slides - Insight Cruises
Transcription
slides - Insight Cruises
VIKING VOYAGES OF DISCOVERY KENNETH W. HARL, TULANE UNIVERSITY Bright Horizons 26, August 1-15, 2015 Painting by Christian Krogh, 1893 NORSE WESTERN VOYAGES, 800-985 ca. 800-825 Norse Settlement of Shetland Islands ca. 825 Gimur Kambon Norse Discovery & Settlement of Faroes ca. 860-870 Gardar Svavarrson Naddod, the Viking Floki Vilgerdarson Accidental Discovery of Iceland 871-873 Ingholf Arnarason First Settlement of Iceland 874-930 Norse Settlement of Iceland Ulfljot establishes Althing ca. 930-935 Gunnbjorn Ulf-Krakason Sighting of Greenland 982-984 Erik the Red Discovery of Greenland 985 Erik the Red Establishment of Greenland Settlements SAILING WEST Knarr SKULDELEV SHIP 1 975-1000 A.D. NORSE SETTLEMENT OF NORTHERN SCOTLAND AND THE NORTHERN ISLES ca. 800-825 THE WAY WEST: FAEROES AND ICELAND THE FAROES, ca. 825-1000 Torshavn, Viking Age Farmstead DISCOVERY OF ICELAND ICELAND: COLONIAL SCANDINAVIA -6Area: 39,700 square miles 15-20% inhabitable in 870 Glaciers & Snowfields Vatnajókull 3,500 sq. miles Hofsjökull, 520 sq. miles Langjökull , 500 sq miles Myrdalsjökull, 390 sq. miles Volcanoes: Mt Hekla Eruptions 860, 1103 & 1341 Mt. Laki Eruption 1783 associated snow fields Hofsjökull (520 square miles), Langjökull (500 square miles), and Mýrdalsjökull (390 square miles). In the northwestern Iceland, lesser glaciers nearly descend to the ocean, and so limit habitation. The landscape of Iceland has been shaped by the glaciers, DISCOVERY OF ICELAND DISCOVERY OF ICELAND Eyjafollajkoll Glacier DISCOVERY OF ICELAND SETTLEMENT OF ICELAND SETTLEMENT OF ICELAND Settlement of Ingolf, ca. 870; Painting, Johan Peter Raadig (1806-1882) SETTLEMENT OF ICELAND Ari Thorgilsson “the Learned” (1057-1148); Landnamabok Viking Age Farmsteads, Iceland THE WAY WEST: GREENLAND 965 GREENLAND SETTLEMENTS, 986-1490 GREENLAND SETTLEMENTS, 986-1490 Gardar, reconstructed farmstead GREENLAND SETTLEMENTS, 986-1490 Hvalsey, Ruins of the church END OF THE GREENLAND SETTLEMENTS Little Ice Age, ca. 1350-1650 NORSE WESTERN VOYAGES, 986-1014 986 Bjarni Herjolfsson Accidental Discovery: Markland (Labrador) & Helluland (Baffin Island) 1000 or 1001 Leif Eiriksson Exploration: Helluland, Markland, Vinland (Newfoundland or New Brunswick) 1004-1006 Thorvald Eiriksson Settlement, Vinland (L’Anse aux Meadows) 1009-1012 Thorfinn Karlsefni Settlement, Vinland 1013-1014 Thorvald & Freydis Settlement, Vinland EUROPEAN DISCOVERY OF AMERICA Christopher Columbus (1451-1506) Painting by Sebastiano del Piombo, 1519 Voyages, 1492, 1493, 1498. & 1502 EUROPEAN DISCOVERY OF AMERICA Christopher Columbus, October 12, 1492; painting by John Vanderlyn (1775-1852) CHICAGO WORLD’S FAIR, COLUMBIAN EXPOSION, 1893 Commemorative Dollar, 1893 Replicas: Nina, Pinta & Santa Maria, 1893 Commemorative Stamps, 1893 THE NORSE DISCOVERY: GOKSTAD REPLICA, 1893 The Viking, commanded by Captain Magnus Anderson Bergen-Newfoundland, 28 days 3,900 nautical miles THE NORSE-AMERICAN CENTENTIAL, 1925 Leif Erikson Commemorative Stamp, 1958 Restauration, StavangarNew York, October 9, 1825 Replica, The Viking Commemorative Dollar, 