Herbal Supplement Reference Chart Part 1 5400 Kennedy Avenue

Transcription

1
Herbal Supplement Reference Chart
Part 1
5400 Kennedy Avenue • Cincinnati, OH • 45213 • (513) 924-5300
LaValle Metabolic Institute
2
HERBAL SUPPLEMENT
REFERENCE CHART
PART I
*NOTE:
Do not use herbs if you are pregnant or nursing unless under the care and supervision of a doctor or other qualified health care professional. Anyone taking prescription
or non-prescription medications OR with pre-existing health care conditions should only take herbal supplements under the care and supervision of a doctor or qualified
health care professional.
Herb/ Plant Part Used
Arabinoxylane
Reported Uses
Dosage and
Standardization
General immune
support: 250-500mg,
two to three times a day
Aggressive therapy: 4 x
250mg, three to four
times a day for two to
four weeks, then 2 x
250mg, two to three
times a day thereafter
-
Enhances immunity
Immune support in cancer therapy
Support in chemotherapy and radiation
therapy
Used in conditions needing immune
support such as HIV infection, colds and
influenza
Cautions/Contraindications/
Adverse Effects*
- Do not use if allergic to
mushrooms or fungus
- Use with caution if taking
immunosuppressive drugs or
drugs for the immune system
Popular Uses
-
Immune enhancement
General health tonic
3
Reported Uses
Dosage and
Standardization
Artichoke (Cynara scolymus)
Leaf
300-1000mg
extract
daily, standandardized
to
contain
2-5%
cynarin,
15%
chlorogenic
acid,
and/or
5-7%
caffeoylquinic acids
-
Stimulates the flow of bile
May lower cholesterol levels
Eczema and skin disorders
Liver protective agent
Non-ulcer dyspepsia (upset stomach)
Ashwagandha
450-900mg daily,
standardized to 1.5%
withanolides, 1% alkaloids
-
Adaptogen (enhances mental and
physical performance, improves learning
ability, and decreases stress and fatigue)
May improve resistance to diseases such
as cancer and diabetes
May improve immune function
General tonic in stressful situations,
especially insomnia, overwork,
nervousness, and restlessness
Chemoprotective agent (protects the
body against radiation or chemotherapy
damage); may help chemotherapy and
radiation therapy work on cancer
(Withania somniferum)
Root
-
Adverse Effects*
- Do not use if allergic to plants in
the daisy family
- Do not use if biliary obstruction
or gallstones are present
-
-
-
Use with caution in sedatives
and hypnotics such as
barbiturates (reported to
increase the effects of these
drugs)
May alter thyroid hormone
levels; use with caution in
thyroid hormone replacement
and thyroid disease
Use with caution in patients on
anticoagulants or anti-platelet
therapy
Ashwagandha is rich in iron; use
caution in individuals taking
iron supplementation or on lowiron diets
Popular Uses
-
Detoxification
Liver and gallbladder health
Healthy cholesterol support
-
Improve resistance to diseases
Immune enhancement
Stress; fatigue (adrenal function)
4
Astragalus
(Astragalus membranaceus)
Root
Reported Uses
Dosage and
Standardization
250-500mg, 4 times a day,
standardized to a minimum
of 0.4% 4’-hydroxy-3'methoxyisoflavone 7-sug
-
Bacopa
(Bacopa monniera)
Leaf
Bilberry
(Vaccinium myrtillus)
Berry
100mg, 1-4 times a day,
standardized to contain 20%
bacosides A and B
80-480mg daily,
standardized to 25%
anthocyanosides, calculated
as anthocyanidins
-
-
physical performance, improves
learning ability, and decreases
stress and fatigue)
May improve resistance to
diseases such as cancer and
diabetes
Used to support the body during
chemotherapy and radiation
May increases oxygen to tissues
Memory enhancement and
improving cognitive function
Stress reduction
Epilepsy
Gastric ulcers
Antioxidant
Antioxidant
Eye health
Diabetic retinopathy, myopia,
diminished visual acuity, dark
adaptation, day and night
blindness, cataracts
Cardiovascular health – helps
maintain healthy blood vessels
Adverse Effects*
- Use with caution in individuals
on immune therapies such as
immune globulin therapy
-
-
Popular Uses
-
Improve resistance to diseases
Immune enhancement
May increase cellular
oxygenation
May affect liver enzymes that
metabolize certain prescription
medications; use with caution
May alter thyroid hormone
levels; use with caution in
thyroid hormone replacement
and thyroid disease
-
Mental function
Stress reduction
Use with caution if taking
anticoagulants (blood thinning
agents) including aspirin
-
Antioxidant
Eye health
Cardiovascular health
Diabetic complications
5
Bitter Melon
(Momordica charantia)
Fruit
Black Cohosh
(Actaea racemosa OR
Cimicifuga racemosa)
Root/rhizome
Reported Uses
Dosage and
Standardization
200-500mg, 2-3 times a
day, standardized to
5.1% triterpenes OR
standardized to 10%
charantin
-
20mg, 2 times a day,
standardized to 1mg
triterpenes (27deoxyacteine)
-
-
-
May help the body regulate blood sugar
levels; useful in diabetes
Antiviral; may be useful in HIV
May help in lowering cholesterol levels
Cancer
Weight loss
Hormonal replacement therapy
Used in menopausal complaints
and PMS, especially hot flashes
Antioxidant
May be useful in cancer therapies,
including breast and prostate
May have protective effects
against breast cancer development
Adverse Effects*
taking medications for blood
sugar control
-
Bromelain (from pineapple,
Anas comosus)
Enzyme
250-750mg 2-3 times a
day between or before
meals containing at
least 2000 mcu/ gram
-
Antiinflammatory
Used in arthritis and other
inflammatory conditions
Used to decrease swelling after
surgery
Also used as a digestive enzyme
May help improve cardiovascular
health
-
Do not use if liver problems
exist
May cause muscle weakness in
long-term use
Contraindicated in pregnancy
and lactation
Use caution if taking hormonal
drugs such as estrogen or birth
control pills
May cause nausea, vomiting,
and headache in high doses
Use with caution in individuals
susceptible to gastric ulcers
Popular Uses
-
Diabetes and diabetic complications
Support of healthy pancreas function
Weight loss
-
Female related hormonal
imbalances
Cancer protection, including
breast and prostate
-
-
Enzyme function
Digestion
Inflammation
6
Cascara sagrada
(Rhamnus persiana)
Bark
Cat’s Claw
(Uncaria tomentosa)
Root bark
Reported Uses
Dosage and
Standardization
Adverse Effects*
20-30mg
hydroxyanthracene
derivatives daily,
calculated as
cascaroside A.
-
Laxative (anthraquinone type)
Dextoxification
-
250-1000mg, 3 times a
contain 3% alkaloids
and 15% total phenols;
OR 20-40mg, 3 times
daily standardized to
contain not less than
1.3% pentacyclic
oxindole aldkaloids and
not more than 0.006%
tetracyclic oxindole
alkaloids; OR 6001800mg daily
standardized to 0.5%
pentacyclic oxindole
alkaloids (TOA free)
-
May improve resistance to
diseases such as cancer
May be sued to improve immune
function
Antibacterial, antifungal, and
antiviral
Anti-inflammatory
Antioxidant
Useful in cancer support
Lyme disease (TOA free product)
-
-
-
Popular Uses
Avoid in children under 12 years of
age
May alter absorption and effects of
some oral medications and deplete
vitamins and fluids from the body; use
only under the supervision of a doctor
or qualified health care professional if
on prescription medications or using
more than occasionally
Use with caution if taking the
following medications:
o Immune therapies such
as immunosuppressive
drugs or immune
globulin therapy
o Anticoagulants (blood
thinning agents)
including aspirin
-
-
Laxative
Detoxification
Immune enhancement
Antioxidant
Cancer support
Gastrointestinal health; bowel terrain
protocol
- Lyme disease (TOA free product)
7
Cayenne
(Capsicum annuum)
Fruit
Reported Uses
Dosage and
Standardization
standardized to
Scoville heat units
(SCU), with
150,000SCU being
average
Topically, apply 3-4
times daily to unbroken
skin standardized to
0.25% or greater
capsaicin content
-
Digestive stimulation
Heart and blood vessel health
Topically for inflammation and
pain such as in arthritis
May decrease “bad” cholesterol
formation
Adverse Effects*
-
Use with caution in peptic or duodenal
ulcer and in gastroesophageal reflux
disease (GERD)
anticoagulants (blood thinning agents)
including aspirin
Use with caution if taking MAO
inhibitors
Popular Uses
- Anti-inflammatory agent
- Cardiovascular health
- Digestion
8
Chamomile
(Matricaria recutita,
Anthemis nobilis)
Flowers
Reported Uses
Dosage and
Standardization
400-1600mg daily in
divided doses
standardized to 1-1.2%
apigenin and 0.5%
essential oil
May use tea (1 heaping
teaspoonful in hot
water – steep 10
minutes, drink up to 3
times a day)
-
Carminative (stomach settling),
antispasmodic
Mild sedative, anti-anxiety agent
Adverse Effects*
-
Topically for mild inflammation and
other skin disorders
Mouth rinse and gargle for oral health
Gargle with mouth
rinse 2-3 times a day or
as needed.
Topically – apply
preparation 3-4 times
daily to unbroken skin
Use with caution in individuals with
severe ragweed allergy or allergy to
members of the daisy
(chrysanthemum) family
Popular Uses
-
Digestive tonic
Stress, especially in children
Mouth rinse
Topically for wound healing
9
Chaste berry
(Vitex agnus-castus)
Berry
Coleus
(Coleus forskohlii)
Root
Reported Uses
Dosage and
Standardization
200-400mg every
morning, preferably on
an empty stomach,
either 1 hour before or
2 hours after breakfast,
standardized to contain
at least 0.5% agnuside
and 0.6% aucubin; OR
20-40mg daily of fruit
extract; OR 4mg daily
standardized to 6%
agnuside
250mg 1-3 times daily
standardized to 1%
forskolin/ OR 50mg 13 times daily
standardized to 18%
forskolin.
-
-
-
Hormonal replacement therapy
Progesterone-like action with uses
in PMS, menopause, corpus
luteum insufficiency and other
menstrual irregularities
Insufficient lactation and
hyperprolactinemia
Breast discomfort
Asthma
High blood pressure and other
cardiovascular conditions
Glaucoma
Allergies, eczema
Weight loss
Adverse Effects*
- May alter hormonal therapy
such as birth control and
hormone replacement therapy
(HRT)
-
Use with caution in low blood
pressure
Avoid in peptic ulcer disease
o Antihypertensives
o Decongestants
o Antihistamines
thinning agents)
including aspirin
o Thyroid medications
Popular Uses
- Female related hormonal imbalances
-
Allergies
Asthma
Weight loss
High blood pressure
10
Cordyceps
(Cordyceps sinensis)
Mycelia
Reported Uses
Dosage and
Standardization
1050mg, 2-3 times a
contain 0.14%
adenosine and 5%
mannitol
-
Dandelion
(Taraxacum officinale)
Root/plant
250-500mg, 3 times a
day of whole root,
standardized extract
OR 5-10ml, 3 times a
day, of liquid extract
(1:1w/v fresh plant or
1:4w/v dried plant) in
water or juice.
-
Adverse Effects*
Antioxidant
Supports healthy lung and kidney
function
Support wellness, longevity, and
general health
Used to support the body during
chemotherapy and radiation
Improves sexual vitality
Liver protective
Beneficial for athletes in
increasing stamina and endurance
Helps reduce tiredness and fatigue
Improves resistance to disease and
immune function
-
Do not use if allergic to mushrooms or
fungus
-
Disorders of bile secretion
(choleretic)
Appetite stimulation
Dyspeptic complaints
Diuretic (plant)
-
o
o
o
o
o
-
Anticoagulants (blood
thinning agents) including
aspirin
MAO inhibitors
Antihypertensives
Antiarrhythmics
Immune therapies such as
Popular Uses
-
Immune system enhancement
Stress, fatigue
Liver protection
Support general health and wellness
Lung health
Do not use if allergic to plants in - Detoxification
the daisy family
- Diuretic
Do not use if biliary obstruction
or gallstones are present
Dandelion plant may increase
fluid loss; use with caution if
taking diuretics
11
Echinacea
(Echinacea purpurea
Echinacea angustifolia)
Flower, herb
Root
Reported Uses
Dosage and
Standardization
Acute – 500-1000mg, 3
times a day for day 1,
then 250-500mg, 4
times a day.
Prevention – 250mg
daily, 3 weeks on and 1
week off. Products
should be standardized
to contain 4%
echinacosides or 4%
sesquiterpene esters;
liquid succus dosages
range from 6-9mL
daily in divided doses,
for five to seven days
TO 60 drops three
times a day with food
for 1 day, then 40 drops
three times a day with
food for up to 10 days,
not less than 2.4
percent soluble beta-1,2
D-5 fructofuranosides;
some products may
also be standardized to
isobutyl amide content
-
-
Improves resistance to disease and
immune function; may be used to
stimulate immunity after
chemotherapy/ratiation
Used in prevention and treatment
of colds, flu, minor infections,
tonsillitis, sore throat;
Topically for wounds and skin
disorders such as eczema
Antibacterial/antiviral
Popular Uses
Adverse Effects*
- Do not use if allergic to plants in - Immune enhancement
the daisy family
- Support in colds/influenza; may
- Recommended for no longer
decrease length and severity of a
than 10 days of therapy in
cold or upper respiratory condition
treatment of infections
- Not for use in patients with
chronic immunosuppression
- Use in caution in individuals
with kidney disorders
12
Evening Primrose
(Oenothera biennis)
Oil from seed
Feverfew
(Tanacetum parthenium)
Leaf
Reported Uses
Dosage and
Standardization
2-8 grams daily in
divided doses,
standardized to 8%
gamma-linolenic acid
(equal to 180-720mg
gamma-linolenic acid
(GLA); dosage depends
on severity of
symptoms
-
100-250mg daily,
standardized to 0.20.4% parthenolide.
-
-
-
Rich in gamma-linolenic acid
(GLA, an omega-6 essential fatty
acid)
Eczema, psoriasis and other skin
disorders
PMS, menopause
Rheumatoid and osteo-arthritis
Diabetes and diabetic neuropathy
Multiple sclerosis
Used in the preventative treatment
of migraine headaches
Inflammatory conditions such as
arthritis
Adverse Effects*
- Do not use in schizophrenia or
seizure disorders
- Use with caution if taking the
o Antisychotic
medications
thinning agents)
including aspirin
-
Popular Uses
- Omega-6 essential fatty acid
supplement
- PMS, menopause
- Skin health
- Arthritis support
- Diabetic neuropathy
Do not use in pregnancy
- Headache therapy
Do not use if allergic to plants in - Anti-inflammatory
the daisy family
13
Garlic
(Allium sativum)
Bulb
Reported Uses
Dosage and
Standardization
Aged garlic extract,
600-1200mg daily in
divided doses or ¼-½
teaspoon (300-600mg)
or 30-60 drops
with a meal twice daily
; garlic 400mg, 3 times
a day; standardized to
contain 10-12mg/Gm
alliin and/or 4000mcg
of Total Allicin
Potential (TAP)
-
-
Aged garlic reported to:
o Antioxidant
o Protects against cancer
o May improve immune
system health
o Heart and liver protective
o May lower cholesterol
levels
o May lower c-reactive
protein and homocysteine
levels, major causes of
heart disease
o High blood pressure and
circulation
o May decrease fatigue
o May protect against health
problems associated with
diabetes
o May lower stress
Antibacterial/antifungal – use high
allicin content garlic
Antioxidant
May be useful in stomach ulcers
Topically as insect repellant
Adverse Effects*
-
May cause gastrointestinal distress in
sensitive individuals, such as nausea,
vomiting and stomach upset
-
- Anticoagulants (blood
aspirin Blood thinning
agents
- Blood sugar lowering agents
- Blood pressure lowering
agents
- Anti-retroviral agents
Popular Uses
-
Heart health
Blood pressure
Cholesterol lowering
Cancer prevention
Immune system health
Detoxification
Enzyme function
14
Ginkgo
(Ginkgo biloba)
Leaf
Reported Uses
Dosage and
Standardization
120-240mg daily in
divided doses,
standardized to 24-32% ginkgo flavone
glycosides
(heterosides), and 612% triterpene lactones
-
-
Ginger (Zingiber
officinalis) root
75-2000mg in divided
doses with food,
4% volatile oils or 5%
total pungent
compounds including
6-gingerol and/or 6shogaol; 1-4gm of the
fresh root daily in
divided doses
CHILDREN (ages 612) – use 1/3 of adult
dosage
Antioxidant
Memory enhancement
Alzheimer’s disease; senile dementia
Reported to increase peripheral blood
flow
Cerebral vascular insufficiency,
peripheral vascular insufficiency
Cardiovascular protection; may deter
homocysteine damage to blood
vessels
Impotence
Tinnitus (ringing in the ears)
Seasonal depression
May be neuroprotective
May help protect against cancer,
including ovarian
- Nausea and vomiting
- Anti-inflammatory
- Antioxidant
- May be protective from cancer
and heart disease
Adverse Effects*
thinning agents)
including aspirin
o Calcium channel
blocking drugs
o MAO inhibitors
o SSRI antidepressants
o Thiazide diuretics such
as hydrochlorothiazide
-
Discontinue use 2-3 weeks prior to
some surgical and dental procedures
due to increased risk of bleeding
-
Discontinue use 2-3 weeks prior
to some surgical and dental
procedures due to increased risk
of bleeding
-
Popular Uses
-
Alzheimer’s disease and dementia
Memory enhancement
Helps in circulatory problems
Oxygenation of tissues
Cardiovascular protection
Impotence
- Nausea/vomiting
- Gastrointestinal health
- Inflammatory conditions such as
arthritis
15
Ginseng, Asian (Korean
red/white)
(Panax ginseng)
Root
Reported Uses
Dosage and
Standardization
200-600mg daily,
standardized to 4-5%
ginsenosides; 1-4gm of
dried root daily (red or
white ginseng)
-
-
May improve resistance to disease and
immune function
Improve concentration and memory
Improve physical endurance
Chemoprotective agent (protects
the body against radiation or
chemotherapy damage)
General protection from diseases
such as cancer, heart disease and
diabetes
May decrease blood alcohol
concentration (BAC); metabolism
of alcohol increased
Adverse Effects*
- Do not use in kidney failure
- Do not use in pregnancy
thinning agents)
including aspirin
o
-
o
o
o
Hormonal replacement
therapy or birth control
Digoxin
Anhypertensive drugs
MAO inhibitors
May cause mastalgia (breast
tenderness) in prolonged and
high doses
May cause vaginal breakthrough
bleeding
Popular Uses
- Immune enhancement
- Fatigue/stress
- General health and protection from
diseases such as cancer, heart
disease and diabetes
- Improve concentration and memory
- Improve physical endurance
16
Ginseng, Siberian
(Eleuthero)
(Eleutherococcus
senticosus)
Root
Reported Uses
Dosage and
Standardization
100-200mg, 2 times a
contain 0.8-1%
eleutherosides Band E;
500-3000mg daily of
dried root. A regimen
of 4 weeks on, 2 weeks
off is recommended for
maximum benefits.
