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Gürmat 2 Geothermal Power Plant
Social Impact Assessment
Gürmat Elektrik Üretim A.Ş
22September 2014
Gurmat 2 Geothermal Power Plant
Notice
This document and its contents have been prepared and are intended solely for Gürmat Elektrik Üretim
A.Ş information and use in relation to the potential investment in the Gürmat 2 GPP by the EBRD and the
IFC.
WS Atkins International Ltd assumes no responsibility to any other party in respect of or arising out of or in
connection with this document and/or its contents.
This document has 42 pages including the cover.
Document history
Job number: 5122671
Document ref:EFE Guris GPP SIA Rev 4
Revision
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05/08/14
Rev 2.0
Issue Review
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04/09/14
Rev 3.0
Issue
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16/09/14
Rev 4.0
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AtkinsG2 GPP SIA | Version 4 | September 2014 | 5122671
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Date
1
Table of contents
Chapter
Pages
1.
Introduction
4
2.
PROJECT DESCRIPTION
5
3.
LEGISLATION, POLICY AND GUIDANCE
9
3.1.
National Legislative Framework for Land Acquisition and Stakeholder Engagement
9
3.2.
International Standards and Policy Requirements
11
4.
ASSESSMENT METHODOLOGY AND SIGNIFICANCE CRITERIA
13
4.1.
Scope of the Assessment
13
4.2.
Extent of the Study Area
13
4.3.
Method of Baseline Data Collation
13
4.4.
Significance Criteria
14
5.
SOCIO ECONOMIC BASELINE CONDITIONS
15
5.1.
Administrative Institutions in Turkey
15
5.2.
General Socio – Economic Environment
15
5.3.
Land Use and Land Tenure
17
6.
LAND ACQUISITION FOR THE PROJECT
19
6.1.
Land Acquisition for EFE 1, 2, 3, 4 and the Wells
19
6.2.
Land Acquisition for the Pipe Network
20
6.3.
Land Acquisition for the Electricity Transmission Lines
20
7.
PROJECT RELATED TRANSPORT
22
8.
STAKEHOLDER ENGAGEMENT
25
9.
ASSESSMENT OF IMPACTS, MITIGATION AND RESIDUAL EFFECTS
27
9.1.
Construction
27
9.2.
Mitigation
30
9.3.
Operation
32
9.4.
Mitigation
33
9.5.
Monitoring and Follow Up
34
10.
REFERENCES
39
11.
Limitations and Assumptions
39
Tables
Table 4-1
Matrix for determining the significance of impacts
14
Table 5-1
Demographic data on Incirliova and Germencik municipalities
16
Table 5-2
Population in communities surrounding the project site
16
Table 5-3
Unemployment rate in Incirliova and Germencik municipalities
17
2
Table 5-4
Land use in Aydin province
17
Table 5-4
Vehicle count on the D-550 closest to the project site and foreseen transport for the project
23
Table 9-1
Summary of Impacts
34
Figures
Figure 1-1
Project site location in Turkey
4
Figure 1-2
4
Figure 2-1
Satellite image showing the Gürmat 1 and Gürmat 2 licence areas
5
Figure 2-2
Satellite image showing the final Gürmat 2 GPP locations
6
Figure 2-3
Location of the overhead power line connecting EFE 2 and the main power plant (EFE 1) to
the Germencik main transformer station
7
Figure 2-4
Location of existing and planned production and reinjection wells
Figure 3-1
Land acquisition process for Gürmat 2
Figure 7-1
access road
Satellite image showing the location of EFE 1, 3 and 4 to the D-550 highway and local
22
Figure 7-2
Satellite image showing the location of EFE 2 close to the D-550 highway and local
Turanlar village road
7
10
23
3
1. Introduction
Gürmat Elektrik Üretim A.Ş. (“Gürmat” or “the Company”), established by the Guris Group of Companies,
is planning to construct and operate a new 123.3 MWe (possibly increased to an installed capacity of
162.3 MWe in the future) geothermal power plant (“Gürmat 2” or the “Project”), near the town of Aydin in
Turkey, 110 km south west of Izmir (see Figures 1.1 and 1.2). In addition to this new geothermal power
plant, since 2009 Guris has been operating an existing Gürmat 47.4 MWe geothermal power plant
(“Gürmat 1”) in the project area.
Figure 1-1
Figure 1-2
Gürmat Elektrik Üretim A.Ş. has applied for financing from the European Bank for Reconstruction and
Development (EBRD) and the International Finance Corporation (IFC) (jointly referred to as “the Banks”)
as well as a number of commercial banks. Gürmat 2 is classified as a Category ‘A’ project and it is to be
developed and implemented in accordance with Equator Principles, the EBRD Environmental and Social
Policy (2008) and IFC Performance Standards on Environmental and Social Sustainability (2012).
4
In accordance with Turkish legislation, an Environmental Impact Assessment for Gürmat 2 GPP was
approved by the local authorities in November 2012. Construction of certain project components is already
underway and the power plant’s commercial operation is planned to start in 2014.
An Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) disclosure package is also being prepared for the
1
Project to meet the Banks’ policies for “A” category projects as well as Equator Principles . This Social
Impact Assessment (SIA) Report will be a part of the ESIA disclosure package. It has been developed with
a view of assessing the impact of Gürmat 2 on communities and individuals, as well as social and
economic assets within the Project area of influence, as required by the Banks. A separate Stakeholder
Engagement Plan (SEP) has also been developed and will be implemented throughout the life of the
Project.
This SIA should be read in conjunction with the local EIA and other documents included in the ESIA
disclosure package.
2. PROJECTDESCRIPTION
Gürmat 2 is being constructed within an already established concession area of 28.3 km2 (see Figure 2.1).
Most of the concession area (approx. 75%) is on the territory of Germencik district, while the rest
territorially belongs to Incirliova district. Within this concession area is also the already operational Gürmat
1. The green line in Figure 2.1 shows the boundary of the concession area while the red line shows the
boundary of the Gürmat 1 Generation Licence.
The Company has been licensed to use the geothermal energy within this concession area for 49 years
and the power plant has therefore been designed with an operational life of 49 years. Land used for
Gürmat 2 is located on a broad, alluvial plain that is used for agricultural purposes.
Figure 2-1
Satellite image showing the Gürmat 1 and Gürmat 2 licence areas
Gürmat 2 will consist initially of four power generating units as well as the associated boreholes, pipelines
and transmission lines as follows:
•
Main power plant (EFE 1) of 47.4 MWe (dual flash) and three flash binary plants (EFE 2, 3, and 4),
each with a capacity of 25.3 MWe (123.3 MWe in total).
1
The disclosure package will comprise the following documents: the Non-Technical Summary, the Environmental Impact Assessment
Addendum, the Social Impact Assessment, the Environmental and Social Action Plan and the Stakeholder Engagement Plan.
5
•
Fifty four production and reinjection wells.
•
Network of interconnecting pipework pumping the geothermal fluid from the wells to the power houses
and back to the reinjection wells.
•
Transformer station (within the boundary of the main power plant).
•
154 kV power line to connect EFE 2 with the main power plant and then with the Germencik main
transformer station (5.7 km).
•
Access roads that main connect the boreholes and power plants with public roads.
•
Administrative offices and control rooms at the main power plant and the binary plant installations.
Gürmat 2 will occupy two locations, with the main plant being accessed directly from the Aydın-İzmir
Highway (D550), (see Figure 2.2). The main plant will include units EFE 1, 3 and 4 (shown in red on
Figure 2.2). EFE 2 is located on its own, about 3km to the south east of the main plant (shown in blue on
Figure 2.2). The Gürmat 2 pipework network is expected to be largely to the east Germencik town and to
the south of the D550. The overhead power line for EFE 2 will connect to the GPP sub-station at the main
plant and then a 154 kV power line will connect the GPP substation to the Germencik main transformer
station. The location of the overhead power line is provided in Figure 2.3, while the locations of existing
and planned production and reinjection wells are provided in Figure 2.4.
Figure 2-2
Satellite image showing the final Gürmat 2 GPP locations
6
Figure 2-3
Location of the overhead power line connecting EFE 2 and the main power plant
(EFE 1) to the Germencik main transformer station
Figure 2-4
Location of existing and planned production and reinjection wells
The construction of Gürmat 2 is expected to take approximately 68 months. The pre-construction phase of
the project is planned to be completed within 22 months and the construction work will last approximately
46 months. At the time of writing this document in July 2014, the construction of the GPP plant sites was
well advanced with major plant items being delivered, about 30 wells drilled and the pipe network for EFE
2 in place.
