing a task; but not necessarily doing one’s best. Excellence refers to maximum effort and a continual commitment. There is no slow down or easing of An ancient proverb states: “Plans go wrong with too few counselors. Many counselors bring success.” It stands to reason that comparing and selecting the best alternative from many is superior to a limited closed-minded approach. Humility makes the leader a good listener who generates participation by all team members. Humility also enables a person to admit when they are wrong. Even with the best advice and counsel, leaders make mistakes. When this occurs, it is necessary to admit it, correct the error when possible and move forward. effort. To achieve success in a foot race would mean to cross the finish line first. It is possible for a champion runner to cross the finish line first without doing his/her The connection between humility and leadership – More team “buy in”. back to contents ILEETA Journal—Page 52 Inspirational Leadership, Con’t Good leadership results in the full engagement of the The connection between optimism and leadership – entire team. People are more likely to be strongly Positive work climate. committed to a goal or objective that they have had some part in forming. Having a leader that is a good listener Perhaps the most powerful impact of a realistic optimist sets the stage for generating creative and productive is that of spreading confidence and enthusiasm. The ideas. Humility in a leader makes this happen. celebration of even minor victories or accomplishments is encouraging. When people are encouraged about their Optimism: work their confidence begins to grow. As confidence expands, a person becomes more innovative and willing Optimism is defined in Webster's dictionary as: "An to take some risks to become more effective. This can inclination to put the most favorable construction upon result in an upward spiral that builds upon itself. actions and happenings; or to anticipate the best Enthusiasm is contagious. possible outcome." People prefer following a leader who believes the objective can and probably will be met. On Successful people are those who enjoy what they are the contrary, they are demoralized by a leader who doing. When work is fun and rewarding, people not only indicates, in even subtle ways, that they doubt the work harder, they work smarter. Work becomes a mission can or will be accomplished. It is human nature channel to fulfillment. Work is not just viewed as a to avoid or put little effort into something perceived futile means to an end. It can become a favorable end in itself. or impossible. That is the challenge of leadership -- to make work fun and fulfilling. This mandates a realistic optimism on the Leaders who refuse to acknowledge and address part of leadership. obstacles can likewise demoralize their followers. Effective leaders strike the balance that is called "realistic Conviction: optimism." This balanced approach means properly addressing obstacles without becoming consumed by them. It means acknowledging the obstacles while retaining focus on the objective. It means maintaining a "can do" attitude while carefully defining and forming a plan to overcome the difficulties inherent in pursuing a goal. True leadership involves inspiring people to reach their full potential. Inspiration involves penetrating to the very core of a person's being. It motivates them to the level of emotion and passion. In order to be able to do this, the leader must be impassioned. The leader must have conviction. People generally live up to the expectations they sense in their leader. When the perceived expectation is low, then low achievement usually occurs. When the expectation is high, accompanied by all the necessary support, accomplishments are generally at a high level. High expectations communicated properly can have a powerful influence on peoples’ attitudes and behaviors. Leading with doubt creates doubt. We all communicate our feelings and our attitudes in many ways. Our words are not the only indication of our thoughts. Often "body language", our tone of voice or facial expression expresses more than we intend. Followers can detect doubt or reservation in a leader. When this occurs, the back to contents ILEETA Journal—Page 53 Inspirational Leadership, Con’t influence of the leader is diluted. On the other hand, here but are outlined in a separate essay and included in when leaders communicate with deep conviction, they the basic Pointman seminar. are very persuasive. Strong conviction is apparent and contagious. Conviction gives the leader the confidence Summary: to be an example. It gives the assurance to show the way rather than just talk about it. Those who want to achieve a level of leadership where values are passed on must earn the trust necessary for Leaders believe in what they are doing. They care about that to occur. They must go deeper than just what they are doing. They are willing to take a stand to understanding leadership techniques. They must pursue communicate their commitment to the goal. This makes the character traits that are foundational and essential to them inspirational. But this does not just happen. It inspirational leadership. ILEETA requires hard work. Powerful leaders spend time About the Authors determining if the goal is worthwhile and rewarding. Once the goal is validated, they spend time and effort developing a train of logic that empowers them to pass along their passion. They can clearly explain the reasons behind the policies, procedures and rules that they use in the process of leadership. The connection between conviction and leadership – Values and principles. Effective leaders pass along more than procedures, techniques and rules. They infuse their followers with values and commitment. A manager can ensure that their subordinates understand the goals, develop skills in accomplishing the tasks and are aware of the parameters within which they