-
-
-
Chemoprotective agent (protects
the body against radiation or
:
chemotherapy damage)
General protection from diseases
such as cancer, heart disease and
diabetes
- Use with caution if taking anticoagulants
Antioxidant
(blood thinning agents) including aspirin
Anti-aging
Allergies
Asthma
May improve general circulation
and protect blood vessels from
fragility; heart health
Periodontal disease
Cancer protection; may protect the
body from chemotherapy and
radiation side effects
Grape seed
(Vitis vinifera)
Seed/skin
25-100mg, 1-3 times a
40-80%
proanthocyanidins or a
procyanidolic value of
not less than 95 and
90% total phenols;
physical performance, improves
learning ability, and decreases
stress and fatigue)
Adverse Effects*
thinning agents)
including aspirin
-
-
o
o
o
o
Popular Uses
- Immune enhancement
- Adrenal function
- Fatigue/stress
- General health and protection from diseases
such as cancer, heart disease and diabetes
Hypoglycemic agents
Anhypertensive drugs
Digoxin
Barbiturates
- Support in colds/influenza and
allergies
- Antioxidant
- Anti-aging
- Asthma related symptoms
- Cardiovascular health
- Cancer protection
17
Grapefruit seed extract
(Citrus paradisi)
Pulp, juice
Green Tea
(Camellia sinensis)
Leaf
Reported Uses
Dosage and
Standardization
100-250mg 1-3 times a day
with meals or 5-10 drops in
favorite beverage, 3 times a
day; may be standardized to
polyphenol content
-
250-500mg daily,
40-75% catechins
(polyphenols,
specifically
(-)epigallocatechin-3gallate (EGCG); drink
quality green tea, 3-6
cups daily.
-
-
-
Adverse Effects*
Popular Uses
Antifungal, antibacterial, antiparasitic
agent
Used in resortation of gastrointestinal
health
Antioxidant
May be effective in urinary tract
infections
- Very bitter; must dilute liquid before using
- Gastrointestinal health
- Antibacterial/antifungal
Antioxidant
Cancer prevention and protection
Cardiovascular diseases
Support for chemotherapy and
radiation treatment
May lower cholesterol
Anticariogenic (reduces dental
plaque)
Helps increase longevity and
general health
May help improve blood sugar
regulation
Used in weight loss formulas
- Caffeine-free products are available
-
-
Use with caution if taking anticoagulants
(blood thinning agents) including aspirin
Antioxidant
Healthy cholesterol management
Weight loss
Cancer prevention
General health
18
Guggul
(Commiphora mukul)
Resin
Gymnema (Gymnema
sylvestre) leaf
Reported Uses
Dosage and
Standardization
500-1500mg, 3 times a
day, standardized
to2.5-5%
guggulsterones (E and
Z); a typical daily dose
is 75-100mg
guggulsterones
-
250-600mg, 1-3 times a day,
standardized to contain 2575% gymnemic acids
-
-
-
Used in lowering blood cholesterol levels
Acne
Weight loss
Anti-inflammatory; may be effective in
arthritis
Thyroid support
Antioxidant
Antibacterial
Regulation of blood sugar levels
Complications associated with diabetes,
including cataracts
Weight loss
Antibacterial
May help regulate healthy cholesterol levels
Adverse Effects*
o Thydoid lowering
medications
thinning agents)
including aspirin
o Cholesterol lowering
medications
o Reported to interfere
with diltiazem and
propranolol metabolism,
so caution should be
used in calcium channel
blocker and beta-blocker
medications
- May cause rhabdomyolysis
(muscle aches/pains); if this
occurs stop immediately and
contact your doctor
taking medications for blood
sugar control
Popular Uses
-
-
Cholesterol lowering
Thyroid support
Inflammation; arthritis
Blood sugar regulation
Pancreas support
Weight loss
Cholesterol support
19
Hawthorn
(Crataegus oxyacantha)
Flower/leaf/berry
Holy Basil (Occimum
sanctum) Leaf
Reported Uses
Dosage and
Standardization
standardized to 2-3%
flavonoids and/OR 18-20%
oligomeric procyanidins OR
1.8 percent vitexin-2rhamnosides
-
400-800mg daily,
standardized to contain 1.0 2.5% ursolic acid;
supercritical extracts contain
a minimum of 7-11%
eugenol and 4%
caryophyllene;
hydroethanolic extracts
contain 0.7-4.0%
triterpenoic acids, including
ursolic and oleanolic acids;
steam distilled extracts
contain a minimum of 40%
eugenol and 15%
caryophyllene
-
-
-
Heart disease; heart protection
Treatment of angina, low or high blood
pressure, peripheral vascular diseases,
congestive heart failure (CHF)
Antioxidant
Antiviral
May help regulate healthy cholesterol
levels
Anti-inflammatory agent (COX-2
inhibitor)
Antioxidant
Blood sugar regulation; diabetes
protection
Antistress; may lower cortisol (stress
hormone) levels
Wound healing
Protective effects in chemotherapy
and/or radiation
Ulcer-healing properties
Anticonvulsant
Adverse Effects*
o Antihypertensives
o Digoxin
o Angiotensin converting
enzyme inhibitors (ACE
inhibitors)
- Use with caution in individuals on
anti-epileptic medications or
individuals with a history of
seizure
Popular Uses
-
Heart tonic
Blood pressure regulation
CHF (congestive heart failure)
Antioxidant
-
Antioxidant
Anti-inflammatory
Stress; adrenal support
Healthy blood sugar support
20
Reported Uses
Dosage and
Standardization
Hops
(Humulus lupulus)
Strobiles
100mg, 2 times a day as
needed, standardized to
contain 5.2% bitter acids
and 4% flavonoids
-
Mild sedative and hypnotic
Sleep, relaxation
May have anticancer effects
May have estrogenic activity
Anti-inflammatory
Antiviral; may be useful in HIV
Horse Chestnut
(Aesculus hippocastanum)
Seed
100 – 300mg 2 times daily;
horse chestnut seed extracts
are standardized for aescin
content (16 - 21%) or
isolated aescin preparations
are often recommended at
an initial dose of 50 150mg of aescin per day.
Once improvement is noted,
this is usually reduced to a
maintenance dose of 35 - 70
mg of aescin per day
Topical: Apply 2% escin
gel, 1-2 times a day to
affected area
-
Varicose veins
Hemorrhoids
-
Venous insufficiencies; deep venous
thrombosis
Used topically in the same conditions
Antioxidant
Antiviral
Diarrhea
-
Adverse Effects*
o Sedatives, hypnotics
o Sleep medications
o Anti-anxiety medications
o Antipsychotics
o Antidepressants
o Alcohol
- Use caution when driving an
automobile or operating heavy
machinery
Popular Uses
- Promote sleep
- Stress
- Support in hormonal replacement
therapy (HRT)
- Beer manufacturing
- Topically and internally for varicose
veins
- Hemmorhoids
- Venous insufficiency
21
Horsetail
(Equisetum arvense)
Shoots
Reported Uses
Dosage and
Standardization
standardized to contain 10 15% silica
-
Diuretic
-
High mineral content (including silicic
acid)
Nail, skin and hair health
Used in bone and connective tissue
strengthening, including osteoporosis
Antioxidant
May improve memory and cognition
(animal studies)
May have sedative and anticonvulsant
activity
May be liver protective (antioxidant
effects)
Found in cruciferous vegetables such as
broccoli, cabbage and cauliflower
Used in cancer protection, including
breast , bone, cervical, melanoma and
others
Positively affects estrogen metabolism;
hormonal replacement therapy alternative
Found to increase the ratio of 2hydroxyestrone to 16 alphahydroxyestrone (“good” estrogen) and
also to inhibit the 4-hydroxylation of
estradiol (“bad” estrogen)
Anti-inflammatory action
May inhibit cysts caused by the human
papilloma virus (HPV)
-
Indole-3-Carbinol
200-800mg daily;
standardized for 0.3%
sulforaphane, 1% total
glucosinolates
-
-
Adverse Effects*
- Use with caution if taking diuretic
medications
- May deplete thiamine (vitamin B1)
from the body
- May alter hormonal therapy such as
birth control and hormone
replacement therapy (HRT)
- Not recommended when taking
ulcer medications due to a
decrease in stomach acid may
cause indole-3-carbinol not to be
metabolized appropriately
Popular Uses
- Hair, skin, bone, and nail health
- Diuretic
- Cancer protection and treatment
support
- Hormonal replacement therapies
- Inflammation
22
Kava Kava
(Piper methysticum)
Root
Reported Uses
Dosage and
Standardization
100-300mg, 1-3 times a
day as needed,
30-70% kavalactones
-
Anxiety, nervousness
Stress
May improve cognitive function due to
increased mood
Skeletal muscle relaxation
Antiinflammatory
-
-
Popular Uses
Adverse Effects*
Not recommended for longer than 3
- Anxiety, stress, nervousness
months without a 2 weeks rest
- Mood improvement
period
- Anxiety associated with PMS,
Do not use if prone to liver problems
menopause
or liver dysfunction
o Sleep medications
including alprazolam
(Xanax®)
o Antidepressants
o Antisychotics
o Alcohol
May cause drowsiness or sedation in
higher doses
Use caution when driving an
machinery
- Long-term use of high doses has
resulted in rash
- Do not use in Parkinson’s Disease
- Not recommended for use in
individuals with urinary retention
problems
23
Licorice
(Glycyrrhiza glabra)
Root
(Glycyrrhiza uralensis, or
Chinese licorice)
Root
DGL licorice supplements
are without the chemical
constituent glycyrrhizin
Reported Uses
Dosage and
Standardization
Adrenal stress: 250500mg, 3 times a day,
glycyrrhizinic acid OR 1530 drops of liquid extract, 3
times a day in juice or other
beverage
Stomach ulcer: DGL
Licorice, 250-500mg, 3
times a day chewed either 1
hour before or 2 hours after
meals and at bedtime,
standardized to contain no
more than 2% glycyrrhizin
Tea: One cup of hot water
over one teaspoonful of herb
after each meal.
-
-
Antioxidant
Food sweetener
Adrenal insufficiency
Expectorant and antitussive
Chewable DGL products used in GI
ulceration
Liver protection
May protect against the development
of cognitive impairment (Glycyrrhiza
uralensis)
May protect against development of
certain cancers
Antiinflammatory
May lower blood cholesterol levels
May improve immunity
May have estrogen like activity;
female hormonal replacement therapy
support; may also aid in depression
associated with PMS or menopause
Antiviral; glycyrrhizin component
found effective against SARS
coronavirus in the laboratory
Adverse Effects*
- Do not use in high blood pressure
unless using the DGL licorice
- Use with caution in individuals with
liver or kidney problems
taking diuretics
Popular Uses
-
Adrenal supplement
Stress
Ulcers (DGL licorice)
Expectorant and antitussive
Liver protection
Food sweetener
24
Milk Thistle
(Silybum marianum)
Seed
Reported Uses
Dosage and
Standardization
silymarin
-
Nexrutine® isolated from
Phellodendrum amurense
250-500mg, 2-3 times a day
-
Olive Leaf
(Olea europaea)
Leaf
standardized to contain 1223% oleuropein
-
Antioxidant for the liver
Liver injury, including cirrhosis and
hepatitis
Detoxification
High cholesterol levels
May improve glycemic control for Type
II diabetics
Cancer protection
May improve chemotherapy effects
Antiviral
Anti-inflammatory
Arthritis and other inflammatory
conditions
May be effective in cancer therapies,
especially prostate
Antioxidant
Antibiotic, antifungal, antiviral (may be
effective in HIV)
Gastrointestinal health
May increase immune function
Heart protection
May lower blood pressure
May protect against radiation damage
May increase thyroid hormone
production
Popular Uses
Adverse Effects*
- Do not use if allergic to plants in the - Liver protection and detoxification
daisy family
- Antioxidant for the liver
- Milk thisle may alter the
- Cancer protection
metabolism of some mediations;
use with caution if taking
prescription medications
- Minor side effects such as
nausea/vomiting and
gastrointestinal upset
-
o Thyroid medications
- Use with caution if you have thyroid disorders
-
- Inflammation
- Artritis
Antioxidant
Gastrointestinal health
Immune function
Antiviral, antifungal
Heart protection
25
Reported Uses
Dosage and
Standardization
Passion Flower
(Passiflora spp.)