2000 HONORING NORSE DISCOVERS Leif Erikson, Seattle 1962 Thorfinn Karlsefni, Philadelphia 1918 NORSE WESTERN VOYAGES, 986-1014 986 Bjarni Herjolfsson Accidental Discovery: Markland (Labrador) & Helluland (Baffin Island) 1000 or 1001 Leif Eiriksson Exploration: Helluland, Markland, Vinland (Newfoundland or New Brunswick) 1004-1006 Thorvald Eiriksson Settlement, Vinland (L’Anse aux Meadows) 1009-1012 Thorfinn Karlsefni Settlement, Vinland 1013-1014 Thorvald & Freydis Settlement, Vinland WESTERN VOYAGES 986-1014 THE SOURCES: THE SAGAS Grœnlendinga saga (Greenlanders’ Saga), ca. 1275-1300 From Flateyjarbók Eiríks saga rauða (Saga of Eirik the Red), ca. 1275-1300 From (1) Hauksbók (2) and Skálholtsbók THE SOURCES ADAM OF BREMEN Schematic Map based on description of Adam of Bremen Descriptio insularum Aquilonis, ca. 1075 Book IV of Gesta Hammaburgensis ecclesiae pontificum THE SOURCES ADAM OF BREMEN Translation: Descriptio insularum Aquilonis, ca. 1075 Book IV of Gesta Hammaburgensis ecclesiae pontificum He also told me that many in this part of the Ocean have discovered an island called Vinland because there are grapevines growing wild which produces the best of wines. From trustworthy Danes rather than from fantastic tales, I also have heard that there is an abundance of cereal which is self-sown. Beyond this island, he [i.e. King Svein Estrithsson, 1047-1074] says, are no more inhabitable islands in the Ocean. Everything farther out is covered by immense masses of ice and perennial fog. Martianus tells of this:’ One day of sailing beyond Thule the sea is solid.’ This the widely travelled King Harald of Norway found to be true. With his ships he recently investigated the extent of the northern Ocean but finally had to turn back when the extreme limit of the world disappeared in fog before his eyes. He barely escaped the gaping ravine of the abyss. ARCHAEOLOGY: L’ANSE AUX MEADOWS ARCHAEOLOGY: L’ANSE AUX MEADOWS Helge & Anne Stine Ingstad, “Jelly Fish Cove,” 1960 ● “Leif’s Booths” 1000 From ARCHAEOLOGY: L’ANSE AUX MEADOWS Loom Weight & Quartz Pin ARCHAEOLOGY: L’ANSE AUX MEADOWS Reconstructed Norse House VOYAGE OF BJARNI HERJOLFSSON, 986 VOYAGE OF BJARNI HERJOLFSSON, 986 Markland: Labrador VOYAGE OF BJARNI HERJOLFSSON, 986 Helluland: Baffin Island FIRST VOYAGE OF JOHN CABOT, 1497 VOYAGE OF LEIF EIRIKSSON, 1000 or 1001 VOYAGE OF LEIF EIRIKSSON, 1000 or 1001 Markland: Porcupine Bay, Labrador VOYAGE OF LEIF EIRIKSSON, 1000 or 1001 Vinland: L’Asne aux Meadows, Newfoundland VOYAGE OF LEIF EIRIKSSON, 1000 or 1001 Vinland: New Brunswick or Cape Cod VOYAGES OF JACQUES CARTIER, 1534-1536 VINNLAND COLONIES Throvald Eirikson, 1004-1006 Thorfinn Karlsefni, 1009-1012 Thorvald & Freydis, 1012-1013 LIMITS OF OVERSEAS SETTLEMENT Vinland Colony, 1009-1012 250 settlers Greenland, Population 1000 4,000 Iceland, Population 1000 75,000 Norway, Population 1000 200,000 Jamestown Colony, 1607 Jamestown Colony, 1608 Jamestown Colony , 1608 Jamestown Colony, 1609-1610 James Colony, 1610 104 settlers 38 survivors 120 new settlers 60 survivors 500 new settlers England , Population 1600 English Immigration, 1625-1680 5,000,000 100,000 INVENTING