Resonatoren - Medizinische Fakultät Mannheim
Transcription
Resonatoren - Medizinische Fakultät Mannheim
RUPRECHT-KARLSUNIVERSITY HEIDELBERG RUPRECHT-KARLSUNIVERSITY HEIDELBERG Computer Assisted Clinical Medicine Dr. Friedrich Wetterling Computer Assisted Clinical Medicine Dr. Friedrich Wetterling 6/20/2011 | Page 1 Hochschule Mannheim 6/20/2011 | Page 2 MRI Components: Physical Parameters Bildgebende Systeme in der Medizin Magnetresonanztomographie IV: radiofrequency RF Radiofrequenz Resonatoren gradients Gxyz shim coils static field B0 Dr. Friedrich Wetterling transmitter shim receiver Computer Assisted Clinical Medicine Faculty of Medicine Mannheim University of Heidelberg Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3 D-68167 Mannheim, Germany [email protected] www.ma.uni-heidelberg.de/inst/cbtm/ckm/ 350 MHz control panel computer RUPRECHT-KARLSUNIVERSITY HEIDELBERG RUPRECHT-KARLSUNIVERSITY HEIDELBERG Computer Assisted Clinical Medicine Dr. Friedrich Wetterling Computer Assisted Clinical Medicine Dr. Friedrich Wetterling 6/20/2011 | Page 3 MRT V: 350 MHz 6/20/2011 | Page 4 image processor gradient technical component Æ static field B0 Æ physical parameter M0 radiofreq. RF Æ signal gradients Gxyz Æ image Maxwellgleichungen 3 + 4 (Dynamische Felder) 3. Ein magnetisches Wechselfeld erzeugt ein elektrisches Feld (Induktionsgesetz) v v ∂B ∇ ×E = − ∂t v v ∂Φ B , S ∫ E ⋅ dl = − ∂t ∂S Doppelresonanter 1H/23Na Kopfresonator für Gehirnuntersuchungen. 4. Magnetische Felder werden durch gerichtete Ladungsbewegung erzeugt (Bio-Savart) 1H Bild vom Kopf. TIM TRIO mit 23Na Resonatorsystem für MRT bei 3T. Ganzkörper Menschen 23Na v v v ∂D ∇ × H = Jf + ∂t v v ∂Φ D,S ∫ H ⋅ d l = If ,S + ∂t ∂S 23Na Bild vom Kopf mit eingezeichneter Spule (schwarz). Bild des RUPRECHT-KARLSUNIVERSITY HEIDELBERG RUPRECHT-KARLSUNIVERSITY HEIDELBERG Computer Assisted Clinical Medicine Dr. Friedrich Wetterling Computer Assisted Clinical Medicine Dr. Friedrich Wetterling Resonanzschwingkreis Impedanz eines Kondensators: Z L = j ωL Z C = 1 / j ωC Resonanzfrequenz eines idealen Resonators: ω= S rel = 1V ⋅ 10 − A ( s21 ) 20 Measured relative sensitivity profile coincides well with measured MRI and theoretically calculated sensitivity profiles 1 LC Frequency [MHz] ω = 2πf S21 att. [dB] Impedanz einer Induktivität: Relative Signal Sensitivity of a Surface Coil 6/20/2011 | Page 6 S11 att. [dB] 6/20/2011 | Page 5 Frequency [MHz] Seite 1 1 RUPRECHT-KARLSUNIVERSITY HEIDELBERG Computer Assisted Clinical Medicine Dr. Friedrich Wetterling RUPRECHT-KARLSUNIVERSITY HEIDELBERG Signal Sensitivity Profile of a Surface Coil Computer Assisted Clinical Medicine Dr. Friedrich Wetterling 6/20/2011 | Page 7 Auskopplung des der induzierten Spannung: 50Ohm-Anpassung (Matching) 6/20/2011 | Page 8 ω = 1 LC Measured NMR signal S∝ 2 (y r2 2 + r2 Capacitive tuning (variable) • Capacitive matching (variable) C t1 / 2 = L L ± R eff2 + ω 2 L2 R eff2 + ω 2 L2 RUPRECHT-KARLSUNIVERSITY HEIDELBERG Computer Assisted Clinical Medicine Dr. Friedrich Wetterling Messung des Qualitätsfaktors Δω−3dB (s11 ) ⎛ 1 ⎞ 2 ⎟ R eff + ⎜⎜ ω L − ω C t ⎟⎠ ⎝ L ω 2 L2 − + R eff2 Ct L2 − (R i ( − R eff )⋅ R eff2 + ω 2 L2 ) ω 2 Ri 2 Ct < L ω 2 L2 + R eff 2 3 RUPRECHT-KARLSUNIVERSITY HEIDELBERG 6/20/2011 | Page 10 Q = 2⋅ …coil capacitance ) Computer Assisted Clinical Medicine Dr. Friedrich Wetterling 6/20/2011 | Page 9 …larmor frequency … coil inductance C • C m = −Ct depends