Publication d`Ejo! Youth Echo - DOT

PUBLICATION
D’
EJO!
YOUTH
ECHO
Editiion no2. Gratuit
Dot
A L’INTERIEUR:
• Rwanda dowry ceremony story ...
• Even modern families still accept a cow and a hoe ...
• Vivre sans dot ...
• Cow or money? ....
• Bande dessinée
•
2
EDITORIAL
DOSSIER
“LA DOT ET SES EFFETS PERVERS SUR LA FEMME”
“Dans divers pays africains, le futur époux doit verser une compensation à la famille de la future épouse. Cette pratique est communément appelée dot. Celle-ci se manifeste sous des formes diverses compte tenu de la culture : des
vaches, de l’or, du fer, de l’argent, de la terre, du tissu, etc.
La dot n’est pas une pratique propre à l’Afrique. Elle est aussi pratiquée dans d’autres coins du monde y compris en Europe
sauf que dans certaines communautés, c’est la femme qui fournit des biens ou des offrandes à la famille du marié.
La pratique peut avoir largement disparu en Europe, mais elle reste chuchotée en Afrique subsaharienne et dans les régions
d’Europe orientale indienne.
La dot n’est pas certes une obligation. Mais, dans certaines parties du monde, principalement dans les régions de l’Asie, l’Afrique
du Nord et dans les Balkans, elle est une condition de proposition de la fille en mariage.
RWA N D A D O WRY
C E R E MON Y
The dowry
ceremony is
a big day for young couples
and their families. According to the Rwandan tradition,
specific steps had to be followed to ensure a successful
dowry. Over the time, some
of them have changed.
A travers le continent africain, la tradition de la dot reste un pilier clé de l’unification de l’homme et de la femme dans le mariage
mais aussi de leurs familles respectives. Au sein de la tribu zouloue d’Afrique australe la pratique est connue sous le nom de
lobola, Nwayi d’Ikpo Onu dans la tribu Igbo d’Afrique de l’ouest et Mahari en Afrique de l’Est comme la Tanzanie,
L’histoire des pays d’Afrique subsaharienne révèle que la pratique de la dot est née d’une économie agro-pastorale où la richesse
et le statut d’une famille était conditionnée par le nombre de bétails et de terres qu’elle possédait.
La fille encore sous le toit familial était d’une grande utilité pour la famille. Elle s’occupait des travaux domestiques et
champêtres et le mariage représentait la perte d’une main d’œuvre. D’où, si la femme met au monde, la tendance est
d’envoyer à sa famille de jeunes enfants pour compenser la main d’œuvre perdue. Aussi, la famille de la jeune fille
considère la vache, la chèvre, etc, offertes par le jeune homme en échange comme une façon de combler le vide
occasionnée par le départ de leur fille vers la tierce famille. A l’ère moderne les vaches et les chèvres ont laissé la
place à l’argent.
La monétisation de la dot a fondamentalement changé la nature et la signification de cette dernière. Alors qu’avant, la dot en
biens était vue comme un cadeau en guise de remerciement et des parents de l’épouse, aujourd’hui, elle est perçue comme
un prix à payer pour avoir la main de la mariée. Du coup, cette dernière devient comme une marchandise que tout homme
capable peut s’offrir. Cela peut mettre la future épouse dans une situation non confortable où son époux la considère non
comme conjointe mais comme une propriété ou un bien qu’il s’est achetée grâce à son argent.
De la peut naître les violences faites a la femme. Dans certaines parties du monde, les conflits liés à la dot peuvent
parfois aboutir à des meurtres des attaques suicidaires. Sur ce, Amnesty International a déclaré que la réalité permanente de la violence liée à la dot est un exemple de ce qui peut arriver quand les femmes sont traitées comme des
marchandises.
Cette violence inclue la violence physique, sexuelle et psychologique exercée au sein de la famille y compris les coups, l’abus
sexuel des enfants de sexe féminin dans la maison, le viol conjugal, les mutilations génitales féminines et autres pratiques traditionnelles non conjugales préjudiciables aux femmes y compris l’exploitation.