TRADITION: KENSINGTON RUNESTONE Kensington Runestone, 1910 Kensington Runestone Museum Display KENSINGTON RUNESTONE Transcription of Runes THE KENSINGTON RUNESTONE Main inscription: 8 : göter : ok : 22 : norrmen : po : ...o : opþagelsefärd : fro : vinland : of : vest : vi : hade : läger : ved : 2 : skLär : en : dags : rise : norr : fro : þeno : sten : vi : var : ok : fiske : en : dagh : äptir : vi : kom : hem : fan : 10 : man : röde : af : blod : og : ded : AVM : frälse : äf : illü. Lateral Side: här : (10) : mans : ve : havet : at : se : äptir : vore : skip : 14 : dagh : rise : from : þeno : öh : ahr : 1362 : Translation: Eight Götalanders and 22 Northmen on (this?) acquisition journey from Vinland far to the west. We had a camp by two (shelters?) one day's journey north from this stone. We were fishing one day. After we came home, found 10 men red from blood and dead. Ave Maria save from evil. There are 10 men by the inland sea to look after our ships fourteen days journey from this peninsula (or island). Year 1362 KENSINGTON RUNESTONE Oolf Olsson Ohrman, 1898 Kensington, MA KENSINGTON RUNESTONE Hjalmar Rued Holand (1872-1963) Born Akershus, Norway M.A., University of Wisconsin, 1899 Purchased Kensington Stone, 1907 KENSINGTON RUNESTONE KENSINGTON RUNESTONE KENSINGTON RUNESTONE Kensignton Runestone Park Alexandria, Douglas Co. MN Runestone Memorial Replica Alexandaria Lions Club, 1969 KENSINGTONE RUNESTONE PARK Big Ole (25 feet) Alexandria, Douglas Co, MN OTHER FORGERIES AND HOAXES Heavener Runestone, OK, 1928 Spirit Pond Runestones Phippsburg, ME, 1971 Shawnee Runestone, OK, 1969 OTHER FORGERIES AND HOAXES “Viking Tower,” Newport RI Chesterton, England Windmill, 1650-1675 OTHER FORGERIES & HOAXES Beardman “Hoard,” James Edward Dodd, 1936 Royal Ontario Museum “Maine Penny” Olaf Kyrre (1067-1093) Guy Mellgren, 1967 Naskeag Point, ME THE VINALND MAP, 1440 THE VINALND MAP, 1440 Yale University Press, 1965 R. A. Thomas E. Marston George D. Painter Skelton THE VINALND MAP, 1440 THE VINALND MAP, 1440: TEXT: LEIF ERIKSON AND VINLAND “God willed that after a long journey from Greenland to the farthest remaining pats of the western ocean sea that companions Bjani and Leif Ericsson, sailing south through the ice, discovered a new land which was very rich and which even had vines; they called in Vinland Island. Eric, bishop of Greenland and the neighboring regions and legate of the apostolic see in this truly vast and rich land, arrived in the name of Almighty God in the last two years of Pope Paschal [i..e. Paschal II, 1099-1118]. Eric stayed some time in summer before returning to Greenland and laqter proceeding southward in obedience to God’s will.” THE VINALND MAP: POSITION OF GREENLAND THE SKÁLHOLT MAP Skálholt Map, Iceland Sigurd Stefánsson, 1570 Copy by Thordur Thorlaksson, 1690 THE VINLAND MAP: REACTIONS, 1965 Columbus Day Parade, NYC, October 12, 1965 Columbus Day Parade, Chicago October 12, 1965 IMMIGRTION PATTERNS Italian Americans, 2009: 18 million IMMIGRTION PATTERNS Scandinavian Americans, 2009: 18 million EPILOGE: HONORING DISCOVERS Leif Erikson, Seattle Stamp, Iceland, 2000 Chrisopher Columbus, NYC