Whole plant
Anxiety: 100-250mg, 2
times a day, standardized to
contain 3.5-4% isovitexin
per dose
Insomnia/sedation: 200500mg at bedtime,
standardized to contain 3.54% isovitexin per dose
-
Sedation
Anxiety
Insomnia
Inflammation
Reishi
standardized 4% triterpenes
and 10% polysaccharides
(β-1,3-glucans)
-
Cancer support
immune function
therapy
Used in conditions needing immune
support such as viruses (including HIV,
colds and influenza) and infections
Liver conditions such as hepatitis B
May lower blood pressure
May lower blood sugar levels; may help
improve diabetic complications such as
neuropathy
May be effective in neurasthenia
(Ganoderma lucidum)
Mushroom
-
Adverse Effects*
-
Use caution when driving an automobile or
operating heavy machinery
-
o Sleep medications
-
Do not use if allergice to
mushrooms or fungus
Do not use if you have preexisting liver conditions
-
o
o
o
o
Anticoagulants (blood
aspirin
Antidiabetic drugs/insulin
Antihypertensive drugs
Popular Uses
- Sedation and anxiety
-
Immune system balance
Cancer support
Liver conditions such as hepatitis B
General health
Viral infections
26
Reported Uses
Dosage and
Standardization
Relora®
(combination of
Phellodendron amurense
and Magnolia officinalis)
200mg, 3 times daily for at
least 7 days
Rhodiola (Rhodiola rosea)
Root
150-300mg, 1-3 times daily,
standardized to contain at
least 3-5% rosavins and less
than 1% salidrosides; 90mg
daily standardized to 4%
rosavins; AdreCor®, 1
scoopful or 5 capsules twice
daily, standardized to 16%
rosavins; doses should be
taken on an empty stomach
-
Anxiety, stress
Nervousness
Irritability, fatigue, restlessness
-
Adrenal stress
Liver conditions
May lower blood pressure and have heart
protective ability
May lower blood sugar levels
-
Rosemary
(Rosmarinus officinalis)
Leaf
100-500mg, 2-3 times daily,
standardized to contain a
minimum of 10% carnosol
or 1-7% rosmarinic acid
-
Antioxidant
Antiinflammatory (COX-2 inhibiting
properties)
Antiviral
Antibacterial/antifungal
Adverse Effects*
-
Use caution when driving an automobile or
operating heavy machinery
-
o Sleep medications
-
o ACE inhibitors
o
o
- Anxiety and stress
-
Adrenal support
Stress
Physical performance enhancement
General health
o Antiarrhythmic drugs
-
-
Antidiabetic drugs/insulin
Antihypertensivedrugs
Popular Uses
None known
- Antioxidant
- Inflammation
27
Reported Uses
Dosage and
Standardization
Saw Palmetto
(Serenoa repens)
Berry
standardized to contain at
least 80-90% fatty acids and
sterols
-
Schisandra
(Schizandra chinensis)
Berry
100-200mg, 2 times a day
with food, standardized to
contain at least 9%
schisandrins
-
-
-
Treatment of benign prostatic
hypertrophy (BPH); enlarged prostate
gland
Mild diuretic
Urinary tract health
Antioxidant
May improve immunity
Liver health
May have estrogen activity
Heart health
therapy
Antiviral; may be effective in HIVand
hepatitis B supportive therapy
May be effective in cancer support
Popular Uses
Adverse Effects*
- Prostate health
with liver or pancreas conditions
with hypertension
thinning agents)
including aspirin
o Hormonal replacement
therapy including male
steroids
o Antiandrogenic drugs
-
o
thinning agents)
including aspirin
- Stress, fatigue
- Mental and physical performance
enhancement
- Liver health
- Immune system health
- Heart health
28
Senna
(Cassia senna)
Seed
Reported Uses
Dosage and
Standardization
15-60mg of sennosides per
dose at bedtime; for shortterm use only
-
Anthraquinone laxative (stimulant
laxative)
Adverse Effects*
-
Shiitake mushroom
(Lentinus edodes)
Fungus
100-400mg, 3 times daily,
standardized to contain 3.26% KS-2 polysaccharides
-
Soy
(Glycine max)
Isoflavones
100-300mg daily,
standardized to at least 15%
saponins
-
Popular Uses
May decrease absorption of oral
medications
Do not use long-term (no more 1-2
weeks)
Do not use if you have intestinal
blockage or inflammatory bowel
disorders (Crohn’s or IBS)
- Laxative
immune function
Liver conditions
therapy
Antiviral; may be effective in HIV
supportive therapy
Cancer support
Antibacterial, antifungal
-
thinning agents)
including aspirin
o Immune therapies such
as immunosuppressive
drugs or immune
globulin therapy
- General health
- Immune system support
Estrogenic effects
PMS, menopause
Hormonal replacement
May help improve mood and cognitive
function in PMS, menopause
High cholesterol levels
Cancer protection
Heart health
Osteoporosis and bone loss
Blood sugar regulation
May decrease inflammatory processes in
the body
Antioxidant
Weight loss
May improve the effects of certain
chemotherapy drugs (cisplatin)
-
May alter hormonal therapy
such as birth control and
hormone replacement therapy
(HRT)
Use with caution if prone to
breast cancer; talk to your health
care provider
Use with caution in individuals
taking thyroid supplementation
or with thyroid disorders
- Hormonal replacement therapy
(HRT); PMS/menopause symptoms
- High cholesterol levels
- Heart health
- Osteoporosis
- Cancer protection
-
29
St. John's Wort
(Hypericum perforatum)
Flowering buds
Tea Tree
(Melaleuca alternifolia)
Volatile oils
Reported Uses
Dosage and
Standardization
0.3-0.5% dianthrones
measured as hypericin
OR 3-5% hyperforin
Topical: Apply oil
(preferably diluted) to
affected area as needed
-
Mild to moderate depression,
melancholia, anxiety
Anti-viral activity in increased
doses
May be beneficial in smoking
cessation
-
FOR TOPICAL USE ONLY
-
Antifungal/antibacterial
Used in mouthwashes for dental and oral
health
Used topically for burns, cuts, scrapes, insect
bites
Acne
Toenail fungus
-
Adverse Effects*
- St. John’s wort may interact with
many prescription and nonprescription medications; do not
use unless you have consulted a
medical professional if you are
taking medications
- May cause photosensitivity in
susceptible individuals
-
May cause allergic dermatitis in
sensitive individuals
May cause burning or stinging;
may dilute before use
Popular Uses
- Mild to moderate depression
- Mood stabilization
- Skin infections, cuts, scrapes, insect
bites
- Burns
- Acne
- Toenail fungus
- Oral health
30
Turmeric
(Curcuma longa)
Root
Reported Uses
Dosage and
Standardization
300-500mg, 3 times a day
with meals, standardized to
contain 95-98%
curcuminoids; larger doses
are used in cancer
supportive therapy
-
Antioxidant
Anti-inflammatory
-
Used in arthritis
Cancer supportive therapy
Gastrointestinal disorders such as peptic
ulcers, dyspepsia, ulcerative colitis, and
irritable bowel syndrome
May be effective in HIV support as an
antiviral agent
May be useful in Alzheimer’s disease
and dementia
May be useful in liver disorders such as
cirrhosis
Valerian
(Valeriana officinalis)
Root
300-500mg, 1-2 hours
before bedtime or as
needed, standardized to
contain 0.4-1% valerenic or
valeric acids; also, 30-60
drops of a liquid extract in
water 1 hour before bedtime
or as needed
-
Sedative/hypnotic
Sleep disorders/insomnia
Adverse Effects*
thinning agents)
including aspirin
-
Popular Uses
- Inflammation
- Healthy cholesterol levels
-
Gastrointestinal disorders such as peptic
ulcers, dyspepsia, ulcerative colitis, and
irritable bowel syndrome
- Cancer support
- Sedative/hypnotic
- Sleep disorders/insomnia
- Used in herbal combination formulas
o Sleep medications
for stress, anxiety and nervousness
o Antidepressants
o Alcohol
- May cause drowsiness or sedation
- Use caution when driving an
machinery
31
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Bilberry
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Bettini V, Mayellaro F, Ton P, et al. Interactions between Vaccinium myrtillus anthocyanosides and serotonin on splenic artery smooth muscle. Fitoterapia 1984;55(4):201-208.
Bettini V. Effects of Vaccinium myrtillus anthocyanosides on vascular smooth muscle. Fitoterapia 1984;55(5):265-272.
Bomser J, Madhavi DL, Singletary K, et al. In vitro anticancer activity of fruit extracts from Vaccinium species. Planta Med 1996;62(3):212-216.
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Bravetti GO, Fraboni E, Maccolini E. Preventive medical treatment of senile cataract with vitamin E and Vaccinium Myrtillus anthocyanosides: Clinical evaluation. Ann Ottalmol Clin Ocul 1989;115:109-116.
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Caselli L. [Clinical and electroretinographic study on activity of anthocyanosides]. Arch Med Interna 1985;37:29-35.
Cignarella A, Nastasi M, Cavalli E, et al. Novel lipid-lowering properties of Vaccinium myrtillus L. leaves, a traditional antidiabetic treatment, in several models of rat dyslipidaemia: a comparison with ciprofibrate. Thromb Res 1996;84(5):311-322.
Cluzel C, Bastide P, Wegman R, et al. [Enzymatic activities of retina and anthocyanoside extracts of Vaccinium myrtillus (lactate dehydrogenase, alpha-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, alphaglycerophosphate dehydrogenase, 5-nucleotidase, phosphoglucose isomerase)]. Biochem Pharmacol 1970;19(7):2295-2302.
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Colombo D, Vescovini R. Controlled clinical trial of anthocyanosides from Vaccinium myrtillus in primary dysmenorrhea. G Ital Obstet Ginecol 1985;7:1033-1038.
Cristoni A, Magistretti MJ. Antiulcer and healing activity of Vaccinium myrtillus anthocyanosides. Farmaco [Prat ] 1987;42(2):29-43.
Detre Z, Jellinek H, Miskulin M, et al. Studies on vascular permeability in hypertension: action of anthocyanosides. Clin Physiol Biochem 1986;4(2):143-149.
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Gabor M. Pharmacologic effects of flavonoids on blood vessels. Angiologica 1972;9(3-6):355-374.
Gatta L. Experimental single-blind study: 60 pts with venous insufficiency received Bilberry extract equivalent to 173 mg anthocyanins daily or placebo for 30 days. Fitoterapia 1988;59 (suppl 1):19.
Ghiringhelli C, Gregoratti L, Marastoni F. [Capillarotropic action of anthocyanosides in high dosage in phlebopathic statis]. Minerva Cardioangiol 1978;26(4):255-276.
Grismondi GL. [Treatment of phlebopathies caused by stasis in pregnancy]. Minerva Ginecol 1981;33(2-3):221-230.
Grosse-Ruyken FJ. [The drug treatment of "myopia syndrome" (author's transl)]. Klin Monatsbl Augenheilkd 1977;171(4):623-627.
Havsteen B. Flavonoids, a class of natural products of high pharmacological potency. Biochem Pharmacol 1983;32(7):1141-1148.
Jayle GE, Aubert L. Action des glucosides d'anthocyanes sur la vision scotopique et mésopique du sujet normal. Therapie 1964;19:171-185.
Jayle GE, Aubry M, Gavini H, et al. [Study concerning the action of anthocyanoside extracts of Vaccinium Myrtillus on night vision]. Ann Ocul (Paris) 1965;198(6):556-562.
Jonadet M, Meunier MT, Bastide J, et al. [Anthocyanosides extracted from Vitis vinifera, Vaccinium myrtillus and Pinus maritimus. I. Elastase-inhibiting activities in vitro. II. Compared angioprotective activities in vivo]. J Pharm Belg 1983;38(1):41-46.
Kadar A, Robert L, Miskulin M, et al. Influence of anthocyanoside treatment on the cholesterol-induced atherosclerosis in the rabbit. Paroi.Arterielle. 1979;5(4):187-205.
Katsube N, Iwashita K, Tsushida T, et al. Induction of apoptosis in cancer cells by Bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus) and the anthocyanins. J Agric Food Chem 2003;51(1):68-75.
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Lagrue G, Robert AM, Miskulin M, et al. Pathology of the microcirculation in diabetes and alterations of the biosynthesis of intercellular matrix macromolecules. Front Matrix Biol 1979;7:324-335.
Laplaud PM, Lelubre A, Chapman MJ. Antioxidant action of Vaccinium myrtillus extract on human low density lipoproteins in vitro: initial observations. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 1997;11(1):35-40.
Levy Y, Glovinsky Y. The effect of anthocyanosides on night vision. Eye 1998;12 ( Pt 6):967-969.
Lietti A, Cristoni A, Picci M. Studies on Vaccinium myrtillus anthocyanosides. I. Vasoprotective and antiinflammatory activity. Arzneimittelforschung 1976;26(5):829-832.
Lietti A, Forni G. Studies on Vaccinium myrtillus anthocyanosides. II. Aspects of anthocyanins pharmacokinetics in the rat. Arzneimittelforschung 1976;26(5):832-835.
Magistretti MJ, Conti M, Cristoni A. Antiulcer activity of an anthocyanidin from Vaccinium myrtillus. Arzneimittelforschung 1988;38(5):686-690.
Martin-Aragon S, Basabe B, Benedi J, et al. Antioxidant action of Vaccinium myrtillus L. Phytotherapy 1998;46:S104-S106.
Martin-Aragon S, Basabe B, Benedi JM, et al. In vitro and in vivo antioxidant properties of Vaccinium myrtillus. Pharmaceutical Biology 1999;37(2):109-113.
Mertz-Nielsen A, Munck LK, Bukhave K, et al. A natural flavonoid, IdB 1027, increases gastric luminal release of prostaglandin E2 in healthy subjects. Ital J Gastroenterol. 1990;22(5):288-290.
Morazzoni P, Livio S, Scilingo A, et al. Vaccinium myrtillus anthocyanosides pharmacokinetics in rats. Arzneimittelforschung 1991;41(2):128-131.
Morazzoni P, Magistretti MJ. Effects of Vaccinium myrtillus anthocyanosides on prostacyclin-like activity in rat arterial issue. Fitoterapia 1986;57:11-14.
Mosci C, Fioretto M, Polizzi A, et al. The influence of procyanidolic anthocyanosides on macular recovery time and oscillatory potentials in the diabetic subject. Annli di Ottalmologi e Clinica Oculistica 1988;114:473-479.
Muth ER, Laurent JM, Jasper P. The effect of bilberry nutritional supplementation on night visual acuity and contrast sensitivity. Altern Med Rev 2000;5(2):164-173.
Oliva E, Nicastro A, Sorcini A, et al. Gli anticianosidi del mirtillo nel trattamento postoperatorio delle emorroidi. Aggior Med Chir 1990;8(1):1-6.
Pautler EL, Maga JA, Tengerdy C. A pharmacologically potent natural product in the bovine retina. Exp Eye Res 1986;42(3):285-288.
Perossini M, et al. Diabetic and hypertensive retinopathy therapy with Vaccinium myrtillus anthocyanosides (Tegens): Double blind placebo controlled clinical trial. Annali di Ottalmaologia e Clinica Oculistica 1987;113:1173-1190.
Pezzangora V, Barina R, de Stefani R, et al. La terapia medica con antocianosidi del mirtillo nei pazienti operati di emorroidectomia. Gaz Med It 1984;143:405-409.
Politzer M. [Experiences in the medical treatment of progressive myopia (author's transl)]. Klin Monatsbl Augenheilkd 1977;171(4):616-619.
Prior R, Cao G, Martin A, et al. Antioxidant capacity as influence by total phenolic and anthocyanin content, maturity, and variety of Vaccinium species. J Agricult Food Chem 1998;46:2686-2693.
Pulliero G, Montin S, Bettini V, et al. Ex vivo study of the inhibitory effects of Vaccinium myrtillus anthocyanosides on human platelet aggregation. Fitoterapia 1989;60:69-75.
Rasetti FRM, Caruso D, Galli G, et al. Extracts of Ginkgo biloba L. leaves and Vaccinium myrtillus L. fruits prevent photo induced oxidation of low density lipoprotein cholesterol. Phytomedicine 1997;3:335-338.
Repossi P, Malagola R, De Cadilhac C. The role of anthocyanosides on vascular permeability in diabetic retinopathy. Ann Ottalmol Clin Ocul 1987;113:357-361.
Scharrer A, Ober M. [Anthocyanosides in the treatment of retinopathies (author's transl)]. Klin Monatsbl Augenheilkd 1981;178(5):386-389.
Spinella G. Natural anthocyanosides in treatment of peripheral venous insufficiency. Arch Med Int 1985;37:219.
Tori A, D'Errico F. [Vaccinium myrtillus anthocyanosides in the treatment of stasis venous diseases of the lower limbs.]. Gazz Med Ital 1980;139:217-224.
Varma SD, Mizuno A, Kinoshita JH. Diabetic cataracts and flavonoids. Science 1977;195(4274):205-206.
Viana M, Barbas C, Bonet B, et al. In vitro effects of a flavonoid-rich extract on LDL oxidation. Atherosclerosis 1996;123(1-2):83-91.
Zadok D, Levy Y, Glovinskly Y, et al. The effect of anthocyanosides on night vision tests. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science 1997;38(4):S633.
Zadok D, Levy Y, Glovinsky Y. The effect of anthocyanosides in a multiple oral dose on night vision. Eye 1999;13 ( Pt 6):734-736.
Bitter melon
Aguwa CN, Mittal GC. Abortifacient effects of the roots of Momordica angustisepala. J Ethnopharmacol 1983;7(2):169-173.
Akhtar MS. Trial of Momordica charantia Linn (Karela) powder in patients with maturity-onset diabetes. J Pak Med Assoc 1982;32(4):106-107.
Aslam M, Stockley IH. Interaction between curry ingredient (karela)and drug (chlorpropamide). Lancet 1979;1:607.
Baldwa VS, Bhandara CM, Pangaria A, et al. Clinical trials in patients with diabetes mellitus of an insulin-like compound obtained from plant source. Upsala J Med Sci 1977;82:39-41.
Basch E, Gabardi S, Ulbricht C. Bitter melon (Momordica charantia): a review of efficacy and safety. Am J Health Syst Pharm 2003;60(4):356-359.
Biswas AR, Ramaswamy S, Bapna JS. Analgesic effect of Momordica charantia seed extract in mice and rats. J Ethnopharmacol 1991;31(1):115-118.
Bourinbaiar AS, Lee-Huang S. Potentiation of anti-HIV activity of anti-inflammatory drugs, dexamethasone and indomethacin, by MAP30, the antiviral agent from bitter melon. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1995;208(2):779-785.
Bourinbaiar AS, Lee-Huang S. The activity of plant-derived antiretroviral proteins MAP30 and GAP31 against herpes simplex virus in vitro. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1996;219(3):923-929.
Chan WY, Tam PP, Yeung HW. The termination of early pregnancy in the mouse by beta-momorcharin. Contraception 1984;29(1):91-100.
Chen Q, Chan LL, Li ET. Bitter melon (Momordica charantia) reduces adiposity, lowers serum insulin and normalizes glucose tolerance in rats fed a high fat diet. J Nutr 2003;133(4):1088-1093.
Cunnick JE, Sakamoto K, Chapes SK, et al. Induction of tumor cytotoxic immune cells using a protein from the bitter melon (Momordica charantia). Cell Immunol 1990;126(2):278-289.
Day C, Cartwright T, Provost J, et al. Hypoglycaemic effect of Momordica charantia extracts. Planta Med 1990;56(5):426-429.
Dixit VP, Khanna P, Bhargava SK. Effects of Momordica charantia L. fruit extract on the testicular function of dog. Planta Med 1978;34(3):280-286.
Dutta PK, Chakravarty AK, CHowdhury US, et al. Vicine, a favism-inducing toxin from Momordica charantia Linn. seeds. Indian J Chem 1981;20B(August):669-671.
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Hulin et al. Intoxication aigue pour Momordica charantica (Sorrossi). A proposdeux cas. Semaine Hospitaux 1988;64:2847-2848.
Khanna P, Jain SC, Panagariya A, et al. Hypoglycemic activity of polypeptide-p from a plant source. J Nat Prod 1981;44(6):648-655.