on the coil geometry ωL L Empirische Detektoroptimierung bei 79MHz ω0 Δω−3dB (s11 ) -je breiter der ω0 Resonanzpeak, desto -kleinere Detektoren haben schlechter die höhere Sensitivität in Sensitivität (bei gleicher Detektorzentrum Spulengeometrie) s11-Reflexionsmessung mit einem Netzwerkanalysator am Port 1. -größere Detektoren haben höhere Sensitivität in tieferliegenden Regionen Wetterling, PhD Thesis, Trinity College Dublin, 2009 RUPRECHT-KARLSUNIVERSITY HEIDELBERG Computer Assisted Clinical Medicine Dr. Friedrich Wetterling Wetterling, PhD Thesis, Trinity College Dublin, 2009 Beispiel I: Double-Tuned 23Na/ 1H Surface Coil RUPRECHT-KARLSUNIVERSITY HEIDELBERG Computer Assisted Clinical Medicine Dr. Friedrich Wetterling 6/20/2011 | Page 11 Beispiel I: 23Na/ 1H Surface Coil MRI Results 6/20/2011 | Page 12 • 100% SNR gain in 10mm sample depth (due to anatomical coil shape and Q-factor improvement) • 23Na Commercial TXRX Developed TXRX Surface coil Surface coil channel: • - 50 % SNR gain at the surface In vivo 1H MRI: 5min acquisition time, 200µm-plane (due to Q-factor improvement ) resolution and 2mm slice thickness - add. 30 % SNR gain in 10mm depth (due to anatomical coil shape) • 1H channel: • - 0 % SNR gain at the surface In vivo 23Na MRI: 40min acquisition time, 500µmin-plane (due to Q-factor improvement ) resolution and 2mm slice thickness - 20 % SNR gain in 10mm depth (after two-fold zero filling) (due to anatomical coil shape) Seite 2 2 RUPRECHT-KARLSUNIVERSITY HEIDELBERG Computer Assisted Clinical Medicine Dr. Friedrich Wetterling RUPRECHT-KARLSUNIVERSITY HEIDELBERG Beispiel II: Double-Tuned 23Na/ 1H Volume Resonator Computer Assisted Clinical Medicine Dr. Friedrich Wetterling 6/20/2011 | Page 13 •23Na/1H Beispiel II: Double-tuned 23Na/ 1H Volume Resonator/ MRI Results 6/20/2011 | Page 14 12-leg birdcage structure with RF-shielding • 200% SNR loss in 10mm depth •Optimized for transmit homogeneity ( ± 7 % ; required for qNa- MRI) BUT ± 7 % signal homogeneity across the entire sample •Variable balanced tuning/matching via two mechanically coupled trimmer capacitors Commercial TXRX Developed TXRX surface coil volume coil •Active decoupling • In vivo 1H MRI: 5min acquisition time, 300µm-plane resolution and 2mm slice thickness RUPRECHT-KARLSUNIVERSITY HEIDELBERG Computer Assisted Clinical Medicine Dr. Friedrich Wetterling RUPRECHT-KARLSUNIVERSITY HEIDELBERG Beispiel III: Receive-Only 23Na Surface Resonator Beispiel III: 23Na Surface Resonator/ MRI Results Computer Assisted Clinical Medicine Dr. Friedrich Wetterling 6/20/2011 | Page 15 6/20/2011 | Page 16 Commercial TXRX Developed TORO surface coil volume/ surface coil • 0% SNR gain in 10mm depth • Homogeneous sample excitation (doubled penetration depth) • • Receive-only surface coil In vivo 23Na MRI: 40min acquisition time, 500µm in-plane • Optimised for SNR resolution and 2 mm slice thickness • Active decoupling (after two-fold zero-filling) • 200 % SNR gain in 10 mm sample depth RUPRECHT-KARLSUNIVERSITY HEIDELBERG RUPRECHT-KARLSUNIVERSITY HEIDELBERG Computer Assisted Clinical Medicine Dr. Friedrich Wetterling Computer Assisted Clinical Medicine Dr. Friedrich Wetterling 6/20/2011 | Page 17 Coil System Comparison Beispiel IV: Vorverstärkerentkoppelte Detektoren 6/20/2011 | Page 18 Acquisition Parameter: • Preamplifier Matching • Active Decoupling 2D FLASH, Tacq = 10min, TE = 3ms, TR = 250ms 25mm x 25mm square loop, 2mm wide, 0.5mm thick silver foil (fR=79MHz) 1.25mm in plane res., 1mm ST, non-physiological 4M NaCl solution 79 MHz 10mm 150 50 Receive-Only (RO) Surface Coil Transceiver (TXRX) Surface Coil Transceiver (TXRX) Birdcage Coil SNR in au 40 dB 100 Active Decoupling Loop (fR=79MHz) [A. Reykowski et al, Magnetic Resonance in Medicine, 1995. 