should function. This level of leadership has limited effectiveness. But inspirational leadership, where values and commitment to principles have been transferred, ensures persistence and dedication to the leader’s direction even in his/her absence. Foundational Principles: The final component in our approach to inspirational leadership involves a select number of foundational principles that are not addressed Del Walinga served 25 years in full time Law Enforcement and Corrections. Del has served both Police and Sheriffs agencies. He served as Assistant Chief (2nd Deputy) or Chief Deputy (1st Deputy) for 16 of his 25 years. Del has served in all areas of assignment, including Jail Commander. Del is a graduate of North West Iowa Community College and the Iowa Law Enforcement Academy. Del has served as an adjunct academy instructor. Del’s awards include; Honorable Service Award, Bronze Star Citation for Bravery, Sioux County Dedicated Service Award, Iowa Association of Counties Good Government Award and the Iowa Governors Volunteer Award. Del continues to work part time in Law Enforcement as well as with Corporate Security. He works in private business as a Financial Advisor. As a Team Director and Instructor with PLI, Del has represented PLI in the United States, England, Canada, Africa, Russia and the Bahamas. Bob Vernon is an author, speaker, and consultant. As Assistant Chief of LAPD, Bob supervised all departmental police operations for Los Angeles' 18 police stations. This included the over-sight of 7,800 officers and 3,000 civilian workers. He retired after 38 years of service. He is the Founder of Pointman Leadership Institute (PLI), a consortium of highly qualified instructors of various disciplines who present character-based, principled leadership training in the United States and overseas. PLI offers two basic seminars: Inspirational, Trustworthy Leaders (built on 8 major character traits which form the foundation of powerful and influential leaders) and Responsible Leadership and Ethics: Preventing Corruption (which shows how character-based leadership influences an organization at all levels). Originally asked to help reform police agencies in the former Soviet Bloc countries, since 1994 PLI has taught in 65 countries, in excess of 800 workshops, to over 80,000 military, government, and police leaders. back to contents ILEETA Journal—Page 54 Health and Wellness back to contents ILEETA Journal—Page 55 Why Tactical Yoga By Traci Ciepela When I started a law enforcement career, I Yoga – B.S. and sickening. was a member of the walking When I arrive at ILEETA and wounded as I am sure many others were. Whether it was present Tactical Yoga for from high school or college sports, years of dance training, probably the last time ever on the military, or years of jobs that punished our backs and Sunday and Monday, I focus knees generally many law enforcement officers start out on injury and prevention of as walking wounded. As I worked I, like many others, injury. I would never ask any started racking up the injuries. One wrong move and a officer to consider meditating before heading to a man with meniscus is torn here, a back is wrenched there. For me, a gun call. Tactical Yoga is going to focus on the damage that one wrong move one night actually dislocated my you already have in your knees, back and neck in order neck. X-rays showed that the bones in my neck had maybe, just maybe, turn back time and allow you to avoid reversed themselves pushing my chin to my chest, three serious injury. This year I will also demonstrate a practice days on muscle relaxers and in a neck brace wasn’t fun. for relieving high blood pressure – not sure if an officer Then the day arrived when after what probably was might need some ideas in that realm at all but I speculate running too much in shoes that probably weren’t the best that there are some of you out there who do. I will also there was that pain in my heel. A pain so bad that I would include in the power point the previous practice for actually hop to the restroom first thing in the morning just digestion. There are ways to relieve pain without pills or so I could avoid putting my foot on the ground, the pain surgery, you might want to know more about it. was just too intense. Sound familiar to you? Many of you have had injuries and I am sure you would rather avoid Yes there is a meditative practice involved with Yoga – the them in the future if you could. Savasana. There is all kinds of research being done today on the benefits of Yoga, there have been organizations springing up around the country like “Yoga for Warriors.” Army veterans missing legs talk about yoga in terms of saving their lives. Marines have credited Yoga with turning their stress from an 8 into a 4 on a scale of 10 and finding relief from PTSD. Let me tell you a little bit about the Savasana. It is the closest thing you can get to as far as cell repair and relaxation, if you aren’t actually asleep. I don’t know if there are officers who have trouble sleeping I feel compelled to write this after recent media depictions of the “un-manly”, the “un-cop-like” practice of Yoga. You probably saw the article, you probably read it “Creating Guardians, Calming Warriors” published by the Washington Post? I saw the comments made on chat rooms at the end of that article, calling the practice of but a true Savasana is the closest thing you can get to it. Officers are often taught to visualize, that is exactly what meditation is. It is visualizing. Maybe instead of visualizing how you plan to avoid getting shot in the next scenario, would imagining standing under a waterfall to “wash” away stress be so awful? back to contents ILEETA Journal—Page 56 Tactical Yoga, Con’t eight years ago. I am lucky because although I left that The description of the class in the ILEETA catalog is going to tell you that I credit Yoga with being able to turn back time on the knee that from years of dancing