Kulkarni RD, Gaitonde BB. Potentiation of tolbutamide action by jasad bhasma and karela (Momordica charantia). Indian J Med Res 1962;50(5):715-719.
Leatherdale BA, Panesar RK, Singh G, et al. Improvement in glucose tolerance due to Momordica charantia (karela). Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 1981;282(6279):1823-1824.
Lee-Huang S, Huang PL, Chen HC, et al. Anti-HIV and anti-tumor activities of recombinant MAP30 from bitter melon. Gene 1995;161(2):151-156.
Lee-Huang S, Huang PL, Huang PL, et al. Inhibition of the integrase of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type 1 by anti-HIV plant proteins MAP30 and GAP31. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1995;92(19):8818-8822.
Lee-Huang S, Huang PL, Sun Y, et al. Inhibition of MDA-MB-231 human breast tumor xenografts and HER2 expression by anti-tumor agents GAP31 and MAP30. Anticancer Res 2000;20(2A):653-659.
Leung SO, Yeung HW, Leung KN. The immunosuppressive activities of two abortifacient proteins isolated from the seeds of bitter melon (Momordica charantia). Immunopharmacology 1987;13(3):159-171.
Marles R, Farnsworth N. Antidiabetic Plants and Their Active Constituents: An update. Phytomedicine 1997;2(2):137-189.
Mistry PP, Patel V. Ayurvedic herbal preparation in the treatment of high intraocular pressure. Clinical Research 1991;39(2):420A.
Miura T, Itoh C, Iwamoto N, et al. Hypoglycemic activity of the fruit of the Momordica charantia in type 2 diabetic mice. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo) 2001;47(5):340-344.
Ng TB, Wong CM, Li WW, et al. A steryl glycoside fraction from Momordica charantia seeds with an inhibitory action on lipid metabolism in vitro. Biochem Cell Biol 1986;64(8):766-771.
Ng TB, Wong CM, Li WW, et al. Insulin-like molecules in Momordica charantia seeds. J Ethnopharmacol 1986;15(1):107-117.
Ng TB, Wong CM, Li WW, et al. Isolation and characterization of a galactose binding lectin with insulinomimetic activities. From the seeds of the bitter gourd Momordica charantia (Family Cucurbitaceae). Int J Peptide Protein Res 1986;28(2):163-172.
Pongnikorn S, Fongmoon D, Kasinrerk W, et al. Effect of bitter melon (Momordica charantia Linn) on level and function of natural killer cells in cervical cancer patients with radiotherapy. J Med Assoc Thai 2003;86(1):61-68.
Raman A, Lau C. Anti-diabetic properties and phytochemistry of Momordica charantia L. (Cucurbitaceae). Phytomedicine 1996;2(4):349-362.
Rathi SS, Grover JK, Vats V. The effect of Momordica charantia and Mucuna pruriens in experimental diabetes and their effect on key metabolic enzymes involved in carbohydrate metabolism. Phytother Res 2002;16(3):236-243.
Sarkar S, Pranava M, Marita R. Demonstration of the hypoglycemic action of Momordica charantia in a validated animal model of diabetes. Pharmacol Res 1996;33(1):1-4.
Schreiber CA, Wan L, Sun Y, et al. The antiviral agents, MAP30 and GAP31, are not toxic to human spermatozoa and may be useful in preventing the sexual transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1. Fertil Steril 1999;72(4):686-690.
Shibib BA, Khan LA, Rahman R. Hypoglycaemic activity of Coccinia indica and Momordica charantia in diabetic rats: depression of the hepatic gluconeogenic enzymes glucose- 6-phosphatase and fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase and elevation of both liver and red-cell
shunt enzyme glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase. Biochem J 1993;292 ( Pt 1):267-270.
Srivastava Y, Venkatakrishna-Bhatt H, Verma Y, et al. Retardation of retinopathy by Momordica charantia L. (bitter gourd) fruit extract in alloxan diabetic rats. Indian J Exp Biol 1987;25(8):571-572.
Srivastava Y. Antidiabetic and adaptogenic properties of Momordica charantia extract:An experimental and clinical evaluation. Phytother Res 1993;7:285-289.
Stepka W, Wilson KE, Madge GE. Antifertility investigation on Momordica. Lloydia 1974;37(4):645.
Tennekoon KH, Jeevathayaparan S, Angunawala P, et al. Effect of Momordica charantia on key hepatic enzymes. J Ethnopharmacol 1994;44(2):93-97.
Vikrant V, Grover JK, Tandon N, et al. Treatment with extracts of Momordica charantia and Eugenia jambolana prevents hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia in fructose fed rats. J Ethnopharmacol 2001;76(2):139-143.
Virdi J, Sivakami S, Shahani S, et al. Antihyperglycemic effects of three extracts from Momordica charantia. J Ethnopharmacol 2003;88(1):107-111.
Wang YX, Jacob J, Wingfield PT, et al. Anti-HIV and anti-tumor protein MAP30, a 30 kDa single-strand type-I RIP, shares similar secondary structure and beta-sheet topology with the A chain of ricin, a type-II RIP. Protein Sci 2000;9(1):138-144.
Wang YX, Neamati N, Jacob J, et al. Solution structure of anti-HIV-1 and anti-tumor protein MAP30: structural insights into its multiple functions. Cell 1999;99(4):433-442.
Welihinda J, Arvidson G, Gylfe E, et al. The insulin-releasing activity of the tropical plant momordica charantia. Acta Biol Med Ger 1982;41(12):1229-1240.
Welihinda J, Karunanayake EH, Sheriff MH, et al. Effect of Momordica charantia on the glucose tolerance in maturity onset diabetes. J Ethnopharmacol 1986;17(3):277-282.
Wong CM, Yeung HW, Ng TB. Screening of Trichosanthes kirilowii, Momordica charantia and Cucurbita maxima (family Cucurbitaceae) for compounds with antilipolytic activity. J Ethnopharmacol 1985;13(3):313-321.
Black cohosh
Anderson IB, Mullen WH, Meeker JE, et al. Pennyroyal toxicity: measurement of toxic metabolite levels in two cases and review of the literature. Ann Intern Med 1996;124(8):726-734.
Baillie N, Rasmussen P. Black and blue cohosh in labour. N Z Med J 1997;110(1036):20-21.
Beuscher N, Reichert R. Cimicifuga racemosa L. - black cohosh. Zeit Phytother 1995;16:301-310.
Boblitz N, Schrader E, Henneicke-von Zepelin HH, et al. Benefit of a fixed drug combination containing St. John's wort and black cohosh for climacteric patients -- results of a randomised clinical trial (poster presentaion from 6th Annual Symposium on
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Borrelli F, Izzo AA, Ernst E. Pharmacological effects of Cimicifuga racemosa. Life Sci 2003;73(10):1215-1229.
Burdette JE, Liu J, Chen SN, et al. Black cohosh acts as a mixed competitive ligand and partial agonist of the serotonin receptor. J Agric Food Chem 2003;51(19):5661-5670.
Cohen SM, O'Connor AM, Hart J, Merel NH, Te HS. Autoimmune hepatitis associated with the use of black cohosh: a case study. Menopause. 2004;11(5):575-7.
Daiber W. Menopause symptoms: success without hormones. Arztl Praxis 1983;35:1946-1947.
Dixon-Shanies D, Shaikh N. Growth inhibition of human breast cancer cells by herbs and phytoestrogens. Oncol Rep 1999;6(6):1383-1387.
Dog TL, Powell KL, Weisman SM. Critical evaluation of the safety of Cimicifuga racemosa in menopause symptom relief. Menopause 2003;10(4):299-313.
Dugoua JJ, Seely D, Perri D, Koren G, Mills E. Safety and efficacy of black cohosh (Cimicifuga racemosa) during pregnancy and lactation. Can J Clin Pharmacol. 2006;13(3):e257-61. Epub 2006 Nov 3.
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Duker EM, Kopanski L, Jarry H, et al. Effects of extracts from Cimicifuga racemosa on gonadotropin release in menopausal women and ovariectomized rats. Planta Med 1991;57(5):420-424.
Einer-Jensen N, Zhao J, Andersen KP, et al. Cimicifuga and Melbrosia lack oestrogenic effects in mice and rats. Maturitas 1996;25(2):149-153.
Freudenstein J, Bodinet C. Influence of an isopropanolic aqueous extract of Cimicifuga racemosae rhizoma on the proliferation of MCF-7 cells. 23rd International LOF-Symposium on Phytoestrogens, University of Ghent, Belgium (January 15, 1999).
Genazzani E, Sorrentino L. Vascular action of acteina: active constituent of Actaea racemosa L. Nature 1962;194(4828):544-545.
Gunn TR, Wright IM. The use of black and blue cohosh in labour. N Z Med J 1996;109(1032):410-411.
Hailemeskel B, Lee HJ, Thomhe H. Incidence of potential herb-drug interactions among herbal users. ASHP Midyear Clinical Meeting 2000;35:p-267e.
Hemmi H, Kitame F, Ishida N, et al. Inhibition of thymidine transport into phytohemagglutinin-stimulated lymphocytes by triterpenoids from Cimicifuga species. J Pharm Dyn 1979;2:339-349.
Hemmi H, Kusano G, Ishida N. Selective inhibition of nucleoside transport into mouse lymphoma L- 5178Y cells by cimicfugoside. J Pharmacobiodyn 1980;3(12):636-642.
Hernandez MG, Pluchino S. Cimicifuga racemosa for the treatment of hot flushes in women surviving breast cancer. Maturitas 2003;44 Suppl 1:S59-S65.
Hostanska K, Nisslein T, Freudenstein J, Reichling J, Saller R. Cimicifuga racemosa extract inhibits proliferation of estrogen receptor-positive and negative human breast carcinoma cell lines by induction of apoptosis. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2004;84(2):151-60.
Hunter A. Cimicifuga racemosa: pharmacology, clinical trials and clinical use. Eur J Herbal Med 1999;5(1):19-25.
Huntley A, Ernst E. A systematic review of the safety of black cohosh. Menopause 2003;10(1):58-64.
Jacobson JS, Troxel AB, Evans J, et al. Randomized trial of black cohosh for the treatment of hot flashes among women with a history of breast cancer. J Clin Oncol 2001;19(10):2739-2745.
Jarry H, Harnischfeger G, Duker E. [The endocrine effects of constituents of Cimicifuga racemosa. 2. In vitro binding of constituents to estrogen receptors]. Planta Med 1985;51(4):316-319.
Jarry H, Harnischfeger G. [Endocrine effects of constituents of Cimicifuga racemosa. 1. The effect on serum levels of pituitary hormones in ovariectomized rats]. Planta Med 1985;51(1):46-49.
Jarry H, Metten M, Spengler B, et al. In vitro effects of the Cimicifuga racemosa extract BNO 1055. Maturitas 2003;44 Suppl 1:S31-S38.
Koeda M, Aoki Y, Sakurai N, et al. Studies on the Chinese crude drug "shoma." IX. Three novel cyclolanostanol xylosides, cimicifugosides H-1, H-2 and H-5, from cimicifuga rhizome. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 1995;43(5):771-776.
Korn WD. Six month oral toxicity study with remifemin-granulate in rats followed by an 8-week recovery period. International Bioresearch, Hannover, Germany 1991;1.
Lehmann-Willenbrock E, Riedel HH. [Clinical and endocrinologic studies of the treatment of ovarian insufficiency manifestations following hysterectomy with intact adnexa]. Zentralbl Gynakol 1988;110(10):611-618.
Lieberman S. A review of the effectiveness of Cimicifuga racemosa (black cohosh) for the symptoms of menopause. J Womens Health 1998;7(5):525-529.
Liske E, Wüstenberg P, Boblitz N. Human-pharmacological investigations during treatment of climacteric complaints with Cimicifuga racemosa (Remifemin): No estrogen-like effects. ESCOP 2001;1:1.
Liske E, Wustenberg P. Efficacy and safety of phytomedicines with particular references to Cimicifuga racemosa. J Med Assoc Thai 1998;Jan:s108.
Liske E, Wüstenberg P. Therapy of climacteric complaints with Cimicifuga racemosa: herbal medicine with clinically proven evidence [poster presentation]. Menopause 1998;5(4):250.
Liske E. Therapeutic efficacy and safety of Cimicifuga racemosa for gynecologic disorders. Adv Ther 1998;15(1):45-53.
Liu J, Burdette JE, Xu H, et al. Evaluation of estrogenic activity of plant extracts for the potential treatment of menopausal symptoms. J Agric Food Chem 2001;49(5):2472-2479.
Liu Z, Yang Z, Zhu M, et al. [Estrogenicity of black cohosh (Cimicifuga racemosa) and its effect on estrogen receptor level in human breast cancer MCF-7 cells]. Wei Sheng Yan Jiu 2001;30(2):77-80.
Lontos S, Jones RM, Angus PW, et al. Acute liver failure associated with the use of herbal preparations containing black cohosh. Med J Aust 2003;179(7):390-391.
Lupu R, Mehmi I, Atlas E, et al. Black cohosh, a menopausal remedy, does not have estrogenic activity and does not promote breast cancer cell growth. Int J Oncol 2003;23(5):1407-1412.
Mahady GB. Is black cohosh estrogenic? Nutr Rev 2003;61(5 Pt 1):183-186.
Nappi RE, Malavasi B, Brundu B, Facchinetti F. Efficacy of Cimicifuga racemosa on climacteric complaints: a randomized study versus low-dose transdermal estradiol. Gynecol Endocrinol. 2005;20(1):30-5.
Lynch CR, Folkers ME, Hutson WR. Fulminant hepatic failure associated with the use of black cohosh: a case report. Liver Transpl. 2006;12(6):989-92.
McFarlin BL, Gibson MH, O'Rear J, et al. A national survey of herbal preparation use by nurse-midwives for labor stimulation. Review of the literature and recommendations for practice. J Nurse Midwifery 1999;44(3):205-216.
McKenna DJ, Jones K, Humphrey S, et al. Black cohosh: efficacy, safety, and use in clinical and preclinical applications. Altern Ther Health Med 2001;7(3):93-100.
Mills SY, Jacoby RK, Chacksfield M, et al. Effect of a proprietary herbal medicine on the relief of chronic arthritic pain: a double-blind study. Br J Rheumatol 1996;35(9):874-878.
Minciullo PL, Saija A, Patafi M, Marotta G, Ferlazzo B, Gangemi S. Muscle damage induced by black cohosh (Cimicifuga racemosa). Phytomedicine. 2006;13(1-2):115-8.
Nesselhut T, Schellhase C, Dietrich R, et al. [Investigations into the growth-inhibitive efficacy of phytopharmacopia with estrogen-like influences on mammary gland carcinoma cells] (translated from German). Arch Gynecol Obstet 1993;254:817-818.
Pepping J. Black cohosh: Cimicifuga racemosa. Am J Health Syst Pharm 1999;56(14):1400-1402.
Pockaj BA, Loprinzi CL, Sloan JA, et al., Pilot evaluation of black cohosh for the treatment of hot flashes in women. Cancer Invest. 2004;22(4):515-21.
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Bromelain
Ahle, N. W. and Hamlet, M. P. Enzymatic frostbite eschar debridement by bromelain. Ann.Emerg.Med 1987;16(9):1063-1065.
Alban S, Franz ME, and Franz G. Influence on blood coagulation after oral application of Wobenzym-Phyto tablets containing bromelian, papain and rutin [abstract]. Annals of Hematology 1998;76(suppl 1):A89.
Anonymous. Bromelain. Alternative Medicine Review 1998;3(4):302-305.
Balakrishnan, V., Hareendran, A., and Nair, C. S. Double-blind cross-over trial of an enzyme preparation in pancreatic steatorrhoea. J Assoc Physicians India 1981;29(3):207-209.
Baur, X. and Fruhmann, G. Allergic reactions, including asthma, to the pineapple protease bromelain following occupational exposure. Clin Allergy 1979;9(5):443-450.
Baur, X. Studies on the specificity of human IgE-antibodies to the plant proteases papain and bromelain. Clin Allergy 1979;9(5):451-457.
Blonstein, J. L. Control of swelling in boxing injuries. Practitioner 1969;203(214):206.
Bodi T. The effects of oral bromelains on tissue permeability to antibiotics and pain response to bradykinin: double blind studies on human subjects. Clin Med 1966;73:61, 62, 64-65.
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Chandler, D. S. and Mynott, T. L. Bromelain protects piglets from diarrhoea caused by oral challenge with K88 positive enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli. Gut 1998;43(2):196-202.
Cirelli MG and Smyth RD. Effects of bromelain anti-edema therapy on coagulation, bleeding and prothrombin times. J New Drugs 1963;3:37-39.
Cirelli MG. Five years of clinical experience with bromelains in therapy of edema and inflammation in postoperative tissue reaction, skin infections and trauma. Clinical Medicine 1967;74(6):55-59.
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Durant JH and Waibel PP. Prevention of hematoma in surgery of varices. Praxis 1972;61(29):950-951.
Eckert, K., Grabowska, E., Stange, R., Schneider, U., Eschmann, K., and Maurer, H. R. Effects of oral bromelain administration on the impaired immunocytotoxicity of mononuclear cells from mammary tumor patients. Oncol.Rep. 1999;6(6):1191-1199.