The G2 GPP construction programme is expected to be:
EFE 1: 47.4 MW Double Flash - April 2015
EFE 2: 25.3 MW Flash Binary - August 2014
7
EFE 3: 25.3 MW Flash Binary - September 2014
EFE 4: 25.3 MW Flash Binary - May 2015
The first component to come on-line will be EFE 2, which is expected to begin the export of electricity
during autumn of 2014. The Company also has plans to build a fifth unit (EFE 5), a 47.4 MWe double flash
plant identical to EFE 1 (increasing the total installed capacity to 162.3 MWe), however this is not included
in the Project and therefore is not the subject of this impact assessment.
Since the approval of the EIA for Gürmat 2, and the issuing of the Environmental License, the design of
the project changed. Originally, Gürmat 2 plants were to be situated in four different locations. As
explained above, with this current design, all plants will be situated in two locations, significantly reducing
the amount of land take and having a number of other benefits. The Ministry of Environment and
Infrastructure has approved amendments to the Environmental License which reflect the new project
design and therefore a new EIA is not required.
8
3. LEGISLATION, POLICY AND GUIDANCE
3.1. National Legislative Framework for Land Acquisition and
Stakeholder Engagement
Land acquisition for the Project is guided by the Electricity Market Law No. 4628, amended by law No.
5496 (Article 15, clause c) and the Expropriation Code No. 2942. Land can be expropriated for the project
2
within the 28km concession area defined by the generation license. However, according to
representatives of Gürmat 2, certain restrictions exist in terms of expropriating land in residential and forest
areas within this concession area. The project will not cause any physical displacement of people, as only
agricultural land is being acquired. Details on land acquisition are provided in section 6 ‘Land Acquisition
for the Project’.
It should be noted that before initiating expropriation under the Expropriation Code No. 2942, the
Company attempts to reach negotiated settlements with all affected landowners. The Company prepares
technical designs and the lists of land plots that are needed for construction. The Company first
investigates prices of land and crops/trees in the area and prepares offers which are then approved by
management and offered to the affected land owners. After that, expropriation is initiated for acquiring
plots for which negotiated settlements could not be reached.
Expropriation is led by the responsible government agency, in this case the Energy Market Regulatory
Authority (EMRA). Costs of expropriation are borne by the Company, which also has the right of use of
expropriated land for the same period as the generation license (49 years), while ownership of land is
transferred to the Treasury.
In accordance with Article 27 of the Expropriation Code, land acquisition is done through an immediate
expropriation procedure. The steps in the expropriation process are as follows:
•
The Company applies to EMRA, providing a list of needed land plots.
•
EMRA takes a decision for immediate expropriation under Article 27 of the Expropriation Code No.
2942, after the decision of the Council of Ministers.
•
EMRA then turns to the local court with requests to determine the price of affected land plots and to
give the Company (Gürmat 2) the right to use the land plots.
•
The court assigns at least 5 technical certified experts for assessing the land and includes in the group
any additional local persons who know the prices of land in the area, if needed. The village headmen
(muhtars) are also required to attend the appraisal.
•
The experts prepare reports and send them to the court.
•
The court takes a decision on the immediate expropriation of the land plots and on the basis of expert
reports, determines the price for each land plot.
•
The Company opens up accounts in the name of the landowners and deposits the court specified
amounts in their bank accounts.
•
The courttakes a decision for immediate expropriation after the Company makes the payment.
•
The Company then has the right to begin construction on the acquired land plots.
•
EMRA sends an invitation letter to the landowners to attend negotiation meetings. The letter is
accompanied by the court decision, the expert appraisal report and proof of payment of the
expropriation price.
•
At the negotiation meetings the Company can choose to provide higher amounts of compensation, so
that an agreement can be reached.
•
If an agreement is not reached, EMRA turns to the local court again, with requests to determine the
price of needed land and to transfer title to the Treasury (with the right of use for the Company).
•
New valuations are organized with a new group of court appointed experts.
9
•
The owner and the Company can agree on a price up until the end of this second trial
•
If the owner is not satisfied with the final price determined by the court he/she can appeal to the
Supreme Court against the decision of the local court.
Figure 3-1
Land acquisition process for Gürmat 2
As per Code No. 2942 (Article 11), valuations of properties are done through field assessments and the
experts carrying them out must consider criteria which include the type and quality of the property, the
surface area, the location, all property components (including vegetation, structures, water sources, etc.),
tax statements, the net revenue to be obtained from a property or a water source on land, the estimated
amount made by official authorities during previous valuations, the price of similar land sold before the
date of expropriation and any other objective measurements that can be used to determine the
compensation amount. The value of agricultural land is based on the net income approach and includes all
on-land physical assets and the value of crops based on the annual yield (three year average).
Stakeholder engagement activities for projects in Turkey are organised under the EIA regulation from 2008
and these are the main relevant features of that process:
10
•
The EIA Application file is submitted to the Ministry of Environment and Urbanisation (MoEU). This
document is made available online and open to comments. It serves as an opportunity for the public to
comment on environmental and social issues that need to be included in the EIA.
•
A public participation meeting is advertised in at least one national and one local newspaper. The
meeting is attended by a committee of experts (Inspection and Evaluation Commission) of the MoEU
and its purpose is to provide stakeholders with a description of the project and the opportunity to
comment on it. Feedback is used to determine the structure and scope of the EIA.
•
The draft EIA is disclosed to the public through the MoEU website and is available for public
comments. Comments are evaluated by the Inspection and Evaluation Commission, during their
review of the EIA report.
•
The final EIA is made available to the public for review.
3.2. International Standards and Policy Requirements
This SIA has been developed in accordance with international standards, particularly the Equator
Principles, underpinned by EBRD Performance Standards and IFC Performance Requirements. The
Equator Principles are standards developed by the international finance community for application to the
approval of lending for development projects.
The project has been categorised as A and therefore apart from the environmental impact assessment, a
social impact assessment must be carried out to address social impacts and risks and propose mitigation
and management measures, within a dedicated Action Plan. Applicable EBRD Performance Requirements
and IFC Performance Standards cover the following issues:
•
Social Assessment and Management Systems
•
Land Acquisition and Involuntary Resettlement
•
Community Health, Safety and Security
•
Labour and Working conditions
Stakeholder engagement for the project must be an ongoing process which involves:
•
the client’s public disclosure of appropriate information so as to enable meaningful consultation with
stakeholders
•
meaningful consultation with potentially affected parties, and
•
a procedure or policy by which people can make comments or complaints (grievance mechanism).
In relation to land acquisition, the key objectives and requirements of EBRD’s Performance Requirement 5
and IFC’s Performance Standard 5, applicable to this project can be summarised as follows:
•
avoid, or at least minimise, permanent or temporary project induced economic displacement whenever
feasible by exploring alternative project designs;
•
develop appropriate livelihood restoration action plans where significant displacement is
unavoidable;
•
improve or, at a minimum, restore to pre-project levels livelihoods and income earning capacity of
affected persons, including those who have no legally recognisable rights or claims to land and
support them during the transition period;
•
mitigate adverse social and economic impacts from land acquisition or restrictions on affected
persons’ use of and access to land, physical assets or natural resources by:
-
providing compensation for loss of assets at replacement cost prior to taking possession of
acquired assets; and
-
ensuring that compensation and livelihood restoration activities are planned and implemented with
appropriate disclosure of information, consultation, and the informed participation of those
affected,
11
•
make special provisions for assisting disadvantaged or vulnerable individuals or who may be more
adversely affected by economic displacement than others and who may be limited in their ability to
claim or take advantage of compensation, livelihood assistance, and related benefits;
•
establish a grievance mechanism to receive and address in a timely fashion specific concerns
about compensation and relocation that are raised by displaced persons; and
•
monitor and evaluate the implementation and results of implementation measures.
12
4. ASSESSMENT METHODOLOGY AND
SIGNIFICANCE CRITERIA
4.1. Scope of the Assessment
This document considers the potential socio economic impacts as a result of the proposed project,
associated with the following issues:
•
Land use
•
Employment and procurement opportunities
•
Livelihoods
•
Community health, safety and security
•
Revenue generation for the local government / community
•
Infrastructure
Impacts and mitigation measures associated with community health, safety and security, as well as
occupational health and safety are addressed in the local EIA and EIA addendum, while this document
focuses on social impacts associated with the influx of labour and the increase in traffic. Impacts on
infrastructure are also addressed in the local EIA, while this document focuses on impacts associated with
use of roads and access tracks, as well as irrigation channels and how they relate to possible impacts on
livelihoods.
4.2. Extent of the Study Area
The project site is located in the Aydin province, occupying territories that belong to the Germencik and
Incirliova districts and is surrounded by nearby local communities – Germencik town, Ömerbeyli, Reisköy,
Turanlar (Germencik district), Sinirteke and Erbeyli (Incirliova district).