abuse, was in serious disrepair, and how I have now managed to complete triathlons without pain or injury including an Olympic Distance race and this year qualifying for the Nationals in Age group for the Aquabike race. Not only that, but my neck is healthy, I have severe degenerative disc disease in my back with no symptoms, and my heel melanoma on my arm for five years it only progressed to a Stage One Tumor. Why did it not progress? My stress was down with starting a yoga practice, my knees, feet and ankles didn’t hurt as much allowing me to do more, and when I meditated or did my Savasana I always meditated for good health. The mind can be a powerful thing. Maybe I was just lucky, but maybe, just maybe Yoga saved my life too. I’ll see you Sunday or Monday. ILEETA doesn’t hurt anymore either. But I also credit Yoga with another thing. I developed a melanoma on my arm about back to contents ILEETA Journal—Page 57 Your Priority, Help or Hunt? By Thomas Cline What is your reason for Families would rather have their cop home, especially the policing? Is it to help people or kids. A parent reading a story, or going for a walk to the hunt them? Hunting, being park trumps the latest Xbox. The kids need mom and dad more fun and netting more than they need technology or Nikes. Moreover, I am recognition, rewards, and convinced that the more time we spend with our families, accolades from peers is attractive, especially for young the better cops we become. The interaction with them men and often the women too. The feeling of power that influences our behavior at work. For a long time I could accompanies catching bad people who hurt others can not make sense of this, but once I put my family ahead of become all-consuming. Wielding power and control is the job I did better at both. intoxicating and addicting, particularly for young men. Men, on their basic level are hunters; women protectors/ helpers. Trusting natural inclinations, guided by conscience is usually right, however, the natural hunter in us can be contrary to law enforcement's mission of protecting and serving. The law enforcement sub-culture often rewards hunting and ignores the serving or helping part of the mission. I believe a man's natural inclination to hunt must be tamed; failing to do so results in ignoring a person's rights protected by the U.S. Constitution. Police power corrupts all of us to some degree. Percy Bysshe Shelley said, "Power, like a desolating pestilence, Pollutes whate'er it touches;…" Recently, I had deep insight that is still not fully processed. I did a Helper/Hunter workshop for a group of Chicago I realize that my police powers tempted me to things I cops attending a Wellness Day. After my segment a never would have, or could have done without them, and sergeant with 20 plus years on the job approached with an didn't understand I was sometimes abusing power even example from his side-job experience. He agreed that when actions were legal, sanctioned, and encouraged by helping people was the way to job satisfaction and hunting peers and bosses. I've come to realize that my "hunting" a necessary by-product of helping. He went on to explain mentality had less to do with what was right and more to how police behaviors are influenced by their family ties. do with fun, feeding ego and an appetite for praise and The sergeant's side business is running security for church acceptance. Loath to admit this, priorities got confused. carnivals, and several years ago he recognized that his workers, off-duty Chicago cops spent too much time away from their families working security gigs. He started Do you know cops who work all the overtime they can get? encouraging them to bring their families to the carnivals They tell you they're doing it for their family; BULL! Money they worked so they could see what their job entailed. issues are a result of not living within one's means. back to contents ILEETA Journal—Page 58 Help or Hunt?, Con’t... Initially, there was great resistance from the cops citing the At one time most men wearing a badge policed the towns safety of their families. Gradually, some tried it and found in which they and their families lived. Peacemaking and it rewarding. Amazingly, there has been no conflict fairness were the objectives, not collecting guns, dope and between his workers and the carnival-goers since the felons. How would interaction on your next stop change if families started coming because they approached people your family were there? Would your words and tone of differently. Now, it is routine to see his security people voice be different? Think about it. with their families mingling with patrons at the carnivals. Continue your good works. ILEETA He says his workers view their service differently; they see themselves as peacemakers, protectors and helpers rather than law-enforcers hunting for bad behavior. Seeing themselves in this light guides their actions rather than the hunter mentality so prevalent in our profession. This change in perspective changes behavior. I suspect this experience has even changed their demeanor in About the Author Thomas Cline, a 47-year law enforcement veteran is past president of the International Association of Ethics Trainers, a writer/trainer at the Chicago Police Academy and a consultant. He's authored Cop Tales! (Never Spit in a Man’s Face…Unless His Mustache is on Fire) and Surviving Storms. Non-Tactical Career Survival for Law Enforcers. For information on training and workshops Email: [email protected] citizen contacts while working for their agencies. back to contents ILEETA Journal—Page 59 Surviving & Thriving Behind the Badge™ By Olivia Johnson, DM I f I’ve said it once, I’ve said it a million times: not all one cigarette would take five stress is bad, like the acute stress that keeps us years off your life (pending you going. It keeps us getting out of bed and to work, were pretty happy with your because many of us have bills to