De l’autre côté, les hommes incapables de payer le «prix» pour se marier se sentent humiliés et blaisées dans leur fort intérieur. Ils se croient des incapables et sont victimes d’une violence morale. Cela conduit souvent aux phénomènes d’union illégales communément appelé ‘’Kwishyingira’’ou ‘’Guterura’’ (plutôt que de ne pas se marier, les jeunes hommes incapables de
payer la dot, se résolvent de s’unir illégalement avec des jeunes filles avec ou sans leur consentement quitte à payer la dot
et régulariser après)
Ejo! Youth Echo
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Traditionally, the dowry has the
function to increase the happiness of the bride’s parents. It
serves to recognize their effort of
raising their daughter and of preparing her for the marriage.
Patricia Uzamukunda is about
100 years old and remembers the Rwandan dowry traditions before the independence.
According to her, the ceremony
started by reminding the bride’s
family that the festive day is
going to take place within a short
time. “To do this, the groom’s
family brought three or four times
traditional banana beer to the
bride’s family.”
Nowadays, this tradition does not
exist anymore whereas the next
step is still followed: The bride
and her maids stay in one room
of the house and her aunts teach
her how to live with her husband
without conflicts and how to be
patient when she has a problem
with him.
Thereafter, the bride price is
given. This tradition represents
the beginning of a new life for the
bride’s family and their daughter. The bride leaves her family
and becomes a part of the family
of the groom. That’s why in the
past, the bride cried and to be
sad during the dowry ceremony.
Traditionally, the groom’s family
gave cows and tools like hoes
and machetes to the bride’s
family. Patricia Uzamukunda
explains: “The bride’s father
was the one who decided how
many cows he wanted. The hoes
helped the couple to feed their
cows with hay.”
The bride’s family had to give the
first calf to the recently married
daughters. “Most families do
not even longer think about the
possibility of buying something
which will remember the couple
of the day of their dowry.”, states
Uzamukunda.
The amount of the money normally corresponds with the
wealth of the girl’s family as well
as with her level of education.
Girls from wealthier families and
higher educational backgrounds
are receiving higher bride prices
than those from poorer families
and with no school education.
If the groom’s family does not
offer enough money, it can
happen that the parents of the
bride do not give the permission to marry. Also Patricia
Uzamukunda was not happy with
the offer of the groom’s family
when her youngest daughter
wanted to get married. “It was
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DOSSIER
PORTRAIT
such a small amount of money and I even had sold my cows and my land to pay for her education.” She
therefore rejected the offer. “I imagined how my daughter would leave me without buying something which
helps me in my daily life and I was in a bad temper.”
The father of her son-in-law had to make a new offer and they agreed that he would pay the amount
of money that she has spent for her daughter since the day of her birth and to add the money that
Uzamukunda wanted for herself. “I smiled and said ‘yes, now you are allowed to call her your future
daughter-in-law””, the hundred-year-old woman remembers.
C OW O R MO N EY?
decided to get married, their two
families organized the dowry
ceremony. At this occasion the
boy and his family ceremoniously
presented a cow to the bride’s
family. They took it home and
when the cow gave birth to its
first calf, this animal – which was
called indongoranyo - was given
to the young couple to support
their household.
The dowry ceremony is normally held at the house of the bride’s family. And it begins with the entrance
of the groom’s family. The two families are sitting opposite to each other. The men wear suits and the
women wear traditional dresses, often an undershirt and a cloth which is draped over one shoulder. In the
past however, the women wore inkindi and ishabure which were clothes made of cowhide and leopard’s
skin.
The groom sits among his family and the bride stays inside the house with her bride’s maids until later in
the ceremony.
Each family has one representative who is chosen to speak for them and these representatives spend
most of the ceremony bantering back and forth about the bride and groom who are going to get married.
It starts with the groom’s representative saying something like, “a boy from our family wants to marry a girl
from your family”, and the bride’s representative willfully misunderstands and responds something like,
“well, that is excellent, but our daughter is still in primary school. Your son will have to wait a few years
before he can marry her.”
This banter continues until the families agree on which boy and girl from their families will be married. The
groom’s representative brings the cow and the hoe or he announces the amount of money which will be
given, the bride’s family representative thanks him, and he then welcomes the bride to his family.
Next to this, the master of ceremony calls the bride, she comes with her brother accompanied by her
maids to join the old man who plays the role of her father and he takes the bride to her husband so that
she can greet him.
The bride then takes her husband to her family and the groom takes her to his family and they greet each
other. After all, they share drinks and meals in order to cerebrate this special day with their new families
and friends.
