Musicking in Groningen - Hanzehogeschool Groningen

Transcription

Musicking in Groningen - Hanzehogeschool Groningen
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ISBN 978-90-5972-826-4
Uitgeverij Eburon
Postbus 2867
2601 CW Delft
tel.: 015-2131484 / fax: 015-2146888
[email protected] / www.eburon.nl
© 2013 E.H. Bisschop Boele. Alle rechten voorbehouden. Niets uit deze uitgave mag
worden verveelvoudigd, opgeslagen in een geautomatiseerd gegevensbestand, of openbaar
gemaakt, in enige vorm of op enige wijze, hetzij elektronisch, mechanisch, door
fotokopieën, opnamen, of op enig andere manier, zonder voorafgaande schriftelijke
toestemming van de rechthebbende.
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P; Hardrock/heavy metal
A
C–P–J–W–O
A
P
N
C–P–J–W–O
P
Classical; C – P – J
P
C – P – J – W – O; Classical
P
P – C; Folk
A
P
F
C – P; Folk, Choir
A
P
N
Punk/hardcore/grunge; P
A
P
A
C–P–J–W–O
P
P–O
N
Classical; C – P – J – W – O
A
P – W; Reggae
N
C – P – J – W – O; Latin
A
C – P – J – W – O; Jazz
N
P – J; Dance/trance/techno
N
C – P – J – W – O; Reggae
A
C–P–J–W–O
P
Dutch language; P
A
C – P – J – W – O; World/ethnic
N
Classical; C – P – J – W –O
P
Jazz; J – P
P
C – P – J – W – O; Contemporary classical P
C – P – O; Religious/gospel
A
C – P – J – W – O; Rap/hiphop
A
P–J
P
Dutch language; P
N
Formal education (l–m –h)
Preference of genre
(overarching genres: C =
Classical; P = Pop/Rock; J =
Jazz; W = World M
| usic; O =
Other; if special interests
genres are indicated)
B/S
B
L
B
S/B
B/S
B/S
B
B/S
B
S/B
B
B
L
S/B
B/S
B/S
B/S
B/S
B/S
B/S
S/B
B/S
S/B
S/B
B/S
B/S
B/S
B/S
S/B
Age Group (2-3-4-5-6-7)
(2=20-29; et cetera)
Type of music preference B
= Broad; S = specific; L =
Low or none
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
Music making (N-F-A-P)
N=Not; F=former; A =
Amateur; P=professional
Interviewee
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4
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4
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