pay. It is the stress of life), would you reconsider your being down a few reports or maybe having to pick up a next cigarette? I would hope sick child at daycare. But when does acute stress become so, but it doesn’t work like that. the bad type of stress? And, how can you tell if you are We can abuse our bodies for suffering from too much stress? years without issue. This is good and bad. It is good in that we cannot beat ourselves up over the choices we’ve made. We can only try to make better decisions in the Well, one of the deadliest forms of stress is chronic stress. future. In addition, the body is fairly resilient and once we Chronic stress is so dangerous because it becomes part of make these lifestyle changes, we often begin to look and our lives. We often fail to recognize it for what it is. It is the feel better. The bad, these habits become who we are, unhealthy marriage or relationship, toxic family members what we do. We don’t think about that next cigarette or and friends, a demanding boss, an unsatisfying career, a cigar as being our last, until it is. special needs child, addiction in the home (i.e., shopping, food, alcohol, drugs, etc.). This ‘stress’ is deadly, because it becomes ‘normal.’ It is all we know and in order to deal with this stress in our lives, we often place our own needs on the backburner. Not only do we fail to take care of ourselves, we often turn to things like drinking alcohol, smoking cigarettes, or using energy drinks in mass quantities. So the vicious cycle begins. The use of alcohol and caffeine often keeps us from getting that deep, restful sleep we need to recharge. So, we toss and turn and begin every day sleepy. Big deal you say. Well, coming to work sleepy could cost you or someone else their life. Carrying a firearm and driving a four thousand pound vehicle while groggy is extremely concerning and could become a departmental liability. Just because it hasn’t happened doesn’t mean it won’t. We often overlook many of the signs and symptoms associated with chronic stress until something bad happens. That something bad often results in years of The inability to deal appropriately with chronic forms of abusing our own bodies and may come on the form of a stress may not result in immediate issues. That is another medical emergency or health scare. Why does any of this reason chronic stress is so dangerous. It sneaks up on us, matter to you? Well, if you value your life, your health, and and when we least expect it, wreaks havoc. The lack of your family and friends, the time is now to take some immediacy is part of the problem. If I told you that smoking personal accountability. The time is now to make your back to contents ILEETA Journal—Page 60 Surviving & Thriving, Con’t... health a priority. It doesn’t matter if you have smoked for address things like: genetics, risk factors, lifestyle, diet, 20 years; stopping now greatly reduces your health risks. and exercise. Then we need to make a plan to address the Getting a handle on your stress can do the same and will negative things we may be doing to our bodies and replacing probably help you reduce the need for other counterproductive measures (i.e., nicotine, caffeine, alcohol, etc.). We are all guilty of not taking care of ourselves, but today that needs to change. As those who “serve” and “protect,” it is difficult to do either if you are not healthy. Who wants to do a career of serving and protecting, not taking care of themselves, self-medicating, only to retire and die shortly thereafter? No one. So why do we keep putting ourselves at increases risk for things that can cause a premature death? According to the Officer Down Memorial Page (ODMP), since January 17 officers have died due to heart attacks or them with more positive things. We are not getting any younger and sadly, any healthier, but we can try to keep many of these health concerns at bay with just a little planning and preparation. You deserve to be the best you that you can be. It is not just about surviving; it is about Surviving & Thriving Behind the Badge©. ILEETA About the Author Dr. Olivia Johnson holds a master’s in Criminology and Criminal Justice from the University of Missouri and a doctorate in Organizational Leadership Management from the University of Phoenix, School of Advanced Studies. She founded the Blue Wall Institute where she trains first responders, families, and administrators on wellness issues, suicide awareness and prevention, peer support, etc. She serves on the St. Clair County Suicide Alliance Board and the National POLICE Suicide Foundation. sudden cardiac death. The oldest being 55 and the youngest 23. Now if that doesn’t scare you, I don’t know what will. We can try to justify or explain away many things, but what we cannot explain away: heart disease is the leading killer of men and women and has been since the turn of the century. With that being said, we have no References Officer Down Memorial Page. (2015). Honoring officers killed in 2015. Retrieved December 8, 2015, from: http:// www.odmp.org/search/year/2015 other choice then to take a look at the things, which may be contributing to our ultimate demise. We need to back to contents ILEETA Journal—Page 61 The Frustration-Aggression Theory and its Importance to Law Enforcement: Saving Lives and Careers By Kevin Rice W e have all seen it: American police officers can be better educated to The video of the identify the damaging impact that frustration can play week that seems to on their psyche. be on a never ending loop as it is played continuously on social relationship between frustration and aggressive media or the cable news networks. The video is everywhere and the subject matter becomes part of our American police officers can be trained to identify the behavior as documented by various social scientists. American police officers can be given very common national conversation until the next video appears to takes sense tools to lessen