The study area covers the project site and the surrounding villages, all within approx. 3.5 km of the project
site.
4.3. Method of Baseline Data Collation
4.3.1. Site Visit
A site visit was undertaken to the project affected area from May 26 to May 30 2014. Apart from interviews
with relevant Company representatives, meetings were held with the village headman of Ömerbeyliand the
Mayor of Germencik. Meetings were also held with four landowners, one of whom sold his land through an
amicable process and three (out of eleven) whose land is currently under expropriation. The purpose of
these meetings was to discuss possible social impacts of the project and determine how land acquisition
was and will be undertaken for the project. The issues discussed at these meetings are described in
section 8 ‘Stakeholder Engagement’.
4.3.2. Desk Study
Secondary data for this document was collected via a desk study, including statistical information available
from the Turkish Statistical Institute (TurkStat) and other international and national databases. Additional
data was obtained from documents and sources provided by the Company. Data from the project EIA was
also used, particularly the Social Impact Report (Appendix 10 of the local EIA).
For the development of the local EIA Social Impact Report, a household survey was undertaken in March
2012 with a sample of 75 households residing in villages in the vicinity of the project area to determine
their socioeconomic profile, the current situation in their living environments, their opinions about the
project and expectations from the project.
13
4.4. Significance Criteria
The assessment of potential impacts as a result of the project has taken into account both the construction
and operational phases. The significance level attributed to each impact has been assessed based on the
magnitude of change due to the proposed project and the sensitivity of the affected receptor to change.
Magnitude of change and the sensitivity of the affected receptor are both assessed on a scale of high,
medium, low and negligible (as shown in Table 4.1 below).
Sensitivity of Receptor to Change
High
Medium
Low
Negligible
Major
Moderate to Major
Minor to Moderate
Negligible
Medium
Moderate to Major
Moderate
Minor
Negligible
Low
Minor to Moderate
Minor
Negligible to Minor
Negligible
Negligible
Negligible
Negligible
Negligible
High
Magnitude
of Change
Negligible
Table 4-1
Matrix for determining the significance of impacts
The following terms are used to assess the significance of impacts, where they are predicted to occur:
•
Major positive or negative impact - where the proposed development would cause a significant
improvement or deterioration to the existing environment;
•
Moderate positive or negative impact - where the proposed development would cause a noticeable
improvement or deterioration to the existing environment;
•
Minor positive or negative impact - where the proposed development would cause a barely perceptible
improvement or deterioration to the existing environment; and
•
Negligible - where the proposed development would result in no discernible improvement or
deterioration to the existing environment.
14
5. SOCIO ECONOMIC BASELINE CONDITIONS
This section provides an overview of the socio economic baseline conditions in the project area.
Information is provided on the level of Aydin province, the two affected districts and where available, at the
level of villages surrounding the project site. More information on baseline conditions can be found in the
local EIA.
5.1. Administrative Institutions in Turkey
The project site is located in Aydin province, within the boundaries of the Germencik and Incirliova
districts. The project site is closest to Germencik town and surrounded by several other villages – Turanlar,
Reisköy, Ömerbeyli, Erbeyli and Sinirteke.
The provincial organization of the central government has been created to administer public services to its
citizens throughout the entire country and there are three kinds of provincial administrations: province,
county, and district. The province is the largest provincial administrative unit of the central administration
and it is headed by a governor appointed by the central government. There are 81 provinces in Turkey and
one of them is Aydin province. Provinces are divided into districts, headed also by governors appointed by
the central government and in Aydin province there are 17 such districts, two of which are Germencik and
Incirliova.
Local government organisations are public legal entities that have been established outside the central
government to meet the common needs of provincial, municipal, and village residents. They have separate
legal personalities from that of the state, a certain degree of autonomy and their members are locally
elected. There are three kinds of local government organizations: provincial administration, municipality
and village administration.
Municipal governments exist in each provincial and district capital, as well as in all communities with at
least 5,000 inhabitants. Each municipality is headed by a mayor, who is a chief executive and
representative of the municipality. The mayor is elected by the citizens for a five-year term. Municipal
administration also includes an assembly and a council. Germencik and Incirliova are both municipalities.
The smallest and most common type of local government in Turkey is the village administration. The
principal authority in a village, the headman (muhtar) is chosen by an assembly of all the village's adults.
The assembly also makes decisions pertaining to village affairs and elects a council of elders. The
headman supervises the planning and operation of communal projects and services and administers
directives from higher authorities (central administration). The headman receives government officials,
maintains order, collects taxes, and presides at civil ceremonies. The village council supervises village
finances, purchases or expropriates land for schools and other communal buildings, and decides on the
contributions in labour and money to be made by villagers for road maintenance and other community
improvements. The village council also arbitrates disputes between villagers and imposes fines on those
who fail to perform the services allotted to them.
5.2. General Socio – Economic Environment
Aydin province is located in the Aegean region, in southwestern Turkey and its capital is the city Aydin with
a population of close to 200,000. Aydin is one of the better developed provinces in Turkey, with a high
development index according to the Directorate General of Regional Development of the Turkish Ministry
of Development (May 1st 2013). Aydın is Turkey's leading producer of figs and within the province, the
best figs are reputed to be grown in Germencik. Aydın also produces olives, chestnuts, cotton, citrus fruits,
water melons and other fruits.
The project is being implemented on the territory of two Aydin districts – Germencik and Incirliova. Both
Germencik and Incirliova have a population between 40,000 and 50,000. Some basic demographic data is
provided in Table 5.1 below.
15
Municipality
Population
Age %
Average
number
of family
members
Average age
Male
Female
Total
0-17
1834
3564
>65
Male
Female
Incirliova
22,221
22,346
44,567
28.84
25.28
36.11
9.77
32.84
34.50
3.34
Germencik
21,292
21,679
42,971
27.80
24.38
35.28
12.56
34.21
36.30
3.37
Table 5-1
Demographic data on Incirliova and Germencik municipalities
Source: National Accounts and the Ministry of Economy and Finance, processed by Urbistat on ISTAT data (2012)
The total population of villages surrounding the project site is 16,640 people, with the largest population in
Germencik town – 12,000. Table 5.2 below provides information about the population in each village.
Male
Female
Total
Germencik district
Germencik city
approx. 12,000
2
Ömerbeyli
373
404
777
Reisköy
236
226
462
Turanlar
531
575
1,106
Sinirteke
553
596
1,149
Erbeyli
573
573
1,146
TOTAL
2,266
2,374
approx. 16,640
Incirliova district
Table 5-2
Population in communities surrounding the project site
Source: Project EIA, table IV.3.2.2. (Data from 2011)
According to the household survey carried out as part of the local EIA, the average size of a household in
surveyed villages was 3.43, while the majority of those interviewed completed primary level education
(47%). The average number of persons who work in the household is 0.92. The average monthly income
is USD 1,165.
Farming is a main source of income for households living in villages around the project site. As
approximately one fifth of the interviewed population belongs to the over 60 age group, it was reported that
another important source of income are pensions. People mostly sell their products to agricultural
cooperatives, while keeping some for household consumption. The average household owns between 1.5
and 2 ha of land. Households mainly work on the land by themselves and use machines. Help is only
sometimes hired for harvesting crops / fruits.
2
Sum of population in the corresponding city quarters
16
The survey also reveals that, apart from farming the land, many people depend on breeding of animals for
livelihoods. The majority breed animals both for sale and for household consumption (approx. 58%).
Approx. 33% only sell animals and animal products and the remaining 9% use them only for household
consumption.
According to the survey and discussions with village headmen, one of the most significant issues in the
area is a high unemployment rate. Unemployment rates for Germencik and Incirliova are provided in table
5.3 below. There are high expectations for employment opportunities on the Project, particularly for young
people.
Table 5-3
Municipality
Unemployment rate
Incirliova
11%
Germencik
12%
Unemployment rate in Incirliova and Germencik municipalities
Source: National Accounts and the Ministry of Economy and Finance, processed by Urbistat on ISTAT data (2012)
5.3. Land Use and Land Tenure
2
The total area of Aydin province is 831,900 ha (8,319 km ) and almost half is cultivated land, as seen in
2
Table 5.4 below. The total area of Germencik district is 407 km and the total area of Incirliova district is
2
214 km .