Felton, G. E. Does kinin released by pineapple stem bromelain stimulate production of prostaglandin E1-like compounds? Hawaii Med J 1977;36(2):39-47.
Felton, G. E. Fibrinolytic and antithrombotic action of bromelain may eliminate thrombosis in heart patients. Med Hypotheses 1980;6(11):1123-1133.
Ferrari A, Pifarotti G, Dindelli M, and et al. Clinical trial of the efficacy and safety of seaprose S in patients with benign breast disease. Controlled trial vs bromeline. Gironale Italiano Di Ricerche Cliniche e Terapeutiche 1995;16(1):1-6.
Gailhofer, G., Wilders-Truschnig, M., Smolle, J., and Ludvan, M. Asthma caused by bromelain: an occupational allergy. Clin Allergy 1988;18(5):445-450.
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Giacca S. Clinical experiments with bromelain in peripheral venous diseases and chronic bronchitis. Minerva Med 1965;56(suppl 98):3925-3932.
Glaser, D. and Hilberg, T. The influence of bromelain on platelet count and platelet activity in vitro. Platelets. 2006;17(1):37-41.
Gutfreund, A. E., Taussig, S. J., and Morris, A. K. Effect of oral bromelain on blood pressure and heart rate of hypertensive patients. Hawaii Med J 1978;37(5):143-146.
Gylling, U., Rintala, A., Taipale, S., and Tammisto, T. The effect of a proteolytic enzyme combinate (bromelain) on the postoperative oedema by oral application. A clinical and experimental study. Acta Chir Scand. 1966;131(3):193-196.
Heinicke, R. M., van der, Wal L., and Yokoyama, M. Effect of bromelain (Ananase) on human platelet aggregation. Experientia 7-15-1972;28(7):844-845.
Hine, S. and Tamura, N. [Clinical use of bromelain (Ananase) in chronic rhino-sinusitis]. Jibiinkoka 1966;38(4):439-442.
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Hotz, G., Frank, T., Zoller, J., and Wiebelt, H. [Antiphlogistic effect of bromelaine following third molar removal]. Dtsch Zahnarztl.Z. 1989;44(11):830-832.
Hou, R. C., Chen, Y. S., Huang, J. R., and Jeng, K. C. Cross-linked bromelain inhibits lipopolysaccharide-induced cytokine production involving cellular signaling suppression in rats. J Agric.Food Chem 3-22-2006;54(6):2193-2198.
Howat, R. C. and Lewis, G. D. The effect of bromelain therapy on episiotomy wounds--a double blind controlled clinical trial. J Obstet.Gynaecol.Br.Commonw. 1972;79(10):951-953.
Hunter RG, Henry GW, and Civin WH. The action of papain and bromelain on the uterus. Part III. The physiologically incompetent internal cervical os. Am J Obst & Gynec 1957;73(4):875-880.
Hunter RG, Henry GW, and Heinicke RM. The action of papain and bromelain on the uterus. Part I. Mucolytic properties of papain and bromelain, effect on cervical mucus. Am J Obst & Gynec 1957;73(4):867-874.
Ito, C., Yamaguchi, K., Shibutani, Y., Suzuki, K., Yamazaki, Y., Komachi, H., Ohnishi, H., and Fujimura, H. [Anti-inflammatory actions of proteases, bromelain, trypsin and their mixed preparation (author's transl)]. Nippon Yakurigaku Zasshi 4-20-1979;75(3):227237.
Izaka, K. I., Yamada, M., Kawano, T., and Suyama, T. Gastrointestinal absorption and antiinflammatory effect of bromelain. Jpn J Pharmacol 1972;22(4):519-534.
Kagitomi, T. and Shozuka, K. [Effect of bromelain in chronic sinusitis]. Jibiinkoka 1966;38(4):433-437.
Kane, S. and Goldberg, M. J. Use of bromelain for mild ulcerative colitis. Ann.Intern.Med 4-18-2000;132(8):680.
Kelly GS. Bromelain: a literature review and discussion of its therapeutic applications. Alternative Medicine Review 1996;1(4):243-257.
Klaue P, Dilbert G, Hinke G, and et al. [Experiments on the local treatment of subdermal burns with bromelain]. Therapiewoche 1979;29:796-797.
Kleef, R., Delohery, T. M., and Bovbjerg, D. H. Selective modulation of cell adhesion molecules on lymphocytes by bromelain protease 5. Pathobiology 1996;64(6):339-346.
Klein GK. Enzymatic debridement of third degree burns in animals with bromelains - a preliminary report. J Maine Med Assoc 1964;55:169-171.
Kleine MW. Introduction to oral enzyme therapy. Int J Immunotherapy 1997;13(3-4):59-65.
Kolac C, Streichhan P, and Lehr CM. Oral bioavailability of proteolytic enzymes. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 1996;42(222):232.
Korlof, B., Ponten, B., and Ugland, O. Bromelain--a proteolytic enzyme. Scand.J.Plast.Reconstr.Surg. 1969;3(1):27-29.
Koshiishi, T., Furusawa, Y., Iseki, H., and Iwasaki, Y. A double blind study of the effects of Kimotab on engorgement of the breast. Acta Obstet.Gynaecol.Jpn. 1971;18(4):222-228.
Kugener H, Bergmann D, and Beck K. [Efficacy of bromelain in pancreatogenic digestive insufficiency]. Zeitschrift fur Gastroenterologie 1968;6:430-433.
Kumakura, S., Yamashita, M., and Tsurufuji, S. Effect of bromelain on kaolin-induced inflammation in rats. Eur.J Pharmacol 6-10-1988;150(3):295-301.
Levine, N., Seifter, E., Connerton, C., and Levenson, S. M. Debridement of experimental skin burns of pigs with bromelain, a pineapple-stem enzyme. Plast.Reconstr.Surg. 1973;52(4):413-424.
Lotz-Winter, H. On the pharmacology of bromelain: an update with special regard to animal studies on dose-dependent effects. Planta Med 1990;56(3):249-253.
Luerti M and Vignali M. Influence of bromelain on penetration of antibiotics in uterus, salpinx and ovary. Drugs Exptl Clin Res 1978;4(1):45-48.
Mader, H. [Comparative studies on the effect of bromelin and oxyphenbutazone in episiotomy pains]. Schweiz Rundsch.Med Prax. 8-28-1973;62(35):1064-1068.
Martin GJ, Ehrenreich J, and Asbell N. Bromelain: pineapple proteases with anti-edema activity. Exp Med Surg 1962;20:227-247.
Masson, M. [Bromelain in blunt injuries of the locomotor system. A study of observed applications in general practice]. Fortschr.Med 7-10-1995;113(19):303-306.
Mattei, O., Fabri, G., and Farina, G. [Occupational health experience regarding four cases of asthma due to bromelain (author's transl)]. Medicina del Lavoro 1979;70(5):404-409.
Maurer, H. R., Hozumi, M., Honma, Y., and Okabe-Kado, J. Bromelain induces the differentiation of leukemic cells in vitro: an explanation for its cytostatic effects? Planta Med 1988;54(5):377-381.
Miller JM, Ginsberg M, McElfatrick GC, and et al. The administration of bromelain orally in the treatment of inflammation and edema. Exper Med & Surg 1964;22:293-299.
Mori, S., Ojima, Y., Hirose, T., Sasaki, T., and Hashimoto, Y. The clinical effect of proteolytic enzyme containing bromelain and trypsin on urinary tract infection evaluated by double blind method. Acta Obstet.Gynaecol.Jpn. 1972;19(3):147-153.
Morrison AW and Morrison MC. Bromelain - a clinical assessment in the post-operative treatment of arthrotomies of the knee and facial injuries. Brit J Clin Pract 1965;19(4):207-210.
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Mudrak, J., Bobak, L., and Sebova, I. Adjuvant therapy with hydrolytic enzymes in recurrent laryngeal papillomatosis. Acta Otolaryngol.Suppl 1997;527:128-130.
Mynott, T. L., Guandalini, S., Raimondi, F., and Fasano, A. Bromelain prevents secretion caused by Vibrio cholerae and Escherichia coli enterotoxins in rabbit ileum in vitro. Gastroenterology 1997;113(1):175-184.
Mynott, T. L., Luke, R. K., and Chandler, D. S. Oral administration of protease inhibits enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli receptor activity in piglet small intestine. Gut 1996;38(1):28-32.
Nasciuti M and Benini P. Sperimentazione clinica in doppio cieco della bromelina in pazienti con fratture recenti degli arti inferiori. Gaz Med It 1977;136:535-546.
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Neubauer R. A plant protease for the potentiation of and possible replacement of antibiotics. Exp Med Surg 1961;19:143-160.
Neumayer, C., Fugl, A., Nanobashvili, J., Blumer, R., Punz, A., Gruber, H., Polterauer, P., and Huk, I. Combined enzymatic and antioxidative treatment reduces ischemia-reperfusion injury in rabbit skeletal muscle. J Surg Res 6-15-2006;133(2):150-158.
Nieper HA. Effect of bromelain on coronary heart disease and angina pectoris. Acta Med Empirica 1978;5:274-275.
Noever, D. Naturally occurring protease inhibitors potent against the human immunodeficiency virus. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 10-3-1996;227(1):125-130.
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Pierce HE. Pineapple proteases in the treatment of scleroderma. A case report. Journal of the National Medical Association 1964;56(3):272-273.
Renzini, G. and Varengo, M. [Absorption of tetracycline in presence of bromelain after oral administration]. Arzneimittelforschung 1972;22(2):410-412.
Ryan, R. E. A double-blind clinical evaluation of bromelains in the treatment of acute sinusitis. Headache 1967;7(1):13-17.
Secor, E. R., Jr., Carson, W. F., Cloutier, M. M., Guernsey, L. A., Schramm, C. M., Wu, C. A., and Thrall, R. S. Bromelain exerts anti-inflammatory effects in an ovalbumin-induced murine model of allergic airway disease. Cell Immunol. 2005;237(1):68-75.
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Seligman B. Bromelain: an anti-inflammatory agent. Angiology 1962;13:508-510.
Seligman, B. Oral bromelains as adjuncts in the treatment of acute thrombophlebitis. Angiology 1969;20(1):22-26.
Seltzer AP. Minimizing post-operative edema and ecchymoses by the use of an oral enzyme preparation (bromelain): a controlled study of 53 rhinoplasty cases. Eye Ear Nose Throat Mon 1962;41:813-817.
Seltzer, A. P. Adjunctive use of bromelains in sinusitis: a controlled study. Eye Ear Nose Throat Mon. 1967;46(10):1281, 1284, 1286-1288.
Seltzer, A. P. Minimizing post-operative edema and ecchymoses by the use of an oral enzyme preparation (bromelain). A controlled study of 53 rhinoplasty cases. Eye Ear Nose Throat Mon. 1962;41:813-817.
Shoskes, D. A., Zeitlin, S. I., Shahed, A., and Rajfer, J. Quercetin in men with category III chronic prostatitis: a preliminary prospective, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Urology 1999;54(6):960-963.
Simmons CA. The relief of pain in spasmodic dysmenorrhoea by bromelain. The Lancet 1958;827-830.
Smyth RD, Brennan R, and Martin GJ. Studies establishing the absorption of the bromelains (proteolytic enzymes) from the gastrointestinal tract. Exp Med Surg 1964;22:46-59.
Spaeth, G. L. The effect of bromelains on the inflammatory response caused by cataract extraction: a double-blind study. Eye Ear Nose Throat Mon. 1968;47(12):634-639.
Stange R, Schneider R, Maurer R, and et al. Proteolytic enzyme bromelaine enhances zytotoxicity in patients with breast cancer [abstract]. National Scientific Conference on Complementary, Alternative & Integrative Medicine Research, April 12 - 14 2002;
Tassman GC, Zafran JN, and Zayon GM. A double-blind crossover study of a plant proteolytic enzyme in oral surgery. J Dent Med 1965;20(2):51-54.
Tassman GC, Zafran JN, and Zayon GM. Evaluation of a plant proteolytic enzyme for the control of inflammation and pain. Journal of Dental Medicine 1964;19(2):73-77.
Taub, S. J. The use of Ananase in sinusitis. A study of 60 patients. Eye Ear Nose Throat Mon 1966;45(6):96, 98.
Taub, S. J. The use of bromelains in sinusitis: a double-blind clinical evaluation. Eye Ear Nose Throat Mon. 1967;46(3):361.
Taussig, S. J., Yokoyama, M. M., Chinen, A., Onari, K., and Yamakido, M. Bromelain: a proteolytic enzyme and its clinical application. A review. Hiroshima J.Med.Sci. 1975;24(2-3):185-193.
Tinozzi S and Venegoni A. Effect of bromelain on serum and tissue levels of amoxicillin. Drugs Exptl Clin Res 1978;4(1):39-44.
Weiss, S. and Scherrer, M. [Crossed double-blind trial of potassium iodide and bromelain (Traumanase) in chronic bronchitis]. Schweiz.Rundsch.Med Prax. 10-24-1972;61(43):1331-1333.
Youssef AF. The use of bromelain in normal and abnormal labour. Gaz Egyp Soc Gynec and Obst 1960;10:37-45.
Zatuchni, G. I. and Colombi, D. J. Bromelains therapy for the prevention of episiotomy pain. Obstet Gynecol. 1967;29(2):275-278.
Cascara
Giavina-Bianchi, P. F., Jr., Castro, F. F., Machado, M. L., and Duarte, A. J. Occupational respiratory allergic disease induced by Passiflora alata and Rhamnus purshiana. Ann.Allergy Asthma Immunol. 1997;79(5):449-454.
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Mereto, E., Ghia, M., and Brambilla, G. Evaluation of the potential carcinogenic activity of Senna and Cascara glycosides for the rat colon. Cancer Lett 3-19-1996;101(1):79-83.
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Novetsky, G. J., Turner, D. A., Ali, A., Raynor, W. J., Jr., and Fordham, E. W. Cleansing the colon in gallium-67 scintigraphy: a prospective comparison of regimens. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1981;137(5):979-981.
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Cat’s claw
Aguilar, J. L., Rojas, P., Marcelo, A., Plaza, A., Bauer, R., Reininger, E., Klaas, C. A., and Merfort, I. Anti-inflammatory activity of two different extracts of Uncaria tomentosa (Rubiaceae). J Ethnopharmacol 2002;81(2):271-276.
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Aquino, R., De Feo, V, De Simone, F., Pizza, C., and Cirino, G. Plant metabolites. New compounds and anti-inflammatory activity of Uncaria tomentosa. J Nat.Prod. 1991;54(2):453-459.
Aquino, R., De Simone, F., Vincieri, F. F., Pizza, C., and Gacs-Baitz, E. New polyhydroxylated triterpenes from Uncaria tomentosa. J.Nat.Prod. 1990;53(3):559-564.
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Castaneda O, Leon G, Leon D, and et al. Cat's claw vs. placebo in rheumatoid arthritis [summary]. Paper presented at Symposium on Uncarias.Lima, Peru 1997;
Chen, C. X., Jin, R. M., Li, Y. K., Zhong, J., Yue, L., Chen, S. C., and Zhou, J. Y. Inhibitory effect of rhynchophylline on platelet aggregation and thrombosis. Zhongguo Yao Li Xue.Bao. 1992;13(2):126-130.
Cisneros, F. J., Jayo, M., and Niedziela, L. An Uncaria tomentosa (cat's claw) extract protects mice against ozone-induced lung inflammation. J Ethnopharmacol. 1-15-2005;96(3):355-364.
Eberlin, S., dos Santos, L. M., and Queiroz, M. L. Uncaria tomentosa extract increases the number of myeloid progenitor cells in the bone marrow of mice infected with Listeria monocytogenes. Int Immunopharmacol. 2005;5(7-8):1235-1246.
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Echinacea
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Evening primrose oil
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Wright S, Burton JL. Oral evening-primrose-seed oil improves atopic eczema. Lancet 1982;2(8308):1120-1122.
Schalin-Karrila M, Mattila L, Jansen CT, et al. Evening primrose oil in the treatment of atopic eczema: effect on clinical status, plasma phospholipid fatty acids and circulating blood prostaglandins. Br J Dermatol 1987;117(1):11-19.
Bordoni A, Biagi PL, Masi M, et al. Evening primrose oil (Efamol) in the treatment of children with atopic eczema. Drugs Exp Clin Res 1988;14(4):291-297.
Humphreys F, Symons J, Brown H, et al. The effects of gamolenic acid on adult atopic eczema and premenstrual exacerbation of eczema. Eur J Dermatol 1994;4(598):603.
Biagi PL, Bordoni A, Masi M, et al. A long-term study on the use of evening primrose oil (Efamol) in atopic children. Drugs Exp Clin Res 1988;14(4):285-290.
Whitaker DK, Cilliers J, de Beer C. Evening primrose oil (Epogam) in the treatment of chronic hand dermatitis: disappointing therapeutic results. Dermatology 1996;193(2):115-120.
Berth-Jones J, Graham-Brown RA. Placebo-controlled trial of essential fatty acid supplementation in atopic dermatitis. Lancet 1993;341(8860):1557-1560.
Horrobin DF, Morse PF. Evening primrose oil and atopic eczema. Lancet 1995;345(8944):260-261.