At the end of the ceremony the younger guests are dancing and singing in a traditional way and everyone
cerebrates. The get-together shows that these two young people are suited for each other and that both
families support their marriage.
Aallyah TETA GWIZA
(EYE journalist)
“When a boy brings me a good
cow nothing can keep me from
giving him my daughter.”, says
the 66-year-old Damascène Muganwa and laughs. He married
his wife in 1972 and is convinced
that a cow is still the best dowry
for a bride’s family.
Together with his wife and his
children – three of them are
unmarried daughters - he lives in
Nyamata, in the east of Rwanda.
The walls of their house are covered with white sand and a car is
parked outside. His wife Béatrice
opens the door and invites into
the living room. She recalls the
time before she got married:
“When my husband asked me to
become his wife he gave my parents a cow and my family bought
all the things we needed for the
house”.
In the generation of this couple,
boys and girls first dated for
a certain time and when they
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“I cannot express how glad I felt
when the cow was given to me
and my family.”, remembers Béatrice Muganwa. And his husband
affirms: “I was pleased to do it.
We had many cows in my family
and this is the Rwandan culture.”
Yet nowadays more and more
young men have stopped giving
cows at their dowry ceremony.
J. Bosco Myasiro and Alice
Uwayisabye are married since
November 2014. They live in the
in the district of Kicukiro. Around
their house many plantains are
Different
generations,
different wedding traditions.
Two couples about advantages and disadvantages
of traditional and modern
ways of dowry-giving.
cultivated. When Myasiro reaches
the home Alice opens the door and
greets silently. As soon as everyone has sat down she brings some
tea.
“The custom of paying a dowry is
part of the Rwandan culture but
nowadays it starts to be transformed into modernity.”, explains J.
Bosco Myasiro. “Now, the dowry is
often given in the form of money.
Me too, I decided to give money.”
His wife, the 22-year-old Alice
Uwayisabye has been silent since
the start of the conversation. But
during the course of the afternoon
she opens up. “I was glad of my
dowry.”, she says and smiles. “I
used the money that I received to
buy household materials, to care
for the visitors, to prepare the wedding and so on...” But nevertheless, she loves the Rwandan traditions: “I would have appreciated
to have also a cow in the introduction of our dowry ceremony.”, she
points out.
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PORTRAIT
PORTRAIT
Béatrice Mukankundiye who was born in 1950 still prefers if young men decide to give cows at their dowry ceremony. But she can understand why young couples opt for money: “In ancient times, many people
had more household materials which they could give to their children on the occasion of their wedding.”
And Alice explains: “There are girls who don’t have a family to support them to buy all the household materials and some are even orphans. In this case, they need cash as a dowry.”
For the 21 year-old J. Bosco Myasiro it is beyond all question that young men need to continue paying a
dowry to the family of the bride. But in his opinion unmarried men should not feel too much pressure to
raise a large amount of money before marrying. “Even if you only have a small amount of money, please
marry!” And he gives the advice: “If a couple values material things more than love, this can cause conflicts amongst them. But if they truly love each other, they can work together to find the money which is
needed.”
CARLÈNE Uwizeye
(EYE Journalist)
VIVRE
SANS DOT
“Une fille quitte chez elle pour
aller se marier. Malgré leur décision sa famille n`a pas obtenue
la dot grâce a leurs exigences ;
symbole très importants dans la
culture africaine. Aujourd`hui le
couple vive sans aucun souci.”
Innocent Bigabwa a 38 ans, un
teint noir avec une tête rasée
d’une calvitie. Il est un homme de
petite taille, ses yeux sont toujours souriants. Il s’est marié il y
a sept ans à Marceline Chiruza.
Ce qui est extraordinaire : Innocent avait jugé de vivre ensemble
et fonder une famille sans payer
la dote. La raison pour laquelle il
a choisi cette façon de vivre est
parce que la famille de Marcelline avait exigé trop.
Marceline a 34 ans, elle est très
mince, un peu brun avec de
petits yeux. Elle a beaucoup de
cheveux sur sa tête et elle est
très souriante. Assise dans un
même fauteuil dans leur petit salon très encombré par les appareilles électroménagers. Innocent
est habillé en vêtements sportifs
et sa femme porte une robe
bleu très longue. Le mari commence à parler très calmement.