Area (ha)
%
Cultivated land
395,494
48% (approx. half is irrigated land)
Grassland/pasture
24,705
3%
Forests
319,177
38%
lakes and marshes
14,271
2%
Non-agricultural land
78,253
9%
831,900
100%
Table 5-4
Source: Project EIA, Table IV.2.8.1 (Aydin Governorship, Aydin Province Environment Report, 2010)
2
The Project site is located within a concession area of 2,800 ha (28 km ) and agriculture is the dominant
land use. Approx. three quarters of the concession area is on the territory of Germencik and the remaining
quarter is on the territory of Incirliova district. Whilst the majority of the land within the concession area is
agricultural, there are areas within that area that cannot be developed (and expropriated), i.e. residential
and forest areas. In addition the Company avoids acquiring land with olive and fig trees, as the cost of
acquisition is significantly higher than for other land and is subject to special environmental permitting. To
reduce the amount of land acquisition, the Company also uses existing roads and access tracks as much
as possible, as well as public land and land that has already been acquired for other project components.
According to the household survey carried out as part of the local EIA, people in villages surrounding the
project area cultivate mainly olives (27%) and figs (25%), followed by corn, cotton, clover, wheat, beans,
17
peppers, strawberries, aubergines, tomatoes, apples, plums, apricots and barley. A lot of the land is
irrigated in the area and as per the local EIA, measures have been undertaken to ensure that irrigation and
drainage channels are not damaged and/or water quality compromised during construction, in cooperation
with the General and Regional Directorates of State Hydraulic Works (SHW).
All lands in the area are registered in the cadastre. Farmers hold title deeds for their lands and informal
agreements for land use are not common in the area. Buying, selling and renting of agricultural land is
generally made through the Land Register Office. Formal rent agreements are also a condition of obtaining
agricultural subsidies. Males and females are usually treated equally regarding property and land
ownership.
18
6. LAND ACQUISITION FOR THE PROJECT
3
The construction and operation of Gürmat 2 GPP requires acquisition of land for:
•
Facilities, i.e. EFEs 1, 2, 3 and 4, including access roads (18 plots of land)
•
Wells, including access roads (43 plots of land)
•
Pipe network
•
-
EFE 2 pipework (2 plots of land, one of which is already acquired for two wells)
-
EFE 1, 3 and 4 (unknown number of plots of land)
154 kV overhead Electricity transmission lines (ETLs) – one line from EFE 2 to EFE 1 (3.2 km) and the
second line from EFE 1 to the Germencik-Tire national grid (2.5 km)
-
OHL pylons and foundations (17 plots)
-
Land below the transmission lines on which easements are established (88 4 plots)
Some additional land will be needed during construction of the Project, for the establishment of the
pipework for EFEs 1, 3 and 4, as well as for additional wells. Gürmat 2 will prepare a land acquisition plan
as per IFI requirements for this newly needed land.
6.1. Land Acquisition for EFE1, 2, 3, 4 and the Wells
A total of 61 plots of land (c. 69.4 ha) are needed for the power houses and wells (for EFE 1, 2, 3 and 4).
Gürmat started the acquisition process in February 2013 and by the end of May 2014, fifty plots (57 ha)
had been acquired through amicable agreements. For the remaining 11 plots (c.12.35 ha) Gürmat were
not able to reach negotiated settlements and judicial proceedings in order to obtain the immediate
expropriation decision from the local court were initiated on 11.09.2013. These plots are owned by 13
individuals and territorially within the village Ömerbeyli. They are all needed for the construction of EFE 1
plant. One plot of approx. 2.25 ha is owned by 4 landowners and one plot of approx. 0.48 ha is owned by 2
2
landowners. The price offered by Gürmat varied from 13 to 14 TL per m .
Fifty plots of land were acquired through amicable purchase and the total area of these plots is 57.06 ha.
The land plots territorially belong to the following villages:
•
Ömerbeyli (30)
•
Camikebir (3)
•
Hürriyet (2)
•
Mesudiye (4)
•
Sinirteke (5)
•
Turanlar (6)
Sinirteke is the only village that belongs to the Incirliova district, while all others are a part of the
Germencik district.
The 11 plots of land (approx.12.35 ha) which are subject to expropriation are owned by 13 landowners and
territorially all belong to the village Ömerbeyli. They are all needed for the construction of EFE 1 plant. One
plot of approx. 2.25 ha is owned by 4 landowners and one plot of approx. 0.48 ha is owned by 2
landowners. At the same time, two landowners each have two plots which are subject to expropriation.
The price offered by Gürmat 2 varied on average from 13 to 14 TL per m2. Detailed assessments were
3
The term land acquisition refers to both outright purchases of property and purchases of property rights (i.e. rights of way), as
defined in the EBRD 2008 Environmental and Social Policy, PR5.
4
17 plots for pylons are included in the total number of 88 plots, as these plots are not only used for the construction of the pylon but
are also partly affected by easements
19
carried out by court valuators and for 12 of the owners, a slightly higher price was established than the one
originally offered by Gürmat. Only three landowners were offered a higher price by Gürmat 2 in
comparison to the subsequently carried out official court valuation.
As of the date of writing this document, owners of 8 out of 11 plots have confirmed their participation in
hearings before the court and are currently waiting for EMRA to set a date. Three have not replied. The
consultants developing the SIA met with one of these owners, who stated that him and his family have not
replied because they have decided to accept the amount that has been deposited in their accounts.
When expropriation was initiated, the owners were allowed to collect the following harvest, however they
did not plant anything further as Gürmat 2 had deposited the funds in their account and thereby gained the
right to access the land, as defined by the procedure of immediate expropriation under the Turkish
Expropriation Act. Gürmat 2 deposited funds in the owners’ accounts in November 2013.
It has been confirmed by Gürmat 2 that of the 69.4 ha of land which have been acquired for the power
houses and wells, 24.56 ha will remain permanently occupied after construction. Previous owners/users
will be allowed to continue using the remaining 44.84 ha, as before acquisition, for agricultural activities.
Contractual arrangements will be put in place between Gürmat 2 and previous land owners/users to reflect
this arrangement.
6.2. Land Acquisition for the Pipe Network
Parts of land plots needed for the construction of the pipe network are acquired permanently. The
Company acquires six metres of land in width within which the pipeline is installed. The actual pipe takes
up only 1 to 2 metres, while the rest of the land can continue to be used by the landowner. With the fact
that Gürmat compensates for six metres, they reserve the right to access this land for repairs and
maintenance (i.e. the protection zone), without compensating the landowners for any affected crops or
trees. Gürmat tries to negotiate with landowners to acquire the land for the protection zone and if this fails,
immediate expropriation is initiated. To ensure that the least amount of land is affected, Gürmat tries to
follow roads and plot borders when constructing the pipework. Gürmat also takes into account the fact that
people must have access to their land, which is why they raise the pipeline at plot entrances above ground
so that plots can be accessed by people, animals and machines or other vehicles.
For the EFE 2 pipework, the Company used land it already acquired for wells and needed only a part of
2
one additional plot (approx. 250 m ). A total of 0.65 ha of land were acquired for the EFE2 pipework. The
rest of the pipework was constructed along the channels and roads, which belong to the General
Directorate of Hydraulic Works (GDHW). A protocol regarding the use of this land was signed between
Gürmat and the GDHW.
At the time of developing this impact assessment information on land plots needed for the pipework for
EFE 1, 3 and 4 was not known. However, the Company have confirmed that in determining the future
layout of pipes, they will attempt to use land which they have already acquired to the extent possible and
they will follow borders of plots and roads to the extent possible to avoid impacts on land and
landowners/land users.
6.3. Land Acquisition for the Electricity Transmission Lines
Land plots needed for the construction of the ETLs are being acquired in a specific procedure. For the
construction of pylons (and their foundations), parts of land plots are permanently acquired (17 plots,
0.44ha).
In a preliminary procedure, Gürmat is contacting the landowners and offering them a fee for the right to
construct the pylons on parts of their land, which will become inaccessible to them when construction is
finalised. When such an agreement (i.e. act of settlement) with the landowner is reached and money paid,
Gürmat begins construction. This is being done by Gürmat 2 to speed up the construction process, as
expropriation lasts a longer period of time, regardless of the fact that Gürmat will have to pay twice to the
landowners, as explained further in the text. At the time of developing this document, Gürmat had already
signed acts of settlements with all owners of land on which pylons have been or are being constructed.
After land has already been acquired by Gürmat through acts of settlement, an expropriation procedure is
initiated by the relevant agency. For the main line between EFE 1 and the National Grid, expropriation will
be carried out by TEIAS (Turkish Energy Transmission Company). For the internal line between EFE 2
and EFE 1, expropriation will be carried out by EMRA (Energy Market Regulatory Authority). Expropriation
20
will be carried out in accordance with Turkish law and the final determined price will be paid again to the
owners, from funds provided by Gürmat 2. TEIAS will become the owner of the ETL and will grant Gürmat
2 the permit to formally use the ETL.