33(6): p. 848-852] Preamp Matching Loop (fR=79MHz) Low Input Impedance Preamplifier Input circuit of preamplifier (+) limited current flow in the coil Æ no interaction with adjacent coils (+) limited dielectric losses in object: Non-resonant Æ no-tune no-match (-) complex circuit diagram (-) receive-only (!) Æ separate transmit resonator necessary 0 Seite 3 3 RUPRECHT-KARLSUNIVERSITY HEIDELBERG RUPRECHT-KARLSUNIVERSITY HEIDELBERG Computer Assisted Clinical Medicine Dr. Friedrich Wetterling Computer Assisted Clinical Medicine Dr. Friedrich Wetterling 6/20/2011 | Page 19 Beispiel V: Multi-element Detektoren Multi-element Detektoren: Summation mittels Sum-of-Squares Methode 6/20/2011 | Page 20 2 2 ( + SQRT )= Figure 1: The schematic circuit diagram for one element of the two-element phased array coil with both preamplifier and active decoupling. Figure 2: Newly-developed 23Na receive-only twoelement phased array coil in (left) bottom, and (right) side view. RUPRECHT-KARLSUNIVERSITY HEIDELBERG RUPRECHT-KARLSUNIVERSITY HEIDELBERG Computer Assisted Clinical Medicine Dr. Friedrich Wetterling Computer Assisted Clinical Medicine Dr. Friedrich Wetterling 6/20/2011 | Page 21 Parallel Imaging: Coil Sensitivity 6/20/2011 | Page 22 Parallel Imaging: Receive Coils 102 seamlessly integrated coil elements at 32 receiving channels matrix coils: head • surface coils • inhomogeneity correction • phased array coils neck • image combination • parallel imaging: SMASH / SENSE stem leg array body combination coil courtesy: Siemens AG, Erlangen RUPRECHT-KARLSUNIVERSITY HEIDELBERG RUPRECHT-KARLSUNIVERSITY HEIDELBERG Computer Assisted Clinical Medicine Dr. Friedrich Wetterling Computer Assisted Clinical Medicine Dr. Friedrich Wetterling 6/20/2011 | Page 23 Parallel Imaging: Receive SENSE 6/20/2011 | Page 24 Parallel Imaging: Receive SMASH I k-space c constant cos Δ k y y y coil 1 coil 3 coil 4 sin Δ k y y cos 2 Δ k y y - SENSE (sensitive encoding) works in the image domain - use sensitivity and location information of coils to unfold image - 32 receiving channels standard at modern MRI scanners Pruessmann et al. MRM 1999 coil 2 128 channel prototype, MGH Boston - SMASH (simultaneous acquisition of spatial harmonics) works in the k-space - use sensitivity and location information of coils to reconstruct missing lines (harmonics) of the k-space - 32 receiving channels standard at modern MRI scanners sin 2 Δ k y y Sodickson and Manning. MRM 1997 Seite 4 4 RUPRECHT-KARLSUNIVERSITY HEIDELBERG RUPRECHT-KARLSUNIVERSITY HEIDELBERG Computer Assisted Clinical Medicine Dr. Friedrich Wetterling Computer Assisted Clinical Medicine Dr. Friedrich Wetterling 6/20/2011 | Page 25 coil 1 Parallel Imaging: Receive SMASH II coil 2 6/20/2011 | Page 26 Parallel Imaging: Receive SMASH III coil 3 - speed cMRA: 18 s 1. harmonic 0. harmonic - resolution 0.4 x 0.4 x 1 mm3 courtesy: Siemens AG, Erlangen Sodickson and Manning. MRM 1997 RUPRECHT-KARLSUNIVERSITY HEIDELBERG RUPRECHT-KARLSUNIVERSITY HEIDELBERG Computer Assisted Clinical Medicine Dr. Friedrich Wetterling Computer Assisted Clinical Medicine Dr. Friedrich