the impact of frustration. With it place. The video always purports to show a police officer these tools, police officers can be taught to realize acting unprofessionally or aggressively in violation of the when they are becoming frustrated and can take accepted norms of our profession. Usually accompanying positive steps to lessen that impact, thereby keeping the videotape are the comments and opinions of armchair the officer from reacting inappropriately. quarterbacks opining how American law enforcement officers are out of control and in need of “fixing”. With these truths in mind, Command Presence Training Associates offers this course. The goal of this course is to At Command Presence Training Associates, when we identify the human emotion that we believe is causing the see these videos we know certain truths: most damage to our profession, and that emotion is frustration. American police officers are not superhuman and they are drawn from the general population of the human race. They therefore experience all of the emotions that impact every other human being. American police officers are some of the most bravest, patriotic and highly trained professionals in the public sector. The vast majority of police officers are good officers drawn to this profession to help people. They desire to uphold the highest standards of this profession. American police officers are continually thrown into highly emotionally charged situations and are often impeded in their efforts to achieve justice by a multitude of obstacles. That many of the officers in these videos have been placed in highly frustrating conditions and their actions are clearly the result of reacting to emotion as opposed to reacting to their training. Their actions are the result of frustration and not malevolence. In the course, we define what frustration is and what it isn’t. We discuss at length the study of frustration by social scientists and specifically discuss the relationship between frustration and the subsequent response of aggressive behavior. back to contents ILEETA Journal—Page 62 Frustration-Aggression Theory, Con’t... The course also examines how officers can identify when they are experiencing frustration and what those officers can do to immediately counteract the negative effects of feeling frustrated. The course examines what experts suggest are the best tools for combatting frustration. The course reviews those suggestions and converts them to the realities of police work. For years, police trainers have discussed “stress” in law enforcement and have incorporated techniques intended to lessen the long term impact of stress on our officers. With this course, we intend to show that the human emotion of frustration, an instantaneously felt emotion, and our officer’s inappropriate response to that one specific emotion, can be just as damaging to their health and their livelihood as stress is. With some very common sense and scientifically relevant and defensible techniques, we hope that we can educate the law enforcement community about the effects of frustration on our profession and can train our officers to recognize it as an emotion and counteract it immediately. In short, the course is intended to arm the law enforcement community with the tools necessary to combat a threat and that threat is frustration. ILEETA About the Author Kevin Rice is an instructor with Command Presence Training Associates. Kevin is a 29 year veteran of law enforcement having served as a police officer and a federal agent. He has held several management positions in federal law enforcement has seen first-hand the negative impacts that frustration has played on officer’s lives. Kevin holds a Master’s Degree in Public Administration from Troy State University and is a recent graduate of Northwestern University’s School of Police Staff and Command. back to contents ILEETA Journal—Page 63 Special Topics back to contents ILEETA Journal—Page 64 Supplemental Training for School Resource Officers By Alicia Lutman D ecember 19, 2012, less than a week after the mass shooting at Sandy Hook Elementary school in Connecticut, an individual walked into Sandy Hook Elementary school in Strasburg, VA with a 2x4 with the words “high power rifle” hand written on the side. A school resource officer stepped in and arrested the individual without incident. This unsettling incident paved the way for major security changes within the district. One of the changes was placement of an SRO in every school within the county. The increased presence of school resource officers alleviated many fears about student safety, but also brought to light many new Training was provided to the team of Shenandoah County Resource Officers to help them better understand the most common diagnoses seen within the public school setting, how to help diffuse pediatric behavioral disturbances, and how to help redirect students back into the learning environment. The skills and knowledge acquired by school resource officers is specialized and very different in some respects from the skills and knowledge required for officers working with adults. In Shenandoah County, having a school resource officer on every campus has also paved the way to help make connections within the community and with community officers. challenges for the officers. Children who grow up to understand that the school resource officer will be there every day to say, “good morning” as they enter the building, understand that the officer is there to keep them safe, and might even get a special game of basketball at recess or have a book read to them as a reward for good behavior are going to have a better understanding of how to socially appropriately interact with law enforcement at all levels. Many children with behavioral issues and mental health issues require extra training to understand social skills, and intertwining it Ultimately the teacher needs to have authority over his or her classroom; however, many