After construction of the pylons and their connection with transmission lines, an easement has to be
established on land below the transmission lines, as per Turkish legislation. A total of 88 plots (18.4 ha)
will be affected by this process. An expropriation procedure will be initiated for obtaining these easements
on the affected land plots. The expropriation procedure for obtaining easements is the same as for
obtaining permanent ownership rights over land needed for the construction of pylons. The right to an
easement is compensated to landowners in one instalment and they can continue to use their land below
the transmission lines as before.
Gürmat is trying to limit the amount of new land acquisition and therefore impacts on individuals and
households, by using land the Company already owns as well as state owned land. Out of 88 plots of land,
17 are already owned by Guris and 24 are publicly owned.
21
7. PROJECT RELATED TRANSPORT
Transportation to the Project area will be carried out via existing roads, mainly the Izmir – Aydin D-550
Highway. Some local (village) roads in the Project area will be used as presented in Figures 7.1 and 7.2
below. Measures for reducing impacts of project transportation, including safety measures, are listed in the
local EIA.
Figure 7-1
Satellite image showing the location ofEFE 1, 3 and 4 to the D-550 highway and local
access road
22
Figure 7-2
Satellite image showing the location ofEFE 2 close to the D-550 highway and local
Turanlar village road
According to the 2013 Traffic and Transportation Survey of Highways Report produced by the Turkish
General Directorate for State Highways, a total of 12,223 vehicles pass the section of the D-550 State
Highway which is closest to the project area. A breakdown of vehicles, as well as additional vehicles which
are expected to be used for the project during the construction and operation phase is provided in Table
7.1 below.
Information on anticipated numbers and types of vehicles needed for the project has been taken from the
local EIA. However, it should be noted that these estimates were done in accordance with the previous
design, where units (EFEs) were to be constructed in several locations, within the concession area, rather
than in the two locations where they are now being constructed.
Vehicle count
(2013)
Project
vehicles
(construction)
Increase in
vehicles
during project
construction
Project
vehicles
(operation)
Increase in
vehicles during
project
operation
Car
9,259
20
0.22%
30
0.32%
Medium Goods Vehicle
1,219
10
0.82%
2
0.16%
71
-
-
-
-
1,143
5
0.44%
2
0.17%
531
-
-
-
-
12,223
35
0.29%
34
0.28%
Bus
Truck
Articulated Truck
Total
Table 7-1
Vehicle count on the D-550 closest to the project site and foreseen transport for the
project
Source: 2013 Traffic and Transportation Survey of Highways Report, produced by the Turkish General Directorate for State
Highways and Project EIA, table V.1.3.2.
23
24
8. STAKEHOLDER ENGAGEMENT
Guris has been present in the project area since the construction of Gürmat 1, which came into operation
in 2009. The Company has been communicating with local authorities and residents of directly affected
communities, including with directly affected landowners in connection to land acquisition for the project.
Consistent with local cultural patterns, the village headmen often liaise between the Company (i.e. the
representative of Guris in charge of community contacts) and village residents, including landowners.
In accordance with Turkish law, in the scope of developing the Project EIA a public meeting was held on
19.03.2012 in Aydın Province, Germencik District, Umit Wedding Hall (Germencik town). The meeting
announcement was placed in two newspapers, one local (published in the province centre and in the
districts) and one national. Apart from Gürmat 2 and the Company who developed the EIA, participants
included representatives of the Ministry of Environment and Urban Planning, Aydın Provincial Directorate
of Environment and Urban Planning, the Regional Directorate of SHW, the District Directorate of SHW,
village headmen (muhtars) and the local community. The meeting served as an opportunity to present the
project and answer stakeholders’ questions. According to the meeting minutes provided in the local EIA
social assessment report (Appendix 10), issues which were brought up at the meeting included the
following:
•
Provision of information to landowners in advance of any drilling activities near their land;
•
Mitigation measures for any adverse impacts on fig and olive trees;
•
Opportunities for designing a heating system for settlements in the project area;
•
Compensation of losses associated with decreasing olive and fig production;
•
Opportunities for further economic development for the region.
A household survey was carried out for the development of the local EIA. According to the survey,
information about the project was obtained by households from a number of sources. The majority of
people obtained information on the project from their village headmen (approx. 47%) or from friends and
neighbours (approx. 31%). Approx. 19% received information directly from Gürmat and approx. 3% from
the media (newspapers). The conclusion of the social impact report was that more information should be
provided directly by Gürmat, as the most reliable source.
During the development of this SIA, meetings were held with the village headman of Ömerbeyli and the
Mayor of Germencik. Meetings were also held with four landowners, one of whom sold his land through an
amicable process and three (out of eleven) whose land is currently under expropriation. The purpose of
these meetings was to discuss possible social impacts of the project and determine how land acquisition
was and will be undertaken for the project.
During these meetings, stakeholders highlighted the following issues:
•
more interaction and cooperation between Guris and local communities is needed;
•
affected landowners must be informed in more detail about expropriation and compensation to prevent
rumours;
•
views exist that dust and steam from the existing Gürmat 1 plant could be damaging crops and if that
is the case, the company should compensate losses;
•
there is concern about pipelines being above ground, for safety reasons and effects on agriculture;
•
all affected communities must be properly informed which plants are being managed by Guris, i.e.
Gürmat 1 and 2, what are the impacts (or possible impacts) associated with the operation of these
plants and how they are/will be monitored and mitigated;
•
expectations exist for more job opportunities, particularly for young people and women;
25
•
community investments are needed from Guris and communities should be consulted on what priority
5
investments they need .
Guris has no formal grievance mechanism for receiving and responding to community concerns and
grievances. Therefore a grievance mechanism, as required by the IFIs, has been established and
presented as part of the Stakeholder Engagement Plan (SEP). Further details on information disclosure
and planned consultations are also provided in the SEP.
5
Gürmat expressed an interest in building a local school in Germencik, while the mayor stated that the construction of a hospital is a
greater priority for local residents at the moment. The interviewed muhtar also stated that reconstruction and upgrading of village
roads is a high priority for the local residents.
26
9. ASSESSMENT OF IMPACTS, MITIGATION
AND RESIDUAL EFFECTS
9.1. Construction
9.1.1. Land Use
In total about70 ha of agricultural land has been acquired for the G2 GPP. Of this, 25ha will remain
permanently occupied leaving about 45 ha that will remain available for agriculture after construction (see
Section 9.3.1). This 70 ha translates to 2.5% of the concession area, 0.11% of the total area of Germencik
and Incirliova districts and 0.008% of the area of Aydin province. Therefore the total land which will be
affected during construction is only a small portion of agricultural land in the area. This impact is assessed
as minor negative. About 18 ha of land will be affected by easements, underneath the overhead
transmission lines, however land users will have continued access to this land. More land will be acquired
for laying down the pipework for EFEs 1, 3 and 4, as well as some additional wells, however the details of
needed land are not available at present.
Local roads and access tracks are being and will continue to be used for the transport of materials,
equipment, workers, etc. which increases the amount of traffic in the construction area. As a result of
increased traffic, particularly the presence of heavy vehicles some of the local land users may have
temporary difficulties accessing plots of land. This impact is assessed as minor negative, as it may occur
only occasionally, under certain circumstances.
Certain construction activities could have an impact on nearby land, i.e. increased dust emissions,
disturbance of neighbouring land by machines, etc. which could further damage trees, crops and or other
assets. However, with proper mitigation measures this impact is likely to occur in a limited number of
cases and is therefore assessed as minor negative.
9.1.2. Employment and Procurement Opportunities
Guris currently directly employs 69 workers, 23 of whom are registered in Aydin (33%) and only three of
whom are women (4%). Together with contractors the number of people working on the project rises to
534 6. Construction is expected to last until the second quarter of 2015.
The workforce needed during the construction phase of the Project has been and will continue to be
sourced from local communities as much as possible, particularly for unskilled work. This also helps to
reduce costs associated with travel and accommodation. At present, unskilled labour opportunities are not
announced and these positions are filled in based on recommendations of the local village headmen or the
mayor. Interested candidates are also applying directly to Gürmat by submitting their CVs which are kept
on file by the HR Department and used in case an adequate job opportunity arises. At present, Gürmat
has approx. 150 applications on file.
In discussion with the village headman of Ömerbeyli, it was stressed that people are expecting more job
opportunities in Gürmat 2, both for the construction and operation phases of the project. He stated that
there are very few job opportunities for women, whereas they could be employed in the preparation of food
and provision of other services such as cleaning and maintenance.
