EL PROCESO DE DESARROLLO DE LA CONTRIBUCIÓN

COSTA RICA’s INDC:
Challenges and
Opportunities
Pascal Girot
Sectoral Coordinator for Climate Change
Ministry of the Environment and Energy
COSTA RICA
CURRENT TRENDS
INGREENHOUSE GAS
EMISSIONS, CLIMATE AND
HEALTH RISKS IN COSTA RICA
CURRENT TRENDS AND FUTURE OPPORTUNITIES
Greenhouse Gas Emissions by Sector, Costa Rica
2005, 2010 and 2012 (in CO2eq)
Año
Fuente de emisión
2005
2010
2012
Emisiones expresadas en Gg* CO2 equivalente
Energía
Procesos industriales y
uso de productos
Agricultura
Forestal
Desechos
Total
5.922,14
612,62
7.027,66
824,89
7.218,01
980,68
2.959,50
3.118,90
3.129,53
-3.188,14
1.383,81
7.689,93
-2.894,20
1.539,90
9.617,15
-2.007,39
1.864,31
11.185,15
* 1 Gg = 1000 toneladas
Fuente: Instituto Meteorológico Nacional, MINAE, 2015
COSTA RICA: Estimated costs of
addressing climate related disasters- 20052015 and projected to 2030 and 2050
Source: Comisión Nacional de Emergencia, 2015 and Proyecto Estado de la
Nación, 2015
• Betwen 2005-2011: Total losses due to climate events amounted to US$
1,130.39 (in 2011 dollars). Over 78% of these losses are related to public
infrastructure, and the rest attributed to productive sectors.
• In 2014: Losses reported by the agriculture and livestock sector, due to the
impact of the EL Niño event, amounted to more than 19 billion Colones
(US$35 million) for a total of 13178 farms
• In 2015: The Government spent 75 Billion Colones (US$138 Million) to
address flood and drought impacts related to El Niño
• By 2030: If not addressed, total estimated losses for Costa Rica attributable
to climate events could reach US$ 7 Billion
• By 2050: If not addressed, total estimated losses for Costa Rica attributable
to climate events could reach US$ 30 Billion
Business as Usual (BAU) Scenario
for Costa Rica 2015-2050
10
Fuente: Equipo DCC-INDCs con base en fuentes oficiales y estimaciones propias
Installed capacity for electric
generation, projected for 20122030
Total motor vehicles in Costa Rica, 19942014
Source: MINAE, Dirección Sectorial de Energía, 2014
Breakdown of Transport Sector Emissions for
2010
Impact of Emissions on Air Quality
• La emisión de PM2,5 está directamente
relacionada con la combustión de
hidrocarburos.
• Las mediciones en Costa Rica exceden los
límites recomendados por la Organización
Mundial de la Salud y normas
internacionales como las adoptadas en
México y Estados Unidos, entre otras.
• Actualmente Costa Rica no cuenta con
una normativa que establezca límites para
las partículas PM2,5.
• De acuerdo con un estudio realizado en el
2011, el costo para el país de la
contaminación de aire urbano fue de
aproximadamente el 1,1% del Producto
Interno Bruto en el año 2010 (Miranda,
2012).
COSTA RICA’s CARBON NEUTRALITY
SCHEME
MEDIR
REDUCIR
COMPENSAR
TOTAL FOREST COVER IN COSTA
RICA
1940-2010
TIER ONE CALCULATIONS OF TOTAL CO2
REMOVALS BY FORESTS
UNDER THE 2007 CARBON NEUTRALITY SCHEME
2013
2013 National Forest Inventory
52.4% of total land cover
Total Carbon Stock=804,593,099
TCO2, 52% of which in Soil
Carbon
How far have we gone
• National Climate Change Strategy
• National Development Plan 2014-2018 (Climate Change fully
integrated, mentioned 53 times)
• Country Programme on Carbon Neutrality
• C-Neutral Brand
• NAMAs (Coffee, Livestock, Urban Transport)
• National Adaptation Plan- Road Map
• INDCs Process
COSTA RICA’S INTENDED NATIONALLY DETERMINED
CONTRIBUTION UNDER THE UNFCCC:
A DECARBONIZATION PATHWAY FOR THE COSTA RICAN ECONOMY
La Contribución Nacional
• La Contribución Nacional es una obligación para los países signatarios de la Convención
Marco de las Naciones Unidas para el Cambio Climático
• Debe ser consistente con el Inventario Nacional de Gases de Efecto Invernadero del IMN
• Las metas de la Contribución Nacional se determinaron en base a un análisis técnico
• Las metas fue objeto de consulta y negociación con sectores
• A partir del 2020: la Contribución Nacional estará sujeta a reportajes periódicos y
revisiones.