Berth-Jones J, Thompson J, Graham-Brown RA. Evening primrose oil and atopic eczema. Lancet 1995;345(8948):520.
Jamal GA. The use of gamma linolenic acid in the prevention and treatment of diabetic neuropathy. Diabet Med 1994;11(2):145-149.
Hounsom L, Horrobin DF, Tritschler H, et al. A lipoic acid-gamma linolenic acid conjugate is effective against multiple indices of experimental diabetic neuropathy. Diabetologia 1998;41(7):839-843.
Jamal GA, Carmichael H, Weir AI. Gamma-linolenic acid in diabetic neuropathy. Lancet 1986;1(8489):1098.
van Doormaal JJ, Idema IG, Muskiet FA, et al. Effects of short-term high dose intake of evening primrose oil on plasma and cellular fatty acid compositions, alpha-tocopherol levels, and erythropoiesis in normal and type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetic men.
Diabetologia 1988;31(8):576-584.
Arisaka M, Arisaka O, Yamashiro Y. Fatty acid and prostaglandin metabolism in children with diabetes mellitus. II. The effect of evening primrose oil supplementation on serum fatty acid and plasma prostaglandin levels. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids
1991;43(3):197-201.
Takahashi R, Inoue J, Ito H, et al. Evening primrose oil and fish oil in non-insulin-dependent-diabetes. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 1993;49(2):569-571.
Keen H, Payan J, Allawi J, et al. Treatment of diabetic neuropathy with gamma-linolenic acid. The gamma- Linolenic Acid Multicenter Trial Group. Diabetes Care 1993;16(1):8-15.
Joe LA, Hart LL. Evening primrose oil in rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Pharmacother 1993;27(12):1475-1477.
Hansen TM, Lerche A, Kassis V, et al. Treatment of rheumatoid arthritis with prostaglandin E1 precursors cis- linoleic acid and gamma-linolenic acid. Scand J Rheumatol 1983;12(2):85-88.
Jantti J, Nikkari T, Solakivi T, et al. Evening primrose oil in rheumatoid arthritis: changes in serum lipids and fatty acids. Ann Rheum Dis 1989;48(2):124-127.
Brzeski M, Madhok R, Capell HA. Evening primrose oil in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and side- effects of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Br J Rheumatol 1991;30(5):370-372.
Belch JJ, Ansell D, Madhok R, et al. Effects of altering dietary essential fatty acids on requirements for non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a double blind placebo controlled study. Ann Rheum Dis 1988;47(2):96-104.
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Veale DJ, Torley HI, Richards IM, et al. A double-blind placebo controlled trial of Efamol Marine on skin and joint symptoms of psoriatic arthritis. Br J Rheumatol 1994;33(10):954-958.
O'Brien PM, Pipkin FB. The effect of essential fatty acid and specific vitamin supplements on vascular sensitivity in the mid-trimester of human pregnancy. Clin Exp Hypertens B 1983;2(2):247-254.
O'Brien PM, Morrison R, Broughton PF. The effect of dietary supplementation with linoleic and gammalinolenic acids on the pressor response to angiotensin II--a possible role in pregnancy-induced hypertension? Br J Clin Pharmacol 1985;19(3):335-342.
Moodley J, Norman RJ. Attempts at dietary alteration of prostaglandin pathways in the management of pre-eclampsia. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 1989;37(3):145-147.
D'Almeida A, Carter JP, Anatol A, et al. Effects of a combination of evening primrose oil (gamma linolenic acid) and fish oil (eicosapentaenoic + docahexaenoic acid) versus magnesium, and versus placebo in preventing pre-eclampsia. Women Health 1992;19(23):117-131.
Blommers J, de Lange-De Klerk ES, Kuik DJ, et al. Evening primrose oil and fish oil for severe chronic astalgia: a randomized, double-blind, controlled trial. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2002;187(5):1389-1394.
Pashby N, Mansel R, Hughes L, et al. A clinical trial of evening primrose in mastalgia. Br J Surg 1981;68:801.
Pye JK, Mansel RE, Hughes LE. Clinical experience of drug treatments for mastalgia. Lancet 1985;2(8451):373-377.
Gateley CA, Maddox PR, Mansel RE, et al. Mastalgia refractory to drug treatment. Br J Surg 1990;77(10):1110-1112.
Mansel RE, Harrison BJ, Melhuish J, et al. A randomized trial of dietary intervention with essential fatty acids in patients with categorized cysts. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1990;586:288-294.
Field EJ, Joyce G. Effect of prolonged ingestion of gamma-linolenate by MS patients. Eur Neurol 1978;17(2):67-76.
Horrobin DF. Multiple sclerosis: the rational basis for treatment with colchicine and evening primrose oil. Med Hypotheses 1979;5(3):365-378.
Bates D, Fawcett PRW, Shaw DA, et al. Polyunsaturated fatty acids in treatment of acute remitting multiple sclerosis. Br Med J 1978;ii:1390-1391.
Belch JJ, Shaw B, O'Dowd A, et al. Evening primrose oil (Efamol) in the treatment of Raynaud's phenomenon: a double blind study. Thromb Haemost 1985;54(2):490-494.
Belch JJ, Shaw B, O'Dowd A, et al. Evening primrose oil (Efamol) as a treatment for cold-induced vasospasm (Raynaud's phenomenon). Pre Lipid Res 1986;25:335-340.
Behan PO, Behan WM, Horrobin D. Effect of high doses of essential fatty acids on the postviral fatigue syndrome. Acta Neurol Scand 1990;82(3):209-216.
Warren G, McKendrick M, Peet M. The role of essential fatty acids in chronic fatigue syndrome. A case- controlled study of red-cell membrane essential fatty acids (EFA) and a placebo-controlled treatment study with high dose of EFA. Acta Neurol Scand
1999;99(2):112-116.
el Ela SH, Prasse KW, Carroll R, et al. Effects of dietary primrose oil on mammary tumorigenesis induced by 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene. Lipids 1987;22(12):1041-1044.
Kenny FS, Pinder SE, Ellis IO, et al. Gamma linolenic acid with tamoxifen as primary therapy in breast cancer. Int J Cancer 2000;85(5):643-648.
Haslett C, Douglas JG, Chalmers SR, et al. A double-blind evaluation of evening primrose oil as an antiobesity agent. Int J Obes 1983;7(6):549-553.
Chalmers RJ, Shuster S. Evening primrose seed oil in ichthyosis vulgaris. Lancet 1983;1(8318):236-237.
Campbell EM, Peterkin D, O'Grady K, et al. Premenstrual symptoms in general practice patients. Prevalence and treatment. J Reprod Med 1997;42(10):637-646.
Budeiri D, Li Wan PA, Dornan JC. Is evening primrose oil of value in the treatment of premenstrual syndrome? Controlled Clin Trials 1996;17(1):60-68.
Brush MG. Efamol (evening primrose oil) in the treatment of the premenstrual syndrome. In: Horrobin DF, editor. Clinical Uses of Essential Fatty Acids. Montreal: Eden Press Inc, 1982: 155-161.
Puolakka J, Makarainen L, Viinikka L, et al. Biochemical and clinical effects of treating the premenstrual syndrome with prostaglandin synthesis precursors. J Reprod Med 1985;30(3):149-153.
Ockerman PA, Bachrack I, Glans S, et al. Evening primrose oil as a treatment of premenstrual syndrome. Rec Adv Clin Nutr 1986;2:404-405.
Casper RF, Powell AM. Effects of evening primrose oil in the treatment of premenstrual syndrome. Proc.2nd International Symposium on Premenstrual, Postpartum and Menopausal Mood Disorders 1987;abstract 46.
Hunter JO, Wilson AJ. A double-blind controlled trial of gammalinolenic acid (GLA) in the management of pre-menstrual gastrointestinal symptoms. Proc.2nd International Symposium on Premenstrual, Postpartum and Menopausal Mood Disorders 1987;abstract 44.
Massil H, Brush M, Manku M, et al. Polyunsaturated fatty acid levels in premenstrual syndrome and the effect of dietary supplementation on symptoms. Proc.2nd International Symposium on Premenstrual, Postpartum and Menopausal Mood Disorders 1987;abstract 39.
Larsson B, Jonasson A, Fianu S. Evening primrose oil in the treatment of premenstrual syndrome. Curr Ther Res 1989;46(1):58-63.
Khoo SK, Munro C, Battistutta D. Evening primrose oil and treatment of premenstrual syndrome. Med J Aust 1990;153(4):189-192.
Collins A, Cerin A, Coleman G, et al. Essential fatty acids in the treatment of premenstrual syndrome. Obstet Gynecol 1993;81(1):93-98.
Mansel RE, Pye JK, Hughes LE. A controlled trial of evening primrose oil (Efamol) in cyclic premenstrual mastalgia. Proc.2nd International Symposium on Premenstrual, Postpartum and Menopausal Mood Disorders 1987;abstract 47.
Oliwiecki S, Burton JL. Evening primrose oil and marine oil in the treatment of psoriasis. Clin Exp Dermatol 1994;19(2):127-129.
Ebden P, Bevan C, Banks J, et al. A study of evening primrose seed oil in atopic asthma. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 1989;35(2):69-72.
Stenius-Aarniala B, Aro A, Hakulinen A, et al. Evening primrose oil and fish oil are ineffective as supplementary treatment of bronchial asthma. Ann Allergy 1989;62(6):534-537.
Hederos CA, Berg A. Epogam evening primrose oil treatment in atopic dermatitis and asthma. Arch Dis Child 1996;75(6):494-497.
Aman MG, Mitchell EA, Turbott SH. The effects of essential fatty acid supplementation by Efamol in hyperactive children. J Abnorm Child Psychol 1987;15(1):75-90.
Arnold LE, Kleykamp D, Votolato NA, et al. Gamma-linolenic acid for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: placebo-controlled comparison to D-amphetamine. Biol Psychiatry 1989;25(2):222-228.
Horrobin DF. The membrane phospholipid hypothesis as a biochemical basis for the neurodevelopmental concept of schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 1998;30(3):193-208.
Horrobin DF. Lipids and schizophrenia. Br J Psychiatry 1999;175:88.
Laugharne JD, Mellor JE, Peet M. Fatty acids and schizophrenia. Lipids 1996;31 Suppl:S163-S165.
Joy CB, Mumby-Croft R, Joy LA. Polyunsaturated fatty acid (fish or evening primrose oil) for schizophrenia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2000;(2):CD001257.
Peet M, Laugharne JD, Mellor J, et al. Essential fatty acid deficiency in erythrocyte membranes from chronic schizophrenic patients, and the clinical effects of dietary supplementation. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 1996;55(1-2):71-75.
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Wolkin A, Jordan B, Peselow E, et al. Essential fatty acid supplementation in tardive dyskinesia. Am J Psychiatry 1986;143(7):912-914.
Vaddadi KS, Courtney P, Gilleard CJ, et al. A double-blind trial of essential fatty acid supplementation in patients with tardive dyskinesia. Psychiatry Res 1989;27(3):313-323.
Chenoy R, Hussain S, Tayob Y, et al. Effect of oral gamolenic acid from evening primrose oil on menopausal flushing. BMJ 1994;308(6927):501-503.
Bassey EJ, Littlewood JJ, Rothwell MC, et al. Lack of effect of supplementation with essential fatty acids on bone mineral density in healthy pre- and postmenopausal women: two randomized controlled trials of Efacal v. calcium alone. Br J Nutr 2000;83(6):629-635.
Feverfew
Anderson D, Jenkinson PC, Dewdney RS, et al. Chromosomal aberrations and sister chromatid exchanges in lymphocytes and urine mutagenicity of migraine patients: a comparison of chronic feverfew users and matched non-users. Hum Toxicol 1988;7(2):145-152.
Arlette J, Mitchell JC. Compositae dermatitis. Current aspects. Contact Dermatitis 1981;7(3):129-136.
Awang DV, Dawson BA, Kindack DG, et al. Parthenolide content of feverfew (Tanacetum partheniun) assessed by HPLC and H-NMR spectroscopy. J Nat Prod 1991;54:1516-1521.
Awang DV. Feverfew products. CMAJ 1997;157(5):510-511.
Awang DV. Parthenocide: the demise of a facile theory of feverfew activity. J Herbs Spices Med Plants 1998;5(4):95-98.
Awang DV. Prescribing therapeutic feverfew (Tanacetum parthenium (L.) Schultz Bip., Syn. Chrysanthemum parthenium (L.) Bernh.). Integrative Med 1998;1:11-13.
Barsby RW, Knight DW, McFadzean I. A chloroform extract of the herb feverfew blocks voltage-dependent potassium currents recorded from single smooth muscle cells. J Pharm Pharmacol 1993;45(7):641-645.
Barsby RW, Salan U, Knight DW, et al. Feverfew and vascular smooth muscle: extracts from fresh and dried plants show opposing pharmacological profiles, dependent upon sesquiterpene lactone content. Planta Med 1993;59(1):20-25.
Barsby RW, Salan U, Knight DW, et al. Feverfew extracts and parthenolide irreversibly inhibit vascular responses of the rabbit aorta. J Pharm Pharmacol 1992;44(9):737-740.
Bejar E. Parthenolide inhibits the contractile responses of rat stomach fundus to fenfluramine and dextroamphetamine but not serotonin. J Ethnopharmacol 1996;50(1):1-12.
Brown AMC, Edwards CM, Davey MR, et al. Pharmacological activity of feverfew (Tanacetum parthenium (L.) Schultz- Bip.): assessment by inhibition of human polymorphonuclear leukocyte chemiluminescence in-vitro. J Pharm Pharmacol 1997;49(5):558-561.
Burry JN. Compositae dermatitis in South Australia: contact dermatitis from Chrysanthemum parthenium. Contact Dermatitis 1980;6:445.
Capasso F. The effect of an aqueous extract of Tanacetum parthenium L. on arachidonic acid metabolism by rat peritoneal leucocytes. J Pharm Pharmacol 1986;38(1):71-72.
Christensen LP, Jakobsen HB, Paulsen E, et al. Airborne Compositae dermatitis: monoterpenes and no parthenolide are released from flowering Tanacetum parthenium (feverfew) plants. Arch Dermatol Res 1999;291(7-8):425-431.
Collier HO, Butt NM, McDonald-Gibson WJ, et al. Extract of feverfew inhibits prostaglandin biosynthesis. Lancet 1980;2(8200):922-923.
Cory AH, Cory JG. Lactacystin, a proteasome inhibitor, potentiates the apoptotic effect of parthenolide, an inhibitor of NFkappaB activation, on drug-resistant mouse leukemia L1210 cells. Anticancer Res 2002;22(6C):3805-3809.
DePooter H, Vermeesch J, Schamp N. Essential oils of Tanacetum vulgare L and Tanacetum parthenium L. J Essent Oil Res 1989;1:9-13.
DeWeerdt CJ, Bootsman H, Hendricks H. Herbal medicines in migraine prevention. Randomized double-blind placebo-controlled crossover trial of a feverfew preparation. Phytomed 1996;3(3):225-230.
Ernst E, Pittler MH. The efficacy and safety of feverfew (Tanacetum parthenium L.): an update of a systematic review. Public Health Nutr 2000;3(4A):509-514.
Fernandez de Corres L. Contact dermatitis from Frullania, Compositae and other plants. Contact Dermatitis 1984;11(2):74-79.
Goulden V, Wilkinson SM. Patch testing for Compositae allergy. Br J Dermatol 1998;138(6):1018-1021.
Groenewegen WA, Heptinstall S. A comparison of the effects of an extract of feverfew and parthenolide, a component of feverfew, on human platelet activity in-vitro. J Pharm Pharmacol 1990;42(8):553-557.
Gromek D, Kisiel W, Stojakowska A, et al. Attempts of chemical standardizing of Chrysanthemum parthenium as a prospective antimigraine drug. Pol J Pharmacol Pharm 1991;43(3):213-217.
Guin JD, Skidmore G. Compositae dermatitis in childhood. Arch Dermatol 1987;123(4):500-502.
Hausen BM, Osmundsen PE. Contact allergy to parthenolide in Tanacetum parthenium (L.) Schulz- Bip. (feverfew, Asteraceae) and cross-reactions to related sesquiterpene lactone containing Compositae species. Acta Derm Venereol 1983;63(4):308-314.
Hausen BM. [Occupational contact allergy to feverfew Tanacetum parthenium (L.) Schultz-Bip.; Asteraceae]. Derm Beruf Umwelt 1981;29(1):18-21.
Heptinstall S, Awang DV, Dawson BA, et al. Parthenolide content and bioactivity of feverfew (Tanacetum parthenium (L.) Schultz-Bip.). Estimation of commercial and authenticated feverfew products. J Pharm Pharmacol 1992;44(5):391-395.
Heptinstall S, Groenewegen WA, Spangenberg P, et al. Inhibition of platelet behaviour by feverfew: a mechanism of action involving sulphydryl groups. Folia Haematol Int Mag Klin Morphol Blutforsch 1988;115(4):447-449.
Heptinstall S, White A, Williamson L, et al. Extracts of feverfew inhibit granule secretion in blood platelets and polymorphonuclear leucocytes. Lancet 1985;1(8437):1071-1074.