Employment of local people will have a significant effect on those who are employed however this will be a
small portion of the total population and will not significantly reduce unemployment in the area. The
employment of individuals from local communities will however be beneficial as it is expected to lead to
improved relationships between the Project and local communities and improved local skill set which may
be valuable for future projects. This impact has been assessed as minor positive.
It will be important to encourage employment of women and to inform local communities of the realistic
number of job opportunities that will be available during construction, to manage expectations and prevent
any tensions between the local communities and the Project.
6
Source: EFELER (162.5 MWe) JES PROJECT Daily working report, July 8th 2014.
27
The creation of indirect employment opportunities is associated with:
•
the project’s supply chain (goods and services)
•
spending of project employees in local communities
Materials and equipment for the Project will be procured locally whenever possible. Companies supplying
construction materials, selling and leasing machinery and equipment, performing repair and maintenance
of machinery and equipment, the local food industry etc. will be positively impacted by the project.
Employment of non-locals, as well as the increase of incomes of local employees, may also bring in some
minor benefits for local communities, associated with increased spending in the project area, i.e. in small
shops, bars and restaurants. Indirect employment is likely to provide more opportunities for women, as
opposed to direct employment which is expected to involve more men.
Impacts of indirect employment will depend on the availability of required goods and services in the Project
area and ways in which employees choose to spend their earnings. Although construction is expected to
last a total of 68 months, taking into account the technical nature of procurement requirements and the
number of employment opportunities, impacts related to indirect employment are assessed as minor
positive.
All contractors and suppliers have to abide by the Turkish Law on Labour and other relevant legislation,
which is mostly in agreement with IFI labour related requirements. This includes specific requirements in
relation to provision of accommodation of workers, i.e. that such accommodation must be in accordance
with national legislation and international good practice. Any additional measures that must be undertaken
will be described in the mitigation section.
9.1.3. Livelihoods
Gürmat has the right to expropriate land for the Project within the concession area and therefore all land
acquisition within this area is considered involuntary resettlement, as defined by the relevant IFI policies
(PR 5 and PS 5). Nevertheless, most of the land has been acquired through negotiated settlements, as
Gürmat had flexibility of selecting alternative, nearby plots of land, i.e. for wells. At present 11 plots of land
are in the process of being expropriated.
Involuntary resettlement may negatively affect people’s livelihoods, particularly if they are not able to
replace the land plots they lost with the compensation they receive. Available data suggests that
compensation was paid at market value, i.e. the quality of land was valuated, as well as all assets on the
land, such as crops and assets were compensated at market prices. Transaction costs associated with
transferring ownership to Gürmat 2 were also borne by the Company. However, there was no provision for
transaction costs or registration fees in the compensation for people who planned to buy new, replacement
land. This suggests that replacement cost, as required under the respective IFI policies was not achieved.
In addition, for those who did not manage to buy replacement land with the compensation they received at
the end of 2014, at least one season of crops has been lost.
A Livelihood Restoration Plan was not produced for the Project, as required by IFIs and therefore a census
and survey were not carried out. As a result of that, there is no detailed information about affected people.
For example, it is unknown if all affected people were identified, including any formal or informal users of
land, which should have been compensated for the crops they lost. There is also no data on whether
among the affected people there were some that as a result of vulnerability or other factors (i.e. not owning
any other land and being severely impacted), were not or will not be able to restore their livelihoods with
the compensation they received.
During the field visit for the development of the SIA, only four landowners were available for meetings with
the consultants, one who sold land to Gürmat through a negotiated settlement and three whose land is
currently in the process of being expropriated. Interviewed landowners had different views as to the
adequacy of compensation which was offered and paid by Gürmat. The landowner who sold land to
Gürmat through a negotiated settlement declared that he was able to buy even more land than he lost with
the compensation he received. On the other hand, those who have refused offers from Gürmat stated that
the compensation amounts were not adequate to enable them to buy replacement land. According to other
stakeholders interviewed in the SIA development process, there was an expectation among some affected
landowners that they will be receiving much higher compensation amounts, as the resources found below
their land are so valuable and the Company will make a significant profit from exploiting it. Some
landowners were not happy with the compensation they were offered only because their neighbours were
28
getting higher compensation, regardless of the fact that there were other factors influencing the price of
land, such as proximity to a road.
As mentioned earlier, only 11 landplots are in the process of expropriation at the moment of developing
this SIA, while the majority of land has been acquired through negotiated settlements. The issue of how
land acquisition for a Project is handled and whether or not affected people are able to restore their
livelihoods with the compensation they receive is important for IFI involvement in Projects, as it could pose
a reputational risk for the banks. In light of all this, this impact is considered moderate negative and must
be mitigated in accordance with IFI requirements. Due diligence of previous land acquisition must be
carried out, including all affected landowners whose land is being expropriated, to determine if there are
corrective measures that need to be undertaken to bridge any gaps in relation to fulfilling IFI requirements.
A livelihood restoration plan also needs to be prepared for all additional land acquisition for the project.
During construction damages to nearby plots, including assets on these plots, are possible. Gürmat will
7
compensate all lost crops and damages at full replacement value to land users . The implementation of
measures for ensuring that construction workers are aware of boundaries of construction sites as well as
the implementation of a project grievance mechanism should assist in managing impacts on livelihoods.
This impact is assessed as being minor negative, as it is expected to occur only occasionally, under
certain circumstances.
Reduction in land available for agriculture is not expected to have an impact on livelihoods of the majority
of those farming the land, due to the limited number of plots being acquired and the availability of
agricultural land in the area. However, it is presently unknown if any individuals are severely impacted due
to the fact that the acquired land may be the only land they own or have access to for livelihood
generation. This impact must be investigated in more detail as part of the due diligence process mentioned
earlier in this section.
Increased incomes generated through direct and indirect employment may have a positive effect on
livelihoods in the local area. A number of local households whose members will be employed by the
project, will have increased incomes and consequently improved standard of living. Although this may be
significant for the households in question, it is not significant to the population as a whole. Some increased
spending of these households together with non-local employees in the local area could further positively
benefit the local economies, although this is not expected to have a significant effect. This impact is
assessed as minor positive.
Transport and increased traffic are not expected to have impacts on livelihoods. Difficulties in accessing
land described in the section on land use may only be occasional and may impact only individuals. Most of
the transport will be carried out via the D-550 highway. Traffic volumes on this road are presented in
section 7 ‘Project Related Transport’. The average daily number of vehicles is 12, 223. The estimated daily
number of vehicles on this road during construction is 35, meaning an increase in traffic of only 0.3% per
day. The impact on local roads will however be more significant, particularly the road connecting the
village Turlanar and the D-550 highway. It will be important to inform people how they can submit any
grievances they have and how these will be managed and responded to by the Company. This information
is included in the Project Stakeholder Engagement Plan.
9.1.4. Community Health, Safety and Security
The availability of temporary construction employment opportunities is sometimes associated with an
increase in vulnerability and susceptibility of local communities to increased crime, alcoholism, etc. There
is a clear preference on the Project for employing local people and therefore not many people have been
hired from the outside. The presence of these workers may cause some disturbances in the Project area,
however these are expected to be minor and as a result, the impact on local communities in relation to
social pathologies is assessed as minor, noting that the occurrence of any serious incidents could lead to
tensions between the community and Gürmat.
Transport and increased traffic can lead to more possibilities for accidents for the local population. These
impacts have been assessed as minor negative, however accidents involving local community members
will have serious effects on the individual or his/her household.
7
Stakeholders interviewed in the SIA development process stated that during construction works for Gürmat 1, if there were any
damages to trees or crops, the Company compensated them appropriately.
29
9.1.5. Infrastructure
Construction will require the use of some local roads and access tracks through agricultural fields. Section
7 ‘Project Related Transport’ explains the road requirements for the transport of construction materials and
equipment.
The upgrading of some local roads and access tracks needed for the project during construction will
benefit local farmers as it will lead to improved access to their agricultural plots. The impact has been
assessed as minor positive. On the other hand, damages to road surfaces during transport of heavy
machinery, leading to damages to motor vehicles, road accidents and the increase in costs for
governments, are also possible. Gürmat will make all necessary repairs in accordance with the Protocol
signed with the General and Regional Directorate of Highways.
The Project will not place any additional demands on community infrastructure during construction, as
utility infrastructure will be secured locally on the project site, i.e. water, electricity, sewage, medical
assistance.
Land in the project area is heavily farmed and according to information in the local EIA, some people have
expressed their concerns about irrigation channels and the water quality being compromised during
construction. The local EIA states that the project will not have an impact on irrigation channels and the
water quality. The Company is adhering to the Circular of the Ministry on River Beds and Floods and
cooperating with the General Directorate of SHW and the Regional Directorate to ensure that impacts on
irrigation channels are avoided.