Wetterling 6/20/2011 | Page 27 Whole Body MRI 6/20/2011 | Page 28 Whole Body MRI: Metastasis Screening areas of applications: Oncology D Cardiovascular D Inflammatory/ Rheumatism ~ Infection/ Immunology Health Care Screening • complex, multiparametric classification with local and global parameters • training systems • computer aided diagnosis vs. automated diagnosis RUPRECHT-KARLSUNIVERSITY HEIDELBERG RUPRECHT-KARLSUNIVERSITY HEIDELBERG Computer Assisted Clinical Medicine Dr. Friedrich Wetterling Computer Assisted Clinical Medicine Dr. Friedrich Wetterling 6/20/2011 | Page 29 Whole Body Moving Table Angiography 6/20/2011 | Page 30 23Na-birdcage Whole-body 23Na MRI (12 000 times less signal compared to 1H-MRI) on patient bed (outside 3T magnet) Split 23Na-birdcage courtesy: Siemens AG, Erlangen Wetterling et al., ISMRM 2011 Seite 5 5 RUPRECHT-KARLSUNIVERSITY HEIDELBERG RUPRECHT-KARLSUNIVERSITY HEIDELBERG Computer Assisted Clinical Medicine Dr. Friedrich Wetterling Computer Assisted Clinical Medicine Dr. Friedrich Wetterling 6/20/2011 | Page 31 Radiofrequenz-Verluste 6/20/2011 | Page 32 Detektorkühlung lohnt sich, wenn ohmsche Verluste überwiegen -Q-Faktoren der parasitischen Kapazität dominieren Verluste, wenn die Impedanz einen Stromfluß durch das -Überwiegen die ohmschen Verluste in der Spule, kann ein signifikanter Objekt erlaubt (Z klein, Abhängig von Frequenz, Sensitivitätsanstiege durch Kühlung der Spule erzielt werden (Kühlung lebender Geometrie und Leitfähigkeit des Objekts) Subjekts bei MRT ist unmöglich). - Test, ob sich Kühlung lohnt: Q-Faktormessung mit gewählter Spulengeometrie und Beladung Qunbeladen ∝ ZC = 1 jωC Qbeladen L 1 C ROhm Rauschen = 4 ⋅ ( ROhm + R parasitisch ) ⋅ k B ⋅ T ⋅ Δf L 1 ∝ C ROhm + R parasitisch A( Fläche ) C∝ d ( Durchmesser ) Wetterling, PhD Thesis, Trinity College Dublin, 2009 RUPRECHT-KARLSUNIVERSITY HEIDELBERG Computer Assisted Clinical Medicine Dr. Friedrich Wetterling 6/20/2011 | Page 33 Spulenvergleich bei 100MHz und ~15mm Durchmesser RUPRECHT-KARLSUNIVERSITY HEIDELBERG Computer Assisted Clinical Medicine Dr. Friedrich Wetterling 6/20/2011 | Page 34 High Field MRI: RF Problems wavelength at 130 MHz in air: 2.3 m RF wavelength in body: ~ 0.25 m SNR c) Cryo: 92 b) Eigenbau: 14.9 a) Commercial: 7.9 RF problem: dielectric resonances Sack, Wetterling et al., ISMRM 2011 RUPRECHT-KARLSUNIVERSITY HEIDELBERG RUPRECHT-KARLSUNIVERSITY HEIDELBERG Computer Assisted Clinical Medicine Dr. Friedrich Wetterling Computer Assisted Clinical Medicine Dr. Friedrich Wetterling 6/20/2011 | Page 35 High Field MRI: RF Problems 3 Tesla 6/20/2011 | Page 36 Zusammenfassung 1. Abstimmen und Anpassen von Resonanzschwingkreis für MRT 2. Charakterisierung von MRT Resonatoren darkening can be avoided by dielectric pad 3. Optimierung der Detektorsensitivitäten 4. Oberflächenspulen (Leistungsangepass/ Rauschangepasst) 5. Volumenresonator 6. Transmit-Only Receive-Only (TORO) Systeme - wavelength has the same dimension as organs in the body → reflections at organ borders create interference called “dielectric resonance” 7. Multi-element (Phased-Array) Detektorsysteme (Ganzkörperbildgebung) - RF absorption increases 8. Vorteil durch Detektorkühlung - B1 – field is inhomogeneous 9. Probleme bei hohen Feldstärken Æ Sende-Arrays notwendig - dielectric resonances appear at transmitting and receiving courtesy: Hennig. Department of Diagnostic Radiology, University Freiburg Seite 6 6