Il regarde sa femme tendrement.
«J’avais envie de donner la dot
à ma belle-famille. Mais lors de
la cérémonie de la discussion
de dot on dirait que ma femme
était devenue une marchandise
qu’on doit acheter », se plaint Innocent. Il explique que sa famille
et celle de sa femme ne se sont
pas mises d’accord : « J’avais
seulement deux vache, mais ma
belle-famille exigeait quatre». Ils
ont justifié ce prix avec le fait que
leur fille avait étudié.
Donc le jeune couple a jugé de
passer par la fenêtre. Et ils disent, qu’ils vivent bien : « Nous
nous aimons, et la preuve de cet
amour sont nos cinq enfants ».
Marceline, respire profondément
en prenant la parole avec un
petit sourire au lèvre : « Si je ne
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suis pas encore dotée, c’est à
cause de ma famille qui est très
consciente. Pourle moment elle
est prête à recevoir tout ce que
mon mari donnera car ils n’ont
plus le choix. » Marceline dit que
sa famille aime bien son mari. La
famille a compris que Innocent
aime son épouse.
Innocent et Marceline se regardent toujours avec un sourire. Ils
confirment qu’ils vivent bien avec
le petit salaire de l’enseignement
que Innocent touche. Innocent
raconte qu’il se prépare à donner
la dot comme un cadeau pour sa
belle famille. Il a appris à l école
que chez les Africains une telle
dot appartient à la culture. « Mais
pour le moment c’est le contraire.
Les gens considère la dote plus
matérielle que symbolique», explique Innocent.
Marceline, éclate de rire en
tendant la main à son mari. Elle
ne veut rien ajouter. On voit un
couple content.
CHANTAL Salumu
LA DOT : UNE NOUVELLE mariage coutumier qui se termine
BUSINESS DANS LA SOUS par une tapageuse fête avec
REGION DES GRANDS LACS trompettes et tambours.
Certains pays d’Afrique partagent
des valeurs communes. Par exemple dans la région des pays de
grands lacs, la dot reste une pratique de grande importance. Mais
il se constate des petits dérapages dans certains de leurs. Nous
avons pris l’échantillon de la République Démocratique du Congo
(RDC ), le Rwanda et le Burundi.
En RDC par exemple, la dot tend
a prendre une ampleur commerciale. Longtemps considéré comme symbole d’alliance entre deux
familles par cadeau, le coût est
devenu exorbitant : un casse-tête
pour les jeunes prétendants.
Dans certaines familles, elle
a pris une allure d’une facture
globale. Cela implique les frais
de scolarisation, de logement,
d’habillement et d’alimentation de
la fille. Et la dot prend davantage
l’ascenseur quand la prétendante
au mariage a fait des études supérieures.
Jadis versée en terme de chèvres,
12 au total, mais actuellement
cela est devenu discutable lors
de la cérémonie la remise. Parfois, certaines familles du jeune
conjoint se sentent vexé. On crée
des conseils paritaires des sages pour mener ces discussions.
Une chèvre est évaluée au moins
de 50 dollars au village, elle va
jusque 200 dollars en ville. La dot
exagérée est devenue un moyen pour permettre d’organiser le
Le représentant de la communauté de l’ethnie Nande à Goma,
Télesphore Karonde, justifie les
coûtes supplémentaires avec la
culture qui est venue de l’étranger.
Aujourd’hui les filles ont l’intérêt à
organiser des fêtes d’au revoir.
Ce n’était pas le cas à l’époque.
Au Rwanda, l’aspect commerciale de la dot n’a pas encore pris
l’allure comme en RDC. Selon la
loi rwandaise, la dot devrait rester
symbolique. C’est cette réglementation qui essaye à jouer le
rôle de « garde-fou ». Mais on observe certains dérapages.
Dans le passé on exigeait simplement pour le futur époux une
houe, quatre bidons de kasiksi
localement appelé « orugwagwa
», deux caisses de bière et une
vache de la race pure ou encore
cinq cent mille francs rwandais.
Mais la réalité aujourd’hui reste
une autre. On va jusqu’à deux
vaches pour des filles intellectuelles, dit Jean-Pière Sibomana de
Kibuye, travaillant en RDC.
Au Rwanda c’est aussi normal
que la famille de la fille contribue
au ménage du jeune couple. Elle
doit l’octroyer des matériels tels
que le matelas et d’autres effets
du foyer.