Milestones in Costa Rica’s
Sustainable Development
Pathway
Carbon Neutrality Goal
established(2007)
Costa Rica starts to build a
National Sustainable
Development Agenda, based
on Biodiversity Conservation,
Forestry and Renewable
Energy
1990
1997
2000
C-Neutral Brand launched
53% forest cover
99% Electricity coverage
92% Electricity generation
from renewables
2010
Action Plan for the
National Climate Change
Strategy (2011)
2015
Environmental
Service Payments
launched (1997)
National Forestry Finance
Fund created (FONAFIFO)
Eco-tourism
Consolidation of National
Protected Areas System
Service oriented economy
Environmental impact
assessments (SETENA=
National Climate Change
Strategy launched (2009)
Third National
Communication
presented to the UNFCCC
(2014)
INDC
Nationally Determined
Contribution of Costa Rica
(2015)
Priority sectors for Mitigation:
Transport
Agriculture and Livestock
Energy
Waste
BUILDING BLOCKS OF COSTA RICA’s CLIMATE
POLICY
METRICS
REPORTING
READINESS
PLANNING
POLICY
FRAMEWORK
REDD
STRATEGY
NATIONAL
POLICIES
GHG’s
Inventories
Marginal
Abatement
Costs Curves
NAMAs
INDCs
MRV
LEDS
NAPs
BURs
COSTA RICA’s INDC DESIGN PROCESS
MÉTRICA
(Julio)
VISION PAÍS
(
Julio)
TALLERES
SECTORIALES
y NACIONAL
(6 Agosto-16 Setiembre)
REDACCION
FINAL
(28 Setiembre)
• Actualización Datos Inventario (IMN,
BUR)
Proyección Escenarios Emisiones (BUR)
Cálculo de Costos Marginales de
Abatimiento (MACTool)
• Taller Escenarios de Desarrollo Socio-Económico (CCAFS)
• Diseño Documento Borrador Contribución Nacional
• Metas Sectoriales de Mitigación
• Componente Adaptación
• Agricultura
• Forestería
• Residuos
• Energía
• Transporte
• Taller Nacional de presentación de INDC
• Elaboración Documento Final de Contribución
Nacional
• Publicación en web para comentarios todo público
• Revisión Final y Aval Político
• Envío Documento Final a Secretariado CMNUCC
Broad-based participation
Gráfico 6 Distribución sectorial del total bruto de actores identificados
Sector
Gráfico 14 Distribución de la participación por sector - Taller Nacional
Cifra
Académico
60
Cooperación
21
Equipo de apoyo técnico
11
Prensa
7
Privado
107
Público
177
Sociedad Civil
Total bruto de actores interesados
52
436
CLIMATE
ACTION
Costa Rica centers its approach
around the concept of climate
action which seeks to:
 Increase the resilience of Costa
Rican society
 Strengthen the capacities for
low-emissions developmenty
Costa Rica is building its Climate
Action:
 By mitigating its GHG
emissions,
 By adapting to the
inevitable impacts of
climate change
CONTRIBUTION IN
MITIGATION
Costa Rica reaffirms its aspiration to achieve Carbon by 2021,
as part of its pre-2020 voluntary action
Costa Rica proposes a máximum absolute limit on emissions
of 9,374,000 TCO2e by 2030,
Decarbonization Milestones:
 1.73 TCO2e/ Per Capita by 2030
 1.19 TCO2e/ Per Capita by 2050
 -0.27 TCO2e/ Per Capita 2by100
Ambition
ENERGY
100% renewable electricity
generation by 2030
AGRICULTURE, LIVESTOCK
AND INDUSTRY
Low emissions livestock
and coffee production
(NAMAs)
Fuel Switching to Biomass
in selected industries
FORESTRY
Environmental
Service Payment
Programme for REDD
and Adaptation
TRANSPORT
Invest in Low Emissions Public
Transport: Electric Intercity train
Carbon emissions fee for private
transport
Emissions standards for private
vehicle imports
URBAN WASTE
Reduce emissions through
increase recycling and sustainable
waste management
MRV system
Board
of Fund
Secretariat
Executing
Agencies
Central
monitoring,
validation and
verification unit
flow of funds + performance
11/02/2016
Monitoring and reporting of:
+
skills and
knowledge
Environmental, social, and economic cobenefits
Training and advice to extension workers ,
audtors, farmers, and millers
National
Carbon
Fund
Mitigation of
CH4
Mills
Reduction of
CO2
Mitigation of
N 2O
Farms
Sinking and
Retaining of
CO2
+
adoption of
practices
+
GHG
+
Cobenefits
Contribution in
Adaptation
Costa Rica will complete the design of its National Adaptation Plan
by 2018
Key Adaptation Meaures:
Strengthen Green and Inclusive Development Strategy
Extende the Environmental Service Payments for Ecosystem Based
Adaptation
Articulation with National Disaster Risk Reduction Plan
Sustainable production practices for Community based Adaptation
Urban and Land Use Planning for Adaptation
THROUGH :
Capacity Development
Technology Transfer
Access to Financial Mechanisms
INTERNATIONAL REVIEW PANEL
• Costa Rica was one of the few countries which submitted its INDC to
scrutiny by an international review panel.