Jain NK, Kulkarni SK. Antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects of Tanacetum parthenium L. extract in mice and rats. J Ethnopharmacol 1999;68(1-3):251-259.
Johnson ES, Kadam NP, Anderson D, et al. Investigation of possible genetoxic effects of feverfew in migraine patients. Hum Toxicol 1987;6(6):533-534.
Johnson ES, Kadam NP, Hylands DM, et al. Efficacy of feverfew as prophylactic treatment of migraine. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 1985;291(6495):569-573.
Kuritzky A, Elhacham Y, Yerushalmi Z, et al. Feverfew in the treatment of migraine: its effect on serotonin uptake and platelet activity. Neurology 1994;44(Suppl 2):A201.
Kwok BH, Koh B, Ndubuisi MI, et al. The anti-inflammatory natural product parthenolide from the medicinal herb Feverfew directly binds to and inhibits IkappaB kinase. Chem Biol 2001;8(8):759-766.
Lamminpaa A, Estlander T, Jolanki R, et al. Occupational allergic contact dermatitis caused by decorative plants. Contact Dermatitis 1996;34(5):330-335.
Loesche W, Groenewegen WA, Krause S, et al. Effects of an extract of feverfew (Tanacetum parthenium) on arachidonic acid metabolism in human blood platelets. Biomed Biochim Acta 1988;47(10-11):S241-S243.
Loesche W, Mazurov AV, Voyno-Yasenetskaya TA, et al. Feverfew--an antithrombotic drug? Folia Haematol Int Mag Klin Morphol Blutforsch 1988;115(1-2):181-184.
Makheja AN, Bailey JM. A platelet phospholipase inhibitor from the medicinal herb feverfew (Tanacetum parthenium). Prostaglandins Leukot Med 1982;8(6):653-660.
Makheja AN, Bailey JM. The active principle in feverfew. Lancet 1981;2(8254):1054.
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Mattes H, Hamada K, Benezra C. Stereospecificity in allergic contact dermatitis to simple substituted methylene lactone derivatives. J Med Chem 1987;30(11):1948-1951.
Mitchell JC, Geissman TA, Dupuis G, et al. Allergic contact dermatitis caused by Artemisia and Chrysanthemum species. The role of sesquiterpene lactones. J Invest Dermatol 1971;56(2):98-101.
Murphy JJ, Heptinstall S, Mitchell JR. Randomised double-blind placebo-controlled trial of feverfew in migraine prevention. Lancet 1988;2(8604):189-192.
O'Neill LA, Barrett ML, Lewis GP. Extracts of feverfew inhibit mitogen-induced human peripheral blood mononuclear cell proliferation and cytokine mediated responses: a cytotoxic effect. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1987;23(1):81-83.
Orion E, Paulsen E, Andersen KE, et al. Comparison of simultaneous patch testing with parthenolide and sesquiterpene lactone mix. Contact Dermatitis 1998;38(4):207-208.
Palevitch D, Earon G, Carasso R. Feverfew (Tanacetum parthenium) as a prophylactic treatment for migraine: a double-blind placebo-controlled study. Phytother Res 1997;11(7):508-511.
Pattrick M, Heptinstall S, Doherty M. Feverfew in rheumatoid arthritis: a double blind, placebo controlled study. Ann Rheum Dis 1989;48(7):547-549.
Paulsen E. Occupational dermatitis in Danish gardeners and greenhouse workers (II). Etiological factors. Contact Dermatitis 1998;38(1):14-19.
Pfaffenrath V, Diener HC, Fischer M, et al. The efficacy and safety of Tanacetum parthenium (feverfew) in migraine prophylaxis--a double-blind, multicentre, randomized placebo-controlled dose-response study. Cephalalgia 2002;22(7):523-532.
Pfaffenrath V, Fischer M, Friede M, et al. Clinical dose-response study for the investigation of efficacy and tolerability of Tanacetum parthenium in migraine prophylaxis. Deutscher Schmerzkongress; October 20-24, 1999, Munich, Germany.
Piela-Smith TH, Liu X. Feverfew extracts and the sesquiterpene lactone parthenolide inhibit intercellular adhesion molecule-1 expression in human synovial fibroblasts. Cell Immunol 2001;209(2):89-96.
Pittler MH, Vogler BK, Ernst E. Feverfew for preventing migraine (Cochrane Review). The Cochrane Library 2000;(4):CD002286.
Prusinski A, Durko A, Niczyporuk-Turek A. [Feverfew as a prophylactic treatment of migraine]. Neurol Neurochir Pol 1999;33 Suppl 5:89-95.
Pugh WJ, Sambo K. Prostaglandin synthetase inhibitors in feverfew. J Pharm Pharmacol 1988;40(10):743-745.
Rodriguez E, Epstein WL, Mitchell JC. The role of sesquiterpene lactones in contact hypersensitivity to some North and South American species of feverfew (Parthenium-Compositae). Contact Dermatitis 1977;3(3):155-162.
Ross JJ, Arnason JT, Birnboim HC. Low concentrations of the feverfew component parthenolide inhibit in vitro growth of tumor lines in a cytostatic fashion. Planta Med 1999;65(2):126-129.
Sriramarao P, Rao PV. Allergenic cross-reactivity between Parthenium and ragweed pollen allergens. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 1993;100(1):79-85.
Sumner H, Salan U, Knight DW, et al. Inhibition of 5-lipoxygenase and cyclo-oxygenase in leukocytes by feverfew. Involvement of sesquiterpene lactones and other components. Biochem Pharmacol 1992;43(11):2313-2320.
Vogler BK, Pittler MH, Ernst E. Feverfew as a preventive treatment for migraine: a systematic review. Cephalalgia 1998;18(10):704-708.
Voyno-Yasenetskaya TA, Loesche W, Groenewegen WA, et al. Effects of an extract of feverfew on endothelial cell integrity and on cAMP in rabbit perfused aorta. J Pharm Pharmacol 1988;40(7):501-502.
Waller PC, Ramsay LE. Efficacy of feverfew as prophylactic treatment of migraine. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 1985;291(6502):1128.
Wedner HJ, Zenger VE, Lewis WH. Allergic reactivity of Parthenium hysterophorus (Santa Maria feverfew) pollen: an unrecognized allergen. Int Arch Allergy Appl Immunol 1987;84(2):116-122.
Williams CA, Harborne JB, Geiger H, et al. The flavonoids of Tanacetum parthenium and T. vulgare and their anti- inflammatory properties. Phytochemistry 1999;51(3):417-423.
Williams CA, Hoult JR, Harborne JB, et al. A biologically active lipophilic flavonol from Tanacetum parthenium. Phytochemistry 1995;38(1):267-270.
Garlic
Abbruzzese MR, Delaha EC, Garagusi VF. Absence of antimycobacterial synergism between garlic extract and antituberculosis drugs. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 1987;8(2):79-85.
Abdullah T, Kirkpatrick DV, Carter J. Enhancement of natural killer cell activity in AIDS with garlic. Deutsch Zeit Onkol 1989;21:52-53.
Abrams GA, Fallon MB. Treatment of hepatopulmonary syndrome with Allium sativum L. (garlic): a pilot trial. J Clin Gastroenterol 1998;27(3):232-235.
Ackermann RT, Mulrow CD, Ramirez G, et al. Garlic shows promise for improving some cardiovascular risk factors. Arch Intern Med 2001;161(6):813-824.
Adetumbi M, Javor GT, Lau BH. Allium sativum (garlic) inhibits lipid synthesis by Candida albicans. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1986;30(3):499-501.
Adler AJ, Holub BJ. Effect of garlic and fish-oil supplementation on serum lipid and lipoprotein concentrations in hypercholesterolemic men. Am J Clin Nutr 1997;65(2):445-450.
Agarwal K. Therapeutic actions of garlic constituents. Medicinal Res Rev 1996;16(1):111-124.
Alder R, Lookinland S, Berry JA, et al. A systematic review of the effectiveness of garlic as an anti-hyperlipidemic agent. J Am Acad Nurse Pract 2003;15(3):120-129.
Ali M, Bordia T, Mustafa T. Effect of raw versus boiled aqueous extract of garlic and onion on platelet aggregation. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 1999;60(1):43-47.
Ali M, Thomson M. Consumption of a garlic clove a day could be beneficial in preventing thrombosis. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 1995;53(3):211-212.
Ali M. Mechanism by which garlic (Allium sativum) inhibits cyclooxygenase activity. Effect of raw versus boiled garlic extract on the synthesis of prostanoids. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 1995;53(6):397-400.
Al-Naghdy SA, Abdel-Rahman MO, Heiba HI. Evidence for some prostaglandins in Allium sativum extracts. Phytother Res 1988;2(4):196-197.
Ameen M, Musthapa MS, Abidi P, et al. Garlic attenuates chrysotile-mediated pulmonary toxicity in rats by altering the phase I and phase II drug metabolizing enzyme system. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2003;17(6):366-371.
Andrianova IV, Sobenin IA, Sereda EV, et al. [Effect of long-acting garlic tablets "allicor" on the incidence of acute respiratory viral infections in children]. Ter Arkh 2003;75(3):53-56.
Anibarro B, Fontela JL, De La HF. Occupational asthma induced by garlic dust. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1997;100(6 Pt 1):734-738.
Ankri S, Mirelman D. Antimicrobial properties of allicin from garlic. Microbes Infect 1999;1(2):125-129.
Anon. Garlic Cloves for Verruca Vulgaris. Pediatr Dermatol 2002;19(2):183.
Anon. Garlic supplements can impede HIV medication. J Am Coll Surg 2002;194(2):251.
57
Anon. NIH studies link between saquinavir and garlic pills. Aids Alert 2002;17(2):26.
anonymous. Garlic in cryptococcal meningitis: a preliminary report of 21 cases. Chin Med J (Engl ) 1980;93(2):123-126.
Apitz-Castro R, Badimon JJ, Badimon L. A garlic derivative, ajoene, inhibits platelet deposition on severely damaged vessel wall in an in vivo porcine experimental model. Thromb Res 1994;75(3):243-249.
Apitz-Castro R, Badimon JJ, Badimon L. Effect of ajoene, the major antiplatelet compound from garlic, on platelet thrombus formation. Thromb Res 1992;68(2):145-155.
Apitz-Castro R, Cabrera S, Cruz MR, et al. Effects of garlic extract and of three pure components isolated from it on human platelet aggregation, arachidonate metabolism, release reaction and platelet ultrastructure. Thromb Res 1983;32(2):155-169.
Apitz-Castro R, Escalante J, Vargas R, et al. Ajoene, the antiplatelet principle of garlic, synergistically potentiates the antiaggregatory action of prostacyclin, forskolin, indomethacin and dypiridamole on human platelets. Thromb Res 1986;42(3):303-311.
Armentia A, Vega JM. Can inhalation of garlic dust cause asthma? Allergy 1996;51(2):137-138.
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Grape seed
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Gymnema
Ananthan R, Baskar C, NarmathaBai V, et al. Antidiabetic effect of Gymnema montanum leaves: effect on lipid peroxidation induced oxidative stress in experimental diabetes. Pharmacol Res 2003;48(6):551-556.
Ananthan R, Latha M, Pari L, et al. Effect of Gymnema montanum on blood glucose, plasma insulin, and carbohydrate metabolic enzymes in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. J Med Food 2003;6(1):43-49.
Baskaran K, Ahamath B, Shanmugasundaram K, et al. Antidiabetic effect of a leaf extract from Gymnema sylvestre in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus patients. J Ethnopharm 1990;30:295-305.
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Brala P, Hagen R. Effects of sweetness perception and caloric value of a preload on short term intake. Physiol Behav 1983;30:1-9.
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Moghaddam MS, Kumar PA, Reddy GB, Ghole VS. Effect of Diabecon on sugar-induced lens opacity in organ culture: mechanism of action. J Ethnopharmacol. 2005;97(2):397-403.
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Terasawa H, Miyoshi M, Imoto T. Effects of long-term administration of Gymnema sylvestre watery-extract on variations of body weight, plasma glucose, serum triglyceride, total cholesterol and insulin in Wistar fatty rats. Yonago Acta Med 1994;37:117-127.
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Hawthorn
Al Makdessi S, Sweidan H, DietzK, et al. Protective effect of Crataegus oxyacantha against reperfusion arrhythmias after global no-flow ischemia in the rat heart. Basic Res Cardiol 1999;94(2):71-77.
Al Makdessi S, Sweidan H, Mullner S, et al. Myocardial protection by pretreatment with Crataegus oxyacantha: an assessment by means of the release of lactate dehydrogenase by the ischemic and reperfused Langendorff heart. Arzneimittelforschung 1996;46(1):25-27.
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Bahorun T, Gressier B, Trotin F, et al. Oxygen species scavenging activity of phenolic extracts from hawthorn fresh plant organs and pharmaceutical preparations. Arzneim-Forsch 1996;46(2):1086-1089.
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Brixius K, Willms S, Napp A, Tossios P, Ladage D, Bloch W, Mehlhorn U, Schwinger RH. Crataegus special extract WS 1442 induces an endothelium-dependent, NO-mediated vasorelaxation via eNOS-phosphorylation at serine 1177. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther.
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Brixius K, Frank K, Muench G, et al. WG 1442 (Crataegus spezialextrakt) works at the insufficient human myocardium contractible force-increasing. Verhandlungen der deutschen Gesellschaft fur Herz und Kreislaufforschung 1998;30:28-33.
Chatterjee SS, Koch E, Jaggy H, et al. [In vitro and in vivo studies on the cardioprotective action of oligomeric procyanidins in a Crataegus extract of leaves and blooms]. Arzneimittelforschung 1997;79:821-825.
Chen JD, Wu YZ, Tao ZL, et al. Hawthorn (shan zha) drink and its lowering effect on blood lipid levels in humans and rats. World Rev Nutr Diet 1995;77:147-154.
Daniele C, Mazzanti G, Pittler MH, Ernst E. Adverse-event profile of Crataegus spp.: a systematic review. Drug Saf. 2006;29(6):523-35.
Degenring FH, Suter A, Weber M, et al. A randomised double blind placebo controlled clinical trial of a standardised extract of fresh Crataegus berries (Crataegisan) in the treatment of patients with congestive heart failure NYHA II. Phytomedicine 2003;10(5):363-369.
Eaton LJ, Kinkade S. Hawthorn extract improves chronic heart failure. J Fam Pract. 2003;52(10):753-4.
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Hertog MG, Kromhout D, Aravanis C, et al. Flavonoid intake and long-term risk of coronary heart disease and cancer in the seven countries study. Arch Intern Med 1995;155(4):381-386.
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Iwamoto M, Sato T, Ishizaki T. The clinical effect of Crataegus in heart disease of ischemic or hypertensive origin. A multicenter double-blind study. Planta Med 1981;42(1):1-16.
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Mavers WH, Hensel H. [Changes in local myocardial blood circulation following oral administration of a Crataegus extract in non-narcotized dogs]. Arzneimittelforschung 1974;24(5):783-785.
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O'Conolly M, Bernhoft G, Bartsch G. [Treatment of stenocardia (Angina pectoris) pain in advanced age patients with multi-morbidity]. Therapiewoche 1987;37:3587-3600.
O'Conolly M, Jansen W, Bernhoft G, et al. [Treatment of decreasing cardiac performance. Therapy using standardized crataegus extract in advanced age]. Fortschr Med 1986;104(42):805-808.
Petkov V. Plants with hypotensive, antiatheromatous and coronarodilatating action. Am J Chinese Med 1979;7(3):197-236.
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Quettier-Deleu C, Voiselle G, Fruchart JC, et al., Hawthorn extracts inhibit LDL oxidation. Pharmazie. 2003;58(8):577-81.
Rajendran S, Deepalakshmi PD, Parasakthy K, et al. Effect of tincture of Crataegus on the LDL-receptor activity of hepatic plasma membrane of rats fed an atherogenic diet. Atherosclerosis 1996;123(1-2):235-241.
Rakotoarison DA, Gressier B, Trotin F, et al. Antioxidant activities of polyphenolic extracts from flowers, in vitro callus and cell suspension cultures of Crataegus monogyna. Pharmazie 1997;52(1):60-64.
Roddewig C, Hensel H. [Reaction of local myocardial blood flow in non-anesthetized dogs and anesthetized cats to the oral and parenteral administration of a Crateagus fraction (oligomere procyanidines)]. Arzneimittelforschung 1977;27(7):1407-1410.
Rothfuss MA, Pascht U, Kissling G. Effect of long-term application of Crataegus oxyacantha on ischemia and reperfusion induced arrhythmias in rats. Arzneimittelforschung 2001;51(1):24-28.
Saenz MT, Ahumada MC, Garcia MD. Extracts from Viscum and Crataegus are cytotoxic against larynx cancer cells. Z Naturforsch 1997;52c:42-44.
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Schmidt U, Kuhn U, Ploch M, et al. Efficacy of hawthorn (crataegus) preparation LI 132 in 78 patients with chronic congestive heart failure defined as NYHA functional class II. Phytomedicine 1994;1:17-24.
Schmidt U, Kuhn U, Ploch M, et al. Efficacy of the hawthorn extract LI 132 (600mg/d) during eight weeks' treatment. Placebo-controlled double-blind trial with 78 NYHA stage II heart failure patients. Munch Med Wochenschr 1994;136(suppl 1):s13-s19.