Et pourtant dans la partie du sudouest du Rwanda, un matelas de
qualité moyenne coûte environ
40 000 francs rwandais, soit le
7
salaire mensuel d’un instituteur
du secteur public. Certains paient
plutôt l’argent au lieu d’amener
des effets du foyer. Mais cela se
passe en cachette.
Au Burundi la dot consiste en «
un cadeau ». La famille du garçon
le donne à la famille de sa future
épouse au cours d’une cérémonie
officielle. Ce cadeau consistait
jadis en une vache ou deux, ou alors en une houe selon la richesse
de la famille. Aujourd’hui hélas, il
s’agit de l’argent, dont le montant
varie selon la situation financière
du garçon. Alors la dot commence
à poser de problèmes.
Moise Bahuwimbuye, un habitant
et sage d’une lignée coutumière
au Burundi, s’exprime sur le blog
« Zerà Action ». « Dans la région du Mugamba la dot consisterait toujours en une vache pour
une fille illettrée et deux vaches
pour une fille qui a un diplôme ».
Aujourd’hui une vache a le valeur
d’environ un million de francs burundais.
Asse Claudine, commerçante
originaire de Bujumbura et vivant à Goma, confirme le fait que
la dote au Burundi est de plus
en plus commercialisée. Mais
elle constate une différence par
rapport à la RDC. Au Burundi la
jeune fille n’organise pas de fêtes
de grande envergure comme en
RDC lors d’au revoir. Au Burundi
les filles prennent un temps de
conseils et méditations avant le
mariage.
JÉRÉMIE Kihambu
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D E B AT E I N H I G H S C H O O L
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D E B AT E I N H I G H S C H O O L
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OPINIONS
OPINIONS
11
EVEN MODERN FAMILIES STILL
ACCEPT A COW AND A HOE
DOWRY During the weekends many wedding ceremonies are taking place all over Rwanda. The dowry-giving is considered as the most important part of the wedding as it is a sign of friendship and respsect
towards the parents of the bride. The 71 year-old Leonard Rwamukwaya assisted many groom’s families during the dowries of their daughters and has observed how the dowry traditions have changed
over time.
What can you tell us about the modern dowry?
I attended a large number of wedding ceremonies, both traditional and modern ones. I could observe that
things change and that people go along with it. In the past, families could sit together for up to six hours when
there was a dowry ceremony. Nowadays, it is done in a very short time, it often takes one and a half hours. And
whereas in the past it was possible that young men without means could marry without giving a dowry, this is
not accepted any longer. Young men are under a high pressure to offer expensive ceremonies. But not everyone
can afford it. Some even spend all the money they have for the dowry and when the couple is married nothing
is left to buy food. This can create major conflicts between the couple and it sometimes even leads to a divorce
shortly after the wedding.
What was different in the past?
In previous times the family of the groom had enough time to introduce themselves to the family of the bride.
In this way, they could get familiar with each other and be sure that the groom’s family had not committed bad
acts against the family of the bride. They checked for example whether the groom’s family had killed anyone of
the family of the bride( Indongoranyo). Or if they had refused to offer them shelter in their house during rain falls.
If the young man was an orphan or very poor he could marry his bride without a dowry ceremony but a written
confirmation had to be signed to ensure that the groom won’t ask for cows or other things from the bride’s family
some years later.
How was the procedure of a traditional dowry?
Eeeh, first of all they agreed on the cows. After Rwanda’s independence one cow started to be accepted but
before the colonial area the minimum has been eight. Of course, sometimes even one hundred were given. At
that time cows were available in abundance. During the dowry ceremony, a parent of the groom was standing in
front of the cattle and threw a stick over them. He then went to the place where the stick had fallen and counted
the cows in front of him. These cows were given to the family of the bride. Another option was to use an existing
path on the pasture as a mark. Then, the family of the bride received all cows which were on the one side and the
groom’s family remained with the rest.
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If you compare the dowry of the past and the dowry of today, what is the most notable difference?
Until today, cows are given. But if you do not have a cow you can offer money instead. Then you must pay
an amount of money worth the number of cows you are supposed to give. But the value of a cow is different
depending on where you live. In rural areas a cow can cost 100.000 FRW while it is more expensive in cities.