9.2. Mitigation
9.2.1. Land Use
During construction the project will cause a reduction in land available for agriculture. Certain measures
will be implemented to mitigate it, as well as prevent any impacts to livelihoods. These measures include:
•
Minimise the amount of land occupied/disrupted during construction, by clearly marking construction
areas, where movement of workers and machines is allowed, i.e. on land which has been acquired
and compensated by Gürmat
•
In case of any damages or disruptions of land, crops, trees during construction activities, fully reinstate
all land and compensate any affected assets
•
Difficulties in accessing land as a result of increased traffic and access track upgrades will be
managed by the implementation of following measures:
-
Provide timely information to users of land of when access to their land might be more difficult (e.g.
scheduled road/access track upgrades)
-
Establish and implement a community grievance mechanism
The project will create some direct employment opportunities, however this impact may not be significant
for local communities. To manage unrealistic expectations, the Company will provide clear information to
local communities on the number and types of employment opportunities that will be available on the
Project.
The engagement of all employees and non-employee workers will follow international best practice, with
the main measures comprising the following:
•
Implement transparent and fair recruitment procedures
•
Actively encourage direct and indirect employment of women
•
Ensure that all employees and non-employee workers are engaged in line with both national
legislation and applicable international (ILO) standards and recommendations
•
Ensure that accommodation for all employees and non-employee workers complies with national
legislation as well as international good practice
•
Provide a grievance mechanism for workers
30
To foster the creation of indirect employment opportunities, the Project will procure goods and services
locally whenever possible.
9.2.3. Livelihoods
Carry out due diligence of previous land acquisition, particularly for plots which are subject to
expropriation, to determine the following:
•
If affected people were able to purchase adequate replacement land (those that decided to continue
agricultural activities) with the compensation they received
•
Compensate for any additional costs they had or discrepancies in livelihoods, including any harvests
they missed
•
Consider and respond to all grievances and compensate all reasonable and documented requests.
When details regarding land plots needed for the remaining pipework and new wells become known, a
Livelihood Restoration Plan will be developed in accordance with IFI policies, prior to further land
acquisition.
Any loss of livelihoods as a result of loss of land available for agriculture will be mitigated by undertaking
the following measures:
•
Minimise the amount of land occupied/disrupted during construction, by clearly marking construction
areas, where movement of workers and machines is allowed, i.e. on land which has been acquired
and compensated by Gürmat
•
Provide timely information to users of land how lost crops and damages will be compensated
•
Compensate all users of land for lost crops and any other damages at full replacement value, in
accordance with IFI policies
•
Fully reinstate any land temporarily disrupted
•
Establish and implement a grievance mechanism
To mitigate any livelihood losses as a result of transport and increased traffic, a grievance mechanism will
be established and all reasonable and documented requests for compensation will be accepted.
9.2.4. Community Health, Safety and Security
The influx of workers into the Project area causing disturbances for the local population, will be minimised
by the implementation of the following measures:
•
Encourage contractors to hire local workforce, i.e. give preference to suitably qualified and
experienced applicants from the local communities.
•
Enforce workers code of conduct
•
Cooperate and coordinate with local health and safety facilities
Increase in traffic (bringing equipment and materials to the site and employee travel) could lead to more
accidents in the local communities. These impacts will be managed with the implementation of the
following measures:
•
Enforce workers code of conduct (guidance on safe driving)
•
Cooperate and coordinate with local health, safety and security facilities
Transport of heavy machinery could lead to damages of road surfaces, further causing accidents, vehicle
damages, etc. The following measures will be undertaken to mitigate these impacts:
•
Restoration of roads to at least pre-construction level
To ensure that impacts on irrigation channels/water quality are avoided, Gürmat will comply with measures
listed in the Circular of the Ministry on River Beds and Floods and cooperate with the General Directorate
of SHW and the Regional Directorate. In case of any damage to irrigation channels or impacts on the
water quality, Gürmat will take immediate measures/repairs to mitigate such impacts. In case they lead to
31
further impacts on land use (i.e. crops) and livelihoods, Gürmat will compensate all losses at full
replacement cost.
9.2.6. Residual Effects
In total 25 ha of land will remain permanently unavailable for agriculture after construction (24.56 ha for
EFE 1, 2, 3, 4 and wells and 0.44 ha for OHL pylons).
Even with the implementation of mitigation measures to reduce impacts associated with transport and
increased traffic, individuals may still occasionally experience difficulties in accessing land.
Any incidents or accidents involving local community members could lead to tensions between the
community and Gürmat 2, which is why they will be prevented to the greatest extent possible.
If roads used during construction are not fully restored, this could also lead to tensions between Gürmat 2
and the local communities.
9.3. Operation
9.3.1. Impacts to Land Use
As mentioned in the previous section of this chapter, 25 ha of land previously occupied for construction will
remain permanently unavailable for agriculture during operations (24.56 ha for EFE 1, 2, 3, 4 and wells
and 0.44 ha for OHL pylons). This translates to 0.89% of the concession area, 0.04% of the total area of
Germencik and Incirliova districts and 0.003% of the area of Aydin province. Therefore the total land which
will be permanently affected by the project and no longer available for agriculture is only a small portion of
agricultural land in the area. This impact is assessed as minor negative. No further impacts on land use
are foreseen during the project operation phase.
The life of the project is expected to be at least 49 years and during that time about 80 employees will be
needed. It is the Company’s intention to employ as many local people as possible permanently for the
operation phase of the project. This will give long term stability to the full time employees and will have a
significant effect on their lives. However, within the local communities and even more at the national level,
this number is very low and the impact has been assessed as minor.
Indirect employment may occur as a result of increased spending of those employed by Gürmat 2,
however since this number is relatively low, this is also assessed as a minor positive impact. The
procurement of local goods and services is also likely to be minimal and have a minor effect on local
economies.
9.3.3. Livelihoods
During the operational phase, crops and trees within the protection zone may be damaged or lost if land
plots are accessed by Gürmat 2 for maintenance and repairs of the pipe network. Gürmat 2 has already
compensated owners of land for all lost crops and damages in this zone and therefore no further
compensation will be provided. However, this has to be clearly explained to all owners of land where this
zone has been established, so that they understand that any land use in these zones is done at their own
risk. This impact has been assessed as minor negative.
Some stakeholders have stated that there are raised concerns among local farmers that steam is
damaging their crops, particularly fig and olive trees, reducing production. Even if these are only perceived
(and not realistic) impacts, t will be important for Gürmat to discuss these issues with local communities,
as part of the required stakeholder engagement process and if possible, provide evidence that steam is
not having an impact on agricultural production in the area.
9.3.4. Revenue Generation and Other Benefits for the Local Government /
Community
In accordance with Article 10/1 e) of the Law Code No. 5686 on related to Geothermal Resources and
Mineral Waters, after commissioning, 1% (approx. 259.500 USD) of the Gürmat 2 gross proceeds from
32
geothermal resources will be paid annually to the Governorship of Aydin. One fifth of that amount will be
transferred by the Governorship of Aydin to the local municipality Germencik.
It will be important to cooperate with local communities throughout the life of the Project and consult them
on priorities for any planned community investments 8.
Gürmat will have to carry out regular maintenance of access roads/tracks needed to access facilities and
wells for operation, repairs and maintenance. This in turn will have a minor positive impact on local
farmers’ access to their plots of land.
9.4. Mitigation
9.4.1. Land use
Gürmat 2 have confirmed that previous land owners / users will be allowed to continue using 45 ha (out of
the acquired 70 ha) for agricultural activities. Contractual arrangements will be put in place between
Gürmat 2 and previous land owners/users, to reflect this arrangement and define the terms and conditions
for continued land use.
As for construction related employment, the contracting of any individuals for the operation of the plant will
follow principles of international best practice. To foster the creation of indirect employment opportunities,
the Project will continue to procure goods and services locally whenever possible.
9.4.3. Livelihoods
As explained earlier, landowners will be allowed to use any land they can in the pipeline protection zone
(up to the pipeline), however any damages to crops or trees within that zone will not be compensated, as
this land is being acquired and compensated by Gürmat so that it can be accessed for repairs and
maintenance of the pipeline. This needs to be clearly explained to all affected landowners so that they
understand that any land use in the protection zone is done at their own risk.
The issue of steam damaging agricultural activities in the area must be discussed with local farmers as
part of the stakeholder engagement process, even if it is only a perceived impact. Gürmat should try to
provide evidence that their operations are not causing this impact, if possible. The Company should also
consider and respond to all received grievances and compensate all reasonable and documented
requests.