children are entering the within the school setting is the first step towards a positive future. school setting with undiagnosed behavioral and mental health issues. This leads to teachers requiring assistance This course will share the materials used to perform the from the assistant principal and principal to help students SCSRO training and help you take the supplemental understand consequences of behavior and often diffusing information back and train other school resource officers volatile situations. However, in our society we have begun about some of the different behavioral issues they might see behavioral issues than requires us to call officers to encounter. Education about each of the most common assist with behavioral disturbances within the home as behavioral and mental health diagnosis within the pediatric well as in school settings. population (birth to 18 year) will be highlighted, increasing back to contents ILEETA Journal—Page 65 School Resource Officers, Con’t... officer knowledge about potential specific challenges. Tips for helping to diffuse some of the critical instances and how to redirect behavior in this specialized environment will also be shared. School Resource Officers play a special role in helping to reduce the number of “negative encounters” juveniles have with law enforcement because About the Author Alicia Lutman OTD, MS, OTR/L, ATC is an assistant professor of Occupational Therapy at Shenandoah University in Winchester, Virgina. Her areas of specialization include pediatric and geriatric behavioral issues. She has been working on program development for training First Responders working with individuals with autism for over 6 years. She works closely with Master’s level occupational therapy students to research program effectiveness. they can help to bring “positive encounters” to children of all ages, which may lead to improved overall community relations in the future. ILEETA back to contents ILEETA Journal—Page 66 Law Enforcements Role in Fourth Generation Warfare By Col. Dan Dickerson “T errorism” changed the role of law enforcement forever. September 11, 2001 was a stunning example of the potential harm mankind can do in today’s world. A relatively small group of people – unfettered by bureaucratic control – plan, practice, and initiate an attack against the government of the United States and do more damage than the WW2 assault on Pearl Harbor. They launched a new style of war in the history of mankind that will probably become known as ‘4th generation warfare’. Police, now occupy the front line in the war against terrorism, and must make a rapid paradigm shift in order to respond and prevent future catastrophic events. To succeed, a new police role has to emerge that changes our “reactive” style to become “proactive” and security oriented. Being reactive gives a potential aggressor the opportunity to strike first. In the case of traditional criminal activity, reactive response is a risk that society has been willing to take. However, in the case of terrorism, being one step behind the aggressor means putting entire communities in harm’s way. So how does this affect the way police operate? Well first and foremost, there are no clearly drawn front lines in this war. This is not an enemy that our military machinery, mighty as it may be, will be able to fight. The enemy is among us these days and may appear in a variety of forms: from the fanatic to the religious to the special interest cause. They are of foreign origin or citizens of the United States. They are young and old, men and women, and do not fit any stereo typical profile. This enemy is not Taking a proactive approach means interceding before the attack has a chance to occur. To do this, you must be able to anticipate terrorist activities, and detect suspicious behavior before it escalates into an event. It is not simply a matter of finding the means of potential aggression such as a bomb. Because once the bomb is in the hands of a terrorist intent on using it, we are too late. deterred by our democratic punitive and correctional mechanism of incarceration or even by the death penalty. This security role for law enforcement requires a new skill Its only deterrence lies in failure to achieve his/her terrorist set of universally applicable skills that include: enemy objective. oriented thinking processes (“Red Team”), behavioral and back to contents ILEETA Journal—Page 67 Fourth Generation Warfare, Con’t... situational awareness, security questioning techniques What we face today is a war of generations and one, and communication with the community which won’t be fought by armies on a chosen field of Police in this war on terrorism will have to be creative, fast thinking, empowered with the ability to make decisions and act decisively in the face of threat and at the same time be battle, but, will be in the cities with the side streets and alleys being the new battlefields. And the soldiers, those on the front lines, will be those in law enforcement. defenders of the Constitution and protectors of civil I welcome each and every one who attends this year’s liberties. conference to be in my course Law Enforcement’s Role in Fourth Generation Warfare. ILEETA The enemy is neither faceless nor invisible, but, displays certain characteristics that make them vulnerable. It only About the Author requires that you, the police officer learn to recognize Danny Dickerson is a retired Colonel, U.S. Army. He has served as an advisor to the UN, NATO and Interpol on terrorism and intelligence planning. these red flags. How does the enemy recruit, communicate, raise funds, and conduct intelligence or counterintelligence operations. Like street gangs, the terrorists have their own colors, hand signs, codes, which, up to now, have been little discussed, and, have two major weaknesses that the police officer can use to his/her advantage. He has trained law enforcement in the U.S. from the local