Schroder D, Weiser M, Klein P. Efficacy of a homeopathic Crataegus preparation compared with usual therapy for mild (NYHA II) cardiac insufficiency: results of an observational cohort study. Eur J Heart Fail 2003;5(3):319-326.
Schussler M, Holzl J, Fricke U. Myocardial effects of flavonoids from Crataegus species. Arzneimittelforschung 1995;45(8):842-845.
Steinman HK, Lovell CR, Cronin E. Immediate-type hypersensitivity to Crataegus monogyna (hawthorn). Contact Dermatitis 1984;11(5):321.
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Vibes J, Lasserre B, Gleye J, et al. Inhibition of thromboxane A2 biosynthesis in vitro by the main components of Crataegus oxyacantha (hawthorn) flower heads. Prostaglandins Leukotrienes Essential Fatty Acids 1994;50(4):173-175.
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Holy basil
Agrawal, P., Rai, V., and Singh, R. B. Randomized placebo-controlled, single blind trial of holy basil leaves in patients with noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Int J Clin Pharmacol.Ther. 1996;34(9):406-409.
Ahmed, M., Ahamed, R. N., Aladakatti, R. H., and Ghosesawar, M. G. Reversible anti-fertility effect of benzene extract of Ocimum sanctum leaves on sperm parameters and fructose content in rats. J Basic Clin Physiol Pharmacol. 2002;13(1):51-59.
Archana, R. and Namasivayam, A. Effect of Ocimum sanctum on noise induced changes in neutrophil functions. J Ethnopharmacol. 2000;73(1-2):81-85.
Asha, M. K., Prashanth, D., Murali, B., Padmaja, R., and Amit, A. Anthelmintic activity of essential oil of Ocimum sanctum and eugenol. Fitoterapia 2001;72(6):669-670.
Chattopadhyay, R. R. Hypoglycemic effect of Ocimum sanctum leaf extract in normal and streptozotocin diabetic rats. Indian J Exp.Biol. 1993;31(11):891-893.
Devi, P. U. and Ganasoundari, A. Modulation of glutathione and antioxidant enzymes by Ocimum sanctum and its role in protection against radiation injury. Indian J Exp.Biol. 1999;37(3):262-268.
Devi, P. U., Bisht, K. S., and Vinitha, M. A comparative study of radioprotection by Ocimum flavonoids and synthetic aminothiol protectors in the mouse. Br J Radiol. 1998;71(847):782-784.
Dharmani, P., Kuchibhotla, V. K., Maurya, R., Srivastava, S., Sharma, S., and Palit, G. Evaluation of anti-ulcerogenic and ulcer-healing properties of Ocimum sanctum Linn. J Ethnopharmacol. 2004;93(2-3):197-206.
Ganasoundari, A., Devi, P. U., and Rao, M. N. Protection against radiation-induced chromosome damage in mouse bone marrow by Ocimum sanctum. Mutat.Res 2-3-1997;373(2):271-276.
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[No authors listed] Kava and severe liver injury. FDA Consum. 2002;36(3):4.
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Licorice
[No authors listed] Glycyrrhiza glabra. Monograph. Altern Med Rev. 2005;10(3):230-7.
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Amaryan G, Astvatsatryan V, Gabrielyan E, et al. Double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized, pilot clinical trial of ImmunoGuard--a standardized fixed combination of Andrographis paniculata Nees, with Eleutherococcus senticosus Maxim, Schizandra chinensis
Bail. and Glycyrrhiza glabra L. extracts in patients with Familial Mediterranean Fever. Phytomedicine 2003;10(4):271-285.
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Armanini D, Bonanni G, Mattarello MJ, Fiore C, Sartorato P, Palermo M. Licorice consumption and serum testosterone in healthy man. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes. 2003;111(6):341-3.
Armanini D, De Palo CB, Mattarello MJ, et al. Effect of licorice on the reduction of body fat mass in healthy subjects. J Endocrinol Invest 2003;26(7):646-650.
Belhadj-Tahar H, Nassar B, Coulais Y, Montastruc JL, Sadeg N. Acute pseudo-aldosteronism syndrome induced by liquorice. Therapie. 2003;58(4):375-8.
Biondi DM, Rocco C, Ruberto G. New dihydrostilbene derivatives from the leaves of Glycyrrhiza glabra and evaluation of their antioxidant activity. J Nat Prod. 2003;66(4):477-80.
Breidthardt T, Namdar M, Hess B. A hypertensive urgency induced by the continuous intake of a herbal remedy containing liquorice. J Hum Hypertens. 2006;20(6):465-6.
Cheng TO. Herbal interactions with cardiac drugs. Arch Intern Med 2000;160(6):870-871.
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Dai JH, Iwatani Y, Ishida T, Terunuma H, Kasai H, Iwakula Y, Fujiwara H, Ito M. Glycyrrhizin enhances interleukin-12 production in peritoneal macrophages. Immunology. 2001;103(2):235-43.
Dhingra D, Parle M, Kulkarni SK. Memory enhancing activity of Glycyrrhiza glabra in mice. J Ethnopharmacol. 2004;91(2-3):361-5.
Dhingra D, Sharma A. Antidepressant-like activity of Glycyrrhiza glabra L. in mouse models of immobility tests. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2006;30(3):449-54.
Doeker BM, Andler W. Liquorice, growth retardation and Addison's disease. Horm Res. 1999;52(5):253-5.
Elinav E, Chajek-Shaul T. Licorice consumption causing severe hypokalemic paralysis. Mayo Clin Proc 2003;78(6):767-768.
Fiore C, Eisenhut M, Ragazzi E, Zanchin G, Armanini D. A history of the therapeutic use of liquorice in Europe. J Ethnopharmacol. 2005;99(3):317-24.
Fuhrman B, Volkova N, Kaplan M, Presser D, Attias J, Hayek T, Aviram M. Antiatherosclerotic effects of licorice extract supplementation on hypercholesterolemic patients: increased resistance of LDL to atherogenic modifications, reduced plasma lipid levels, and
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Fukai T, Marumo A, Kaitou K, Kanda T, Terada S, Nomura T. Anti-Helicobacter pylori flavonoids from licorice extract. Life Sci. 2002;71(12):1449-63.
Fukai T, Satoh K, Nomura T, Sakagami H. Preliminary evaluation of antinephritis and radical scavenging activities of glabridin from Glycyrrhiza glabra. Fitoterapia. 2003;74(7-8):624-9.
Furuhashi I, Iwata S, Shibata S, Sato T, Inoue H. Inhibition by licochalcone A, a novel flavonoid isolated from liquorice root, of IL-1beta-induced PGE2 production in human skin fibroblasts. J Pharm Pharmacol. 2005;57(12):1661-6.
Harada T, Ohtaki E, Misu K, Sumiyoshi T, Hosoda S. Congestive heart failure caused by digitalis toxicity in an elderly man taking a licorice-containing chinese herbal laxative. Cardiology. 2002;98(4):218.
Hatano T, Shintani Y, Aga Y, Shiota S, Tsuchiya T, Yoshida T. Phenolic constituents of licorice. VIII. Structures of glicophenone and glicoisoflavanone, and effects of licorice phenolics on methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo).
2000;48(9):1286-92.
Isbrucker RA, Burdock GA. Risk and safety assessment on the consumption of Licorice root (Glycyrrhiza sp.), its extract and powder as a food ingredient, with emphasis on the pharmacology and toxicology of glycyrrhizin. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol. 2006;46(3):16792.
Janse A, van Iersel M, Hoefnagels WH, Olde Rikker MG. The old lady who liked liquorice: hypertension due to chronic intoxication in a memory-impaired patient. Neth J Med. 2005;63(4):149-50.
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Jeong HG, You HJ, Park SJ, Moon AR, Chung YC, Kang SK, Chun HK. Hepatoprotective effects of 18beta-glycyrrhetinic acid on carbon tetrachloride-induced liver injury: inhibition of cytochrome P450 2E1 expression.
Pharmacol Res. 2002;46(3):221-7.
Kamei J, Nakamura R, Ichiki H, et al. Antitussive principles of Glycyrrhizae radix, a main component of the Kampo preparations Bakumondo-to (Mai-men-dong-tang). Eur J Pharmacol 2003;469(1-3):159-163.
Kim JK, Oh SM, Kwon HS, Oh YS, Lim SS, Shin HK. Anti-inflammatory effect of roasted licorice extracts on lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory responses in murine macrophages. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2006;345(3):1215-23.
Kim SC, Byun SH, Yang CH, Kim CY, Kim JW, Kim SG. Cytoprotective effects of Glycyrrhizae radix extract and its active component liquiritigenin against cadmium-induced toxicity (effects on bad translocation and cytochrome c-mediated PARP cleavage).
Toxicology. 2004;197(3):239-51.
Kobayashi H, Mizuno N, Teramae H, et al. The effects of Hochu-ekki-to in patients with atopic dermatitis resistant to conventional treatment. Int J Tissue React 2004;26(3-4):113-117.
Kobayashi M, Fujita K, Katakura T, Utsunomiya T, Pollard RB, Suzuki F. Inhibitory effect of glycyrrhizin on experimental pulmonary metastasis in mice inoculated with B16 melanoma. Anticancer Res. 2002;22(6C):4053-8.
Krausse R, Bielenberg J, Blaschek W, Ullmann U. In vitro anti-Helicobacter pylori activity of Extractum liquiritiae, glycyrrhizin and its metabolites. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2004;54(1):243-6.
Liu J, Manheimer E, Tsutani K, et al. Medicinal herbs for hepatitis C virus infection: a Cochrane hepatobiliary systematic review of randomized trials. Am J Gastroenterol 2003;98(3):538-544.
Liut HM, Akiyama T, Sugimoto N, Maitani T. Isolation and identification of main constituents in an enzymatically hydrolysed licorice extract sweetener. Food Addit Contam. 2001;18(4):281-4.
Maggiolini M, Statti G, Vivacqua A, Gabriele S, Rago V, Loizzo M, Menichini F, Amdo S. Estrogenic and antiproliferative activities of isoliquiritigenin in MCF7 breast cancer cells. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2002;82(4-5):315-22.
Mendes-Silva W, Assafim M, Ruta B, Monteiro RQ, Guimaraes JA, Zingali RB. Antithrombotic effect of Glycyrrhizin, a plant-derived thrombin inhibitor. Thromb Res. 2003;112(1-2):93-8.
Mukherjee T, Bhatt K, Sirsat R. A young female with quadriparesis. J Assoc Physicians India. 2006 May;54:400-2.
Ofir R, Tamir S, Khatib S, Vaya J. Inhibition of serotonin re-uptake by licorice constituents. J Mol Neurosci. 2003;20(2):135-40.
Olukoga A, Donaldson D. Liquorice and its health implications. J R Soc Health. 2000;120(2):83-9.
O'Mahony R, Al-Khtheeri H, Weerasekera D, Fernando N, Vaira D, Holton J, Basset C. Bactericidal and anti-adhesive properties of culinary and medicinal plants against Helicobacter pylori. World J Gastroenterol. 2005;11(47):7499-507.
Rafi MM, Vastano BC, Zhu N, Ho CT, Ghai G, Rosen RT, Gallo MA, DiPaola RS. Novel polyphenol molecule isolated from licorice root (Glycrrhiza glabra) induces apoptosis, G2/M cell cycle arrest, and Bcl-2 phosphorylation in tumor cell lines. J Agric Food Chem.
2002;50(4):677-84.
Sasaki H, Takei M, Kobayashi M, Pollard RB, Suzuki F. Effect of glycyrrhizin, an active component of licorice roots, on HIV replication in cultures of peripheral blood mononuclear cells from HIV-seropositive patients. Pathobiology. 2002-2003;70(4):229-36.
Sato Y, Akao T, He JX, Nojima H, Kuraishi Y, Morota T, Asano T, Tani T. Glycycoumarin from Glycyrrhizae Radix acts as a potent antispasmodic through inhibition of phosphodiesterase 3. J Ethnopharmacol. 2006;105(3):409-14.
Serra A, Uehlinger DE, Ferrari P, Dick B, Frey BM, Frey FJ, Vogt B. Glycyrrhetinic acid decreases plasma potassium concentrations in patients with anuria. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2002;13(1):191-6.
Sheela ML, Ramakrishna MK, Salimath BP. Angiogenic and proliferative effects of the cytokine VEGF in Ehrlich ascites tumor cells is inhibited by Glycyrrhiza glabra. Int Immunopharmacol. 2006;6(3):494-8.
Shibata S. A drug over the millennia: pharmacognosy, chemistry, and pharmacology of licorice. Yakugaku Zasshi. 2000;120(10):849-62.
Sigurjonsdottir HA, Axelson M, Johannsson G, Manhem K, Nystrom E, Wallerstedt S. Liquorice in moderate doses does not affect sex steroid hormones of biological importance although the effect differs between the genders. Horm Res. 2006;65(2):106-10.
Sigurjonsdottir HA, Axelson M, Johannsson G, Manhem K, Nystrom E, Wallerstedt S. The liquorice effect on the RAAS differs between the genders. Blood Press. 2006;15(3):169-72.
Sigurjonsdottir HA, Franzson L, Manhem K, Ragnarsson J, Sigurdsson G, Wallerstedt S. Liquorice-induced rise in blood pressure: a linear dose-response relationship. J Hum Hypertens. 2001;15(8):549-52.
Somjen D, Knoll E, Vaya J, Stern N, Tamir S. Estrogen-like activity of licorice root constituents: glabridin and glabrene, in vascular tissues in vitro and in vivo. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2004;91(3):147-55.
Strandberg TE, Andersson S, Jarvenpaa AL, et al. Preterm birth and licorice consumption during pregnancy. Am J Epidemiol 2002;156(9):803-805.
Sun HX, Pan HJ. Immunological adjuvant effect of Glycyrrhiza uralensis saponins on the immune responses to ovalbumin in mice. Vaccine. 2006;24(11):1914-20.
Tsukamoto S, Aburatani M, Yoshida T, et al. CYP3A4 inhibitors isolated from Licorice. Biol Pharm Bull. 2005 Oct;28(10):2000-2.
van den Bosch AE, van der Klooster JM, Zuidgeest DM, Ouwendijk RJ, Dees A. Severe hypokalaemic paralysis and rhabdomyolysis due to ingestion of liquorice. Neth J Med. 2005;63(4):146-8.
van Uum SH. Liquorice and hypertension. Neth J Med 2005;63(4):119-120.
Visavadiya NP, Narasimhacharya AV. Hypocholesterolaemic and antioxidant effects of Glycyrrhiza glabra (Linn) in rats. Mol Nutr Food Res. 2006;50(11):1080-6.
Wang ZY, Nixon DW. Licorice and cancer. Nutr Cancer. 2001;39(1):1-11.
Wu YT, Shen C, Yin J, Yu JP, Meng Q. Azathioprine hepatotoxicity and the protective effect of liquorice and glycyrrhizic acid. Phytother Res. 2006;20(8):640-5.
Yokozawa T, Liu ZW, Chen CP. Protective effects of Glycyrrhizae radix extract and its compounds in a renal hypoxia (ischemia)-reoxygenation (reperfusion) model. Phytomedicine. 2000;6(6):439-45.
Milk thistle
Adverse Drug Reactions Advisory Committee. An adverse reaction to the herbal medication milk thistle (Silybum marianum). Med J Aust 1999;170(5):218-219.
Allain H, Schuck S, Lebreton S, et al. Aminotransferase levels and silymarin in de novo tacrine-treated patients with Alzheimer's disease. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 1999;10(3):181-185.
Altorjay I, Dalmi L, Sari B, et al. The effect of silibinin (Legalon) on the the free radical scavenger mechanisms of human erythrocytes in vitro. Acta Physiol Hung 1992;80(1-4):375-380.
Andrade RJ, Lucena MI, De la Cruz JP, et al. Effects of silymarin on the oxidative stress in patients with alcoholic liver cirrhosis. Results from a controlled, double blind, randomized pilot clinical trial. Hepatology 1998;28(4):629a.
Angulo P, Patel T, Jorgensen RA, et al. Silymarin in the treatment of patients with primary biliary cirrhosis with a suboptimal response to ursodeoxycholic acid. Hepatology 2000;32(5):897-900.
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Senna
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Shiitake
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Soy
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Fanti P, Asmis R, Stephenson TJ, Sawaya BP, Franke AA. Positive effect of dietary soy in ESRD patients with systemic inflammation--correlation between blood levels of the soy isoflavones and the acute-phase reactants. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2006;21(8):2239-46.
Farina HG, Pomies M, Alonso DF, Gomez DE. Antitumor and antiangiogenic activity of soy isoflavone genistein in mouse models of melanoma and breast cancer. Oncol Rep. 2006;16(4):885-91.
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Han KK, Soares JM Jr, Haidar MA, de Lima GR, Baracat EC. Benefits of soy isoflavone therapeutic regimen on menopausal symptoms. Obstet Gynecol. 2002;99(3):389-94.
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Manonai J, Songchitsomboon S, Chanda K, Hong JH, Komindr S. The effect of a soy-rich diet on urogenital atrophy: a randomized, cross-over trial. Maturitas. 2006;54(2):135-40.
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Herbal Supplement Reference Chart Part 1 5400 Kennedy Avenue

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