9.4.4. Revenue Generation for the Local Government / Community
Gürmat will ensure that all payments of applicable taxes are made in a timely and transparent
manner.Gürmat is planning to continue supporting local initiatives and in doing so, it will be important to
consult with local communities.
Regular maintenance of access roads/tracks will be carried out to contribute to improved access to
agricultural plots.
8
Corporate and social responsibility activity by the Company for Gürmat 1 has included:
•
Loaning of construction vehicles and maintenance equipment to the villages when requested;
•
Provision of water pipes to the Alangullu Village;
•
Alangullu residents are cultivating Gürmat’s olive field and selling the products at the local market.
33
9.5. Monitoring and Follow Up
Grievance management (both community and workers’ grievances) needs to be monitored to ensure that
all received complaints are addressed as described in the Project SEP.
Complaints and grievances submitted through the Project grievance mechanism will also be regularly
monitored, to alert Gürmat of any problems or issues that need to be dealt with, on an individual or
community level. For example, frequent grievances regarding damaged crops may indicate that the
contractors are not being careful to avoid disrupting land which has not been acquired and compensated
during construction and that their plans and activities need to be re-evaluated. Execution of compensation
payments for lost crops and damages must be monitored to prevent any loss of livelihoods.
Reinstatement of roads upon completion of construction activities also needs to be monitored. Proper
reinstatement is key to ensuring that people can continue to use these roads, so that their livelihoods do
not suffer. This needs to be monitored at the end of construction, to ensure that all roads have been
reinstated to at least pre construction level and all throughout operations, i.e. road repairs and
maintenance.
34
Table 9-1
Summary of Impacts
Key to table:
P/T = Permanent or Temporary, D/I = Direct or Indirect, ST/MT/LT = Short Term, Medium Term or Long Term
N/A = Not Applicable
Description of
Likely Significant
Effects
Significance of Impacts
(Major,
Moderate,
Minor,
Negligible)
Positive /
Negative
(P/T)
(D/I)
ST/MT/LT)
T&P
D
LT
Summary of Mitigation /
Enhancement Measures
Significance of Residual Effects
(Major,
Moderate,
Minor,
Negligible)
Positive /
Negative
(P/T)
(D/I)
ST/MT/LT)
Construction
Loss of 70 ha of
agricultural land
(25 ha
permanently and
45 ha temporarily)
Minor
Negative
Minimise the amount of land
occupied during construction
Minor
Negative
P
D
LT
Negligible
Negative
T
D
ST
Negligible
Negative
T
D
ST
Fully reinstate land and
compensate damaged crops,
trees, etc.
Sign contracts with previous
land owners/users to allow
them to continue using 45 ha
of land for agriculture.
Difficulties in
accessing land
Minor
Negative
T
D
ST
Provide timely information to
users of land
Grievance mechanism
Impacts on land
near construction
sites
Minor
Negative
T
D
ST
by marking construction
34
Description of
Likely Significant
Effects
(Major,
Moderate,
Minor,
Negligible)
Positive /
Negative
(P/T)
(D/I)
ST/MT/LT)
(Major,
Moderate,
Minor,
Negligible)
Positive /
Negative
(P/T)
(D/I)
ST/MT/LT)
areas
trees, etc.
Grievance mechanism
Creation of direct
employment
opportunities
Minor
Positive
T
D
ST
Inform local residents of
realistic number and type of
job opportunities
Minor
Positive
T
D
ST
Organise transparent and
fair recruitment
Encourage employment of
women
Follow national and
international standards in
employment (including for
accommodation)
Workers’ grievance
mechanism
Creation of
indirect
employment
opportunities
Minor
Positive
T
I
ST
Procure goods and services
locally
Negligible
Positive
T
I
ST
Involuntary
resettlement
Moderate
Negative
P
D
LT
Carry out due diligence and
identify corrective actions, if
Minor
Negative
T
D
LT
35
Description of
Likely Significant
Effects
(Major,
Moderate,
Minor,
Negligible)
Positive /
Negative
(P/T)
(D/I)
ST/MT/LT)
(Major,
Moderate,
Minor,
Negligible)
Positive /
Negative
(P/T)
(D/I)
ST/MT/LT)
any
Develop a Livelihood
Restoration Plan for future
land acquisition
Impacts on
livelihoods
resulting from
crop damages /
losses
Minor
Negative
T
D
ST
by marking construction
areas
Negligible
Negative
T
D
ST
trees, etc.
Grievance mechanism
Increased
incomes
generated through
employment
Minor
Positive
T
I
ST
Encourage local hiring
Negligible
Positive
T
I
ST
Impacts on
community health,
safety and
security as a
result of the influx
of workers
Minor
Negative
T
I
ST
Encourage contractors to
hire local workforce
Negligible
Negative
T
I
ST
Enforce workers code of
conduct
Cooperate and coordinate
with local health and safety
facilities
36
Description of
Likely Significant
Effects
(Major,
Moderate,
Minor,
Negligible)
Positive /
Negative
(P/T)
(D/I)
ST/MT/LT)
T
I
ST
Transport related
accidents and
nuisances
Minor
Impacts on
infrastructure
(roads and
irrigation
channels)
Minor
Negative
T
D
ST
Minor
Positive
P
D
LT
Negative
Workers code of conduct
(guidance on safe driving)
(Major,
Moderate,
Minor,
Negligible)
Positive /
Negative
(P/T)
(D/I)
ST/MT/LT)
Negligible
Negative
T
I
ST
Restore roads to at least
pre-construction level
Negligible
Negative
T
D
ST
Follow national and
international standards in
employment
Minor
Positive
P
D
LT
Cooperate and coordinate
with local health and
safety/security facilities
Operation
Creation of direct
employment
opportunities
Workers’ grievance
mechanism
Creation of
indirect
employment
opportunities
Minor
Positive
P
I
ST
Procure goods and services
locally
Negligible
Positive
P
I
ST
Impacts on
livelihoods
resulting from
crop damages /
Minor
Negative
T
I
ST
Clearly inform affected
people that any crop/tree
damages in the protection
zone will not be
Minor
Negative
T
I
ST
37
Description of
Likely Significant
Effects
(Major,
Moderate,
Minor,
Negligible)
Positive /
Negative
(P/T)
(D/I)
ST/MT/LT)
losses
(Major,
Moderate,
Minor,
Negligible)
Positive /
Negative
(P/T)
(D/I)
ST/MT/LT)
compensated
disrupted during repairs
Discuss with local
communities impact of
steam on agricultural
production
Grievance mechanism
Revenue
generation for the
local government /
community and
community
investments
Minor
Improved access
to land resulting
from maintenance
of roads
Minor
Positive
P
D
LT
Ensure all payments are
made in a timely and
transparent manner
Minor to
Moderate
Positive
P
D
LT
Minor
Positive
P
D
LT
Consult local communities
on their priorities for any
planned community
investments
Positive
P
D
LT
Regular maintenance of
access roads
38
10. REFERENCES
•
EFE Geothermal Power Plant Project, Environmental Impact Assessment Report, Ankara, August
2012 (including all EIA Report Appendices)
•
National Accounts and the Ministry of Economy and Finance, processed by Urbistat on ISTAT data
(2012)
•
2013 Traffic and Transportation Survey of Highways Report, produced by the Turkish General
Directorate for State Highways
•
EFELER (162.5 MWe) JES PROJECT Daily working report, July 8th 2014.
•
Electricity Market Law No. 4628, amended by law No. 5496 (Article 15, clause c)
•
Expropriation Code No. 2942
•
Valuation reports for land plots currently under expropriation and land acquisition tables for various
project components, provided by Guris
•
Guris GPP ESDDA Report Rev.4
11. Limitations and Assumptions
The key assumptions that have been made and any limitations that have been identified, in producing this
SIA are set out below.
•
Data that has been supplied to Atkins regarding land acquisition, employment estimates, etc. is
complete and accurate;
•
The scheme description will be as outlined in Section 2 ‘Project Description’;
•
The statistical data from the 2011 census is available at province and district level and very rarely at
local community level. Where possible data specifically relating to affected communities was sought
from other sources i.e. the local EIA survey, interviews with affected people and other stakeholders,
etc.
•
The mitigation and enhancement measures stipulated in this chapter will be implemented as
appropriate.
39
Anthony G Iles
WS Atkins International Ltd
The Hub, 500 Aztec West,
Almondsbury,
Bristol
BS32 4RZ
UK
Email: [email protected]
Telephone: 0044 (0) 1372 726140
Direct telephone: 0044 (0) 1454 662334
© Atkins Ltd except where stated otherwise.
The Atkins logo, ‘Carbon Critical Design’ and the strapline
‘Plan Design Enable’ are trademarks of Atkins Ltd.

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