to federal level on terrorism and intelligence, as well as investigators for the Canadian Attorney General’s office and police officials in Egypt and Jordan, and is recognized as a “presenter” by the Illinois Terrorism Task Force. He has written articles addressing the growing threat of terrorism which have been republished in Latin America, Europe and the Middle East. back to contents ILEETA Journal—Page 68 The Need for Tactical Cultural Asset Teams in Law Enforcement By Dr. Michele Devlin & Dr. Mark Grey T he United States Department of Defense has used a variety of cultural assets in its peacekeeping, provincial reconstruction, humanitarian relief, and disaster response operations around the world in recent decades. These various professionals, with expertise in anthropology and human culture, have been helpful in protecting local communities, promoting public safety, and developing positive civilmilitary relationships in high-risk environments. These cultural assets have taken many forms, including interpreters, human terrain specialists, female engagement teams, cultural liaisons, foreign area officers, and the like. These subject matter experts in culture have been particularly important in areas of operation that are V.U.C.A….volatile, uncertain, changing, and ambiguous, such as in nations like Iraq and Afghanistan where dozens of cultures, languages, tribal groups, and complex social traditions exist. Public safety agencies have much to learn from the field of anthropology, which is the study of human culture. Culture can be thought of as the unique set of combined set of values, traditions, beliefs, assumptions, and practices of a group of people who share a common heritage, history, or set of experiences. Most human cultures are extremely diverse, and have many subcultures within them. The term Tactical Anthropology can therefore be used to describe a set of skills, practices, strategies, and techniques that can be used in public safety settings, particularly in times of emergency response, disasters, and other special situations, to protect the wellbeing of community residents, particularly those of subcultures that are marginalized or at -risk. Some of these most vulnerable populations Today, the United States is experiencing similar rapid nationally include refugees, immigrants, low-income changes in its population. Communities are more mobile, families, some minority populations, the disabled, the fluid, and culturally diverse than ever before. More than elderly, and others that might experience unique language, 300 languages are now spoken in the United States, and cultural, financial, transportation, and other factors that can even small rural communities such as those in Iowa can significantly affect their ability to withstand emergencies have more than 50 languages in them. Law enforcement and disasters. officers are increasingly faced with the challenges of working in communities where populations are migratory and can change very quickly. Identifying key community leaders, understanding the public safety needs and cultural beliefs of various populations, protecting these communities from criminals, recognizing new crime patterns, and learning how to effectively engage with multiple subpopulations in a jurisdiction are among the most pressing needs of law enforcement today in America’s rapidly changing communities. Now more than ever, Tactical Cultural Asset Teams (TCATs) are needed in many law enforcement and public safety settings. Depending on the size of a jurisdiction, budget realities, and the level of cultural complexity in a community, T-CATs can be developed to meet the needs of a public safety agency and the community it serves. They can be large or small. They can operate on a wellfunded permanent basis around the clock, or just activated when needed on a smaller scale as part of the regular job back to contents ILEETA Journal—Page 69 TCATs, Con’t... duties of team members. They can be made up of security is actually population-based information, not classified, professionals as well as lay community representatives as and is readily available from a variety of open, public appropriate, with a fluid mix of personnel as needed. T- sources. This knowledge about the civilian population CATs can include police officers with excellent community within the law enforcement agency’s jurisdiction or area of engagement skills, law enforcement interpreters, cultural operations is used proactively to help prevent and mitigate liaisons from particular populations of interest, key public safety issues in a community. This information can community leaders, anthropologists from local universities, come from conversations with groups of families and and others with outstanding skills in communication, community leaders, field visits to events and human interaction, and a passion for cross-cultural neighborhoods, and positive interactions with residents interaction and analysis. They should include both male before an emergency occurs. More specific cultural and female law enforcement officials, due to the complex understanding can also come from books, articles, role that gender can play in many cultures. T-CAT websites, Facebook pages, smart-phone apps, non-profit members must be willing to work with populations that are associations, Census data records, and other sources of often marginalized by others and sometimes viewed as information. However, it is usually best when this kind of labor-intensive burdens in emergency response. They information comes from first-hand accounts and actual must be as comfortable talking with ethnic market owners members of that community. as they are with visiting homeless meal sites or crowded refugee apartment buildings. Quite simply, T-CAT members thrive in working with chaos, where the T-CATs are helpful in a variety of ways. They can provide challenge of responding to emergencies and crisis rapid assessment information about