• The panel was composed by 6 international climate policy experts from
multilateral organizations and international NGOs (UNDP, World Bank,
International Institute for Sustainable Development and International
Relations –IDDRI-, the World Resources Institute-WRI, the Regional
Negotiating Block -Alianza Independiente de Latino América y el CaribeAILAC and NIVELA an international NGO)
• There was unanimous support for Costa Rica’s ambitious mitigation and
adaptation targets
• Suggestions for changes and edits on both form and substance were
incorporated into the final draft of the INDC submitted to the UNFCCC
USE OF INTERNATIONAL MARKET
MECHANISMS
• Costa Rica reserves its sovereign right to use international
compensation units to achieve its mitigation targets as established
under its INDC, as well as through the development of its
Domestic Emissions Compensation Market.
• All compensation units that are to be transfered to third parties
outside the country will be accounted for in the National Inventory
to avoid double accounting.
INSTITUTIONAL MAKE-UP
• Consejo Interministerial de Cambio Climático
• Mecanismos ad hoc de coordinación operacional
• Comisiones Mixtas Temáticas (Agropecuario y Forestal, Transporte y Energía)
• Dirección de Cambio Climático
• (coordina: DSE, IMN, FONAFIFO, SINAC, AFE, ICE, RECOPE, entre otros).
• Consejo Científico de Cambio Climático
• Consejo Consultivo Ciudadano de Cambio Climático
EQUITY AND TRANSPARENCY
• A long-standing commitment by Costa Rica to defend universal principles of
human rights and gender equality
• A gender-sensitive approach to public climate policy
• The implementation of the Cancún Safeguards on REDD
• The application of Free, Prior and Informed Consent with Indigenous Peoples .
• A deepening of citizen-driven, sector-wide dialogues initiated in 2015, through
2020
• A policy of transparency and public access to open data
CONCLUSIONS AND NEXT STEPS
• Costa Rica has always stood out as a proactive country in climate change
policy, with a solid track record of early action.
• It has a developed institutional framework and has put fiscal mechanisms
in place that enable cross-subsidies between sectors (Tax on fossil fuels to
fund environmental service payments programmes)
• It has strengths in sustainable forest management (which has enabled
Costa Rica to increase its forest cover to over 52% of its territory) and in
terms of electricity generation based on renewable sources.
• There are sectors that are fully on board to work towards emissions
reduction and compensation of emissions, in particulary in the agricultural
and livestock sector (through Coffee and Livestock NAMAs)
HOW ARE WE CURRENTLY WORKING
Participation
• Multistakeholder involvement in setting emissions reduction targets
Metrics and Information
• GHG Inventory, Scenario Building, Cost Abatement Curves
• Monitoring of results under the National Climate Change Strategy
• Monitoring and evaluation of sectoral emissions (MRV)
Governance Structure
• Interministerial coordination
• Stakeholder consultation platform
• Scientific council
Current Logframe of National Climate Change
Strategy
Key Challenges and
Opportunities
• Fully Developing National Registry SINAMECC
• Implementation of NAMAs (i.e NAMA Café, Ganadería)
• Coordination of Support for INDC (proposals, workshops, technical
assistance, financial) ( PMR-WB, GIZ, UNDP)
• Synergies between INDC and NAP processes
• Developing common accounting and guidance (Regional Programme
Support for Common Accounting Rules-GIZ-).
• South-South Cooperación (Goals for admissions into OECD)
• Research and Development- for improving on metrics
• Financial Architecture (fiscal resources, loans, grants)
Marginal Abatement Costs curve for Taxi
for the San Jose Metropolitain Area (in
Colones)
NEXT STEPS
• Development of new fiscal and financial mechanisms:
• New generation of taxes and fees based on emissions from transport,
• Disincentives for high emissions investments
• Stimulus packages for investment in energy efficiency and renewable energy
• Technology transfer and investment in sustainable transport, energy and water
use efficiency
• Development of fuel switching options in industrial sector
• Funding for Adaptation at the local level, based on avoided losses in productive
sectors
• Sustainable public investment, with eco-efficiency and risk management criteria