Privileged families can even pay one thousand dollars for a non-Rwandan cow toProve that the groom will be
able to offer his bride a wealthy life. There is no fixed price; you can even pay hundred thousand dollars for it. The
price goes hand in hand with the resources of the family.
Is it just modernity or an abuse of Rwandan culture to give money while cows are still available in
country?
Well, due to the wars of the past (Editor’s note: from 1959 to 1994), many people were sent into exile. When they
came back they were acculturated to their former host countries and brought different traditions to Rwanda.
Money started to be accepted as a dowry. But I can let you know that if this is the only option, people also accept
a cow and a hoe it is recommended by the Rwandan laws.
Do you have any advice to the youth and their parents regarding the dowry?
I would advise the parents who gave birth to the bride and the groom and who have enough life experience, to
come together before you let your descendents get married. You have to sit together, face to face, and discuss
honestly and deliberately. Ask yourself if it is the right time to let your children engage in their own family. If you
decide that it is the right time then share the cost of the construction of their house between the two families
and do not let the groom pay for everything. That’s how we did these things in the past and I give you the advice
to continue this tradition in order to give to the next generation what you have received at the time of your
dowry.
Yves Nkuyemuruge
(EYE journalist)
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BANDE DESSINÉE
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BANDE DESSINÉE
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AHA NAHANDI
FIVE CRAZIEST DOWRY
STORIES
A WOMAN WHO WAS LOCKED IN THE TOILET FOR THREE YEARS IN DOWRY DISPUTE.
A twenty five years old woman in India was
locked in the toilet for three years by her husband and in –laws to force house hold to spend
more dowry. Gunja Devi was rescued by police
who discovered her in squalid circumstances
and unable to open her eyes from been kept in
the dark for so long.
Police said she sobbed when she was reunited
with her parents, but “heartbroken” when her
three years daughter did not recognize her.
She was said to be in terrible condition and
hungry, unable to see, dressed in torn clothing
with extremely long nails. The woman’s husband and in laws were arrested.
A FARMER WHO DEMANDED A DOWRY
FROM A MAN COUGHT RAPING HIS GOAT.
In 2006, a man was forced to take a goat as
his “wife” after he was caught having sex with
the animal.
The goat’s owner, Mr. Alifi said he surprised the
man with his goat and took to a council of elders. They ordered the man, Mr. Tombe to pay
a dowry of 15000 Sudanese dinars ($50 US) to
Mr. Alifi.
“We have given him the goat, and as far as we
know they are still together.” Mr. Alifi said.
FOUR PAKISTAN SISTERS COMMITTED
SUICIDE OVER DOWRY.
In 2003, four sisters committed suicide after a
row with their father who is poor and could not
afford dowries for them to get married.
The women threw themselves into a canal after
arguing with their father in Mailisi, a town in the
rural southern part of the Punjab Province. Five
sisters threw themselves into canal, but the
fifth was pulled a live from water. The women
were aged 31,35,38,43 and 45.
In Pakistan, the usual age for a woman’s marriage is between 18 to 28. Anyone who gets
older faces difficulties finding a match.
THE GROOM WHO DEMANDED AN
IPHONE-6 AS DOWRY
One marriage may not go ahead if a shining
new iphone-6 is not given as a dowry.
A Saudi man has asked for iphone-6 smartphone as a dowry from the man who proposed
to his sister. The suitor has to present the new
iphone to the brother of the girl getting married
as soon as it becomes available in order for
marriage to go ahead.
“Despite the growing trends of asking for reasonable dowries that are considered simple
gifts, some families do ask for exorbitant
amounts.”
THE WOMAN WHO IS SEEKING DIVORCE
OVER FAKE A CHOPARD WATCH SHE RECEIVED AS DOWRY.
A newly married woman is demanding a divorce from her husband after discovering the
stylish Dh 700.000 (around $200.000 US)
chopard watch she received as dowry was
fake.
The Arab woman discovered the truth when
she took her watch for repair and was told it
was not genuine. The couple, who have been
married for less than six months, had a heated
argument that ended with woman seeking a
divorce before the Duba Sharia court.
The wife is demanding the real value of the
chopard watch be paid to her as compensation.
D O T | P U B L I C AT I O N D ’ E J O ! Y O U T H E C H O
Internet sources and written by
Chrispin Mizero
EJO! YOUTH PROGRAM
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