a community for situations is amplified by language, cultural, and financial public safety planning and response purposes, such as barriers. T-CAT members have excellent street “cred” and knowing the rough size of a particular population, general smarts, but are also enthusiastic book learners and education levels, common family structures, key leaders, listeners about the history, traditions, and values within languages spoken, literacy levels, geographic areas in a various subcultures. jurisdiction, best methods for mass communication, and so forth. T-CATS can also be useful in strategic planning with law enforcement administrators and government officials T-CAT members rely on SOCINT, or socio-cultural when preparing for disasters, emergencies, or other intelligence and information, to understand the needs and events. They can collaborate with other agencies to share patterns of a subculture, and help law enforcement education and outreach information at the appropriate agencies meet the public safety concerns of these language and literacy level through preferred community populations in times of crisis through a variety of methods about how to prevent certain crimes, where to get strategies. This is not HUMINT, or human intelligence on help for victims, or how to survive a disaster. T-CATs can individuals for the purpose of targeting an individual or be used to help identify and engage with key community gaining confidential information to solve a crime. SOCINT leaders about public safety issues in proactive ways back to contents ILEETA Journal—Page 70 TCATs, Con’t... before, during, and after a crisis occurs. These field teams can help investigators understand the often-overlooked cultural component that may play a part in criminal patterns and victimization within various communities, and provide advice on the best ways to help families in those areas. Many Tactical Cultural Asset Teams can be particularly useful in helping manage community and police relations during high profile events--such as missing person searches--and they can be excellent liaisons with About the Authors Dr.Michele Devlin is Professor of Global Health at the University of Northern Iowa, and a specialist in refugee programming, disaster relief, and cross-cultural emergency response. She is a cultural awareness trainer and Cultural Asset Team member for the Iowa Department of Public Safety. Dr. Devlin has worked or traveled in more than 50 nations, and regularly trains law enforcement, military members, and public health personnel on working effectively in rapidly changing, multicultural, fluid environments. Dr. Devlin may be reached at [email protected]. family members of victims in these crises. T-CAT members can also be used to provide cultural briefings and trainings to their law enforcement colleagues when they are working on special projects or serving in particular communities with which officers may be unfamiliar. In sum, the skills and techniques used in Tactical Anthropology, particularly through the development of TCATs in public safety agencies, can help improve law Dr. Mark Grey is Professor of Applied Anthropology at the University of Northern Iowa. He has more than 25 years of experience working with immigrant populations, and specializes in helping public service agencies understand the implications of changing demographics for their operations. Dr. Grey is a nationally recognized subject matter expert in human migration. He is a Cultural Asset Team member for the Iowa Department of Public Safety, and a cultural awareness trainer for the Iowa Law Enforcement Academy. Dr. Grey may be reached at [email protected]. enforcement and community relations in a more positive way during times of crisis. America’s communities are changing rapidly, and law enforcement agencies are in great need of specialists that understand the implications of demographic change for policing and public safety. Now more than ever, the knowledge of human culture should be viewed as a critical asset that is urgently needed by public safety agencies to ensure the protection and wellbeing of all community members, particularly those who are most vulnerable. ILEETA back to contents ILEETA Journal—Page 71 Meet and Greet The Authors March 14 1000 - 1400 Dr. Ronald Rufo Sexual Predators Amongst Us, published in December of 2011 by Taylor Francis, CRC Press. Criminal Profiling, Police and Profiling in the United States: Applying Theory to Criminal Investigations, published in 2012 by Taylor Francis, CRC Press. Police Suicide: Is Police Culture Killing Our Officers? Published in July, 2015 by Taylor Francis, CRC Press. Chaplain Cary Friedman "Spiritual Survival for Law Enforcement" (Compass Books) Richard Nance gunFIGHT! An Integrated Approach to Shooting and Fighting in Close Quarters Monthly Contributor to Guns & Ammo Magazine Contributing Editor for Handguns Magazine Jeffrey McGill The Price They Pay Karen Solomon The Price They Pay Hearts Beneath the Badge Martin Smith Martin currently has two self published books - "In a State - Being in the Right State" and his second book looks at different personality types and how to understand them and more importantly manage them in different situations. Eric Dickinson The Street Officer's Guide to Emergency Medical Tactics, Looseleaf Law Publications back to contents ILEETA Journal—Page 72 Meet and Greet The Authors March 14 1000 - 1400 Joe Serio Getting Healthy: 50 Lessons on Fitness for Law Enforcement; Leaving Blue: 50 Lessons on Retiring Well from Law Enforcement; Dispatcher Stress: 50 Lessons on Beating the Burnout; Time Management: 50 Lessons on Finding Time for What's Important; Public Speaking: 50 Lessons on Presenting Without Losing Your Cool; Overcoming Fear: 50 Lessons Being Bold and Living the Dream; Investigating the Russian Mafia Ron Scheidt am I that man? back to contents ILEETA Journal—Page 73 Join online at www.ileeta.org back to contents ILEETA Journal—Page 74